Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has left us with two powerful
sources for the improvement of the individual, the society and for the nations, those are: the Holy Quran and ahadith. The
Quran was revealed to the Last Messenger (peace be upon him) through the angel Gabriel. The ahadith show us the diversities
a single person can have, and the ways these diversities may be used to produce an optimal performance, where the performance
is exemplary for future generations. This was one of the main tasks of the Last Messenger (peace be upon him), to guide humanity
on the right path.
Muhammad (peace be upon him)
was a son, a husband, a father, an advisor, a warrior, a leader, a judge and most important of all, he was the Seal of the
Prophets - the last messenger of Allah. A man with such a character and such a vast field of responsibility is indeed deserving
of biographical study, and through the ages, biographical researches have been carried out. The collection of ahadith is the
result of these researchers. The study of ahadith is a science itself. To mention some branches within the study of ahadith,
there is the science of Asma'ul Rijal (the science of study of the life-history of 500,000 narrators), the science
of Mustalih al-Hadith (the science of classifying a hadith as authentic or weak), the science of Gharib al-hadith
(the study of the linguistic origins of the difficult words used in ahadith). I have mentioned only three different sciences
though this list can extend to over 100. This again indicates the immense importance of ahadith and the importance of understanding
The main source of ahadith can
be found in six sahihs These six sahihs are:
(d. 256 A.H. = 870 C.E.)
(d. 261 A.H. = 875 C.E.)
Sunan Ibn Majah
(d. 273 A.H. = 887 C.E.)
Sunan Abu Dawud
(d. 275 A.H. = 888 C.E.)
(d. 279 A.H. = 892 C.E.)
(d. 303 A.H. = 915 C.E.)
A.H. = After Hegira C.E. = Christian Era
their collections, these Traditions obviously used a critical technique to decide what they would include and what they should
reject. Bukhari, for example, examined 600,000 traditions of which he accepted only 7,397. There purpose was to assemble a
body of traditions which would serve as a rule of life for practising Muslims, so their primary interest was in selecting
such traditions as would give clear guidance concerning what Muslims belief and practice should be, what things were permissible
and approved, and what were not permissible and disapproved."
(Shariah: The Islamic Law. by Abdur Rahman I. Doi:54)
It should be quite evident from
the above-cited paragraph that the task of compiling ahadith was by no means simple. Although the most painstaking techniques
had been employed to decide which ahadith should be included and which should be rejected there were found grounds for classification
of ahadith. The ahadith are therefore classified in the following manner:
These are the genuine Traditions so declared after applying all tests.
2.Hasan: These are the fair Traditions
although inferior in the matter of authenticity to the Sahih.
3. Daif: These are the weak traditions which
are not so very reliable."
Before I proceed, I wish to
explain the meanings of isnad and matn as the understanding of these words is considered profitable for the
reader. A hadith consists of two parts. The chain of transmitters comprises one part while the message within the hadith completes
it. The former is known as isnad while the latter is matn. Continuing with the classification of ahadith, the
daif ahadith are divided further:
a The Mu'allaq
Traditions: These are those Traditions in which one or two transmitters are omitted in the beginning of the Isnad.
The Maqtu Traditions: These are those Traditions which are reported by a Tabi'i, a man of second category after
c. The Munqati Traditions: These are the broken Traditions.
d. The Mursal
Traditions: These are the incomplete Traditions in the Isnad of which a companion (Sahabi) is omitted, e.g. A Tabi'i says,
the Prophet said....
e. The Musahhaf Traditions: These are the traditions which have a mistake in words or
letters of the Isnad or the Matn e.g. Hasan is written as Hashan.
f. The Shadh Traditions: These are the
traditions with a reliable chain of reporters but their meanings are contrary to other similarly attested Traditions narrated
by the majority of the contemporary transmitters.
g. The Maudu Traditions: These are the fabricated and untrue
I have now presented a very
short introduction to the background of ahadith. I would most strongly recommend the interested reader to read the book "Shariah:
The Islamic Law" by Abdur Rahman I. Doi. It is a book which I have used extensively and found most interesting and informative.
The same author has also published a book which is titled "Non-Muslims under Shariah", another informative book which I would
Lastly I would like to thank
the people concerned in providing me with the facility for distributing this collection. Without their help, time, and effort,
I am quite certain that this work would not have come to the notice of so many people in so many places. May Allah give them
peace and bless them all. Amen.
Comments or questions/queries can be forwarded to this email
and include the word "HADITHS" in the "Subject: " field
of your email when using the above mentioned address. Thank you.
A Muslim and Pakistani,
Wa akhiro dawaana unilhamdolillah Rabb-i-il alaamin.