For a recent project I was asked to measure the current from a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This is a typical request as knowing the current is useful for control systems and for measuring power and energy. This blog post highlights some issues and ideas for measuring current.
This project was for a domestic grid-connected PV system. PV modules generate DC (direct current) which is then converted into AC (alternating current) by the inverter which also synchronises with the national grid to allow power to flow into the AC national grid. The grid is effectively used as a large battery bank.
We needed to measure the current from the PV system, either on the DC or AC side. There are numerous way of measuring current. These include:
- Current transformers (only for AC)
- Hall effect sensors (for DC and AC)
- Shunt resistors (for DC and AC)
Shunt resistors are an intrusive measurement method, so these were ruled out for this particular project as we did not want to be affecting the mains voltage wiring. I use shunt resistors to measure current and hence power and energy in the pedalog power monitor.
Hall effect sensors, such as these, are relatively expensive, so were also ruled out for this project. I have used these in the past as they can be a very simple way of measuring current. I have had problems with accuracy, especially with low current levels.
A current transformer (CT) clips over a cable carrying an AC waveform. This induces a much smaller current into the secondary of the CT which can then be converted into a small voltage using a resistor (remember: V=IR).
CTs are used by the easily obtainable AC home electricity monitors which are now available. They clip over the incoming mains cable (just one of the cables – not both) and then plug into the transmitter. We had an Efegy and an OWL type energy monitor lying around. The Efegy type had the most sensitive CT, which we used. This has a turns ration of 1500:1 – in other words a current of 1A flowing in the AC cable would give a current of 1A/1500 = 0.0006666A = 0.666mA. The CT looks like this:
The circuit and waveforms are shown here:
The output from this circuit is an analogue AC signal which will vary around 2.5V DC. The amplitude of the AC signal will be dependent upon the current, with a constant 2.5V equating to zero current.
(With thanks to Trystan Lee et al of the Open Energy Monitor project for their information provided. If you are interested in your own energy monitor then have a look at their pages for great design info)
This waveform must be measured at a reasonable frequency in order to see the peaks in the waveform. The Nyquist sample rate for a 50Hz current waveform is sampling at a minimum of twice the frequency you are trying to measure, i.e. 100Hz. But this does not include complex waveforms which happen at a frequency greater than 50Hz. In this case you would need to measure the true RMS value. This can be done using a microcontroller, or using a specialist true RMS converter component.
In this project I was only interested in peak values and used a PICAXE microcontroller sampling at around 400Hz to monitor the current peaks.
Hopefully some of this information might be useful for your power monitoring project.