Presentation on theme: "Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM)"— Presentation transcript:
1Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM) Civil Air Patrol - Arizona WingAerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM)Sky Harbor Composite Squadron 301 AEO, 1LT Tom Lodge Revised June, 2002
2Agenda Introduction Part 1 - The Rich History of Air Power Part 2 - Principles of Flight & NavigationPart 3 - The Aerospace CommunityPart 4 - Air EnvironmentPart 5 - RocketsPart 6 - SpaceTesting
3Introduction Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM) Self paced study based on text Aerospace: The Journey of FlightOpen book, untimed exam correctable to 100%Charles E. “Chuck” Yeager Aerospace Education Achievement AwardApproximately 8 hours, 3 evenings
4Part 1 The Rich History of Air Power Chap. 1- Introduction to Air PowerChap. 2- Adolescence of Air Power:Chap. 3- The Golden Age:Chap. 4- Air Power Goes to WarChap. 5- Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert StormChap. 6- Advances in Aviation
51 Introduction to Air Power Desire to fly dates back 4000 years - ChinaInvented kite 100 BC, Gun Powder 900 AD, Rockets 1100 ADLeonardo da Vinci ( ) Artist, Architect, Man of ScienceFirst scientific experiments in field of aviation160 pages of descriptions & sketches of flying machines1st design of parachute and helicopterWrote about principles of CG, CP, StreamliningLighter-than-air: Balloons1783 Montgolfier brothers first balloon experiment with sheep, rooster, duckNov 21, Pilatre de Rozier & Marquis d’Arlandes were first humans to fly lighter-than-air. Flight lasted 25 minutes and 5 miles.First balloon flight in US: Jan 9, 1793 in Philadelphia1st US military use in Civil War-observation, aerial reporting
61 Introduction to Air Power Dirigible: Lighter-than-air craft that can be propelled and steeredPaul Haenlein - 1st dirigible powered by an internal combustion engineFerdinand von Zeppelin - built and flew the world’s first rigid dirigible LZ-1.Wright BrothersFirst to achieve controlled, sustained, powered heavier than air flight.Learned from previous pioneers an observing birds in flightUtilized “wing-warping technique” for controlUtilized gas powered engine; built glidersDecember 17, st powered flt-120’ 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, N.C.Completed 3 flights that day, longest 852 feet, 59 seconds.
72 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919 Wright BrothersEuropePoor press, No enthusiasmNo gov’t interest until T. RooseveltContracted w/ Board of Ordnance & Fortifications to train 2 pilotsDemonstrations in FranceSept 17, 1908-Killed Lt. Thomas Selfridge, 1st death in powered aircraftFrenchman Robert Esnault-Pelterie 1st aileron application and enclosed fuselageAlberto Santos-Dumont-flew 1st powered airplane in Europe 1906.Louis Bleriot-Built/flew 1st powered monoplane.Aviation Gains RecognitionVin Fiz Flyer - 1st aircraft to fly across US coast to coast, built by Wright Bros.Harriet Quimby - 1st licensed female pilot in US.Louis Breguet - 1st helicopter to lift manWorld’s 1st regularly scheduled airline - St. Petersburg - Tampa Airboat, 1914
82 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919 World War IGen. Billy MitchellAirplane not recognized as important at beginning WW1Germans had dirigibles as bombers (filled w/ hydrogen)Germans developed bombersFighters developed to shoot down bombersEddie Rickenbacker - American WW1 ace-16 kills in 5 months. Only living American to receive Medal of Honor in WW1US didn’t recognize aircraft as “game changer” - used English/French built aircraftLafayette Escadrille - American group of flyers serving the FrenchRecognized that the airplane is an offensive weaponAir service should be separate service than ArmyAir power can be effective against ground troops
