Sloped properties often offer scenic views, but extra effort is required to make the landscapes usable. Retaining walls stabilize the soil and moderate a slope for the planting of a garden. In order for people to get out and enjoy the hillside garden, however, they need sturdy steps to navigate the terrain. The key to putting steps in a hill is to start at its bottom and work your way up the slope, building each step on firm ground.
A wide, straight staircase makes a dramatic view up a steep hill and conveys a formal tone. In contrast, a curved path winding through the contours of the land and punctuated by a series of steps, where needed, fits with a rustic garden style. Steps are often used in conjunction with retaining walls, situated at a break in a wall to allow access up the slope. Retaining walls are not necessary on a mild slope, and the steps can meander informally through its garden plantings, becoming wide landings where the slope levels.
Materials and Style Options
Railroad ties and landscape timbers have the heft needed to make sturdy steps on a slope. They are relatively inexpensive and simple to modify with angled cuts where the steps change direction. Large, flat pieces of natural stone can make a dramatic set of garden steps but generally require heavy machinery to install on a slope. Decorative concrete blocks are a lighter, less expensive option. Use them for a seamless fit with retaining wall systems built with the same materials. If a slope is steep, conventional wood-framed stairs are an option.
Determination of Dimensions
Steps are like miniature terraces; the steeper the slope, the more frequently they are needed. On a mild slope, each step becomes a long landing, with the distance between steps varying with the slope's pitch. Step width is up to the discretion of the builder, but 4 feet is a safe minimum for most people to feel comfortable, especially if they are carrying a load. The height of the steps, however, should be in keeping with what feels natural and comfortable to walk on; 7 inches is the accepted standard.
Basic Construction Methods
The most simple steps are made by cutting a flat pad into the base of the slope and installing the wood, blocks or other material that will form the lowest step. Rake soil downward to fill behind the step, and excavate again into the slope, this time at a higher point, for the next step. Each step should be placed on firm, undisturbed soil, not loose fill. Every material has its particular methods to secure it to the slope and provide stability. For example, rebar stakes and large timber spikes are used to hold railroad ties and landscape timbers together while a concrete foundation and mortar may be required for concrete blocks. Check with your municipality for building codes pertaining to hillside steps, or consult with a reputable contractor for advice.
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