Fuel injectors are used in all modern engines, and are a vital component in the fuel management system. A bad fuel injector will wreak havoc with how your engine runs, and will likely leave you stranded on the side of the road.
Up until the 1980's, fuel injection was controlled in most engines by a carburettor. In a bid to reduce exhaust emissions, manufacturers were forced to change how fuel consumption was controlled by engines.
Fuel injectors are now used in pretty much all passenger vehicles. They are a vital part of a complex fuel management system. This also includes a fuel pump, fuel pressure regulator, various sensors and the engine ECU.
If the fuel injector is not operating properly, then other parts of the engine will be affected and over time can be damaged.
How does a fuel injector work?
The job of a fuel injector is to deliver fuel to the combustion chamber of the engine at a controlled rate and in the right amount.
Most modern engines use a technique known as direct injection to get the fuel into the engine chamber. The whole process involves the complex interaction of all parts of the fuel management system, under the control of the ECU. So it is vital the each part of the system, including each injector are operating properly.
Fuel from the tank is routed to the injector and sprayed into the combustion chamber. It arrives via a nozzle that is opened and closed with a needle valve. The opening and closing of the valve is operated by a solenoid.
When the needle valve is opened, fuel under enormous pressure is sprayed into the combustion chamber. In modern common rail diesel engines, fuel pressures can be over 25,000 psi.
Because the injector is seated in the top of the engine cylinder, it is constantly exposed to heat and pressure. This increases the chances of failure over time.
Why Causes a Bad Fuel injector?
A fuel injector will usually only fail in one of two ways. It will either become clogged internally, or will fail mechanically.
Here's a list of the most common reasons why a fuel injector fails:
1. Dirty/Clogged Injectors - What causes a fuel injector to become blocked?
Over time the nozzle of the injector can become dirty, and partially blocked. This is caused by the burning of hydrocarbons that are present in the fuel, flowing through the injector. When you shut off your engine, the injector will soak up the heat of the engine. This causes any fuel left in the injector to evaporate, leaving behind hard deposits inside the injector. Over time, these will eventually block the injector.
2. Leaking Injectors - What causes a fuel injector to leak?
The most common cause of leaky injectors is the failure of the O-ring where the injector meets the fuel rail. This can become hard and brittle from the heat of the engine. If it breaks, then fuel can leak out over the engine. This can be dangerous and is a common cause of engine fires. The other way an injector will leak is if the injector body or nozzle cracks.
3. Internal Part Failure - What causes a fuel injector to fail?
There are many moving parts inside an injector, and over time they can fail due to normal wear and tear or lack of maintenance.
5 Symptoms of A Bad Fuel Injector
If there is something wrong with one or more of your car's fuel injectors, then it won't run properly, or may not run at all.
Here's a run down of the main faulty injector symptoms that will affect most cars. You will need to have the car ECU scanned for error codes to be absolutely sure that it's an injector problem. Sometimes the problem can be caused by something else such as a bad ignition coil or a clogged fuel filter
How to Diagnose a faulty fuel injector?
So your engine is running badly (or not at all). What's the next step in diagnosing a problem with the engine injectors?
- Call a mechanic - If you are not mechanically minded, then your best bet is to call a mechanic. Injectors (and engines) can be complicated and expensive to repair, so if you are unsure at all, then let an expert diagnose it.
- Hook up an OBD code reader - This will tell you if the Engine Control Unit (ECU) has logged any errors. If an engine misfires because of a bad injector, there will be an error code that will point to the injector in question. If you are using a generic (not vehicle manufacturer specific) code reader then you can expect to see codes beginning with P02. For example, a fault with an injector in cylinder one would give a code of P0201. You may also see other error codes such as P0101, P0300, P0299.
- Visually inspect the engine bay - If you open up the hood and there is a strong smell of fuel then a leaky injector could be the culprit. If there are no error codes, the next step will be to remove each injector for inspection. This is usually best left to fuel injector experts.
- Remove and test all injectors - Even if it looks like there is only one bad injector, having the rest of them inspected and tested by a professional is a good idea. If the engine has covered a lot of mileage, chances are the other injectors are dirty and may fail soon too.
If you suspect that a broken injector is your problem, then the easiest way to diagnose it is to check the engine ECU for error codes. A broken injector will cause an engine to misfire and this will trigger an error code.
Can A Faulty Fuel Injector Be Repaired
Sometimes, it all depends on the type of damage to the injector, it's age and if it has been well maintained.
Here's a quick rundown of what can and can't be fixed:
Leaking Injector - If the O-ring fitted to the injector is the problem, then replacing this ring will usually fix the leak. If the injector body, nozzle or internal components are cracked, then a new or refurbished injector is your only option.
Replacement fuel injector seals and washers are cheap and fairly easy to fit. This can often fix the problem, and if you are handy with a wrench it's not that difficult to do.
Dirty Injector - It is fairly inexpensive to have your car injectors cleaned and overhauled by a professional. This involves inspection and cleaning of the injector, usually with high pressure washer. If the injector is in good working order and passes an Ohm test, then seals and O-rings are replaced before refitting.
It is recommended that you should get them cleaned at regular intervals, to help prevent problems down the road.
It can also be a good idea to run a fuel system cleaner through your car a couple of times a year. This will help to keep injectors, fuel pumps and fuel lines clean and clear of carbon build ups. It will also increase the service intervals of the injectors.
Clogged Injector - Clogged injectors can usually be repaired, if you catch the problem quickly. Sometimes a fuel injector is completely clogged because of years of neglect or a lack of regular engine servicing. If this is the case then a refurbished replacement may be the only option. Again, regular use of a fuel system cleaner can help to prevent clogged injectors in the first place.
How to prevent Fuel injector problems
In general, fuel injectors are hard wearing and with a little care can often last the life of the engine. Like any other engine part, regular maintenance is the key to keeping them going. If you plan on running up high mileage on your car, then there are a few things you can do to help.
1. Regular inspection and cleaning - The most effective way to keep injectors in good working order is to have them removed and inspected at regular intervals. Under normal circumstances that would be every 25,000 miles or 40,000 Kms. If you tend to do a lot of short Journeys then you'd probably want to have them looked at more often to prevent the build up of deposits.
2. Use of fuel additives - Another great way to keep injectors in good health is to regularly add a fuel injector cleaner to to your fuel tank. Many manufacturers claim that These cleaners will give your car extra power or Increased MPG. They probably won't, or make much difference to a car that is running properly. However the best fuel injector cleaners are great for maintaining injectors that have been well looked after, especially in diesel engines.
3. regular engine servicing - Regular oil and filter changes will go a long way towards maintaining a healthy engine. If an engine isn't running efficiently, this can load extra pressure on injectors. It's also important to regularly change the fuel filter to ensure a proper fuel flow.
4. driving style - Driving a car hard combined with short start stop journeys will increase the wear and tear on injectors. Letting the engine cool down before shutting it off will increase the life span of the injectors. This will also benefit the rest of the engine too.
If you want to keep your car running, don't neglect the fuel injectors. They are easy enough to maintain. Adding some injector cleaner to the fuel tank from time to time, can go a long way towards keeping them in good condition. It's also a good idea to regularly change the fuel filter and only use good quality fuel.
If your car has covered a lot of miles or if your engine is underperforming or randomly misfiring, it may be caused by bad fuel injectors. Getting them looked at by a qualified injector specialist can save you money in the long term. Just remember that Diagnosing any problems quickly will help prevent further damage to the injector, the fuel system and the engine.