Java doesn't do anything in this area. It just uses OS services to create the pipes.
All Unix like OSs and Windows behave the same in this regard: A pipe with a 4K is created between parent and child. When that pipe is full (because one side isn't reading), the writing process blocks.
This is the standard since the inception of pipes. There is not much Java can do.
What you can argue is that the process API in Java is clumsy and doesn't have good defaults like simply connecting child streams to the same stdin/stdout as the parent unless the developer overrides them with something specific.
I think there are two reasons for the current API. First of all, the Java developers (i.e. the guys at Sun/Oracle) know exactly how the process API works and what you need to do. They know so much that it didn't occur to them that the API could be confusing.
The second reason is that there is no good default that will work for the majority. You can't really connect stdin of the parent and the child; if you type something on the console, to which process should the input go?
Similarly, if you connect stdout, the output will go somewhere. If you have a web app, there might be no console or the output might go somewhere where no one will expect it.
You can't even throw an exception when the pipe is full since that can happen during the normal operation as well.