A lazaretto // or lazaret (from Italian: lazzaretto [laddzaˈretto] a diminutive form of the Italian word for beggar cf. lazzaro) is a quarantine station for maritime travellers. Lazarets can be ships permanently at anchor, isolated islands, or mainland buildings. In some lazarets, postal items were also disinfected, usually by fumigation. This practice was still being done as late as 1936, albeit in rare cases. A leper colony administered by a Christian religious order was often called a lazar house, after the parable of Lazarus the beggar.
In 1592, a lazaretto made of wooden huts was built on Manoel Island in Malta during a plague epidemic. It was pulled down in 1593 after the disease had subsided. In 1643, Grandmaster Lascaris built a permanent Lazzaretto in the same place to control the periodic influx of plague and cholera on board visiting ships. The hospital was subsequently improved over time, and was enlarged during the governorship of Sir Henry Bouverie in 1837 and 1838. The hospital was closed in 1929 and building still exists to this day. There are plans for the restoration of the Manoel Island Lazaretto.
Lazaretto Island (formerly known as Aghios Dimitrios) is located two nautical miles north-east of Corfu ( ). In the early 16th century, when Corfu was under Venetian rule, a monastery was established on the islet for prevention of diseases. Later that century, the island was renamed Lazaretto, after the leprosarium that was set up there. In 1798, when the French ruled Corfu, the Russo-Turkish fleet took over the islet and ran it as a military hospital. In 1814, during the British occupation, the leprosarium was renovated and went into operation again. After the Ionian Islands were united with Greece (1864), the leprosarium only operated when needed.
According to Edward Hasted in 1798, two large hospital ships (also called lazarettos), (which were the surviving hulks of forty-four gun ships) were moored in Halstow Creek in Kent. The creek is an inlet from the River Medway and the River Thames. The hospital ships watched over ships coming to England which were forced to stay in the creek under quarantine to protect the country from infectious diseases, including the plague.
During the Nazi occupation of Poland, the German-run Treblinka extermination camp had a pit where new arrivals who were severely ill would be shot; the staff's euphemistic name for this area was the lazaret.
In the United States, the Philadelphia Lazaretto was built in 1799 as a response to the 1793 yellow fever outbreak. The Columbia River Quarantine Station located across the river from Astoria, Oregon, also has a remaining example of a government built lazaretto constructed in 1912 by the US Marine Hospital Service. The lazaretto building is currently a museum dedicated to telling the story of station and its impact on the region.
The first lazaret was established by Venice in 1423 on Santa Maria di Nazareth (also called "Nazaretum" or "Lazaretum", today "Lazzaretto Vecchio"), an island in the Venetian Lagoon ( ). Additionally there is Lazzaretto Nuovo, also in the lagoon.
- Leper colony – Place to isolate people with leprosy
- Order of Saint Lazarus – Roman Catholic military order founded by crusaders around 1119
- San Lazzaro degli Armeni, also known as Saint Lazarus Island
- Villefranche-sur-Mer – Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
- HMS Dreadnought (1801)
- Lazareto (disambiguation)
- Social distancing – Infection control technique by keeping a distance from each other
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- Cassar, Paul (1984). "A Tour of the Lazzaretto Buildings" (PDF). Melita Historica. 9 (4): 374–75.
- "Manoel Island". Local Councils' Association. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- Bugeja, Zillah (4 September 2008). "Quarantine hospital for over 250 years to be restored". Times of Malta. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
- Hasted, Edward (1799). "Parishes". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. 6: 34–40. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- "Faifley - Fifeshire | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
- "AMERICAN EXPRESS AND PBZ AMERICAN EXPRESS ANNOUNCE U.S. $80,000 GRANT FOR RESTORATION OF THE LAZARET IN DUBROVNIK". American Express. Archived from the original on March 7, 2005. Retrieved March 27, 2005.
- "Lazaretto Quarantine Station". www.ushistory.org.
- D. Chambers, B. Pullman, "Venice: A Documentary History 1450-1630" p.114
- "Google Maps". Google Maps.
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- TYSON, PETER (2004-10-12). "A Short History of Quarantine". NOVA. PBS.
- "The Lazzaretto Island in Venice, the first lazaretto in the World". Comune di Venezia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-07-11.