Afghanistan endured some of the heaviest fighting it had seen since the Taliban regime was overthrown in 2001; the number of insurgent attacks on government and allied forces rose to approximately 600 a month in 2006. In October the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) assumed control of nearly all 31,000 non-Afghan alliance troops in the country. Although 37 countries contributed personnel to ISAF, most combat operations were undertaken by troops from the U.S. (12,000, and another 8,000 who remained under direct U.S. command), the U.K. (5,200), Canada (2,300), and The Netherlands (2,100). The increase in ground combat also led to thousands of air strikes by NATO aircraft against suspected Taliban targets.
In an incident first reported in the press in September and subsequently confirmed by U.S. officials, China used a ground-based laser on an unspecified date to “illuminate” a U.S. satellite. Although no damage was apparently done, lasers could be used to disable a satellite.
A decade-long war between the government of Nepal and Maoist guerrillas was brought to an end in November with the signing of a peace accord. The agreement called for the rebels to join a transitional government and have their weapons placed under UN supervision. More than 13,000 people had been killed during the civil war. A 2002 cease-fire between the Sri Lankan government and separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) collapsed in April. Violence escalated throughout the year, killing over 3,000 civilians, troops, and LTTE fighters and creating thousands of refugees. More than 67,000 people had died since the war began in 1983.
The armed forces of Myanmar (Burma) launched a major offensive against the separatist Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) in 2006. For more than 50 years, the KNLA had waged a guerrilla war against the central government. According to humanitarian groups, Burmese forces destroyed more than 200 villages in Karen state, killed dozens of civilians, and created at least 20,000 refugees.
Militants in the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria attacked pipelines and other facilities and kidnapped foreign oil workers throughout the year. Nigeria was Africa’s biggest oil producer, and the attacks precipitated a 25% drop in its oil output. The militants, under the umbrella Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, sought greater control over the region’s oil wealth.
The Islamic Courts Union militia established control over much of southern Somalia following the capture of the capital, Mogadishu, in June. For most of the previous 15 years, the country had had no effective central government, and the population was left at the mercy of rival warlords. A combination of drought and strict religious law imposed by the Islamic Courts Union drove an estimated 35,000 refugees into neighbouring Kenya. In December Ethiopia launched a military offensive against the Islamist forces to help Somalia’s weak transitional government recapture much of the territory it had lost.
An African Union (AU) force of 7,000 troops in the Darfur region of The Sudan was unable to calm a three-year-old conflict that had claimed the lives of more than 200,000 civilians. Attacks by Arab-influenced Janjawid militias against the black African population intensified, despite a peace deal in May between the Sudanese government and one of the militias. In addition, the government refused to allow the UN to augment the AU force with non-African troops.
A cease-fire was agreed upon between Uganda’s government and the Lord’s Resistance Army rebels in August. Tens of thousands of people had been killed and more than a million made refugees in the 20-year conflict. Both sides violated the cease-fire as peace talks continued throughout the year.
In April the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency unveiled Crusher, the first of a new generation of large unmanned ground combat vehicles. Crusher weighed 6,350 kg (14,000 lb) fully fueled and was designed to carry a 1,360-kg (3,000-lb) payload and operate in rugged terrain. An operational version might be developed for missions involving surveillance behind enemy lines. The use of unmanned vehicles reflected the U.S. military’s desire to keep personnel farther away from the hazards of direct combat. In September the U.S. Air Force began flight tests of a B-52 bomber using a new synthetic jet fuel made from coal and other hydrocarbon sources. A process first developed by German scientists in the 1920s was used to produce the fuel. The tests were part of a major project to reduce the U.S. military’s reliance on foreign oil. That same month the U.S. Navy christened Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Freedom—the first of a new class of warship. The 115-m (377-ft)-long LCS was designed to operate in coastal waters less than 6 m (20 ft) deep at speeds in excess of 40 knots. Its modular construction allowed it to be reconfigured for various missions, such as antisubmarine warfare, mine warfare, and surface warfare.