Chapter 9 Linear Momentum in addition to Collisions Consider an isolated system consisting
Morgan, Dee Dee, Morning Show Co-Host has reference to this Academic Journal, PHwiki organized this Journal Chapter 9 Linear Momentum in addition to Collisions Consider an isolated system consisting of just two particles. If a as long as ce from particle 1 acts on particle 2, then a as long as ce of the same magnitude from particle 2 acts on particle 1 (by Newtons third law). m1 m2 v2 v1 F21 F12 Two isolated particles interacting with each other. Newtons third law ensures that F12= -F21. Some math What can we say about m1v1 + m2v2 if its derivative is zero
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m1v1 + m2v2 is a constant as long as the system remains isolated. Definition: The linear momentum of a particle or an object that can be modeled as a particle of mass m moving with a velocity v is defined to be the product of the mass in addition to velocity. We can write Newtons second law in terms of momentum. The time rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle is equal to the net as long as ce acting on the particle. Conservation of momentum There as long as e, if two (or more) particles in an isolated system interact, the total momentum of the system remains constant. In other words, the total momentum of an isolated system at all times equals its initial momentum. p1i + p2i = p1f + p2f pix = pfx piy = pfy piz = pfz
Practice Problem: Archery on ice A 60.0 kg archer st in addition to s at rest on frictionless ice in addition to fires a 0.50 kg arrow horizontally at 50 m/s. With what velocity does the archer move across the ice after firing the arrow Impulse in addition to momentum Suppose a single as long as ce F acts on a particle. Then we know F = dp/dt, or which we can integrate to figure out the change in momentum when the as long as ce acts over some time interval. The impulse-momentum theorem The impulse of the as long as ce F acting on a particle equals the change in momentum of the particle. Since the as long as ce imparting an impulse generally varies with time, we can define impulse in terms of the time-averaged as long as ce. This is the mean value theorem of calculus. t = tf ti, There as long as e,
Often times, we can approximate the as long as ce acting on an object as constant, especially if the as long as ce acts as long as a short time. Then, I = Ft. This is called the impulse approximation, in which we assume that one of the as long as ces exerted on a particle acts as long as a short time but is much greater than any other as long as ce present. Example: The collision of a baseball in addition to the bat. The time of the collision is very short (about 0.01 s) in addition to the average as long as ce the bat exerts on the ball is very large (1000s of Newtons). There as long as e we are justified in ignoring the gravitational as long as ce when analyzing the collision using the impulse-momentum theorem. Quick Quiz Two objects are at rest on a frictionless surface. Object 1 has a greater mass than object 2. When a constant as long as ce is applied to object 1, it accelerates through a distance d. The as long as ce is removed from object 1 in addition to applied to object 2. At the moment when object 2 has accelerated through the same distance d, which statements are true p1 < p2 p1 = p2 p1 > p2 K1 < K2 K1 = K2 K1 > K2 Quick Quiz Two objects are at rest on a frictionless surface. Object 1 has a greater mass than object 2. When a constant as long as ce is applied to object 1, it accelerates as long as a time interval t. The as long as ce is then removed in addition to applied to object 2. After object 2 has accelerated as long as the same time interval t, which statements are true p1 < p2 p1 = p2 p1 > p2 K1 < K2 K1 = K2 K1 > K2
Practice problem A ball of mass 0.150 kg is dropped from rest from a height of 1.25 m. It rebounds from the floor to reach a height of 0.960 m. What impulse was given to the ball by the floor Collisions in one dimension An elastic collision between two objects is one in which the total kinetic energy as well as total momentum of the system is the same be as long as e in addition to after the collision. An inelastic collision is one in which the total kinetic energy of the system is not the same be as long as e in addition to after the collision, even though the total momentum is conserved. Perfectly inelastic: the objects stick together after the collision Inelastic: the objects do not stick together The momentum of the system is conserved in all collisions, but the kinetic energy is conserved only in elastic collisions. The perfectly inelastic collison m1 m2 v1i v2i Be as long as e Collision m1 m2 After Collision vf
The perfectly elastic collision m1 m2 v1i v2i Be as long as e Collision m1 m2 v2f v1f After Collision (conservation of momentum) (conservation of energy) Quick Quiz In a perfectly inelastic one-dimensional collision between two objects, what condition alone is necessary so that all of the original kinetic energy of the system is gone after the collision The objects must have momenta with the same magnitude but opposite direction The objects must have the same mass The objects must have the same velocity The objects must have the same speed, with velocity vectors in opposite directions The ballistic pendulum can be used to measure the speed of a fast-moving projectile, such as a bullet. A bullet of mass m1 is fired into a large block of wood of mass m2 suspended from some wires. The bullet gets stuck in the block, in addition to the entire system swings through a height h. Find the speed of the bullet in terms of h in addition to the two masses.
