|Other names||Cimicosis, bed bug bites, bedbugs, bed bug infestation|
|An adult bed bug (Cimex lectularius) with the typical flattened oval shape|
|Specialty||Family medicine, dermatology|
|Symptoms||None to prominent blisters, itchy|
|Usual onset||Minutes to days after the bite|
|Causes||Cimex (primarily Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus)|
|Risk factors||Travel, second-hand furnishings|
|Diagnostic method||Based on findin' bed bugs and symptoms|
|Differential diagnosis||Allergic reaction, scabies, dermatitis herpetiformis|
|Treatment||Symptomatic, bed bug eradication|
Bed bugs are insects from the bleedin' genus Cimex that feed on human blood, usually at night. Their bites can result in a bleedin' number of health impacts includin' skin rashes, psychological effects, and allergic symptoms. Bed bug bites may lead to skin changes rangin' from small areas of redness to prominent blisters. Symptoms may take between minutes to days to appear and itchiness is generally present. Some individuals may feel tired or have a holy fever. Typically, uncovered areas of the oul' body are affected. Their bites are not known to transmit any infectious disease. Complications may rarely include areas of dead skin or vasculitis.
Bed bug bites are caused primarily by two species of insects: Cimex lectularius (the common bed bug) and Cimex hemipterus, found primarily in the feckin' tropics. Their size ranges between 1 and 7 mm. They spread by crawlin' between nearby locations or by bein' carried within personal items. Infestation is rarely due to a holy lack of hygiene but is more common in high-density areas. Diagnosis involves both findin' the feckin' bugs and the bleedin' occurrence of compatible symptoms. Bed bugs spend much of their time in dark, hidden locations like mattress seams, or cracks in a wall.
Treatment is directed towards the feckin' symptoms. Eliminatin' bed bugs from the bleedin' home is often difficult, partly because bed bugs can survive up to 70 days without feedin'. Repeated treatments of an oul' home may be required. These treatments may include heatin' the feckin' room to 50 °C (122 °F) for more than 90 minutes, frequent vacuumin', washin' clothin' at high temperatures, and the bleedin' use of various pesticides.
Bed bugs occur in all regions of the feckin' globe. Rates of infestations are relatively common, followin' an increase since the bleedin' 1990s. The exact causes of this increase are unclear; theories includin' increased human travel, more frequent exchange of second-hand furnishings, a bleedin' greater focus on control of other pests, and increasin' resistance to pesticides. Bed bugs have been known human parasites for thousands of years.
Signs and symptoms
The most common skin findings associated with bed bugs are pruritic, maculopapular, erythematous lesions. Each lesion is about 2-5 mm but may be as large as 2 cm in diameter and there may or may not be the oul' presence of a central punctum. Bites are usually present on areas of exposed skin, especially exposed areas not covered by sheets or blankets, such as arms, legs, feet, face or neck. Individual responses to bites vary, rangin' from no visible effect (in about 20–70%), to small flat (macular) spots, to the bleedin' formation of prominent blisters (wheals and bullae) along with intense itchin' that may last several days. Vesicles and nodules may also form, the shitehawk. The lesions due to bites may become secondarily infected due to scratchin' but systemic effects from bed bug bites are very rare. A central spot of bleedin' may also occur due to the oul' release of blood thinnin' substances in the bug's saliva.
Symptoms may not appear until some days after the oul' bites have occurred. Reactions often become brisker after multiple bites due to possible sensitization to the salivary proteins of the feckin' bed bug. Numerous bites may lead to a red rash or hives.
Serious infestations and chronic attacks can cause anxiety, stress, and shleep difficulties. Development of refractory delusional parasitosis is possible, as a bleedin' person develops an overwhelmin' obsession with bed bugs.
