Annex A. Code of Practice on the Introduction and Transfer of Marine Organisms, 1994 (ICES, 1995)
Annex B. Guidelines for Preventing the Introduction of Unwanted Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens From Ships Ballast Water and Sediment Discharges (IMO, 1994)
The introduction and transfer of marine organisms, including genetically modified organisms, carry the risk of introducing not only pests and disease agents but also many other species. Both intentional and unintentional introductions may have undesirable ecological and genetic effects in the receiving ecosystem, as well as potential economic impacts. This Code of Practice provides recommendations for dealing with new intentional introductions, and also recommends procedures for species which are part of existing commercial practice, in order to reduce the risks of adverse effects that could arise from such movements.
I. Recommended procedure for all species prior to reaching a decision regarding new introductions. (A recommended procedure for introduced or transferred species which are part of current commercial practice is given in Section IV; a recommended procedure for the consideration of the release of genetically modified organisms is given in Section V.)
(a) Member Countries contemplating any new introduction should be requested to present to the Council at an early stage a detailed prospectus on the proposed new introduction(s) for evaluation and comment.
(b) The prospectus should include the purpose and objectives of the introduction, the stage(s) in the life cycle proposed for introduction, the area of origin and the target area(s) of release, and a review of the biology and ecology of the species as these pertain to the introduction (such as the physical, chemical, and biological requirements for reproduction and growth, and natural and human-mediated dispersal mechanisms).
(c) The prospectus should also include a detailed analysis of the potential impacts on the aquatic ecosystem of the proposed introduction. This analysis should include a thorough review of:
i) the ecological, genetic, and disease impacts and relationships of the proposed introduction in its natural range and environment;Potential predation upon, competition with, disturbance of, and genetic impacts upon, native and previously introduced species should receive the utmost attention. The potential for the proposed introduction and associated disease agents and other organisms to spread beyond the release site and interact with species in other regions should be addressed. The effects of any previous intentional or accidental introductions of the same or similar species in other regions should be carefully evaluated.
ii) the potential ecological, genetic, and disease impacts and relationships of the proposed introduction in the proposed release site and environment. These aspects should include but not necessarily be limited to:
- potential habitat breadth,
- prey (including the potential for altered diets and feeding strategies),
- hybridization potential and changes in any other genetic attributes, and
- the role played by disease agents and associated organisms and epibiota.
(d) The prospectus should conclude with an overall assessment of the issues, problems, and benefits associated with the proposed introduction. Quantitative risk assessments, as far as reasonably practicable, could be included.
(e) The Council should then consider the possible outcome of the proposed introduction, and offer advice on the acceptability of the choice.
II. If the decision is taken to proceed with the introduction, the following action is recommended:
(a) A brood stock should be established in a quarantine situation approved by the country of receipt, in sufficient time to allow adequate evaluation of the stocks health status.
The first generation progeny of the introduced species can be transplanted to the natural environment if no disease agents or parasites become evident in the first generation progeny, but not the original import. In the case of fish, brood stock should be developed from stocks imported as eggs or juveniles, to allow sufficient time for observation in quarantine.
(b) The first generation progeny should be placed on a limited scale into open waters to assess ecological interactions with native species.
(c) All effluents from hatcheries or establishments used for quarantine purposes in recipient countries should be sterilized in an approved manner (which should include the killing of all living organisms present in the effluents).
(d) A continuing study should be made of the introduced species in its new environment, and progress reports submitted to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
III. Regulatory agencies of all Member Countries are encouraged to use the strongest possible measures to prevent unauthorized or unapproved introductions.
IV. Recommended procedure for introduced or transferred species which are part of current commercial practice.
(a) Periodic inspection (including microscopic examination) of material prior to exportation to confirm freedom from introducible pests and disease agents. If inspection reveals any undesirable development, importation must be immediately discontinued. Findings and remedial actions should be reported to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
(b) Quarantining, inspection, and control, whenever possible and where appropriate.
(c) Consider and/or monitor the genetic impact that introductions or transfers have on indigenous species, in order to reduce or prevent detrimental changes to genetic diversity.
It is appreciated that countries will have different requirements toward the selection of the place of inspection and control of the consignment, either in the country of origin or in the country of receipt.
