Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
"The publication of Richard Frank's long-awaited Downfall is an event of great importance, not only to historians but to the general public. No aspect of World War II is more controversial today than the use of atomic bombs against Japan in 1945. Some have argued that this act was cruel and unnecessary since Japan was on the verge of surrender. But by means of exhaustive research and the employment of previously neglected and recently declassified sources, Frank proves in this definitive book that neither the Emperor nor the Japa-nese armed forces were anywhere close to surrendering in August 1945.
"In a stunning tour de force, Frank re-creates the end of the war, not as it seemed to people writing much later but as it appeared to American and Japanese decision makers at the time. Though the bomb was often seen as the worst possible means of ending the Pacific war, Frank establishes that its use was superior to all existing alternatives, and saved not only Allied lives but Japa-nese lives as well. Masterly in conception, brilliantly reasoned, superbly researched, Downfall is all but impossible to put down.
"Anyone concerned with the moral, military, and political issues surrounding the end of the Pacific war must read this book."
--William L. O'Neill, author of "A Democracy at War
Downfall opens with a vivid portrayal of the catastrophic fire raid on Tokyo in March 1945--which was to be followed by the utter destruction of almost every major Japanese city--and ends with the anguished vigil of American and Japanese leaders waiting to learn if Japan's armed forces would obey the Emperor's order to surrender.
America's use of the atom bomb has generatedmore heated controversy than any other event of the whole war:
Did nuclear weapons save the lives of hundreds of thousands of Americans poised to invade Japan?
Did U.S. leaders know that Japan was urgently seeking peace and needed only assurance about the Emperor's safety to end the war swiftly?
Was the bomb really used to intimidate the Russians?
Why wasn't the devastating power of the weapon demonstrated first before being unleashed on a city?
Richard B. Frank has brought to life these critical times, working from primary documents, reports, diaries, and newly declassified records. These pages present the untold story of how American leaders learned in the summer of 1945 that their compromise strategy to end the war by blockade and bombardment, followed by invasion, had been shattered; radio intelligence had unmasked a massive Japanese buildup on Kyushu designed to turn the initial invasion into a bloody shambles. Meanwhile, the text and analysis of diplomatic intercepts depicted sterile prospects for negotiation before a final clash of arms. Here also, for the first time, is a full and balanced account of how Japan's leaders risked annihilation by gambling on a military strategy aimed at securing political bargaining leverage to preserve the old order in Japan.
Downfall replaces the myths that now surround the end of the war and the use of the bomb with the stark realities of this great historical controversy.
Raid of March 910
Strategies Old Strategies New
From Zeppelins to B29s
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Air Force aircraft Allied American Anami April Area Army atomic bomb attack August August 11 battle blockade Bomber Command brigades Butow campaign casualties Chiefs of Staff CINCPAC civilians combat Corps Daihon'ei Rikugun-Bu deaths Decision to Surrender defense diary divisions Emperor estimate fire Folder Glantz Hiroshima Hokkaido Homeland Hondo Kessen Junbi Honshu Ibid Imperial Army Imperial Navy incendiary intelligence invasion Japan Japan's Decision Japanese Joint Chiefs July 45 June kamikaze Kawabe Ketsu-Go Kido Kido's Koichi Kido Kwantung Army LeMay losses MacArthur Magic Diplomatic Summary Manchuria Marshall ment military mission Nagasaki naval Nimitz officers Okinawa Olympic operations Pacific Pacific war peace percent postwar Potsdam Declaration raid Sato Shigenori Togo southern Kyushu Soviet Statement Stimson Suzuki tank target tion Togo Togo's tons troops Truman Twentieth Air Force Ultra Umezu unconditional surrender units USSBS weapons XXI BC XXI Bomber Command