Cuneiform Tablet. Cone, 11.5 cm. high, 3.8 cm. diameter. Ur, Southern Babylonia, ca. 2060 BCE. RBML, Cuneiform Collection
This cone was found prior to 1937 in what is now Southern Iraq in the
archeological site of Ur of the Chaldees, the birthplace of Abraham. It was
built into a temple wall with similar cones, serving a purpose similar to our
modern corner stone. The inscription, dating from the reign of King
Libit-Ishtar, just prior to the time of Abraham, is one of the best examples yet
discovered of writing dating from that period, and confirms the existence of
some of the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis, once doubted, including
Erech, Isin, Sumer and Akkad.
Gift of Frances Henne, 1973
Grant of the monastery of San Salvador de Cornellana to Cluny. Manuscript document on parchment, Lugo (?), Spain, March 7, 1122 CE. RBML, Smith Documents 2
Although this is one of a constellation of three 12th century
copies containing the same text with variant readings, the present document has
not been studied in context with the others to ascertain its recipient.
Presumably the three copies were to be retained by the parties concerned: the
French Benedictine monastery of Cluny; the Spanish monastery of San Salvador;
the donating family. It has been speculated that Count Suero Vermúdez and his
wife, Enderquina made the donation in order to ingratiate themselves with the
clergy, thus counterbalancing the power of the queen of León and Castile, Urraca
(1081-1126). It was nonetheless Urraca herself, her son Alfonso and her daughter
Sancia who confirmed the donation, along with four bishops, two priors, another
count and a host of nobles listed in two long columns of witnesses at the end of
the document. Another charter, dated eight years later, determined that,
independently of the choices of the by-then king, Alfonso VII and of Count
Suero, the donation was legal and must take effect (showing how little interest
there had been on the part of king and count to bring the 1122 donation to effect).
Gift of David Eugene Smith, 1931
Marco Polo (1254-1324).
Buch des edeln Ritters und Landtfahrers Marco Polo. Nuremberg: Friedrich Creussner, 1477. RBML, Engel Collection
Fourteen copies of this incunable survive, although not all with the
woodcut frontispiece depicting Marco Polo as a Renaissance gentleman, posing
before a cloth of honor. The German of the text was produced by an anonymous
translator who worked from a Tuscan copy: whenever he encountered a word he
didn't recognize, he left it in that Italian dialect. As with many incunables,
the printed text stands independently of the surviving manuscripts (two, in this
case); presumably its exemplar was jettisoned once the printer, Creussner had
finished using it for setting the type.
Gift of Solton and Julia Engel, 1955
Gilles Le Bouvier (1386-ca. 1457).
La chronique des rois Charles 6 et 7 conformé aux troubles d'aujourduy. Manuscript on paper. France, late 15th century. RBML, Jeanne d'Arc Collection J1.C46
Gilles Le Bouvier, herald of the King of France and King-of-Arms of Berry,
was in the army with Joan of Arc from the coronation of Charles VII at Rheims to
her capture at Compiègne. His chronicle was first published in 1661. This
manuscript is part of the collection formed by Acton Griscom, one of the most
important collections of books and manuscripts about Joan of Arc outside of France.
Gift of Acton Griscom, 1920
Denga. Russia, Moscow Mint, 16th century. Silver wire coin. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive
This coin was apparently produced during the reign of Ivan IV (1530-1584)
better known as Ivan the Terrible. Ivan IV was the first Russian ruler who was
formally crowned as Czar (1547). Ivan the Terrible reformed the Government and
Court, conquered Kazan Khan (1552) and Astrakhan Khan (1556) and created an
empire that included non-Slav states. The home policy of Ivan the Terrible was
accompanied by repressions and the enslaving of peasants.
Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598).
Theatrum orbis terrarum. Antwerp: Egidius Coppens Diesth, 1570. RBML
Ortelius's "Theater of the Whole World" is considered the first modern
geographical atlas and was first published on May 20, 1570. It proved to be so
popular that a second edition appeared later that year. Ortelius compiled and
edited the work, gathering together the best maps that he could find, and had
them re-engraved in uniform size, listing all of the contributors to the volume.
Most of the engraving work was executed by Franz Hogenberg (fl. 1558 - 1590).
