Garden with Insight v1.0 Help: Soil patch next day functions: allocate water to plants
After each of the plants in the soil patch has carried out some of its next-day functions the soil patch
presides over the allocation of water to each of the plants. First the soil patch goes through the list of
plants asking each plant for its water demand.
Water demand for each plant is calculated using the potential-actual
method in several steps. 1) The first estimate of water demand is the potential transpiration for the
plant, which was calculated several functions before this. 2) That estimate is reduced by an exponential distribution which
represents the decreasing spread of the plant roots as you move down the soil
profile. 3) Then another adjustment is made for the plant's ability to compensate for a water deficit in
one layer by pulling more water from another layer. The plant's ability to do this deficit
compensation depends on the root growth constraint for the layer
as an index of root health in the layer. 4) The next estimate is
generated by reducing water demand if the amount of plant-available water (above the wilting point) is less than 25% of the possible plant-available soil water
(field capacity minus wilting point). This limit represents physical
limits on how much water the roots can quickly take up from the soil. 5) And finally the plant
water demand is reduced by the root growth constraint in each soil
layer. You would expect the root growth constraint to affect the addition of new root biomass directly, but instead the simulation uses the root growth constraint
to reduce water demand by the roots in each layer, then uses the water use in each layer to calculate root
growth. It comes out to the same thing.
Now the soil patch has a water demand for each of its plants. The total amount of plant-available water in
the soil patch is the soil water content minus the wilting point. The
reason the soil still has water at its wilting point is because plant roots cannot reach into very tiny soil
pores, called micropores. The water in those tiny pores can never be absorbed by plants, and so they wilt in soil that still contains some water.
The amount of water to be distributed among the plants in the patch, then, is the soil water content minus
the wilting point, but we take an extra 10% of that amount off for good measure. The soil patch partitions
the available water among its plants in exact relation to their demands. There is no weighting of
individual plants by leaf area, or biomass, or even root biomass. This is because each plant takes its own
root biomass distribution and root growth constraints into account when it figures its demand.
Actually, the water partitioning part of the simulation was our addition to EPIC. EPIC simulates an entire
field of plants as one mass of living tissue and has no competition among plants. Another model based on EPIC, ALMANAC, simulates competition among several
species of plants in a field (usually crops and weeds). We wanted a flexible approach that would allow any
number of plants of any number of types, so we chose this simple method. We simply changed EPIC's
"water use" method to read "water demand" and added partitioning between plants.
This method is somewhat like the method in SPUR, a model of rangeland grasses. There are problems
with this partitioning scheme: in reality, some species of plants outcompete other species by various
methods; this model does not take into account the differing root shapes of different species (tap roots,
surface root mats, etc); and some plants even actively discourage the growth of other plant roots. These
are all areas for improvement in the future.
Also notice that the water partitioning model has no spatial component. All the plants in a soil patch
share equally in the soil patch's water, even though one plant may be squarely in the soil patch and
another may be at the edge. Two plants at the furthest reaches of a large soil patch inhibit each other's
water uptake just as much as two plants right next to each other.
After the plant-available water is distributed, the plants record their water use and the total amount of
water used in each soil layer is subtracted from the water in the layer.
calculation of potential transpiration, root
EPIC Plant Water Use