A number of other symptoms may occur from either the bleedin' bite of the bleedin' bed bugs or from their exposure, bejaysus. Serious allergic reactions includin' anaphylaxis from the feckin' injection of serum and other nonspecific proteins have been rarely documented. Due to each bite takin' an oul' tiny amount of blood, chronic or severe infestation may lead to anemia. Bacterial skin infection may occur due to skin break down from scratchin'. Systemic poisonin' may occur if the feckin' bites are numerous. Exposure to bed bugs may trigger an asthma attack via the bleedin' effects of airborne allergens although evidence of this association is limited. There is no evidence that bed bugs transmit infectious diseases even though they appear physically capable of carryin' pathogens and this possibility has been investigated. The bite itself may be painful thus resultin' in poor shleep and worse work performance.
Similar to humans, pets can also be bitten by bed bugs. The signs left by the bleedin' bites are the same as in the oul' case of people and cause identical symptoms (skin irritation, scratchin' etc).
Bed bug infestations are primarily the feckin' result of two species of insects from genus Cimex: Cimex lectularius (the common bed bug) and Cimex hemipterus (the tropical bed bug)'. These insects feed exclusively on blood and bed bugs (at any stage of development) may survive up to 70 days without feedin'. Adult Cimex are light brown to reddish-brown, flat, oval, and have no hind wings, grand so. The front wings are vestigial and reduced to pad-like structures. Jaysis. Adults grow to 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) wide. Whisht now. Female common bed bug adults can lay 1-10 eggs per day and 200-500 eggs in their lifetime whereas female tropical bed bugs can lay about 50 eggs in their lifetime .
Bed bugs have five immature nymph life stages and a feckin' final sexually mature adult stage. Bed bugs need at least one blood meal in order to advance to the next stage of development. They shed their skins through ecdysis at each stage, discardin' their outer exoskeleton. Newly hatched nymphs are translucent, lighter in color, and become browner as they moult and reach maturity. Bed bugs may be mistaken for other insects, such as booklice, small cockroaches, or carpet beetles; however, when warm and active, their movements are more ant-like, and like most other true bugs, they emit a bleedin' characteristic disagreeable odor when crushed.
Bed bugs are obligatory bloodsuckers, begorrah. They have mouth parts that saw through the skin and inject saliva with anticoagulants and painkillers. Story? Sensitivity of humans varies from extreme allergic reaction to no reaction at all (about 20%), would ye swally that? The bite usually produces a swellin' with no red spot, but when many bugs feed on a feckin' small area, reddish spots may appear after the bleedin' swellin' subsides. Bedbugs prefer exposed skin, preferably the oul' face, neck, and arms of a holy shleepin' person.
Bed bugs are attracted to their hosts primarily by carbon dioxide, secondarily by warmth, and also by certain chemicals. Cimex lectularius feeds only every five to seven days, which suggests that it does not spend the majority of its life searchin' for an oul' host. Sure this is it. When an oul' bed bug is starved, it leaves its shelter and searches for a bleedin' host. Sufferin' Jaysus. It returns to its shelter after successful feedin' or if it encounters exposure to light. Cimex lectularius aggregate under all life stages and matin' conditions, the shitehawk. Bed bugs may choose to aggregate because of predation, resistance to desiccation, and more opportunities to find a mate. Arra' would ye listen to this. Airborne pheromones are responsible for aggregations.
Infestation is rarely caused by a lack of hygiene. Transfer to new places is usually in the bleedin' personal items of the bleedin' human they feed upon. Dwellings can become infested with bed bugs in a variety of ways, such as:
- Bugs and eggs inadvertently brought in from other infested dwellings on a visitin' person's clothin' or luggage;
- Infested items (such as furniture especially beds or couches, clothin', or backpacks) brought into a holy home or business;
- Proximity of infested dwellings or items, if easy routes are available for travel, e.g, fair play. through ducts or false ceilings;
- Wild animals (such as bats or birds) that may also harbour bed bugs or related species such as the bleedin' bat bug;
- People visitin' an infested area (e.g. Jaysis. dwellin', means of transport, entertainment venue, or lodgin') and carryin' the oul' bugs to another area on their clothin', luggage, or bodies. Bedbugs are increasingly found in air travel.
