(1923–2005). American engineer Jack Kilby was one of the inventors of the integrated circuit. This invention revolutionized electronics. Personal computers would not be possible without the integrated circuit, a system of interconnected transistors on a single microchip. In 2000 Kilby was a corecipient, with Herbert Kroemer and Zhores Alferov, of the Nobel Prize for Physics.
Kilby was born on November 8, 1923, in Jefferson City, Missouri, the son of an electrical engineer. Like many inventors of his era, Kilby got his start in electronics with amateur radio. During World War II, he served as an electronics technician in the U.S. Army. After the war, he enrolled in the electrical engineering program at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, earning a bachelor’s degree in 1947.
After graduation, Kilby joined the Centralab Division of Globe Union, Inc., located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was placed in charge of designing and developing miniaturized electronic circuits. Kilby also continued his studies at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Extension Division, receiving a master’s degree in 1950. In 1952 Centralab sent Kilby to the headquarters of Bell Laboratories to learn about the transistor, which Centralab had purchased a license to manufacture. Back at Centralab, Kilby began working on transistors for use in hearing aids. He soon realized, however, that he needed the resources of a larger company to pursue the goal of miniaturizing circuits. In 1958 Kilby moved to another company with a license to make transistors, Texas Instruments Incorporated of Dallas, Texas.
Shortly after his arrival at Texas Instruments (TI), Kilby had his big idea. Kilby realized that, instead of connecting separate components, an entire electronic assembly could be made as one unit from one semiconducting material. This could be achieved by overlaying the assembly with various impurities to replicate individual electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors. Soon Kilby had a working postage-stamp-size prototype manufactured from the element germanium, a semiconducting material. In February 1959 TI filed a patent application for this “miniaturized electronic circuit”—the world’s first integrated circuit. Four months later, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation filed a patent application for essentially the same device—but based on a different manufacturing procedure. Ten years later, long after their respective companies had cross-licensed technologies, the courts gave Kilby credit for the idea of the integrated circuit but gave Noyce the patent for his manufacturing process.
Although the original integrated circuit was Kilby’s most important invention, it was only one of more than 50 patents that he was awarded. Many of his patents concerned improvements in the design and manufacturing of integrated circuits. One of these patents was for the first experimental computer powered by an integrated circuit, which TI built for the U.S. Air Force in 1961. Kilby also received patents for integrated circuits that TI made for the Air Force in 1962 for use in the Minuteman ballistic missile guidance system. In 1965 Kilby invented the semiconductor-based thermal printer. In 1967 he designed the first integrated circuit-based electronic calculator, the Pocketronic. Kilby thus gained for himself and TI the basic patent that lies at the heart of all pocket calculators. The Pocketronic required dozens of integrated circuits, making it too complicated and expensive to manufacture for consumers. By 1972, however, TI had reduced the number of necessary integrated circuits in the calculator to one. The introduction in that year of the TI Datamath pocket calculator marked the beginning of the integrated circuit’s integration into the very fabric of everyday life. By 1976 the pocket calculator had made the slide rule a museum piece.
Kilby began a leave of absence from TI in 1970 to pursue independent research, particularly in solar power generation. He continued as a semiconductor consultant to TI on a part-time basis. From 1978 to 1984, Kilby also served as a professor of electrical engineering at Texas A&M University in College Station. Among his many honors, Kilby was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1969, the Charles Stark Draper Medal in 1989, and the National Medal of Technology in 1990. In 1997 TI dedicated a new research and development building in Dallas, the Kilby Center. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, breaking with a trend of recognizing only theoretical physicists, awarded half of the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physics to Kilby for his work as an applied physicist. Kilby died on June 20, 2005, in Dallas.