The Peace Corps
was founded in 1961 by John F. Kennedy and the Congressional Peace Corps Act.
Under Director Sargent Shriver, the young organization quickly garnered attention
for its dynamic and youthful (although of all ages) volunteers. The principles
of helping poor people, personal growth for volunteers and international friendship
for the United States have attracted and changed the lives of many Americans.
According to Peace Corps figures, 170,000 volunteers have served in 136 countries.
Despite occasional controversy about using citizen volunteers as instruments
of American foreign policy, the U.S. Peace Corps model spawned the creation
of similar volunteer programs around the world, including in Canada, the United
Kingdom, Sweden, France and Japan.
Van Williams, who worked with the Peace Corps in 1966 in Nepal, returned to the country in 2003 to work with current Peace Corps volunteers on arsenic contamination. Shown here in 2003, Williams (third from right) is working with local villagers in Ujaini to use traditional drills to collect sediment samples from an arsenic contaminated aquifer. Courtesy of Van Williams.
Each American president has molded the Peace Corps partly to suit his personal vision. Early areas of emphasis were dominated by teaching and community development activities. Small business advisors and technologists were given increased emphasis in the Nixon administration. After the end of the Soviet Union, the Peace Corps was adjusted to supply low-cost American assistance to restructuring efforts in former Soviet republics.
Geoscientists, however, did not follow that trend. They were in demand from several countries right from the beginning in the early 1960s (Geotimes, May/June 1963). In fact, several now-prominent members of the geoscience community began their careers in the Peace Corps including Robert Fakundiny, the long-term director of the New York State Geological Survey, as well as staffers at the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Land Management, Department of Energy, National Forest Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA, as well as in industry, politics and academia.
Despite their past successful roles, geoscientists and other potentially valuable professionals appear to be low priority in recent Peace Corps administrations. Do geoscientists fit with the current Peace Corps?
This question prompted a special session at last Novembers Geological
Society of America (GSA) annual meeting to discuss the contribution of Peace
Corps geologists to international development and how the Peace Corps experience
has helped the development of the geosciences in America. The session also served
as a forum for assessing the current situation faced by geoscientists and like
professionals interested in serving their nation and the world through the Peace
Corps, Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO) or other such organizations.
Additionally, the event was a reunion for about 40 former volunteer geoscientists
(and some spouses).
The organizers of the session compiled a list of about 100 former Peace Corps and CUSO volunteer geoscientists who had served in 19 countries. A questionnaire circulated last summer received more than a dozen very detailed replies, which are used in this article. Through generous travel support from the Kaiser Foundation, G.O. Kesse, who is former director of the Ghana Geological Survey (1973-1993) and a former vice president of the International Union of Geological Sciences, was able to attend.
The Peace Corps experience
Case histories presented at the GSA meeting and elsewhere have confirmed that
most volunteers consider their experience to be one of the most important periods
of their lives. Former Peace Corps volunteer geoscientists say that almost every
imaginable circumstance has occurred. Some had their expectations exceeded with
an excellent professional match; others took a break from their originally intended
career path; still others used the experience to redefine their future career
At a minimum, the Peace Corps served as an employment agency with an umbilical cord (in-country medical care, and the right to bail out early if things were not good). Most volunteers came with only what they put in their suitcases and were given in-country training, which sometimes, but not always, included supplementation in the context of their professions. Much more rarely at the other extreme, some volunteers in Ghana Geological Survey programs of the 1960s received specialist training, vehicles, field equipment and special allowances.
Several Peace Corps volunteers returned with a new global perspective, incorporating international activities and concerns into their lives ever since. Others gained positions of greater responsibility than they could have imagined before they left home. Many volunteers saw tangible results: increased knowledge of the geologic environment and resources of their host countries, as well as strong professional and personal ties between themselves, the United States and host country institutions emanating from their Peace Corps service.
Planning for the future
Sen. Norm Coleman (R-Minn.), who as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Narcotic Affairs is
influential over the Peace Corps budget, has stated that he wants greater accountability
of the Peace Corps for how it spends its funding. Most volunteers appear to
agree that the Peace Corps is doing many things well by providing fairly well-run
recruiting, application and screening procedures, training and in-country support,
at least for mainstream volunteers who, for example, teach in secondary schools.
However, if Sen. Colemans call for greater accountability extends to management
as well as budget, the former Peace Corps volunteer geoscientists have some
For the volunteer geoscientists, accountability may translate to better appreciation by Peace Corps management of the diversity of the types of volunteer positions. Many former volunteers noted that merely placing a warm body with a host country agency may be inadequate, if that agency lacks certain essentials for effective work.
Although early Peace Corps volunteers assigned to the Ghana Geological Survey in the 1960s were well-equipped and given extensive specialist training in the United States and Ghana, the last volunteers assigned to Ghana in the 1970s came without such equipment and were given largely the same training as other volunteers (minus the secondary school teacher training). It is important that the volunteers have at least the basics to conduct their work. If the current Peace Corps does not engage well with the concept of professionals as volunteers, perhaps its time to consider another vehicle for sending volunteer geologists abroad.
