DURHAM, N.C. -- If you’ve ever suffered through a nightmare date and were hesitant to try again, fruit flies can relate.
Female fruit flies that have been coerced into sex by invasive males of the wrong species produce fewer offspring and are less likely to reproduce with their own kind, finds a new study.
Invasive species are known to threaten native biodiversity by bringing in new diseases, preying on resident species, or outcompeting them for food or other resources. But this study shows invasives pose a risk through unwelcome romantic advances, too.
“We don’t tend to think about misdirected mating attempts driving animals to extinction,” said study author Mohamed Noor, a biology professor at Duke University.
When you’re a female Drosophila persimilis fruit fly, a blind date horror story goes something like this:
A stranger approaches and gives you a tap. He flashes a wing and offers up a drop of vomit. You try to sidestep or turn away, but he badgers you from front to back. Eventually he chases you down and climbs on your back. You try to resist his ardent advances and kick him off, but he persists.
When it’s over, persimilis females are done with love. Not even males of their own kind can woo them again, at least for a while, the researchers report. “These aren’t voluntary matings,” Noor said.
Noor was collecting wild fruit flies in Washington state in the 1990s when he noticed something odd: a species called Drosophila persimilis, once abundant in the area, was almost nowhere to be found. In its place was a small brownish-black fly called Drosophila subobscura.
Native to the Mediterranean, subobscura was first spotted in North America in the early 1980s. It started breeding and quickly spread up and down the west coast of Canada and the United States. By the mid-1990’s, it had become one of the most common fruit flies in the area, outnumbering its native cousins.
Subobscura males aren’t choosy about their mates. They will even attempt to copulate with tiny fly-sized lumps of wax, provided they’re jiggled to look alive. Perhaps, Noor reasoned, these invaders’ romantic blunders were contributing to the decline of native flies.
Back at Duke, Noor and his team put 66 native persimilis females in one of two situations. Forty-two females were placed in vials with non-native subobscura males, one pair per vial. The rest were paired with persimilis males.
After watching each vial for an hour, the researchers documented 14 forced copulations among the mixed trials. Despite the females’ best efforts to fend off their foreign suitors, forced matings between species were just as frequent and lasted twice as long as consensual sex between persimilis pairs.
The misdirected mating attempts produced no offspring, but a second round of trials revealed that native persimilis females that had been sexually harassed by non-natives were less likely to remate with their own species several hours later.
Though the exact reasons for their reluctance are unknown, many fruit fly females have an allergic reaction to other Drosophila species’ sperm, suffering abdominal swelling and sometimes infertility.
The researchers also put flies of both species in vials and counted the number of offspring produced over 28 days. They found that persimilis females confined with males of both species produced fewer offspring than those confined with their own males alone.
In contrast, native persimilis males take little interest in invasive subobscura females, so the invaders aren’t affected in the same way, Noor said.
The results were published last week in the journal Ecology and Evolution. This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (DEB-1545627).
CITATION: "Reproductive Interference by Male Drosophila Subobscura on Female D. Persimilis: a Laboratory Experiment," Brenda Manzano-Winkler, Alexander Hish, Emily Aarons and Mohamed Noor. Ecology and Evolution, March 6, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2855.