Nuts are a healthy plant food because they are high in healthy fats, protein and fibre, yet they’re often the source of confusion for those wanting to manage their weight.
Lisa Yates, Advanced Accredited Practising Dietitian and Program Manager of Nuts for Life answers some of your common questions about nuts below.
What are nuts?
According to the Australian Dietary Guidelines, nuts and seeds are:
A nut is a simple dry fruit with one or two seeds in which the ovary wall becomes very hard (stony or woody) at maturity, and where the seed remains attached or fused with the ovary wall....Examples include almonds, pecans, walnuts, brazil nuts, cashew nuts, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pine nuts and pistachio nuts.
The term ‘nut’ is applied to many seeds that are not botanically true nuts. These may include cape seed, caraway, chia, flaxseed, linseed, passionfruit, poppy seed, pepita or pumpkin seed, sesame seed and sunflower seed.
Although the peanut is technically a legume, the nutritional composition of the peanut is close to that of tree nuts, and there is research showcasing peanuts health benefits.
What nutrients do nuts provide?
Nuts are also a good source of dietary fibre and provide a wide range of essential nutrients, including several B group vitamins (including folate), vitamin E, minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc, potassium and magnesium, antioxidant minerals (selenium, manganese and copper), plus other phytochemicals such as antioxidant compounds (flavonoids and resveratrol) and plant sterols.
The 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines include nuts in the same food group as meat, fish, poultry, eggs and legumes, due to their protein content. A daily serving of 30g is recommended, but an additional 10g of nuts a day can be used in place of other healthy fat foods as well.
Each nut variety contains its own unique combination of nutrients and is generally rich in a few nutrients such as:
- Almonds: protein, calcium and vitamin E
- Brazil nuts: fibre and selenium: just two brazil nuts a day provides 100% RDI for selenium for an adult
- Cashews: non haem (plant based) iron and a low GI rating
- Chestnuts: low GI, fibre and vitamin C (although much vitamin C is lost during cooking)
- Hazelnuts: fibre, potassium, folate, vitamin E
- Macadamias: highest in monounsaturated fats, thiamin and manganese
- Pecans: fibre and antioxidants
- Pine nuts: vitamin E and the arginine amino acid
- Pistachios: protein, potassium, plant sterols and the antioxidant resveratrol
- Walnuts: alpha linoleic acid: plant omega 3 and antioxidants
Nuts are naturally low in sodium, contain potassium and most contain some carbohydrate in the form of natural sugars. Chestnuts are different they are rich in low glycemic index carbohydrates and low in fat making them more like a grain than a tree nut.
Is there a nutritional difference between raw and roasted nuts?
There are little differences in the nutrient content of raw and roasted nuts. Nuts can be oil or dry roasted, but nuts are so dense they are unable to absorb much oil (approximately 2-5% of the oil they are cooked in).
Roasting does reduce the water content of nuts, concentrating the nutrients, but also reduces the concentration of several B group vitamins as they are not heat stable.
While it is possible to buy unsalted, dry roasted nuts. Many oil roasted nut varieties are salted and therefore have a higher sodium content than raw nuts. If you like the taste of roasted nuts, but want to reduce your salt intake, choose unsalted roasted nuts and leave the salted ones for special occasions only.
Roasting does bring out the flavours of nuts making them taste....well nuttier.
Are nuts good for heart health?
Studies suggest that consuming about 30g (a handful) of nuts per day may reduce the risk of developing heart disease by 30-50% and reduce the risk of death from heart disease by around 20%.
This is based on the high proportion of healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in nuts, and the low proportion of saturated fats, and the results of studies comparing heart disease rates among people who eat nuts with those who do not.
It seems a number of heart-healthy nutrients in nuts work together to achieve this heart protective effect.