93 Golden Age 1919-1939 US Aviation after WW I US had built 15,000 airplanes during warUS front-line strength: 750 combat aircraft, 800 pilots3 days after war ended, US gov’t cancelled $100M airplane contracts175,000 workers laid off, production dropped 85%, military aviation cut 95%BarnstormersEx-military pilots, flew to attract attentionMost people in US had not seen an airplane1st licensed African-American pilot - Bessie ColemanBilly Mitchell and airpowerAir power could strike industrial targets, attack troop supply routes, shorten warStressed importance of airpower in strategic warfareOstfriesland “unsinkable” battleshipDemolished by 200 lb. bombsNavy recognized importance and within 8 months had first aircraft carrierOrganized 1st around the world flight with 4 Douglas World Cruisers - Boston, Chicago, Seattle, New Orleans
103 Golden Age 1919-1939 National Air Races Pulitzer Trophy - 29 mile closed courseBendix Trophy Race - West coast to Cleveland, OHAir MailFirst service by US Post Office May 15, 1918 between Washington DC and New York City.May 20, Air Commerce Act, first attempt to regulate commercial aviationPresident Roosevelt signed Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 creating Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) - one independent agency to regulate law and safety1st non-stop Atlantic crossingJuly 1919-John Alcock and Arthur BrownSt. Johns Newfoundland to Ireland 16 hrs, 1880 miles.1st solo non-stop Atlantic crossingMay 20, Charles Lindbergh in the Spirit of St. Louis, built by Ryan
114 Air Power Goes to War New Type of War Battle of Britain August 1940 Germany had terrible losses in WWI from trench warfareBlitzkrieg - “lightning war” combination of army and air forcesGermany focused on small/medium sized aircraft to support Blitzkrieg tacticsAllies (US, England, France) had cut back aircraft production - weakened air powerLuftwaffe focused on gaining control of air over BritainGermany did not have long range bombersBritain focused on defensive warfare with fightersBritain used radarBritain won by having the right aircraft for battleGermany AdvancesItaly & Germany declared war on Great BritainItaly & Germany attacked western AfricaAxis invaded Greece, RussiaRussia used heavy defenses including woman pilots for combat sorties.Germany forces spread too thin on 3 fronts
124 Air Power Goes to War US Enters WWII Lessons in North Africa December 7, Japanese attack Pear Harbor, Hawaii. Purpose was to cripple the US naval fleet.Allied strategy -Defensive to offensiveRecapture territory occupied by Germany & JapanForce both Germany & Japan to unconditional surrenderEuropean campaign had priority over PacificFocus on strategic bombingLessons in North AfricaCentralize control of air forcesGain air superiority - attack airfields, aircraftInterdiction - cripple enemy suppliesClose ground support - bomb enemy troopsHitler defeated in North Africa
134 Air Power Goes to War Europe Pacific Lessons Learned Japan rapidly advancing throughout the pacific1942 -Battle of Coral Sea & Midway-entirely by airpower, no surface ship engagementEstablished strategy for subsequent naval battlesStopped advance of Japan4/42 Doolittle Raid on Tokyo8/6/45 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima - B-298/9/45 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki9/2/45 Japan surrendersUS declared war on Germany/Axis 12/11/418th Air Force formed in 1/42, 8/42 1st bombing missionUS strategy-precision daytime bombingRAF strategy-Night blanket operations6/6/44 - Normandy invasion5/7/45 - Germany surrendersLessons LearnedAirplane became prominent weapon of warAircraft carrier became primary naval weapon20 Million killed, 4 million civiliansWarfare-no one wins or losesSensible solution is to prevent war rather than fight one.
