- Category: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
- Published on Friday, 19 July 2013 00:00
- Written by Roger Pebody
HIV negative women who wish to become pregnant with their male HIV positive partner can be reassured that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) appears to be a safe option in terms of maternal and infant outcomes, according to data presented at the 7th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2013) this month in Kuala Lumpur. But modeling work suggested that if the woman’s partner is already taking HIV treatment and unprotected sex is limited to her fertile days, then the addition of PrEP may not afford any extra benefit.
For couples in which one partner has HIV and the other does not (serodiscordant couples), it is increasingly recognized that effective antiretroviral therapy dramatically reduces the risk of HIV transmission. Moreover, unprotected sex can be limited to the days around ovulation (when conception is most likely to occur) -- a very cheap HIV prevention intervention.
For couples in which the HIV negative partner is male, another low-cost intervention is the practice of self-insemination. However, when the HIV negative partner is female, the expensive and intrusive process of sperm washing has generally been recommended.
Given the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis in other situations, there has been discussion about the use of PrEP to assist conception, but little empirical data on its efficacy or safety, or recommendations on how to use it in practice.
The drugs which are used as PrEP, tenofovir and Truvada (tenofovir + emtricitabine), are very widely used as antiretroviral therapy, including by pregnant women. Previous research has suggested that they have a similar safety profile to other antiretroviral drugs; infants born to mothers who took Truvadaduring pregnancy have not had slower growth or raised rates of congenital anomalies.
Nonetheless, the balance of risk and benefit is different when a drug is used by an individual who does not otherwise need it to control an existing infection or to prevent vertical transmission.
Moreover, an understanding of the safety of these drugs during pregnancy is also essential for the wider roll-out of PrEP to heterosexual women -- those at highest risk for HIV infection are often of an age at which pregnancy is common.
Safety data presented to the conference came from the Partners PrEP study, the large clinical trial among heterosexual serodiscordant couples in Kenya and Uganda, which showed that the tenofovir PrEP reduced the risk of infection by 62% and Truvada PrEP by 73%.
The trial was not set up to examine the safety of PrEP for conception or during pregnancy. In fact, as is common in clinical trials, pregnant women were specifically excluded -- if a participant tested pregnant during a follow-up visit, she withdrew from the trial. Nonetheless, during each year of the study 1 in 10 women became pregnant and fetuses were exposed to the study drug during the first few weeks of pregnancy, the most important phase for the infant’s development.
The investigators estimate that fetuses may have been exposed to either tenofovir or Truvada for a maximum of 6 weeks each. Adherence was exceptionally good in this trial, so it is likely that infants truly were exposed to the study drugs.
Data was collected on 288 pregnancies, with follow-up visits every 3 months throughout the infant’s first year of life. Comparing women who received placebo, tenofovir, or Truvada, the investigators found no statistically significant differences in terms of:
- Number of pregnancies;
- Preterm delivery;
- Birth weight;
- Congenital abnormalities;
- Infant growth.
The researchers concluded that PrEP may offer a method for HIV negative women with HIV positive partners to reduce their risk of HIV infection during conception. They did, however, suggest that further study of PrEP taken throughout pregnancy would be valuable.
How Much Extra Protection Does PrEP Give?
Antiretroviral therapy is increasingly recommended for people with HIV who are in serodiscordant couples -- and especially so if a pregnancy is desired. Therefore, it is worth examining whether there is benefit in an HIV negative woman taking antiretroviral drugs as PrEP in addition to her HIV positive male partner taking similar drugs as treatment.
To examine this, researchers constructed a mathematical model. Circumstances examined included using PrEP, using HIV treatment, using both, and using neither.
Among the scenarios examined were that some couples would limit unprotected sex to the fertile days in the month around ovulation, and that other couples would have unprotected sex throughout the month. Moreover, they examined the results for women of different ages, and for couples who had intercourse more or less often.
The investigators fed in a series of assumptions, derived from previous studies, of the transmission risk during both the first years of HIV infection and late-stage disease, the effectiveness of HIV treatment and PrEP in reducing transmissions, the impact of sexually transmitted infections, the probability of conception by age, the probability of successful delivery by age, and the number of unprotected sex acts to achieve successful conception. For each assumption, a range of possible values was analyzed.
The outcome of interest was that of an HIV negative woman, whose partner has HIV, giving birth to a child while remaining HIV negative.
For couples who limited unprotected sex to fertile days, the model showed that taking either HIV treatment or PrEP was better than taking neither. But slightly better results were achieved with HIV treatment for the positive partner than with PrEP.
Most importantly, there was no statistically significant additional benefit in adding PrEP to HIV treatment, compared to taking HIV treatment alone.
For couples who had unprotected sex throughout the month, adding PrEP on top of HIV treatment did confer some benefit. But outcomes were always poorer for these couples, compared to couples who limited sex to fertile days.
The model also found that age had a very strong influence on the probability of the woman giving birth while remaining uninfected. Younger women needed to have unprotected intercourse on far fewer occasions to achieve a pregnancy.
The investigators are in the process of developing an online tool to help health professionals who are advising serodiscordant couples. The tool will calculate the probability of a specific woman having a child safely, depending on that couple’s particular circumstances and behaviors. Moreover, the model’s inputs and assumptions could be modified.
For now, the researchers conclude that the results are reassuring -- in that they suggest that couples can achieve the desired results without needing PrEP, as long as they limit unprotected sex to the time of ovulation, screen for and treat sexually transmitted infections, and the positive partner adheres to antiretroviral therapy.
N Mugo, T Hong, C Celum, E Bukis, et al (Partners PrEP Study). Pregnancy incidence and birth outcomes among African women in a clinical trial of pre-exposure prophylaxis: the Partners PrEP Study. 7th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Kuala Lumpur, June 30-July 3, 2013. Abstract WEAC0101.
R Hoffman, R Vardavas, A Jaycocks, R Landovitz, et al. The benefits of pre-exposure prophylaxis as an adjunctive method of HIV-1 prevention during attempted conception between HIV-1-uninfected women and HIV-1-infected male partners: a modeling approach. 7th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Kuala Lumpur, June 30-July 3, 2013.Abstract TUAC0104.