Previously published in Plastics Engineering and posted with permission from the Society of Plastics Engineers.
Plastics make possible all sorts of innovations that enhance the performance and sustainability of our packaging, auto parts, building materials, health care, sports equipment, and more. They also make jobs possible. Lots of them. And exports. Lots of them, too.
And with the dramatic increase in production of natural gas from shale formations, those jobs and exports are predicted to grow dramatically in the coming decade.
Shale Gas Provides Advantage to U.S. Plastics
Since hydrocarbons found in natural gas and oil are the primary feedstocks used to make many types of plastics, the affordability and supply of natural gas, natural gas liquids, and oil are critical to the competitiveness of plastic resin makers in a global marketplace.
In the United States, producers of ethylene, a primary feedstock for many plastics, generally use natural gas-based feedstocks, while producers in Europe and Asia often use oil-based feedstocks. So lower natural gas and feedstock costs can give U.S. manufacturers a big edge over these foreign competitors.
Increased production of natural gas from shale formations has made domestic natural gas and natural gas liquids more abundant and affordable. As a result, between 2005 and 2012, the U.S. went from being among the highest-cost producers of ethylene to among the lowest. The global competitiveness of U.S. plastic resin manufacturing has reached its highest level in decades.
These lower cost feedstocks from shale gas, plus rising wages in overseas factories and supply chain concerns outside the U.S., have made manufacturing in the U.S. more competitive. As a result of these and other factors, some companies that moved manufacturing abroad are returning to the U.S., and new manufacturing facilities are increasingly being built in here at home.
Which can lead to more jobs …
Plastics Industry Provides Higher-paying, Plentiful Jobs
Making plastics is a high-tech, capital-intensive business that employs large numbers of engineering and technical staff to ensure product quality, achieve performance specifications, and maintain safe and efficient manufacturing processes.
In 2013, plastic resin makers in the U.S. directly employed 55,200 people. These employees earned on average $84,900, which is 73 percent higher than the average wage for all industries.
Since the recession officially ended in June 2009, employment growth in both plastic resin manufacturing and plastic products manufacturing (commercial and consumer goods made with plastics) has outpaced overall manufacturing employment growth. At the end of the first quarter 2014, employment in plastic resin manufacturing was up 5.6 percent, and plastic product manufacturing employment rose seven percent. This compares to a 3.1 percent gain in overall manufacturing employment over the same period.
The economic impact of plastic resin manufacturing, however, extends far beyond the facility gates. To produce plastic resins, companies purchase raw materials, supplies, energy, and services. The economic activity in these supply chain industries indirectly generates an additional 344,700 jobs. It is estimated that household spending of wages earned by plastic resin manufacturing workers and the employees along the supply chain support an additional payroll-induced 294,500 jobs.
In total, plastic resin manufacturing supports nearly 700,000 jobs. Put another way, each job in plastic resin manufacturing generates 11 additional jobs in other sectors of the economy through indirect and payroll-induced effects.
That’s quite impressive. But the dramatic increase in production of natural gas from shale formations is turning out to be a real game changer.
Shale Gas Projected to Increase Plastics Jobs
To capitalize on U.S. feedstock price advantages due to shale gas, plastic resin makers have announced investments totaling more than $21 billion for new capacity, expected to come online over the next decade. For example, capacity to produce polyethylene, the most “shale gas-advantaged” plastic resin, is expected to grow by more than 50 percent by 2020.
As new production comes online, plastics resin makers are projected to add nearly 12,000 jobs. In addition, over the next decade a total of nearly $13 billion in increased capacity to process plastic resin is expected to be built, which is anticipated to require an additional 76,000 workers. Plus, nearly $1.7 billion in new capacity and nearly 3,500 jobs are expected from increased sales of plastic additives (such as plasticizers, UV stabilizers, and colorants).
Once these resin, processor, and additives investments come online, plastic industry shipments are expected to create more than 92,000 direct new jobs.
And all of this new production will generate demand for products and services along the supply chain, which is projected to lead to more than 130,000 additional jobs (which includes jobs making plastics machinery and molds for plastics). The combined payroll of all these workers is in excess of $15 billion. These wages are spent largely in local communities, supporting other jobs in health care, education, retail, services, and more, resulting in more than 125,000 payroll-induced jobs.
So … under current conditions, the manufacturing of shale gas-advantaged plastic resin and plastic products, plus related investments, will support a total of nearly 350,000 new jobs.
Plastics Industry a Large Exporter
America’s plastic resin manufacturing industry historically has been a net exporter and has maintained a large trade surplus. In 2013, the U.S. exported $31.1 billion worth of plastic resin and imported $12.5 billion worth, resulting in a trade surplus of $18.6 billion. U.S. plastic resin manufacturing is highly competitive and maintains trade surpluses with most major regions and nations, including a $2.4 billion surplus with China and $6.3 billion surplus with Mexico.
Exports currently account for approximately 35 percent by value of U.S. plastic resin shipments – typically higher-priced, value-added resins. Because of growing plastic resin production capacity due in part to the cost advantages offered by U.S. shale gas, it is expected that the share of exports compared to imports will increase.
Shale Gas Projected to Increase Plastics Exports
Demand for plastic resin is increasing both in the U.S. and abroad.
Important domestic end-use markets for plastics, such as vehicles and construction, are improving as automakers increase use of lightweight plastic parts to improve fuel efficiency and builders expand use of foam insulation to create more energy efficient homes.
Rising demand abroad for competitively priced plastic resin from the U.S. is anticipated to dramatically boost exports in the years to come. How much? Due to growth in shale gas-advantaged plastics production, plastic resin is expected to be an enormous driver of U.S. exports. The consulting firm Nexant, which recently conducted an economic study for the American Chemistry Council, projects that the trade surplus for plastic resins will triple by 2030.
Innovations that build a better future … improve fuel and energy efficiency … provide more high paying jobs … grow the trade surplus.
Plastics are making it possible.