October 5, 2011
The global food system has become largely dependent on a finite supply of oil. Rates of crude extraction are projected to decline in the immediate future, accompanied by a rise in oil prices. Judging from recent oil price hikes, higher food prices are likely to follow closely behind. As a result, populations afflicted by hunger may face a particularly sobering transition to a food system divorced, at least in part, from what has become an almost inextricable bond with oil.
In every potential crisis lies opportunity. In our efforts to prepare for a post-peak oil food system, what measures can be taken to uplift and protect the world’s most vulnerable? Among several other key recommendations, expanding the capacity of local and regional food systems may build resiliency against rising food prices, more expensive agricultural inputs and other shocks related to oil scarcity. By providing greater economic opportunities to the most affected populations, building support around local farmers in developing regions may also help to alleviate hunger.
In Peak Oil, Food Systems, and Public Health, which is part of an American Journal of Public Health special supplement addressing peak petroleum, authors Roni Neff and colleagues describe some of the potential impacts of peak oil on global hunger. In one scenario, oil scarcity may incentivize a shift from growing food crops toward growing crops for biofuel production—resulting in higher food prices. Looking to recent history, the oil price spike from 2006 to 2008 was closely followed by a rise in food prices that pushed an additional 42 million people worldwide into undernourishment. These events may foreshadow the effects of declining oil reserves.
Even in the absence of impending resource crises, international food policies can exacerbate hunger. Olivier De Schutter, U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, explains this paradoxical relationship. An estimated one half of the persons affected by hunger are small farmers. When foreign imports and food aid enter local markets, the prices for locally-produced goods often drop, leaving small local farmers with less revenue from selling their products. As a result, they become more susceptible to hunger, particularly during lean seasons when they can neither grow nor afford adequate food for themselves and their families.
To help address these public health harms, De Schutter advocates for creating more economic opportunities for local and regional production. This could involve setting up local markets, building food distribution and storage infrastructure, and providing small farmers with better information on food prices.
Writing on peak oil, Neff and her colleagues similarly advocate for expanding local and regional food systems—not with the intent of replacing global distribution, as both Neff and De Schutter emphasize, but to build diversity and resilience. Among other advantages, sourcing food from multiple scales of distribution—including local, regional and global—allows for more flexible responses to rising food prices, climate change and other shocks.
As rising oil costs make long-distance transport prohibitively expensive, it is likely that shifts to more local and regional production will become a necessity. If we are unprepared to deal with this transition, the effects on global hunger could be devastating. Rather than waiting until change is forced upon us, expanding local and regional food systems sooner than later could prepare populations for the effects of declining oil reserves, while offering immediate opportunities to address global hunger.
For the previous blogpost on peak oil, click here (Food Systems after Peak Oil: A Look at Cuba)