Pure, clean and safe drinking water isn’t available easily these days. Growing population, industrial development and environmental degradation are all causes for this. Given this situation, it becomes even more important for us to be aware of purification techniques and the available water purifiers in the market to ensure that our drinking water is of good quality.
A lot of minerals are found naturally in water and are important for the human body but consuming an excess amount of it can cause many diseases. A good water purifier removes the excess salts, suspended particles and microbes, and retains its essential vitamins and minerals. With so many manufacturers in the water purification industry these days, it is difficult to know which is good, which isn’t and which meets necessary standards.
Both water filters and water purifiers work on the same mechanical principle. They first suck up raw water which is contaminated, filter out impurities ranging from sediments to micro-organisms and then dispense clean water. However there is one big difference between the two – a purifier can remove viruses and bacteria that filters cannot remove. Some purifiers use chemicals and others use an electro-static charge to kill or capture viruses.
Evolution of purification techniques
One of the earliest methods of water purification was to add chlorine in water. Chlorine releases hydrochloric acid, which reacts with the microorganisms and kills them. However due to its negative effect on health as well as its ineffectiveness to kill certain types of protozoa, this technique lost popularity paving the way for other purifying techniques.
All water purifiers have a water filter. There are six different types that are available:
Active Carbon filter: This kind of filter is used to purify soluble gases such as chlorine, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, ammonia and organic material like dead algae, leaves or any other dead thing washed into a water body. The porous nature of the carbon (charcoal) helps to absorb chlorine and pollutants such as pesticides. Generally, household carbon filters come with a lining of activated silver that kills bacteria. (To read about technology that uses indigenous coal to make activated carbon click here)
Reverse Osmosis filters: Reverse Osmosis (RO) system offers a multi-stage filtration of water by combining active carbon and also particle filtration. Here, the tap water is made to pass through a membrane (a polymer film) that has very small-sized pores and this weed out minerals and micro-organisms in water. The impurities collected are then flushed out through an outlet pipe. A RO water purifier improves the taste of water but, it is difficult to say that the water will be 100 percent safe as at times due to holes (because of a manufacturing defect or due to wear-and-tear) in the filter, some bacteria can get through the filter. RO filters are recommended for places where the problem with the water is its high content of dissolved minerals. The darker side in a RO purifier is that there are chances that the membranes in these filters drain out some of the necessary minerals too. Also, it requires a continuous water supply to function and can be fixed to only one water tap. (To read more about RO click here)
Ultra Violet (UV) filters: UV light (minimum level radiation) is passed on water to kill bacteria and other microbes by attacking the DNA in cells. These filters remove pesticides by up to 99%. This filter is effective in removing all types of pathogens but it is not effective for removing suspended particles, chemicals, taste, smell or colour. It can purify approximately 2000 litres/day.
Ceramic filters: These are hollow cylinders
that are usually made from
clay mixed with a combustible material like sawdust, rice husks or coffee husks.
These filters drain out bacteria in the water through the small sized pores in them. It removes chlorine and E. coli bacteria up to 99%. Its safe storage capacity prevent water to get recontaminated.
Ion exchange resins filters: Here the water is passed through resins that soften water by absorbing the minerals present. These filters can soften the water by sucking up the salts present and can also completely de-mineralise the water if they are made accordingly.
What to look for when buying a residential water filter
Step 1: Know your water’s chemistry, i.e., find out the level of contamination in water. For this get a laboratory water analysis done on your drinking water. This will include a general water test, which comprises finding out total coliform bacteria, nitrate/nitrites, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), fluoride, organic carbon contaminants (pesticides, industrial pollution etc.). A mechanic in your area who repairs water purifiers can be a good source of primary information that you look for. This will help you decide whether you want a filter that weeds out dissolved minerals in the water or a purifier that kills the bacteria or a machine that does both. (To read about Indian Standard for Drinking Water as per BIS specifications click here)
Step 2: Decide whether you want a water purifier for the entire water system of the house or just for the drinking water tap.
Step 3: Shortlist from the numerous brands available in the market. Understand the product’s standard. Acclaimed institutions such as National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), Water Quality Association (WQA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), etc., give accreditation to water purifiers- this is a safety mark for consumers. The India task force of WQA- Water Quality Association has a list of Indian brands with accreditation (check this link: http://www.wqa.org/sitelogic.cfm?id=1003). (To read on the quality issues of water purifiers click here.
Step 4: The best quality filters and membranes are expensive. An online search will help you compare the features and prices of the available purifiers in the market. It’s important to consider the machine's maintenance cost before you finalise. (To read about comparison of Purelt and Swach water purifier brands click here).
