23Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen 4s4p4d4fn = 33s3p3dEnergyIn a hydrogen atom, all the sublevels of each energy level “n” have the same energy. Eg 2p’s are at the same energy as 2s’s 3s’s, 3p’s and 3d’s all have the same energy etc…n = 22s2pn = 11s
24java orbitalsIn “many electron” atoms (atoms other than hydrogen), the “sublevels” have different energies. Eg the 2p orbitals have slightly higher energy than the 2s. The 3p’s are higher than the 3s and the 3d’s are higher still.
26In 1969, Professor Murray Gell-Mann received the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles …he found that all of those particles, including the neutron and proton, are composed of fundamental building blocks that he named "quarks."The quarks are permanently confined by forces coming from the exchange of "gluons." He and others later constructed …quantum chromodynamics," which seems to account for all the nuclear particles and their strong interactions." ...
27Quantum Chromodynamics Protons and Neutrons are composed of smaller particles called quarks
28A proton consists of two “up” and one “down” quark.