In this previous part of this article we learned about types of shells . In most of the Linux distributions , bash shell is the default shell. So we are going to discuss the working of bash shell in this article . Fasten your seat belts and get ready for the bash ride :D
Normally we think that when we type a command, shell looks for the command in all the directories defined in the PATH environment variable. But in real it goes through the following sequence to reach the above step.
- Shell Function
- Shell Builtin
- Hash table
- PATH variable
Now lets first discuss them one by one:
1. Redirection: Consider the example given in the following snapshot:
Here files file1, file2, file3 exists in the current directory as seen from the output of ls command but when we redirect the output to out.txt file, the out.txt file should contain the output of ls command i.e. file1 file2 file3 but in real it also includes out.txt. This happens because before ls is executed redirection is done and file out.txt is created in current directory (we can’t redirect output to a file that doesn’t exit).
2. Aliases: After redirection shell moves to aliases.
Here I have defined alias ls=cat , now when I type ls out.txt , ls is replaced with cat and contents of out.txt file is displayes. To make the shell ignore alias use , precede the command name with backslash (“\”).
3. Expansion: According to bash manpage there are seven kind of expansions : brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion. Discussing all of them is beyond the scope of this article, refer to bash manpage (man bash) for more information. If the command you typed contain any variable name, wildcards (*,? etc) shell expands them. As an example refer to the screenshot below :
Here $HOME becomes /home/sumit (my home directory) after expansion and file* is expanded to file1, file2, and file3.
4. Shell Function: Like many programming languages bash allows you to define functions. A function in bash may contain multiple commands. You can execute a function just by typing its name. Example : Look in the figure below, here I have defined an alias by name “ls” and a function by the same name. Since alias gets priority over function, when I first type ls and press enter /bin/ls is executed. Next I have used backspace to ignore alias. After deleting alias using unalias command, since there is no alias left ls corresponds to function ls.
5. Shell Builtin : Some commands are a part of bash code itself, they are called Shell builtin commands. They are given priority over hash table and directories in PATH variable. Example : echo is a shell builtin command, you can use type command to determine how a given keyboard will be interpreted.
Here its clear that echo is shell builtin command, echo also exist in /bin/ folder but if you type echo and hit enter , it will be ignored since builtin command are of more priority. Notice how the output of “type ls” changes after defining the alias by the same name. Once we delete alias and function ls, bash searched hash table, since ls is not in hash table is look in PATH and its found in /bin/ls.
6. Hash table: The concept of hash table is similar to cashing in Linux, shell store the full path of all the executed commands to speed things up. Now in the snapshot below I have started a new shell, after that I execute ls command (since there is no alias or function by the same name, it executes /bin/ls because /bin is in PATH). Then after executing echo and firefox, I have used hash command to look at hash table. The first column “hits” display cache hits and “command” column displays full path of the command. Because echo is internal command its not displayed in hash table. After I execute ls one more time its hit column changes from 1 to 2.
7. PATH variable: Last of all shell searches for a given command in directories listed in PATH environment variable. You can look at the contents of PATH by typing
To add any directory to PATH variable use
where /path/to/dir is the absolute path to the directory you want to add. For more information you can read bash manage ($man bash). Also to make the changed PATH settings permanent add the line export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/dir to .bashrc file in your home directory.
$echo “PATH=$PATH:/path/to/dir” >> /home/your_user_name/.bashrc
Note: Make sure you use >> instead of >, otherwise .bashrc file will get overwritten instead of appending.
About Author : This post is written by Sumit Rai. He is second in command of this blog. Sumit loves to play with grub and spends most of his time in manipulating the hardware through shell. He is trying his hands on assembly languages also. You can contact him at firstname.lastname@example.org .
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