Hello and welcome to the exciting world that is Advanced Placement United States History. You are actually a member of an elite group: college students who dare to take on an exceptionally difficult course. The risks are great, but then so are the potential positive aspects. We will take on this challenge collectively and when you’re accomplished, you’ll be justifiably happy with yourself. This course is a one-year class designed to allow the coed a head start on college level work, improve writing skills, sharpen downside fixing methods, and develop examine habits needed for rigorous course work.
This course is equivalent to a one semester introductory (freshman) level faculty U.S. history.
This summer’s assignment comes as a end result of the time constraints positioned on us all in overlaying the immense content material in APUSH over 9 months. To allow for extra an in depth study of the assorted durations of American History, it is essential to cowl the first 350 years of history during the summer season, individually, with some exceptionally readable non-fiction histories.
You might be examined over the material coated in American Colonies whenever you return to school in August. The assigned studying is:
• Taylor, Alan, ” American Colonies: The Settling of North America”, Part I Encounters: CH 1-5 pp. 3-113, Part II Colonies: CH 6-12, pp. 117-272, and Part III Empires: CH 13 – 19 pp. 275 – 480.
Read the e-book rigorously. As you read, comply with the instructions for the e-book evaluation on pages 3-7 of this document.
AMERICAN COLONIES: THE SETTLING OF NORTH AMERICA
READING & NOTE-TAKING GUIDE
As you read, you will take notes of essential information to be described below.
You are encouraged to spotlight and/or underline key passages in the guide and to annotate the text for your future reference. The first unit that we will investigate in the fall semester is in regards to the American Colonies. This corresponds to Chapters 1 – 6 within the textbook, Out of Many. You will discover this e-book, American Colonies, by Alan Taylor, a helpful complement to the textbook. And, as you research the textbook in the fall semester, you’ll identify some conflicting concepts relating to the historic significance of some events. This can function food for, and illustrations of, the thought processes that can help you to be successful in your examine of this course.
As you read Part II, establish and take notes in regards to the following info for each colony and colonial group:
• The name of the colony
• The founding country
• The date on which it was founded
• The name(s) of the founder(s)
• Why it was founded
• The type of colony it was (royal, proprietary, and so forth.)
• Difficulties after founding: each in the short- and long-term. This includes conflicts throughout the colony as nicely as outside of the colony.
• Any adjustments in sort (self-rule to royal, and so forth.)
Also, as you learn, write down any words that you just do not know and, periodically, look up their definitions or meanings in a dictionary. A profitable AP US History scholar will all the time have a great collegiate dictionary at his/her disposal. During thesecond week of faculty you’ll be tested on this material.
Focus Questions: As you read, think about the following focus questions to assist guide your reading. In excited about colonial development, consider the political, economic, and social structure of each colonial region. Further, think about the elements that influenced the relations with the Native Americans in each colonial region.
1. How did religion form the development of the New England colonies?
2. What position did geography and tobacco play within the development of the Chesapeake?
3. Analyze and evaluate and contrast family life in New England. Pay attention to the function of ladies.
4. Why did the primary main slave insurrection, the Stono Rebellion, take place in the Carolinas?
5. How did the fur commerce and religion form the event of New France?
6. In what methods did conquest, faith, and geography interact within the Spanish colonies of the American Southwest?
Directions: Students are to learn fastidiously each books. Each chapter may have a set of questions/list of topics for which quick reply responses might be asked to probe for understanding. Since this task is finished on MICROSOFT WORD, the coed want solely to load the file on the computer after which deliver it up on the computer screen the place they will provide answers primarily based upon what is requested for in the question. The goal is not to fish for a specific answer(s), however to ask the student probing questions for a crucial understanding of what the questions are asking. Short analytical quotes are permissible; nonetheless, we do not want the scholar to repeat the materials immediately from the book. It must be written in the student’s personal voice as a summary of understanding.
Chapter 1: Natives:
1. Pre-Columbian America is “fraught with controversy.” What had been these conflicts? Some writers depict Pre-Columbian Americans as ecological and social saints that lived in harmony with one another and nature. However due to the mythology of European colonizers, some writers consider that the Indians had been warlike savages with a primitive tradition.
2. What are Taylor’s three concepts which he argues about migration?
North and South America had been the last continents occupied by people. Siberia to Alaska provided the readiest passage from the Old World to the New World. The period from 15,000 and 12,000 years ago was an ideal time from crossing into North America.
3. In the New World, Old world explorers encountered complex and various peoples. Who had been these New World people? Where had been they? What was left of the Hohokam was encountered by Spanish explores within the sixteenth century. These Natives lived within the hills and alongside the rivers in what is now southern Arizona.
4. How did some natives’ tradition demand much less of the setting than that of different natives?
Some Natives stayed in one area which depleted the soil and wild game. Other Natives moved from place to put following their food provide.
Chapter 2: Colonizers:
1. Why does Taylor makes a giant concern over environmentalism? The environment worked to the European’s profit as a end result of it gave them a whole new supply of natural resources. However, the environmental revolution worked towards the native peoples and triggered their inhabitants to decrease.
2. What brought on the growth of Europe—and why?
The growth of Europe was caused by the inhabitants explosion in the seventeenth and eighteenth century that was made potential by imported food crops developed by the Indians. The enhance in inhabitants traveled to settle the Americas.
3. What had been the two major religions of the age of expansion? How do they arrive to impression the brand new world? The two major religions had been European Christianity and those of the Muslim religion. The competitors between the Muslims and the Christians was about trade to Asia. By looking for and alternate route to Asia, the Christians explored the Atlantic which in the end led them to the invention of the New World.
4. Why is the Atlantic Ocean such a central vital environmental concern for the colonizers? The Atlantic Ocean was a lot stormier and tougher to navigate than the shallow seas that the Europeans were accustomed to.
