Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan
|Martyrs of Japan|
|Died||February 5, 1597,Nagasaki, Japan|
|Means of martyrdom||Crucifixion|
|Venerated in||Catholic Church, Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church|
September 14, 1627, Romeby Pope Urban VIII
June 8, 1862, Romeby Pope Pius IX
|Feast||February 6 (Catholic Church)|
The Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan (日本二十六聖人 Nihon Nijūroku Seijin?) were a group of Christians who were executed by crucifixion on February 5, 1597, at Nagasaki. Their martyrdom is especially significant in the history of Roman Catholicism in Japan.
A promising beginning to Catholic missions in Japan — perhaps as many as 300,000 Christians by the end of the sixteenth century — met complications from competition between the missionary groups, political difficulty between Spain and Portugal, and factions within the government of Japan. Christianity was suppressed, and it was during this time that the 26 martyrs were executed. By 1630, Christianity had been driven underground. 250 years later, when Christian missionaries returned to Japan, they found a community of "hidden Christians" that had survived underground.
Early Christianity in Japan
On August 15, 1549, St. Francis Xavier (later canonized by Gregory XV in 1622), Fr. Cosme de Torres, S.J. (a Jesuit priest), and Fr. John Fernandez arrived in Kagoshima, Japan, from Spain with hopes of bringing Catholicism to Japan. On September 29, St. Francis Xavier visited Shimazu Takahisa, the daimyo of Kagoshima, asking for permission to build the first Catholic mission in Japan. The daimyo agreed in hopes of creating a trade relationship with Europe.
The shogunate and the imperial government at first supported the Catholic mission and the missionaries, thinking that they would reduce the power of the Buddhist monks, and help trade with Spain and Portugal. However, the shogunate was also wary of colonialism, seeing that in the Philippines the Spanish had taken power after converting the population. The government increasingly saw Catholicism as a threat, and started persecuting Christians. Christianity was banned and those Japanese who refused to abandon their faith were killed.
On February 5, 1597, 26 Christians – four Spaniards, one Mexican, one Indian, all Franciscan missionaries, three Japanese Jesuits and 17 Japanese laymen including three young boys, who were all members of the Third Order of St. Francis, were executed by crucifixion in Nagasaki on the orders of Hideyoshi Toyotomi. These individuals were raised on crosses and then pierced through with spears.
Persecution continued sporadically, breaking out again in 1613 and 1630. On September 10, 1632, 55 Christians were martyred in Nagasaki in what became known as the Great Genna Martyrdom. At this time Catholicism was officially outlawed. The Church remained without clergy and theological teaching disintegrated until the arrival of Western missionaries in the 19th century.
Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities, Shusaku Endo's acclaimed novel Silence provides detailed accounts of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church.
While there were many more martyrs, the first 26 missionary and convert martyrs came to be especially revered, the most celebrated of whom was Paul Miki. The Martyrs of Japan were canonized by the Roman Catholic Church on June 8, 1862, by Pope Pius IX, and are listed on the calendar as Sts. Paul Miki and his Companions, commemorated on February 6, since February 5, the date of their death, is the feast of St. Agatha. They were included in the General Roman Calendar for the first time in 1969. Previously, they were honoured locally, but no special Mass for them was included even in the Missae pro aliquibus locis (Masses for some places) section of the 1962 Roman Missal. Some 21st-century publications based on it do have such a Mass under February 13.
The Church of England also celebrates the Japanese martyrs liturgically on February 6. The Anglican Church in Japan (Nippon Sei Ko Kai), a member of the Anglican Communion, added them to its calendar in 1959 as an annual February 5 commemoration of all the martyrs of Japan. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America added a commemoration on February 5 to their calendar.
List of the 26 Martyrs of 1597
- Saint Antonio Dainan
- Saint Bonaventura of Miyako
- Saint Cosme Takeya
- Saint Francisco Branco
- Saint Francisco of Nagasaki
- Saint Francisco of Saint Michael
- Saint Gabriel de Duisco
- Saint Gaius Francis
- Saint Gundisalvus (Gonsalvo) Garcia
- Saint James Kisai
- Saint Joaquim Saccachibara
- Saint Juan Kisaka
- Saint Juan Soan de Goto
- Saint Leo Karasumaru
- Saint Luis Ibaraki – Born in Owari (Nagoya). He was pressed by a samurai for apostasy, but declined it clearly. 12 years old, the youngest.
- Saint Martin of the Ascension
- Saint Mathias of Miyako
- Saint Miguel Kozaki
- Saint Paulo Ibaraki
- Saint Paul Miki or Saint Paulo Miki – Born in Japan in 1562, he joined the Society of Jesus in 1580 and was the first Japanese member of any Catholic religious order. He died one year before his ordination to the Catholic priesthood. Miki's remaining ashes and bones are now located in Macau, China.
- Saint Pablo Suzuki
- Saint Pedro Bautista or Saint Peter Baptist – He was a Spanish Franciscan who had worked about ten years in the Philippines before coming to Japan. St. Peter was a companion of St. Paul Miki when Christianity was made illegal.
- Saint Pedro Sukejiroo
- Saint Philip of Jesus - Born in Mexico in 1572 (at the time "New Spain"). Upon his martyrdom he became the first Mexican saint and the patron saint of Mexico City.
- Saint Thomas Kozaki
- Saint Thomas Xico
- Christianity in Japan
- Martyrs of Japan
- Nanban trade
- Roman Catholicism in Japan
- Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum and Monument
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (February 2009)|
- "Martyrs List". Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Sts. Peter Baptist and Twenty-Five Companions
- In the 1962 typical edition of the Roman Missal, page , the text goes directly from the Mass of St. Francis de Sales (January 29) to that of St. Margaret of Cortona (February 22).
- The Daily Missal and Liturgical Manual. London: Baronius Press. 2008. pp. 1722–1723. ISBN 978-0-9545631-2-7.
- The Roman Catholic Daily Missal. Kansas City, Missouri: Angelus Press. 2004. pp. 1637–1638. ISBN 1-892331-29-2.
- "Sts. Peter Baptist and Twenty-Five Companions". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan.|
- The 26 Martyrs Museum in Nagasaki City, Japan
- Catholic Bishops Conference of Japan: Timeline of the Catholic Church in Japan
- Daughters of St. Paul Convent, Tokyo, Japan: Prohibition of Christian religion by Hideyoshi and the 26 martyrs
- St.Joseph's Church, Nishijin, Kyoto, Japan: The first Roman Catholic Church on the 26 Martyrs' pilgrimage to Nagasaki
- "Japanese Martyrs". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- The Japanese Martyrs
- Augustinian Martyrs of Japan
- Nagasaki Wiki: Detailed Access Information from Nagasaki Station to 26 Martyrs Monument