A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the asociation.
the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it
(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)
open reading frames
Long stretches of DNA that encode proteins because they have no stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) via mRNA
Genetic element that has the ability to move (transpose) from one site on a chromosome to another.
The DNA sequence that is recognized by a restriction enzyme; the restriction enzyme cuts at this sequence, generating two DNA fragments
High Frequency Recombination-Bacterial strains that can transfer their chromosome because they have a plasmid integrated into their genome
drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps to create new viral pieces for HIV
allows individual genes, organelles, or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another
-The small, circular segments of DNA that are found in bacteria and that stay sparate from the bacterial chromosomes; used in genetic engineering.
-carry unessential genes
-can provide antibiotic resistance
-many exist in multiple numbers
A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome.
(jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material
The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons.
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
(genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
viral polymerase inhibitors (herpes virus) + reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV
(amantadine) blocks virus uncoating. antiviral agent; increase release of stored DA
strains capable of synthesizing all nutitional requirements not present in the media in which they are grown in
(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease