Authors: Gene H Barbee
Flat galaxy rotation curves were observed in the 1930’s by Dutch Astronomer Jan Oort. Most cosmologists today attribute the difference between observed flat and calculated declining Keplerian velocity curves to dark matter despite decades of failed efforts to identify it. Recent WMAP  and PLANCK mission scientists believe it is 23% of critical density (the total mass or energy in the universe). There are other difficulties: Why are baryons only 4.6% of critical density? What is dark energy and why is it 72% of critical density? What caused the temperature anisotropy measured by WMAP and PLANCK? Astrophysics literature says “the universe is flat”; what does that mean? But even more basic: What is space-time? Quantum mechanics applies at the small scale but the general theory of relativity is large scale gravitational theory. Are they incompatible? These are not easy problems to solve. Any claim regarding different percentages of critical density must address baryon/photon ratios that determine observed fractions of Deuterium, Helium3 and Lithium7. Different claims must also address conditions at equality of photon and mass density and the temperature anisotropy observed at decoupling (where the plasma clears and electrons can orbit protons). Understanding space and gravity more thoroughly than Einstein’s general theory of relativity requires bridging small and large scale physics. A neutronproton mass model and cellular cosmology, both previously reported by the author, were combined into what the author believes is a first principles cosmology model that resolves these questions. In addition, the model exactly predicts temperature anisotropy at decoupling and star formation rates. And even more basic? Where do the laws of physics reside? If they are built into nature, is there any they can be detected besides observing nature and making observations? Actually, the cosmology model provides a huge clue. The core of the cosmology model is inside the proton and it “produces” the universe. The proton describes the cell, including the space around it. But components of each proton are improbable (1/exp(180)) and there are exp(180) protons. In three dimensions, cell radius*exp(60) represents the universe!
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