Of late, there has been wide ranging controversy about the impact of economic reforms on the poor. Another is white-collared middle class. The official estimates showed that there was a considerable fall in the poverty ratio from
But as per Tendulkar methodology, the same poverty ratio declined from They typically do not incur any or significant rent expenses every month particularly in rural India, unlike housing in mostly urban developed economies. During the first four years of the Eighth Plan to , total number of youths trained was Now I leave it to you to decide whether you perceive India as developing or not! Poverty Differential among Different States in India 6.
Accordingly, the minimum desirable standard was worked out at Rs 76 for the rural areas and Rs 88 for urban areas at prices. This concept of relative poverty can also be extended to other countries to get a comparative estimate of poverty in a relative manner. Here the extent of income or consumption of the last quintile population poorest could be compared with the richest quintile showing a wide gap between the two. The official estimates showed that there was a considerable fall in the poverty ratio from On the delivery of social services, he further argued that the delivery channel need not necessarily be through government administrative mechanism. Of this
But, on the other hand, serious debate continued on the incidence of poverty after the release of official estimates of poverty by the Planning Commission for This means means around million people currently live in poverty. After , this survey has been conducted in In the medium term, a high growth rate of six to seven per cent is needed to create enough job opportunities for all the new entrants to the labour force. Main point that arises here is that whether this regressive trend has any correlation with the ongoing economic reforms.
Bardhan: Bardhan advocated a lower standard for estimating the poverty line and thus considered Rs 15 per capita per month at prices for the rural poverty line and Rs 18 for the urban line.
This concept of absolute poverty is very much relevant to poor and less developed countries where large scale absolute poverty prevails. Accordingly, the minimum desirable standard was worked out at Rs 76 for the rural areas and Rs 88 for urban areas at prices.
In this purchasing power of people for buying food and buying capacity for some non-food items is calculated. The young Indian faces challenges stretching from a poorly administered education system to the lowest average wage rates in the world. But appropriate and reliable data for the estimation of the extent of poverty is not available in India. Poverty Differential among Different States in India 6.
The new estimate has also confirmed a steady decline in proportion of population below the poverty line. Moreover, the UNDP estimates of poverty also revealed that the percentage of population lying below the poverty line was 40 per cent in On the delivery of social services, he further argued that the delivery channel need not necessarily be through government administrative mechanism. The calorie needs vary depending on age, sex and the type of work that a person does.
Whatever may be argument in favour or against the impact of economic reforms on poverty, there is one point which is quite striking. Vaidyanathan also made their study on the basis of this definition. The resulting rising landlessness and stagnant real wages intensified poverty. In this way in the year , a family of five members living in rural areas and earning less than about Rs 1, per month will be below the poverty line.
The NSAP for the poor encompasses old age pension, family benefit in case of the death of the bread-winner and maternity benefits. Minhas: The study of the extent of poverty made by Minhas covered the period 57 to In absolute terms there were The current debate centres on the estimation of price deflators, reference period for survey and also for determining the basis of poverty line.
Manmohan Singh was of the view that mere increasing of expenditure on social sectors and rural development, as has been done in the Eighth Plan, was not sufficient to eradicate poverty. Gupta were also corroborated by two eminent economists, Prof. These involved active participation of the people in the design and implementation of rural development schemes. While the critics argued that economic reforms have accentuated the marginalization of the poorer people in the rural areas, the proponents of economic reforms and new economic policy changes argued alternatively to defend the reforms. Thus, one should try to realise seriously that social development and economic growth are not necessarily the same and thus different approaches need to be adopted for such programmes. It has estimated the poverty lines at all India level as an monthly per capita consumption expenditure MPCE of Rs for rural areas and Rs for urban areas in