A Brief History of Science
Humankind has always been inquisitive, needing to understand why things behave in a certain
way, and trying to link observation with prediction. For example, since prehistoric times we have
observed the heavens and tried to make sense of the seasonal changes in the position of the sun, moon
and stars. In about 4000 BC, the Mesopotamians tried to explain their observations by suggesting that
the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and that the other heavenly bodies moved around it.
Humans have always been interested in the nature and origins of this Universe.
But they weren't only interested in astronomy. The extraction of iron, which led to the Iron Age,
is a chemical process which early metallurgists developed without understanding any of the science
involved. Nevertheless, they were still able to optimise the extraction by trial and error. Before
this, copper and tin were extracted (which led to the Bronze Age) and later, zinc. Exactly how each
of these processes was discovered is lost in the mists of time, but it is likely that they were
developed using observation and experiment in a similar way to that used by today's scientists.
Early humankind also observed that certain plants could be used to treat sickness and disease,
and herbal medicines were developed, some of which are still used by modern pharmaceutical
companies to provide leads for new synthetic drugs.
The first people to try and develop the theory behind their observations were the Greeks: people such as Pythagoras, who concentrated on a mathematical view of the world. Similarly, Aristotle and Plato developed logical methods for examining the world around them. It was the Greeks who first suggested that matter was made up of atoms fundamental particles that could not be broken down further.
But it wasn't only the Greeks who moved science on. Science was also being developed
in India, China, the Middle East and South America. Despite having their
own cultural view of the world, they each independently developed materials
such as gunpowder, soap and paper. However, it wasn't until the 13th century
that much of this scientific work was brought together in European universities,
and that it started to look more like science as we know it today. Progress
was relatively slow at first. For example, it took until the 16th century
for Copernicus to revolutionise (literally) the way that we look at the
Universe, and for Harvey to put forward his ideas on how blood circulated
round the human body. This slow progress was sometimes the result of religious
dogma, but it was also a product of troubled times!
The Birth of Modern Science
It was in the 17th century that modern science was really born, and the world
began to be examined more closely, using instruments such as the telescope,
microscope, clock and barometer. It was also at this time that scientific
laws started to be put forward for such phenomena as gravity and the way
that the volume, pressure and temperature of a gas are related. In the 18th
century much of basic biology and chemistry was developed as part of the
Age of Enlightenment.
The 19th century saw some of the great names of science: people like the chemist
John Dalton, who developed the atomic theory of matter, Michael Faraday
and James Maxwell who both put forward theories concerning electricity and
magnetism, and Charles Darwin, who proposed the (still) controversial theory
of evolution. Each of these developments forced scientists radically to
re-examine their views of the way in which the world worked.
The last century brought discoveries such as relativity and quantum mechanics,
which, again, required scientists to look at things in a completely different
way. It makes you wonder what the iconoclastic discoveries of this century
The table below sets out the time-scale of some of the major events
in Earth history and developments in science and technology. It shows something
of the parallel development of human communication and of science and its
technological applications, set in the context of Earth history as a whole.
The years before present (BP) shown in this table are, of course, approximate,
in that they merely imply 'about that long ago'. As far as the older times
are concerned, clearly no scientist could prove that the Earth was formed
exactly 4,600,000,000 years ago, or that the first human settlements were
established 12,000 years ago.
in Earth History
|4 600 000
planets in the solar system formed
|3 800 000
of first land plants
of first land animals
|3 000 000
of first hominids (human-like creatures)
in science and technology
writing based on pictures (Egypt and Mesopotamia)
of bronze (alloy of tin and copper)
Greek science, based on philosophy (Aristotle, Pythagoras)
science of William of Occam
the Sun (Copernicus)
of blood (Harvey)
of gravity (Newton); invention of telescope
Revolution (in Britain)
of evolution by natural selection (Darwin); early railways
flight; theory of special relativity (Einstein)
of DNA (Watson and Crick); first human in Earth orbit (Gagarin)
on the moon (Armstrong)
with silicon chips
Mapping Project; multiple organ transplants
computers; communications networking; the Internet; artificial intelligence
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