This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
India's Agriculture Industry*-*Contemporary Developments in Business and Management I INTRODUCTION Agricultural production in India is an important determinant of overall economic growth and a huge employer of the rural populace. Total food grain production, for instance, in 2004/2005 (April-March) amounted to 206.4 million tones, including 87.8 million tones of rice and 73.0 million tones of wheat (Country Report, 2005). However, yields per hectare remain low by international standards. Other major crops grown include oilseeds, cotton, pulses, sugar, tea, coffee, rubber, jute and potatoes. The recent slowdown in the sector is a cause for concern and calls for a change in the government's agricultural policy. Some academic research suggests that in order for India to sustain GDP growth of around 7 percent or more, agriculture has to grow at, or in excess of, 4 percent (India Economic Survey, 2004; Sinha, 2005; Nilekani, 2006). The following management report attempts to analyse the agriculture sector in India, assessing the affect of external and internal factors on the industry. SWOT analysis framework is employed to give a more in-depth strategic insight into the sector's current development, emphasising its internal strengths, weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats. The application of PEST analysis involves the assessment of industry's external environment of political, economic, social and technological conditions that have a direct impact on the performance of the industry and its future development. The significant part of the report is also devoted to the critical evaluation of ecological factors impacting the agricultural sector, examining industry's responses and improvements for its sustainable growth. I INTRODUCTION 2.0 Indian Agriculture Industry Overview 2.1 SWOT Analysis 2.1.1 Strengths The Indian agriculture is large, competitive and well developed, offering products at low prices. The sector experiences a constant demand, as Indians have a strong preference for fresh rather than processed foods and for local spices and ingredients (The World Bank, 1997). Provides employment for a large Indian population, living in rural territories. Recent advances in technology and government initiatives support the development of the sector. In pursuance of the government policy to strengthen and promote IT led governance, the department of agriculture and cooperation has been taking various measures to promote the use and application of technology with the aim of making agriculture “online” for the use of farmers, exporters, and traders, etc. 2.1.2 Weakness One of the major weaknesses present for the agricultural sector in India is in the lack of government support. Unlike in East Asian countries, the shift of the labour force from agriculture to non-agriculture in India is peculiarly slow, largely attributable to rigid labour laws in both the agricultural and industrial sectors. Gliessman (1989) also highlights the need for pressing on with reforms in agriculture, in particular, trade liberalisation and export promotion strategies. Becker and et al. (1992) also claim that though India spends on agriculture nearly twice as much as some East Asian economies, this level of spending on agriculture does not translate into a significantly higher sectoral performance.
1998). and one-half of this area is reserved for the production of timber and other forestry products (Varshney. Palmer-Jones and Sen (2003) state that the government continues to play a major role in assisting farmers through agricultural credits. poor maintenance of existing irrigation systems and declining soil fertility in some areas are other factors. jute and sugar) depend on the south-west monsoon (This brings 80% of India's rain. and encourages labor intensive manufacturing industries. 1998). This represents a potential substitution to the local products.3 Opportunities A growing population. and India is no exception to this. price support schemes and extension services. Current agricultural policy. In 2004 the sector stagnated in comparison to the previous year when the best monsoon rains in a decade generated growth of around 10% in the agricultural sector. There is an opportunity for the economic growth to benefit more people only if the country raises agricultural productivity. improves its system of general education to help the millions who must leave farming. A lack of market infrastructure also hampers the movement of crops. for example. which supports cereal production. and scarcity of natural resources. especially in the cities and among young people. The introduction of high-yield crop varieties and new fertilising . given the limits of the resource base. 2005a)). It is also a precondition for continued agricultural development. However. cotton. and political and social demands exceed the mandate and capabilities of any corporation in an emerging economy (Bhagwati. better agricultural productivity will hold the key to stable growth in food production. and are more vulnerable to pay premium prices for foreign products of better quality. leading to sudden shortages. 2006). and some cash crops (oilseeds. cotton. is exceedingly expensive and will be unable to deal with the likely scenario of a shift in consumption from cereal food towards non-cereal food. Excessive rainfall in 2005 caused severe flooding in Maharashtra (The Economist Intelligence Unit Report. it is an important element of economic development as it assists in raising national income at a more rapid pace. many types of fruit and even flowers. but this has so far not been tapped (Yeoh and Siang. India is becoming an increasingly important market for processed foods. rapid economic development. there are increasing concerns from environmentalists and local government over the rapid depletion of forest areas. 2.4 Threats About one-fifth of the country. as less than one-third of cropland is irrigated. ecological factors. Food support prices for wheat and rice have given farmers little incentive to diversify and have filled government storage facilities to overflowing. usually within a three-month period from June to mid-September. A continuing fragmentation of landholdings. As income rises. The main foodgrain crops. causing the autumn grain harvest to fall by 18% year on year. Aware of quality and international brands. is covered by forests and woodland. Although there are no food security concerns at present. A growing population has made industrial development one of the Indian government's highest policy priorities. 69m ha. while keeping the market price of foodgrains artificially high. consumers are less likely to support national products. impacting the production levels of agriculture sector. Another weakness is based on seasonality and the fact that agricultural sector output heavily depends on the annual monsoon. 2.1.1.Inadequate road linkages also remain a major constrain for the development of well-functioning agricultural markets. subsidies. India has considerable potential as an exporter of rice. The 2002 south-west monsoon was disastrous.
