Encapsulation is a key part of Object Oriented Programming that is a way to structure code so that a certain block of code has specific access points for external code. The term for this is “visibility” or “accessibility”. Visibility defines what code from one method, property, or class can call code in another method, property, or class. In other words, if we were to interact with a real world object like a car, we do so by using only certain parts of the car that are there for that purpose. These components of the car communicate to parts inside the car that perform the actions on our behalf. In the case of a car, these external parts are the pedals, steering, and dashboard controls, while the internal ones are in the engine. This means we don’t need to know what goes on under the car’s hood to make the car go, stop, or turn, all we need to do is interact with the correct component, called an interface. (i.e., the pedals, steering, dashboard controls). To enforce encapsulation in many languages, we use methods and properties. Both are blocks of code, although they differ mostly in syntax rather than conceptually. Behind each method or property is logic that often hides private data and performs complex tasks. The calling code shouldn’t and doesn’t need to know about those things.
In TypeScript, we enforce encapsulation with methods and properties that only allow access to data that we control. The Withdraw method below does that by doing the calculation and updating the class level _balance field. The Balance property then returns the private _balance field to the calling code.
This encapsulates the account’s balance as business logic and validation code can run and access the private variables to formulate something to return to the client. In turn, the client never needs to know what goes on behind the scenes, just how to interact with the object. TypeScript’s syntax is similar to that of a statically typed language like C#, by using constructs like setters and getters.
It’s quite easy to create an object model and inheritance chain with TypeScript. Just start with the familiar class keyword to create classes. The extends keyword causes the child class to inherit from the denoted base class. For example, we can build out a very simplistic SavingsAccount and CheckingAccount classes that derive from a BankAccount class, like so:
TypeScript classes make it easy to map properties to JSON or XML data, common in web sites and apps. Looking at the above sample, you can see that it does adhere to the module pattern. TypeScript supports single inheritance.
There is no formal mechanism for creating an abstract class in TypeScript, although a request to implement abstraction in TypeScript has been issued. Not to worry, for now we can use interfaces as a way to abstract class members. For example, a bank might have an Fee interface
(their favorite one!) or an Interest interface that all account objects must implement. The Fee interface has members such as ChargeFee and the Interest interface contains one named CalculateInterest. When classes implement these interfaces, they must implement all of the members of the interface, as interfaces serve as digital contracts that classes can adhere to.
You can use the implements keyword to implement an interface in TypeScript, as shown here:
It’s syntactically like the extends keyword.
TypeScript enables polymorphism via method overrides as you can see in the example below. The Withdraw and Deposit methods of the CheckingAccount and SavingsAccount classes derive from the parent BankAccount class. In the child classes, we can override these methods and add our own business logic customizations, such as waving a fee if the balance is more than a specified amount.
In this case, we overrided the ChargeFee that was originally part of the Fee interface. Polymorphism is an essential characteristic of OO programming, as code would be quite redundant without it.
To see how you can apply the OOP principles of TypeScript in Windows Store apps, check out my article on MSDN Magazine about Using TypeScript in Modern (Windows Store) apps and my blog posts tagged as TypeScript.