Joan Oliva (1580-1615).
Portolan atlas of five charts of the European and African Coasts of the
Mediterranean and Atlantic. Manuscript on 6 parchment leaves, signed. Italy, ca. 1590. RBML, Plimpton MS 94
The portolan chart is of the same tradition as the isolario, and
many of the portolan atlases made by the Oliva family and other chart makers of
the period include an isolario at the end. This fine example has only
charts. Portolan charts were used by mariners well into the seventeenth century,
but there was also a demand for richly decorated versions among the enlightened
wealthy. One can assume that the present atlas was meant for this market. Joan
Oliva was the most prolific member of a large family of Catalan chart makers,
one branch of which had settled in Messina (Sicily) some time before 1550.
Charts signed by at least sixteen members of the Oliva family are recorded, with
dates between 1538 and 1673.
Gift of George Arthur Plimpton, 1936
Peter I, Czar of Russia (1672-1725).
Patent. Moscow, May 3, 1722. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive, Georgii Mitrofanovich Kiselevskii Papers
Peter I was a grandson of Russian Czar Mikhail Romanov (1596-1645), a
founder of the Romanov dynasty, and was proclaimed a tsar at the age of ten. He
introduced a series of important reforms, which placed Russia among the major
European powers. Peter's main goal was to regain access to the Baltic Sea and in
1700 he started the Northern War with Sweden. The war lasted for 21 years, after
which Russia was declared an Empire. This Patent raises Yurii Gein to the Rank
of Colonel. It also signed by Alexander Menshikov (1673-1729), Peter the Great's
A plan of the boundary lines between the Province of Maryland and the
three lower counties on the Delaware with part of the parallel of latitude which
is the boundary between the provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Robert Kennedy, 1768. 2 sheets, (54.5 x 76 cm., 54.5 x 77 cm.) RBML, Historical Map Collection
The surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon established the boundary
line in 1767, which was to bear their names, resolving a dispute of nearly
ninety years between the Penns and the Baltimores. The boundary, 244 miles in
length, is printed on two sheets, the eastern line on a single copperplate, the
western line, because of its length, divided into three parts, one engraved
under the other. This copy belonged to Benjamin Chew (1722-1810), a member of
the Boundary Commission established in 1750 by the English High Court.
Gift of the Chew Family through the Courtesy of John T. Chew, 1983
John Jay (1745-1829).
Federalist Number 5. Autograph manuscript, 4 p., 1788. RBML, John Jay Papers
Along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, John Jay formed the
triumvirate of authors who wrote and anonymously published The
Federalist, an eloquent series of essays in defense of the Constitution of
1787. Jay wrote five of the essays, and this is his manuscript draft for Number
5, which varies from the printed version. It is a concise, tightly argued
exposition warning that rejection of the federal form of government would
reinforce and worsen the already apparent sectional strife among the thirteen
states; therefore, only through the establishment of a united American state
could the young nation hope to succeed in its domestic and foreign affairs.
Purchased on the Frederic Bancroft Fund and Various Donors
George Washington (1732-1799).
Proposals for the additional army. Autograph manuscript, 4 p., 1798 or 1799. RBML, Hamilton Family Papers
This working draft of George Washington's proposals for the new American
army was probably given by the President to Alexander Hamilton for his comments,
since it remained in the Hamilton family until coming to Columbia. Written on
both sides of two integral folio leaves, it has sections headed "Half-pay,
& Pensionary establishmt." and "Compleating the Regiments and
altering the establishmt. of them."
Gift of Marie Hamilton McDavid Barrett, 1988
France. Ministère de la Marine.
Comptabilité particulière du Citoyen David, pour l'Expedition d'Angleterre. Manuscript on paper, 21 folios. Dunkirk, 1799. RBML, Montgomery MS 252
Robert Hiester Montgomery (1872-1953) assembled an outstanding collection
of books and manuscripts that document the history of accounting and business
procedures from the 14th to the 20th century. These
include instruction books, daybooks, waste books, journals, bank books, ledgers,
receipt books, storage books, invoice books, registers, ships' logs,
letterbooks, tax roll books, articles of agreement, bills of sale, deeds, wills,
and other business items, making it is the largest collection of rare accounting
works in the United States. This document, created for the French Ministry of
the Navy by "Citoyen David," gives detailed estimates of the amount of money
required for Napoleon's projected invasion of England from Dunkirk.