industrial licenses and 100% export in or with the agricultural sector.access of the population to sufficient food to meet nutritional requirements. industrial licensing. Planning is centralized. aqua culture. 1993. 2. and privatization. foreign collaborations. with fishing and forestry. although agriculture in India is constitutionally the responsibility of the states rather than the central government.2 PEST Analysis Realizing the importance of Indian agricultural production for economic development. envisaging an investment of over $ 18. services 53% and manufacturing 27%. the Government of India has also approved proposals for joint ventures. Minimum support prices for major agricultural products are announced each year which are fixed after taking into account. meat and poultry segments.2 Economic India is a two-tier economy. Thus. These would have to be geared towards improving productivity. 2004). Food security issues tend to cover not only issues related to availability and stability of food supplies but also issues of access to this supply. This last is related to the resources needed to procure the required quantity of food. The main objectives of the Government's price policy for agricultural produce. accounts for around 20% of GDP. The other attractive features of the Indian agro industry that have the capacity to lure foreigners with promising benefits are the deep sea fishing. The Economist Intelligence Unit Report (2005) also implies that the government does not fully understand its importance. the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).2 Billion (Agbola. 1997). the latter plays a key role in formulating policy and providing financial resources for agriculture. aims at ensuring remunerative prices to the growers for their produce with a view to encourage higher investment and production. The reforms had an impact on the . For example. on the other. However. the central Government of India has played an active role in all aspects of agricultural development. One of the most critical obstacles of policies applications in agricultural sector is in ensuring food security . Food and price policy also are decided by the central government. these issues in India are considered to be sensitive and hence. milk and milk products. maintaining buffer stocks adequate to meet demand despite failed harvests and seasonal fluctuations (Ramakrishnan. Both in terms of foreign investment and number of joint. with a cutting-edge and globally competitive knowledge-driven service sector that employs the brightest of the middle classes on the one hand.ventures / foreign collaborations. The agricultural sector. 2. Agriculture represents an important economic activity for a large population of the developing world India’s agricultural sector provides employment for about 60% of the country’s workforce and accounts for one-fifth of GDP (Meisinger. and planned priorities. policies. where a large percentage of the population is dependent on agriculture need a certain degree of autonomy and flexibility in determining their domestic agricultural policies. 2006). enhancing income levels. The serious foreign-exchange crisis in 1990 led to a number of well-publicized economic reforms in the early 1990s dealing with trade. India has been self-sufficient in food since the mid-1970s. and a sprawling largely rain-fed agricultural sector that employs the majority of the vast and poorly educated labour force.and irrigation techniques over recent decades ' the so-called Green Revolution ' dramatically increased productivity in some regions.2. and resource allocations are decided at the central level. reducing vulnerability to market fluctuations ensuring stability of prices and so on. the consumer food segment has the top priority. The World Bank.
