MULTIPLE CHOICE (circle the single best answer, 1.5 pts each)
b. is classified as toxic and hazardous
c. reduces agricultural productivity
*d. produces vast amounts of nonpoint source pollution
*b. the steady production of varied waste products
c. disposal of solid waste specifically
d. the intermittent production of particular wastes
b. dumps are cleaner and smell less
*c. landfilled waste is compacted and covered
d. landfills and dumps do not differ at all
b. primary pollutants, non-human resources.
c. secondary pollutants, non-human resources.
d. All of the above are correct.
*e. Both a and c are correct.
b. When pollutant is removed from one medium (water, soil, and air), its mass is put into another medium.
c. The production of some chemicals used to treat pollution can cause negative environmental consequences when and where they are produced.
*d. Environmental benefits of pollution treatment always outweigh the environmental costs.
b. is unsorted
*c. is sorted
d. is selectively collected
*b. tainted with a variety of toxic substances
c. extremely pure carbon, with no nutrients
d. tainted with toxics in some rare cases
b. reduce, recycle, and reuse
*c. reduce, reuse, recycle
d. reuse, recycle, and reduce
c. industrial facilities
d. commercial enterprises
b. 20 - 30%
*c. 30 - 40%
d. 40 - 50%
b. throughput approach
c. end point step
*d. input approach
b. are useful mainly in demonstrating to corporations that reducing solid wastes is possible
c. have little effect but make people feel better
d. matter very little
*b. when exposed to UV light
c. as they age
d. when exposed to pressure
b. metal processing
d. electrical utilities
b. encourages complete destruction of wastes whenever possible; a database of compounds
c. addresses abandoned hazardous waste sites; a database of compounds
d. encourages complete destruction of wastes whenever possible; strict, joint, and several liability
b. amount of energy available measured in joules
c. capacity to do work measured in BTUs
d. All of the above are correct.
b. careless strip mining methods
c. coal dust literally filling lungs like dust in a vacuum cleaner bag
*d. coal dust causing inflammation and fibrosis of the lungs
*c. sulfur oxides
d. volatile organic compounds
b. second largest
*c. third largest
d. fourth largest
b. conversion to less hazardous material, perpetual storage, in-plant options
c. conversion to less hazardous material, in-plant options, perpetual storage
*d. in-plant options, conversion to less hazardous material, perpetual storage
*b. inefficient production and conversion technologies
c. the fact that more efficient energy conversion is not possible
d. poorly insulated walls
b. energy saved in waste heat capture
c. lifetime energy consumption of all users of the energy produced by a plant or generator
*d. the energy costs for the entire energy system including construction, fuel extraction, energy conversion, etc.
b. coal combustion
c. crude oil combustion
d. passive solar
d. crude oil
*b. to block sunlight from warming the interior in the summer
c. to heat space directly
d. all of the above
b. two or three large blades
c. horizontal axis eggbeater designs
d. two or four very small blades
b. passive heat absorption
c. fuel cells
*d. parabolic mirrors
b. artificially heated water injected below ground
c. moving tectonic plates
d. temperature differences between different layers of groundwater
b. electrolytic decomposition of saltwater
*c. turbines that spin in the flow of tide water
d. all of these together
b. densely populated urban spaces
c. regions with heavy precipitation and cloud formation
d. regions with high bird populations
*b. battery, electricity
c. battery, heat
d. steam engine, heat
b. oxygen; refuse-derived fuel source
c. electricity; non-renewable resource
d. heat; cogeneration process
b. among poorer classes; for a country
c. per person; in the total wealth of a country
*d. for a country; of income per person
b. community members will attempt, without success, to sustain a resource for future generations
*c. only privatization or strict laws can overcome peopleís selfish and greedy nature
d. individuals will try to maximize gain for the group at a loss for the individual
*b. external costs
c. direct costs
d. internal costs
b. includes many subjective judgements
c. is partially a political decision-making process
*d. Both b and c are correct.
e. Both a and c are correct.
*b. numbers of neutrons
c. numbers of orbiting electrons
d. numbers of "bullets"
b. 23; 41
*c. 20: 40
d. 20; 36
b. 2 years
*c. 200 years
d. 400 years
42. __T__ Any time you burn anything in air, nitrogen oxides are produced.
43. __T__ Solid waste separation at the source is more efficient than separation after the materials have been discarded.
44. __T__ The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is designed to prevent the production of hazardous substances.
45. __F__ One of the big advantages of using a secure chemical landfill for disposing of hazardous wastes is that keeping records of the identity of the hazardous wastes that are stored there is not required.
46. __F__ Illegal dumping and storage of hazardous waste has become a problem mainly since passage of the Superfund Act.
47. __F__ Coal currently provides the greatest source of energy in the U.S..
48. __T__ Generally, the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics losses that occur in the fuel cycle decrease the amount of energy available for the end use.
49. __T__ Experts predict that there is 100 times more energy available from energy conservation and increased energy efficiency than from new supplies of conventional forms of energy.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION (10 points):
52b. It is clear that our society must decrease the amount of refuse disposed of in sanitary landfills.
2. What environmental or health hazards is a sanitary landfill designed to prevent?
3. What opportunities does the individual have to decrease the demand for sanitary landfill space?
2. Speculate as to the environmental consequences of each.
3. Discuss the limitations on the use of such sources.