Experiments spanning the 1960s and 1980s measured brain signals non-invasively and led many neuroscientists to believe that our brains make decisions before we do; that human actions were initiated by electrical waves that did not reflect free, conscious thought.
However, a new article in Trends in Cognitive Science argues that recent research undermines this case against free will.
‘This new perspective on the data turns on its head the way well-known findings have been interpreted,’ said Adina Roskies, the Helman Family Distinguished Professor and professor of philosophy at Dartmouth College, who co-wrote the article. ‘The new interpretation accounts for the data while undermining all the reasons to think it challenges free will.’
The debate over free will centres mostly around research from the 1980s that used electroencephalograms to study brain activity. The EEG-based research measured when electrical signals begin to build in the brain relative to when a person is aware of their desire to make a movement. The averaged data described a ramp before movement that became known as the ‘readiness potential’ or RP.
The 1980s research, conducted by neurophysiologist Benjamin Libet, contended that if the readiness potential was evident prior to a person having a conscious thought about moving, free will could not be responsible for either the build up of electrical signals or the subsequent movement.
According to the research team, this part of Libet’s logic was based on a premise that is likely false.
‘Because the averaged readiness potential reliably precedes voluntary movement, people assumed that it reflected a process specifically directed at producing that movement. As it turns out, and as our model has shown, that is not necessarily the case,’ said Aaron Schurger, an assistant professor of psychology at Chapman University who co-wrote of the article.
The article highlights new research using computational modelling that indicates that the standard interpretation of the readiness potential should be reassessed, particularly for its relevance to the question of free will.
The study points to findings that suggest that the readiness potential – the pre-movement build up of activity – reflects the neural activity that underlies the formation of a decision to move, rather than the outcome of a decision to move.
‘These new computational models account for the consistent finding of the readiness potential without positing anything like an RP in individual trials. The readiness potential itself is a kind of artefact or illusion, one which would be expected to appear just as it does, given the experimental design, but doesn’t reflect a real brain signal that begins with the RP onset or is read out by other areas,’ said Roskies.
The article also highlights several challenges to the idea that the readiness potential causes humans to act: difficulty distinguishing the readiness potential from other electrical signals in the brain; the presence of a readiness potential when tasks do not involve motor activity; and ‘noise’ in analyses which makes it difficult to confirm whether the readiness potential always predicts movement.
False positives, in which readiness potential is observed but fails to initiate movement, and inconsistencies in the amount of time between the build up of the brain waves and movement also complicate the understanding of the connection between the electrical activity in the brain and free will.
Finally, the article emphasizes the philosophical aspects of attempting to address the problem of free will with brain data.
Pengbo Hu at Pomona College and Joanna Pak from Chapman University, also contributed to this paper.
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