living in rural areas. those people employed in agricultural sector. including the Technical Cooperation Scheme of the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Technical Cooperation Scheme of the Commonwealth of Nations Assistance Program. 2.3 Social Since its independence in 1950s. This drop in agriculture's share was somewhat misleading because agricultural products. 2005). The government allocations on the agriculture sector constantly register a decline (The Economist Intelligence Unit Report. on the part of government. to shore up the constant foreign-exchange shortage (Edward. it has achieved multifaceted socio-economic progress and is now the tenth industrialized country in the world and the sixth nation to have gone into outer space to conquer nature for the benefit of the people. the drive for market liberalization and globalization has severely imposed on the rural household economies. In the late 1980s and early 1990s.2. have been exported as cotton yarn. The government action led to a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and protests by farmers and opposition from political parties. and jute manufactures since the 1960s. coir yarn. More than 60% of the India’s population is dependent on the agriculture . The traditional mode of agricultural practice has been destroyed. aquaculture. Agricultural exports from India were 44 percent of total exports in FY 1960. The farm credit system in Indian agriculture. Credit for Indian agriculture has to expand at a faster rate than before because of the need to step-up agricultural growth to generate surplus for exports. The cut in the fertilizer subsidy was a result of the government's commitment to reduce New Delhi's fiscal deficit by removing grants and subsidies from the budget. This demand cut into the surplus available for export despite a continuing desire. 2004). Over the period 1994-2005. Increasingly since independence. hundreds of foreign students have attended Indian state agricultural universities. horticulture and floriculture. which escalated the cost of agricultural production while stagnating productivity. medicinal plants. The government was forced to continue the subsidies but at a somewhat lower level (Yeoh and Siang. Numerous foreign scientists have received special and advanced training in India. 2006). The composition of agricultural and allied products for export from India changed mainly because of the continuing growth of demand in the domestic market. foreign aid has made a significant contribution to the agricultural progress in rural India. The recent economic system giving a free hand to multinational corporations in agriculture sector has further caused a rapid shrinkage of the traditional practices and replacement of folk crop varieties with high yielding and hybrid varieties. India is one of the oldest civilizations with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. evolved over decades has been instrumental in enhancing production and marketing of farm produce and stimulating capital formation in agriculture. decreasing to 27 percent in 2003 (India Economic Survey. fabrics. that were exported in raw form in the 1950s.agricultural sector through the central government's effort to withdraw the fertilizer subsidy and place greater emphasis on agricultural exports. are those less educated. However. ready-made garments. which will necessitate larger investments. and also because of change in the product mix towards animal husbandry. fish farming. such as cotton and jute. India provided short and longterm training courses to hundreds of foreign specialists each year under a variety of programs. India has been sharing its agricultural technology with other developing countries. 2006). During the period of 55 years independence.
Large numbers of women are engaged in agriculture. About 36. 2003). scientists and administrators together by establishing a system known as “Agriculture Online” for the exchange of ideas and information.. developing better quality products and transgenic in crops such as brinjal. A land information system has already started using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing to help the farmers to plan their activities and facilitate decision-making and planning at the local level (India. so the trade liberalization may lead to an adverse impact on the Indian agriculture sector and women may suffer. The prices of their product are determined by local variables rather than international markets. In 21st century agriculture. The last ten years of development in the agriculture sector in India. Of the rural workforce. Technology has helped society to cut across the traditional boundaries for getting converted into an emerging information society. In other words the mode of female participation in agricultural production varies with the land owning status to farm household. application of modern biotechnologies like DNA finger printing. i.5% (40. 2004). 27. Also. terminator gene technology and genetic cloning will hold the key in raising the productivity (Ghosh. With male-selective migration from rural areas on the increase. According to the 2001 census.e. 2003). 80% are employed in the agriculture sector. Achievements of Indian agriculture supported by technology like development of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of seeds. new hybrids of different crops.4 million) are engaged as hired agricultural labour (Palmer-Jones and Sen. Women’s roles range from managers to landless labour. therefore. Also considering the irrigation needs in Indian agriculture. research in the area of vaccine production.9 percent are women. while about 43. With all the benefits that technology can provide. emphasis has to be given to promote the proven costreducing micro-irrigation technology of drips irrigation which helps conserve water reduces fertilizer inputs and ensures higher productivity. an overwhelmingly large proportion.(Palmer-Jones and Sen.6 million) work as cultivators on their own/family landholding. tissue culture. cauliflower and cabbage have strengthened the field. Nilekani (2006) suggest that in India a majority of the farmers come under the category of small and medium farmers and are solely dependent on the local market rather than international market. as much as 46. women are often left behind to take care of both family and the farm on their own. varietal development through somoclonal variations. show that the lower government investment in agriculture and market driven system has adversely affected the livelihood of rural India. Farmers can find out the chemical composition of their land through lab testing to know how fertile their land is and what should they grow to make maximum profits. 2. primarily in the production and processing of food. women bear disproportionate costs of both displacement and health hazards. while in the case of agricultural labour.4 Technological The last few decades have witnessed a visible transition in the industrial landscape of India.4 percent (48. It is. 2003).2. there is an important issue of providing sufficient and appropriate education for the labour to increase their skill sin . as globalization shifts agriculture to capital and chemical intensive system.5 percent of cultivators in the rural areas are female. tomato. obvious that women play no small role in food production. The Government's long-term vision on “Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Agriculture Sector” aims to bring farmers. researchers.
