The aim of the study: The aim of the study was clinical and cytological examination of gingival changes in smokers and non-smokers. was higher than in non-smokers group, but difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The values of examined indices showed buy 213261-59-7 higher values in smokers group. This finding could show that the level of oral hygiene is higher in the non smokers group. The size of nucleus (area, Ferrets diameter and perimeter) was higher in the group of smokers, but differences were not statistically significant. Teamwork of many different speciality experts is required for better periodontal health of smokers. Key words: smoking, periodontal disease, gingival, cytological investigation. 1.?INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease is chronic, inflammatory disease followed by destruction of periodontal tissues. Oral biofilm with anaerobic microorganisms represents main etiological factor for occurrence of periodontal disease, buy 213261-59-7 but cigarette smoking is basic risk factor for development of chronic periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is three times more frequent in smokers than in non-smokers, regardless the level of oral Mouse monoclonal to ESR1 hygiene (1). Disease quicker progresses in smokers than in non-smokers (2). Cigarette smoking is connected with more frequent appearance and progression of aggressive periodontal disease, with deeper periodontal pockets, alveolar bone lost and tooth lost (3). Cigarette smoking could mask an early inflammatory signs of gingivitis and periodontal disease, particularly the propensity of the gingiva to bleed on brushing, or following periodontal probing (4). Cigarette smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for multiple diseases, including periodontal disease (5, 6). In smokers it was reported early onset of disease (7, 8) and increased rates of disease progression (9). Furthermore, clinical investigations have demonstrated that cigarette smoking may hamper the healing outcome following surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapy (10, 11). Cigarette smoking could mask early signs of periodontal disease by suppressing of immune host response. This could buy 213261-59-7 cause problem in diagnosis of this disease, particularly in young people with early stage of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is more progressive in smokers and their response on periodontal therapy is significantly weaker than in non-smokers. Group of active smokers are losing epithelium insertion, although basic treatment is correctly performed. These buy 213261-59-7 findings are particularly significant, because buy 213261-59-7 they indicate that 85-90% of patients, with periodontal disease, were group of active smokers (12). During of inflammation of gingiva, there is deviation in size and shape of cells of stratified squamous epithelium and their nucleuses are increased independently of cell differentiation degree. Exfoliative cytology is non-invasive technique, which is very important in determination of inflammation in oral cavity, and it allows easily and painless sampling of cells, afterwards they were examined under a microscope (13, 14). Cell desquamation of stratified squamous epithelium depends on mitotic action of a basal layer, enzyme activity in cell culture and action of mechanical irritation (13). Obradovi? et al (15) showed that during the gingival inflammation, which is common in diabetic patients, there were deviations in size and shape of cells of stratified aqueous epithelium , and that increased their nuclei regardless of the degree of differentiation of cells. 2.?AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was clinical and cytological examination of periodontal changes in smokers and non-smokers. Further, specific goals of this study were health promotion in patient, particularly in smokers. 3.?PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was conducted on Dental clinic of Medical faculty in Ni? and Institute of Pathology, Medical faculty in Ni?. Ethics Committee of Medical faculty Ni? approved the methodology of.