145 Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert Storm Political ClimatePostwar years (after WWII) were called “Cold War”.Soviet Union tried to spread communism, US tried to stop it.Antagonistic relationship, not a “hot” war.Cold War shaped many developments in aviation.7/26/47 - National Security Act - USAF was formed.Primary mission - deterrence with atomic bombs by Strategic Air CommandKorean War6/25/50 North Korea invaded S. Korea-ended 7/531st Priority to stop advance of N. Korean Army1st all jet battle-F-80 shot down MIG-15Lessons learned: atomic arsenal not enough to prevent war, multiple levels of conflict
155 Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert Storm Research & DevelopmentNorthrop X-4Tailless researchLed to XB-35, YB-49 and B-2 stealth bomberBell X-1 1st plane to exceed Mach 110/14/47 Chuck YeagerBell X-2Swept wing research1st plane to exceed Mach 39/27/56 Milburn AptDouglas D558-II1st plane to exceed Mach 211/20/53 Scott CrossfieldDouglas X-3High speed flight materials & aerodynamics testingNever exceeded speed of soundBell X-5Variable geometry wing researchLed to F-111, F-14, B-1The X-Planes: X-1 to X-45Jay Miller
165 Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert Storm Vietnam ConflictAmericas Longest War - 25 yearsPhase I Aid and advisors for FrenchPhase II French defeated, troops sent to train S. VietnamesePhase III US Naval ships attacked. 8/64 Tonkin Gulf Resolution- empowered Johnson “take all necessary measures to repel armed attack against forces of US an prevent further aggression.”Operation Rolling Thunder:3 year bombing campaign to force N. Vietnam to surrender. Limited targetsOperation Linebacker I & IIPresident Nixon’s method to get N. Vietnam to negotiate. Linebacker II was the only true strategic bombing campaign of Vietnam WarPhase IV Nixon withdrew troops, Saigon captured by N. Vietnamese in 1975.
176 Advances In Aeronautics Aeronautical ResearchX-15 joint USAF, Navy, NASA program to build aircraft to fly 4500 mph at 250k feet.XB-70-Mach 3 high altitude supersonic bomber prototype to replace B-52Composite materials-Strong, lightweight, non-metallicOblique wing-Pivoting wing-optimum lift under different circumstancesWinglets-Reduce vorticies off wingtips reducing dragCanards-Horizontal surfaces forward of main wingSupercirtical wing-Delay point at which air reaches supersonic speeds, delaying increased drag.Forward-swept wing: X-29Military AdvancementsU-2: High altitude reconnaissanceSR-71: Mach 3+ high altitude reconnaissanceB-1B: Low altitude, high speed strategic bomberF-117 Nighthawk: 1st stealth fighter-bomberB-2: Stealth bomber
186 Advances In Aeronautics Civil Jet Aviation-the Beginning1st commercial jet Boeing 707, 1957Douglas’ answer to 707, the DC-8Defined global air travel through the 1960’sShort/medium range: 727, DC-9, 737737 most produced jetliner in history
196 Advances In Aeronautics Civil Aviation-The Wide body’s1st wide-body and largest commercial aircraft in service - Boeing 747, 1968Douglas entered with DC-10 trijetLockheed entered with L-1011 trijetAirbus enters with A-300 twinjetFirst supersonic transport: ConcordeThe advanced twins: 757, 767DC-9 grows into MD-80Airbus enters the narrow body market with A320
206 Advances In Aeronautics Civil Aviation-Modern Transports of the 1990’sBoeing MD-11, 777, seriesAirbus A330, A340Civil Aviation-The Future….Boeing Sonic CruiserAirbus A380
21Part 2 Principles of Flight & Navigation Chap. 7- Basic Aeronautics & AerodynamicsChap. 8- Aircraft in MotionChap. 9- Flight Navigation
227 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics Airfoil DesignLift & Angle of AttackDaniel Bernoulli4 Forces of FlightDutch physicist, 1738Discovered relationship between the pressure and speed of fluid in motionBernoulli’s Principle: “As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases”
238 Aircraft in Motion The Axes of An Aircraft Lateral Axis Longitudinal AxisVertical Axis
248 Aircraft in Motion Engines Reciprocating Fuel converted to energy in cylinderTurbineTurbojetTurbofanTurbopropTurboshaft
258 Aircraft in Motion Aircraft Instruments Performance - How aircraft responds to our commandsControl - Current state of aircraft devicesInstrument TypesEngineFlightNavigationalTachometerOil Press.Oil Temp.Manif. Press.Carb. Temp.Exhaust Gas Temp.Airspeed Ind.AltimeterTurn/slip ind.Vert. Speed. Ind.Attitude Ind. (Artificial HorizonMag. CompassHeading Ind.VOR Ind.