5. Once across the Ocean, what have been contributions of the colonizers to the New England area? The colonizers cleared the land for planting and grazing, however the largest impact was the epidemics they brought to the native peoples that caused them to die in great numbers.
6. What does Taylor say about slavery in the new world?
The colonists enslaved the individuals to work on sugar plantations, and the colonists justified their actions by saying that slavery would finally save the Indians’ souls from hell.
7. How vital was Renaissance science and know-how for the colonizers? The discoveries of the New World launched new interest in science and know-how which the colonists later benefitted from.
Chapter 3: New Spain.
Using quick paragraphs, summarize Taylor’s assessment of the next:
In the sixteenth century, the Spanish colonized elements of the North and South America and the Caribbean. Due to their concern of the Spanish Empire, the French, Portuguese, English, and the Dutch attempted to take a few of the colonized land from the Spanish. The Spanish additionally raided Central America where they took slaves who advised them concerning the riches of the Aztec Empire. The best advantage that the Spanish had in their conquests was the varied illnesses that they unintentionally handed on to the Indians.
Conquistador expeditions have been personal and led by unbiased navy contractors for profit. They often had a license from the crown which gave the country a portion of any treasure claimed by the conquistador. The overriding trait for a conquistador was greed. Also, conquistadores believed that something they did was acceptable as a end result of they pressured pagans to accept Christianity and Spanish rule.
The Spanish crown feared the conquistadores had an excessive quantity of energy to rule New Spain. The crown additionally thought that they killed or enslaved too many Indians who might need turn into Christians and tax paying topics. Eventually, many main conquistadores died combating one another or were compelled into retirement by the crown. four. Colonists:
During the sixteenth century, about 250,000 Spanish immigrated to the Americas. People from all social courses went, however the center lessons expert artisans dominated. Women hardly ever emigrated which resulted in the males taking wives among the Indians. This mixing resulted in a castas social system.
The center of the Spanish Empire consisted of Mexico and Peru. The American Empire was divided into two giant administrative areas known as viceroyalties. They have been ruled by a viceroy that was appointed by the king. The viceroyalty of New Spain was made from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. Peru included all of South America besides Portuguese Brazil.
6. Gold & Silver:
Mexico and Peru produced a great amount of gold and silver. Between 1500 and 1650, the Spanish shipped about 181 tons of gold and 16,000 tons of silver from America to Europe. While this appeared like a good suggestion at first, it actually led to economic inflation. This eventually led to the decline of the Spanish army and economic system through the seventeenth century.
Chapter 4: “The Spanish Frontier”:
1. How and why does Florida became the major target of Spain?
Florida turns into the primary focus of Spain as a result of so many Spanish ships hauling royal revenue had been attacked off of Florida’s coast. To combat this,
the Spanish crown established a fortified colony along the Atlantic coast of Florida.
2. Spain reaches west to New Mexico—use of the Adelanto system. Who was Onate? He was the viceroy who was given the job of founding the colony of New Mexico. He founded New Mexico among the Pueblo individuals who he tremendously exploited and ultimately massacred, maimed, and enslaved. He was eventually discovered guilty of adultery and abusing Indians and colonists.
3. What significance could be connected to New Mexico Missions? Franciscans. By 1628, the friars had fifty missions in the Rio Grande Valley. These church buildings had thousands of converts.
4. What was the Pueblo Revolt, how did it begin and what happen to trigger the fanaticism? After years of on and off battle with the governors and the Franciscans, the Pueblo vented their rage by destroying missions, farms, and ranches. The Pueblos in the uprising made a particular point to desecrate church buildings and mutilate the corpses of clergymen.
Chapter 5: Canada & Iroquoia
[a shift in geography, a brand new tradition, and really completely different group of Native Americans]
1. What had been the 2 major Native American cultural groups? How have been they distinct? Algonquian and Iroquian. These two teams of Indians had been distinct due to their cultures and languages.
2. The key for economic improvement was the fur trade of New France. Why was that so? Fur buying and selling by the Europeans and Natives made them mutually depending on one another.
3. How and why did trade develop? Discuss.
The French traders developed alliances with the Northern Algonquians and later the Hurons of the Iroquian culture.
4. How did the fur commerce function in its widest purposes Fur buying and selling with the Indians started when the Indians exchanged furs with the
colonists fishing at Newfoundland. The Indians desired shiny beads and copper, whereas the colonists extremely valued furs. Due to overhunting in Europe, furs have been scarce and very costly.
5. Analyze and characterize The Five Nations. Who had been they? The Five Nations Iroquois lived in massive, fortified hilltop villages. The women farmed massive fields that fed the younger males so that they could go to struggle. They could journey long distances to launch raids against many enemies.
6. What influence did old world disease have upon new world natives? Between 1633 and 1635, smallpox and measles killed half of the Iroquois inhabitants.
7. How essential was the formation and development of Dutch commerce system & involvement? It led to a scenario in which the Iroquois and the French wanted each other as enemies to have the ability to preserve the Dutch traders at Fort Orange.
8. In the new world the French brought the militant Jesuits to catholicize the model new world. Did it work? It did not work. The Iroquois ultimately killed or ran off all of the Jesuit clergymen and their converts.
Chapter 6: Virginia: 1570-1650
1. How did English colonization differ from that of the Spanish and French? What was a later consequence of this difference?
English colonization was totally different from the colonization of the Spanish and the French as a outcome of the English colonized the mid-Atlantic seaboard. The French and Spanish believed that this space was too cool for tropical crops however too heat for the best furs. This colonization led the colonists to the discovery of the prime commodity of tobacco in 1616. Tobacco permitted an explosive progress in inhabitants, territory, and wealth.