The environmental policies of the Government were initiated with the setting up of the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co-ordination in 1972 and the creation of the Environment Department in 1980. Country Report. much concern has been expressed about the alarming rate of deforestation which has occurred. of which. These freshwaters are under considerable threat owing to the fast pace of modern technology. in such an undeveloped country such as India.. The concept of economic development has been changing over a period of time. However.86 percent of the total geographical area in India has been declared as forest area. 1994). The concept “sustainable development” may be interpreted to mean a certain pace of development which can be sustained even in the long run. Brookfield and Padoch (1994) claim that the actual forest covers to be as low as 19. fishing and agriculture purposes. In fact.97 percent of India’s forest area based on satellite imagery (Agbola. Nevertheless. Industrial. Since development is a process. the contribution of pollution and ecological regulations is weak. aquaculture. Swift and et al. much conversion is still due to the extraction of timber for industrial uses and to meet the needs of the rural poor in terms of food. sustainable development is also a process in which the economic and social welfare of the people can be maximised with minimum damage to ecology and the environment (Brookfield and Padoch. 2005). In the early 1980s a new concept of development had emerged as a reaction to the negative experiences of development. Forest conversion has been accelerated by activities associated with rapid industrialization. industrialized and increased population densities. which is known as “sustainable development”. The latter is an umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for the central government. fodder and firewood. In India. the concern for the environment and its protection was totally absent in the official policies from the very beginning of the planning programmes (Ramakrishnan. partly due to ineffective measures adopted or the lower relative value placed on the ambient quality of life. lakes and rivers are an integral part of human settlement and the water is being used for drinking. much of the good forest area is located in the northeastern region of India. India developed its own environmental control system. where 65. Although 22.19 percent of the total geographical area is covered under forests. As in the case with India. However. 2004. which established the Central and State Water Pollution Control Boards. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and the Environment Protection Act of 1986 (Agbola. The mandate of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is to . a number of legislative measures were adopted for the preservation of the environment but they largely remain ineffective. Gliessman (1989) states that since the 1980s. aquacultural. such as mining and energy generation through large hydroelectric projects. representing around 25. Soon after the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment in 1972. in recent years.46 percent. agricultural. The first of India’s modern environmental laws were the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974. 3. 1994). 2004). transportation and other human activities like burning of fossil fuels and disposal of solid and domestic waste deteriorates the air and water quality of the lakes. forestry and fisheries are traditional activities in the rural environment of India. the good forest cover is only around 10 percent of the total land area (Agbola. 2004).technology application that could be beneficially used for agro sector. 1992. laws and policies.0 Ecological Factors Analysis Agriculture.
