2 Phrase vs. ClausePhrase – a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speechClause – a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and that is used as a part of a sentence
3 Two Types of ClausesMain (Independent) Clause – has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentenceSubordinate (Dependent) Clause – has a subject and a predicate but can not stand alone as a sentence
4 Main Clauses (Also called Independent Clauses) Every sentence MUST have a main (independent) clauseSentences may have more than one main clause, each with its own subject and verb, that may stand alone as a sentence
5 Subordinate Clause (Also called Dependent clause) Subordinate clauses must be attached to a main clause in order to make sense.Subordinate clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.
7 Four Types of Sentence Structure Simple SentenceCompound SentenceComplex SentenceCompound-Complex Sentence
8 Simple SentenceContains only one main clause and no subordinate clausesMay have compound subject, compound predicate, or bothMay contain multiple modifiers (adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, appositives, verbal phrases, and complements)
9 Example of Simple Sentence Reading thrills my mind.What is the main clause?
10 Compound SentenceContains two or more main clauses but no subordinate clausesEach main clause has its own subject and verbUsually joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction
11 Example of Compound Sentence Reading thrills my mind, and music dances in my soul.What are the two main clauses?
12 Complex SentenceContains one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
13 Example of Complex Sentence While reading thrills my mind, music dances in my soul.What is the main clause?What is the subordinate clause(s)?
14 Compound-Complex Sentence Contains more than one main clause and at least one subordinate clauseSubordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns**Look for these tip-off words
15 Example of Compound-Complex Sentence While reading thrills my mind, music dances in my soul; and my heart expands with joy.What is the main clause(s)?What is the subordinate clause(s)?
16 Formula for Sentence Structure Simple = 1 main clause, 0 subordinate clausesCompound = 2 main clauses, 0 subordinate clausesComplex = 1 main clause, 1 or more subordinate clausesCompound-Complex = 2 main clauses, 1 or more subordinate clauses
17 Sentence PracticeRead each of the following sentences and determine which sentence structure each represents.
18 Compound SentenceMany students want to attend college, but very few can afford the tuition.
19 Complex SentenceIf students get a loan, they will be in debt.
20 Complex SentenceAfter they graduate, they must pay back the loan.
21 Simple SentenceHow many years will it take to pay back the money?
22 Simple SentenceOne student, a graduate of Rock Falls High School, needed twenty years to be free of debt.
23 Compound-Complex Sentence Your parents may help you, but since college is expensive, you may still need a loan.
24 Complex SentenceI hope that you will all succeed in school.
26 Types of Subordinate Clauses AdjectiveAdverbNoun
27 Adjective ClausesAdjective Clause = a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronounUsually follows the word that it modifiesIntroduced by a relative pronoun or one of two subordinating conjunctionsRelative pronouns = who, whom, whose, which, thatSubordinating conjunctions = when or whereSometimes relative pronoun is omitted at beginning of an adjective clauseMay be an essential or nonessential clause
28 Essential vs. Nonessential Clauses Essential or restrictive clausesMakes the meaning of the sentence clearMay not be removed without altering the meaningOften introduced by relative pronoun thatNonessential or nonrestrictive clausesNot needed to make the meaning of the sentence clearMay be removed without altering the meaningSet off by commasMay be introduced by relative pronoun which
29 Adverb ClausesAdverb Clause = a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverbTells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditionsBegins with a subordinating conjunctionMay be placed before or after the main clauseElliptical Adverb Clauses have words left out of them. These words are understood or implied.
30 Example of Elliptical Adverb Clause Paige can run faster than I.Elliptical Clause = than I [can run].The idea of I can run is implied but omitted.
31 Noun ClausesNoun Clause = subordinate clause used as a noun and may function as the subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative, or appositiveIntroduced by words such as that, what, whatever, who, whom, whose, which, whoever, if, how, when, whenever, why, etc.Introductory word is sometimes omitted from a noun clause
33 Four Kinds of Sentence Purposes Declarative sentenceMakes a statementNormally ends with a periodImperative sentenceGives a command or makes a requestHas “you” understood subjectUsually ends with a period but may be exclamation pointInterrogative sentenceAsks a questionEnds with a question markExclamatory sentenceExpresses strong emotionEnds with exclamation point
34 Sentence FragmentFragment – a group of words lacking one of the following: a subject, a verb, or a complete thoughtLook especially for a word group that contains a verbal (participle, gerund, or infinitive) or a subordinate clause.
35 Run-on SentenceRun-on sentence – two or more complete sentences written as though they were one sentence3 Types of Run-ons1. Comma splice – occurs when two main clauses are joined by a comma rather than a semicolon or a period2. No punctuation – occurs when two main clauses are run together with no punctuation3. No comma before coordinating conjunction – occurs when two main clauses are joined without a comma prior to the coordinating conjunction