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The Edict of Milan in 313 granted freedom to all religions in the Roman Empire, beginning the Peace of the Church.
In 325, the First Council of Nicaea condemned Arianism, declaring trinitarianism dogmatic, and in its sixth canon recognized the special role of the sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch.
The papacy came under the control of vying political factions.
Popes were variously imprisoned, starved, killed, and deposed by force.
In recent centuries, popes were gradually forced to give up temporal power, and papal authority is now once again almost exclusively restricted to matters of religion.
In Rome, there were many who claimed to be the rightful bishop, though again Irenaeus stressed the validity of one line of bishops from the time of St.After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the pope served as a source of authority and continuity.Pope Gregory I (c 540–604) administered the church with strict reform.James the Just, known as "the brother of the Lord", served as head of the Jerusalem church, which is still honored as the "Mother Church" in Orthodox tradition.Alexandria had been a center of Jewish learning and became a center of Christian learning.