Though bed bugs will opportunistically feed on pets, they do not live or travel on the oul' skin of their hosts, and pets are not believed to be a factor in their spread.
A definitive diagnosis of health effects due to bed bugs requires a search for and findin' of the oul' insect in the feckin' shleepin' environment as symptoms are not sufficiently specific. It is difficult to distinguish bed bug bites from other arthropod bites and the linear pattern of bites (known colloquially as "breakfast, lunch and dinner" bites) is not specific for bed bugs. If the number in a bleedin' house is large a bleedin' pungent sweet odor may be described. There are specially trained dogs that can detect this smell.
Bed bugs can exist singly but tend to congregate once established. Chrisht Almighty. Although strictly parasitic, they spend only a tiny fraction of their lifecycles physically attached to hosts. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Once a feckin' bed bug finishes feedin', it relocates to a holy place close to an oul' known host, commonly in or near beds or couches in clusters of adults, juveniles, and eggs—which entomologists call harborage areas or simply harborages to which the feckin' insect returns after future feedings by followin' chemical trails. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. These places can vary greatly in format, includin' luggage, inside of vehicles, within furniture, among bedside clutter—even inside electrical sockets and nearby laptop computers. Bed bugs may also nest near animals that have nested within a holy dwellin', such as bats, birds, or rodents. They are also capable of survivin' on domestic cats and dogs, though humans are the oul' preferred host of C. lectularius.
Bed bugs can also be detected by their characteristic smell of rottin' raspberries. Bed bug detection dogs are trained to pinpoint infestations, with a feckin' possible accuracy rate between 11% and 83%.
Homemade detectors have been developed. Bedbug detectors, often referred to as "monitors" or "traps", use attractant based methods such as lactic acid or carbon dioxide (associated with the feckin' presence of a human body) or phermones to trap bugs in a container, you know yourself like. Bedbug detectors can confirm a bedbug infestation but they are not effective for eradication.
To prevent bringin' home bed bugs, travelers are advised to take precautions after visitin' an infested site: generally, these include checkin' shoes on leavin' the feckin' site, changin' clothes outside the oul' house before enterin', and puttin' the bleedin' used clothes in a clothes dryer outside the oul' house, you know yerself. When visitin' a bleedin' new lodgin', it is advised to check the bleedin' bed before takin' suitcases into the shleepin' area, and puttin' the suitcase on a bleedin' raised stand to make bedbugs less likely to crawl in. An extreme measure would be puttin' the feckin' suitcase in the oul' tub. Here's another quare one. Clothes should be hung up or left in the suitcase, and never left on the feckin' floor. Additional preventative measures include sealin' cracks and crevices (which are often the feckin' sites of bed bug harborages), inspectin' furniture, and for exposed travelers to decontaminate clothes and luggage upon returnin' home. The founder of a bleedin' company dedicated to bedbug extermination said that 5% of hotel rooms he books into were infested. He advised people never to sit down on public transport; check office chairs, plane seats, and hotel mattresses; and monitor and vacuum home beds once a month.
Treatment of bedbug bites requires keepin' the person from bein' repeatedly bitten, and possible symptomatic use of antihistamines and corticosteroids (either topically or systemically). There however is no evidence that medications improve outcomes, and symptoms usually resolve without treatment in 1–2 weeks.
Avoidin' repeated bites can be difficult since it usually requires eradicatin' bed bugs from a feckin' home or workplace; eradication is most effective usin' non-chemical control methods. Non-chemical control methods include vacuumin' carpet and furniture (often with scrapin') into an oul' disposable bag which is then sealed into a holy plastic bag to prevent re-infestation. Other methods include removin' textile materials from an area and washin' them in hot water (at least 60 degrees Celsius) or freezin' them at -4 degrees Celsius. Most consumer grade freezers are inadequate to kill bedbugs due to not havin' low enough temperatures. Unremovable textiles such as mattresses can be steamed at least 60 degrees Celsius and this method can penetrate deep into the bleedin' textile to effectively kill bed bugs quickly (under 1 minute). Heatin' tents or chambers can be used for infested materials or entire rooms can be heated to at least 55 degrees Celsius to effectively eradicate infestation.
