DEVELOPING GUIDELINES ON HENNA:
A GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH
This work was filed to complete her
Master of Liberal Studies degree at Kent State Univeristy, Kent, Ohio
under the direction of Dr. Alison Smith PhD.
Though many anthropologists and botanists have mentioned henna tangentially, there is currently no systematic study of the history, traditions, art and science of henna. This paper proposes that there is a need for an orderly investigation of henna because there are conflicting claims of ethnic ownership of henna, and misunderstanding of what henna body art is and how it is created. This has caused injuries, and import seizures of henna, as well as unfounded popular speculation about henna.
In “Developing Guidelines on Henna, A Geographical Approach”, I propose constructing criterion for investigating henna, so that both modern and ancient evidence of henna body art can be systematically evaluated and mapped into geographic contexts. This would enable the study of early henna body art, poorly understood at present and usually dismissed as “lost in the mists of time”. This would also enable analysis of changing geographic patterns of henna during periods of immigration, cultural and climatic change. I hope this will initiate an orderly investigation of the history, science and legal status of an ephemeral art: henna.
You can download "Developing Guidelines on Henna: A Geographic Approach" Chapter by Chapter:
Introduction: The Emergence of Henna into the West and the Need for a Systematic Study of Henna 1 MB PDF
The Problems Created by Henna’s Rapidly Changing Geographies
The Lack of a Systematic Study of Henna
Identifying Henna and Proposing Criteria for a Systematic Study of Henna
Criteria for a Systematic Investigation of Henna 7.5 MB PDF
The Henna Plant; Lawsonia Inermis
Henna’s Growing Range: Global Regions
Henna’s Growing Range: Temperature Minima and Henna
Henna’s Growing Range: Precipitation and Henna
Henna’s Present Growth Range
The Color of Henna
The Basis of Henna Color: Lawsone
The Geography of Skin and Henna: Henna Stains on Skin
Differentiating Henna From Other Forms of Body Art: Tattoos
Differentiating Henna From Other Forms of Body Art: Paints
Differentiating Henna From Other Forms of Body Art: Scarification
Differentiating Henna From Other Indian Body Adornments That Resemble Henna: Impatiens Balsamica
Differentiating henna From Other Indian Body Adornments that Resemble Henna: Lac
Cultural Carriers of Henna
Using Criteria to Evaluate Body Markings on Artifacts 4 MB PDF
Criteria Groups for Evaluating Artifacts with Body Markings
Criteria Group One: Negative Evidence of Henna
Criteria Group Two: Positive Evidence of Henna
Criteria Group Three: Supporting evidence of Henna
Criteria Group Four: Ambivalent Evidence of Henna
Using the Criteria Groups to Evaluate Evidence of Henna Body Art
Example OneThe Results of the Evaluations
Mapping the Historical Regions of Henna 2.5 MB PDF
Location of Artifacts Between 6000 BCE and 3000 BCE That Have Positive Evidence of Henna Use
Location of Artifacts Between 3000 BCE and 1400 BCE That Have Positive Evidence of Henna Use
Location of Artifacts Between 1400 BCE and 500 BCE That Have Positive Evidence of Henna Use
Location of Artifacts Between 500 BCE and 700CE That Have Positive Evidence of Henna Use
Location of Artifacts between 700 BCE and 1250 CE That Have Positive Evidence of Henna Use
Location of Artifacts Between 1250 BCE and 1700 CE That Have Positive Evidence of Henna Use
Areas of Henna Body Art Practices in the Early Twentieth Century
Areas of Henna Body Art Practices in the Early Twenty-first Century: Tradition, Immigration, Westernization and Para-Phenylenediamine
The Geographies of Henna Emergence in the West
The Geographies of Para-phenylenediamine “Black Henna” as Body Art
The Geographies of Traditional Henna Use in the Early 21st Century
Larger versions of maps included in Developing Guidelines to Henna: A Geographic Approach
Maps and Mapping Data references
Additional photographs and drawings provided by author
The entire work is available in a single zip file:
Copyright © 2006 Catherine Cartwright-Jones TapDancing Lizard LLC
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Stow, Ohio, 44224
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*"Henna, the Joyous Body Art"
the Encyclopedia of Henna
Catherine Cartwright-Jones c 2000
registered with the US Library of Congress