Also called troposmia, parosmia is the impairment of the olfactory function leading to the inability of the brain to recognize the natural or intrinsic smell of a particular odor. The natural smell is then typically perceived as having a rotten, burning, fecal, or chemical odor. In instances when pleasant odors are perceived instead, the olfactory dysfunction is more properly called euosmia. Causes of parosmia include upper respiratory tract infections, head trauma, temporal lobe epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. No specific treatment is available, but it is known to decrease in severity over time.
Parosmia is the term used to refer to distorted olfaction, wherein the affected person perceives a smell that deviates from the typical scent. For instance, the affected person may be presented an apple scent, but perceives a burning odor instead. In contrast, phantosmia refers to the perception of smell when there is no scent or odor presented. Phantosmia more accurately refers to olfactory hallucinations.
Various unpleasant odors reported by people who have parosmia include garbage, vomit, smoke, and rotting flesh. Most people identify the odor of rotting flesh to be the most unpleasant. Normally, people who smell unpleasant scents undergo sensory adaptation, such that within a few minutes, the unpleasant scent seems to have dissipated. Among people suffering from parosmia and phantosmia, the perception of the unpleasant scent is long lasting. The unpleasantness of the smell and the extended duration of perceiving this smell usually lead affected people to a medical consultation.
Diagnosis of parosmia involves testing the sense of smell of the affected person by presenting different odors. Methods include the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) and sniffin’ sticks. When these methods are used, the stimulating odor can be identified.
The main cause of parosmia is upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It is postulated that URTIs can damage the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), leading to the inability of these neurons to encode and send the correct signal to the olfactory bulb, which serves as the processing center for smells. Exposure to solvents, such as benzene, is also associated with this impairment of olfaction because of damage to the ORNs.
Head trauma that affects the olfactory bulb, which is situated on the inferior side of the brain, can also lead to this condition. Any pathology that involves the interpreting centers of the brain may lead to a misperception of odor. Episodes of olfactory dysfunction have been reported following seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Among people with Parkinson’s disease, it is hypothesized that the insufficient levels of dopamine lead to this condition.
No definite cure is available for parosmia, but its symptoms diminish over time. Some people may suffer for years. Levo-dopamine has been used for some people, but there is no evidence that it cures the condition. Some patients who would rather not smell anything at all opt to have their olfactory bulb destroyed with surgery.