269 Flight Navigation Global Coordinate System Greenwich, England Sectional ChartsRelief - ElevationsHydrographic - Bodies of waterCultural - Cities, townsAirports - Civil & MilitaryAirspace & Airways - NavigationBasic Navigation TechniquesPilotage - Reference to visible landmarksDead Reckoning - Systematic consideration of all factors that could effect the flight
27Part 3 The Aerospace Community Chap. 10- The AirportChap. 11- Air CarriersChap. 12- General AviationChap. 13- Business & Commercial AviationChap. 14- Military AircraftChap. 15- Helicopters, STOL, VTOL, UAVsChap. 16- Aerospace OrganizationsChap. 17- Aerospace Careers & Training
2810 The Airport Runway Most important part of an airport. Can be made of grass, gravel, concrete, or asphalt.Identified by number corresponding to compass direction90 degrees “09”, opposite end 270 degrees “27”White lights at edges and sometimes in middle at night, during day are dashed white line down middleEnd of runway are red lightsControl TowerPrimary function to control runwayControls movement of aircraft on groundMost airports are uncontrolled (no control tower)
2911 Air Carriers Major Air Carriers Regularly scheduled service (commercial airlines, cargo carriers, regional air carriers - All regulated by FAAModern AirlinersBoeing 707-1st commercial jet used in US. Flew 1958, built until 1979Douglas DC-8-Entered service 1 yr after 707, ended 1972DC-9-Twin jet short/medium range competitor to MD-80/MD-90 are new versions.Boeing 727-Most successful tri-jet737-Twin engine, short/medium haul, most successful jetlinerBoeing 747-Largest commercial jet produced, 1st wide-body, Series 400-heaviest commercial aircraft 892K lbs (Antonov An-225-1,322K lbs)Douglas DC-10-2nd jumbo jet-3 engines, MD-11 next generation versionLockheed L st commercial aircraft since Electra.Airbus A-300-1st commercial aircraft by Airbus’s technology small wide-body
3011 Air Carriers Major Airliners Continued 757-Designed with 767, standard body, same fuselage diameter as 707, 727, 737, intended to replace 727 however created its own market.A320 - Airbus entry into narrowbody marketMD ’s version of DC-10’s technology twin-engine long rangeA330/A ’s technology medium/long rangeA380-New double deck 600 passenger long range - service 2006Boeing Sonic Cruiser - Near supersonic long range medium sized (767) twin engine transport. Probable service 2008Air Cargo CarriersOnly carry cargo, no passengersBoeing 747F, DC-10, MD-11, A300, 757, 727, DC-8Regional AircraftMetro III, Beech 99, ATR 72, Dash 8- all turbopropsRegional JetsBombardier CRJ, Embraer 145, Dornier 328,
3112 General AviationGeneral Aviation - All civil aviation other than flying by scheduled air carriers and government agenciesInstructional AviationAircraft specifically use to teach someone to fly. C-152, Piper Tomahawk, Beech SkipperPersonal AviationUse of aircraft other than business or commercial use, 24% all hours flown.Beech - Sundowner, Sierra, BonanzaCessna - largest builder of GA 179, Skyhawk, 182 Skylane, 185 Skywagon, 210 Centurion
3212 General Aviation Mooney - Mooney 201 Piper - Malibu, Cherokee, Cruiser, Arrow, Super Cub, ArcherSport AviationHome builts, ballooning, soaring, antique aviation, racing, aerobatics, ultralightFirst unrefueled nonstop flight around the world - December 14-23, 1986, Dick Rutan & Jeana Yeager
3313 Business & Commercial Aviation Business Aviation - Major areas of concern in aviation today: 1) Fuel efficiency; 2) Noise; 3) Cost effectivenessExecutive AircraftMulti-engine pistonTurbopropsTurbofansBusiness AircraftTransportation (air taxis, charter), agricultural , aerial Advertising, aerial Photography, fire fighting, fish & wildlife, patrol, industrial uses
3414 Military Aircraft Combat Aircraft Bombers - Reach enemy’s homeland and destroy ability to wage warBoeing B-52, B-1, Northrop Grumman B-2 Stealth BomberFighters - Destroys other aircraft, small ground targetsBoeing F-15, F/A-18, Northrop Grumman F-14, Lockheed Martin A-10, F-22, F-35 (JSF), F-16, F-117