V. Recommended procedure for the consideration of the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
(a) Recognizing that little information exists on the genetic, ecological, and other effects of the release of genetically modified organisms into the natural environment (where such releases may result in the mixing of altered and wild populations of the same species, and in changes to the environment), the Council urges Member Countries to establish strong legal measures6 to regulate such releases, including the mandatory licensing of physical or juridical persons engaged in genetically modifying, or in importing, using, or releasing any genetically modified organism.
(b) Member Countries contemplating any release of genetically modified organisms into open marine and fresh water environments are requested at an early stage to notify the Council before such releases are made. This notification should include a risk assessment of the effects of this release on the environment and on natural populations.
(c) It is recommended that, whenever feasible, initial releases of GMOs be reproductively sterile in order to minimize impacts on the genetic structure of natural populations.
(d) Research should be undertaken to evaluate the ecological effects of the release of GMOs.
For the application of this Code, the following definitions should be used:
Specimens of a species, either as eggs, juveniles, or adults, from which a first or subsequent generation may be produced for possible introduction to the environment.
Country of origin
The country where the species is native.
Current commercial practice
Established and ongoing cultivation, rearing, or placement of an introduced or transferred species in the environment for economic or recreational purposes, which has been ongoing for a number of Years.
For the purpose of the Code, disease agent is understood to mean all organisms, including parasites, that cause disease. (A list of prescribed disease agents, parasites, and other harmful agents is made for each introduced or transferred species in order that adequate methods for inspection are available. The discovery of other agents, etc., during such inspection should always be recorded and reported.)
All of the genetic variation in an individual, population, or species. (ICES, 1988)
Genetically modified organism
(GMO) An organism in which the genetic material has been altered anthropogenically by means of gene or cell technologies7.
Introduced species (= non-indigenous species, = exotic species)
Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released by humans into an environment outside its present range.
Any aquatic species that does not spend its entire life cycle in fresh water.
Any species held in a confined or enclosed system that is designed to prevent any possibility of the release of the species, or any of its disease agents or any other associated organisms into the environment
Transferred species (= transplanted species)
Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released within its present range.
(a) It is understood that an introduced species is what is also referred to as an introduction, and a transferred species as a transfer.
(b) Introduced species are understood to include exotic species, while transferred species include exotic individuals or populations of a species.
(c) It is understood for the purpose of the Code that introduced and transferred species may have the same potential to carry and transmit disease or any other associated organisms into a new locality where the disease or associated organism does not at present occur.
ICES. 1984. Guidelines for Implementing the ICES Code of Practice Concerning Introductions and Transfers of Marine Species. Cooperative Research Report No. 130. 20 pp.
ICES. 1988. Codes of Practice and Manual of Procedures for Consideration of Introductions and Transfers of Marine and Freshwater Organisms. Cooperative Research Report No. 159. 44 pp.
ICES. 1994. Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment, 1994, Annex 3. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 204. 122 pp.
1.1 Studies carried out in several countries have shown that many species of bacteria, plants, and animals can survive in a viable form in the ballast water and sediment carried in ships, even after journeys of several weeks duration. Subsequent discharge of contaminated ballast water or sediment into the waters of port States may result in the establishment of unwanted species which can seriously upset the existing ecological balance. Although other media have been identified for transferring organisms between geographically separated water bodies, ballast water discharge from ships appears to have been among the most prominent. The introduction of diseases may also arise as a result of port State waters being inoculated with large quantities of ballast water containing viruses or bacteria, thereby posing health threats to indigenous human, animal and plant life.
1.2 The potential for ballast water discharges to cause harm, was recognized by resolution 18 of the International Conference on Marine Pollution, 1973, from which Conference emerged the MARPOL Convention. Resolution 18 called upon the World Health Organization, in collaboration with the International Maritime Organization, to carry out research into the role of ballast water as a medium for the spreading of epidemic disease bacteria.
1.3 It is the aim of these Guidelines to provide Administrations and port State Authorities with guidance on procedures that will minimize the risk from the introduction of unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens from ships ballast water and sediment. The selection of an appropriate procedure will depend upon several factors, including the type or types of organisms being targeted, the level of risks involved, its environmental acceptability, and the economic and ecological costs involved.