2004). Palmer-Jones and Sen. the tribal farmer of India also has a variety of land use systems contributing towards biodiversity at all levels ranging from the sub-specific. the implementation of environmental laws and their enforcement is decentralised and is the responsibility of the SPCBs (Agbola. In addition. 2003). Slow responses by the courts to enforcement actions sought by SPCBs. this energy intensive activity is still confined to a small sector of the predominantly agricultural society. by the humans within the ecosystem. which are largely placed towards the base of the slope as they are less nutrientuse efficient. Within a given landscape. the cropping pattern shifts with emphasis on tuber crops (Ramakrishnan. where the farmer grows perennial trees and shrubs of economic value along with herbs and vines. agriculture in India is an important economic activity for a large population. Vast sections of the rural communities are left out. Unfortunately.set environmental standards for all plants India-wide. apart from the diversity in cropping patterns within the shifting agriculture systems that he maintains. (1994) state. First. 1995). on the local level there are few examples of effective responses from the individual farmers with a regard to biodiversity and ecosystem functions. lay down ambient standards and co-ordinate the activities of the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs). and charges of corruption have been regular and widespread. Under shorter ten or five year cycles. 1992. According to Brookfield and Padoch (1994). This is apart from the difficulties faced at India’ national level to have access to nonrenewable resources like petro-based chemical fertilizers and pesticides to sustain the “green revolution” itself in the face of increasing population pressure and to cope with the larger problems of environmental degradation caused by excessive and uncontrolled use of water and chemical subsidies. Indian “green revolution” is largely confined to a small section of the rural society and has had positive repercussions in terms of general selfsufficiency in food production (Palmer-Jones and Sen. sedentary systems on hill slopes. as Swift and et al. poor funding of the boards themselves. he may have fallow systems. For improving . population and the ecosystem (Ramakrishnan. As it was mentioned earlier in the report. More and more farmers have been marginalized in spite of overall self-sufficiency in food production. Nevertheless. 2003). while having a variety of service functions for the humans (Venkateswaran 1992). This indeed is an elegant example of adaptation towards optimization of resource use and risk coverage. while the more nutrient use-efficient tuber crops are placed towards the top of the slope where soil fertility levels are low. the pollution control laws have achieved little success. these indigenous farming practices indicate the effort of individual farmers for conserving resources. These mosaics of ecosystem types of the landscape perform a variety of functions towards the integrity of the system as a whole. through the species. wet rice cultivation on valley lands involving a variety of rice cultivars and a whole variety of tightly packed home gardens resembling a forest. through manipulation of biodiversity. Indeed. But this has had its negative impacts too. leading to wide disparities in access to resources and income generation arising out of effective use of natural resources using affordable appropriate technology. through the mixed cropping involving a large number of species and traditional weed management strategies. the shifting agricultural farmer of North-East India ensures effective checks on nutrient loss during the cropping phase. The emphasis is on cereals. This is an ad hoc method of addressing key environmental issues. Thus. and hence not subject to scrutiny by the CPCB.
its prospective growth has to be one of the primary objectives of the government development plans. social (quality of life with more easily measurable indicators such as health and hygiene. Thus. Becker. 2005b). South Asia Monitor. but also an integrated tolerant approach to farming. Brookfield. Strengthen conservation measures based on the traditional knowledge and value system with which the tribal communities could identify. in Ahluwalia. and Little.. J. I. H. Therefore. the following strategies can be suggested: With wide variations in cropping and yield patterns practised by over 100 tribes under diverse ecological situations.2. the canopy form of tree should be compatible with crop species at ground level so as to permit sufficient light penetration and provide fast recycling of nutrients through fast leaf turnover rates). Economic (monetary output/input analysis.the system of land use and resource management in India’s agricultural sector. morbidity symptoms. although few are now left. it still represents a big challenge for the industry. 1994). Redevelop village ecosystems through the introduction of appropriate technology to relieve drudgery and improve energy efficiency (cooking stoves. biogas generation. However. Condense the time-span of forest succession and accelerate restoration of degraded lands based on an understanding of tree growth strategies and architecture. the revival of the sacred grove concept based on cultural tradition which enabled each village to have a protected forest once on a time. Vol. Redesign and strengthen the agroforestry system incorporating ecological insights on tree architecture (e. 12 Issue 1. (1998) The design of Indian development. C. p. Improve animal husbandry through improved breeds of swine and poultry. capital savings or asset accumulation and dependency ratio). Little. Delhi: Oxford University Press.. etc. India’s Economic Reforms and Development: Essays for Manmohan Singh. the difficult to quantify measures such as societal empowerment and the less tangible ones in the area of social and cultural values). 4. Ahluwalia. Delhi: Oxford University Press. for example. indicating not only a greater restructuring of the public spending and more government funds. 2003). food security. and Padoch. Williamson. nutrition. Asia Monitor Report (2006) India: Risk Summary. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. and Mills. I.). (1992) Indian Urbanisation and Economic Growth since 1960. bamboo and other woods (The Economist Intelligence Unit Report. agricultural implements.0 Conclusion From the above research it is evident that agricultural sector represents one of the most significant sectors of the economy of India. ecological concerns and future growth prospects. pp. E.J. emphasis on potatos at higher elevations compared to rice at lower elevations has led to a manifold increase in economic yield despite low fertility of the more acid soils at higher elevations. The current state of the agricultural sector is a cause for concern and calls for a change in the government’s agricultural policy. (1998) India’s Economic Reforms and Development: Essays for Manmohan Singh. e. I.M. by adjusting the species mix in time and space (Brookfield and Padoch.23-39. small hydroelectric projects. C. I. where transfer of technology from one tribe/area to another alone could improve the valley land and home garden ecosystems (Palmer-Jones and Sen. (though the industry has seen some policies and regulations) there is still a gap between the intent of these environmental policies and the actual development. J. Bhagwati.D (Eds). (1994) Appreciating biodiversity: a look at the dynamism and diversity of indigenous .g. Promote crafts such as smithying and products based on leather.g.
