Learn how to use them
Language of comparison and contrast
In Describe Image items, you are likely to be presented with a graph. In these cases, it is important that you show appropriate relationships by comparing and contrasting the information contained in the graphs. Let’s see how you can use language of comparison and contrast.
Comparative adjectives: Use these when comparing two nouns and can be formed as follows:
- Adjectives with one syllable: add ‘-r/-er’ (e.g. higher, larger, bigger).
- Adjectives with two syllables ending in ‘-y’: change the ‘y’ and add ‘-ier’ (e.g. happier, prettier).
- Adjectives ending in ‘-ed’ or ‘-ing’ and most adjectives with two syllables: add ‘more’ before the adjective (e.g. more boring, more crowded, more common, more peaceful).
- Adjectives with three or more syllables: use ‘more’ before the adjective (e.g. more attractive, more successful).
- Include ‘than’ as part of your sentence (e.g. It is more expensive to live in a city than in a small town).
Superlative adjectives: Use these when describing a noun that is at the highest or lowest limit of a group. They can be formed as follows:
- Adjectives with one syllable: add ‘-st/-est’ (e.g. highest, largest, biggest).
- Adjectives with two syllables ending in ‘-y’: change the ‘y’ and add ‘-iest’ (e.g. happiest, prettiest).
- Adjectives ending in ‘-ed’ or ‘-ing’ and most adjectives with two syllables: add ‘the most’ before the adjective (e.g. the most boring, the most crowded, the most common, the most peaceful).
- Adjectives with three or more syllables: use ‘the most’ before the adjective (e.g. the most attractive, the most successful).
- Remember to include ‘the’ before the adjective or most (e.g. This was the cheapest car I could find.).
Comparative/superlative adverbs: The rules above apply when the comparison requires the use of an adverb. Examples:
- I usually speak more quickly than my friends.
- The students often work harder towards the end of the semester.
- You can contact me the easiest by text.
- The team played the best they could, but they didn’t win the match.
as … as: Use this structure when the two nouns being compared are equal in some form. The adjective does not change. Examples:
- Divorce rates are twice as high as they were last year.
- This room is as big as the one next door.
This structure can also be used with adverbs to compare two actions:
- We didn’t finish as quickly as we’d hoped.
- The presenter spoke as enthusiastically as he possibly could.
Comparison and contrast language is especially useful for Describe Image tasks. Look at some example sentences from student responses to this item type:
- The land allocated for the public park is significantly smaller than the land allocated for the school.
- The roads are much busier during June than they are in December.
- The most important export for this country is oil.
© Macquarie University
Learn the rules and study the e examples.
Articles are words which go before nouns and their function is to show if a noun is either specific or general. Let’s study the different types of articles:
The Definite Article: ‘The’
‘The’ is the definite article and it is used to refer to a specific noun. It can be used with singular, plural, and uncountable nouns. Examples:
- Please use the correct form to submit theapplication. (singular)
- The final results will be released in November. (plural)
- Fish breathe the oxygen in the water. (uncountable)
‘The’ can also be used in these cases:
- When there is only one thing of something: e.g. The sun is very bright
- When something has been mentioned before: e.g. I saw a mouse. The mouse was huge.
- With the names of seas, oceans, rivers and countries with a plural noun: e.g. TheMississippi River is in the United States.
- In noun + of + noun phrases: e.g. The south of France is beautiful.
- In superlatives: e.g. The tallest building in the world is over 800 metres tall.
Do not use ‘the’ with the following:
- Names of most cities, countries or continents: Sydney, India (not the Sydney, or the India)
- Days of the weeks and months: On Monday, In March (not on the Monday, in the March)
- Sports: I play soccer, (not I play the soccer)
Indefinite Articles: ‘A/An’
This type of article uses the forms ‘a’ or ‘an’ and it is used with singular countable nouns denoting a general idea. ‘A/an’ can be used:
- The first time the noun is mentioned: e.g. I saw a mouse. The mouse was huge.
- With jobs: e.g. He is an architect, She works as a teacher.
