|Whilst still in Japan, on 28/10/1880 his
Nature paper on fingerprints was published. This paper is typical of the
time and rather turgid, but in it Faulds makes two critical observations:
1) "When bloody finger-marks or
impressions on clay, glass etc., exist, they may lead to the scientific
identification of criminals."
2) "A common slate or smooth board of
any kind, or a sheet of tin, spread over very thinly and evenly with
printer's ink, is all that is required [to take fingerprints]."
This was the first suggestion ever, that
fingerprints could be used to catch a crook, and most importantly how you
might do it.
DR HENRY Faulds defines the forgotten Scot,
a scientific pioneer who changed the world by betting on a
64-billion-to-one chance that no two people have the same fingerprints.
But his place in history was usurped by the unscrupulous, and it was no
comfort that his chief betrayer was Charles Darwin, a man who had also
challenged human thinking.
But recently, Dr Faulds’s obscurity has been redressed. A book published
in the United States has gone some way to reinstate the medical missionary
- still revered in Japan - as the father of one of the most significant
developments in crime detection.
Now, the people of Beith, in Ayrshire, his home town, with the support of
the Scottish Executive, are to create a lasting memorial to Dr Faulds.
They have raised money, which they hope will be added to by a Heritage
Lottery Fund grant, to erect a permanent monument, only the second
memorial in the world to the pioneer.
The other is at Tsukiji hospital in Tokyo, which Dr Faulds founded for the
sick and needy of that city.
Donald Reid, a former police superintendent in Glasgow who is a member of
the Henry Faulds Society, founded in Beith last year, said: "As an ex-cop,
I know only too well the value of what this man did. It would be dreadful
to let his memory or his achievements slip out of our consciousness."
Meanwhile, the Scottish Parliament passed a motion tabled by Campbell
Martin, the local MSP, which sought to "right the wrong" of the
scientist’s name being written out of history.
Dr Faulds, who was born in 1843, was the first person to recognise the
unique nature of fingerprints and their potential for forensic
Later research revealed that the chances of two people having the same
prints were 64 billion to one against.
The discovery revolutionised law enforcement as the definitive means of
human identification until the advent of DNA.
Dr Faulds was the first man in history to establish the innocence of a
suspect and assist in the conviction of a felon.
However, when Dr Faulds, then in Japan, appealed to the ageing Darwin,
author of The Origin of Species, for help to expand his research, Darwin
passed Dr Faulds’s findings to his scientist nephew, Sir Francis Galton.
But Sir Francis and his colleague, William Henry, stole the discovery and
history has recorded it as their work.
Dr Faulds died in obscurity in 1930, but the New York author, Colin Beavan,
wrote a book which "set the record straight".
Dr Faulds studied medicine at Anderson College - later part of Glasgow
University - and later became a missionary. In 1874, he became the United
Free Presbyterian Church’s first medical missionary to Japan, where, in
1875, he established the Tsukiji hospital and was offered the post of
physician to the Imperial Household.
But the moment that changed the history of criminal detection came when he
was studying ancient pottery and found a fingerprint. Curious, he began a
scientific study by removing his own prints with chemicals and discovered
they grew back in the same pattern.
The breakthrough came when Tokyo police arrested a man for burglary. Dr
Faulds proved he was not the thief, and when they arrested another suspect
he established his guilt.
In 1880, Dr Faulds published his research, in which he predicted its
Mr Reid added: "He made a remarkable contribution and we are currently
identifying a site for his memorial, only the second in the world."
Tuesday, 14th October 2003
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