Gift of Robert H. Montgomery, 1924
Kara George (1762-1817).
Agreement. Belgrade, December 14, 1808. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia Papers
This document represents an agreement between Kara George, leader of the
Serbian people in their struggle for independence from the Turks and founder of
the Karageorgevic dynasty, and the Serbian National Council. It introduced a
system of limited monarchy and established the legal basis for the
Karageorgevich Dynasty. The text was first published in the "Istorija Matice
Srpske," [Novi Sad]: Matice Srpska, 1863, page 149.
Gift of Prince Paul and Princess Olga of Yugoslavia, 1954-1985
Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865).
Arithmetic exercises from manuscript sum book. Autograph manuscript, 2 p., 1824. RBML, Plimpton Collection
The earliest known examples of Lincoln's handwriting come from the
arithmetic text that he copied out for his own educational use while living in
Indiana. His later law partner and biographer, William H. Herndon, acquired the
hand-stitched notebook in 1866. The leaves were later separated and scattered,
and today only ten of them are located. It was a fitting addition to the
collection of George Arthur Plimpton, a member of the board of directors of
textbook publishers Ginn & Company, whose vast collection shows the
development of education.
Gift of George Arthur Plimpton, 1936
Alexander I, Czar of Russia (1777-1825).
Funeral scroll. Manuscript on paper, Russia, (ca. 914 cm.), 1826. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive, Georgii Mitrofanovich Kiselevskii Papers
This printed scroll (stolbets) depicts the order of the Alexander I funeral
ceremony. The scroll is comprised of 18 sections, each 20 inches long and 3
inches wide. Each section describes a sequence of the mourning procession, for
instance, a mourning procession being held on the occasion of a transfer of the
deceased Emperor, Alexander the First, from the Our Lady of Kazan Cathedral to
the Peter and Paul Cathedral. After the Master of Ceremonies there will be His
Imperial Majesty's Personal Convoy, etc.
This type of funeral ceremony was introduced by Peter the Great. The
Tsar-Reformer had borrowed many details from Western funeral tradition such as
horses, shields with coats-of-arms, helmets, gold spurs and swords. The last
Emperor buried according to the adopted tradition was Alexander III (1881).
Alexander Bestuzhev (1797-1837).
On Your Namesake Day. Yakutia, May 18, 1829. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive, General Manuscript Collection, Bestuzhev
Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev (pseudonym Marlinsky) was a military
officer, popular writer, literary critic and poet. However, after participation
in the Decembrist Revolt of 1825, his life dramatically changed. Bestuzhev was
stripped of his noble status and exiled first to Siberia and then to the
Caucasus. His prose and poetry were not published and his name was not mentioned
until his death in 1837. In 1838 Bestuzhev's sister published his collective
works. A multivolume set was sold out within weeks of its issue.
On Your Namesake Day was first published in this edition from an incomplete
copy and wrongly dated 1828. The original has never been found and all later
editions used the same incomplete copy.
Gift of Ekaterina G. Garina, 1964
Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749-1838).
Memorie. In tre volume. Seconda editione corretta, ampliata e accresciuta. New York: Pubblicate dall'Autore, 1829-30. RBML
The beginning of Italian studies in North America can be traced to 1825
when Lorenzo Da Ponte joined the faculty of Columbia College. Da Ponte had
arrived in New York in 1805, an immigrant grocer and private teacher, who had
fallen on hard times following his days as Mozart's librettist. While at
Columbia, he finished writing his memoirs, that had been first published as a
slim volume in 1807 ("Storia compendiousa della vita di Lorenzo Da Ponte"), then
as a three volume work published serially from 1823 to 1829, and this revised
and augmented edition, published in 1829-1830. Da Ponte considered it to be his
Nicholas I, Czar of Russia (1796-1855).