Step 5: Finally, when you step inside a shop to buy the product, you can ask the questions below along with others already discussed:
- Is the product accredited by a renowned institution such as NSF, WQA and FDA?
- How often the sediment filter/membrane needs to be cleaned or changed?
- What is the warranty on the parts of the machine and how many free services does the company offer?
- If it is a RO purifier, what is the filtering speed? (It is advisable to buy a high speed filter that ensures good flow of water).
Which one to buy?
There are more than ten brands of water purifiers in the market- Tata Swach, Eureka Forbes, Kent, Pureit, etc. Each of these product differs in cost, type of filter they use and the method of purification. Most water purifiers today combine two/three techniques (discussed under the topic- ‘what is the use’ in this note) together. For instance, Eureka Forbes’ Acquaguard Protect Plus combines advantages of a RO purifier and UV sterilisation. Hindustan Unilever’s Pureit Marvella UV provides the benefit of UV sterilisation as well as offers filtration through an activated carbon filter. Advanced model of water purifiers that offer a combination of technologies will cost anywhere between Rs 8000 and Rs 15000. To read more about different purifiers alongwith the review given by consumers, click here.
Water purifiers have become an essential part of every kitchen now and manufacturers of these products are competing to garner market share. The advantage for a consumer here is that she/he can expect good discounts in these products, especially, when buying during a festive season.
English Free Article | Science Bytes |
Are RO purifiers necessary?
The semi-permeable membrane of the R.O. system remove most mineral particles like sodium, calcium, magnesium, magnesium, and iron.
New Delhi, February 15 (G’nY News Service): It is common perception today that the water provided by urban local bodies is not up to the mark and that we need water purifiers. With this in mind, most of us demand the best of purifiers that money can buy. But how good are these technologies? Do they help purify the water we drink, and keep us safe enough?
According to the Bureau of Indian standards, Water with TDS levels 500 and below without conventional treatment but after disinfection is safe for drinking. (http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/water%20quality%20standards.htm)
In Delhi, the water supplied by Delhi Jal Board, and studied by Consumer Voice, in Nov. 2015 was found to have acceptable TDS levels at every place surveyed.
TDS levels in drinking water supplied by BJB
There are places where the water being provided by authorities is not up to the mark, or the groundwater has high levels of TDS, as can be ascertained by a July 2008 study from the Indian Environmental Portal (http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Hydro%20chemical%20Survey.pdf), necessitating the use of RO. However, using RO in areas where the water provided by DJB is being used further lowers the level of TDS.
TDS levels in Delhi Groundwater
The RO purifier uses the Reverse Osmosis (RO) technique in which a high pressure pump is used to increase the pressure on the salt side of the RO and force the water across the semi-permeable RO membrane, leaving almost all (95% to 99%) of dissolved salts behind in the reject stream.
“The TDS of seawater varies between 30,000- 40,000. The RO purifier helps lower it to 200-300 mg/l (TDS recommended for drinking water). Whereas when used for household purposes, it lowers the TDS levels to 20-30 mg/l, which is not recommended,” says Dr CK Jain of the National Institute of Hydrology.
According to Dr Jain, RO doesn’t remove any bacteria or virus from the water and hence, water purified by RO is still capable of making you ill. “To remove harmful impurities like bacteria, boiling or the UV technique should be used. In fact, RO is completely useless,”
When Pentair, a company dealing in water purifiers, was asked by a GnY correspondent on why should one use a water purifier when UV or boiling can help achieve better bacteria removal , the Pentair representative asserted, , “without RO, water will not be pure”. He also proudly mentioned that the TDS of water is reduced by RO to 50-100 ppm.
The cost of an RO purifier varies anywhere between Rs 2,000 upto Rs 40,000 in the market whereas the cost of UV purifiers goes up to 26,000. The cost of RO+ UV based purifiers is around Rs 7,000-15,000. It is clear, thus, why a useless technique like RO is being promoted to such an extent.
Alongside the high prices, the regular maintenance of RO filters poses a major problem. “RO filters need to be serviced every four months leading to an added cost of Rs 1400 a year,” says Ms. Geetanjali of RO Care. When people don’t bother to maintain them, it leads to contamination of the tank due to bacteria getting trapped in the filter, causing a health risk.
As Dr. CK Jain says, “RO is totally useless and is not recommended for household purposes. It is only a status symbol today.”
In short, ‘Dunia Ka Sabse Shudh Paani’(Kent),’ As Safe As Boiled Water (Purit)’, are taglines that deceive people into shelling out their hard- earned money for technologies that are not just useless for them but possible hazards.