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which influenza strains affect humans only? which ones affect both humans and animals?
: influenza B
: influenza A
what are two major surface antigenic glycoproteins?
hemagglutin (HA) 80%
: attaches virus to respiratory epithelial cells, virus enters cytoplasm and replicates
neuraminidase (NA) 20%
: releases newly produced virus particles from host to infect other cells (causes contagious-ness)
M2 protein is found in which influenza strain?
influenza A only
how is influenza A named?
according to particular antigenic determinants of HA and NA
how many HA subtypes and NA subtypes are there?
how is influenza B categorized?
not categorized into subtypes but separated further based on antigenic similarities
what is the primary reservoir for influenza A?
what kind of disease does influenza A cause?
causes mild or asymptomatic disease
Define antigenic drift. does it have cross protection? which influenza undergoes antigenic drift?
due to mutations in the genes encoding glycoproteins HA and NA resulting in new strains
occurs during viral replication
pre-existing antibodies will cross-protect if slight antigen drift. however, if major antigenic drift, strain will cause an infection. could lead to
both A and B undergo drift but B less rapidly.
what is cross protection?
protected against reinfection by that same virus strain or other strains with similar antigen composition
define antigenic shift. when does it occur? what is the biggest cause of antigenic shift? is there cross protection? what could antigenic shift lead to?
results in a NEW subtype of the virus.
sudden change in antigenicity
recombination of the influenza genome
occurs when a cell becomes simultaneously infected by 2 different strains of type A influenza
mixing of strains that can infect birds, pigs and humans is thought to be responsible for most antigenic shifts.
no cross protection
is pandemic predictable?
what three criteria defines pandemic?
development of a new influenza subtype
ability of the virus to infect and cause serious disease
sustabinable transmissibility from human to human
Does avian influenza H5N1 have risk in US? how does it transmit? how do you treat?
from chicken to human
oseltamivir 75mg BID or 150mg BID longer duration
how does swine influenza (novel H1N1) transmit?
human to human
how do avian, human and swine influenza trasmit to human?
they bind to molecules found in the human airway
sialic acid linked to galactose (SAa
where does human virus bind to during tramission? where is the binding site located? does it transmit easily?
found mainly in epithelial cells in paranasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
viral replication can be easily spread by coughing and sneezing swine influenza viruses that generally bind to SAa2,6Gal receptors
where does avian virus bind to during transmission? where is this located? how is the transmissability?
located more often in alveolar cells (lungs)
this is more restrictive location so harder for human-human transmission.
but once you get avian flu, it will be very serious.
how long can droplet travel?
how long is viral shedding?
how long is the incubation period?
how long does it take to resolve?
how long do cough and malaise persist up to?
droplet spread <6 feet
viral shed 5-10 days or longer
incubation period 1-4 days
resolves 3-7 days
cough and malaise persist up to 2 weeks
how do you diagnose seasonal influenza?
NP swab (just look for antigen for A and B)
rapid test - 15 min results test for A and B (but low sensitivity of 20-70%)
RT-PCR (has better sensitivity so we wait for this even when the rapid test results negative)
serology is not recommended (takes too long)
what are avian influenza symptoms?
diarrhea, vomit, abdominal pain
(higher mortality than seaonal)
chest pain, bleed from nose/gum
fever, cough, soar throat, myalgia
what are seasonal influenza symptoms?
exacerbation of underlying medical conditions (i.e. asthma, COPD, cardiac disease)
fever, chills, headache, myalgia, lethargy, rhinorrhea, sore throat
: OM, NV
viral and bacterial pneumonia (mortality!!)
what are the months for immunization?
october to april
what does seasonal immunization vaccine contain?
what does 2010-2011 vaccine contain?
2 influenza A strains and 1 influenza B strain
A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and B (victoria)
which route is TIV administered?
how do you store TIV?
do NOT freeza
which age group can receive TIV?
which age group can receive LAIV?
does LAIV cause flu?
however potential to cause mild signs or symptoms related to vaccine virus infection (i.e. rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, fever, sore throat)
what is the dose for LAIV?
