The faculty of philosophy of science highlights and debates various theories to which people are said to derive scientific knowledge. Some of these theories include empiricism and positivism, inductivism and many others. All of these outlooks have very different approaches to the topic of the derivation of scientific knowledge. For example, the empiricists and positivists alike believe that scientific knowledge is derived from the facts of experience, whereas Inductivists believe that it should be deduced from theories and claims that have been inductively inferred from observations. Clearly, both of these theories have their allure but at the same time neither is clear of problems.
Marry Ann Thomas quotes from Jonathan Dollimore a proponent of New Historicism, much of the work of New Historicists is explicitly concerned with the operations of power (qtd. in Thomas 3). Indeed the reason to analyze the literary texts using New Historicism approach is to show the culture. One of the methods of beginning a New Historicist analysis by Stephen Greenblatt is to recount an anecdote which contains image of the power relations for that matter. The anecdote belongs to general documents or practices firmly grounded in the historical travel narratives, penal documents, historical testimonies, confessional narratives.
Every story has a beginning and an ending, even though they are connected. The stories are told by a third person narrator in the past tense, except the ending of each stories. It is overwhelmingly realistic and representational. Post-modernism seems to have emerged from modernism in the 1980s. It is “post” because it denies the existance of ultimate principles, lacks the optimism of there being a scientific, philosophical and religious truth which will explain everything to everybody.
I mean simple things: it's completely normal from a historian’s perspective, or any social science researcher’s perspective, to argue over some facts, specific moments because there are always different points of view. For example, someone thinks the document is fake, other thinks that it’s not. These disputes last for decades and even centuries and it’s good. But everything changes when the state intervenes. TB: Can a local initiative change or affect this
A genealogical approach is anti-essentialist in orientation, affirming the idea that all knowledge is situated in a particular time and place and issues from a particular perspective. Genealogy is a reminder of the essential agonism in the historical constitution of identities, unities, disciplines, subjects and objects. One of the important insights of postmodernism, with its focus on the power–knowledge nexus and its genealogical approach, is that many of the problems and issues studied in International Relations are not just matters of epistemology and ontology, but of power and authority; they are struggles to impose authoritative interpretations of international
When the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) were adopted as a UN resolution in 1966, cultural rights of ethnocultural minorities were recognised as human rights and as such required attention and protection from all 164 parties. From this recognition an endless socio-political debate emanated between liberal universalists and multiculturalists in determining the ‘best’ way to protect cultural rights of ethnocultural minorities. This essay will strive to prove the importance of culture in societies while summarising both universalist and multiculturalist solutions. Cultural rights are human rights that aim at assuring the enjoyment of culture and its components in conditions of equality, human dignity and non-discrimination. In reality, minority cultural rights are often baffled by the national majority’s culture.
The past no longer exists, so how could we measure the accuracy of our view of it? Instead, history is a method of attempting to understand the fragments left to us of the past, a set of tools and parameters for interpretation and speculation. So what is accuracy? ‘Accuracy’ in historical fiction about creating a version of history in line with credited
In the scope of culture management, where the notion of “cultural diversity” is coined, we speak of 'politics of recognition ' and 'identity politics ', which, basically, recognizes the culturally differentiated populations within society, placing them in the bulge of the national narrative starting from the guarantee of social rights. Within economy, we address the redistribution and equality policies that seek political mechanisms for reducing social inequality based on redistribution of income. Both aspects, however, must always be analyzed together. The question of Cultural Diversity/ Difference should be discussed under the prism of Social Justice and in the perspective of coloniality. The "recognition of difference" becomes a major theme in the claims and social struggles of contemporaneity, taking the form of an identity politics that has aimed more at valorising the difference than promoting equality (FRASER, 2007: .
A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come The advocates of qualitative and quantitative research have been engaged in a long-standing dispute. The purists, who insist on adherence to absolute traditional structure and want things to remain natural, argued persuasively based on the assumptions and beliefs of the positivist point of view commonly called positivist’s philosophy. The quantitative research advocates, on the other hand, maintained that qualitative research should be treated with distinct and independent existence, the way that physical science treats physical phenomena. They maintained that the observation of the research should be completely separate their bias from the subject of observation. However, the quantitative advocates insist
Many of these definitions overlap, but an important observation is that none is more correct than the other. One of the most important definitions of the concept belongs to Anthony Smith, who states that nationalism is "an ideological movement to obtain and preserve the autonomy, cohesion and identity of a population that some of its members regard as a" current or potential "nation" . As you can see, Smith emphasizes three main purposes of nationalism: autonomy, national unity and national identity, and even if the definition of this term is very much debated, Anthony Smith believes that nationalism is a phenomenon of modernity. And as there are different types of nationalism, civic nationalism is generally defined as a group of people who show some loyalty to civil rights or laws and are committed to complying with these laws. On the other hand, ethnic nationalism consists of a group that has a culture, a territory, a language, etc.