p. Ramakrishnan. June. Ecol. 1/30/2006. (2003) Issues of e-learning developments in India. 135 Issue 4777. pp. C.127-39. 24 Issue 7/8/9. Vol. V.. Delhi: Oxford University Press. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Economic and Political Weekly.allfreeessays. 902 ' 917. Vol. and Sharma. D. Paradigm.23. S. J. pp. 78 pp. Rangnekar. A.) (1989) Agroecology: Researching the Ecological Basis for Sustainable Agriculture. Ghosh. Ghosh. Vol. pp. A. (1992) Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development of North-Eastern India. (1998) Democracy. C. (1994) Biodiversity and agroecosystem function. Anderson. HR Magazine.1551-1559. The World Bank (1997) India ' 1997 Economic Update: Sustaining Rapid Growth. Government of India Press. R. July-December. Ramakrishnan. J. D. p. Journal of the Asia Pacific_Economy_. M.3121-3131.6-11. (Eds). Country Profile. Sinha. pp. K.1-31. (1997) The changing status of women in India: Impact of urbanization and development. Food & Drinks Forecast Asia & Australasia. A. London: John Wiley. in Mooney. 25 Issue 9. pp..24-25. P. pp.23-25.380. Ramakrishnan.18-21. India. 8 Issue 2.A. S. S. Khatkhate. Country Profile: India. Environment.. Vol. Gliessman. Venkateswaran S. and Sen. Far Eastern Economic Review. Washington: The World Bank. Joshi. (2006) Extending Economic Boundaries and Exporting Expertise: New Evidence on Singapore's Gambit in Indonesia.79-105. K. Environment and De Development. p. World Development. Ong.farming practices. The Economist Intelligence Unit Report (2005b) Resources and infrastructure: Natural resources and the environment. 15 Issue 2. Vol. 40 Issue 1. R. Delhi: Oxford University Press. N. I. India Economic Survey (2004) Economic Survey 2002-03-04. J. Friedrich Ebert Inserted from <http://www. Nayyar. and Little. W.52-60. pp. pp. P. M. (2006) One land. India (2004) Ministry of Information and Broadcasting: India 2004: A Reference Annual. (Ed. and Sen. pp. (1992) Living on the Edge: Women. New York: SpringerVerlag. (2005) Checking India's vital signs. and Roy. Yeoh. pp. Smart Money. McKinsey Quarterly. Journal of Development Studies. two planets. Vietnam and India. Dreze. New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Vol.. pp. The Economist Intelligence Unit Report (2005a) India: Market profile. Vol. 36 pp. 424. Swift. and Siang. H. Country Report (2005) The economy: Economic structure. 33 Issue 49.10. (2006) Global Workforce Issues: Challenge and Opportunity. Vol. (1998) Economic development and political democracy: interaction of economics and politics in independent India. Paris: UNESCOMAB Series. Studies. Vandermeer. (1995) India . New Delhi: Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs. Palmer-Jones. (2006) India's Split Personality. New Statesman. (1996) India’s Economic Reforms: 1991-2001.com/essays/Indian-Agricultural-Industry/29982. 11 Issue 1. (2006) The other side of the global economy. Vol.Economic Development and Social Opportunity. B. L. Vol.29-30. Varshney. P. (2003) What Has Luck Got To Do With It? A Regional Analysis of Poverty and Agricultural Growth in Rural India. pp. Meisinger. and Hawkins. International Journal of Social Economics Vol. Edward. (1993) Shifting Cultivation and Sustainable Development: An inter-disciplinary Study from North-Eastern India. Special Edition. Vol. 169 Issue 1. J. 51 Issue 1. Nilekani. (1997) India’s economic growth: a conundrum.html> .16-25. Development and the Countryside: Urban-Rural Struggles in India.
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
We've moved you to where you read on your other device.
Get the full title to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the preview.