1. List and discuss the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.
Step 1: Blood forms a hematoma
Step 2: Spongy bone forms close to developing blood vessels and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions
Step 3: Bony callus replaces cartilage
Step 4: Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue restoring new bone structure to original form
2. List factors that can enhance the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
⦁ Emotional state-We learn best when we are alert, motivated, suprised and aroused. Norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory processing of emotionally charged events, is released when we are excited or "stressed out", which helps to explain this phenomenon.
⦁ Rehearsal- Rehearsing or repeating the material enhances memory.
⦁ Association- Tying "new" information to "old" information already stored in LTM appears to be important in remembering facts.
⦁ Automatic memory- Not all impressions that become part of LTM are consciously formed. A student concentrating on a lecturer 's speech may record an automatic memory of the pattern of the lecture 's tie.
3. Discuss strokes and the causes of strokes.
CVAs occur when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies of ischemia, a reduction of blood supply that impairs the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. The most common cause of CVA is a blood clot that blocks a cerebral artery. A clot can originate outside the brain or form on the roughened interior wall of a brain artery narrowed by atherosclerosis. Less frequently, strokes are caused by bleeding, which compresses brain tissue. Not all strokes are "completed." Temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia, called transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), a...
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...rients in order to rebuild bone. Damage to a nutrient artery will decrease the delivery of these building materials and could slow the process of healing.
6. What new technologies might be used to enhance fracture repair if healing is delayed or impaired?
For a fracture that is slow to heal, new techniques that promote healing include electrical stimulation, which promotes the deposition of new bone tissue, and ultrasound treatments, known to speed healing.
7. How likely is it that Mrs. DeStephano 's knee cartilage will regenerate? Why?
At age 45, Mrs. DeStephano will most likely not regenerate her knee cartilage. Cartilage damage that occurs during adulthood is slow to heal, due to the avascular nature of cartilage, and is irreparable. Surgical removal of cartilage fragments to allow improved movement of the joint is the usual treatment for this type of damage.
...Baddeley (1966) study of encoding in the short term memory and long term memory supports the MSM model on the mode of processing such that words are processed on recall and both models share the same opinion that processing does influence recall. Finally, the MSM model of memory states that all information is stored in the long term memory, however, this interpretation contrasts with that of Baddeley (1974) who argue that we store different types of memories and it is unlikely that they occur only in the LTM store. Additionally, other theories have recognised different types of memories that we experience, therefore it is debatable that all these different memories occur only in the long-term memory as presumed by the multi-store model which states the long term memory store as with unlimited capacity, in addition it also fails to explain how we recall information.
The first benefit of SCR is the ability to regenerate bones and muscle tissue. Adult SC have the ability to regenerate broken muscle tissue and bones at a very slow pace, but this process accelerates the growth rate. The process requires a blank SC and a muscle tissue extraction, then the black SC will become a tissue cell. When that happens, it is then injected to the patient. Once a new scar tissue is formed, it must mature or else it is prone tear again. For an adult, muscle maturation takes a minimum of three years, but according to Paola Filomeno, a regenerative medicine researcher, “After a tendon injury, the tendon normally heals through scar tissue formation, which may take up to 1 to 2 years to mature”. With this being said, if people can heal their injuries quicker that will mean that they will able to get back to work faster. In the long run, if SCR continues to be funded, disability checks and unemployment rates will go down, therefore saving the government money that can be used for something else.
Two groups of Lister strain of black and white hooded Norwegian rats were used. Young rats, six to eighteen month old, were used due to their rapid and vigorous cellular response. They each had incisions made through the pericranium, skull and dura mater to study bone repair with reduced blood supply to the fracture site. The fracture was created in the cranial vault as cartilage is rare in this site and there minimal mechanical factors are involved. By examining the rats at different intervals during the repair phase Girigs & Pritchard (1958) were able to support the study of Pritchard (1948) that in a healing fracture cartilage is produced due to reduced blood supply. They found that since cartilage is less demanding of oxygen it acts as a temporary bridge between the fracture gap until blood supply is restored Thiymidine was used on forty two, five week old female rats to conduct an autradiographic study the cellular response in fracture repair. Observations of the periosteal index were conducted at several intervals between the period of one hour and fourteen days. The results show cellular proliferation in the periosteum and the adjacent soft tissue as being the initial...
