During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
When a compound donates(loses) electrons, that compound becomes____. Such a compound is ofton referred to as an electron donor.
When a compound accepts(gains) electrons, that compound becomes___. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.
Once the electron donor is glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called___.
a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP.
The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?
to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
What would happen to the cell's rate of glucose utilization?
Glucose utilization would increase a lot.
Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration?
conserving the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work.
In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced
Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.
Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis
It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.
It produces ATP and NADH.
Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct
The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.
The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound? (Concept 9.4)
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.
NADPH.....supplies the electrons that reduce the phosphorylated 3-PGA.
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
Six carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce two G3P molecules, which can be combined to make one glucose molecule.
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean?
They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules
They are in the same category as algae and cyanobacteria.
They make their own food from inorganic materials.
They are among the producers of the biosphere.
In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between _____. (Concept 10.2)
ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation
Which of the following is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis? (Concept 10.2)
When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by _____. (Concept 10.2)
Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H2O is _____ during the light reactions and CO2 is_ _____ during the Calvin Cycle. (Concept 10.2 and 10.3)
Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the Calvin cycle? (Concept 10.3)
C4 plants occur more commonly in desert conditions because _____. (Concept 10.4)
they can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when the stomata are closed
During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.
two chromosomes and four chromatids
DNA replication produces two identical DNA Molecules called____, which separate during mitosis
After chromosomes condense, the___ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other.
a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division.
During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form
In most Eukaryotes division of the nucleus is followed by__ when the rest of the cell divides.
the organizing centers for microtubules involve in separating chromosomes during mitosis.
Which of the following is a function of meiosis but not mitosis in eukaryotes? (Concept 12.1)
production of animal gametes
A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain? (Concept 12.1)
It is difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase because _____. (Concept 12.1)
they have uncoiled to form long, thin strands
Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the cell cycle with its description? (Concept 12.2)
G1: follows cell division
In some organisms such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. What would result from this? (Concept 12.2)
large cells containing many nuclei
Which of the following is/are difference(s) between the fission of a bacterium and mitosis in human cells? (Concept 12.2)
All of the above are differences between the fission of a bacterium and human cell division.
Cytochalasin B is a chemical that disrupts microfilament formation. This chemical would interfere with _____. (Concept 12.2)
Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in the _____ phase of the cell cycle. (Concept 12.3)
A benign tumor, but not a malignant tumor, is one in which the cancerous cells _____. (Concept 12.3)
remain confined to their original site
the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes
The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.
The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.