People often ask: what is classical ukulele?
To be honest I’ve been a bit wary about defining classical ukulele in case it creates a box for myself, or for others. Labels can be restrictive and I see classical ukulele as opening doors rather than closing them. Moreover, as the ukulele only existed after 1879, and consequently has no history within the oeuvre of classical western music, the term classical ukulele is something of a contradiction.
Before going any further we should define classical music. According to Wikipedia :
“Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a more precise term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period)…”
If we accept the ukulele’s birthdate as c.1879 – the year the first men to make ukuleles arrived in Hawaii from Madeira – then the ukulele was born 59 years too late to be considered precisely classical! This view, however, is limited. Many arrangers, including John King, Rob MacKillop and Tony Mizen, have proved the ukulele is perfectly capable of playing ‘music produced or rooted in the tradition of Western culture.’
The Renaissance Guitar
The use of small four string, or four course, guitars stretches back to the Renaissance. Christopher Page in The Guitar in Tudor England: A Social and Musical History makes a pertinent observation on the guitar shown in the marquetry on the Eglantine Table (1567) now housed at Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire:
“If the Hardwick Hall guitar is shown to actual size, it is indeed a small instrument: a double-course* Tudor ukulele.” (p.23)
*Double course meaning each string is doubled like on a 12 string guitar.
Here’s Christopher Page playing a renaissance guitar:
The music written for the renaissance guitar can be played on a ukulele using the original tablature. Here’s an example from Adrian Le Roy’s Third Book of Tablature for the Guitar:
This is how the same piece looks in modern notation. Note now the modern version uses numbers rather than letters to indicate the frets.
The above piece played on a five string tenor ukulele – it starts at around 1.12′
The Madeira Connection
Another historical connection can be made between the ukulele and the chordophones of Madeira – specifically the machete and the rajão. These instruments are widely regarded as the parents of the ukulele. During the 19th century the machete was used as a classical instrument in Madeira. For example the collection of pieces for machete and guitar by Candido Drumond contains 46 pieces in the form of polkas, marches, waltzes, quadrilles, bolleras, and themes and variations.
Classical Ukulele Today
The term classical ukulele is cropping up more and more in ukulele circles – both online and at festivals. There are more players, more books and more arrangements. I’ve been teaching, arranging, composing and performing as a classical ukulele player since 2012. In this blog I’d like to share some thoughts and ideas about the repertoire, the technique and the instruments. As this genre is still relatively new and developing I’m interested to know your thoughts. If there’s anything you’d like to add or reflect on please do so in the comments section below or message me using the contact form.
The Fun & Funny Ukulele
Ukulele players like to present themselves as musical anarchists. The more outrageous their lyrics, costumes, hats and band names the more kudos. Ukulele festivals in the UK have a carnival feeling. The much loved Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain have taken the opposite approach by packaging their unique combination of humour, virtuosity and vitality in formal evening attire. The formality of their dress and the use of the word orchestra are both an acknowledgement, and tongue-in-cheek mockery, of the musical establishment. Reinventing everything from Tchaikovsky to Nirvana on what they call the “bonsai guitar” the Ukes unashamedly market their approach as “depraved musicology.” More cult than culture it’s this kind of zany rebelliousness that infuses and enthuses the ukulele scene. Both online and at festivals the ukulele projects a wacky combination of fun, fantasy and outlandishness.
Anarchy amongst the Anarchists
Putting the word classical in front of ukulele is quite a conversation stopper. The formality and seriousness associated with classical music contrasts sharply with the idea of the fun and funny ukulele. Telling people I specialise in classical ukulele triggers a variety of responses ranging from derision and denial to surprise and genuine interest. Some people double up with laughter. Others want to know more. Nihilists see no point. Seasoned strummers can become suspicious and sideways looking, like it’s a disease. Classical ukers, of course, think it’s the best thing since sliced bread (unless they’re gluten free and then it’s sliced carrots). One thing’s for sure: classical ukulele challenges the idea that the ukulele is just a comedy prop or 3 chord strum-box.
Mozart and Haydn, the most classical of composers, didn’t write for the ukulele. Neither did classical guitar composers such as Carulli, Sor or Carcassi. If you look at the general repertoire of the ukulele from a historical perspective you’ll find a lot of music by George Formby, Roy Smeck and a host of Tin Pan alley composers from the early twentieth century. Nothing classical about them. Anything classical is, therefore, an arrangement.
