Crystallography has shaped the history of the 20th century
The year 2014 has been proclaimed the International Year of Crystallography. Exactly a century ago, it was discovered that X-rays could be used to 'see' the structure of matter in a non-intrusive manner. Today, X-ray crystallography has become the leading technique for studying the structure of matter at the atomic or molecular level.
The International Year commemorates the centennial of the discovery of X-ray crystallography, thanks to the work of William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg and Max von Laue.
Crystallography has shaped the history of the 20th century. It has made a vital contribution to our understanding of the very basis of life itself, notably through the work of Francis Crick and James Watson who, with a valuable contribution from the crystallographer Rosalind Franklin, revealed some 60 years ago that the structure of DNA was a double helix. In the past 50 years, the structures of more than 90,000 biological molecules have been revealed by crystallographers, with great ramifications for health care.
Today, crystallography underpins all the sciences
It forms the backbone of a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, agro-foodstuffs, aeronautics, computing, mining and space sciences. It is essential for the development of almost all new materials.
In this light, it is clear that crystallography will be indispensable for nurturing the scientific innovation which all countries need for their sustainable development and to build greener societies and economies.
Yet many countries still lack expertise in this field. This is why UNESCO and the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) are joining forces to shine the spotlight on crystallography in 2014.
The fact is that, even though it permeates our lives, crystallography remains largely unknown. How many people realize when they board a plane or take medication that these products are the fruit of a long process that began with crystallography? Every country must invest in this field and our message is that they can – crystallography is accessible to all and can be performed in a university setting, with relatively inexpensive equipment, without sophisticated infrastructure. All countries can enjoy considerable social and economic benefits from modest investments – and the International Year of Crystallography will demonstrate how.
The Year will be launched at UNESCO in Paris on 20−21 January, with representatives of governments, academia and the private sector attending from across the world. There will be a special focus on the role crystallography plays in development. Throughout the year, UNESCO and the International Union of Crystallography will be providing interested governments with guidance on curricular and research development, mainly the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).
We shall be organizing a number of open labs in developing countries, in order to show how crystallography works, in partnership with private companies. The first labs will be equipped and ready by early 2014 in Argentina, Côte d’Ivoire, Morocco, South Africa and Uruguay.
ABOUT IYCr 2014
Highlights of the Year
- Opening Ceremony
(20-21 January 2014)
- Launch of Year in Portugal
(12 March 2014)
- Travelling exhibition: Journey into the Crystal
- Open Labs
- Crystal-growing competition
- What's happening around the world (competitions for schools, crystal-growing competition, exhibitions, meetings...)
- Outreach programmes
- Declaration of Young Talented Crystallographers of the World
For young scientists
Participate in Open Factory!
Applications closed on 30 March 2014
Did you know?
Crystals —familiar to all in gemstones, glittering snowflakes or grains of salt— are everywhere in nature.
In the early 20th century, it was discovered that X-rays could be used to ‘see’ the structure of matter in a non-intrusive manner. Crystals (which are solids) were found to be ideal subjects. Later, scientists discovered how to turn molecules (liquids) into crystals, so that these could be studied too. This extended the scope of crystallography to biology and medicine.
As early as 1937, Dorothy Hodgkin solved the structure of cholesterol, followed by that of penicillin in 1946.
Once scientists understood the structure of matter, they could change this structure to design new drugs and new materials.
Louis Pasteur (France, 1822−1895) was an early crystallographer. He developed a vaccination against rabies and a method of preventing bacterial contamination: pasteurization.
Crystallography is used to control the quality of processed drugs at the stage of mass production, to ensure that strict health and safety guidelines are met.
Crystallography underpins the development of practically all new materials, from everyday products like computer memory cards to flat television screens, car and aeroplane components.
The Curiosity Rover used X-ray crystallography in 2012 to analyse soil samples on the planet Mars.
Our knowledge of ‘cosmic visitors’ like meteorites comes from crystallography.
Crystallography is essential for mining and any other industry which drills into the Earth, including the water, oil, gas and geothermal industries.