3514 Military Aircraft Noncombat Aircraft Reconnaissance & Observation - Watch an enemy to keep track of what they are doingLockheed U-2, SR-71, Boeing E-3A AWACS, E-4B, E-8 J-STARS, Lockheed P-3C, S-3A, Northrop Grumman E-2CTransports & Tankers - Unarmed to support combat aircraft & military assetsLockheed C-5, C-141, C130, Boeing C-17, KC-135, KC-10, VC-25
3614 Military Aircraft Training Aircraft US Air Force Raytheon T-6 Texan II, Cessna T-37 Tweet, Northrop T-38 Talon, Raytheon T-1 JayhawkUS NavyRaytheon T-34C Mentor, Boeing T-45 Goshawk, Raytheon T-44 Pegasus
3715 Helicopters, STOLs, VTOLs, UAVs Helicopters - In use since end of WWII, very resourceful with limitations: high maintenance costs, vibrations, high noise levels. Turbine engines, composite materials advanced helicopter developmentAttackBell AH-1 Cobra (Army & Marines), Boeing AH-64 Apache (Army)Heavy-LiftBoeing CH-47 (Army), CH-46 (Navy, Marines), Sikorsky CH-53 (USAF, Navy, Marines), Bell/Boeing V-22 Osprey (Hybrid), Sikorsky H-3 - 1st nonstop flight across Atlantic Ocean 1967UtilityBell UH-1 Huey, Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk (Army, Navy, AF)CivilianBell 206 Jetranger, Bell 222, MD 500, Sikorksky S-76ForeignAerospatiale Puma, Dauphin, Agusta 109, MBB 105
3815 Helicopters, STOLs, VTOLs, UAVs Short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) - Defined as ability of an aircraft to clear a 50-foot obstacle within 1500 feet after takeoff and to stop within 1500 feet after passing over a 50-foot obstacle when landing.Vertical-takeoff-and-landing (VTOL) - Significant design differences to achieve VTOL from STOL. V-22 Osprey is propeller VTOL. AV-8B Harrier only VTOL aircraft put to common use in multiple countries. F-35 JSF Marines VTOL version to replace Harrier.Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) - Pilotless aircraft used for reconnaissance, electronic warfare, or combat operations. Used during WWII, widely used in Vietnam. Computer technology has renewed significant interest today.RQ-1A PredatorRQ-5A HunterRQ-4A Global Hawk
3916 Aerospace Organizations Federal Aviation AdministrationAir traffic regulation began with Air Commerce act of Bureau of Air Commerce formed within Dept. of CommerceCivil Aeronautics Act Regulation placed under Civil Aeronautics Authority (established safety & economic policies), Administrator of Aviation (execute safety policies), and Air Safety Board (investigated accidents).Federal Aviation Act FAA formedAir Traffic ControlAirway FacilitiesFlight StandardsResearch & DevelopmentAeronautical CenterNational Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)5 member board appointed by PresidentResponsible for determining cause of any transportation accident.National Aeronautics & Space AdministrationEarth Science, Aero-Space Technology, Space Science, Human Exploration & Development of SpaceInternational Civil Aviation Organization (IACO)International organization dedicated to standardization of aviation functions.Civil Reserve Air fleet (CRAF)Commercial airliners which have been designated by DoD for use in time of emergency.Civil Air PatrolEmergency Services, Aerospace Education, Cadet ProgramsAircraft Owners & Pilots Association (AOPA)Supports the views and rights of aircraft owners and pilots.Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)Formed to help builders safely construct and fly homebuilt aircraft.Industry OrganizationsAerospace Industries Association (AIA)General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA)
