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Examples of Plagiarism, and of Appropriate Use of Others’ Words and Ideas
Examples of Plagiarism, and of If you do either or both of these things, you are Appropriate Use of Others’ Words plagiarizing. This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer: • records the information in the original passage and Ideas Note that this paragraph is also problematic because it accurately changes the sense of several sentences (for example, “steam- • gives credit for the ideas in this passage Here’s the original text, from page 1 of Lizzie Borden: A Case driven companies” in sentence two misses the original’s • indicated which parts are taken directly from her Book of Family and Crime in the 1890s by Joyce Williams et al.: emphasis on factories). source by putting those passages in quotation marks and citing the page number. The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the Here’s an acceptable paraphrase: expansion of the population were the three great Note that if the writer had used those phrases or sentences in developments of late nineteenth century American her own paper without putting quotation marks around Fall River, where the Borden family lived, history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories them, she would be plagiarizing. Using another person’s was typical of northeastern industrial became a feature of the American landscape in the East, phrases or sentences without quotation marks is considered cities of the nineteenth century. Steam- they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, plagiarism EVEN IF THE WRITER CITES IN HER OWN powered production had shifted labor from and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With TEXT THE SOURCE OF THE PHRASES OR SENTENCES agriculture to manufacturing, and as industry came urbanization—the growth of large cities SHE HAS “BORROWED.” immigrants arrived in the US, they found (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) work in these new factories. As a result, which became the centers of production as well as of populations grew, and large urban areas commerce and trade. arose. Fall River was one of these Plagiarism and the World Wide Web manufacturing and commercial centers Here’s an unacceptable paraphrase that is plagiarism: (Williams 1). The World Wide Web has become a popular source of information for students’ papers, and many questions have The increase of industry, the growth of This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer: arisen about how to avoid plagiarizing these sources. In cities, and the explosion of the • accurately relays the information in the original most cases, the same rules apply as for a printed source: population were three large factors of • uses her own words when you refer to ideas or quote from a WWW site, you nineteenth century America. As steam- • lets her reader know the source of her information must cite that source. driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they Here’s an example of quotation and paraphrase used If you want to use visual information from a WWW site, changed farm hands into factory workers together, which is also acceptable: many of the same rules apply. Copying visual information and provided jobs for the large wave of or graphics from a WWW site (or from a printed source) into immigrants. With industry came the growth Fall River, where the Borden family lived, a paper is very similar to quoting information, and the of large cities like Fall River where the was typical of northeastern industrial source of the visual information or graphic must be cited. Bordens lived which turned into centers of cities of the nineteenth century. As These rules also apply to other uses of textual or visual commerce and trade as well as production. steam-powered production shifted labor information from WWW sites; for example, if you are from agriculture to manufacturing, the constructing a Web page as a class project, and you copy The preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two demand for workers “transformed farm hands graphics or visual information from other sites, you must reasons: into industrial laborers,” and created also provide information about the source of this • The writer has only changed around a few words jobs for immigrants. In turn, growing information. In this case, it might also be a good idea to and phrases, or changed the order of the original’s populations increased the size of urban obtain permission from the WWW site’s owner before using sentences. areas. Fall River was one of these hubs the graphics. • The writer has failed to cite a source for any of the “which became the centers of production as ideas or facts. well as of commerce and trade” (Williams 1). Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism The following example uses the Modern Language Association’s style: • Put in quotations everything that comes directly from the text—especially when taking notes. Example: According to Peter S. Pritchard • Paraphrase, but be sure you are not just rearranging in USA Today, “Public schools need reform or replacing a few words. Instead, read over what but they're irreplaceable in teaching all Plagiarism: you want to paraphrase carefully; cover up the text the nation's young” (14). What It Is and with your hand, or close the text so you can't see any of it (and so aren’t tempted to use the text as a Paraphrase—using someone’s ideas, but putting them in How to Avoid It “guide”). Write out the idea in your own words your own words. This is probably the skill you will use without peeking. most when incorporating sources into your writing. • Check your paraphrase against the original text to be Although you use your own words to paraphrase, you must sure you have not accidentally used the same still acknowledge the source of the information. phrases or words, and that the information is accurate. Terms You Need to Know In college courses, we are continually engaging with other people’s ideas: we read them in texts, hear them in lecture, Common knowledge—facts that can be found in numerous discuss them in class, and incorporate them into our own places and are likely to be known by a lot of people. writing. As a result, it is very important that we give credit where it is due. Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words Example: John F. Kennedy was elected without clearly acknowledging the source of that information. President of the United States in 1960. This is generally known information. You do not need to To avoid plagiarizing, you must give credit whenever you document this fact. use: However, you must document facts that are not generally • another person’s idea, opinion, or theory known and ideas that interpret facts. • any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings—any pieces of information—that are not common knowledge For free help at any stage of the writing process: • quotations of another person’s actual spoken or Example: According to the American Family Writing Tutorial Services written words Leave Coalition’s new book, Family Issues • paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written and Congress, President Bush’s Wells Library Information Commons words relationship with Congress has hindered Indiana University family leave legislation (6). 855-6738 These guidelines are from the IU Code of Student Rights, www.indiana.edu/~wts/ Responsibilities, and Conduct; all students are required to The idea that “Bush’s relationship with Congress has follow them. hindered family leave legislation” is not a fact but an See our website for hours, times, and locations interpretation; consequently, you need to cite your source. Quotation—using someone’s words. When you quote, place the passage you are using in quotation marks, and document Revised 08/11/11 the source according to a standard documentation style.
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