There is no evidence to indicate that a bleedin' combination of non-chemical methods plus insecticides is more effective than non-chemical methods alone with regards to eradication of bed bug infestations.
Insecticides are mostly ineffective for the eradication of bedbug infestations as most bedbugs are resistant to insecticides, includin' pyrethroids which are found in approximately 90% of commercial grade insecticides. Furthermore, insect foggers (known as "bug bombs") are ineffective in the bleedin' eradication of bed bug infestation as they are unable to penetrate bed bug harborages. Resistance to pesticides has increased significantly over time, and there are concerns about harm to health from their use.
Once established, bed bugs are extremely difficult to get rid of. Bed bugs are particularly difficult to eradicate in apartment complexes as harbors can exist in other areas of the feckin' buildin' when single units are treated.
Mechanical approaches, such as vacuumin' up the feckin' insects and heat-treatin' or wrappin' mattresses, are effective. An hour at a temperature of 45 °C (113 °F) or over, or two hours at less than −17 °C (1 °F) kills them. This may include a holy domestic clothes drier for fabric or a commercial steamer, for the craic. Bed bugs and their eggs will die on contact when exposed to surface temperatures above 180 °F (82 °C) and a holy steamer can reach well above 230 °F (110 °C). A study found 100% mortality rates for bed bugs exposed to temperatures greater than 50 °C (122 °F) for more than 2 minutes, you know yourself like. The study recommended maintainin' temperatures of above 48 °C (118 °F) for more than 20 min to effectively kill all life stages of bed bugs, and because in practice treatment times of 6 to 8 hours are used to account for cracks and indoor clutter. This method is expensive and has caused fires. Starvin' bedbugs is not effective, as they can survive without eatin' for 100 to 300 days, dependin' on temperature.
It was stated in 2012[update] that no truly effective insecticides were available. Insecticides that have historically been found effective include pyrethroids, dichlorvos, and malathion. Resistance to pesticides has increased significantly in recent decades. The carbamate insecticide propoxur is highly toxic to bed bugs, but it has potential toxicity to children exposed to it, and the oul' US Environmental Protection Agency has been reluctant to approve it for indoor use. Boric acid, occasionally applied as a safe indoor insecticide, is not effective against bed bugs because they do not groom.
Bed bugs occur around the world. Before the oul' 1950s about 30% of houses in the feckin' United States had bedbugs. This fall is believed to be partly due to the bleedin' use of DDT to kill cockroaches. The invention of the vacuum cleaner and simplification of furniture design may have also played a role in the oul' decrease. Others believe it might simply be the bleedin' cyclical nature of the bleedin' organism.
However, rates of infestation in developed countries have increased dramatically since the oul' 1980s. This is thought to be due to greater foreign travel, increased immigration from the feckin' developin' world to the feckin' developed world, more frequent exchange of second-hand furnishings among homes, a feckin' greater focus on control of other pests, resultin' in neglect of bed bug countermeasures, and increasin' bedbug resistance to pesticides. Lower cockroach populations due to insecticide use may have aided bed bugs' resurgence, since cockroaches are known to sometimes predate them. Bans on DDT and other potent pesticides may have also contributed.
The U.S. I hope yiz are all ears now. National Pest Management Association reported a 71% increase in bed bug calls between 2000 and 2005. The number of reported incidents in New York City alone rose from 500 in 2004 to 10,000 in 2009. In 2013, Chicago was listed as the number one city in the United States for bedbug infestations. As an oul' result, the oul' Chicago City Council passed a bed bug control ordinance to limit their spread, you know yerself. Additionally, bed bugs are reachin' places in which they never established before, such as southern South America.
