Manufacturing LECD devices is complex and methodical. It involves applying multiple layers
of ceramic and phosphor compounds on stainless steel metal. Each layer is thinner than a human hair and the amount of material is measured at microgram levels.
The lamp is comprised of a series of layers on a steel substrate. An electrical
potential applied across the electrodes (the steel substrate and the transparent conductive layer)
introduces a high voltage field across the phosphor layer, which causes electrons to accelerate to
high energies and activate luminescent centers in the phosphor. Light is produced when the centers
relax to their ground state. The LECD panel can be driven by an AC power source over a wide range of
voltages and frequencies, including the commercial/residential 120V 60 Hz found in many countries. Transformers and inverters are used to convert other power sources, such as battery or solar, to an appropriate voltage (typically 90 to 250 volts root-mean-square) and
frequency (usually 60 to 400 Hertz) for optimum LECD performance. Typical illumination levels are in
the 1 to 5 foot Lamberts range.