First: there is a difference in material. Cable with metal material (mostly copper, aluminum) as the conductor; Fiber optical cable with glass fiber as the conductor.
Second: there is a difference in the transmission signal. Cables carry electrical signals. Fiber optic cables transmit optical signals.
Third: there are differences in the scope of application. Cables are now mostly used for energy transmission and low-end data information transmission (such as telephone). Fiber optical cables are mostly used for data transmission.