Consider the following when using indefinite articles:
- Use ‘a’ if the word begins with a consonant (e.g. a house, a long movie). Exception: if the consonant is unpronounced, use ‘an’ instead (e.g. an honest person).
- Use ‘an’ if the word starts with a vowel (e.g. an umbrella, an expensive car). Exception: if the vowel is pronounced with a consonant sound, use ‘a’ (e.g. a university, a useful tip).
- Do not use ‘a’ or ‘an’ with uncountable nouns: e.g. I want a water. In these cases, use ‘some’ or include a countable noun: I want somewater. / I want a glass of water.
The Zero Article
As its name suggests, this is when an article is not used before a noun. This occurs when referring to nouns with a general or abstract meaning, and can be used with plural and uncountable nouns.
- Elephants in Africa are under threat. (general: all elephants in Africa)
- Oil and water don’t mix.
The zero article can be used when referring to:
- Languages: I speak French (not the French)
- Places, such as Wall Street, Macquarie University, JFK Airport, Bangkok, England.
- Academic subjects: My favourite subject is biology (not the biology)
- Meals: We need to have breakfast (not the breakfast
Watch, learn and practice to master!
Esse será o ano chinês do Rato. Um animal silencioso, rápido e que sabe se multiplicar!
Seguem alguns provérbios chineses para inspiração nesse novo ano.
Some Chinese proverbs:
If you want happiness for an hour, take a nap. If you want happiness for a day, go fishing. If you want happiness for a year, inherit a fortune. If you want happiness for a lifetime, help somebody.
Keep a green tree in your heart and perhaps the singing bird will come.
When there is light in the soul there is beauty in the person. When there is beauty in the person, there is harmony in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is honour in the nation. When there is honour in the nation, there is peace in the world.
If you chase two rabbits, both will escape.
A book is like a garden carried in the pocket.
A child’s life is like a piece of paper on which every person leaves a mark.
Be the first to the field and the last to the couch.
A bird does not sing because it has an answer. It sings because it has a song.
A bit of fragrance clings to the hand that gives flowers.
If you always give you will always have.
To succeed, consult three old people. Teachers open the door; you enter by yourself.
He who asks is a fool for five minutes, but he who does not ask remains a fool forever.
To know the road ahead, ask those coming back.
Source: Activity Village
Confira essas cinco dicas com base em nosso documento de posição de habilidades globais!
1. Tente usar eventos nas notícias para organizar um debate ou discussão em sala de aula! Por exemplo, você pode pedir aos alunos que realizem um debate sobre as mudanças climáticas. Isso também desenvolverá suas habilidades de cidadania e comunicação!
2. Tente fazer perguntas abertas que permitam múltiplas respostas, como “Quais são as quatro coisas interessantes que você fez nas férias?” Isso deixará espaço para análise e interpretação, incentivando os alunos a pensar de forma crítica e criativa.
3. O trabalho do projeto é uma ótima maneira de ensinar habilidades globais como criatividade, pensamento crítico e colaboração! Ao trabalhar em grupos, definir sua própria agenda e personalizar sua abordagem, os alunos se sentem mais envolvidos e desenvolvem várias habilidades ao mesmo tempo.
4. Não sabe por onde começar? Comece pequeno! Todas as lições incluem uma curta atividade de aprendizado de idiomas que inclua o foco na criatividade ou no pensamento crítico.
Mais tarde, você pode passar para atividades mais focadas e aprofundadas, incluindo o trabalho do projeto.
5. Tente pedir aos alunos que criem um relatório digital sobre uma questão global como mudança climática ou desigualdade! Isso os ajudará a pensar criticamente e a aprender a resolver problemas. Eles poderiam gravar o relatório em um dispositivo móvel e compartilhá-lo com seus colegas de classe para obter feedback.
Do you teach Creativity and Critical Thinking?
Check out these five top tips based on our Global Skills position paper!
1. Try using events in the news to hold a debate or discussion in class! For example, you could ask students to hold a debate on climate change. This will also develop their citizenship and communication skills!
