There are basically two main categories of measuring variables with a sample of participants or subjects: experimental and quasi-experimental. According to (Hopkins, 2008), research studies can be carried out using body tissues, cells, animals or humans. The researcher is looking for a relationship between the variables, and this can be accomplished using statistics, relative frequencies, and/or correlations (Hopkins, 2008). One can accomplish this by simply observing without influencing, manipulating, or controlling the environment or interaction. One can observe and explore one subject, or one can compare one subject with another (Hopkins, 2008).
The goal of this study is to discover whether the intervention of using relaxing music has can impact the emotional state. The hypothesis of this study asks to what extent does listening or not listening to music before a test decrease test-taking anxiety in middle school students? The second hypothesis is to what extent does listening or not listening to music increase test scores in middle school students?
If the hypotheses are supported, then the students will not only state a decrease in physical and emotional symptoms of anxiety, but will score higher than the average of their prior three tests. This means that a decrease in anxiety will occur after the intervention, and a decrease in anxiety will produce a higher score. Having one variable decrease and the other increase is known as a negative correlation (Cozby and Bates, 2012). This means that there is a relationship between the two variables. Of course, this must be not only proven by statistical ev...
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...e Research. Association of Operating Room Nurses Journal, 90, 543-551. doi:200698620
Blankinship, D. G. (2011, January 13). Testing anxiety: Researchers find solution to help students cope. Huffington Post Education. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/0114/testing-anxiety-research_n_809221.html
Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. C. (2012). Methods in behavioral research (11th ed.). New York, N.Y.: McGraw Hill.
Fiske, S. T. (2010). Social Beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hopkins, W. G. (2008). Quantitative research design. Sportscience, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www.mendeley.com/research/quantitative-research-design-5/
Smith, R. A., & Davis, S. F. (2007). The psychologist as detective: An introduction to conducting research in psychology (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
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- Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Design There are basically two main categories of measuring variables with a sample of participants or subjects: experimental and quasi-experimental. According to (Hopkins, 2008), research studies can be carried out using body tissues, cells, animals or humans. The researcher is looking for a relationship between the variables, and this can be accomplished using statistics, relative frequencies, and/or correlations (Hopkins, 2008). One can accomplish this by simply observing without influencing, manipulating, or controlling the environment or interaction.... [tags: Research Analysis ]
1945 words (5.6 pages)
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736 words (2.1 pages)
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2118 words (6.1 pages)
- I. Jackson (2012), even-numbered chapter exercises, p 360. 2. The recommended design for this type of study is a non-equivalent control group post-test only design. 4. If a study is confounded, the researcher is not absolutely certain that changes in the dependent variable were caused by the manipulation of the independent variable, or some other uncontrolled variable. In a non-equivalent control group post-test only design, any differences observed between the two classes may be due to the non-equivalence of the groups and not to the injection of quizzes.... [tags: Research methods and statistics]
2375 words (6.8 pages)
- Method For their study they have used quasi-experimental cohort control group design. They said that they have chosen this design since it was impossible for them to create separate treatment and control group for their study. They did not do any random selection neither for teachers nor for students. However, they believed that using participant teachers as a control from pre-treatment to post-treatment added strength to their design. When the teachers finished participating in the program they were called treated.... [tags: Standard deviation, Statistics, Scientific method]
858 words (2.5 pages)
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689 words (2 pages)
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1721 words (4.9 pages)
- Snowden, Masland, Wallace, and Fawley (2009) examined if ethnic minority youth receiving supplemental managed care decrease the propensity for their need to obtain emergency or crisis care and if minority’s decrease were more than that of Whites. According to the article, Associating Supplemental Case Management Activities with Ethnic Minority Children’s Reduced Use of Psychiatric Emergency Services minority children and adolescents inflicted with poverty perform poorly in school and more often immersed in criminal justice and child welfare systems than their White counterparts.... [tags: Criminal Justice, Child Welfare System]
1244 words (3.6 pages)
- Evaluation Plan Background The program evaluation will be assessing the outcomes resulting from offenders that were placed into the HOPE program versus those that were not. As mentioned in previous assignments, the HOPE program is a rigorous probation sentence which entails submitting to random drug testing, mandatory appointments with law enforcement personnel, and the completion of counseling or drug treatment sessions while not repeating previous violations. Violations of the probation program will result in a swift and certain punishment of a short-term jail sentence.... [tags: Violence, Offenders]
770 words (2.2 pages)
- The purpose of this section is to compare and contrast case study and quasi-experiment research designs. I will outline how they differ in their general purpose and goals, which in turn dictates their differences in approaching sampling concerns, the type of data collection methods they employ, and the data analysis techniques they employ. For example purposes, I will be utilizing Dorothy Winsor’s Engineering Writing/Writing Engineering to exemplify case studies and Barry Kroll’s Explaining How to Play a Game to exemplify quasi-experiments.... [tags: Scientific method, Qualitative research]
2056 words (5.9 pages)