process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
one or two more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
seperation of alleles during gamete formation
specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
the likelihood that a particular even would occur
Punnet squares can determine the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
organisms that have two identical alleles for the same trait (TT or tt)
organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait (Tt)
independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over the over
both alleles contribute to the phenotype.
genes that have more than two alleles
traits controlled by two or more genes
1. the inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units known as genes. Genes are passed from parents to their offspring
2. In cases in which two or more forms of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive.
3.sexually reproducing animals have two two copies of each gene - one from each parent. They segregate from each other when gametes are formed.
4. Alleles from different genes usually segregate from each other.
chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
consist of two complete set of chromosomes and two complete sets of genes
containing only one set of chromosomes therefore containing one set of genes
process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
structure containing 4 chromatids that form during meiosis
results in an exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new new combinations of alleles
Thomas Morgan Hunt
Mendel's law of independent assortment still holds true but, chromosomes assort independently, not the genes.
a map showing the relative locations of each known gene on one of the chromosomes
composed of 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine
a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei
an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria
only certain hydrogen bonds can form between bases (adenine can only go with thymine and guanine can only go with cytosine)
DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins
a process in which each cell will have a complete set of DNA molecules
1. the DNA molecule separates into two strands
2. it then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing
it joins individual nucleotides to produce DNA molecules. it helps to maximize the odds that each molecule is a perfect copy of the original.
RNA vs. DNA: The Difference
1. the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
2.RNA is single stranded, therefore no double helix
3. Contains uracil instead of thymine
Types of RNA
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
transfers amino acids to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
an enzyme that binds to DNA and separates DNA strands during transcription (unzips the DNA)
certain regions of DNA that RNA polymerase will bind to in order to split (unzip) the DNA
A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype
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