For its own support of professionals, the United States might consider models used (at least at one time, if not at present) in other countries. Some organizations, such as the Canadian International Development Agency and the United Nations Development Programme placed professionals in developing country institutions on contracts of a few years, paying them professional salaries with benefits. Thus mid-career professionals were able to afford such work.
Some countries, for example the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, had salary supplementation schemes, such as the British Expatriates Supplementation Scheme (BESS). Under this program, professionals would apply for normally advertised vacancies, such as for teaching faculty of a university in a developing country, a national geological survey or forestry department. If accepted, BESS offered salary supplementation and other benefits to enable the professionals to afford working in the developing country and still be able to retire back home.
Such avenues lack certain aspects of the Peace Corps experience. But a variation on such a program might be worth considering if the Peace Corps cannot adequately respond to concerns about professionals as volunteers.
A new bureaucratic body need not necessarily be created. Perhaps a U.S. funding agency and a contractor (such as a consortium of universities) could fund and administer the program. Perhaps Michigan Technological Universitys masters degree program using Peace Corps service could be extended to Ph.D. or non-degree research and development. Perhaps the Peace Corps could be the contractor for the recruitment and in-country support of such volunteers, with a consortium of agencies handling the extra support to make such volunteers more effective.
Additionally, the Peace Corps process could be improved both at the recruitment end and for when the volunteers go home. During recruitment, communication could be stronger: A former volunteer (who wishes to remain anonymous) recalls the Peace Corps painting a very gloomy picture of working conditions at a university in which he was to be placed. After reading that the university had virtually no equipment in the labs and few books or journals in the library, the apprehensive volunteer was able to convince the Peace Corps to pay to ship his library of professional books and journals to his job site.
To his pleasant surprise, the volunteer found a fairly well stocked library and well-equipped laboratories upon his arrival. To top things off, nearby governmental institutions had additional field equipment available for loan if he worked cooperatively with them. He wound up extending his tour modestly to help a masters degree student complete his studies, then returned to the country later to work for three invaluable years. Now 30 years later, he is grateful that he was not put off by that unnecessarily gloomy description by the Peace Corps.
On the return end, most volunteers have experienced some challenges in adjusting to life back in the United States (see sidebar). This may be even tougher for any possible present-day Peace Corps volunteer geoscientists who plan to enter the job market immediately after return, rather than going back to campus. Between the tight job market for geoscientists and other factors encountered by many volunteers, more support might be worthwhile.
To that end, former geoscience volunteers suggested creating an optional workshop covering topics common to returning volunteers. These could be held several times a year, in locations where returned Peace Corps volunteers tend to congregate. The Peace Corps currently offers limited counseling facilities for returned volunteers.
At Novembers gathering, the retired Peace Corps volunteer geoscientists agreed that the Peace Corps, or other similar national volunteer organizations, can provide unique opportunities for geoscientists and other professionals. However, as the Peace Corps passes into middle age, it is time to reevaluate some of its features and history, seeking to refine management to better handle professionals in its ranks. Many ideas for professional service sit on the shelf from past Peace Corps efforts, along with those of other volunteer and foreign assistance organizations. If the Peace Corps does not address such issues, perhaps an alternative structure can better support professionals in voluntary service.
American geologist in Tanzania
From 1964 to 1966, Eleanora (Norrie) Iberall Robbins served as a Peace
Corps volunteer with the Tanzania Geological Survey (TGS), immediately
following receipt of her bachelors degree from Ohio State University.
Stationed in Dodoma in the days before computers, her assignment was to
search anomalous values in notebooks of stream sediment geochemical data
taken by Williamsons Diamonds.
an impact in Bulgaria
Jake Cinnamon spent his Peace Corps experience living in a small town called Omurtag in Bulgaria, and working as an environmental consultant. Cinnamon, age 27, has a degree in geology from the University of Colorado, but he “never used it much,” he says. “I went directly into the Peace Corps.”
Jake Cinnamon lectures ninth-grade students in Panagyurishte, Bulgaria, on structural geology during his recent Peace Corps service. Courtesy of Jake Cinnamon.
Starting in the summer of 2001, Cinnamon worked on a variety of basic environmental programs, including energy efficiency and choosing new street lights for the town. He had the opportunity to discuss environmental impacts of mining with local geologists who were exploring sites in the region, and he says he also worked on issues for a cheese factory that “spit out enzymes into the river — one of my jobs was to figure out how to clean it up.”
Cinnamon also worked on non-geology-related projects. He wrote grants for a local school, capturing $15,000 to buy three new computers and a digital camera, and he arranged for Internet access. “These kids had never seen the Internet before,” he says.
Since Cinnamon returned to the United States last August, he has been unsure if he wants to pursue geology as a career a common challenge facing returning volunteers. Instead, he is looking into working with geographic information systems and government relations, or what he calls “the business side of geology.”