Presentation on theme: "Biology 20 Excretion General, Structure & Function, Four Steps to Urine Formation Hormones, Composition of Urine."— Presentation transcript:
Biology 20 Excretion General, Structure & Function, Four Steps to Urine Formation Hormones, Composition of Urine
Introduction Humans are 70% water –1/3 of this is in plasma Blood – carries nutrients, picks up waste Wastes need to be removed Composition of fluids need to be kept in balance Excretion: monitor, analyze, select, reject
EXCRETION Excretion is the process of removing metabolic wastes from the body. During the metabolic processes of the body, waste products are removed from the site of production by the blood. As these wastes accumulate, the kidney removes them from the blood and excretes them to the environment. The excretory product becomes urine.
Excretion Process of removing cellular waste Balance pH of blood Maintain water balance Happens in Kidney
FUNCTIONS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM Functions: To maintain homeostasis Regulates and stabilise the internal environment by controlling 4 groups of chemicals –Water: –Excretion of metabolic wastes: Elimination of poisonous by-products of chemical reactions: –Osmoregulation fluid and salt regulation: regulation of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride ions: –Regulation of body fluid composition: Removal of essential nutrients that dangerous in excess:
WASTE PRODUCTS The principle metabolic wastes in most animals are: oCarbon Dioxide – is excreted through the respiratory surfaces oWater – excreted through respiratory surfaces, skin as sweat as well as kidneys oNitrogenous Wastes – products of protein and nucleic acid digestion
NITROGENOUS WASTES Ammonia – The first metabolic product of amino acid deamination – hydrolysis (protein digestion) ohighly toxic ocannot accumulate in body omust be converted into less toxic uric acid and urea Uric Acid – produced from ammonia onot very soluble – can be excreted as a paste with little water loss onon - toxic
Deamination & Urea Proteins – contain a nitrogen molecule –Amino acid – building blocks of protein Nitrogenous base Removal of N and H Occurs in the liver Byproduct – ammonia –Toxic substance Ammonia combines with CO 2 to form urea Urea –less toxic Uric acid – waste product from the breakdown of nucleic acids (DNA)
NITROGENOUS WASTES Urea – converted from ammonia oless toxic than ammonia oproduced in the liver ocan be excreted in concentrated form orequires more water to excrete than uric acid
Adrenal gland Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra Urinary System
ORGAN: Function Kidney: site of blood filtration Renal artery: brings blood to kidney Renal vein: brings blood back to heart Ureter: Brings waste TO bladder Bladder: Temporary urine storage site Urethra: Brings waste FROM bladder, out of system
The Kidney Collects waste Joins kidney to ureter Renal Pelvis Inner area Water reabsorption Medulla Outer layer Where filtration occurs Cortex FunctionStructure
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY Three distinct regions of the kidney oCortex – outer region oMedulla – just below cortex oPelvis – a hollow chamber within the medulla The cortex and medulla of each kidney are made up of a approximately one million nephrons
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY NEPHRON –the structural and functional unit of the kidney
Label the following diagram Glomerulus Loop of Henle Capillary bedCollecting duct Distal tubule Renal vein Proximal tubule Renal artery Bowman’s Capsule
Ball of capillaries – site of filtrationGlomerulus Leaves glomerulus, goes to veinEfferent Arteriole Brings blood to glomerulus Afferent arteriole FilterBowman’s Capsule Collecting site for all nephrons – waste out to ureter Renal pelvis Empties waste into renal pelvisCollecting duct Leads to collecting ductDistal Tubule First tube in nephron. From BC. Reabsorption of Water Proximal Tubule FUNCTIONSTRUCTURE
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY NEPHRON othe structural and functional unit of the kidney BOWMAN’S CAPSULE oa double walled chamber – start of the tubule.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY GLOMERULUS onetwork of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule ohigh pressure (4x higher than in capillaries)
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE –active transport of many valuable substances back into blood network glucose amino acids sodium
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE What doesn’t get absorbed? ourea oother toxic substances osome salt omuch of the water
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY LOOP OF HENLE othe long hair-pin turn!!
