You can buy a classroom set of weighing scales pretty cheaply, but in my experience they tend to be pretty insensitive and useless. Instead of buying a set, you can build a simple set of weighing scales at home–one that is delicate enough to detect the weight of a cottonball, or to detect the difference between a pure copper penny (pre-1982) and a copper-coated zinc penny (post 1982).
Simple No-Tools Version
For a simple balance that requires no tools to build, poke holes in two paper cups and tie strings to them to make two buckets, then hang them from opposite ends of a 10-gallon paint stick. (Hardware stores usually give paint sticks away. If you tell them you’re a teacher, they might even give you a bunch.) You will probably want to tape the strings to the ends of the stick to keep them from falling off when the beam tilts. Now attach a binder clip to the middle of the stick, dangle it from your fingers, and work the clip back and forth on the stick until the stick hangs level. Now hang the binder clip from a pen or pencil or something, and you’re done.
For the suspension pin, you could also use a knitting needle or bamboo skewer, or as long as you are at the hardware store to pick up the paint stick, you could also pick up a short wooden dowel. If you are going to use your scales in a home garage, you could also hang it from it a nail driven into a wall stud.
The simple version can be cleaned up and made a little nicer in a couple of ways. First, to make a more symmetric and less amateurish-looking beam, you can saw the handle end off of the paint stick to make a neat rectangle. The paper cups are also a little too tall and too opaque to be convenient. Shorter and broader plastic cups–the kind you drink punch from at parties–make better scales, although the common kind are brittle polystyrene and keep cracking. (These will say “PS” on the bottom.) If you can find softer, more flexible polypropylene (“PP”) or polyethylene-terephthalate (“PETE”) cups, these will make wonderful scale pans. You can easily make holes for the string by heating the end of a straightened paperclip in a flame and then pressing it through the plastic. In the picture below, I have also replaced the pencil with a nice wooden dowel, and the bland cotton string with colorful nylon “mason’s line” from the hardware store. The nylon string tends to come unravelled, but you can easily melt the ends into a permanent knot with a small flame.
As I said, these versions are sensitive enough to detect the weight of a cottonball. But if you want an even more sensitive version, you could use a longer beam–say, a yardstick.
I happen to have stands from balance beams that I ordered from a commercial company. The beams and cups were clumsy and ineffective, but the stands were ok, although they tended to tip over easily. So I used their stands to hold up my beams. I drilled a small hole in the tops of my beams, and then suspended them from the pin in the commercial stands. At some point, I may come up with a design for a homemade stand, but that will require some carpentry skills to build, and if you have some carpentry skills, you can probably design your own stand.
Small kids seem to love piling anything and everything into the cups to try to make them balance. For a more productive activity, try having “weight-wars” by putting two similar objects in the cups and seeing which one wins. This works especially well when neither object is obviously heavier than the other–like a cottonball and a paperclip. (A cottonball can be heavier than a paperclip, which is pretty impressive to children.)
For an even more productive activity with older kids, try weighing things by counting seeds. If you have popcorn or dry rice or dry beans or something around the house, see how many it takes to balance an interesting object, and then you can express the weight of the object in grains. By counting how many grains the object is equivalent to, you measure the weight of the object–in grains. (The modern unit of “grain”, which is sometimes used to measure ammunition, is based on the weight of a wheat seed, which was once commonly used as a weight-counting unit.)
If you have metric containers for measuring milliliters of water, you can also use your balance to measure the weight of interesting objects in grams. One gram is the weight of one milliliter of water, so if you can balance your object against water in the other cup, and you can measure the amount of water in milliliters, that number will also be the weight of the water in grams, and thus also the weight of the object in grams.