2/2 POLITICAL SCIENCE. States, was elected by universal suffrage. " One must be blind," he adds, " not to see that this was to give the nation up into the hands of a master. In a country with the tradi- tions of monarchy the president elected directly by the people will hold in his hands the destinies of the national assembly, * To suppress it he will need only to give the word of command. The people does not comprehend any power that is not repre- sented by a person ; in their eyes the impersonal power of a deliberative body is a mere shadow. It is necessary, then, that the president must be named by the parliament. The election of the president by the people in the United States every four years calls forth a periodical crisis too intense for the European nations to endure.* That would be enough to give a disgust for the republican regime. . . . Switzerland changes its president without attracting notice. Scarcely has she a functionary deserving of the name ; but while in Switz- erland the competence of the president is almost a nullity, in France it is universal, immense, unlimited. It is absolutely necessary for the parliament to have a legal and easy method of recalling [*'. e.9 deposing] the president, since temptations and encouragements to usurpation will not be wanting to him. The upper chamber should have the power of removing him from his place on the demand of the lower chamber.11 M. E. Duvergier d'Hauranne, in his " Republique conser- vatrice " (Paris, 1873), discusses with ability the same subject at some length, (pp. 186-204). Some of his positions .are that the relations of the executive and legislative powers can- not be regulated in an isolated way on abstract principles ; but it is necessary to know how these powers will be adjusted to one another. The executive power cannot be constituted in the same way with two .chambers and with oneŚwith a chamber renewed in part at intervals, and with one the mem- bers of which go out of office together ; " with a sovereign assembly invested with powers almost revolutionary and with * The crisis of a presidential election, and the feeling then excited, are magnified in the imaginations of the European writers on Amer- ican affairs.