Two dimensional collisions p1i + p2i = p1f + p2f pix = pfx piy = pfy piz = pfz The key to solving problems involving two dimensional collisions is to realize that the momentum in each individual direction is conserved. Practice Problem An unstable atomic nucleus of mass 17.0 X 10-27 kg initially at rest disintigrates into three particles. One of the particles, of mass 5.00 X 10-27 kg, moves in the y-direction with a speed of 6.00 X 106 m/s. Another particle of mass 8.40 X 10-27 kg, moves in the x-direction with a speed of 4.00 X 106 m/s. Find the velocity of the third particle Find the total kinetic energy increase in the process. Trickier practice problem After a completely inelastic collision, two objects of the same mass in addition to same initial speed move away together at half their initial speed. Find the angle between the initial velocities of the objects. Hint: Choose your x in addition to y directions carefully!
The center of mass x y m1 m2 mi mN Suppose we have N number of particles of different masses lined up on the x-axis as shown. We define the center of mass as where M is the total mass of the system of particles. This can easily be extended to 2-D in addition to 3-D by computing ycm in addition to zcm. Practice Problem Find the center of mass of the three particles shown in the figure: p1 = (3.0, 2.0), m1 = 6.0 kg p2 = (4.0, -4.0), m2 = 2.0 kg p3 = (-2.0, 7.0), m3 = 4.0 kg Example: Earth-moon barycenter Find the center of mass of the Earth-moon system. ME= 5.98 X 1024 kg, MM = 7.36 X 1022 kg, in addition to their centers are 3.84 X 105 km apart. This point is called the barycenter in addition to the motion of the Earth in addition to moon around it has important consequences as long as studying phenomena such as tides.
Symmetry Symmetry can make calculating the center of mass a whole lot easier. (x1,y1) (x2,y2) (x3,y3) (-x3,-y3) (-x2,-y2) (-x1,-y1) Consider 6 particles all of mass m arranged in a circle. Symmetry ensures that everything cancels out if we choose the origin at the center of the circle. The center of mass is at the center of the circle. Motion of the center of mass In general, Where, is the displacement vector of the center of mass. By differentiating we can determine the velocity in addition to acceleration of the center of mass. Notice that these are vector equations, which means we can break them up into components. Suppose Fi is the sum of all the as long as ces acting on the ith particle in our system. Then, by Newtons second law, Fi = miai. Remember, each F is the sum of all the as long as ces acting on that particular particle (1, 2, , N). Now, we do something clever. We will break up the sum of the as long as ces on each particle into the sum of the external as long as ces on that particle, FiE, in addition to the as long as ces exerted by the other particles in the system. For instance,
So we can write And since were dealing with a sum we can rearrange like so I believe my third law of motion can help simplify things here. The center of mass of a system of particles acts as if it were a particle of mass M moving under the influence of just the external as long as ces on the system. This is true in all cases. The particles could be a blob of silly putty, a gas, or a rigid body. It can be anything! Example: Two colliding asteroids Two asteroids are initially at rest relative to each other. Due to gravitational attraction, they eventually collide. If external as long as ces are negligible, where do the asteroids collide d = 1.0 X 107 m M1 = 8.0 X 1010 kg M2 = 2.0 X 1010 kg
Example: The exploding rocket A rocket is fired vertically upward. At the instant it reaches an altitude of 1000 m in addition to a speed of 300 m/s, it explodes into three fragments having equal mass. One fragment continues to move upward with a speed of 450 m/s. The second fragment has a speed of 240 m/s in addition to is moving east right after the explosion. What is the velocity of the third fragment right after the explosion Example: a proton-proton collision A proton collides elastically with another proton that is initially at rest. The incoming proton has an initial speed of 3.50 X 105 m/s in addition to makes a glancing collision with the second proton. After the collision, one proton moves off at an angle of 370 to the original direction of motion, in addition to the second deflects at an angle of to the same axis. Find the final speeds of the two protons in addition to the angle . v1i = 3.50 X 105 m/s 370 v1f v2f Be as long as e After The two protons do not actually come into direct contact with one another. They interact through a repulsive electric as long as ce.
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