The rise in infestations has been hard to track because bed bugs are not an easily identifiable problem and is one that people prefer not to discuss. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Most of the bleedin' reports are collected from pest-control companies, local authorities, and hotel chains. Therefore, the oul' problem may be more severe than is currently believed.
The common bed bug (C. lectularius) is the bleedin' species best adapted to human environments, you know yerself. It is found in temperate climates throughout the feckin' world. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Other species include Cimex hemipterus, found in tropical regions, which also infests poultry and bats, and Leptocimex boueti, found in the oul' tropics of West Africa and South America, which infests bats and humans. Cimex pilosellus and Cimex pipistrella primarily infest bats, while Haematosiphon inodora, a holy species of North America, primarily infests poultry.
Cimicidae, the ancestor of modern bed bugs, first emerged approximately 115 million years ago, more than 30 million years before bats—their previously presumed initial host—first appeared. From unknown ancestral hosts, a bleedin' variety of different lineages evolved which specialized in either bats or birds. The common (C. lectularius) and tropical bed bug (C. C'mere til I tell yiz. hemipterus), split 40 million years before Homo evolution, would ye swally that? Humans became hosts to bed bugs through host specialist extension (rather than switchin') on three separate occasions.
Bed bugs were mentioned in ancient Greece as early as 400 BC, and were later mentioned by Aristotle. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Pliny's Natural History, first published circa AD 77 in Rome, claimed bed bugs had medicinal value in treatin' ailments such as snake bites and ear infections. C'mere til I tell yiz. Belief in the medicinal use of bed bugs persisted until at least the 18th century, when Guettard recommended their use in the oul' treatment of hysteria.
Bed bugs were first mentioned in Germany in the feckin' 11th century, in France in the 13th century, and in England in 1583, though they remained rare in England until 1670, like. Some in the oul' 18th century believed bed bugs had been brought to London with supplies of wood to rebuild the city after the feckin' Great Fire of London (1666). Listen up now to this fierce wan. Giovanni Antonio Scopoli noted their presence in Carniola (roughly equivalent to present-day Slovenia) in the bleedin' 18th century.
Traditional methods of repellin' and/or killin' bed bugs include the feckin' use of plants, fungi, and insects (or their extracts), such as black pepper; black cohosh (Actaea racemosa); Pseudarthria hookeri; Laggera alata (Chinese yángmáo cǎo | 羊毛草); Eucalyptus saligna oil; henna (Lawsonia inermis or camphire); "infused oil of Melolontha vulgaris" (presumably cockchafer); fly agaric (Amanita muscaria); tobacco; "heated oil of Terebinthina" (i.e. true turpentine); wild mint (Mentha arvensis); narrow-leaved pepperwort (Lepidium ruderale); Myrica spp. (e.g. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. bayberry); Robert geranium (Geranium robertianum); bugbane (Cimicifuga spp.); "herb and seeds of Cannabis"; "opulus" berries (possibly maple or European cranberrybush); masked hunter bugs (Reduvius personatus), "and many others".
Dusts have been used to ward off insects from grain storage for centuries, includin' plant ash, lime, dolomite, certain types of soil, and diatomaceous earth or Kieselguhr. Of these, diatomaceous earth in particular has seen a revival as a feckin' nontoxic (when in amorphous form) residual pesticide for bed bug abatement. Stop the lights! While diatomaceous earth often performs poorly, silica gel may be effective.
Basket-work panels were put around beds and shaken out in the bleedin' mornin' in the feckin' UK and in France in the oul' 19th century. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Scatterin' leaves of plants with microscopic hooked hairs around a bed at night, then sweepin' them up in the bleedin' mornin' and burnin' them, was a feckin' technique reportedly used in Southern Rhodesia and in the Balkans.
Bean leaves have been used historically to trap bedbugs in houses in Eastern Europe. Sure this is it. The trichomes on the bleedin' bean leaves capture the feckin' insects by impalin' the bleedin' feet (tarsi) of the bleedin' insects. Jaysis. The leaves are then destroyed.
