You exist because you perform well in the heat.
At least, that is one line of evolutionary thinking discussed by a 2014 article in the journal Comprehensive Physiology. According to the article, our early human ancestors on the African savannah came to an evolutionary crossroads related to one of our worst traits as a species—they were slower than their predators. Heck, a house cat has a higher top speed than Usain Bolt!
This, the article posits, is where our ability to deal with heat comes in. According to the article, “early hominins in open habitats likely benefited from improved abilities to dump heat in order to forage safely during times of peak heat when predators were unable to hunt them.” In other words, before you were born to run, you were born to tolerate heat and sun.
Regardless of evolutionary history, any trail runner can benefit from heat acclimation, even if you are racing in cooler conditions. Heat acclimation can improve performance in both hot and cold temperatures through a number of adaptations like increased blood plasma volume, more efficient sweating, increased cardiac output and reduced core temperature.
While there are a lot of ways to approach heat acclimation, here are four simple steps as summer approaches.
1. Decide that the heat is your friend.
If you say you are bad at something enough, eventually it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. You aren’t a bad dancer. You aren’t a bad cook. And you aren’t a bad heat runner.
So the first step is to practice positive psychology related to heat. Tell your friends you love hot weather and root for the long-range forecast to show scorching temperatures. In other words, fake it until you make it. Some amount of athletic performance will always be psychological, so take control of your psychology and you may begin to find that your physiology follows suit.
2. Slow down your hottest runs, and aim to do your most important workouts in cooler conditions.
Running in heat is stressful, especially when there is a heat index over 80 degrees Fahrenheit. So, do the majority of your key workouts during the most advantageous conditions, like the early morning or on cooler days. This approach will ensure that you maintain speed and don’t impersonate an overcooked piece of human bacon on the most important training days.
Second, do some of your easy runs during the heat of the day (or, at least don’t intentionally avoid the heat). Different protocols abound, but the general rule is 60 to 100 minutes of moderate exercise in hot conditions every other day for a couple weeks will get you most of the heat adaptations you need. Just be sure to slow down to account for the heat, and be ready to reduce your surrounding training accordingly.
These easy hot-weather runs can act as workouts in some ways, so don’t expect to feel daisy-fresh afterward. If you live in a cooler climate than where you will race, you can also dress extra warmly in dark clothing on a high-sun day while doing low-intensity exercise.
Then, if you are racing in extra-hot conditions like at the Western States 100, consider doing some key long runs or workouts in the heat, making sure to recover plenty afterward and hydrate adequately at all times.
3. Use a sauna strategically.
The sauna is the ace-in-the-hole for athletes trying to adapt to heat. A number of studies discuss passive adaptation, but for most time-limited runners, it’s best to keep it simple. Twenty to 30 minutes in a dry sauna (160 to 180 degrees Fahrenheit) sometime after your run can help with heat, adaptation plus potentially add other benefits related to recovery. To kick it up a notch and encourage a greater increase in blood plasma volume, refrain from rehydrating or cooling off immediately after exiting the sauna. Instead, rehydrate gradually and take a hot shower instead of a cold one. (Note: be sure a doctor approves of your heat acclimation plan)
Heat adaptation benefits accrue quickly, but also wear off quickly. In general, it takes around two to three weeks to get most adaptations, with more time needed if you are doing less heat running or are less diligent with heat adaptation protocols. After that initial period of adaptation training, you can maintain the adaptations by running in the heat and/or getting in the sauna periodically (For my athletes, I recommend doing every day for a week, then moving to every other day thereafter). Heat is stressful even after you adapt, so be sure to stop using the sauna or intentionally running in the hottest conditions a few days before an important race.
4. Hydrate plenty.
When adapting to heat, don’t intentionally dehydrate yourself (outside of the minor rehydration caveat when using the sauna). Everyone has different sweat rates—you can calculate yours in a lab to get exact results, or use a simple few-step process to get a helpful but inexact guideline (see on online calculator here):
- Weigh yourself nude prior to running (sexy!).
- Run for an hour or more in the conditions you are looking to test, being sure not to drink or urinate (the hardest part of the whole test). If you do drink or urinate, measure how much you drink or urinate and alter the calculations accordingly.
- Weigh yourself nude after running (less sexy!), being sure to towel off residual sweat prior to getting on the scale.
- Multiply the pounds lost by ~16 ounces of fluid in a pound, dividing by hours run.
So if you lose 3 pounds over 2 hours during a hot run, your (inexact) sweat rate is:
3 pounds x ~16 ounces per pound = 48 ounces / 2 hours = 24 ounces per hour.
This method may overestimate fluid needs because it does not account for metabolic processes. When in doubt, experiment during training to find what works for you.
Plus, while calculating your sweat rate could be helpful for determining a fueling plan in a race or long training run, the most important principle is to not get chronically dehydrated. The thirst mechanism works well for most people, but if you are the type of person that hates water, keep a water bottle nearby and force yourself to drink your medicine. However, be sure never to overhydrate, which can cause hyponatremia, or low sodium levels (this condition can be fatal in rare instances).
The old saying widely attributed to Harry Truman goes: ‘Can’t stand the heat? Then get out of the kitchen.’ Perhaps President Truman didn’t know these four simple steps, or it would have been: ‘Can’t stand the heat? Then acclimate for two to three weeks and you can stay in the kitchen as long as you’d like.’
David Roche partners with runners of all abilities through his coaching service, Some Work, All Play. With Megan Roche, M.D., he hosts the Some Work, All Play podcast on running (and other things), and they wrote a book called The Happy Runner.