2. How did Sir Walter Raleigh characterize the connection between commerce and power? Ralegh believed that whoever commanded trade was the lord of the world’s wealth.
3. What was the function of Roanoke?
Roanoke was established because the island was buffered by dangerous shoals and lengthy sandbanks. Because of the island’s location, the English believed that Roanoke promised obscurity from Spanish discovery and attack.
5. Who have been the “sturdy beggars”?
Sturdy beggars have been English peasants who had been made homeless and unemployed by increased agricultural productiveness and national wealth. This occurred because of a loss of widespread lands formally worked by the peasants.
6. Who was Powhatan? What is the character of the Native Americans in the area? Powhatan was the paramount chief of about 24,000 Indians that have been divided into thirty tribes. These Indians have been united by an Algonquian language. These Native Americans were distinct because of the cellular way of life and the greatest way that they divided duties alongside gender lines.
7. What was the significance of tobacco cultivation?
Tobacco allowed the colonists to provide a commodity that customers would pay high costs for in England.
8. What was the “headright” system?
If a person may pay his means over on a ship to Virginia, he can be given fifty acres of land and one other fifty acres for every servant or relative whose way he additionally paid on the ship.
Chapter 7: Chesapeake Colonies: 1650-1750
1. Who were the leaders of the Chesapeake colonies?
Hard-driving retailers and planters of the middle class claimed the best workplaces in the Chesapeake colonies.
2. Who had been the employees in the Chesapeake colonies prior to 1676? The workers in the colonies were indentured servants who had been now planters and their households. The successful planters consolidated to kind large plantations which forced newly freed servants to turn out to be tenant farmers or move to the frontier.
3. What have been the frustrations of freedmen, and to where did they move? The freedmen either needed to turn out to be tenant farmers, or they had to transfer to the frontier the place they later had problems with Indians.
4. Characterize Governor Berkeley.
He spoke in opposition to Virginia’s economic habit to tobacco. He felt that the individuals underneath his rule have been so desperately poor that they might resolve to staff up with the Indians to raid the colony to higher themselves. Berkeley was nicely appreciated by the wealthiest colonists, and he gave the rich nicely paying public places of work in addition to other perks.
5. What was his coverage toward Indians?
Berkeley opposed killing off the Indians because it would end the worthwhile deer skin trade that he and his associates enjoyed.
6. Describe the insurrection led by Nathanial Bacon.
Bacon led a gaggle of elite planters who had been upset with Berkeley and a rival group of planters who resented their lack of places of work and other rewards. They gained help among the frequent planters and servants by promising to assist them. They attacked the governor and his supporters and ran them out of Jamestown in September 1676.
7. How did the British Crown respond, and what happened to Governor Berkeley? The king said the Berkeley was “an old fool”, so he sent an army to restore order in Jamestown. Governor Berkeley and his supporters have been run out of Jamestown in September 1676 by the attackers.
8. How did the Chesapeake planters reply to the declining supply of white laborers? Chesapeake planters turned to African slaves to replenish servants who had turn out to be too scarce and costly to maintain.
9. What, then, did the planters do in order to keep the slaves intimidated?
How did they, then, deal with the frequent white man?
The planters shaped a colonial militia made up of common white men to maintain the slaves from rebelling. The planters no longer feared the common white man.
9. What colonies comprised the Chesapeake group?
Virginia and Maryland.
Chapter eight: New England: 1600-1700
1. Compare and contrast the settlers in New England with those within the Chesapeake colonies.
Both colonies had been generated due to the social and financial pressures inside England. Unlike the Chesapeake colonists, the New England colonists had been “middling sorts”. However, the Chesapeake colonists have been poor and short-lived indentured servants.
2. What colonies comprised New England?
New England was compromised of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.
3. What was the topography of New England?
New England was very cold and rocky. There were also many seaports in the New England area.
4. Who were the principal early settlers in New England?
The Puritans had been the primary people to settle in New England. They decided to go away the Church of England and have their own method of worshipping because they did not just like the monarch’s spiritual features. They additionally came to share and preach the gospel to those that have been lost.
5. Contrast labor and land possession in New England with that in the Chesapeake colonies.
The New England colonies granted land to mean who banded collectively to found a city, however the Chesapeake colonies’ leaders allocated land directly to rich individuals. In New England, the town was a local
authorities which was basic to its politics. However, the Chesapeake colonies relied of the larger county.
6. Characterize the Puritans. What was their motivation in coming to the New World? What have been the principal tenets of their religion?
Faith and economics aspired the Puritans to come back to the New World. The Puritans had been offended with their Anglican rulers, and so they thought that in New England they might purify their churches, supervise each other, and enact a code of laws derived from the Bible. The Puritans also believed that New England would enable them to have a contemporary financial begin.
7. Describe the Great Migration.
John Winthrop was the promoter of the Great Migration. It was the most important emigration of Puritans to the New England space. The colonists within the New England territory fared significantly better than the Virginia colonists.
8. How did the Puritans reconcile their faith with the revenue motive? The Puritans first tried to make some money. To assist in preserving the folks calm, the Puritans began supervising one another, purifying their church buildings, and making many legal guidelines. They maintained peace and order throughout their cities.
9. Why have been the Puritans concerned with a: Theocracy? Education? Morality? Where they as dangerous as modern writers have alleged? The Puritans wanted a theocracy because it was the examine of God and religion. They needed to spread the word of God throughout the entire world and having a theocracy would help them in that aim. Because the Puritans at all times needed progress of their towns, they at all times sent their youngsters to high school to learn about their colony.
10. What had been the principal trades in New England? (How did the people make their money?)
New England used the fishing industries as their principal trade because their soil made it hard to grow crops. The Puritans learned to tolerate the fishermen as a result of they made large sums of money, although they had no morals. Timber was additionally an excellent business for the Puritans.