1.4 The choice of procedures will also depend upon whether the measure is a short-term response to an identified problem or a long-term strategy aimed at completely eliminating the possibility of the introduction of species by ballast water. In the short term, operational measures such as ballast water exchange at sea may be appropriate where they have been shown to be effective and are accepted by port State Authorities and Administrations. For the longer term, more effective strategies, possibly involving structural or equipment modifications to ships, may need to be considered.
For the purposes or these Guidelines, the following definitions apply:
Administration means the Government of the State under whose authority the ship is operating.3. APPLICATION
Member States means States that are Members of the International Maritime Organization.
Organization means the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Port State authority means any official or organization authorized by the Government of a port State to administer guidelines or enforce standards and regulations relevant to the implementation of national and international shipping control measures.
The Guidelines can apply to all ships; however, a port State Authority shall determine the extent to which these Guidelines do apply.
4. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
4.1 Member States may adopt ballast water and sediment discharge procedures to protect the health of their citizens from foreign infectious agents, to safeguard fisheries and aquaculture production against similar exotic risks and to protect the environment generally.
4.2 Application of ballast water and sediment discharge procedures to minimize the risk of importing unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens may range from regulations based upon quarantine laws to guidelines providing suggested measures for controlling or reducing the problem.
4.3 In all cases, a port State Authority must consider the overall effect of ballast water and sediment discharge procedures on the safety of ships and those on board. Regulations or guidelines will be ineffective if compliance is dependent upon the acceptance of operational measures that put a ship or its crew at risk.
4.4 Ballast water and sediment discharge procedures should be practicable, effective, designed to minimize cost and delays to ships, and based upon these Guidelines whenever practicable.
4.5 The ability of aquatic organisms and pathogens to survive after transportation in ballast water may be reduced if significant differences in ambient conditions prevail - e.g. salinity, temperature, nutrients and light intensity.
4.6 If fresh water (FW), brackish water (BW) and fully saline water (SW) are considered, the following matrix provides, in most cases, an indication of the probability that aquatic organisms and pathogens will survive after being transferred.
Probability of organisms survival and reproduction
4.8 Because some aquatic organisms and pathogens that may exist in sediments carried by ships can survive to several months or longer, disposal of such sediment should be carefully managed and reported to port State Authorities.
4.9 In implementing ballast water and sediment discharge procedures, Port State Authorities should take account of all relevant factors.
5.1 Member States applying ballast water and sediment discharge procedures should notify the Organization of specific requirements and provide to the Organization, for the information of other Member States and non-governmental organizations, copies of any regulations, standards or guidelines being applied.
5.2 Administrations and non-governmental shipping organizations should provide the widest possible distribution of information on ballast water and sediment discharge procedures being applied to shipping by port State Authorities. Failure to do so may lead to unnecessary delays for ships seeking entry to port States where ballast water and sediment discharge procedures are being applied.
5.3 In accordance with paragraph 5.2 above, ship operators and ships crews should be familiar with the requirements of port State Authorities with respect to ballast water and sediment discharge procedures, including information that will be needed to obtain entry clearance. In this respect, masters should be made aware that penalties may be applied by port State Authorities for failure to comply with national requirements.
5.4 Member States and non-governmental organizations should provide to the Organization, for circulation, details of any research and development studies that they carry out with respect to the control of aquatic organisms and pathogens in ballast water and sediment found in ships.
5.5 Administrations are encouraged to report to the Organization incidences where compliance with ballast water and sediment discharge procedures required by port State Authorities has resulted in ship safety problems, unacceptably high costs, or delays to ships.
5.6 Member States should provide to the Organization details of annual compliance records for ballast water and sediment discharge procedures that they are applying. These records should report all incidences of non-compliance with regulations or guidelines and cite, by ships name, official number and flag, all non-complying vessels.
5.7 Member States should notify the Organization of any local outbreaks or infectious diseases or water borne organisms that have been identified as a cause of concern to health and environmental authorities in other countries and for which ballast water or sediment discharges may be vectors of transmission. This information should be relayed by the Organization, without delay, to all Member States and non governmental organizations. Member States should ensure that problem species, endemic to their waters, are not being transferred from locally loaded ballast water. Masters of ships should be notified of the existence of problem species, including local outbreaks of phytoplankton blooms, and advised to exchange or treat their ballast water and sediment accordingly.
5.8 Member States should determine the environmental sensitivity of their waters to the extent deemed necessary. Ballast water and sediment discharge procedures should take into account the environmental sensitivity of these waters.
