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Lev S. Vygotsky (5 Nov. 1896 - 11 June 1934)
Zone of proximal development
"... the distance between the actual development level as determined by
independent problem solving and the level of potential development as
determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration
with more capable peers." Vygotsky (1978, p.86)
Internalization is the "internal reconstruction of an external operation."
Internalization consists of a series of transformations...
Vygotsky (1978, pp.56-57)
- (a) An operation that initially represents an external activity
is reconstructed and begins to occur internally
- (b) An interpersonal process is transformed into an
- (c) The transformation of an interpersonal process into an
intrapersonal one is the result of a long series of developmental
Lev S. Vygotsky (1978) "Mind in society", Harvard
Edited by Michael Cole, Vera John-Steiner, Sylvia Scribner, Ellen Souberman
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Last modified 6/2/00