NORD gratefully acknowledges James M. Hall, DDS, Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, for assistance in the preparation of this report.
Some individuals with ameloblastic carcinoma may not experience any symptoms (asymptomatic). Symptoms that may occur include progressive pain and swelling of the jaw. Bleeding and headaches may also occur. Rare findings include the inability to open the mouth (trismus) or dysphonia, a voice disorder characterized by hoarseness, weakness, tingling or numbness (paresthesia), and, in rare cases, voice loss (my note: disruption of the voice because of laryngeal involvement (vocal cords) would be quite unusual but dysphagia, trouble eating, can be a problem if the tumor is large enough to cause obstruction or malocclusion). Nasal discharge and blockage of the nasal passages may occur if the tumor involves the sinuses of the maxilla. The size of the tumor may result in dental abnormalities such as causing the upper and lower teeth to fail to meet properly (malocclusion).
The lower jaw (mandible) is the most common site for the development of ameloblastic carcinoma. Less frequently, the upper jaw (maxilla) is the primary tumor site. In one reported case, the primary site was the anterior skull base.
Ameloblastic carcinomas are often aggressive and may spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body especially the lungs, potentially causing life-threatening complications. The bone, liver and brain are also common sites for metastasis. The most common course of the disease is persistent recurrence with local spread.
The exact cause of ameloblastic carcinoma is unknown. Most cases arise spontaneously without a previous history of cancer (de novo). Researchers speculate that genetic and immunologic abnormalities, environmental factors (e.g., exposure to ultraviolet rays, certain chemicals, ionizing radiation), diet, stress, and/or other factors may play contributing roles in causing specific types of cancer. Investigators are conducting ongoing basic research to learn more about the many factors that may result in cancer.
In individuals with cancer, malignancies may develop due to abnormal changes in the structure and orientation of certain cells known as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes control cell growth; tumor suppressor genes control cell division and ensure that cells die at the proper time. The specific cause of changes to these genes is unknown. However, current research suggests that abnormalities of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is the carrier of the body’s genetic code, are the underlying basis of cellular malignant transformation. These abnormal genetic changes may occur spontaneously for unknown reasons or, more rarely, may be inherited. In ameloblastic carcinoma, no genetic predisposition has been identified.
Ameloblastic carcinoma may develop from the epithelial tissue that remains after the development of the teeth and associated structures. In some cases, it results from malignant transformation of an existing ameloblastoma or a benign odontogenic cyst.
Ameloblastic carcinoma affects males and females in equal numbers. They may affect individuals of any age including children, but the mean age of affected individuals is approximately 30 years old.
A diagnosis of ameloblastic carcinoma is made based upon a thorough clinical evaluation, a detailed patient history, and microscopic examination of the tumor. Most cases are found incidentally. One procedure is known as fine needle aspiration, in which a thin, hollow needle is passed though the skin and inserted into the nodule or mass to withdraw small samples of tissue for study.
In addition to biopsies, various x-ray techniques may be used to help evaluate the size, placement, and extension of the tumor and to serve as an aid for future surgical procedures. Such imaging techniques may include computerized tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). During CT scanning, a computer and x-rays are used to create a film showing cross-sectional images of certain tissue structures. An MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of particular organs and bodily tissues. Laboratory tests and specialized imaging tests may also be conducted to determine possible infiltration of regional lymph nodes and the presence of distant metastases.
The therapeutic management of individuals with ameloblastic carcinomas may require the coordinated efforts of a team of medical professionals, such as physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (medical oncologists), specialists in the use of radiation to treat cancer (radiation oncologists), dental specialists, surgeons, oncology nurses, and other specialists.
Specific therapeutic procedures and interventions may vary, depending upon numerous factors, such as primary tumor location, extent of the primary tumor (stage), and degree of malignancy (grade); whether the tumor has spread to lymph nodes or distant sites; individual’s age and general health; and/or other elements. Decisions concerning the use of particular interventions should be made by physicians and other members of the health care team in careful consultation with the patient, based upon the specifics of his or her case; a thorough discussion of the potential benefits and risks; patient preference; and other appropriate factors.
Wide surgical excision provides the best chance of controlling the tumor. Adjunctive radiation may be used however radiation treatment has not been effective as a primary form of therapy. Radiation therapy may also be performed before surgery to decrease tumor size. Recurrence of ameloblastic carcinoma after surgical removal may occur and may involve various organs in the body with or without recurrence in the jaw. Most commonly recurrences are seen in the same area as the original tumor. Recurrence may occur within a year of surgery or several years later. Because of the risk of recurrence, life-long periodic physical examinations are necessary.
Chemotherapy has not proven effective in treating individuals with ameloblastic carcinoma and is most often used to try and control wide spread metastases. Developing the optimal treatment for individuals with ameloblastic carcinoma has been hindered because of the relatively few identified cases.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
Information on cancer Clinical Trials is available through the Internet on www.cancer.gov or by calling (800) 4 CANCER.
For more information about clinical trials conducted in Europe, contact: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/
Contact for additional information about ameloblastic carcinoma:
James M. Hall, DDS
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
One Kneeland Street
Boston, MA 02111
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