4017 Aerospace Careers & Training Aptitudes and Aerospace CareersSpecial talents and natural abilities which a person possesses are called aptitudes.Mechanical, verbal, scientific, manipulative, numerical, administrative, social, artistic.Academic InstitutionsJunior or community colleges - Associate degreeTechnical/Vocational School - technical education coursesFour year college/University - BA, BS, MS, PhdAir Force SchoolsAir Force Reserve Officer Training Corps. (ROTC)-BachelorsAir Force Academy-Bachelors, MastersMust be 17US CitizenGood moral character, physical condition, scholastic recordUnmarried and no dependent childrenDemonstrated potential for leadership, desire to become a cadetCommunity College of the Air Force - Associate Degrees
41Part 4 Air Environment Chap. 18- The Atmosphere Chap. 19- Weather ElementsChap. 20- Aviation Weather
4218 The Atmosphere Atmospheric Regions Troposphere - Region where we live. “Tropo” means change “sphere” means layer. Temperature decreases with altitude, region where weather occurs.Stratosphere - Stable weather region, temperature increases with altitudeMesosphere - Temperature increase then decrease to -130FThermosphere - 50 miles to 300 miles, temperature increasesWater in AtmosphereEvaporation - liquid molecules turn to gas or vapor state.Humidity - amount of water in airRelative Humidity - indicates amount of water vapor that can still enter air mass before being saturatedDew Point Temperature - Temperature at or below which water vapor will be saturated and condense.Methods of Heat TransferConduction - Heating by direct contactConvection - Heating by vertical motion of fluid (thermals)Advection - Heating by horizontal motion of fluid (wind)Radiation - Method of heating without changing temperature of medium in between (sun)Insolation - Rate Earth’s surface is heated by solar radiationPressure GradientPressure gradient - slope of high-pressure mountainIsobars - lines of constant pressureJet Stream - “River” of high speed air moving from West to East at speeds up to 450MPH
4319 Weather Elements Air Masses & Fronts Cold Front - Pushes warm air upward and can create thunderstormsWarm Front - Warm air covers cold air, usually high, thin wispy clouds developStationary Front - When air masses lose their “punch” and do not replace each otherOccluded Front - Warm air mass, lying between two cold masses is lifted by cold mass behindPolar - ColdTropical - HotMaritime - HumidContinental - DryCloudsCumulus - Piled upStratus - LayeredCirrus - High, thin appearanceLow ft, stratus, cumulus, stratocumulus, cumulonimbus, nimbostratusMedium - “Alto” high but not highest, ftHigh - Cirrus - wispy
4420 Aviation Weather Weather Hazards Visual Flt Rules (VFR) - Cloud ceiling > 3000 ft and visibility > 3 milesInstrument Flt Rules (IFR) - Cloud ceiling >500 and <1000 ft and visibility >1 mile and <3milesClouds, rain, snow, fog, haze, smoke, blowing dust, sand, snowIcing - Carburetor, glaze, rime, frostSevere WeatherThunderstormsCumulus stage - updraft of warm moist airMature stage - Rain, strong downdraftsDissipating stage - Downdrafts produce heating, drying, ceasing rainTornadoesFunnel cloud that touches ground - violent energy in small areaOccur most often in N. America & AustraliaHurricaneStrong tropical cyclone that occur around worldEye of hurricane is calm low pressure coreHailFrozen rain pellets that circulate in thunderstorm
4621 Rocket Fundamentals History of Rocketry Rocketry is based on the propelling of a vehicle by a reactive force.Chinese developed rockets in 1220 and were first to use in war.German engineer Konrad Kyeser von Eichstadt devised rocket propelled by gunpowderBritain’s William Congreve developed flight-stabilizing guide sticks and built first viable launching pad.William Hale (English) developed spin stabilization with angled exhaust tubes.WW I - rockets used as signal flares and to carry messages, not used as primary weapon.Dr. Robert H. Goddard - Developed and launched first liquid propelled rocket. Recognized as the “Father of Modern Rocketry”.Germany developed liquid rocket as weapon in WW II know as the V-2.