11. What was the financial relationship between New England and the West Indies? The New England colonists took their timber and fish to the West Indies. They would in return get molasses, tobacco, and rum for his or her colony. They would typically additionally get servants to work on small plantations.
12. Characterize the Bible Commonwealth.
The Bible Commonwealth believed that if they did good deeds for others that in return they’d receive salvation and save others. They have been in opposition to worshipping idols, breaking the Sabbath, working towards magic, and blaspheming. They additionally believed that they had been the one people that had been right.
13. What was the affect of Harvard University graduates on the Puritan hierarchy? The graduates had been usually essential males that influenced their society in a optimistic method. These men were additionally ministers of England.
14. Characterize Rhode Island. How did it affect Massachusetts and Connecticut? Rhode Island didn’t decide folks by their appears or their background. They kept their state concepts and problems fully away from their church concepts and problems. Connecticut and Massachusetts did not look extremely upon Rhode Island, however they have been grateful for them when M&C had problematic people.
15. Why did New England ultimately fail as a “City upon a Hill?” New England in the end failed as a result of the English showed no real curiosity in their colonies. To most people in England, the Puritan experiment appeared at best strange. New England additionally appeared irrelevant after the triumphant restoration of the monarchy in 1660.
16. Why was there such a flap over the Witchcraft Issue? Where did it occur? People have been regularly accused of witchcraft as a outcome of most people didn’t feel secure with strange events that occurred around them. They believed that the strange issues that happened had a supernatural which means. Witchcraft occurred in nearly the whole New England area, however it mainly occurred in Salem, Massachusetts and Virginia.
Chapter 9: Puritans and Indians
1. List several issues Taylor discusses on this chapter in regards to the culture and contributions of the Natives The Natives didn’t waste their land at all. They planted only what was necessary for them to get through the winter and summer season months. While the lads could be out searching animals, the women would are likely to the fields. Colonists quickly took over and took the Natives’ land away. However, the Natives provided the colonists with instruments so as to make a high revenue.
2. What was the difficulty of property? What was meant by tribute? Were the natives exploited? Why?
The colonists did not like that the Natives were losing their land. The colonists made the Natives mad by clearing out the forests which made all of their game go away. Tribute was alternatives with trade between the Indians and the colonists. Yes, as a end result of the colonists took advantage of the Natives and gave them less than what they deserved.
3. Discuss the Pequot War. What had been the important parts, and what was the result?
The Pequot War was the primary main battle between the Indians and the English. The Pequot War began in 1636. The war occurred because the colonists needed extra land, so that they advised the Indians to pay them in wampum. The colonists also wished the Native kids held as hostages. Only 5 natives were able to survive the warfare as a result of the colonists set fireplace to the village.
4. Discuss King Philip’s War. What had been the essential components, and what was the result? What type of war did it eventually become? King Philip’s War started as a outcome of the colonists hung three Natives because
they had allegedly killed a praying town Indian. A civil war quickly broke out with Indians because of this. Since the Indian rebels ran out of food, they both needed to be part of to other Indians or were killed.
5. What was the deal about “praying towns?” What did it purport to do? The function of praying cities was to do missionary work in a safer surroundings. Praying towns also kept the Indians under close supervision and pressured them to vary religions. The major components of Praying towns have been weak and small bands of Indians. The Indians had to give up their tradition to turn into English.
6. What final finish got here as victory, and yet, end in defeat? The Indians destroyed the colonist’s fields and towns. They made French raids all through the years which brought on a lot havoc for the English. As a end result, the English got here back taking all their cities and bringing new people with them.
Chapter 10: The West Indies
1. What is Taylor’s motivation to have us explore the West Indies in this chapter? In order for colonists to be rich, every colony needed to have an excellent export crop to help them. The main export crop within the West Indies was sugar. Because of the price of sugar, many men grew to become wealthy off of it. Slaves had been usually used in sugar plantations.
2. What significance doe Taylor attach to Barbados? Discuss. The uncommon factor about Barbados is that there were pigs everywhere in the island. They estimated that hundreds of untamed pigs roamed around the complete island. The pigs also supported the early colonists until they destroyed their herds by wasting them.
3. What is revealing to the reader from the map of the West Indies? Today, the West Indies are nonetheless predominately English talking nations. However, many islands were discovered by the English Empire as a end result of they controlled commerce.
4. Discuss the major demand for using slavery, from whence did it come and who benefited? Slaves had been mainly used to work within the sugar plantations. A giant variety of employees were needed to cultivate all the crops. Eventually convicts and criminals have been sent to work as slaves on the plantations. This was the interval that African American slaves began to return to the Americas. The English tradesmen benefited from slavery.
5. Taylor boldly declares that sugar was a wealthy man’s crop. Why? What demand did it have exterior the western hemisphere? Why the necessity for commercialization and therefore colonization? Although there was a big profit from sugar, it cost some huge cash to grow. Many wealthy males began sugar plantations as a end result of they required expensive machinery, technical data, exact timing, and strenuous labor. Many colonists got here to the West Indies to make a profit off of sugar as a result of the English used it to sweeten their tea.
6. Discuss the planter aristocracy. Analyze the social strata for the West Indies population. The planters aristocracy was an elite group of gentlemen that made a big amount of cash off of the plantations in the West Indies. Corporations that would not make it alone have been typically purchased out by the aristocracy, who gave them extra land. The social hierocracy was divided into three components: the planter elite, the center class planters, and the slaves.
7. Finally, what does Taylor need to say in regards to the importance of Jamaica? What is his central argument? The Jamaicans welcomed the folks that left Barbados. The new colonists eventually produced extra sugar than ever earlier than on the island of Barbados. Jamaica additionally held many refugee camps for maroons who in turn helped catch runaway slaves.