2. Try asking open-ended questions that allow for multiple responses, such as “What are four interesting things you did on holiday?” This will leave room for analysis and interpretation, encouraging students to think critically and creatively.
3. Project work is a great way to teach global skills like creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration! By working in groups, setting their own agenda, and personalizing their approach, learners feel more engaged and develop multiple skills at once.
4. Not sure where to begin? Start small! Every lesson, include a short language-learning activity than includes a focus on creativity or critical thinking.
Later, you can move on to more focused, in-depth activities, including project work.
5. Try asking your learners to create a digital report on a global issue like climate change or inequality! This will help them think critically and learn to solve problems. They could record the report on a mobile device and share it with their classmates for feedback.
Source: Oxford University Press
Assista ao vídeo e entenda a história
As primeiras origens e história
O termo “sexta-feira negra” foi realmente associado à crise financeira, não às compras de vendas.
Dois financistas de Wall Street, Jim Fisk e Jay Gould, compraram juntos uma quantidade significativa de ouro dos EUA na esperança de que o preço global subisse e, por sua vez, pudessem vendê-lo com lucros enormes.
Na sexta-feira, 24 de setembro de 1869, no que foi chamado de “Black Friday”, o mercado de ouro dos EUA entrou em colapso e as ações de Fisk e Gould deixaram os barões de Wall Street em falência.
Não foi até anos posteriores que o período pós-Ação de Graças se associou ao nome.
Nos últimos anos, circulou um boato impreciso, sugerindo que os proprietários de plantações do sul poderiam comprar escravos a um preço com desconto após o Dia de Ação de Graças, no século XIX.
Dialogue explaining which nations form the UK.
Man: So where are you from?
Woman: Scotland. Are you Scottish too?
Man: Well, no, I’m English actually, but, you know, it’s all, like, the same thing, isn’t it?
Woman: Not exactly.
Man: Go on! Isn’t Scotland just like, well, a bit of England?
Woman: No, it is not!
Man: Sorry, Britain I mean.
Woman: Britain is not England!
Man: Well, yeah, I know that. I’m not stupid or anything, but Britain’s, like, England, Scotland and Wales, isn’t it?
Woman: Not exactly.
Man: Yeah, it is – the UK, the United Kingdom.
Woman: The United Kingdom is Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Man: Oh, I see, but we’re all, like, the same nation, aren’t we?
Woman: Not really. Four nations, one state.
Man: Oh, I get it! So the UK (is), like, the same as Great Britain.
Woman: Great Britain is a geographical term – it’s a big island with Scotland, England and Wales on it.
Man: All right, but we all have the same prime minister, don’t we?
Woman: Yes, and the same head of state.
Man: The Queen!
Man: And the same government?
Woman: Well, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own local parliaments.
Man: Oh. I see.
Woman: It’s complicated.
Man: Yeah, I can see that.
Learning in a second language can be challenging, but you as a language-aware teacher can make a big difference. Here’s a summary of the main ideas:
- Language is more than vocabulary, grammar and spelling. It is shaped by discourses, genre conventions and context.
- Students need control of both the everyday interpersonal register and the more formal academic register to succeed in school.
- Language learners will come from a variety of circumstances with a variety of resources, so don’t make assumptions about their needs.
- Don’t leave it to osmosis – plan for language learning as well as curriculum learning.
- Keep the focus on making meaning, not on correctness.
- Encourage repetition, recycling and redundancy.
- Use visuals and gestures to support language learners.
- In your talk and classroom resources, aim for ‘comprehensibility plus’.
- Welcome your students’ first languages into the classroom.
- Plan different spaces and activities for different types of talk.
- Give language learners a bit more wait time.
- Understand the particular language demands of your curriculum area.
- Build the genre cycle into your lesson planning.
- Let students into the secrets of genre conventions.
- Use feedback on students’ work as an opportunity for language learning.
- Observe how your language learners are progressing, and plan for the next stage.
© University of Glasgow