0.2ml divided equally btwn each nostril
LAIV contains thimerosal. T or F
does immunized patients shed virus after receiving LAIV?
so do not give to immunocompromised patients
which group should you NOT give LAIV to?
medical risk factors
close contacts of immunosuppressed persons a protected environment (stem cell transplant, HIV)
what are underlying medical concerns that restrict patients from receiving LAIV?
chronic pulmonary (asthma)
CV (except htn alone)
renal and hepatic
hematological (sickle cell disease)
metabolic disorder (DM)
age group for Fluzone
depend on how it is available
> 6 months
age group for Fluvirin
> 4 years
age group for Fluarix
> 3 years
age group for FluLaval
> 18 years
age group for Afluria
> 6 months
age group for Fluzone high dose
age group for FluMist
this is LAIV
what are contraindications for TIV? if you have the contraindications, what should you do?
anaphylactic hypersensitivity to eggs or components of influ vaccine
may use chemoprophylaxis and antiviral therapy
what is a precaution for TIV?
GBS within 6 wk following a previous dose of influ vaccine
what are contraindications for LAIV?
allergic reaction to lactose
what are precaution for LAIV?
bronchospasm (concern with asthma, COPD)
high risk underlying medical condition
should you give influ vaccine if you have asthma, COPD?
but you cannot use LAIV
what should you do if patient has a prior hx of GBS?
may want to avoid influ vaccine for those not at high risk for severe influenza complications
may consider influ antiviral chemoprophylaxis
when should antiviral be initiated?
must be taken within 48 hours of onset of symptoms or exposure to an index case to be effective
What are adamantane medications?
what is the MoA? why is this important?
compare the two available agents.
what is the problem with this class?
channel protein activity, effectively block viral uncoating and reduce infectivity --> thus only active against influenza
rimantadine has fewer CNS AE
what are neuraminidase inhibitor medications?
what is the MoA?
which virus are they effective against?
interfere with budding of newly formed influenza virus from infected host cells; prevent further infectivity of host cells; prevent spread of infection in the resp tract
effective against influ A and B viruses
is oseltamivir an active drug?
it is a prodrug requiring ester hydrolysis for conversion tot he active form occurring in liver
how is oseltamivir available?
30, 45, 75 mg cap
300mg power for oral susp reconstituted to 12mg/mL
what is the age restriction for oseltamivir?
treatment and prophylaxis for >1yo
what is the treatment dose for oseltamivir?
: 75mg BID x 5 days
: 30mg BID
: 45mg BID
: 60mg BID
: 75mg BID
renal impair (10-30ml/min)
: 75mg QD
what is the prophylaxis dose for oseltamivir? when do you start? how about during outbreaks?
start within 2 days
: 75mg daily x 10 days at least
: 30mg daily x 10 days
: 45mg daily x 10 days
: 60mg daily x 10 days
: 75mg daily x 10 days
renal impairment: 75mg every other day or 30mg daily
during outbreaks: 6 weeks for immunocompetent and 12 weeks for immunocompromised
how should LAIV and antiviral medications be administered if they were to be used together?
LAIV should not be administered within
2 weeks before or 48 hours after
what are side effects of oseltamivir?
CNS (more in kids)
aggravation of DM
what is the age recommendation for zanamivir?
: >5 yo
: >7 yo
when is zanamivir NOT recommended?
treatment/ppx for patients with underlying airway disease (i.e. asthma, COPD)
ppx in NH patients
pregnancy category C
what is the treatment dose for zanamivir?
10mg BID x 5 days
no renal adjustment
what is the ppx dose for zanamivir? how about during outbreaks?
10mg daily x 10 days
: 10mg daily x 28 days
no renal adjustment
what are side effects of zanamivir?
what is antiviral prophylaxis recommendation?
: person's risk for influ complications
type and duration of contact
start within 48 hours
NOT a substitue for vaccine
what is antiviral treatment recommendation?
for all persons with suspected or confirmed influenza
- with severe complicated or progressive illness
- requiring hospitalization
what is antiviral treatment recommendation for pregnant women?
antiviral with tylenol for fever
oseltamivir is better b/c more data
zanamivir has limited systemic absorption but resp complication issue
same dosing as non-pregnant