Chapter eleven: Carolina: 1670-1760
1. Who were the initial settlers of Carolina?
The preliminary settlers of Carolina had been a gaggle of West Indies planters. They named Carolina after King Charles II, and so they shaped the colony during the 1670s. The colony was later ruled by eight proprietors.
2. What was the aim for the settlement of Carolina?
The objective of the settlement of Carolina was to turn out to be a giant plantation settlement. It provided many potentialities for the farmers as a end result of the land within the Carolina was very fertile.
3. Characterize the topography of Carolina.
Carolina had many coastal plains that had good fertile soil. It additionally had rivers that provided irrigation for the crops. The swamps within the Carolina space also helped the colonists in numerous ways.
4. Characterize the climate of Carolina.
The summers in Carolina were very long and were hot and humid. Unlike the summers, the winters were short and cold. Because the Englishmen could not stand the recent summers, they usually went away for the humid summers.
5. What was the priority about interaction between the Indians and the slaves? The colonists have been apprehensive that the slaves and Indians would join collectively and group up against the colonists. The colonists knew that they might be defeated as a result of their numbers could not examine to that of the slaves and Indians.
6. How did the management of Carolina go about preserving the Indians and the slaves separate? If the Indians caught a runaway slave, they had been promised to be given a large amount of goods by the colonists. Therefore, the Indians were continuously in search of runaway slaves to get weapons, ammunition, and garments.
7. Where was rice grown in Carolina?
Rice was planted within the wet lowlands of Carolina. The colonists tried to plant the rice in a climate that was similar to west Africa.
8. Who taught the planters the way to grow rice?
The slaves from west Africa taught the colonists the method to develop rice.
9. How a lot rice was grown within the first half of the 1700s? What was the effect of this rice on the economy?
During the first half of the 1700s, there was forty-five million pounds of rice grown. Rice grew to become the second largest exported plant in Europe.
10. What was a second valuable plantation crop?
The second most precious crop was indigo. Indigo was used as blue dye in the clothing factories in England.
11. How a lot did this crop increase in growth between 1750 and 1760? The crop increased approximately 437,000 pounds between 1750 and 1760.
12. What was the effect of working situations and climate on slave mortality? Many slaves have been worked to demise. The mortality fee elevated in Carolina as a result of the local weather was a lot hotter than that of the West Indies.
13. What else did the imported Africans introduce to Carolina? Who was affected by this disease?
The Africans introduced many illnesses to Carolina that the Indians had by no means been uncovered to. Malaria was by far the worst illness that was launched to the Indians. Carolina planters were the main folks that were affected by the illnesses, however the Indians had been additionally greatly affected.
14. What was the growing fear of the planters?
Since the black slaves outnumbered the white planters, they were afraid that their slaves would staff up against them and make a revolt in opposition to the whole planter elite.
15. What actions did the planters take in response to this fear? Due to this concern, the planters saved the slaves as busy as attainable. The planters additionally adopted the West Indies slave system, so the slaves have been continuously watched and had merciless punishments.
16. What grew to become a actuality close to Charles Town on the Stono River, and when?
A actual slave revolt began on September 9, 1739. Seven plantations were burned, and their owners have been killed.
17. Who had been the founders of Georgia?
British imperialists and Carolina officers.
18. What function does Oglethorpe play?
He led the primary group of colonists to Savannah, Georgia, and he was also the chief of the Georgia Trustees who was a gaggle of social reformers interested in Georgia. He may have been generally recognized as the leader of Georgia.
19. How was the colony financed, and what was the significance of that? The colony was primarily funded by the crown and parliament. However, charitable donations have been additionally made by varied individuals. Georgia was the primary colony funded by British taxpayers.
20. Compare and contrast land possession in Georgia with the opposite Southern colonies, especially for the aim of accelerating the variety of whites willing to work and capable of bearing weapons.
Georgia didn’t accept slavery at first and rejected using black men as slaves. However, the white ethnicity was still dominated.
21. Why does Taylor have a piece in which he discusses the gun trade? Indians would listen and help the white settlers management their slaves, if the white men would trade them their guns. This made it easier on the settlers.
22. Who have been the Raiders and what is revealed about these groups? The Raiders had been Westo Indians who spoke the Iroquoian language. They originated from the Indians around Lake Erie. The Westo Indians finally destroyed the entire Cusabo people.
23. What good causes does Taylor have for discussing “terror” in the territory? Many white planters had been scared that the slaves would
rebel and kill all of them throughout all of the colonies. The European international locations can be put in debt if all the white planters were killed. Destruction was horrible when the slaves rebelled.
24. What have been the primary points of Georgia governing?
The primary governing power of Georgia was the Georgia Trustees. The crown and parliament additionally governed Georgia by funding every expense that they had.
25. What attribute did the low nation of Georgia and South Carolina replicate? Georgia and Carolina replicated the West Indies plantation system. They additionally relied on slaves to work for them in their giant agricultural businesses.
26. What is Taylor’s last conclusion about this space throughout this century? Georgia and Carolina provided many alternatives for the settlers, whether or not it was a settler that received a big piece of land or a small piece of land.
Chapter 12: Middle Colonies: 1600 – 1700
1. What region did the English neglect through the early seventeenth Century? The English uncared for the realm between the New England colonies and the Chesapeake Bay colonies.
2. Describe the topography and climate of the mid-Atlantic region. Compare and distinction with New England and the Chesapeake.
The land within the mid-Atlantic area was fertile, not like the rock soil of New England. There had been three main rivers that provided irrigation and fish. The Chesapeake colonies have been also rather more sickly than the mid-Atlantic areas.
