The Fresno Asthmatic Children's Environment Study (FACES) is designed to analyze the effects of air pollution on asthmatic children aged 6 to 16 years living in Fresno, California. A group of approximately 315 asthmatic children were monitored from 2001 to 2008 to evaluate the effects of daily air pollution levels on short-term asthma, to assess the influence of short-term asthma exacerbation on the progression of childhood asthma over the course of several years, and to evaluate the extent to which other environmental factors (such as tobacco smoke, allergens, and other bioaerosols) and housing characteristics influence asthmatic children's response to air pollution. STI performed the exposure assessment element of the study, which involved study design, ambient air quality measurements, housing and time-activity surveys, residential and school air pollution sampling, and exposure modeling. A one-year intensive sampling program was deployed to collect measurements of indoor and outdoor particulate matter mass and chemical constituents, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, endotoxins, pollens, spores, and environmental tobacco smoke. Mobile vans provided detailed exposure information for schools and exposure models were developed to estimate children’s daily exposure to air pollution. Extensive analyses of the spatial and temporal characteristics of pollution and health effects in Fresno are being conducted.
Key findings from the study include:
- Exposure of asthmatic children living in Fresno to higher levels of NO2 and coarse particles (2.5 to 10 µm diameter) increases their risk of wheeze. Children with atopy to cat dander or common fungi and boys with mild intermittent asthma are the subgroups at greatest risk.
- Exposure to traffic-related pollutants is associated with reduced lung function in asthmatic children. Whether NO2 has an independent effect on lung function or is a surrogate for the traffic pollution mix remains to be determined.
- The spatial variability of pollutant concentrations in Fresno is highest for primary species such as NO, CO, endotoxin, and selected PM10 trace elements (e.g., Al, Co, Ti, Cu); moderate for PM2.5, PMc, PM10, NO2, EC, OC, Si, Ca, Fe, Br, Mn, K, and Zn; and low for ozone and SO4.