Argo (Ἀργώ in Greek) is a constellation that is not so much disused as dismantled. It was one of the 48 constellations known to Greek astronomers, as listed by Ptolemy in the Almagest, but astronomers in the 18th century found it large and unwieldy and so divided it into three parts: Carina, the Keel or body; Puppis, the Poop (i.e. stern); and Vela, the Sails. Were the three parts to be reunited, the resulting figure would be almost 28% larger in area than the current largest constellation, Hydra.
The modern constellation Pyxis, the compass, occupies an area next to the mast, but it is not considered a part of the original Argo. In 1844 the English astronomer John Herschel proposed replacing Pyxis with a fourth subdivision of Argo which he called Malus, the mast, but this suggestion was not widely adopted.
Voyage of the Argo
Argo Navis represents the 50-oared galley in which Jason and his crew of Argonauts sailed to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis, on the eastern shores of the Black Sea in present-day Georgia. This fleece, incidentally, came from the ram that is now represented by the constellation Aries.
Jason was the rightful successor to the throne of Iolcus in eastern Greece. But the throne had been seized by his arrogant uncle Pelias while Jason was still a child and there seemed no chance that Jason would inherit it. When Jason had grown into a man, Pelias deceitfully offered to relinquish the throne if Jason could bring back the golden fleece from Colchis. It was a round trip of over 2,000 miles, and Pelias secretly hoped that Jason would perish along the way.
First, he needed a ship capable of such an epic voyage. Jason entrusted its construction to Argus, after whom it was named. Argus built the ship under supervision of the goddess Athene at the port of Pagasae (the modern Volos), using timber from nearby Mount Pelion.
Into the prow Athene fitted an oak beam from the oracle of Zeus at Dodona in north-western Greece. This area, like the island of Corfu nearby, was once noted for its forests of oak, before later shipbuilders stripped them bare. Being part of an oracle, this oak beam could speak and it was crying out for action by the time the Argo left harbour.
Argo Navis dominates this crowded scene in the southern celestial hemisphere in the Uranographia of Johann Bode (1801). On the blade of one of the steering oars lies the bright star Canopus, now part of the constellation Carina.
The prow of the ship was usually imagined as disappearing between the Clashing Rocks or vanishing into the mists of the Milky Way, but here the rocks are replaced by Charles’s Oak (Robur Caroli II), a now-obsolete constellation invented by Edmond Halley. Unlike other depictions of Argo, this version has no main mast rising from the body of the ship. The spar around which the sail is wrapped appears to emerge from the stern, but this may be an artistic error.
Because of Argo’s considerable size, cartographers struggled to depict it successfully on a single chart. The attempt by Bode above is perhaps the best, but for some alternative views click here.
Jason took with him 50 of the greatest Greek heroes, including the twins Castor and Polydeuces, the musician Orpheus, as well as Argus, the ship’s builder. Even Heracles interrupted his labours to join the crew.
Apollonius of Rhodes, who wrote the epic story of the ship’s voyage to Colchis and back, described Argo as the finest ship that ever braved the sea with oars. Even in the roughest of seas the bolts of Argo held her planks together safely, and she ran as sweetly when the crew were pulling at the oars as she did before the wind. Isaac Newton thought the voyage of the Argo was commemorated in the 12 signs of the zodiac, although the connections are hard to see.
Among the greatest dangers the Argonauts faced en route were the Clashing Rocks, or Symplegades, which guarded the entrance to the Black Sea like a pair of sliding doors, crushing ships between them. As the Argonauts rowed along the Bosporus, they could hear the terrifying clash of the Rocks and the thunder of surf. The Argonauts released a dove and watched it fly ahead of them. The Rocks converged on the dove, nipping off its tail feathers, but the bird got through. Then, as the Rocks separated, the Argonauts rowed with all their might. A well-timed push from the divine hand of Athene helped the ship through the Rocks just as they slammed together again, shearing off the mascot from Argo’s stern. Argo had become the first ship to run the gauntlet of the Rocks and survive. Thereafter the Clashing Rocks remained rooted apart.
Once safely into the Black Sea, Jason and the Argonauts headed for Colchis. There they stole the golden fleece from King Aeëtes, and made off with it back to Greece by a roundabout route. After their return, Jason left the Argo beached at Corinth, where he dedicated it to Poseidon, the sea god.
Eratosthenes said that the constellation represents the first ocean-going ship ever built, and the Roman writer Manilius concurred. However, this attribution must be wrong because the first ship was actually built by Danaus, father of the 50 Danaids, again with the help of Athene, and he sailed it with his daughters from Libya to Argos.
Argo in the sky
Only the stern of Argo is shown in the sky. Map makers attempted to account for this truncation either by depicting its prow vanishing into a bank of mist, as Aratus described it, or by passing between the Clashing Rocks, as shown on Bayer’s atlas. Robert Graves recounts the explanation that Jason in his old age returned to Corinth where he sat beneath the rotting hulk of Argo, contemplating past events. Just at that moment the rotten beams of the prow fell off and killed him. Poseidon then placed the rest of the ship among the stars. Hyginus, though, says that Athene placed Argo among the stars from steering oars to sail when the ship was first launched, but says nothing about what happened to the prow.
Argo was first subdivided into Carina, Puppis, and Vela by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in his catalogue of the southern stars published in 1756 and it now lies permanently dismembered. In the notes to his preliminary catalogue, published in 1756, Lacaille wrote: ‘I have divided [Argo] into three parts, namely la Pouppe [Puppis], le Corps [Carina] & la Voilure [Vela]’. Pyxis, the ship’s compass, was also introduced by Lacaille in this same area but he listed it separately, among his 14 new constellations, and so it is not considered a part of Argo, despite occasional assertions to the contrary.
There is, though, still an echo of Argo’s former unity. Lacaille was dissatisfied with Bayer’s allocation of Greek letters to the stars of Argo, so he decided to change them. However, when he did so, he used just one sequence of Greek letters, from Alpha to Omega, as though Argo were still a single figure. The designations Alpha and Beta were given to the two brightest stars of Argo, which are in Carina; hence there are no stars labelled Alpha or Beta in either Puppis or Vela. Equally, the brightest star in Puppis is Zeta and the brightest in Vela is Gamma, but there is no Zeta or Gamma Carinae.
© Ian Ridpath. All rights reserved