3. Who took benefit of this neglect?
The Swedes and the Dutch took benefit of the neglect, and this additionally led them to build small colonies within the Delaware and Hudson valleys.
4. How did England react to those that took advantage?
At first, the English beginning protesting, however later they could do nothing about it because they were very weak in comparison with the Dutch. The English became very jealous of the Dutch as a result of the Dutch had been turning into very rich. The English rose up in energy and started making an attempt to take again the middle colonies.
5. What was the progression of colonial varieties (royal, proprietary, etc.)? At first, they were propriety colonies as a result of England had lacked dues after they have been established. Once the crown grew back in wealth, they had been able to turn back into royal colonies
6. Describe the event and result of the English naval squadron in 1664. The English wished respect from the colonists, so they wanted to take the New Netherlands away from the Dutch. In the tip the English had been successful because the Dutch had to thin their population to save both the Delaware and Hudson valleys.
7. Characterize the Dutch Empire.
The individuals from the Dutch Empire were very smart and tactful of doing things. Most of their income got here from the sugar business not like the opposite European nations. They at all times took care of what that they had and took care of it exactly.
8. Make a listing of Dutch ( New Netherland ) contributions to the realm. The Dutch built New Amsterdam which grew to become a large seaport for buying and selling ships. They also founded the primary colonies within the middle colonies.
9. Who did the Dutch welcome that weren’t welcome in most European realms? The Dutch welcomed the Jews into their realm. They also welcomed many various religions that weren’t appeared upon from the European individuals. They were essentially the most numerous in the spiritual outlooks.
10. What is the importance of the phenomenon of Dutch trading companies losing money?
The Dutch buying and selling corporations shedding cash helped them get a bigger
revenue than earlier than. It also helped set up the Dutch West Indies trading company.
11. What economic benefit did Dutch shippers enjoy? Who took advantage of this? The Dutch shippers acquired more profit then the English ships because the Dutch charged thirty-three % much less. The English took advantage of it.
12. Describe the Navigation Acts. What was the significance of those acts? The Navigation Acts were documents that said only English exports might sell English ships. They have been additionally not allowed to trade or sell with any European countries. The acts started as a result of the Dutch was charging less, so they all offered stuff to them which made the Dutch Empire extra rich than the English.
13. Highlight the occasions between the English and New Netherlands in 1664 and 1667. English folks despatched war ships to conquer the New Netherlands because the Dutch had been getting too powerful. After the Dutch surrendered, the English gave the garrison to Virginia. A peace treaty was then made in 1667 the place the Dutch gave the New Netherlands to the English.
14. What resulted from these occasions with regard to the Indian nations? The English traded with the Mohawk and Iroquoian Indians, as a substitute of the Dutch. They also elevated the costs of their items so as to make the Indians pay extra. When other Indians began to attach the Mohawk and Iroquoian Indians, the English refused to assist.
15. What motion did the Duke of York take in 1664? What resulted from this action? The Duke of York gave the lands between the Delaware and Hudson valleys to 2 males. Then they sold it to 2 different males which have been English and Scottish Quakers. The colony of New Jersey was then cut up in half. The Scottish Quakers ruled the east part of Jersey, whereas the English Quakers ruled the west part.
16. What situation was New Jersey left in?
The crown reunited New Jersey in 1702 as a end result of it was not doing properly. New Jersey was also not almost as highly effective economically and agriculturally as its two highly effective neighboring colonies. This left New Jersey within the shadows of their nice strength and achievements.
17. Who based Pennsylvania , and why?
William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a outcome of he had always needed a big colony of his personal.
18. Explain the factional divide that set the older, non-Quaker settlements against the more numerous and mostly Quaker newcomers.
The Non-Quakers thought the Quakers ere not a real faith they usually had no right to be generally identified as a faith. The Quakers additionally didn’t support slavery.
19. What motion did Penn take when he was unable to reconcile these two regions? Penn thought that it will be best to make the Quakers an actual faith by the King of England. The king made the Quakers a true faith and the non-Quakers started accepting them higher.
20. What is the status of religion within the Middle Colonies? What is the standing of spiritual dissenters?
The faith in the Middle Colonies was very numerous. They additionally accepted every type of religion, and they did not persecute anybody who thought in a unique way.
As you learn Part III, determine and take notes about the following specific details:
Chapter 13: Revolutions: 1685-1730
1. Who succeeded King Charles I? Characterize his dealings with the American colonies. King James II, usually often recognized as the Duke of York, succeeded King Charles I. he typically referred to as the American colonies, “cash cows.” King James II solely nervous in regards to the cash the people made and not the folks themselves. He thought the individuals ought to do as he mentioned and respect the crown.
2. What action did Massachusetts soak up 1678?
Massachusetts acknowledged that they thought the English laws didn’t attain the American colonies. The king didn’t like this, so he revoked their constitution. He also made up all the governors within the surrounding colonies so as to have complete management.
3. Who was the governor-general? Explain what he did.
The governor-general was Sir Edmund Andros. He levied taxes which made the mother nation obtain more money than the needy colonies. He changed puritan officers with Anglican officers and he additionally made certain the Puritan clergy didn’t receive a wage from the crown.
4. What vital claim did the Reverend John Wise make in 1678? What was the significance of this claim? What response did Andros make to this claim? Reverend John Wise rallied a gaggle of individuals to oppose the brand new taxes enforced by Andros. He stated since they’d the same rights as Englishmen then they may not have levied taxes towards them. Andros’ response was they had left English rights behind after they crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
5. What motion did the Dominion take to enforce the Navigation Acts? Why was this a particular hardship on the colonists?
The Dominion established a vice-admiralty court docket that condemned a minimal of six service provider ships. This made some of their cash ineffective as a result of they could only commerce with Englishmen.