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY LOOP OF HENLE othe long hair-pin turn!! osome of the remaining water and salt will be returned to the blood olies in the medulla which is relatively salty (hypertonic)
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY DISTAL TUBULE and COLLECTING DUCTS
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY DISTAL TUBULE and COLLECTING DUCTS oMore water reabsorption This depends on the presence of certain hormones (ADH) Anti diuretic Hormone oExact amounts of substances are reclaimed to the blood very precise
Urine Formation Depends on three functions: –Filtration Movement from blood – Bowman’s capsule –Reabsorption Transfer of needed nutrient back INTO blood Tubules –Secretion Movement of material from blood back into nephron
Four Steps to Urine Formation 1) FILTRATION –Occurs at the junction of the glomerulus and the wall of the Bowman’s capsule –Each glomerulus receives blood from an afferent arteriole and discharges its blood into an efferent arteriole (hypertonic). –Fluid and dissolved materials (nutrients, wastes, ions) in the blood plasma pass from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule due to a local increase in blood pressure within the glomerulus
Four Steps to Urine Formation 1) Filtration (con’t) –this material is then called nephric filtrate –blood cells, plasma proteins and platelets are too large to pass through the wall of the capillary and therefore remain within the capillary.
Four Steps to Urine Formation 2)REABSORPTION –in the proximal tubule –returns about 99% of filtrate to the blood –efferent arteriole feeds second capillary network that surrounds the tubule –this network receives reabsorbed substances eventually leads to renal vein
Four Steps to Urine Formation 2)REABSORPTION (con’t) Water rushes into the blood because of osmosis Problem Not enough water is returned this way. Solution Just actively transport water into the blood right?
Wrong!!! There is no way of ACTIVELY transporting water So how can we transport more water into the blood?
Solution 2) Reabsorption (con’t) oactive transport of solutes into the capillary bed glucose amino acids vitamins inorganic ions (Na+) owater is passively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule as these solutes are actively removed from the filtrate
Four Steps to Urine Formation 2) Reabsorption (con’t) Reabsorption and the distal tubule. –A more selective, precisely regulated reabsorption occurs in the distal tubules –Additional quantities of salts and water may be reabsorbed –The exact amount of each substance reclaimed occurs in the distal tubules. –excess is excreted in urine e.g. glucose and diabetes
Four Steps to Urine Formation 3) SECRETION –This is the last chance for anything to leave the blood and enter the urine –Active transport –Occurs in the distal tubule and collecting duct –Hydrogen ion secretion – helps regulate blood pH Distal tubule Na+ moves into the blood and H+ moves into the tubule filtrate –blood pH increases (ranges ) –urine pH decreases (ranges )
Four Steps to Urine Formation –potassium secretion prevents accumulation of potassium that can create neural and muscular problems –some drugs are removed from the body by secretion –substances eliminated in this manner are creatine – by product of protein metabolism potassium penicillin
Four Steps to Urine Formation 4)Elimination Pathway ocollecting duct orenal pelvis oureter ourinary bladder ourethra oenvironment
What is in urine? Excess sugars Excess salts Excess H + ions Urea and uric acid Excess H 2 O
Control of Excretion Disorders and Treatments
HORMONES ADH The Antidiuretic hormone –influences the RATE of water reabsorption into blood from collecting ducts –released by the pituitary gland in the brain Osmoreceptors in brain stimulated by low blood volume and increased osmotic pressure –both of those means that there is not enough water in the blood. –rate of ADH secretion is increased. ADH saves water. –More ADH = more H 2 O absorption = increased urine concentration –Very yellow concentrated urine
Most water reabsorbed in proximal tubule –permeable Rest of tubule permeable ONLY IF ADH is present –Ascending loop –Distal tubule
Aldosterone and Sodium Aldosterone – hormone –Produced in adrenal gland –Increased Na + uptake in nephron –More water may also move out Osmosis (high to low) Blood pressure –Less fluid – lower blood pressure
–Angiotensin produced Constricts blood vessels, increase blood pressure Causes release of aldosterone –Aldosterone acts on distal tubule and collecting duct More sodium reabsorbed Fluid level increase BP increases
Kidney Disease Diabetes Insipidus –Problems with ADH production –No ADH, no H 2 O reabsorption –Huge urine output Up to 20 L/day
Kidney Stones –Minerals forming solid crystals (Ca+, Na + ) –Get lodged in pelvis or ureter –Can tear tissues as it moves out –OHMYGOODNESSMAKEITSTOPICANNOTSTAN DTHEPAIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Stone removal –Surgery –Ultrasound –catheter
Kidney Dialysis –Cleaning of blood –Treatment of kidney failure –Blood goes through a filter –Concentration gradients remove waste
Kidney Donation –Human system built in twos –Extra kidney for backup –One kidney – can do all the work –With less than 20% kidney function, problems occur Requires kidney dialysis –If problem gets really bad, might need a new one TRANSPLANT