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This article is in four sections.
Emisson-Absorption-Scattering (EAS) Sub-Quantum Physics
EAS Nuclear Glue
EAS Neutron Beta Decay
EAS Mass Excess
The EAS Nuclear GlueInstalled sometime prior to 13 Feb 2000 - Latest Update 24 Sep 2018*.
This discussion, which deals with a phenomeonon referred to as nuclear
binding energy or the strong force, is offered in
contradistinction to concepts associated with the standard model.
Changes and/or additions are in bold.
Table updated 22 Sep 2018.
In its realm of activity the nuclear strong interaction is generally held to be more
than a hundred times stronger than the Coulomb interaction. Because of that we usually
consider that there is an equivalence of proton-neutron pn, proton-proton
pp and neuton-neutron nn forces. But we have NO stable pp or nn pairs
in captivity. (See the diagram above.)
Something may be fundamentally wrong with the standard model! In 1955, Evans(1)
explained the problem by saying that, for these unstable pairs, the
scattering length is negative. [Emphasis added.]
The following two paragraphs are from
Wikipedia Isotopes of
Helium [Incorporated on 06 Feb 2016. Emphasis added.]
"Although there are nine known isotopes of helium (He) (relative atomic mass: 4.002602(2)),
only helium-3 (3He) and helium-4 (4He) are stable. All radioisotopes
are short-lived, the longest-lived being 6He with a half-life of 806.7 milliseconds. The
least stable is 5He, with a half-life of 7.6×10−22 s, although it is possible
that 2He has an even shorter half-life.
. . .
Helium-2 or 2He, also known as a diproton, is an extremely unstable isotope of helium that
consists of two protons without any neutrons. According to theoretical calculations it
would have been much more stable (although still beta decaying to deuterium) had the strong
force been 2% greater.(2) Its instability is due to spin/spin interactions in the nuclear
force, and the Pauli exclusion principle, which forces the two protons to have anti-aligned
spins and gives the diproton a negative binding energy.(3)"
I claim that the absence of bound di-protons (pp) and di-neutrons (nn)
(shown by question marks in the nuclide table, above) calls for ideas about
the nuclear strong interaction to be replaced by a construct that is consistent with
Applying the EAS Model to the Problem
If we treat protons as co-rotating rings of charge (radius 1.2 exp-15 meters,
with smeared charge tangential speeds being approximately one half the speed
of light) and with the rings separated by the same inter-nuclear distance,
we arrive at a ball park figure for the pp magnetic forces on the
order of 10 Newtons. With the magnetic fields aligned so as to produce
minimum repulsion we could thus reduce the repulsion by one fourth.
That's a sizable chunk of the action. Then, if the
Coulomb interactions between the protons were to be so kind as to
depart from spherical symmetry (in a manner that further decreases the
up-close pp repulsion) we might be able to entertain some classical
ideas about how the nuclear glue works. We do not, in fact, know whether
the Coulomb inverse square relation holds true in nuclear confines.
A lot of theoretical work in nuclear physics still hinges on that unproved
In Emission-Absorption-Scattering (EAS) Sub-quantum Physics the
emission patterns of what Hawking calls force carrying particles
for protons and electrons, (positive chargelets and
negative chargelets in this model) may depart from spherical
symmetry. This implies that the inverse square Coulomb relation
between nucleons in a given atom will not be strictly applicable
and that repulsive forces can be less than expected.
The EAS hypothesis also posits that charged particles (protons in this
discussion) shield one another from positive and negative chargelets
arriving from the gaseous ether of force carrying particles. (This
gaseous ether is akin to Dudley's neutrino sea but is considered to
be on a more finely divided, less catastrophic, scale.) This mutual
shielding of nucleons from the inbound EAS particles would provide an
additional contributing factor in the reduction in the mutual repulsion of
In this model the positive chargelet fluxes emitted by protons
can perturb (or produce a redistribution in) the emission patterns of other
close-by protons, and vice versa. What is envisioned here is more or less
spherical protons with negative chargelet absorbing -
positive chargelet emitting surfaces. These surfaces can
be impelled to migrate away from environmental perturbations, i.e., the
strong local bombardments of positive chargelets emitted by one or
more other close-by protons.
The following graphic shows a migration of emitting surfaces for protons in
a deuterium nucleus. The electron orbital (green) corresponds to the
bedspring/slinky (or sleeve) pattern discussed in the section on
Neutron Beta Decay. [Added 4 September 2005.]
Deuteron with "Slinky" Nuclear Electron Orbital
The induced migrations produce two effects, both of which make a
partial contribution to what we call the nuclear strong interaction.
Firstly, tangential migrations of the emitting surfaces, away from the
point of contact (or almost contact) result in less intense interior
proton-on-proton positron flux bombardments. This reduces the pp repulsion
from what the inverse square Coulomb relation would predict. [Paragraph
modified on 4 September 2005.]
Secondly, the intensified outboard emissions of each nucleon produces
an action-reaction inward thrusting effect which further cancels a large
fraction, if not all, of the mutual repulsion of the protons.
Add in the coupling of the proton magnetic moments (up close this will
be consequential), and we could get a loosely bound, very short-lived,
pp pair. (So short-lived that they don't appear in atomic nuclide
I have to use nuclear electrons to get stable nuclei. Their magnetic
moments, interacting with those of the protons, and their so-called
"attraction" to the protons completes the glue job.
My apologies, here, about the energy crisis that many people think will
occur if we think about constraining an electron to a nuclear volume. That
is a realm in which we aren't actually measuring, or even trying to
measure, the velocity of an electron. I naively claim that
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle doesn't apply to non-measured
phenomeona. Sorry to say that apparently it does. [Added 12 September 2005.]
(1) Evans, R. D., The Atomic Nucleus, McGraw-Hill, New York,
p. 343-344. (1955)
Evans cites Cohen, B. L. and Handley, T. H.,
Phys. Rev., 92, 101 (1953).
(2) Bradford, R.A.W., The Effect of Hypothetical Diproton Stability on the Universe
Astrophys. Astr., 30, 119–131 (2009)
(3) Bertulani, C.A., Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, N.J., Chapter 1, ISBN 978-0-691-12505-3 (2007)
Physicists discover new kind of radioactivity - PhysicsWeb, 24 October 2000. "The results [of an
experiment at Oakridge] appear to give the first indication that the
di-proton [possibly] exists within the nucleus." The experiment was not
sensitive enough to determine whether the observed two-proton
emission consisted of di-protons or separate (democratic) protons