6. By what name were the supporters of William, the Dutch Prince of Orange known? What did they name for?
The supporters were generally known as Whigs. The Whigs wished a Glorious Revolution, which meant a united group of English folks needed to come together. Later, the Glorious Revolution occurred.
Chapter 14: The Atlantic : 1700 – 1780
1. What impact did the Navigation Acts have on the Chesapeake and the West Indies ? The Navigation Act ordered that the Chesapeake and West Indies export their sugar to England. They got payments of exchange that allowed them to not have any debt, since they exported more than they
2. What impact did a rising economy have on free colonists? The free colonists have been taxed less than the English and obtained a better income than these in England. They have been also allowed to have a higher lifestyle that their counterparts in Europe.
3. Explain the effect that a bigger disposable income had on free colonists. They were capable of but farms and lift livestock to support themselves. It also enabled them to construct homes at a cheaper price. Since they made somewhat bit of extra cash, they were in a position to reside a healthier life fashion.
4. How many slaves did the British colonies import in the course of the 18th Century? One and a half million slaves were imported in the course of the eighteenth century.
5. What was the mortality rate amongst new slaves within the Chesapeake colonies in the course of the early 18th Century?
Since the Chesapeake colonies had been fed significantly better and more healthy than these in the West Indies, they survived longer.
6. How did the number of African-born slaves examine to the number of American-born by the mid-18th Century?
The African born had been nonetheless overpowering the numbers of the American born.
Chapter 15: Awakenings: 1700 – 1775
1. Identify 10 details about faith and religious establishments within the colonies 1700 – 1775.
The colonist have been required to attend and pay a tax to a longtime church in the colonies. Congregationalist sustained an particularly spectacular institution in New England, aside from Rhode Island, the Congregationalist had the biggest denomination. Also, the New English owns enforced a Sabbath that restricted activity to the house and church, when you received caught working, enjoying or touring, you bought fined.
2. Describe the outcomes of denominational reconciliation between the late 1740s and 1772. When they attracted extra listeners and training ministers, they got collectively to celebrate their victory. They also did not care concerning the non secular radical, in order that they received together.
3. Who was George Whitfield? What is his contributions?
George Whitfield, a younger Anglican minister, helped develop an evangelical fashion of preaching at differences with the church of England. He also grew to become the first celebrity seen and heard by many colonists. He traveled and informed many individuals about God. He helped the printing press get revolutionized by getting his tales printed.
4. Discuss Old Lights vs. New Lights—who was what?
The New Lights have been these people who believed in the divine grace and the Old Light have been those who had been against the evangelical style of preaching. The Old Lights believes in structural spiritual preaching with fully no emotions, while the New Lights believed in Whitefield’s preaching methods.
Chapters sixteen – 19 using the next matters Taylor discusses, outline why they’re traditionally significant and what influence that they had on colonial growth.
Chapter 16—French in America [1650-1750]
Started going to Canada, the fur trading firm district for the French. In 1673, the government needed to save money, so that they stopped which brought on emigrants to stop coming. The emigrants helped develop many new towns that enriched France.
The winters in French America have been extremely lengthy and cold. The river that they had was the ST. Lawrence, which was frozen plenty of the time, so voyages were for a lot longer. The emigrants had been usually only a few due to these harsh conditions.
When the French lived in France, they had been poor, but when they stayed in Canada, they’d a higher way of life. They would hunt game for meals. The wives had been handled mush better in Canada than in England. The ladies were able to personal land or even stay as nuns in convents.
Louis XIV ruled over everyone at his house without and parliament rulers. He appointed three rival officials, a governor, a common, a civil administrator and a Catholic bishop. Although they sometimes fought, they always performed an honest job of keeping the French colonies orderly.
5. The Upper Country
The Upper Country was a land stuffed with forests and lakes. They additionally das a center ground solutions that states that neither Indians nor colonists might dominate each other. They arrange small refugee camps, so when the Indians were in trouble they may find a place of refuge
Sieur de La Salle established Louisiana for King Louis XIV. They traded guns, ammunition and furs with the Indians. He geography of Louisiana was a really moist, swampy area with extremely popular summers. Colonists who lived there cared more about their slaves as a result of they cost more than the soldiers.
7. Rebels and Allies
Louisiana was cut up into two distinctive settlements. The first was a small plantation with settlers. The second was an immense hinterland dominated by Indians. The Natchez folks determined to kill most of the settlers because they went into their territory.
The crown pulled upper nation posts as a outcome of they had been so tired of losing cash. The Indians trusted the French for commerce, so the French obtained stuck with them. The French sold items for less than the English, so they didn’t help the English Empire.
Chapter 17—The Great Plains [1680-1800]
1. Villagers and Nomads
The Villagers lived along the rivers of the southern plains. One group of villagers spoke Siouan which consisted of the Mandan, Hidatsa, Omaha and Ponca. The others were Caddoan audio system. The villagers would walk far out into the plain twice a yr to hunt buffalo. The Nomads also hunted buffalo, however when they ran out they would kill their canines and eat them.
2. The Bread Basket of the World
The Bread Basket of the World was when the Villagers and Nomads would plant totally different meals. They would typically plant rice, wheat, potatoes, manioc or maire to feed themselves. They would plant a lot at one time and put it aside for the winter months.
Genizaros were captives that worked for New Mexicans or have been despatched to work in the silver mines. Whenever they have been taken captive, they had been often youngsters and normally never returned residence. The children worked on ranches and sometimes suffered sexual exploitation. After 1740, the free Genizaros received together and formed small communities. Later, they obtained land and served New Mexico as border guards.
