Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
The World Health Organisation defines female genital mutilation (FGM) as:
“Any procedure which involves the partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons”.
Some communities refer to FGM as ‘circumcision’, ‘cutting’ or ‘sunnah’, rather than ‘FGM’.
FGM violates the rights and dignity of women and girls and is illegal regardless of the age of the female on which it is performed.
If you have any concerns about the wellbeing or safety of any young person or child in our care please contact TWGSB's Safeguarding Officers: Amanda Simpson, Headteacher, and Adam Lewis, Assistant Headteacher (email@example.com).
At risk groups
FGM is usually practised on girls between infancy and 15 years old, but can also be performed on older girls.
More than 125 million girls and women alive today have been cut globally and in the UK, it is estimated that there are over 130,000 women living with FGM.
Justifications for FGM
Many affected communities believe that FGM is a necessary custom to ensure that a girl is accepted within the community and eligible for marriage.
Families who practice FGM on girls usually see it as a way of safeguarding their future.
Other reasons include:
- perceived health benefits
- preservation of the girl’s virginity
- rite of passage into woman-hood
- status in the community
- protection of family honour
- perceived religious justifications
There are no religions that advocate for FGM.
Traditionally, it is carried out in 29 countries in Africa and parts of Asia, Latin America and the Middle East.
Due to migration, FGM is a now practised globally.
Types of FGM
There are many variations of FGM that broadly come under four types:
- Type 1: Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (clitoridectomy)
- Type 2: Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora with or without excision of the labia majora (excision)
- Type 3: Narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting and bringing together (sewing) the labia minora and/or the labia majora, with or without excision of the clitoris (infibulation)
- Type 4: All other types of harmful traditional practices that mutilate the female genitalia, including pricking, cutting, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterisation
- Short term health implications include:
- severe pain and shock
- broken limbs from being held down
- injury to adjacent tissues
- urine retention
- increased risk of HIV and AIDS
- Long term health implications include:
- uterus, vaginal and pelvic infections
- cysts and neuromas
- increased risk of fistula
- complications in childbirth
- depression and post-natal depression
- psychosexual problems
- pregnancy and child birth
- sexual dysfunction
- difficulties in menstruation
- trauma and flashbacks
Signs that a girl could be at risk of FGM
- One or both of a girl’s parents come from a community affected by FGM
- A girl is born to a woman who has undergone FGM
- Mother has requested re-infibulation following childbirth
- A girl has an older sibling or cousin who has undergone FGM
- One or both parents or elder family members consider FGM integral to their cultural or religious identity
- The family indicate that there are strong levels of influence held by elders and/or elders who are involved in bringing up female children
- A girl/family has limited level of integration within UK community
- A girl from a practising community is withdrawn from PSHE and/or Sex and Relationship Education or its equivalent may be at risk as a result of her parents wishing to keep her uninformed about her body, FGM and her rights
Signs that a girl could be at immediate risk of FGM
- If a female family elder is present, particularly when she is visiting from a country of origin, and taking a more active / influential role in the family
- If there are references to FGM in conversation, for example a girl may tell other children about it
- A girl may confide that she is to have a ‘special procedure’ or to attend a special occasion to ‘become a woman’
- A girl may request help from a teacher or another adult if she is aware or suspects that she is at immediate risk
- Parents state that they or a relative will take the child out of the country for a prolonged period
- A girl may talk about a long holiday to her country of origin or another country where the practice is prevalent
- A girl is taken abroad to a country with high prevalence of FGM, especially during the summer holidays which is known as the ‘cutting season’
Signs that FGM has occurred
- prolonged absence from schools
- frequent need to go to the toilet
- long break to urinate
- urinary tract infections
- noticeable behaviour change
- change of dress from tight to loose fitting clothing
- menstrual problems
- difficulty in sitting down comfortably
- complain about pain between their legs
- talk of something somebody did to them that they are not allowed to talk about
FGM and the law
All types of FGM have been illegal in England, Wales and Northern Ireland since the 1985 Female Circumcision Prohibition Act.
The Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 updated the original Act and it is an offence to:
- Perform FGM in the UK or abroad
- Assist the carrying out of FGM in the UK or abroad
- Assist a girl to carry out FGM on herself in the UK or abroad
Any person found guilty of an offence under the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 will be liable to a maximum penalty of 14 years’ imprisonment and/or a fine.
The Serious Crime Act 2015 extended the reach of the previous Acts and also made it an offence:
- For any person with parental or caring responsibility for a girl to fail to protect her from FGM
- To publish any information that would likely lead to the identification of a person against whom an FGM offence is alleged to have been committed on
The 2015 Act also introduced FGM protection orders which can be issued by courts to protect a girl a) at risk of FGM or b) who has undergone FGM.
What to do if a girl has undergone FGM
The Serious Crime Act 2015 requires regulated professionals such as teachers, health professionals and social workers to report all known cases of FGM for under 18s (i.e. when a disclosure has been made and/or medical examination has confirmed that FGM has taken place) to the police.
What to do if you are worried someone may be at risk
Advise them to talk to someone they trust, maybe a teacher or a trusted adult at school. We are here to help and protect people. Remember that no-one is allowed to physically or emotionally hurt people and FGM is not allowed in this country. If you are concerned that someone is at risk of FGM ring the police, contact TWGSB’s Safeguarding Officers or the local safeguarding board, you will find the links below helpful:
TWGSB Safeguarding Officers
Ms A Simpson firstname.lastname@example.org
Mrs H Cameron email@example.com
Telephone: 01892 529551
24-hour National Domestic Violence
- Freephone Helpline: 0808 2000 247
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)
- Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) free helpline 0800 028 3550
- Website: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
FORWARD (Foundation for Women's Health Research and Development)