(TCOs 1, 2) Participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, texture, and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called
Question 2. Question : (TCO 4) As part of a psychology experiment, Brett decides to measure a person’s “anxiety” by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a 20-minute social interaction with a stranger. Brett appears to have offered a(n) _____ of anxiety.
Question 3. Question : (TCOs 2, 3) Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain, resulting in the paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta’s brain was injured?
Auditory association area
(TCOs 2, 3) What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not firing a neural impulse?
Question 5. Question : (TCOs 2, 3) _____ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.
Question 6. Question : (TCO 4) In the process known as _____, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
Question 7. Question : (TCO 4) If a person hears a tone of 300 Hz, three groups of neurons take turns sending the message to the brain—the first group for the first 100 Hz, the second group for the next 100 Hz, and a third for the next 100 Hz. This principle is known as the
Question 8. Question : (TCO 4) Dizziness, nausea, and disorientation may result if the information from the eyes conflicts a little too much with that from the vestibular organs, according to the _____ of motion sickness.
sensory conflict theory
motor conflict theory
vestibular conflict theory
semicircular canal conflict theory
Question 9. Question : (TCO 5) You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple—just put on a tape and fall asleep. The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while asleep. Being a good psychological detective, what question would you ask about the offered proof?
Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
What did the EEG indicate about the participants’ level of sleep?
Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?
Question 10. Question : (TCO 5) You are telling a joke to your friend, who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ¬¬¬
Question 11. Question : (TCO 5) A student nurse looks at a patient’s chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea, so she asks the head nurse for assistance. How might the head nurse describe this condition?
The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
The patient cannot sleep unless he uses several pillows to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking, but he will not respond to commands.
The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.
Question 12. Question : (TCOs 7, 8) Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n)
Question 13. Question : (TCOs 7, 8) Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son’s screaming.
The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married.
The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
(TCOs 7, 8) A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can’t break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning?
Question 2. Question : (TCO 7) Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with
Question 3. Question : (TCO 7) You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you using?
Question 4. Question : (TCO 7) Which of the following pairings would result in the best overall memory?
Sad during learning and happy at recall
Happy during learning and sad during recall
Serious during learning and serious during recall
Intoxicated during learning and sober during recall
Question 5. Question : (TCO 8) Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?
They are using the availability heuristic.
They are using the representativeness heuristic.
People seek only confirming information.
People tend to make relative comparisons.
Question 6. Question : (TCO 8) Which of the following statements about gifted people is true?
They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses.
They are physically weaker than nongifted persons.
They are often skilled leaders.
They are socially unskilled.
Question 7. Question : (TCO 9) Sam is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room. He has worked in the mail room for only a short time, but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner. He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss, which helps to motivate him and has a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work. As a result of his efficient style, he is also given more freedom than other workers, because his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail. Sam is likely to be _____ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day.
Question 8. Question : (TCO 9) Sydney said, “I don’t care much about my grades as long as I’m the most popular girl in the class!” What need is this?
Need for achievement
Need for affiliation
Need for power
Need for sex
Question 9. Question : (TCO 9) You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next?
You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
You feel fear followed by physiological changes.
You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.
Question 10. Question : (TCO 11) Donita is angry with her boss, so she leaves work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark. Which defense mechanism is Donita employing?
Question 11. Question : (TCO 11) What was the basis for Freud’s development of his theory of the Oedipus conflict?
He did not believe that the stories his female patients told about having been sexually abused by their fathers and other family members were real memories.
He felt that we were biologically prewired to go through this conflict at certain ages, regardless of our surroundings or experience.
He felt that women, by definition, were born neurotic and the Oedipus conflict gave value to that belief.
He observed that all women were unconsciously angry at their own children and developed the theory of the Oedipus conflict as a result.
Question 12. Question : (TCO 11) Which theories are less concerned with the explanation of personality development and changing personality than they are with describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description?
(TCOs 2, 3, 4) You decide to go to work for a presidential candidate in the next election. You think that the way for you to get folks to vote for your candidate is to use some psychology. So, you make a deal with a soft-drink company to insert a picture of your candidate into its commercials for only a brief instant. It will be so quick that no one will notice the picture. That way, the candidate’s image will enter viewers’ subconscious minds and make them vote for your candidate. What psychological process are you trying to use and will it likely work?
Question 2. Question : (TCOs 5, 7) What are the main differences between physical dependence and psychological dependence? Give examples of both types of dependence.
Question 3. Question : (TCOs 7, 8) Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go the library and research this, using the social science literature. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies where the “bad guy” used a firearm. Agatha is using a heuristic device that is impeding or obstructing her thinking. Define this heuristic device. What might be a better way for her to examine the issue and avoid this mistake?
Question 4. Question : (TCOs 9, 11) Take three theories of emotion and apply them to one emotional event in your life. Be specific about the event and make clear connections to the theoretical assumptions.
Question 5. Question : (TCOs 7, 8) What is meant by a flashbulb memory? Describe its characteristics. Give an example that is well-known. Some psychologists are not impressed by these well-known examples of this phenomenon. What are some of the criticisms of the idea of flashbulb memory?