Bobcat - Lynx rufus
Soon after the Corps arrived at the Pacific Coast they noticed that some local Indians wore robes made of cat skins. On December 13th, 1805, while the construction of the Corps' winter compound was under way, Clark recorded two significant transactions: "The Indians left us to day after brackfast, haveing Sold us 2 of the robes of a Small animal for [with] which I intend makeing a Capot,1 and Sold Capt Lewis 2 Loucirvia Skins for the Same purpose."
Within another month, on January 15th, Lewis claimed he "had a large coat completed out of the skins of the Tiger Cat and those also of a small animal about the size of a squirrel not known to me; these skins I procured from the Indians who had previously dressed them and formed them into robes; it took seven of these robes to complete the coat." (The seven skins may have been those of that "small animal about the size of a squirrel," now commonly known as the mountain beaver.)
Another month later, on February 18, Clark recounted, "Whitehouse brought me a roab which he purchased of the Indians formed of three Skins of the Tiger Cat," and proceeded to pen a detailed description of the animal it represented.2The third and last time such a coat was mentioned was after the Expedition's return to St. Louis, when William Clark included "1 Tigor Cat Skin Coat" presumably his own property in a list of articles to be shipped by boat to Louisville.3 It's hard to imagine how fascinating, how exotic, the captains' mementos appeared to the folks back home.
Lynx rufus fasciatus Rafinesque, 1817
The family Felidae (FELL-id-eye; cat) evolved about 20 million years ago. Milennia came and went, leaving us today 18 genera and 36 species of cats worldwide; eight of those species are now living in North America north of Mexico. The smallest and most numerous member of the family Felidae is Felis catus, which appeared on the mammalian scene about 7,000 years ago, and became domesticated a couple of thousand years later, when human development shifted from nomadic mobility to permanent settlements where offal drew mice and rats.
Guided by the Enlightenment axiom that human purpose and destiny was to know every corner of the universe, the habit of naming became the duty of every educated explorer during the 18th and early 19th centuries. To name the thing is to know it, so Lewis and Clark's process of discovery was largely one of naming.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-778), the father of taxonomy (from the Greek taxis, meaning order, arrangement), established the basis of the natural sciences in an orderly hierarchy of classifications culminating in binomial expressions pairs of names. His language of choice was Latin, because it was no longer current, and therefore was immune to the fickle winds of fashion and everyday usage. The assignment of a scientific name required a thorough and functional knowledge of Latin, plus the training, experience, and time to study a plant or animal methodically, and to compare the features of a given species with other known species of the same kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, and genus. That was to become the lifework of gifted, dedicated individuals such as Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (1783-1840), better known simply as Rafinesque. They finish the work begun by field investigators like Lewis and Clark.
Upon discovering a new species such as this one appeared to be, how should Lewis and Clark label it until they can deliver it to a scientist? "Loucirvia" was a phonetic spelling of loups cervier, which is the French common name for lynx, roughly translatable as "wolf that attacks the stag [male red deer]." Perhaps they learned it from George Drouillard, Pierre Cruzatte, or Franηois Lepage. But the captains observed that this specimen was about the size of a cat, and had markings somewhat resembling those of a tiger. (Apparently they did not see this animal face to face until March 18, 1806, when Drouillard shot one on Deer Island, near today's Portland, Oregon.) Noah Webster defined tiger in his Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806), as "an animal of the feline kind, very rapacious." He did not list any such animal as a "tiger cat," so we may infer that name was not in common use.4 Was Lewis and Clark's own vernacular expression a compromise with the Linnaean principle, or was it the consensus of the most experienced men in the Corps? The scientific taxonomy begins as follows: kingdom, Animalia (animals); phylum, Chordata (spinal cord); class, Mammalia (mammals); order, Carnivora (carnivores); and family, Felidae (cats). In 1758 Linnaeus himself classified the Eurasian lynx from a Greek word meaning "sharp-sighted" as a member of the genus Lynx and the species lynx. It became, then, Lynx lynx. In 1817 Rafinesque classified the lynx of the Northwest Coast as Lynx fasciatus5 The specific epithet fasciatus means banded, and refers to one of the distinguishing features Clark wrote of: "the legs . . . marked with transvers stripes of black" as is the tail. Later in the century it was reclassified under the genus Felis (FEE-lis; cat) and the species rufus (ROO-fus; reddish). Its Canadian counterpart remained Lynx canadensis.6
During the latter part of the 20th century the importance of systematic taxonomy became critical, as the protection of wildlife and the recovery of threatened and endangered species became of paramount importance worldwide. In 1993, the publication of a new taxonomic summary of Mammalia, that is now considered to be definitive,7 moved the bobcat from the genus Felis back to the genus Lynx, the species rufus, and placed it in the subspecies fasciatus. Lynx rufus fasciatus now is one of twelve subspecies of L. rufus, including californicus, texensis, and floridanus.8
Apparently the common name, bobcat, or "cat with a bobbed [shortened] tail," did not come into use until sometime in the second half of the 19th century; it first appeared in print in 1888. Other common names include the French lynx roux (reddish-brown lynx) and chat sauvage (wild cat); the German Rotluchs (red lynx) and Luchskatz lion (lynx cat); and the Spanish lince (lynx) and lince rojo (red lynx). In Scandanavia the bobcat is called lynx-wolf.
