What is Rangeland?
Rangeland is defined by the Society for Range Management as “Land on which the native vegetation (climax or natural potential) is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs or shrubs suitable for grazing or browsing use.” While many areas fitting the definition of rangeland are not utilized by domestic grazing animals, nearly all are used by wild grazing animals of various kinds.
Extension Program Goals
The Extension program in Kittitas County focuses on sustainable use of rangelands by humans, including human management of livestock. Sustainability is a term perhaps overused; nevertheless, there is some agreement that our usage of rangelands should be environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable. Nathan Sayre has said that this is not a hopeless tautology. “Sustainability becomes meaningful when its referent is more carefully specified: what exactly is being evaluated as to its sustainability (or lack thereof)? What are we trying to sustain, over what time periods? What are the processes that sustain it, and how do those processes interact?”
To be profitable, a forage-based livestock operation must first be ecologically stable. As numerous authors have demonstrated, the components of profitability are linked to another such that a decline in ecological integrity, perhaps bunchgrass health, affects animal health, marketable output per unit area, production potential next year, and consequently profit by decreasing revenues and increasing costs. Even this apparently mercenary approach to rangeland health functions to protect ecosystem function such that we maintain ecological goods and services that are more difficult to quantify and value, such as open space, clean water, wildlife habitat, soil stability, carbon sequestration, etc.
Sustainable Range Grazing
The two primary components in how livestock grazing affects native rangelands are stocking rate and animal distribution. Prospective and current graziers of native rangeland must recognize that these ecosystems produce significantly less total forage per acre than irrigated pasture and even dryland pastures in more mesic regions like the Palouse or Western Washington. this is typically excellent quality forage, but an acre of shrub-steppe near Ellensburg may only yield 900 lbs of total biomass annually. Of this, some is new growth on shrubs and should be considered unavailable to domestic livestock, and well-established guidelines for grazing bunchgrasses recommends limiting livestock to 50% utilization of the current year’s forage production. Under this scenario, there may only be a few hundred pounds of dry matter forage per acre, which supports a cow for a week or two. Most damage to native rangeland results from poor distribution of grazing animals in either time or space. Overgrazing occurs when an individual plant is grazed before it has fully recovered from the previous grazing event. Managing the timing, frequency, and duration of livestock use is the key to maintaining healthy plants and healthy livestock.
See links on the side for publications on rangeland grazing.
Web Soil Survey
The NRCS has made soil survey data available on their website. A landowner can delineate their property on a map and extract a wealth of information about their soils. Of note for livestock producers is a rangeland productivity report, ecological site descriptions which provide expected plant species by functional group, a good starting point for rehabilitation efforts.
Range Management Resources
- Pasture, Rangeland and Grazing Management – ATTRA
- Prescription Grazing for Rangeland Weed Management
- Prescribed Grazing Standards – NRCS 528A
- Rangelands & Global Change
- SRM Position and Policy Statement
- Grazing Management Guidelines
- How Cool Season grasses Grow and Plant Needs
- Society for Range Management
- Rangelands West
- Sustainable Rangelands Roundtable
- Seeding After The Fire
- Grazing for Weed Control
- Kittitas County Weed List 2009
- Native Plant and Seed Sources
- Noxious Weed Control – Commerical Vendors
- Post-Fire Grazing
- Rangeland Seeding – Upper County
- Rangeland Seeding – Lower County
- Riparian Grazing Strategies
- Seeding After the Fire
- Stocking Rate Calculation
- Toxic Plants of Kittitas County
Plant Reference Websites
PLANTS National Database– Official Classification Reference Site
Washington Native Plant Society– Provides localized lists of native plants
Oregon State University Grass Growth Project– Describes grass mophology and defoliation effects
*There are many online keys to grasses, but almost all are local to regional in scope.