50 notecards = 13 pages (4 cards per page)
What region subdivides to form two or three major calyces and several minor calyces? Select from letters A-D.
c Renal pelvis
Which vessels supply the cortical tissue of the kidney with blood?
cortical radiate arteries
What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
Which of the three parts of the renal tubule is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?
proximal convoluted tubule
In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?
Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to?
Which of the following is the most likely to cause pyelonephritis?
infection of the urinary bladder
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure
The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________.
calyces; renal pelvis
What vessel directly feeds into the glomerulus?
Which capillary bed produces filtrate?
What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?
The macula densa cells monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule.
Where is filtrate produced in the nephron?
Which of the following statements is NOT a property used to establish the medullary osmotic gradient?
The blood flow through the ascending and descending portions of the vasa recta
The vasa recta act as a countercurrent exchanger by "exchanging" water and salt between the descending and ascending loops of the vasa recta and the medullary interstitial space. Which of the following statements about the vasa recta is correct?
The osmolality of blood plasma inside the vasa recta increases as it descends into the inner medulla.
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct?
Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption.
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?
ADH – low; 100 mOsm (urine)
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?
ADH – high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?
blood cells and large particles
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
Which of the following would only be found in the glomerular filtrate if the glomerular membrane were damaged?
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
net filtration would decrease
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.
25 mm Hg
Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?
During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?
an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium
The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?
the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane
The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?
Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?
What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?
number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane
Which of the following is the volume of filtrate formed each minute by all of the glomeruli of the kidneys?
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?
In what part of the renal tubule are aquaporins scarce or absent so that water CANNOT be reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule (DCT)
In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions?
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Which of the following promotes the formation of dilute urine?
decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids
Which statement best describes the effect diuretics have?
Diuretics increase urinary output.
Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?
Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________.
Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time, and (2) regulated by hormones?
distal convoluted tubule
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to both solutes and water.
Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water.
The leading cause of chronic renal disease is hypertension.
A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who has previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statement explains the presence of the glucose in the urine?
The individual exceeded the transport maximum.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of anuria?
What type of epithelial tissue forms the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder?
Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur?
The internal urethral sphincter must open.
Which part of the brain controls the micturition reflex?
When renal calculi obstruct a ureter, pain is perceived to radiate from the lower back to the anterior abdominal wall on the same side. This is an event that ______.
is called referred pain
Urinary incontinence may occur if a person has ______.
an overactive detrusor muscle
Polycystic kidney disease always affects both kidneys instead of only the right or left kidney because ______.
it is a genetic disease