The majority of ukulele groups and players use the ukulele to accompany their singing with strummed chords. Some use felt picks and some play the triple stroke. Strumming patterns can be extremely complicated and virtuosic. Check out Roy Smeck, George Formby, Andy Eastwood and Jake Shimabukuro.
Actually strumming been around for hundreds of years. Have a look at Taro Takeuchi playing a baroque guitar. Keep watching until 1.50’!
As interest in classical ukulele is growing so is the need to develop right hand fingerpicking techniques. It’s technically demanding to combine melody and harmony and players are constantly looking for ways to enhance their finger-style playing. This is why classical guitarists and lutenists, who have spent years honing their skills with scales, arpeggios and studies, can easily adapt to playing classical ukulele. There’s already a solid technical pedagogy in place for the classical guitar. Not so (yet) for classical ukulele.
Sizes range from nano, sopranino, soprano, concert, tenor, baritone and bass ukuleles. Popular woods are mahogany and koa but makers also use a range of tone woods including cedar, spruce, walnut, sapele and rosewood. Ukuleles are usually strung with nylon or fluorocarbon strings and the standard tuning is re-entrant (gCEA). Low G is becoming more popular. Baritone ukuleles are normally tuned DGBE but some people are using GCEA tuning. Some ukuleles have pick-ups and plug in to amplifiers, some are acoustic. There are resonator ukes (the ones that look like new age cheese graters) and electric ukes (some of which look like mini Fender Strats). But no one goes into their local music shop and asks to look at the classical ukulele section in the same way they might ask to look at the classical guitar section. Ukuleles are categorised according size. A few innovative makers are, however, creating ukuleles more suitable for playing finger style or classical. The qualities which define ‘classical ukuleles’ are their sustain and resonance. We’ll look at one maker in more detail in my next blog.
John King, Flea Market Music and Creating a Repertoire
The current wave of classical ukulele players owe much to John King (1953-2009). In 2004 Flea Market Music published King’s groundbreaking book The Classical Ukulele. The book, which comes with a CD of all the pieces, is an eclectic mix of works by Bach, Mozart, Chopin and Beethoven; a few traditional tunes such Danny Boy and Shells of Ewa and Scott Joplin’s ragtime classic, The Entertainer. King was really pushing the boundaries of what the ukulele could do. He was an innovator and a door opener.
In an interview, Jim Beloff, the owner of Flea Market Music, told me: “We’re very proud of the fact that The Classical Ukulele arranged by John King was the first of its kind.” Flea Market Music, which specialises in ukulele books, had previously focused on publishing song books. When I asked Jim Beloff about the risk of publishing a book of classical ukulele arrangements he was quick to brush aside any doubts, “In 2004, it was an easy decision to publish it knowing that John was unquestionably the world’s finest performer of this kind of repertoire and a passionate advocate for the unique campanella style of playing and arranging. The fact that he was also the leading authority on the history of the ukulele and a wonderful human being as well, were icing on the cake.”
John King first encountered the ukulele when he was 6 years old and living in Hawaii. Writing on his Nalu Music website blog King said that since he showed no talent for the uke he decided to study classical guitar instead. He was a student of Pepe Romero and went on to become a classical guitar teacher at college level. One day King picked up his old ukulele and decided to try something. During his classical guitar studies he’d learnt about the baroque guitar and how composers such as Gaspar Sanz had developed a technique called campanella where the melodic notes are placed across the strings to create an over-ringing effect reminiscent of little bells. Like the baroque guitar the ukulele uses re-entrant tuning so King decided to try campanella on the ukulele:
He said, “It was a revelation. The instrument had a voice and when I played, it sang to me.”
King went on to arrange and record a full CD of pieces by Bach.
King also arranged fiddle tunes such as Larry O’Gaff and Swallowtail and numerous Hawaiian songs including Aloha Oe and Ka Ipo Lei Mano. While these pieces are not classical, King’s precise technique and clean style of playing were decidedly classical. King was flexible in his choice of repertoire but, as the video below demonstrates, he was uncompromising in his high standard of performance. In 2008 the Journal of the Society for American Music said John King was, “perhaps the world’s only true classical ukulele virtuoso.” The ukulele world was shocked and saddened by the sudden death of John King in 2009.