DescriptionWe expect to find plants and animals described first by Lewis and copied by Clark, but in this instance Clark's came first, on February 18. Lewis evidently copied Clark's description three days later, replacing most of Clark's idiosyncratic capitalizations and correcting his mispellings except for his own spelling of "tyger Cat," which was the captains' temporary name for the species. Clark's description reads as follows:
|Whitehouse brought me a roab which he purchased of the Indians formed of three Skins of the Tiger Cat, this Cat differs from any which I have ever Seen. it is found on the borders of the plains and the woody Counry lying along the Pacific Ocian. this animal is about the Size or reather larger than the wild Cat of our Countrey and is much the Same in form, agility and ferosity. the colour of the back, neck and Sides, is a redish brown irrigular varigated with Small Spots of dark brown the tail is about two inches long nearly white except the extremity which is black; it termonates abruptly as if it had been cut off. the belly is white with Small black spots. butifully varigated. the legs are of the Same Colour with the Sides and back marked with transvers stripes of black the ears are black on the outer Side Covered with fine black hair, Short except at the upper point which is furnished with a pencil9 of verry fine Streight black hair, Ύ of an inch in length, the fur of this animale is long and fine. much more So than the wild Cat of the U States but less so than the Louserva of the N West. the nativs of this Country make great use of the skins of this Cat, to form the robes which they wear; three whole Skins is the complement usually employed, and Sometimes four in each roab. Those Cats are not marked alike maney of them have but fiew Spots of a darker Colour, particularly on the Back.10|
It is not unusual for the fortunate person who glimpses a bobcat in the wild to be disappointed by its small size compared with its more fearsome relative, the mountain lion Felis concolor (aka cougar, puma, panther, or catamount). An adult bobcat typically will be from 28 to 49 inches in length, plus a four- to seven-inch tail, and will weigh between 15 and 30 pounds about the bulk of a mature cocker spaniel. The mountain lion averages six to nine feet in length, plus a two- to three-foot-long tail, and may weigh up to 275 pounds. Despite the bobcat's less intimidating appearance, however, its disposition is by no means like that of its half-sized domestic relative, Felis catus, and it is not to be trifled with. In fact, given the opportunity, it might even eat your cat.
At present, all but one of the contiguous United States (Indiana) reportedly share the country's total estimated bobcat population of between 700,000 and 1 million adults. Given the inexorable pressures of an expanding human population, however, nothing is certain. If Lynx rufus fasciatus and its dozen cousins survive in such numbers until the tricentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, it will be the result of deliberate habitat preservation, as well as careful control of harvesting by game management agencies.11 will also be due to the elusive creature's marvelous skill and purpose as a predator, and because its preferred diet of rabbits and rodents will still be plentiful.
--Joseph Mussulman, 7/04; rev. 2/2012
1. Properly capote (pron. kay-po), the French diminutive of cape, denoting a loose, hooded cloak or coat, without sleeves. The same word, pronounced kay-pot, also was used in a 17th-century card game called Piquet.
2. Lewis does not mention Whitehouse in this connection, and Whitehouse himself makes no mention of a bobcat robe on or near this date.
3. Moulton, Journals, 8:418-19.
4. "Tiger cat" is is now the common name of Felis tigrinus (tig-REE-nus; "cat like a tiger"), which is the ocelot native to Costa Rica and northern Argentina.
5. American Monthly Magazine, 2:46 (1817).
6. Lynx canadenis is typically brownish-gray in color. It has longer legs, larger foot pads, and an even shorter tail than Lynx rufus, which enable it to thrive in the deeper snow and colder temperatures of the boreal region. Otherwise, it is approximately the same size as its American relative. It is believed to have entered North America via the Bering land bridge sometime after Lynx rufus was already established.
7. Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder, Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993).
8. The genus Felis to which our favorite feline, Felis catus, belongs has three upper premolar teeth; genus Lynx has only two. Serge Laraviere and Lyle R. Walton, "Lynx rufus," Mammalian Species, No. 563 (Oct. 24, 1997), 1-8.
9. Today those unique features on the bobcat's ears are simply called "tufts," but Lewis and Clark recognized them without hesitation as resembling pencils, a term that then most commonly denoted small paintbrushes made of fine black hairs, used for delicate detail work in oil paintings.
10. This sentence suggests that some of the pelts may have been from the Canadian Lynx lynx, or Lynx canadensis, whose range overlaps that of the Oregon bobcat.
11. For a comprehensive account of the status of felids worldwide, see the Cat Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union at http://lynx.uio.no/catfolk/mjissues/mjchp_1a.htm.
The Cyber Zoomobile, http://home.globalcrossing.net/~brendel/felidae.html
Hall, E. Raymond.The Mammals of North America. 2d ed. 2 vols. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Edited by David McDonald. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1984.