"It has reduced us politically to serfdom. Sevagram Ashram, it has sapped the foundations of our culture. Never has been any intention of granting Dominion Status to India in the immediate future. "Let me put before you some of the salient points. The whole revenue system has to be revised as to make the peasant's good its primary concern. But the British system seems to be designed to crush the very life out of him. Even the salt he must use to live is so taxed as to make the burden fall heaviest on him.
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Spinning on the charka was essential for all inmates of the ashram. Gandhiji named the ashram Satyagraha Ashram because he wanted to practise in India the methods of Satyagraha he had found so successful in south Africa. Since gandhiji lived among them, the inmates were fully aware of his views on non-violence and Satyagraha. For this reason he decided that only they should accompany him when he set out to break the salt law. Before starting the salt Satyagraha, gandhiji sent a letter to the viceroy, lord Irwin. Addressing him as "Dear Friend he wrote: "Before embarking on civil Disobedience and taking the risk i review have dreaded to take al these years, i would fain approach you and find a way out. My personal faith is absolutely clear. I cannot malayalam intentionally hurt anything that lives, much less human beings, even though they may do the greatest wrong to me and mine. Whilst, therefore, i hold British rule in India to be a curse, i do not intend to harm a single Englishman. And why do i regard British rule to be a curse? It has impoverished the dumb millions by a system of progressive exploitation and by a ruinously expensive military and civil administration which the country can never afford.
If we are wiped out, that very act would shake the Empire. If people ask what would happen if the government should shower bombs, the answer is, "If innocent men, women and children should be thus reduced to ashes, from out of those very ashes would rise a fire which would react on the Empire.". On his return from south Africa in 1915, gandhiji had established Satyagraha Ashram on the banks of the sabarmati. In the beginning the ashram had only 25 members and they lived like table one family. Gandhiji made it a laboratory for his social experiments and a place where he could train workers for the service of the country. Right from the start he admitted untouchables, or Harijans, as he called them, to the ashram and he made it clear that he would not tolerate the social evil of untouchability. Food was made in a common kitchen and cleaning of latrines was everyone's task, not that of Harijans alone.
By choosing to flout the law, gandhiji brought India's desire for freedom to the notice of the world and soon everyone was talking about. Gandhiji had got the working Committee of the Indian National Congress restaurant to agree that the salt Satyagraha would be launched, controlled and guided only by those who believed in non-violence. He said, "For me there is no hope save through truth and non-violence. I know that they will triumph when everything else has failed.". The plan was for Gandhiji to go to some place and pick up salt, thus breaking the law. He was to take with him only a chosen group of people from the sabarmati ashram. Everyone else was to wait until he had broken the law. After that, he expected the movement to spread. He said, "We must conquer or be wiped out.
If anyone made salt, the salt could be confiscated and the offender sentenced to six months' imprisonment. A tax of 2400 per cent of the price of salt was also levied. Writing in his weekly journal young India, gandhiji pointed out the injustice of it: "There is no article like salt, outside water, by taxing which the State can reach even the starving millions, the sick, the maimed and the utterly helpless. The necessary consequence of salt monopoly is the destruction, that is closing down, of salt works in thousands of places where the poor people manufactured their own salt. The illegality is in a government that steals the people's salt and makes them pay heavily for. The people will have every right to take possession of what belongs to them.". Many fair-minded Englishmen in Britain and India knew that the salt law was unjust. Before coming to power the British Prime minister, ramsay macdonald, had denounced the salt law.
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A terrorist exploded a bomb under the train in which the viceroy, lord Irwin, was returning to delhi. The viceroy was not writing hurt, but it showed the mood of the people. Gandhiji condemned the attack and requested the people to be non-violent and follow his constructive programme. Rabindranath Tagore, the poet, visited Gandhiji at the sabarmati ashram and asked him what he was planning for the country. Gandhiji could only say, "I am thinking night and day, but I do not see any light coming out of the surrounding darkness." he had to find an issue which would rouse everyone, one which would make the evil and injustice of the government clear. For six long for weeks he thought over it and then he heard his 'inner voice' telling him to defy the salt law. This was a stroke of genius.
Gandhiji himself had no use for salt-he had given it up a few years earlier. But, by basing the campaign for independence on this issue, he made it easy for the people of not only this country but of all countries of the world to understand the justness of his cause and the injustice of British rule. But the viceroy scoffed at "Mr. Gandhi's crazy scheme of upsetting the government with a pinch of salt." (ii the salt law affected every Indian, rich or poor, old or young, educated or illiterate. In 1835, a commission had recommended that Indian-made salt could be sold in India. The salt Act gave the government the sole right to manufacture salt. No one else could make.