Flea Market Music’s philosophy to extend the boundaries of the ukulele lead to the publication of three further classical ukulele books. In 2011 Flea Market took a risk and published little known ukulele player Tony Mizen’s collection of renaissance arrangements in From Lute to Uke. While Beloff and his wife initially wondered about the wisdom of publishing a collection of lute music from the 1500’s for the ukulele Beloff said, “Tony’s recordings were so delightful that we couldn’t say no.” Mizen and Flea Market teamed up again in 2012 to produce The Baroque Ukulele and in 2015 for the The Romantic Ukulele. When asked about the success of the classical books in relation to other ukulele books Beloff responded,
“I’m happy to report that all three of the Tony Mizen books (From Lute To Uke; The Baroque Ukulele; The Romantic Ukulele) and the John King book have been steady sellers, outperforming many of our other genre songbooks. I believe they are as timeless as any book of musical arrangements and hope they’ll remain in print for a long time.”
Rob MacKillop & Mel Bay
In 2011 Mel Bay added to the classical ukulele repertoire by publishing Rob MacKillop’s 20 Spanish Baroque Pieces by Gaspar Sanz arranged for ukulele. MacKillop, who is also an accomplished baroque guitarist, considers the music of Sanz very well suited to the ukulele. The use of campanellas and strumming passages are idiomatic to the ukulele. In MacKillop’s words, ‘the little instrument can bring a freshness to these old but lively pieces.’ In all MacKillop has produced nine ukulele books for Mel Bay including The Bach Uke Book, 20 Easy Classical Pieces for Kids, 20 Easy Fingerstyle Studies for Uke and 20 Progressive Fingerstyle Studies for Uke.
One of the great things about ukulele festivals is that they embrace all musical genres. Main stage acts vary from jazz to blues to punk to classical. I’ve enjoyed playing in some of the top UK festivals. But playing classical ukulele can be challenging in such an environment as the emphasis is often on entertainment rather than intimacy. A big stage cluttered with amplifiers and mics creates a barrier between the player and the audience. The need to use mics can result in a loss of sound quality. Louder is not necessarily better. A classical performance can be profound for its intimacy and the player’s ability to draw the audience into the music. Even a large audience can be spellbound by a subtle pianissimo. But at ukulele festivals there’s a tendency for audience members to be moving around and talking during the performance.This adds to the distraction and noise level and can destroy the atmosphere. It can also be extremely irritating to other audience members who want to listen. Recently I’ve taken to playing in small, village churches where there is no need for mics or even a stage. The acoustics and the atmosphere are ideal. Playing to 40 people can be more rewarding than playing to 400! If you are looking to perform as a classical ukulele player then I recommend trying small venues with a good acoustic.
When I first started playing the ukulele I made a lot of arrangements by composers including Tarrega, Sor, Carcassi, Carulli and Giuliani. After a while I started to consider what I was trying to do. There were 2 questions I asked myself:
1. Was I trying to create (perhaps it would be more accurate to say steal!) a historical repertoire in order to justify the term classical ukulele?
2. What is the point of recycling classical guitar repertoire for the ukulele?
Arrangements of works by masters such as Bach, Sor and Tarrega can be adapted to play on the ukulele. They are fun to play and can really surprise an audience. But I was beginning to worry that classical ukulele was becoming a sideshow to the classical guitar.
Arranging pieces by Sor, Carulli, Carcassi, Giuliani and Tarrega made me think about the workings of the ukulele and about the compositional process. Reducing music from a 6 string instrument to a 4 string instrument posed many questions. What do I leave out? How do I compensate for the lack of bass? Am I altering the voice leading and harmonic structure of the piece? Would Sor really hate what I was doing to his music?!?
A side effect of arranging was that I started to think about how I would compose for the ukulele and how I could create works that are idiomatic to the instrument. How would I cope with the lack of bass and the limited range. Seeking solutions to these issues I turned to poetic forms for inspiration. A sonnet is just 14 lines but some of the most profound and beautiful poetry is in sonnet form. And what about Japanese haiku with just 3 lines and 17 syllables. These micro poems can be thought provoking and moving. Sometimes less really is more. The greatest challenge, however, is convincing non-ukulele composers that the ukulele is worth writing for as both a solo and ensemble instrument. Things are progressing but there is still a long way to go to.
I see the term classical ukulele as organic, daring and forward moving. Classical ukulele is both an acknowledgement to the pioneering work of John King and a way of distinguishing the repertoire and style of playing from ukulele norms. Arrangements can be as diverse as songs by the Beatles and Preludes by Bach.
Here is a new work composed for me by Dimitri van Halderan.