The findings, reported in the Sept. 5 edition of the New England Journal of Medicine, suggest that the use of cystatin C as a measurement of kidney function could lead to better staging and risk classification of chronic kidney disease. They also suggest that the measurement potentially could allow for more targeted management of the condition, allow for better and safer prescribing of medications, and more judicious use of procedures that may harm the kidney.
Kidney function estimates are central to the diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease, and these estimates are usually based on the creatinine blood test. However, the creatinine test can miss early losses of kidney function, particularly in patients with low muscle mass.
Cystatin C, a newer kidney function marker, is becoming more widely available and in some settings provides improved estimates of kidney function.
Testing Accuracy of Cystatin C
For the study, the researchers performed a meta-analysis of 11 general-population studies (with 90,750 participants from the United States, Europe and Australia) and five studies of participants with chronic kidney disease (2,960 participants) for whom standardized measurements of serum creatinine and cystatin C were available. They compared the association of kidney function, as calculated by the measurement of creatinine, cystatin C, or the combination of creatinine and cystatin C, with the rates of death, death from cardiovascular causes, and end-stage kidney disease, and they compared kidney disease stages that were classified alternatively by creatinine or cystatin C.
Michael Shipak, MD, MPH
Results of the analyses using cystatin C demonstrated that the risks associated with declining kidney function emerge when kidney function reaches approximately 85 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, much earlier than the threshold of chronic kidney disease (i.e., 60 ml/min/1.73m2). In contrast, with creatinine based kidney function estimates, these risks of kidney function cannot be observed until kidney function is below 60 ml/min/1.73m2 by which time chronic kidney disease has already developed. The kidney function stages categorized by cystatin C were much better at reflecting future risk than were the stages based upon creatinine estimates of kidney function.
“Clearly cystatin C defines an important preclinical period of reduced kidney function before chronic kidney disease can be diagnosed with creatinine alone, and this period may last one to two decades,” said Michael Shlipak, MD, MPH, lead author of the article and chief of general internal medicine at the San Francisco VA Medical Center. Shlipak also is a professor of medicine, epidemiology and biostatistics at UCSF.
“Cystatin C allows patients’ kidney function to be categorized more accurately; the use of cystatin C in clinical medicine could help us to be more precise in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, and in the future to target high-risk patients for treatment in order to prevent chronic kidney disease,” he said.
Potential Wide Impact for Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease affects over 10 percent of adults worldwide. The researchers note that, unlike creatinine, cystatin C is not affected by muscle mass, so it requires less adjustment for factors like age and gender. In addition, cystatin C works similarly as a marker of kidney function in blacks and whites.
“Accurate detection and staging of chronic kidney disease are integral components of clinical medicine, since such evaluations have a major effect on disease labeling, interventions, drug doses, and risk stratification for clinical procedures,” said Josef Coresh, MD, PhD, the Consortium’s principal investigator and professor in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School’s Department of Epidemiology. “Our study provides definitive evidence that the measurement of cystatin C improves risk categorization based on estimated kidney function, as judged by the risk of death from any cause and to a lesser extent the risks of death from cardiovascular causes and end-stage kidney disease.”
“Cystatin C versus Creatinine in Determining Risk Based on Kidney Function” was written by the CKD Prognosis Consortium, which includes approximately 200 collaborators and data from 40 countries.
Funding sources include the National Kidney Foundation for the CKD Prognosis Consortium and a variety of sources such as the National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Councils, foundations, and industry sponsors for collaborating authors and cohorts.
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About Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
As a leading international authority on public health, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is dedicated to protecting health and saving lives. Every day, the Bloomberg School works to keep millions safe from illness and injury by pioneering new research, deploying its knowledge and expertise in the field, and educating tomorrow’s scientists and practitioners in the global defense of human life. Founded in 1916 as part of the Johns Hopkins University, the Bloomberg School of Public Health is the world’s oldest and largest independent school of public health. More information: www.jhsph.edu.