What is Soil Pollution?
Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with anomalous concentrations of toxic substances.
It is a serious environmental concern since it harbours many health hazards. For example, exposure to soil containing high concentrations of benzene increases the risk of contracting leukaemia. An image detailing the discolouration of soil due to soil pollution is provided below.
Table of Contents
- Pollutants that Contaminate Soil
- Processes that Cause Soil Pollution
- Negative Consequences of Soil Pollution
- How can Soil Pollution be Controlled?
- Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
It is important to understand that all soils contain compounds that are harmful/toxic to human beings and other living organisms. However, the concentration of such substances in unpolluted soil is low enough that they do not pose any threat to the surrounding ecosystem. When the concentration of one or more such toxic substances is high enough to cause damage to living organisms, the soil is said to be contaminated.
The root cause of soil pollution is often one of the following:
- Agriculture (excessive/improper use of pesticides)
- Excessive industrial activity
- Poor management or inefficient disposal of waste
The challenges faced in soil remediation (decontamination of soil) are closely related to the extent of soil pollution. The greater the contamination, the greater the requirement of resources for remediation.
What are the Pollutants that Contaminate Soil?
Some of the most hazardous soil pollutants are xenobiotics – substances that are not naturally found in nature and are synthesized by human beings. The term ‘xenobiotic’ has Greek roots – ‘Xenos’ (foreigner), and ‘Bios’ (life). Several xenobiotics are known to be carcinogens. An illustration detailing major soil pollutants is provided below.
The different types of pollutants that are found in contaminated soil are listed in this subsection.
The presence of heavy metals (such as lead and mercury, in abnormally high concentrations) in soils can cause it to become highly toxic to human beings. Some metals that can be classified as soil pollutants are tabulated below.
|Toxic Metals that Cause Soil Pollution|
These metals can originate from several sources such as mining activities, agricultural activities, electronic waste (e-waste), and medical waste.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (often abbreviated to PAHs) are organic compounds that:
- Contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- Contain more than one aromatic ring in their chemical structures.
Common examples of PAHs include naphthalene, anthracene, and phenalene. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been linked to several forms of cancer. These organic compounds can also cause cardiovascular diseases in humans.
Soil pollution due to PAHs can be sourced to coke (coal) processing, vehicle emissions, cigarette smoke, and the extraction of shale oil.
The discharge of industrial waste into soils can result in soil pollution. Some common soil pollutants that can be sourced to industrial waste are listed below.
- Chlorinated industrial solvents
- Dioxins produced from the manufacture of pesticides and the incineration of waste.
- Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
The petroleum industry creates many petroleum hydrocarbon waste products. Some of these wastes, such as benzene and methylbenzene, are known to be carcinogenic in nature.
Pesticides are substances (or mixtures of substances) that are used to kill or inhibit the growth of pests. Common types of pesticides used in agriculture include:
- Herbicides – used to kill/control weeds and other unwanted plants.
- Insecticides – used to kill insects.
- Fungicides – used to kill parasitic fungi or inhibit their growth.
However, the unintentional diffusion of pesticides into the environment (commonly known as ‘pesticide drift’) poses a variety of environmental concerns such as water pollution and soil pollution. Some important soil contaminants found in pesticides are listed below.
- Phenoxyalkyl acids
- Aliphatic acids
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons
- Arsenic-containing compounds
- Mercury-containing compounds
- Copper sulfate
These chemicals pose several health risks to humans. Examples of health hazards related to pesticides include diseases of the central nervous system, immune system diseases, cancer, and birth defects.
What are the Processes that Cause Soil Pollution?
Soil pollution can be broadly classified into two categories –
- Naturally caused soil pollution
- Anthropogenic soil pollution (caused by human activity)
Natural Pollution of Soil
In some extremely rare processes, some pollutants are naturally accumulated in soils. This can occur due to the differential deposition of soil by the atmosphere. Another manner in which this type of soil pollution can occur is via the transportation of soil pollutants with precipitation water.
An example of natural soil pollution is the accumulation of compounds containing the perchlorate anion (ClO4–) in some dry, arid ecosystems. It is important to note that some contaminants can be naturally produced in the soil under the effect of certain environmental conditions. For example, perchlorates can be formed in soils containing chlorine and certain metals during a thunderstorm.
Anthropogenic Soil Pollution
Almost all cases of soil pollution are anthropogenic in nature. A variety of human activities can lead to the contamination of soil. Some such processes are listed below.
- The demolition of old buildings can involve the contamination of nearby soil with asbestos.
- Usage of lead-based paint during construction activities can also pollute the soil with hazardous concentrations of lead.
- Spillage of petrol and diesel during transportation can contaminate soils with the hydrocarbons found in petroleum.
- Activities associated with metal casting factories (foundries) often cause the dispersion of metallic contaminants into the nearby soils.
- Underground mining activities can cause the contamination of land with heavy metals.
- Improper disposal of highly toxic industrial/chemical waste can severely pollute the soil. For example, the storage of toxic wastes in landfills can result in the seepage of the waste into the soil. This waste can go on to pollute groundwater as well.
- Chemical pesticides contain several hazardous substances. Excessive and inefficient use of chemical pesticides can result in severe soil pollution.
