Guidance for School Administrators to Help Reduce the Spread of Seasonal Influenza in K-12 Schools
This document from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides guidance to help reduce the spread of seasonal influenza (flu) among students and staff in K-12 schools. Recommendations are based on CDC’s current knowledge of flu in the United States. CDC will continue to monitor flu activity and update this guidance as needed.
For this guidance, “schools” will refer to both public and private institutions providing grades K-12 education to children and adolescents in group settings.
Flu seasons are unpredictable. Although widespread flu activity usually occurs every year, the timing, severity, and duration of it depend on many factors, including which flu viruses are spreading, the number of people who are susceptible to the flu viruses that are spreading, and how similar vaccine viruses are to the flu viruses that are causing illness. The timing of flu activity can vary from season to season. In the United States, seasonal flu activity most commonly peaks between December and March, but flu viruses can cause illness from early October to June. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the timing of flu activity has varied more than usual. It is unclear how COVID-19 activity will affect the timing and duration of flu activity in the future.
Flu viruses are thought to spread primarily from person to person through coughs and sneezes of infected people. Less often, a person also might get flu by touching a surface or object that has flu virus on it and then touching their own mouth, eyes, or nose.
Many respiratory infections spread from person to person and cause symptoms similar to those of flu. Therefore, the nonpharmaceutical recommendations in this document might help reduce the spread of not only flu, but also respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, enterovirus D68 and other viruses and bacteria that can cause illness.
By implementing the recommendations in this document, schools can help protect students from flu. CDC, the U.S. Department of Education, state/local public health and education agencies, schools, staff, students, families, businesses, and communities can work together to reduce the spread of flu and other respiratory infections.
Current Flu Season Information and Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) and Flu Vaccine.
School-aged children are at higher risk of flu complications
People of all ages get sick with flu. School-aged children are a group with a high rate of flu illness.
Flu vaccination is particularly important for people who are at higher risk of serious complications from flu. A full list of age and health factors that confer increased risk is available at People at High Risk of Developing Flu-Related Complications.
Below are recommendations to help reduce the spread of flu in schools.
Vaccination is the best way to protect against flu
- Teach students, parents, and staff that the single best way to protect against the flu is to get vaccinated each flu season. Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine.
- Seasonal flu vaccination is recommended for everyone 6 months of age and older unless they have a specific contraindication to flu vaccine. Vaccination: Who Should and Who Should Not Get a Flu Vaccine. The seasonal flu vaccine protects against the four flu viruses that research indicates are most likely to spread and cause illness among people during the upcoming flu season. The vaccine viruses are reviewed each year and changed as needed based on international surveillance and a variety of data. More information is available at Selecting Viruses for the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine | CDC.
- Flu vaccines have a very good safety record. Over the years, hundreds of millions of Americans have received seasonal flu vaccines. The most common side effects following flu vaccinations are mild, such as soreness, redness, tenderness, or swelling where the shot was given.
- For most people who need only one dose of flu vaccine for the season, September and October are generally good times to be vaccinated against flu. Ideally, everyone should be vaccinated by the end of October. However, as long as flu viruses are spreading, vaccination should continue to be offered throughout the flu season, even in January or later. More information about when to get a flu vaccine is available at Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine | CDC.
- Consider offering seasonal flu vaccination to students at school. School vaccination clinics, which are often led by local public health department staff in partnership with schools, are an option for vaccinating school-aged children against flu. Vaccination of other groups (e.g., staff, home-schooled students, students attending nearby schools, family members, and other community members) may also be considered. Contact your local public health department for more information. Influenza School-Located Vaccination (SLV): Information for Planners).
Encourage students, parents, and staff to take everyday preventive actions to stop the spread of germs.
- Encourage students and staff to stay home when sick.
- Inform students, parents, and staff about the importance of staying home when sick until at least 24 hours after they no longer have a fever* or signs of a fever (chills, feeling very warm, flushed appearance, or sweating) without the use of fever-reducing medicine.
- Review school policies and consider revising policies that make it difficult for students and staff to stay home when sick or when caring for others who are sick.
- Implement flexible sick leave policies for students and staff.