4721 Rocket Fundamentals Fundamental Physics Rocket Systems Gravitation-Force of attraction between all matter within the universeGravity- Gravitation force with a body or mass on or near the Earth (Galileo)Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation:Newton’s Three Law’s of Motion:1) Inertia2) F=ma3) Action=ReactionGm1m2d2F =Momentum = m x VAcceleration = rate of change of velocityRocket SystemsSpecific Impulse (Isp) = lbs of thrust delivered by consuming 1 lb of propellant in 1 secondAirframe-StructurePropulsionEngines - Liquid PropellantMotors- Solid PropellantGuidance Systems - “Brain”, inertial platform, star trackingControl Systems - “Steering”, thrust vector control, reaction control
4822 Chemical Propulsion Oxidizers & Reducers Oxidation - combination of oxygen with another substance. Time it takes for this process determines if substance rusts, corrodes, burns, or explodesCombustion - Rapid oxidationOxidizer - Chemical element of Oxygen used to facilitate oxidationReducers - Fuel used to combine with Oxygen to produce combustion.Propellant - Common reference to both oxidizer and fuelBipropellant - Propellant with separate storage of oxidizer and fuel.Monopropellant - Oxidizer and fuel stored in same container.Solid Motors-Oxidizer and fuel are mixed together in solid stateStorableNo thrust controlCannot stop or throttleLiquid PropellantHard to store/handleCan stop or throttle
4923 Orbits & Trajectories X Orbit - Path described by one body in its revolution about another body.XSatelliteEarthFocal AApogeePerigeeFocal BCircular Orbit - Constant altitude above Earth’s surfaceElliptical Orbit - Not circularEquatorial - West to East over EquatorGeostationary Orbit - Equatorial orbit of period of 24 hoursPolar Orbit - Crosses North and South polesSunsynchronous Orbit - Constant exposure to sunlightSounding Rocket - Straight up trajectory, never reaches orbit
5023 Orbits & Trajectories Velocity Requirements Burnout - Moment a rocket engine ceases to produce thrust.Satellite in circular Earth orbit - 17,856 MPHMinimum velocity to Moon - 24,409 MPHEscape velocity of Earth - 25,560 MPHEscape velocity of Solar System - 36,000 MPHLaunch VehiclesRocket - Power plant used to propel a payload.Missile - Rocket propelled vehicle used to deliver a weapon.Launch Vehicle - Rocket propelled vehicle use to deliver payload other than a weapon.Expendable - Vehicles used only once and do not return to Earth.Reusable - Space Shuttle is only reusable launch vehicle.
51Part 6 Space Chap. 24- Space Environment Chap. 25- Our Solar System Chap. 26- Unmanned Space ExplorationChap Manned Spacecraft
5224 Space Environment Space Definition - Altitude of 50 miles and beyond Earth’s surface.Cislunar Space - Space between Earth & Moon.Interplanetary Space - Center of Sun to outermost planet, Pluto.Interstellar Space - Distance between solar systems.SunStrongest gravitational force in the solar system.864,000 Miles in diameter, surface is plasma, fusion processPhotosphere - Thin shell that gives light.Chromosphere - Sphere of Color.Corona - “Crown” outermost part of sun’s atmosphereEnvironmental Effects on Space OperationsCommunications - Magnetic storms, ionosphere, solar flaresRadiation, Electrostatic charging, vacuumWeightlessness - Damaging physical effects on Human body. Astronauts use NASA’s “Vomit Comet” to train for weightlessness or free fall.
