Domestic pigeon, (Columba livia), bird of the family Columbidae (order Columbiformes) that was perhaps the first bird tamed by man. Figurines, mosaics, and coins have portrayed the domestic pigeon since at least 4500 bc (Mesopotamia). From Egyptian times the pigeon has been important as food. Its role as messenger has a long history. Today it is an important laboratory animal, especially in endocrinology and genetics.
Throwbacks among modern domestic pigeons indicate a common ancestor, the rock dove. This tendency is clearly seen in street pigeons in cities everywhere. Many are white, reddish, or checkered like some of their cousins in racing-pigeon lofts, but most are somewhat narrow-bodied and broad-billed replicas of the blue-gray ancestral form. Street pigeons nest year-round, on buildings and beneath bridges, where they may be a nuisance with their droppings and transmission of disease. These hardy birds may live 35 years.
The three main kinds of domestic pigeons are fliers, fancy breeds raised chiefly for show, and utility breeds, which produce squabs for meat—nestlings taken when 25 to 30 days old and weighing 350 to 700 grams (3/4 to 1 1/2 pounds). Utility breeds are known as dual-purpose birds if they are bred to exhibition standards.
Pigeon-raising is a worldwide hobby, and business as well. National preferences are evident; e.g., in England for birds of highly standardized appearance and bearing (“form pigeons”), in Germany for birds that have unusual markings (“colour pigeons”), in Belgium for racing pigeons, and in the United States for dual-purpose breeds. Hundreds of varieties of complicated lineage represent centuries of development. See also poultry.