- Avoid the use of perfect attendance awards.
- Cross-train staff so that others can cover for co-workers who need to stay home.
Encourage hand hygiene among students and staff through education, scheduled time for handwashing, and by providing appropriate supplies.
- Teach students and staff to cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or their bent arm. If they use a tissue, they should put the used tissue in a trash can and wash their hands.
- Provide adequate supplies within easy reach, including tissues and no-touch trash cans.
- Teach students and staff to wash hands often with soap and water for 20 seconds, dry hands with a paper towel, and use the paper towel to turn off the faucet. If soap and water are not available and hands are not visibly dirty, an alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol may be used.
- Include handwashing time in student schedules.
- Provide adequate supplies, including clean and functional handwashing stations, soap, paper towels, and alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Encourage students and staff to keep their hands away from their nose, mouth, and eyes.
- Encourage routine surface cleaning through education, policy, and the provision of supplies. How To Clean and Disinfect Schools to Help Slow the Spread of Flu.
- Routinely clean surfaces and objects that are touched often, such as desks, countertops, doorknobs, computer keyboards, hands-on learning items, faucet handles, and phones. Empty trash cans as needed.
- Use general cleaning products that you normally use. Always follow product label directions. Additional disinfection beyond routine cleaning is not recommended.
- Provide adequate supplies, such as general EPA-registered cleaning products, gloves, disinfecting wipes, and no-touch trash cans.
- Match your cleaning activities to the types of germs you want to remove or kill.
- Flu viruses are fragile, so standard practices, such as cleaning with soap and water, can help remove and kill them.
- Studies have shown that the flu virus can live and potentially infect a person for only 2 to 8 hours after being deposited on a surface. Therefore, special sanitizing processes beyond routine cleaning, including closing schools to clean every surface in the building, are not necessary or recommended to slow the spread of flu, even during a flu outbreak.
- Some schools may include other cleaning and disinfecting practices in their standard procedures to address germs that are not removed or killed by soap and water alone.
Good Health Habits for Preventing Seasonal Flu and Everyday Preventive Actions [1.5 MB, 2 Pages, 8.5” x 11”] .
Educate students, parents, and staff on what to do if someone gets sick.
- Teach students, parents, and staff the signs and symptoms of flu, emergency warning signs, and groups at higher risk of severe flu. (Lists are provided at the beginning of this document.)
- Those who get flu-like symptoms at school should go home and stay home until at least 24 hours after they no longer have a fever or signs of a fever without the use of fever-reducing medicine. Those who have emergency warning signs should get immediate medical care. Flu: What To Do If You Get Sick.
- Those who get flu-like symptoms and are at higher risk of severe flu illness should ask a health care professional if they should be examined. People at Higher Risk of Developing Flu–Related Complications.
- Separate sick students and staff from others until they can be picked up to go home. When feasible, identify a “sick room” through which others do not regularly pass. The sick room should be separated from areas used by well students for routine health activities, such as picking up medications. Sick room staff should be limited in number and should not be at higher risk for severe illness if they get sick.
- Antiviral drugs are prescription drugs that can treat flu. These drugs can reduce the number of days that a person is sick and also may prevent serious flu complications, but not everyone needs to be treated. You can only get them if you have a prescription from a health care provider.
- Antiviral drugs work best when started within the first two days of illness, but they also may help reduce the risk of severe illness even if started two or more days after onset of illness for persons who are very sick.
- Although most people will recover from flu without treatment, antiviral drugs are recommended for people with flu who require treatment in the hospital; have a progressive, severe, or complicated illness; or are at high risk of severe flu because of an underlying medical condition or their age.
Establish relationships with state and local public health officials for ongoing communication.
- Follow your local flu situation through close communication with state and local health officials.
- Update emergency plans so that they are in place before an outbreak occurs.
*Many authorities use either 100 (37.8 degrees Celsius) or 100.4 F (38.0 degrees Celsius) as a cut-off for fever, but this number actually can range depending on factors such as the method of measurement and the age of the person, so other values for fever could be appropriate. CDC has public health recommendations that are based on the presence (or absence) of fever. What is meant by this is that the person’s temperature is not elevated beyond their norm.