6 Diffusion Through a Membrane Solute moves DOWN the concentration gradient. (HIGH to LOW)
7 Osmosis Diffusion of water across a membrane Moves from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration
8 Diffusion of Water Across A Membrane High water concentration Low water concentrationLow solute concentration High solute concentration
9 Cells in Solutions Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic A solution whose solute concentration is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell.HypotonicA solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cellHypertonicA solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell.
10 Cell in Isotonic Solution What is the direction of water movement?The cell is at EQUILIBRIUMWater will flow in both directions outside and inside the cell.The solute and water concentrations are the same inside and outside the cell.
11 Cell in Hypotonic Solution What is the direction of water movement?The water is going INSIDE the cell.Water is attracted to the solute inside the cell.The solute concentration is greater inside the cell than outside, therefore water will flow into the cell.
12 Cell in Hypertonic Solution What is the direction of water movement?The water is GOING OUT of the cell.The solute concentration is greater outside the cell, therefore water will flow outside the cell.
14 Cells in SolutionsIsotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solutionNo net movementof water. EQUAL CYTOLYSIS PLASMOLYSISamounts leaving andentering
15 Cells in Solutions Cytolysis Plasmolysis The destruction of a cell. Cytolysis in elodea.CytolysisThe destruction of a cell.Cells swell and burstPlasmolysisThe shrinking of a cell.Cells shrink and shrivelPlasmolysis in elodea.Normal elodea plant cell
23 Facilitated Diffusion Molecules will randomly move through the pores in Channel Proteins.
24 Types of Transport Proteins Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to crossCarrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other
25 Facilitated Diffusion Some carrier proteins do not extend through the membrane.They bond and drag molecules through the lipid bilayer and release them on the opposite side.
26 Active Transport Active Transport Requires energy or ATP Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentrationAGAINST concentration gradientGoing against the gradient
27 Active TransportExamples: Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+ (potassium ions) in—against concentration gradients.Called the Sodium-Potassium Pump.
28 Sodium-Potassium Pump 3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out; creates a membrane potential.
29 Active Transport--Exocytosis Type of active transportMoving things OUTMolecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse the with the plasma membrane.This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with each other.
30 ExocytosisExocytic vesicle immediately after fusion with plasma membrane.
31 Active Transport--Endocytosis Large molecules move materials into the cell by one of three forms of endocytosis.PinocytosisReceptor-mediated endocytosisPhagocytosis
32 Active Transport-Pinocytosis Most common form of endocytosis.Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle.
33 Active Transport-Pinocytosis Cell forms an invaginationMaterials dissolve in water to be brought into cellCalled “Cell Drinking”
34 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.
35 Example of Pinocytosis Transport across a capillary cell (blue).
36 Active Transport--Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
37 Active Transport--Phagocytosis Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesiclesCalled “Cell Eating”