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Penetration diving or overhead diving is a type of diving where the diver enters a space from which there is no direct, purely vertical ascent to the safety of breathable air of the atmosphere at the surface. Several types of dive meet this condition: cave diving, wreck diving, ice diving or diving other man-made, underwater structures or enclosures.
- using redundant breathing gas sources
- using distance lines to guide the diver to the exit
When the dive depth and time are extended, the use of breathing gases other than air can reduce the risks. Nitrox is used for relatively shallow diving and accelerated decompression. Breathing gases containing helium such as trimix are used for deeper dives to reduce the enervating effects of nitrogen narcosis.
- GUE - Global Underwater Explorers (http://www.gue.com/)
- IANTD - International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (http://www.iantd.com/)
- NACD - National Association for Cave Diving (http://www.safecavediving.com/)
- NSS-CDS - National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section (http://www.nsscds.com/)
- WKPP Woodville Karst Plain Project (http://www.wkpp.org)
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