When you think about the necessity of water in agriculture, fruit trees, row crops, and cattle probably come to mind, but you might not think about bees. As if honeybees and beekeepers didn’t have it hard enough these days, they face another challenge: drought.
“Normally at this time of year, I have honey coming out of my ears,” says Spencer Marshall of Marshall’s Farm Natural Honey, who has about 80 apiaries in the Bay Area and beyond. In recent years, the Marshalls have been noticing a steady decline in their honey production as local nectar sources dry up. Honey is made from flower nectar, processed in the “honey stomach” of a bee and evaporated in the hive until the sugar concentration reaches about 80%. So when nectar is scarce, so is honey.
While many large-scale beekeepers place their hives amidst irrigated commercial crops like nut and fruit trees, the Marshalls’ bees also depend on nectar from wild plants like eucalyptus, acacia, star thistle, and coastal sage.
This season, the Marshalls have been rationing their locally harvested honey for farmers market customers to last through what’s looking like a low-production year. “With an uncertain supply going forward, we don’t want to run out of what we have on hand,” says Helene Marshall. “You have to leave honey in the hives to feed the bees. They don’t make it for us. It’s their food. You can only take what they don’t need to survive.”
Beset by Many Challenges
Drought and nectar scarcity are just a couple of the many perils that honeybees and other pollinators have to contend with. Bees are a critical part of our food system, pollinating about one third of our food crops, amounting to about $15 billion in crop value per year. Certain crops like almonds would not bear fruit without the help of bees.
Honeybees have been in decline over the last couple decades, as the threats of Varroa mite (a deadly parasite), colony collapse disorder (a little-understood phenomenon in which colonies mysteriously disappear), and the use of toxic pesticides have increased. Over the last decade, beekeepers have reported losses of 30 to 90 percent of their hives.
Winter is an especially vulnerable time for bees, when nectar is in low supply and bees must stay close to the hive to conserve heat. The Marshalls estimate they lost 60 to 70% of their bees this winter, compared to as little as 20% in previous years.
Local beekeepers rely on plants like eucalyptus to supply food for their bees in the winter, but the lack of rain last fall left the trees with hardly any blossoms. With a dearth of nectar, and thus little honey to nourish the hive, eekeepers must sustain their colonies by feeding them sugar water. “It’s something you don’t want to do, but you also don’t want to let them die,” says Helene.
A Developing Trend
Bill (pictured above) and Ann Snyders of Snyders Honey also rely on wildflower blooms to feed their bees. They used to get two honey harvests per year, one in the spring and one in the summer, but recent dry spells have meant that the supply has dwindled down to a single harvest. As a result, they are also rationing their honey supply at the farmers market to make sure it carries them through the season.
Bill has been noticing the effects of drought on his hives for at least a decade. “Plants that usually blossomed in a certain month consistently 20 or so years ago are now sporadic in their blooms,” heobserves. Even if flowers do bloom, they may produce little to no nectar for the bees to feed on. “The plants dry up early and the bees get stressed out. There’s not enough nectar and pollen to sustain a hive late into the summer, a critical time when the queen is laying brood for winter bees.”
Each plant has its own moisture and temperature requirements to blossom, produce nectar, and set seed. For example, Helene says, “Unless you get 16 inches of rain, you’re not going to get sage honey.”
Continual drought also means that there are fewer seeds in the ground to sprout and bloom each spring. “If the conditions aren’t right, the flowers sense it and don’t reproduce,” says Spencer. “If the seeds aren’t in the ground, we won’t get new plants even if there’s water.” When there’s enough rain for the flowers to put out seed, he estimates, it still takes three or four years for the plants to come back.
Too Little (or Too Much) Rain, Too Late
While March and April showers have been bringing some hope to a dire situation, erratic and extreme precipitation also creates problems for beekeepers, and for farmers. “We can’t just get all the rain in March or April,” explains Bill. “Plants need time to develop.”
At Devoto Gardens & Orchards in Sebastopol, the Devotos welcome the much-needed rain, but they are worried about getting too much all at once during this precarious time in the orchard, when their apple trees are blossoming.
“If there’s too much rain, the bees aren’t working and pollinating the trees, so the fruit might not set,” says Jolie Devoto. “And we just had hail, which is not good at all. The bees definitely won’t do their job, and the hail knocks off the blossoms.”
While the uncertainties of nature have always made agriculture a risky proposition, more extreme weather variations seem to be a new normal that farmers, beekeepers, and eaters will have to adapt to. “Customers tend to think there’s an endless supply of honey,” says Helene, “but at the farmers market, they learn that these things directly relate to Mother Nature.”
You can find Marshall’s Farm Natural Honey at the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market on Saturdays and Thursdays, and Snyders Honey at the market every other Tuesday.
Photos of Snyders Honey by Denise Tarantino.
CUESA (Center for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture) is dedicated to cultivating a sustainable food system through the operation of the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market and its educational programs. Learn More »