Autograph letter, signed, to Count Alexander Benckendorff (with envelope). Peterhof, June 19, 1837. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive, Benckendorff Family Papers
Nicholas the First was the personification of classic autocracy. His
reactionary policies earned him the title "The emperor, who froze Russia for 30
years." Nicholas was faced early in his reign with an uprising in the army, the
Decembrist revolt, which he dealt with swiftly and decidedly, thus establishing
his reputation as a powerful leader. In this letter to a close friend, Count
Alexander Khristoforovich Benckendorff (1782-1844), he discusses his
architectural projects in Peterhof (his estate near St. Petersburg) as well as
his observations on a situation in England in the beginning of the reign of
Purchased from the Benckendorff Family Estate, on the Tulinoff Fund, 1995
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).
Autobiography of J. S. Mill, written by himself. Autograph manuscript, 210 leaves, 1861, 1869-70. RBML
One of the most versatile British thinkers of the nineteenth century, Mill
was an incisive critic of liberalism as well as its greatest exponent. His
Autobiography, published the year of his death, has eclipsed his
political and economic studies, such as the Essay on Liberty and
Utilitarianism. According to a note written by Mill's step-daughter Helen
Taylor on this manuscript, the work was "to be published without alterations or
omissions, within one year of my death." In fact, it was published from a
hastily made copy, and it was not until 1924 that an edition, based on this
manuscript, considered more reliable since it is in Mill's own hand, was first
published by the Columbia University Press. The 1861 portion of the manuscript
represents a heavily revised version of an early draft done in 1851; the last
forty-eight leaves are the only draft of all but one small portion of the rest
of the Autobiography.
Gift of nine members of the Department of Philosophy: Lawrence Buermayer,
William F. Cooley, John J. Coss, Horace L. Friess, James Gutmann, Thomas Munro,
Houston Peterson, John H. Randall, Jr., and Herbert W. Schneider, 1942
K. F. von Gan.
Czar Nicholas II with his family. Photograph, Tsarskoye Selo, (18 x 24 cm.), July 17, 1906. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive, Corps of Pages Papers
Rare photo of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II (1868-1918) holding his
son, successor to the throne, Tsarevich Aleksei (1904-1918). Next to him is his
wife Alexandra Fiodorovna (1872-1918) and their three daughters. This photograph
was taken during maneuvers and a military review at the Guard's summer camp at
Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg.
Gift of Colonel Meshcherinov, 1957
Nicholas Murray Butler (1862-1947).
Medal, Nobel Prize for Peace, 1931. RBML, Nicholas Murray Butler Papers
Butler was also involved with the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, serving as its president from 1925 to 1945. He used his friendship with
many world leaders, including Pope Pius XI, in pursuit of peace and
international cooperation, working to secure the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Treaty
outlawing wars. For this work he received the Nobel Prize for peace, jointly
with Jane Addams, in 1931.
Nicholas Murray Butler, as Robert A. McCaughey has stated in his 250th
anniversary history Stand Columbia, "was the dominant personality in
Columbia University's history in the first half of the twentieth century,"
serving as President from 1902 until 1945. He viewed the world, not merely
Morningside Heights, as worthy of his attention and considered himself the last
of America's "presidential" university presidents. Even though, according to
then university archivist Milton Halsey Thomas, Butler spent the last two years
of his life directing the selected pruning of his papers for posterity, they
still amount to 600 boxes of material and 315 volumes of newspaper clippings.
Gift of the Estate of Nicholas Murray Butler, 1947
Jane Addams (1860-1935).
Twenty Years at Hull-House with Autobiographical Notes ... with
Illustrations by Norah Hamilton, Hull-House, Chicago. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910. College, Overbury Collection
Jane Addams is best known as the founder of Hull House in Chicago, one of
the first social settlements in North America. During a trip to Europe in
1887-88 with Ellen Gates Starr, she was inspired by a visit to the Toynbee Hall
settlement house, founded in 1884. Toynbee Hall was located in Whitechapel, the
area east of the City of London that would become notorious for the exploits of
Jack the Ripper beginning in August, 1888.
Returning to the United States, Addams and Starr acquired a large vacant
house that had been built by Charles Hull, renaming it Hull House. This would
grow to a settlement that included thirteen buildings and a camp near Lake
Geneva, Wisconsin. In 1910, the year that Twenty Years at Hull House was
published, she became the first woman president of the National Conference of
Social Work. In 1920, she was instrumental in the founding of the American Civil
Liberties Union. For these and many other endeavors, she was awarded the Nobel
Prize for peace in 1931, along with Nicholas Murray Butler.