- Sewage produced in urbanized areas can also contaminate soil (if not disposed of correctly). These wastes may also contain several carcinogenic substances.
Other forms of waste that can pollute soil include nuclear waste, e-waste, and coal ash.
What are the Negative Consequences of Soil Pollution?
Soil pollution harbours a broad spectrum of negative consequences that affect plants, animals, humans, and the ecosystem as a whole. Since children are more susceptible to diseases, polluted soil poses a greater threat to them. Some important effects of soil pollution are detailed in this subsection.
Effects on Human Beings
Soil contaminants can exist in all three phases (solid, liquid, and gaseous). Therefore, these contaminants can find their way into the human body via several channels such as direct contact with the skin or through the inhalation of contaminated soil dust.
The short term effects of human exposure to polluted soil include:
- Headaches, nausea, and vomiting.
- Coughing, pain in the chest, and wheezing.
- Irritation of the skin and the eyes.
- Fatigue and weakness.
A variety of long-term ailments have been linked to soil pollution. Some such diseases are listed below.
- Exposure to high levels of lead can result in permanent damage to the nervous system. Children are particularly vulnerable to lead.
- Depression of the CNS (Central Nervous System).
- Damage to vital organs such as the kidney and the liver.
- Higher risk of developing cancer.
It can be noted that many soil pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons and industrial solvents have been linked to congenital disorders in humans. Thus, soil pollution can have several negative effects on human health.
Effects on Plants and Animals
Since soil pollution is often accompanied by a decrease in the availability of nutrients, plant life ceases to thrive in such soils. Soils contaminated with inorganic aluminium can prove toxic to plants. Also, this type of pollution often increases the salinity of the soil, making it inhospitable for the growth of plant life.
Plants that are grown in polluted soil may accumulate high concentrations of soil pollutants through a process known as bioaccumulation. When these plants are consumed by herbivores, all the accumulated pollutants are passed up the food chain. This can result in the loss/extinction of many desirable animal species. Also, these pollutants can eventually make their way to the top of the food chain and manifest as diseases in human beings.
Effects on the Ecosystem
- Since the volatile contaminants in the soil can be carried away into the atmosphere by winds or can seep into underground water reserves, soil pollution can be a direct contributor to air and water pollution.
- It can also contribute towards acid rain (by releasing huge quantities of ammonia into the atmosphere).
- Acidic soils are inhospitable to several microorganisms that improve soil texture and help in the decomposition of organic matter. Thus, the negative effects of soil pollution also impact soil quality and texture.
- Crop yield is greatly affected by this form of pollution. In China, over 12 million tons of grain (worth approximately 2.6 billion USD) is found to be unfit for human consumption due to contamination with heavy metals (as per studies conducted by the China Dialogue).
How can Soil Pollution be Controlled?
Several technologies have been developed to tackle soil remediation. Some important strategies followed for the decontamination of polluted soil are listed below.
- Excavation and subsequent transportation of polluted soils to remote, uninhabited locations.
- Extraction of pollutants via thermal remediation – the temperature is raised in order to force the contaminants into the vapour phase, after which they can be collected through vapour extraction.
- Bioremediation or phytoremediation involves the use of microorganisms and plants for the decontamination of soil.
- Mycoremediation involves the use of fungi for the accumulation of heavy metal contaminants.
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
What are the key causes of soil pollution?
Some common causes of soil pollution are listed below,
- Improper disposal of industrial waste: industries are believed to be one of the leading causes of soil pollution due to improper management and disposal of the toxic wastes generated during industrial activities.
- Excessive and inefficient usage of pesticides and fertilizers: the agriculture industry makes extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the growth and maintenance of crops. However, excessive and inefficient use of these toxic chemicals can seriously contaminate the soil.
- Petroleum or diesel spills: leaks in fuel transportation pipes can cause fuel spills. These fuels are known to contain toxic hydrocarbons which can cause soil contamination.
What are the effects of soil pollution on human health?
The contaminants found in polluted soil can enter human bodies through several channels such as the nose, the mouth, or the skin. Exposure to such soils can cause a variety of short-term health problems such as headaches, coughing, chest pain, nausea, and skin/eye irritation. Prolonged exposure to contaminated soil can lead to the depression of the central nervous system and damage to vital organs (such as the liver). Long-term exposure to polluted soils has also been linked to cancer in humans.
List some examples of the contaminants that pollute soils.
Some common soil pollutants are:
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
How can soil pollution be avoided?
Many crucial changes must be brought about in order to control soil contamination and soil pollution without making huge compromises on the economy. For example, the use of toxic substances in industrial activities can be avoided wherever suitable alternatives exist. Also, the recycling of waste products will also contribute towards a reduction in the soil contamination due to landfills. Promoting healthy agricultural practices such as the use of organic manure and organic farming methods can help reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers used on agricultural soils. Efficient and limited use of chemical pesticides must also be advocated.
What are the environmental remediation processes that can be employed to curb the negative effects of soil pollution?
- The contaminated soil can be excavated and transported to a remote disposal site.
- Thermal remediation of contaminated soil, which involves heating up the soil in order to vaporize the volatile toxic pollutants.
- Soil decontamination via surfactant leaching.