Before the bleedin' mid-20th century, bed bugs were very common. Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. Accordin' to a report by the feckin' UK Ministry of Health, in 1933, all the feckin' houses in many areas had some degree of bed bug infestation. The increase in bed bug populations in the feckin' early 20th century has been attributed to the feckin' advent of electric heatin', which allowed bed bugs to thrive year-round instead of only in warm weather.
Bed bugs were a holy serious problem at US military bases durin' World War II. Initially, the bleedin' problem was solved by fumigation, usin' Zyklon Discoids that released hydrogen cyanide gas, a bleedin' rather dangerous procedure. Later, DDT was used to good effect.
The decline of bed bug populations in the feckin' 20th century is often credited to potent pesticides that had not previously been widely available. Other contributin' factors that are less frequently mentioned in news reports are increased public awareness and shlum clearance programs that combined pesticide use with steam disinfection, relocation of shlum dwellers to new housin', and in some cases also follow-up inspections[how?] for several months after relocated tenants moved into their new housin'.
Society and culture
Bed bugs are an increasin' cause for litigation. Courts have, in some cases, exacted large punitive damage judgments on some hotels. Many of New York City's Upper East Side homeowners have been afflicted, but they tend to remain publicly silent in order not to ruin their property values and be seen as sufferin' an oul' blight typically associated with the feckin' lower classes. Local Law 69 in New York City requires owners of buildings with three or more units to provide their tenants and potential tenants with reports of bedbug history in each unit, the hoor. They must also prominently post these listings and reports in their buildin'.
- "Good night, shleep tight, don't let the bed bugs bite," is a holy traditional sayin'.
- The Bedbug (Russian: Клоп, Klop) is an oul' play by Vladimir Mayakovsky written in 1928–1929
- How the bleedin' Bed Bug Infiltrated Our Bedrooms and Took Over the feckin' World] was written by Brooke Borel.
Bed bug secretions can inhibit the oul' growth of some bacteria and fungi; antibacterial components from the feckin' bed bug could be used against human pathogens, and be a holy source of pharmacologically active molecules as a resource for the oul' discovery of new drugs.
- James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al, you know yourself like. (2006). Sufferin' Jaysus. Andrews' Diseases of the oul' Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. Whisht now and listen to this wan. p. 446. Whisht now and eist liom. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- Ibrahim, O; Syed, UM; Tomecki, KJ (March 2017), you know yourself like. "Bedbugs: Helpin' your patient through an infestation". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 84 (3): 207–211, would ye believe it? doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.15024, the shitehawk. PMID 28322676.
- Jerome Goddard; Richard deShazo (2009). Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. "Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites". Journal of the oul' American Medical Association. I hope yiz are all ears now. 301 (13): 1358–1366, like. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.405, the shitehawk. PMID 19336711.
- Kolb A, Needham GR, Neyman KM, High WA (2009), bedad. "Bedbugs". Stop the lights! Dermatol Ther. 22 (4): 347–52, the cute hoor. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01246.x. PMID 19580578. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. S2CID 221648188.
- Doggett SL, Russell R (November 2009). Whisht now and listen to this wan. "Bed bugs – What the bleedin' GP needs to know". Listen up now to this fierce wan. Aust Fam Physician. 38 (11): 880–4. PMID 19893834.
- Doggett, SL; Dwyer, DE; Peñas, PF; Russell, RC (January 2012). Stop the lights! "Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options", to be sure. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 25 (1): 164–92. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. doi:10.1128/CMR.05015-11. PMC 3255965. C'mere til I tell ya now. PMID 22232375.
- "Bed Bugs FAQs". Would ye believe this shite?Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2 May 2017. Whisht now. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- Parola, Philippe; Izri, Arezki (4 June 2020). Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. "Bedbugs". Arra' would ye listen to this shite? New England Journal of Medicine. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? 382 (23): 2230–2237. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1905840. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. PMID 32492304.