Bequest of Bertha Van Riper Overbury, 1963
Frances Perkins (1880-1965).
Draft notes of reply to F. D. Roosevelt on her nomination to the Cabinet. Autograph manuscript notes, ca. February 25, 1933. RBML, Frances Perkins Papers
Frances Perkins was the first woman ever to become a U. S. presidential
Cabinet member, serving as Secretary of Labor for all twelve years of the
administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. She had been Industrial Commissioner of
New York from 1929 to 1932 while Roosevelt was Governor, and after being elected
President, he asked her to join him in Washington. Before accepting his offer,
she wrote these notes in order to determine whether or not he would support her
ideas. These would become the most important elements of the New Deal: including
unemployment relief, public works, maximum hours, minimum wages, child labor
laws, and social security.
Gift of Frances Perkins, 1955
Harrison & Abramovitz.
Sketch of original plans for United Nations building. Pencil on tracing paper, (36.2 x 44.5 cm.), 1947. Avery Library, Drawings and Archives, Wallace Harrison Collection
The United Nations was designed by a committee of international architects
selected by Wallace Harrison. Le Corbusier from France, Howard Robertson of
England, and Oscar Niemeyer from Brazil were among the members of this
committee, of which Harrison was the Director of Planning. The architects were
charged with planning and siting the buildings needed to house the complex
functions of the newly formed international council. As the architects presented
and discussed ideas, the concepts were turned over to a team of renderers,
headed by Hugh Ferriss, to develop the ideas into drawings. This drawing is one
of many sketches Harrison made.
Gift of Ellen Harrison (Mrs. Wallace Harrison), 1981
Mikhail Taube (1869-1961).
Reminiscences, 1900-1917 [Fragment of a memoir]. Paris, 1954. RBML, Bakhmeteff Archive, Mikhail Alexandrovich Taube Papers
In 1953, Anatolii Vel'min, Parisian representative of a newly organized
Russian Archive at Columbia University, asked Baron Mikhail Alexandrovich Taube,
former Professor of International Law at St. Petersburg University, Senator, and
former Advisor to the Imperial Minister of Public Education, to write a memoir
about everything that he had witnessed and participated in during his long life.
The Archive pledged to pay $100 for its first commissioned memoir. Of the
three hundred memoirs now in the Bakhmeteff Archive, over one hundred date from
the time of this memoir initiative. Baron Taube's reminiscences will be
published by the Russian Publishing House ROSSPEN in 2005.
Purchased on the Humanity Fund, 1953
Herbert L. Matthews (1900-1977).
Interview with Fidel Castro in Sierra Maestras Mountains. Autograph manuscript notes, February 17, 1957. RBML, Herbert L. Matthews Papers
During the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro's forces were attacked by
Batista's army at the foot of the Sierra Maestras in eastern Cuba. A government
report claimed that forty of the rebels had been killed, including Castro. Only
a few of them escaped into the mountains, among them Fidel, his brother Raul,
and a gun-totting, asthmatic Argentinean physician, Che Guevara. These few
survived with the help of people who lived in the mountains, while outside the
Sierra Maestras few knew of the rebels' existence.
In early 1957, Herbert Matthews of the New York Times evaded army
checkpoints, interviewed Castro, and returned to New York. Publication of the
interview created a sensation and Cuba's minister of defense called the story a
fantasy. The New York Times published a photo of Matthews and Castro,
making the Batista regime look foolish. With the publication of this interview
Castro gained the credibility and international support that allowed him to
overthrow Batista's government. The Matthews Papers also include the working
notes, manuscript, and typescript of his biography of Castro, published in 1969
by Simon and Schuster.
Matthews had Castro sign one page of his notes as further proof of the
authenticity of his interview. That portion of the page was detached, and for a
time was missing, but was eventually returned to Matthews who sent it along to
join the other pages of notes, already given to Columbia.