6. SHIP OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
6.1 When loading ballast, every effort should be made to ensure that only clean ballast water is being taken on and that the uptake of sediment with the ballast water is minimized. Where practicable, ships should endeavour to avoid taking on ballast water in shallow water areas, or in the vicinity of dredging operations, to reduce the likelihood that the water will contain silt, which may harbour the cysts of unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens, and to otherwise reduce the probability that unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens are present in the water. Areas where there is a known outbreak or diseases communicable through ballast water, or in which phytoplankton blooms are occurring, should be avoided wherever practicable as a source or ballast.
6.2 When taking on ballast water, records of the dates, geographical locations, salinity and amount of ballast water taken on should be recorded in the ships log-book. To enable monitoring by the Organization and port State Authorities, a report in the format shown in the appendix to these Guidelines should be completed by the ships master and made available to the port State Authority. Procedures to be followed by the ship should be described in detail in the ships operational manual. The sample used to determine the salinity of loaded ballast water should be obtained, wherever possible, from the ballast tanks themselves or from a supply piping tap. Surface sea water samples should not be taken as indicative of the water in the ballast tanks since sea water salinity may vary significantly with depth.
6.3 Subject to accessibility, all sources of sediment retention such as anchors, cables, chain lockers and suction wells should be cleaned routinely to reduce the possibility of spreading contamination.
7. STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING THE INTRODUCTION OF UNWANTED AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND PATHOGENS FROM SHIPS BALLAST WATER AND SEDIMENT DISCHARGES
7.1.1 In determining appropriate strategies for ballast water and sediment discharge procedures, the following criteria, inter alia, should be taken into account:
- operational practicability;7.1.2 Approaches that may be effective in controlling the incidence and introduction of aquatic organisms and pathogens include:
- seafarer and ship safety;
- environmental acceptability;
- water and sediment control;
- monitoring; and
- cost effectiveness.
- the non-release or ballast water;7.1.3 In considering which particular approach, or combination of approaches, to use, port State Authorities should have regard to the factors listed in paragraph 7.1.1.
- ballast water exchange and sediment removal at sea or in areas designated as acceptable for the purpose by the port State Authority;
- ballast water management practices aimed at preventing or minimizing the uptake of contaminated water or sediment in ballasting and deballasting operations; and
- discharge of ballast water into shore-based facilities for treatment or controlled disposal.
7.2. Non-release of Ballast Water
The most effective means of preventing the introduction or unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens from ships ballast waters and sediments is to avoid, wherever possible, the discharge of ballast water.
7.3. Ballast Water Exchange and Sediment Removal
7.3.1 In the absence of more scientifically based means of control, exchange of ballast water in deep ocean areas or open seas currently offers a means of limiting the probability that fresh-water or coastal species will be transferred in ballast water. Responsibility for deciding on such action must rest with the master, taking into account prevailing safety, stability and structural factors and influences at the time.
7.3.2 Unlike coastal and estuarine waters that are rich in nutrients and life forms, deep ocean water or open seas contain few organisms. Those that do exist are unlikely to adapt readily to a new coastal or freshwater environment, hence the probability of transferring unwanted organisms through ballast water discharges can be greatly reduced by ocean or open sea ballast exchanges, preferably in water depths of 2,000 m or more. In those cases where ships do not encounter water depths of at least 2,000 m, exchange of ballast water should occur well clear of coastal and estuarine influences. There is evidence to suggest that, despite contact with water of high salinity, the cysts of some organisms can survive for protracted periods in the sediment within ballast tanks and elsewhere on a ship. Hence, where ballast water exchange is being used as a control measure, care should be taken to flush out ballast tanks, chain lockers and other locations where silt may accumulate, to dislodge and remove such accumulations, wherever practicable.
7.3.3 Care should also be taken when removing sediment deposits while a ship is in port or in coastal waters to ensure that the sediment is not disposed of directly into adjacent waters. Sediment should be removed to land-fill locations designated by the port State Authority or, alternatively, sterilized to kill all living organisms that it may contain prior to being discharged into local water bodies or otherwise disposed of.