5325 Our Solar System Mercury Closest planet to Sun; 36 million miles Temperature ranges from -350F to 750FVenusSecond planet from Sun; 67 million milesNearest to Earth in size and distanceOnly planet to rotate about its axis in a clockwise (east to west) directionHottest planet of 900F, 240 days to complete one rotationMarsFourth planet, the Red Planet, slightly longer than 1 Earth dayHighest mountain in solar system: 400 miles wide 17 miles highPathfinder mission landed Small rover called Sojourner analyzed rocks and soil.JupiterFifth planet, largest in solar systemGas giant, hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia11 times larger than EarthRotates every 10 hours
5425 Our Solar System Saturn 2nd largest planet and sixth from Sun Rotates every 10 hoursUranus3rd largest planet in solar systemRotates on side every 18 hours.2 billion miles from Sun, -340F on surfaceNeptuneOutermost of gas planets, 4th largest in solar systemRotates every 19 hoursMost windy planet, up to 1500 MPHPlutoAbout size of MarsRotates every 6.4 Earth daysRanges from 2.9 to 4.6 billion miles from Sun
5525 Our Solar System The Asteroids Rocky and metallic objects orbiting the Sun too small to be planetsOver 15,000 asteroids have been foundCometsSmall irregular shaped body with nucleus made of water, ice, rock, and frozen gasIdentified by a coma (diffuse material surrounding nucleus) with a long trailing tailHighly elliptical orbit around the SunMeteoroidsBits and clumps of matter that orbit the Sun and cross cislunar spaceMeteor - meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphereMeteorite - meteor that collides with Earth’s surfaceMost meteorites are size of basketball or smaller
5626 Unmanned Exploration The Space Race Begins Former German scientists worked with V-2 rocket derivatives to explore rocket research for US and Russia.Soviet Union launched first successful artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 on Oct. 4, 1957Explorer I - US first satellite launched Jan 31, 1958.October 1, National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) developed.Space Treaties1967 Outer Space Treaty - Approved in UN General Assembly states that space is providence of all mankind and space exploration should benefit all countries.AMB Treaty , Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems - agreement not to develop systems to defend against ballistic missiles.Commercial Space Launch Act (CSLA) - Single regulatory agency for commercial space in US.
5726 Unmanned Exploration Satellites - Unmanned Spacecraft Communications Satellites - relay and amplify signalsEcho 1, Telstar, INTELSAT, TDRSS, MilstarNavigation Satellites - Send positional data to specific receiversTransit, NAVSTAR (GPS)Observation Satellites - Look at Earth and relay information.Weather (Tiros 1960), multi-spectrum imaging, reconnaissanceScientific Satellites - Orbit for sole purpose of gaining informationExplorers - first of series to orbit EarthOrbiting Solar Observatory (OSO)Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO)Hubble Space TelescopeProbesRangers - first probes to investigate the MoonSurveyors - landed on Moon’s surface
5826 Unmanned Exploration Probes Mariners - flyby of Venus, Mercury, and MarsPioneers - Outer planet probes, first look at Jupiter and SaturnVikings - Two probes that landed on MarsVoyagers - explored Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, NeptuneMars Pathfinder landing of rover SojournerGalileo - Inserted probe into JupiterCassini - To reach Saturn in 2004
5927 Manned Space Explorations Project Mercury - First American Manned Space ProgramDetermine if man can survive in space and effects on human body.Original Seven: Carpenter, Cooper, Glenn, Grissom, Schirra, Shepard, Slayton: 6 flightsMay 5, First American in space, Alan Shepard, suborbital flightFebruary 20, First American to Orbit Earth, John GlennProject GeminiImprove techniques needed for lunar mission: 2 people in space, rendezvous, and docking with another spacecraft, walk in space.June 3, Ed White first American to walk in space.: 10 flights
6027 Manned Space Explorations Project Apollo - The Moon Missions: 11 missions, 6 landed on MoonApollo 8 - December 24, First Moon orbitApollo 11 - July 20, First Moon landing. Neil Armstrong & Edwin AldrinProject Skylab - Our First Space Station: 3 Missions, longest mission 84 daysSpace ShuttleApril 12, first flight with John Young & Bob Crippen, ColumbiaVehicles built: Enterprise (atmospheric test vehicle), Columbia, Challenger (lost Jan 28, 1986), Discovery, Atlantis, EndeavourJune 18, first American woman in space
6127 Manned Space Explorations Soviet Manned Space ProgramApril 12, First human enter space and orbit Earth - Yuri GagarinJune First woman in space - Valentina TereshkovaMarch First human to walk in space - Alexei LeonovJuly Apollo-Soyuz Test Project - docking in spaceMir