It is as lethal a weapon as a nuke. It has the capability to convert day into night and night into day, a hero into a villain and a villain into hero. Media has brought revolutions in the world and has transformed the globe into a global village.
The following essay is reprinted with permission from The Conversationan online publication covering the latest research. Wind turbines take energy from the atmosphere and turn it into electricity: With industrial grade turbines being built at a terrific rate, scientists have been trying to assess exactly what the effects are both at local and at global levels.
New research using a finely resolved model which focuses on Europe indicates that the effects of doubling the present wind capacity by are at the level of a couple of percent changes in rain and a few tenths of a degree of temperature. But a key policy question left unresolved by this paper is: Measuring impact There are two main ways of estimating the climate impact of wind turbines.
One is to compare the real climate of a region before and after wind farms are installed there. This approach is limited by the availability of observations — modern wind farms are a relatively new phenomenon so there is not much data to compare the climate after wind farms are installed with the years before.
Ruling out other reasons for the climate changes we observe is also a challenge. Taking the ground temperatures measured by satellites, they detected a warming of 0.
But not many people live right among the wind turbines. Using climate history data, projections are made that account for motion, thermodynamics, chemistry and radiation in the atmosphere, land and sea.
Years of simulations are run with and without wind farms installed.
This method has the advantage of being able to detect very small climate change signals, since the model can be run for a long time, and natural variability gets smaller as you average over more and more years.
Also, all factors besides wind that might cause climate changes can be held constant. The disadvantage is that the model of climate behavior may not correspond exactly to what happens in reality.
This approach was first attempted by David Keith and colleagues in There were regions of warming and cooling of about 0. The model winds tended to shy away from the wind farms a little, so that downstream from the farms there would be regions of extra wind from the south, that would tend to be warmer, and regions of extra wind from the north, that would tend to be colder.
So how should we understand these results?
Keith and colleagues compared the climate changes caused by wind turbines with the climate changes that would have been caused by fossil fuel burned to make the same amount of electricity. For the year life of the turbines? Or for the few hundred years of supply of fossil fuels that could be burnt?
Now that the impacts of wind turbines on climate are becoming better understood, more comprehensive studies of complete future energy systems are needed. We need to ask, what combination of wind power, solar power, nuclear power and fossil fuel power, together with what combination of measures to remove carbon from the atmosphere, will result in the lowest overall environmental and social costs.
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.The equation of white marble with beauty is not an inherent truth of the universe; it's a dangerous construct that continues to influence white supremacist ideas today.
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own.
Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the linear, global, historiographical approach to the time frame after post-classical history. This view stands in contrast to the "organic," or non-linear, view of history first put forward by the renowned philosopher and historian, Oswald Spengler, early in the 20th century.
Modern history can be further broken down into periods. Jun 01, · Media is regarded as the most powerful weapon of 21st century. It is as lethal a weapon as a nuke. It has the capability to convert day into night and night into day, a .
Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives. Mar 27, · Essay On Power Of Media In The Modern World >>>KLICKEN SIE HIER.