Killian and Coletti argue that physicians should make use of the Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit, published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), to protect patients’ dignity and autonomy, manage the legal risks of misunderstandings, comply with accrediting bodies’ regulations, and improve patient safety and health care outcomes.
Because poor health literacy is often hard for physicians to detect, the toolkit urges avoiding medspeak and taking other safe-communications steps with all patients. AHRQ offers a set of 21 tools designed for primary care practices to implement the universal-precautions approach. These start with how to form a team, create a plan and raise awareness of the problem among physicians, health professionals and clerical staffers.
AHRQ also advises that to communicate clearly, physicians should:
- Greet patients warmly. Receive everyone with a welcoming smile, and maintain a friendly attitude throughout the visit.
- Make eye contact. Make appropriate eye contact throughout the interaction.
- Listen carefully. Try not to interrupt patients when they are talking. Pay attention, and be responsive to the issues they raise and questions they ask.
- Use plain, nonmedical language. Don’t use medical words. Use common words that you would use to explain medical information to your friends or family, such as stomach or belly instead of abdomen.
- Use the patient’s words. Take note of what words the patient uses to describe his or her illness and use them in your conversation.
- Slow down. Speak clearly and at a moderate pace.
- Limit and repeat content. Prioritize what needs to be discussed, and limit information to three to five key points and repeat them.
- Be specific and concrete. Don’t use vague and subjective terms that can be interpreted in different ways.
- Show graphics. Draw pictures, use illustrations, or demonstrate with 3-D models. All pictures and models should be simple, designed to demonstrate only the important concepts, without detailed anatomy.
- Demonstrate how it’s done. Whether doing exercises or taking medicine, a demonstration of how to do something may be clearer than a verbal explanation.
- Invite patient participation. Encourage patients to ask questions and be involved in the conversation during visits and to be proactive in their health care.
The Medical Library Association offers a glossary of common medical terms—from abscess to zygote—designed to help patients understand what their physicians or other health professionals are saying. You may also consult it as a list of terms to avoid when possible.
The simple act of inviting patients to ask questions can be a powerful way to uncover patient misunderstandings and take another crack at explaining matters without using medspeak, according to the AHRQ toolkit.
Effective ways to make it easier for patients to speak up about what they don’t understand include:
- Saying, “What questions do you have?” This specific wording creates the expectation that they should ask questions.
- Asking patients what questions they have several times during an office visit.
- Saying, “We discussed a lot of information. What can we review again?”
- Saying, “[Diagnosis] may be new to you, and I expect that you have some questions. What would you like to know more about?”
- Using the right body language. Sit, don’t stand, and sit at the same level as your patient.
- Looking and listening. Look at patients when talking and listening, as opposed to looking at the chart or computer.
- Showing that you have the time. Be conscious about presenting yourself as having time and wanting to listen to their questions. Try not to interrupt.
Using the teach-back method is another strategy physicians should employ to address the barriers created by medspeak and patients’ poor health literacy. According to AHRQ, patients immediately forget between 40 percent and 80 percent of the medical information relayed to them during physician visits, and nearly half of what they do remember is wrong.
With this approach, the physician in the vignette above may have asked that patient with cellulitis, “If your wife calls, what will you tell her about your leg?” This likely would have revealed that the patient was unclear on the meanings of several medspeak terms, such as “pathogen,” “cellulitis” and “inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues,” because he would have been unable to explain in his own words the meaning of the diagnosis as well as the self-care steps he needed to take.
Health coaches can help
Some practices, such as Manhattan-based practice United Health Center, are using health coaches who employ evidence-based communications practices such as those above to help patients manage conditions such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
A STEPS Forward™ module offers concrete information needed to help other practices learn more about health coaching and what it takes to recruit, train and mentor coaches, as well as how to track their progress. A separate module can help your organization create, implement and evaluate a professional development program for medical assistants. Another STEPS Forward module details the value of listening with empathy to increase patient satisfaction, engagement with care, and adherence to treatment plans.
The modules may also be completed for continuing medical education credit. There are seven new modules available from the AMA’s STEPS Forward collection, bringing the total number of practice improvement strategies to 43; several thanks to a grant from, and collaboration with, the Transforming Clinical Practices Initiative.