Gift of Herbert L. Matthews, 1962
L. S. Alexander Gumby (1885-1961).
Collection of Negroiana. New York, ca. 1800 - 1961. Multi-media. RBML, Gumby Collection
Earlier treasures of the Columbia libraries exhibits have overlooked the
achievement of Alexander Gumby, a book collector and Harlem hairdresser who
compiled a remarkable series of scrapbooks that document African-American life
in America. Gumby started his collection in 1901 at the age of sixteen, and in
1910 began the process of gathering the material into scrapbooks. Most of the
material dates from the period 1910 until 1950, the year that he presented the
collection to the Columbia University Libraries. Whole volumes are devoted to
major figures such as Booker T. Washington, Paul Robeson and Josephine Baker. In
addition to his six volumes of personal scrapbooks, labeled "Gumby's
Autobiography," that came with the original collection, the library has recently
acquired materials that were held back as too private, detailing his life as a
gay black man.
Gift of L. S. Alexander Gumby, 1950
Kate Millett (b. 1934).
Sexual Politics [Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D.]. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1970. RBML
In her groundbreaking Columbia University dissertation, Kate Millett
proposed an end to patriarchy. Using passages from Henry Miller, Jean Genet and
Norman Mailer, Millett illustrated how men use sex to degrade women. Millett
assailed romantic love ("a means of emotional manipulation which the male is
free to exploit") and called for an end to monogamous marriage and the family.
The late 60's and early 70's became the second wave of the fight for equal
rights for women. At that time woman were only 3% of the lawyers in the country
and 7% of the doctors, earning 59% of the salaries given to men for similar
jobs. Millet used the $30,000 that she earned for the initial publication of
Sexual Politics to establish the Women's Art Colony Farm for writers
and visual artists.
Copy submitted for the Ph.D., 1970
Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993).
Transcript of Oral History Interview. New York: Columbia University, Oral History Research Office, 1977. Oral History Research Office
The Columbia University Oral History Research Office is the oldest and
largest organized oral history program in the world. Founded in 1948 by Pulitzer
Prize-winning historian Allan Nevins, the oral history collection now contains
nearly 8,000 taped memoirs, and nearly 1,000,000 pages of transcript. These
memoirs include interviews with a wide variety of historical figures, including
Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court, appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. Some interviews,
conducted in the late 1940s, contain recollections dating back to the second
administration of Grover Cleveland. An interview with Charles C. Burlingham
conducted in 1949 opens with a discussion of the drafts riots during the U. S.
Civil War. This transcript of Thurgood Marshall's oral history interview,
conducted by Ed Edwin in Washington, D.C. in February, 1977, captures something
of his unique presence, even on paper.
The Oral History Research Office has never confined its work to one area of
historical experience or to one region. It is the only oral history program in
the country which conducts interviews over a broad range of fields and areas.
Thus it has attracted scholars from around the world, whose research has
examined almost every aspect of our recent past. The focus of the collection is
United States political and cultural history. However, there are large projects
in the history of China and Argentina, and some scattered interviews on the
histories of other countries. Each year approximately 200 to 300 interviews are
added to the collection through the efforts of the OHRO itself and by donation.
These interviews generally fall into two categories: longer biographical memoirs
and shorter interviews focused on specific topics or experiences.
Harrison E. Salisbury (1908-1993).
China Diary-Tiananmen. Spiral bound notebook. Beijing, June, 1989. RBML, Harrison E. Salisbury Papers
The American journalist Harrison E. Salisbury was well-known for his
reporting and authorship of books on the Soviet Union. A distinguished
correspondent and editor for The New York Times, he was the first
American reporter to visit Hanoi during the Vietnam War. In 1989, at age 81,
Salisbury journeyed to China to collaborate on a documentary marking forty years
of the Chinese People's Republic. His assignment by Japan's NHK TV coincided
with the events in Beijing during the first days of June, 1989. Salisbury found
himself in a hotel room one block away from Tiananmen Square, arriving the day
before student demonstrators and government troops met for their bloody
confrontation. His book, Tiananmen Diary: Thirteen Days in June,
published later that year, records not only the terror and confusion in Beijing,
but also the reaction in the countryside, where Salisbury traveled in the
aftermath of the tragedy.
Gift of the Estate of Harrison E. Salisbury, 1993