- Health-promoting monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats that help regulate blood cholesterol
- Fibre and plant sterols that help reduce cholesterol re-absorption from the gut
- Arginine (an amino acid which is converted to nitric oxide in the body) which helps keep blood vessels elastic, thereby reducing the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
- Antioxidant vitamins and minerals, e.g. vitamin E, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc, and other antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and resveratrol that reduce oxidation and inflammation
- Naturally low sodium and high potassium levels which assist in maintaining healthy blood pressure.
Eating an average of 67g of nuts a day can also help improve your cholesterol.
Do nuts affect my risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Nuts may also help prevent developing type 2 diabetes, although more research is needed.
A large study found that women who ate about 30g of nuts per day on five or more days of the week had approximately 30% less risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with those who ate few or no nuts. This effect was attributed at least partly to the high levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, which (in addition to their positive effects on blood cholesterol) are believed to enhance insulin sensitivity. A Harvard meta analysis, which groups together many studies, found a 13% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes when four 30g (approx) serves of nuts are eaten each week.
Nuts can benefit people with type 2 diabetes, as they help reduce the overall glycemic index of the diet. When added to meals rich in carbohydrate, nuts slow the passage of the meal through the gut and reduce blood glucose levels following the meal and the phytochemicals found in nut skins may slow carbohydrate digestion.
Nuts can also help reduce the risk of developing Metabolic Syndrome – a cluster of metabolic measures that if left untreated can lead to type 2 diabetes, heart disease and hypertension (high blood pressure).
Should I avoid nuts if I don’t want to gain weight?
A small handful of nuts (30–50g) each day is not associated with a weight gain, and may also help reduce the risk of obesity. The healthy fats in nuts can help you feel fuller, which helps to control appetite.
And since some fat is trapped in the fibrous structure of the nut, it passes through the body rather than being digested.
Nuts can be part of a healthy diet to maintain or even lose weight, as long as your overall kilojoule intake does not increase. Eating a handful of nuts as a substitute for less healthy foods such as muffins, biscuits, cakes, chips, chocolate and so on.
Can I eat nuts in a Mediterranean diet?
Including a handful of nuts (30g) every day in a Mediterranean diet or using extra virgin olive oil has more health benefits than a reduced fat diet. One study found the following:
- Reduced cardiovascular events (such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes).
- A lifetime habit of eating a handful of nuts (30g) more than three times a week resulted in a 39% reduction in total mortality in an older Mediterranean population at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
- BMI and waist circumference decreased by 0.78kg/m2 and 2.1cm respectively, for each additional serving of nuts eaten.
- 50% reduction in diabetes incidence, compared to following the low-fat diet over four years.
- 26% reduction in metabolic syndrome comparing those eating three or more serves of nuts per week with one or fewer serves per week.
For more information, download the PREDIMED summary paper at www.nutsforlife.com.au/resources/literature-reviews-summaries/
What about nut allergies?
Nut allergies are a major concern for a small proportion of the population. People can be allergic to:
- one or more of the tree nuts (almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts)
- peanuts only
- both tree nuts and peanuts.
For more information on managing tree nut allergy, download this Allergy and Anaphylaxis Australia reviewed fact sheet http://www.nutsforlife.com.au/wp-content/uploads/pdf/health-fact-sheets/...
Other health benefits of nuts?
Although more research is required, preliminary studies have indicated that nuts may play a role in:
- Reducing the risk of gall stones
- Reducing age-related macular degeneration (which can lead to blindness)
- Maintaining bone health
- Slowing brain aging
Reducing cancer risk
How much nuts should I have?
A healthy daily intake of nuts is 30g (a small handful) or approximately:
- 20 almonds
- 15 cashews
- 20 hazelnuts
- 15 macadamias
- 15 pecans
- 2 tablespoons of pine nuts
- 30 pistachio kernels
- 9 walnut kernels
a small handful of mixed nuts or about two of each of the ten nut varieties (except chestnut which isn’t eaten raw)
Lisa Yates is an Advanced Accredited Practising Dietitian and Program Manager of Nuts for Life, a health education initiative of the Australia Tree Nut Industry and Horticulture Australia.
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