The PLP1 gene provides instructions for producing proteolipid protein 1 and a modified version (isoform) of that protein called DM20. Proteolipid protein 1 is found primarily in nerves in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) and DM20 is produced mainly in nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to muscles (the peripheral nervous system). These two proteins are found within the cell membrane of nerve cells, where they make up a large proportion of myelin and help myelin stay anchored to the cells. Myelin is the fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
There are more than 280 mutations in the PLP1 gene that have been found to cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is an inherited condition involving the central nervous system that primarily affects males. Individuals with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease have neurological problems including abnormal eye movements (nystagmus) and other movement abnormalities. In addition, these individuals have difficulty walking or cannot walk.
An extra copy (duplication) of the PLP1 gene accounts for 50 to 70 percent of all Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease mutations. In many cases, genes near the PLP1 gene are also duplicated, but having extra copies of these genes does not seem to impact the severity of the condition. In another 10 to 25 percent of cases, mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the proteolipid protein 1 and DM20 proteins and lead to excess or abnormal proteins that are often misfolded. Excess or abnormal proteins become trapped within cell structures and cannot travel to the cell membrane. The accumulation of excess proteins leads to swelling and breakdown of nerve fibers. In less than 2 percent of cases, a mutation that deletes the entire PLP1 gene causes Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Such a deletion prevents production of proteolipid protein 1 and DM20 protein.
All of these PLP1 gene mutations prevent proteolipid protein 1 and DM20 from reaching the nerve cell membrane where they are needed to form myelin. Decreased myelin production leads to nerve fiber damage and the loss of nerve fibers that are covered by myelin (leukodystrophy), leading to impairment of nervous system function and the signs and symptoms of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.More About This Health Condition
Spastic paraplegia type 2
More than 20 mutations in the PLP1 gene that cause spastic paraplegia type 2 have been identified. Spastic paraplegia type 2 is characterized by movement problems, particularly muscle stiffness (spasticity) in the lower limbs that worsens over time. Generally, PLP1 gene mutations that cause spastic paraplegia type 2 disrupt the production of the proteolipid 1 protein but do not interfere with the production of DM20. Changes in the proteolipid 1 protein appear to impair its function, resulting in reduced myelin production. It is thought that because there is some remaining myelin production, the signs and symptoms of spastic paraplegia type 2 are milder than those of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (described above).More About This Health Condition
Other Names for This Gene
- major myelin proteolipid protein
Additional Information & Resources
Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry
Scientific Articles on PubMed
Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM
- Garbern JY. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: Genetic and cellular pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Jan;64(1):50-65. Review. Citation on PubMed
- Garbern JY. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: pathogenic mechanisms and insights into the roles of proteolipid protein 1 in the nervous system. J Neurol Sci. 2005 Feb 15;228(2):201-3. Epub 2004 Dec 16. Review. Citation on PubMed
- Mierzewska H, Jamroz E, Mazurczak T, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Szczepanik E. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease in patients with molecularly confirmed diagnosis. Folia Neuropathol. 2016;54(1):59-65. Citation on PubMed
- Torii T, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J, Tanoue A. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: cellular pathogenesis and pharmacologic therapy. Pediatr Int. 2014 Oct;56(5):659-66. doi: 10.1111/ped.12450. Review. Citation on PubMed
- Xie H, Feng H, Ji J, Wu Y, Kou L, Li D, Ji H, Wu X, Niu Z, Wang J, Jiang Y. Identification and functional study of novel PLP1 mutations in Chinese patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Brain Dev. 2015 Sep;37(8):797-802. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.11.007. Epub 2014 Dec 6. Citation on PubMed