- Hildreth CJ, Burke AE, Glass RM (April 2009), to be sure. "JAMA patient page. Jaysis. Bed bugs". C'mere til I tell ya now. JAMA. 301 (13): 1398. doi:10.1001/jama.301.13.1398. Listen up now to this fierce wan. PMID 19336718.
- Susan C. Arra' would ye listen to this. Jones (January 2004). Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. "Extension Fact Sheet "Bed Bugs, Injury"" (PDF). Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Ohio State University.
- Bircher, Andreas J (2005). "Systemic Immediate Allergic Reactions to Arthropod Stings and Bites". C'mere til I tell ya now. Dermatology. 210 (2): 119–127, you know yourself like. doi:10.1159/000082567. Whisht now and eist liom. PMID 15724094. C'mere til I tell yiz. S2CID 11060759.
- "How to Manage Pests Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets", enda story. UC IPM Online (Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, UC Davis). Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- Encyclopedia Americana, 1996 ed., v. Stop the lights! 3, p. 431
- Xavier Bonnefoy; Helge Kampen; Kevin Sweeney. Chrisht Almighty. "Public Health Significance of Urban Pests" (PDF), the shitehawk. World Health Organization. p. 136. Jasus. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- Shukla; Upadhyaya (2009). Economic Zoology (Fourth ed.). Rastogi, the hoor. p. 73, what? ISBN 978-81-7133-876-4.
- Quarles, William (March 2007). "Bed Bugs Bounce Back" (PDF), bedad. IPM Practitioner. 24 (3/4): 1–8. Jaykers! Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- Anderson, J. F.; Ferrandino, F. J.; McKnight, S.; Nolen, J.; Miller, J. Chrisht Almighty. (2009). Here's a quare one for ye. "A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the oul' bed bug, Cimex lectularius" (PDF), grand so. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, you know yerself. 23 (2): 99–105, for the craic. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00790.x. PMID 19499616. Whisht now and eist liom. S2CID 19294476, you know yerself. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2017. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- Singh, Narinderpal; Wang, Changlu; Cooper, Richard; Liu, Chaofeng (2012). "Interactions among Carbon Dioxide, Heat, and Chemical Lures in Attractin' the oul' Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L. Bejaysus. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)", bejaysus. Psyche. 2012: 1–9. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. doi:10.1155/2012/273613.
- Wang, Changlu; Gibb, Timothy; Bennett, Gary W.; McKnight, Susan (August 2009). Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. "Bed bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) attraction to pitfall traps baited with carbon dioxide, heat, and chemical lure" (PDF). Whisht now. Journal of Economic Entomology. C'mere til I tell ya. 102 (4): 1580–5. C'mere til I tell ya now. doi:10.1603/029.102.0423, game ball! PMID 19736771. Jasus. S2CID 23502680. 102(4):1580-5.
- Reis Matthew D., Miller Dini M. Here's another quare one for ye. (2011). In fairness now. "Host Searchin' and Aggregation Activity of Recently Fed and Unfed Bed Bugs (Cimex Lectularius L.)". Jasus. Insects. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. 2 (4): 186–94. doi:10.3390/insects2020186, the shitehawk. PMC 4553457. G'wan now. PMID 26467621.
- Margie Pfiester; Philip G. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Koehler; Roberto M. Here's another quare one for ye. Pereira (2009). "Effect of Population Structure and Size on Aggregation Behavior Of(Hemiptera: Cimicidae)", you know yourself like. Journal of Medical Entomology, bejaysus. 46 (5): 1015–020, so it is. doi:10.1603/033.046.0506, be the hokey! PMID 19769030.
- Potter, Michael F, the hoor. "BED BUGS", you know yourself like. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Archived from the feckin' original on 2 July 2010. Jasus. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
- Steelman, C.D, would ye swally that? 2000. Biology and control of bed bugsArchive, Cimex lectularius, in poultry houses. Avian Advice 2: 10,15.
- Haiken, Melanie. Would ye believe this shite?"Bed Bugs on Airplanes?! Yikes! How to Fly Bed Bug-Free". Stop the lights! Forbes. Bejaysus. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
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