Energy is about more than just electricity. It includes all means used to provide energy for industrial and domestic purposes, from firewood for cooking to national electricity production.
This section focuses on the production, distribution and use of electrical power. Activities involving the exploration, extraction and refining of oil and gas are described in the extractive industries section.
Cambodia has undergone rapid economic development in recent decades. However, the country still lacks the infrastructure required for the energy sector to match the pace of development. Energy security facilitates a country’s socio-economic growth and sustainability. Energy supply and access is fundamental to achieving developmental goals.1 As the population increases and industry expands, Cambodia’s electricity consumption is forecast to grow annually at 9.4% until 2020.2
In 2014, the government made ‘electricity access for [all] Cambodian villages by 2020’ a top priority in the fifth mandate.3 To achieve this goal, laws and policy on development of the energy sector were adopted, while cooperation and participation from stakeholders including ministries and other governmental agencies, development partners and private investors have also played an important role.
A World Bank report published in early 2018 stated that 97.6% of Cambodian households have access to at least one source of electricity – 71.5% from the grid and 26.1% off the grid, from sources such as solar home systems and rechargeable batteries.4
By December 2018 the Electricity Authority of Cambodia (EAC) said it was supplying electricity to 12,305 villages (87 percent of all the villages in Cambodia) with distribution networks due to be constructed soon for a further 1,767 villages (12.5 percent).5
The key challenges facing Cambodia’s energy sector are:
Heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels and imported electricity.
Electricity shortages and power outages are relatively common.
Options such as hydropower and coal-fired electricity generators can have high environmental impact.
Cambodia is totally reliant on imports for oil and gas, despite commercial quantities of oil being found offshore. Many licenses have been granted for exploration of oil and gas blocks. In 2016 Cambodia used around 48,000 barrels of petroleum a day.6 Due to a high dependence on imported fuel and a fragmented power supply system, Cambodia’s electricity prices are one of the highest in the ASEAN region, and the world.7
Most of the electricity generated within Cambodia in the past came from heavy fuel oil and diesel generators—as recently as March 2011, 90% of power was produced in this way.8 Today, hydro dams and coal plants generate most of the electricity.
By December 2018, however, 48.5% of domestically generated electricity came from hydro dams, 34.5% from coal-fired stations and just 1.9% from fuel oil.9 Cambodia imported 15% of the electricity it consumed, mostly from Vietnam (11% of all the electricity Cambodia consumed), Thailand (2.8%) and Laos (0.7%).10
The charts above show the difference between estimates based on World Bank data from 2012 of how Cambodia’s electricity would be generated in 2014, and data reported by the EAC on electricity production in 2014.
The ADB has projected that Cambodia’s peak electricity demand will more than double to 2,401 megawatts between 2015 and 2025. In meeting this increased demand, Cambodia can access more affordable power through imports from neighboring countries, as opposed to undertaking their own power production.11
More generally, MME projects that the country’s primary energy demand from all fuels will increase 5.4% annually from 2010 to 2035. As of March 2019 there were two coal-fired power plants in Sihanoukville Province, one from Cambodia International Investment Development Group (CIIDG), the other from Malaysian firm Leader Universal Holdings, with a third plant due to launch before the end of 2019.12 The increased use of coal is projected to see CO2 emissions increase by 6% per year until 2035.13 By the end of 2018 there were nine hydropower plants operating, with seven feeding into the national grid. The 400 MW Lower Sesan II dam was officially opened in December 2018 in a ceremony overseen by the prime minister.14
Electrical distribution, dam construction and other matters in the energy sector have regional and trans-border implications and there are official bodies and agreements addressing these, such as the Mekong River Commission.
Last updated: 21 April 2019
- Hydropower dams
- Energy policy and administration
- Environment and natural resources
- Extractive industries
- 1. Practical Action. “Energy and the Millennium Development Goals.” Accessed 20 August 2014. https://practicalaction.org/blog/programmes/energy/energy-and-the-millennium-development-goals/
- 2. The Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy. 2013. “National policy, strategy and action plan on energy efficiency in Cambodia.” Accessed 13 October 2015. http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/default/files/field_publication_file/EUEI_PDF_Cambodia_Energy_Efficiency_May2013_EN.pdf
- 3. The Cambodia Herald. “Hun Sen says all villages to have electricity by 2020.” 20 February 2013. Accessed 25 November 2014. www.thecambodiaherald.com/cambodia/hun-sen-says-all-villages-to-have-electricity-by-2020-3449
- 4. The World Bank, 15 March 2018. Cambodia beyond connections. Energy access diagnostic report. Washington DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/141011521693254478/Cambodia-Beyond-connections-energy-access-diagnostic-report-based-on-the-multi-tier-framework Accessed 23 March 2018.
- 5. Electricity Authority of Cambodia 2018. Salient Features of Power Development in Kingdom of Cambodia. Consolidated Report for the year 2018. https://eac.gov.kh/uploads/salient_feature/english/salient_feature_2018_en.pdf Accessed 21 April 2019.
- 6. US Energy Information Administration 2019. Total petroleum consumption (by country). https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/ Accessed 21 April 2019
- 7. Council for Development of Cambodia. “Cost of Doing Business: Utility Cost.” Accessed 30 January 2015. http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/investment-enviroment/cost-of-doing-business/utility-cost.html
- 8. Victor Jona. 2012. “Attaining Energy Access for All, Policy Law and Regulation” (paper presented on 4-5 June 2012).
- 9. Electricity Authority of Cambodia 2018. op cit.
- 10. Ibid
- 11. Anthony Jude, Asian Development Bank. “Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) market coordination.” Accessed 5 October 2015. https://www.iea.org/reports/southeast-asia-energy-outlook-2013
- 12. Cambodia Constructors Association 2019. “150 MW coal-fired power plant in Sihanoukville nearing completion” 19 March 2019. https://www.construction-property.com/read-news-1709/ Accessed 30 March 2019.
- 13. Lieng Vuthy. 2013. Cambodia country report in Kimura, S. (ed.) “Analysis on energy saving potential in East Asia, ERIA research project report 2012-19”, pp.99-113. ERIA. Accessed 5 October 2015. www.eria.org/RPR_FY2012_No.19_chapter_4.pdf
- 14. Construction Property 2018. “Hydro Power Lower Sesan II dam inaugurated” 17 December 2018. https://www.construction-property.com/read-news-1549/ Accessed 28 January 2019.
- 15. Mark Grimsditch. “3S Rivers Under Threat: Understanding new threats and challenges from hydropower development to biodiversity and community rights in the 3S River Basin.” Jointly published by 3S Rivers Protection Network and International Rivers, 2012. Accessed 30 January 2015. http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/3s_rivers_english.pdf
- 16. International Energy Agency (IEA). Southeast Asia Energy Outlook. France: IEA/ OECD, September 2013. Accessed 30 January 2015. www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/southeastasiaenergyoutlook_weo2013specialreport.pdf