4. Horses and guns
Horses first advanced in North America before spreading eastward. They became extinct in North America for a while, however they then returned to North America as domesticated animals saved by Hispanic colonists. As the Great Plains individuals obtained horses, they also obtained firearms. The major reason they wished guns were to defend their villages and raid their enemies. However, they still used bows for searching their buffalo.
The French merchants traveled the Great Plains in the course of the eighteenth century to seek folks to trade items with. The Wichita Pawnee villagers received better firearms than the mission Indians and raided the Apache and
Pueblo for captives to promote. In 1716, the Spanish constructed new missions in east Texas, where the Caddo individuals lived.
6. Comanche and Apache
The Comanche had been the large winners, but the Apache have been aggressively catching as a lot as the Comanche. The Comanche soon acquired horses as they moved southeast onto the southern plains. The Comanche would often raid the Apache for horses, girls, kids and buffalo territory.
7. Bourbon Reforms
New Mexico was saved by Spanish officers during the 1770s and 1780s. The reform was very slow at first, nevertheless it progressed very quickly beneath the management of Teodoro de Croix, army commander of the northern frontier, Bernardo de Galvez, viceroy of New Spain and Juan Bautista de Anza, governor of New Mexico.
8. The Northern Plains
The Northern Plains completion was between the British and French traders. It price the British a lot less to get throughout the Northern Plains than it did the French. London retailers set up fortified buying and selling posts on the bay’s western shore. The traders had been more of a assist than a threat to the colonists.
Chapter 18—Imperial Wars and Crisis [1739-1775]:
1. Renewed War
The British started to understand the growing wealth and energy of France. The French Empire began to grow in the West Indies because of their sugar plantations. Instead of directly attacking the French, the British attacked France’s ally, the Spanish. The British attacked Spanish delivery, ports, and islands around the Caribbean in hopes of restoring British predominance.
2. Balance of Power
Both English and French imperialists recognized in North America that the Indians determined the steadiness of navy power. Because the
Indians dominated the forests between the 2 empires, they could hinder the advance of their colonial enemy and destroy settlements. The Indians held the last word power place between the French and British.
3. Seven Years War
Peace didn’t last long in the New World. In Nova Scotia, the British built a navy base at Halifax in 1749 to counter close by Louisburg. Alarmed, the French constructed two new forts at the Bay of Fundy, which the British resented as an intrusion on their colony. The Seven Years War fashioned due to the French and British overacting to native aggressions.
4. Indian Rebellions
The collapse of New France began a series of problems for the Indians. They could not play the French and the British off in opposition to one another to maintain their own independence, maximize their presents, and guarantee commerce competition. Most colonial merchants cheated and abused Indians in pursuit of immediate profit, which in the end led to many rebellions.
5. Imperial Crisis
The Imperial Crisis was primarily concerning the colonists not wishing to pay taxes levied by a parliament in England during which they weren’t represented. This happened although they have been already taxed far less than Britain that lived in England. The tax calls for of the British additionally happened on the same time the economy of the colonists was in a postwar depression.
6. Empire of liberty
At first, the colonists wished to remain a half of the Empire of Great Britain as a result of they’d such an excellent deal. Only after Great Britain began to insist on new taxes did they think about independence. The colonists didn’t need a war, and they thought that Great Britain would back down. After profitable independence, the new Americans spread throughout the continent to the west as their army pushed the Indians and the Hispanics out of the way.
Chapter 19—The Pacific [1760- 1820]
The Russians came eastward across Siberia due to looking. They traded in western Europe and ultimately China in trade for porcelain, tea, and silk. The Russian merchants, generally known as promyshlenniki, had been well armed and got here in massive quantity to intimidate the Siberian native people. The Russians additionally uncovered the Siberians to illnesses and alcohol which brought on their population to be devastated.
The Russians continued this method of terror and forcing natives to produce skins within the Aleutians and Alaska. They wanted to arrange something just like the Hudson’s Bay Company in Canada, however they were not in a position to take action.
3. Alta California
By the 1760s, the Spanish realized about the Russians being in the Aleutians Islands and were apprehensive that they might go further south and west. They were additionally apprehensive that the British would cross the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, they ordered the colonization of California.
The Spanish failed to colonize the Alta California space to much extent because they lacked horticulture, treasured metals, and adobe cities that the Spanish thought of necessary for conquests and missions. The mountainous coast additionally supplied few well-sheltered harbors for transport.
The Spanish thought that the California Indian cultures had been silly and insensible. They thought of the Indians as children who wanted to be rescued, baptized, and transformed to Catholicism.
The Pacific Islands were not explored by the Spanish till the early sixteenth century when Magellan found a western route into the Pacific by way of the strait named for him. After this, the Spanish established a colony at Manila within the Philippines.
During 1778, Captain Cook sailed along the northwest coast of North America while going between Hawaii and Vancouver Island. During this time, Cook spent a month at an inlet on Vancouver Island’s west coast. This was mistakenly referred to as Nootka by Cook. The Natives actually named this place Yuquot. This place and people had been known as Nootka from that point on.
During the 1780s and the 1790s, Chief Kamehameha grew to become the dominant chief of the Hawaiian islands. He defeated the chiefs of the other islands and unified Hawaii under one ruler.
9. Conclusions: What are they
The Spanish misplaced out in North America as a outcome of they were more excited about Catholic converts than establishing financial strongholds. The dominant power on the Pacific Rim turned the United States. The United States also dominated from the Atlantic west to California, bought Alaska from the Russian, and absorbed Hawaii in 1898.
Grading of the written assignments
1. The responses to the questions will be graded on: readability, comprehension and understanding of the material. Each answer to the questions should be in your individual words. DO NOT COPY WORD FOR WORD FROM THE READINGS!
2. This assignment is worth 100 factors.
So, there it is: Your summer task for AP United States History.