Multiple hypothesis testing is a critical part of modern bioinformatic analysis. When testing for significant changes between conditions on many thousands of genes, for instance in an RNA-Seq experiment, the goal is maximize the number of discoveries while controlling the false discoveries.
Typically, this is done by using the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) procedure, which aims to adjust p-values so that no more than a set fraction (usually 5%) of discoveries are false positives (FDR = 0.05). The BH method is better powered and less stringent than the more strict family-wise error rate (FWER) control, and therefore more appropriate to modern genomics experiments that make thousands of simultaneous comparisons. However, the BH method is still limited by the fact that it uses only p-values to control the FDR, while treating each test as equally powered.
A new method, Independent Hypothesis Weighting (IHW), aims to take advantage of the fact that individual tests may differ in their statistical properties, such as sample size, true effect size, signal-to-noise ratio, or prior probability of being false. For example, in an RNA-Seq experiment, highly-expressed genes may have better signal-to-noise than low-expressed genes.
The IHW method applies weights (a non-negative number between zero and one) to each test in a data-driven way. The input to the method is a vector of p-values (just like BH/FDR) and a vector of continuous or categorical covariates (i.e., any data about each test that is assumed to be independent of the test p-value under the null hypothesis).
From the paper linked above, Table 1 lists possible covariates:
|Differential expression analysis||Sum of read counts per gene across all samples |
|Genome-wide association study (GWAS)||Minor allele frequency|
|Expression-QTL analysis||Distance between the genetic variant and genomic location of the phenotype|
|ChIP-QTL analysis||Comembership in a topologically associated domain |
|t-test||Overall variance |
|Two-sided tests||Sign of the effect|
|Various applications||Signal quality, sample size|
In simplified form, the IHW method takes the tests and groups them based on the supplied covariate. It then calculates the number of discoveries (rejections of the null hypothesis) using a set of weights. The weights are iterated until the method converges on the optimal weights for each covariate-based group that maximize the overall discoveries. Additional procedures are employed to prevent over-fitting of the data and to make the procedure scale easily to millions of comparisons.
The authors of the method claim that IHW is better powered than BH for making empirical discoveries when working with genomic data. It can be accessed from within Bioconductor.