Nothing less than 'purna Swaraj' complete independence, would. They decided that January 26 would be celebrated as Purna Swaraj day. On January 26, 1930, public meetings were held all over the country. A resolution drafted by gandhiji was read. It said: "We believe that it is the right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life.
We recognise, however, that the most effective way of gaining our freedom is not through violence. We will, therefore, prepare ourselves by withdrawing as far as we can all voluntary association from the British government and will prepare for civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes. We are convinced that, if we can but withdraw our voluntary help and stop payment of taxes without doing violence even under provocation, the end of this inhuman rule is assured.". Gandhiji retired to his ashram by the sabarmati river near Ahmedabad to plan a campaign that would make india free. He knew, and everyone else knew, that he would be directing the coming civil disobedience movement. He wanted the people to rise against the government but, at the same time, remain non-violent. That was not easy. The people were tired of British rule and there was violence in the air.
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He outlined a programme to reconstruct the xmas village economy, giving employment to all. For this, he thought it necessary to restore hand spinning and hand weaving in the villages. He wanted the abolition of the caste system and untouchability, removal of the disabilities of women, ending of social evils like child marriage and elimination of insanitary conditions. He also realized that the British were trying to divide the people on communal lines and decided to work for Hindu-muslim unity. While gandhiji was busy with these reforms, younger leaders like pandit Jawaharlal Nehru found the pace of progress towards independence too slow. Gandhiji agreed with them and said, "Unless India has Dominion Status by december 31, 1929, i must declare myself resume an Independence-wallah.'. Dominion Status meant that India would have self-government like australia and Canada without severing her links with Britain. Though Gandhiji held no office in the Indian National Congress, the party fighting for India's freedom, its leaders followed his advice and guidance. On December 31, 1929, the congress declared that Dominion Status was not enough.
Thousands of people were arrested and meetings and processions broken up by force. But not all the satyagrahis had essay learnt the rules of peaceful civil disobedience and non-cooperation. To gandhiji, non-violence was all important and he called off the agitation. Soon afterwards, he was arrested and sentenced to six years' simple imprisonment. But, because of ill health, he was released before the end of the term. While in jail, gandhiji had time to work out his future programme. He realized that for freedom to be worthwhile it was necessary to abolish poverty and social evils.
would have to give up using foreign cloth. At every meeting, gandhiji would ask people to take off articles made of foreign cloth that they were wearing and make a bonfire of these. Many would obey him, taking off their shirts, trousers, ties and hats and throwing them in a heap at his feat. They would then set the pile ablaze. Those were stirring times. All over India piles of foreign cloth were burnt and people swore to wear khadi.
All over India shops were closed, people did not go to work, factories were shut and classrooms empty. On April 13, 1919, in spite of the ban on meetings, a rainbow large and peaceful crowd collected at Jallianwala bagh in Amritsar. The army had been brought in to control the situation and General dyer decided to teach the crowd a lesson. He ordered firing and several hundred people were killed or wounded. The country was outraged and Gandhiji gave the call for non-cooperation and civil disobedience. He also asked the people to give up wearing foreign cloth and start using rough cotton khadi made of yarn spun by the charka, the wooden spinning wheel. This would not only undermine Britain's economic power-India was a most profitable market for English cloth-but also give employment to the poor in the countryside.
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A pinch of salt rocks an empire (For Children map of March route - march 12 to April 5, 1930 (I they had been walking for more than three weeks. Day after day, they had trudged over the flat, dry countryside turned brown and dusty by the hot summer sun. And now they stood on the sea shore, at the village of Dandi, with the waves of the Arabian sea lapping the beach. They were the 'law-breakers' and that was where they were to break the law, forbidding them to make salt or even pick it up for their use from the deposits left by the sea. Their leader was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, known all over India as Gandhiji or Mahatma gandhi. The dandi march was a part of the movement he called Satyagraha or the pursuit of truth. Twenty-four shortage years earlier, in south Africa, where he gandhiji and other leaders were loyal to the British during the first World War, thinking that after the war the government would be sympathetic to their demand for freedom. Instead, when the war ended, the government tried to suppress the freedom movement. In protest Gandhiji and the Indian National Congress decided to have a countrywide hartal on April 6, 1919.