Carbon-focused conservation may fail to protect the most biodiverse tropical forests
Managing tropical forest conservation on the basis of maximising carbon storage might not protect the most biodiverse regions of forest, according to a recent paper. Using datasets from Brazil, the authors found that the correlation between biodiversity and levels of carbon stored in forests depended on whether and how the forest had been disturbed by human activity.
Carbon and biodiversity were generally strongly correlated where carbon levels were below 100 Mg ha-1, but were uncorrelated in undisturbed forests. In logged primary forests, carbon levels predicted only 6% of the differences in biodiversity between different sites. In forests that had been logged and burnt, carbon explained 35% of biodiversity variation. In secondary forests (i.e. those that have regrown after disturbance), carbon predicted 57% of biodiversity variation.
The paper finds that accepting a slightly lower level of carbon storage could, in some conservation schemes, have a disproportionately positive effect on biodiversity levels - mainly in relatively undisturbed forests.
As one of Earth’s most carbon-dense regions, tropical forests are central to climate change mitigation efforts. Their unparalleled species richness also makes them vital for safeguarding biodiversity. However, because research has not been conducted at management-relevant scales and has often not accounted for forest disturbance, the biodiversity implications of carbon conservation strategies remain poorly understood. We investigated tropical carbon–biodiversity relationships and trade-offs along a forest-disturbance gradient, using detailed and extensive carbon and biodiversity datasets. Biodiversity was positively associated with carbon in secondary and highly disturbed primary forests. Positive carbon–biodiversity relationships dissipated at around 100 MgC ha–1, meaning that in less disturbed forests more carbon did not equal more biodiversity. Simulated carbon conservation schemes therefore failed to protect many species in the most species-rich forests. These biodiversity shortfalls were sensitive to opportunity costs and could be decreased for small carbon penalties. To ensure that the most ecologically valuable forests are protected, biodiversity needs to be incorporated into carbon conservation planning.
Ferreira, J., Lennox, G. D., Gardner, T.A., Thomson, J.R., Berenguer, E., Lees, A. C., Mac Nally, R., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Ferraz, S. F. B., Louzada, J., Moura, N. G., Oliveira, V. H. F., Pardini, R., Solar, R. R. C., Vieira, I. C. G. and Barlow, J., 2018. Carbon-focused conservation may fail to protect the most biodiverse tropical forests. Nature Climate Change, 1-6.
Read the full paper here. See also the Foodsource resource How do food systems affect land-use and biodiversity? and our coverage of the paper Carbon impacts of palm oil and rubber plantations.
Latin America and the Caribbean occupies the central and southern portion of the Americas. The region is home to the world’s largest river (the Amazon River), the largest rainforest (the Amazon Rainforest), and the longest mountain range (the Andes). Export-oriented agriculture constitutes an important part of the economy, especially in Brazil and Argentina. This large continent has a range of climates spanning the ice of Patagonia, the tropical forests of much of the continent, and more temperate regions in, for example, Mexico and Chile. Due to the greatly differing geography and economic development in the continent, all types of agriculture can be found in Latin America. Subsistence farming and cash cropping with coffee, cocoa and so on are common in many nations including most of central America, whereas large-scale beef production in the cerrado of Brazil provides an example of hyper-large farms run by large businesses.
More like this
- Land-use strategies to balance livestock production, biodiversity conservation and carbon storage in Yucatán, Mexico
- Co-benefits for biodiversity and carbon in land planning decisions within oil palm landscapes
- Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species
- Untapped potential for largest reforestation program in the world in China
- A key debate: how valid are findings that local species richness is stable or increasing?