7.3.4 Ships likely to be required to exchange ballast during a voyage should take into account the following requirements:
1. stability to be maintained at all times to values not less than those recommended by the Organization (or required by the Administration);7.3.5 Where the requirements of paragraph 7.3.4 cannot be met during an at sea exchange of ballast water, a flow through exchange of ballast water may be an acceptable alternative for those tanks. Procedures for exchange of this type should be approved by the Administration.
2. longitudinal stress values not to exceed those permitted by the ships classification society with regard to prevailing sea conditions; and
3. exchange of ballast in tanks or holds where significant structural loads may be generated by sloshing action in the partially filled tank or hold to be carried out in favourable sea and swell conditions such that the risk of structural damage is minimized.
7.3.6 Where the requirements of paragraph 7.3.4 can be met during an at sea exchange of ballast water, before taking on exchange ballast water, tanks should be drained until pump suction is lost. This will minimize the likelihood of residual organism survival.
7.3.7 Where a port State Authority requires that an at sea exchange of ballast water be made, and, due to weather, sea conditions or operational impracticability, such action cannot be taken, the ship should report this fact to the port State Authority prior to entering its national waters, so that appropriate alternative action can be arranged.
7.3.8 Alternative action will also be necessary in those instances where ships may not leave a continental shelf during their voyage. Unless specific alternative instructions have been issued by a port State Authority applying ballast water and sediment controls, ships should report non-compliance prior to entering the port States waters.
7.3.9 Port State Authorities applying ballast water exchange and sediment removal procedures may require ships to complete a ballast water control form or some other acceptable system of reporting. A model form for this purpose is in the appendix. Port State Authorities should arrange for such reporting forms to be distributed to ships, together with instructions for completion of the form and procedures for its return to the appropriate authorities.
7.3.10 In those cases where a ship arrives at a port without having carried out an at sea ballast water exchange, or has otherwise failed to carry out any alternative procedures acceptable to port State Authorities, the ship may be required to proceed to an approved location to carry out the necessary exchange, treat the ballast water in situ, seal the ballast tanks against discharge in the port States waters, pump the ballast water to a shore reception facility, or prove, by laboratory analysis, that the ballast water is acceptable.
7.3.11 To facilitate administration of ballast water exchange and sediment removal procedures on board ships, a responsible officer familiar with those procedures should be appointed to maintain appropriate records and to ensure that all ballast water exchange and sediment removal procedures are followed and recorded. Written ballast water and sediment removal procedures should be included in the ships operational manual.
7.3.12 Port State Authorities applying ballast water exchange and sediment discharge procedures may wish to monitor compliance with, and effectiveness of, their controls.
7.3.13 Effectiveness monitoring may also be undertaken by port State Authorities, by taking and analyzing ballast water and sediment samples from ships complying with prescribed exchange procedures, to test for the continued survival of unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens.
7.3.14 Where ballast water or sediment sampling for compliance or effectiveness monitoring is being undertaken, port State Authorities should minimize delays to ships when taking such samples. Use of plankton nets, either by a vertical tow through ballasted deep tanks or cargo holds or by attachment to an open fire-main hydrant, suitably cross-connected to the ballast main, is one suggested means of ballast water sampling. Sediment samples may be taken from areas where sediment is most likely to accumulate, such as around outlet pipes, bulkhead and hold corners, etc., to the extent that these are accessible. Appropriate safety precautions must be employed wherever the taking of water or sediment samples requires tank entry.
7.3.15 Port State Authorities may also wish, subject to relevant safety considerations, to sample sediment in suction wells, chain lockers or other areas where sediment may accumulate.
7.3.16 In some cases, ships bound for ports which apply strategies for preventing the introduction of unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens from ships ballast water and sediments may avoid at sea exchange of ballast water, or other control procedures, by having their ballast water or harbour source samples analysed by a laboratory that is acceptable to the port State Authority. Where sampled and analysed ballast or harbour source water is found to be free from unwanted aquatic organisms or pathogens, an analysts certificate, attesting to that fact, should be made available to port State Authorities. When analysis of ballast or harbour source water or sediment is being used as a control procedure, port State Authorities should provide Administrations with a target listing of unwanted aquatic organisms or pathogens.
7.3.17 Port State Authorities may sample or require samples to analyse ballast water and sediment before permitting a vessel to proceed to discharge its ballast water in environmentally sensitive locations. In the event that unwanted aquatic organisms or pathogens are found to be present in the samples, ships may be prohibited from discharging ballast or sediment, except to shore reception facilities or in designated marine areas.