Human memory is flexible and prone to suggestion. “Human memory, while remarkable in many ways, does not operate like a video camera” (Walker, 2013). In fact, human memory is quite the opposite of a video camera; it can be greatly influenced and even often distorted by interactions with its surroundings (Walker, 2013). Memory is separated into three different phases. The first phase is acquisition, which is when information is first entered into memory or the perception of an event (Samaha, 2011). The next phase is retention. Retention is the process of storing information during the period of time between the event and the recollection of a piece of information from that event (Samaha, 2011). The last stage is retrieval. Retrieval is recalling stored information about an event with the purpose of making an identification of a person in that event (Samaha, 2011).
The human body endures a great deal of wear and injury during its lifetime. It is for this reason that the body has several tissues that are capable of regeneration. Bone is one of those tissues that receives extensive use so it is necessary that it is strong in order to carry out its functions; however, it will occasionally face injury. Although our bones are capable of regeneration, a new method would help the elderly and others that have a more difficult time healing after injury. I viewed a “TED Talk” lecture, which discussed a new way of regenerating bone with the help of our own bodies. Molly Stevens, the head of a biomaterials lab, presented “A New Way to Grow Bone” where she discussed a new technique called “in vivo bioreactor”. She also answered why this new procedure is beneficial. Researchers like Stevens are constantly trying to find innovative new techniques and they do this by asking questions. The question that Stevens presented in the video was an intriguing one: “Can we recreate the regeneration of bone on demand and transplant it?”.
The bone healing process can be a long, annoying, time consuming process. The process has multiple stages where it forms different calluses in the gap. The callus starts out as a fracture hematoma which only lasts a few days. After it, a soft callus forms. When the callus gets more fiber and cartilage, it forms a fibrocartilaginous callus. This callus is the one the bridges the gap in the broken bone. Once more bone cells are added, the fibrocartilaginous callus turns into a bone callus. This callus is the last one and it protects the bone, so it can finish healing. Once the healing finishes the bone callus is slowly chipped away leaving you with the same bone you had before.
There are many causes for needing a bone replaced, a common one being arthritis. The hip and knee are both effective bones in the body when uncompromised by osteoarthritis because they are structurally designed to manage stress from loading in effective ways. In hip and knee replacement surgery, common surgeries, there are advantages and disadvantages relating to recovery time and lasting bone health. By examining the structure and functionality of the knee and hip with an emphasis on artificial bone, researchers are continuing to expand upon the field of bone replacement surgery.
Moreover, people have to restrain eating instant foods, coffee and alcohol. The proper amount of drinking can prevent fracture, but excessive alcohol can reduce the absorption of calcium. In addition, drinking depletes calcium that creates bones and levels of estrogen. Next, smoking interferes to reduce the body’s abilities that generate bones and heal the fracture. When people quit smoking quickly up, the strength of the bones and the abilities will be better to recover damages.
Making and storing memories is a complex process involving many regions of the brain. (3). Most experts agree that we have two stages of memories - short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory is the immediate memory we have when we first hear or perceive someth...
... accurate and reliable information as it was written and published by medical doctors who are all highly qualified. The interview with Dr. Nabil Ebraheim provided reliable and accurate information on the process of a bone breaking and healing. The information was useful in understanding that basics of the topic in discussion. The various medical website looked at all contained important information which was relevant to the topic and research. The information was reliable as it was published by medical doctors or medical students in their final years of medical school.
The skeletal system, why did I decide on this system out of the others? The answer is simple for me, I have broken, sprained, twisted and dislocated many bones out of my twenty-one years. Out of this time I have become interested in learning more about bones and how it all helps with the body. I will be discussing the reasoning’s more in depth of why I find this system interesting, as well as, discuss the different pathologies and the different bone specialists there are. And finally, I will share the different diseases that affect the bone system.
Regenerative medicine also seeks to understand the ability of a tissue or organ to repair itself. Many adult tissue contain stem cells but are at times not functional or is impaired by disease. Using factors to activate and promote instrinsic repair in a diseased organ opens up whole new prospect for therapies targeted toward many degenerative diseases.