7.4. Ballast Water Management Practices
7.4.1 Port State Authorities may allow the use of appropriate ballast water management practices, aimed at preventing or minimizing the uptake and discharge of contaminated water or sediment in ballasting and deballasting operations. Such practices may be used when adjudged as reducing the risks of introducing unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens to a level acceptable to port State Authorities, who, for this purpose, may set conditions with which such practices need to comply.
7.4.2 Such conditions should include appropriate ballast water management plans, training of ships officers and crew, and the nomination of key control personnel.
7.5. Shore Reception Facilities
7.5.1 Where adequate shore reception facilities exist, discharge of ships ballast water in port into such facilities may provide an acceptable means of control. Port State Authorities utilizing this strategy should ensure that the discharged ballast water has been effectively treated before release. Any treatment used should itself be environmentally acceptable.
7.5.2 Reception facilities should be made available for the safe disposal of tank sediment when ships are undergoing repair or refit. Sediment, removed from ballast tanks and other areas of accumulation, should be disposed of in accordance with paragraph 7.3.3 above.
7.5.3 Member States should provide the Organization and ships with information on the locations, capacities and availability of, and any applicable fees relevant to, reception facilities being provided for the safe disposal of ballast water and removed sediment.
8. TRAINING, EDUCATION AND SHIPS MANAGEMENT PLANS
8.1 Administrations and non-governmental shipping organizations should ensure that ships crews are made aware of the ecological and health hazards posed by the indiscriminate loading and discharging of ballast water and of the need to maintain tanks and equipment, such as anchors, cables and hawse pipes, free from sediment.
8.2 Training curricula for ships crews should include instruction on the application of ballast water and sediment discharge procedures, based upon the information contained in these Guidelines. Instruction should also be provided on the maintenance of log-book records, indicating the dates and times of ballast water loading, exchange or discharge, salinity and the geographical location where such operations are carried out.
8.3 Ships crews should receive adequate instruction on the methods of ballast water and sediment discharge procedures being applied on their ship, including appropriate safety training in the relevant procedures.
8.4 Ballast water management plans should be incorporated into ships operational manuals for the guidance of the ships crews. Such plans should include, but not necessarily be limited to, information on the following:
- ballast water loading and discharging procedures and precautions;8.5 Ships operational manuals should include reference to these Guidelines and to the need to comply with any ballast water and sediment discharge procedures imposed by port State Authorities.
- ballast water and sediment sampling and testing;
- controls applied by port State Authorities;
- reporting and information requirements;
- exchange and treatment options or requirements;
- crew safety guidelines;
- sediment disposal arrangements; and
- crew education and training.
9. FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
9.1 There is a clear need to research and develop revised and additional measures, particularly as new information on organisms and pathogens of concern becomes available. Areas for further research include, inter alia:
- treatment by chemicals and biocides;It must be made clear, however, that there is a lack of research knowledge and practical experience on the cost, safety, effectiveness and environmental acceptability of these possible approaches. Any proposed chemical or biocidal treatments should be environmentally safe and in compliance with international conventions. Authorities carrying out or commissioning research studies into these or other relevant areas are encouraged to work co-operatively and provide information on the results to the Organization.
- heat treatment;
- oxygen deprivation control;
- tank coatings;
- filters; and
- ultraviolet light disinfection.
9.2 In the longer term and to the extent possible, changes in ship design may be warranted to prevent the introduction of unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens from ships. For example, subdivision of tanks, piping arrangements and pumping procedures should be designed and constructed to minimize uptake and accumulation of sediment in ballast tanks.
9.3 Classification societies are urged to include provisions for ballast water and sediment discharge procedures in their rule requirements.
6 Such as the European Community Council Directive of 23 April 1990 on the deliberate release into the environment of Genetically Modified Organisms (90/220/EEC) Official Journal of the European Communities, L117: 15-17 (1990)
7 Such technologies include the isolation, characterization, and modification of genes and their introduction into living cells or viruses of DNA as well as techniques for the production of living cells with new combinations of genetic material by the fusion of two or more cells
8 Resolution A.774(18) Adopted on 4 November 1993. Reproduced by courtesy of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)