levels and rates of change in prosperity, as reflected in bottom line statistical measures of productivity, incomes purchasing power, and consumption.
processes of change involving the nature and composition of the economy of a particular region as well as to increases in the overall prosperity of a region.
3 Types of Changes
-Structure: of the region's economy i.e. shift from agriculture to manufacturing
-in forms of economic organization within the region i.e. shift from socialism to free-market capitalism.
-in the availability and use of technology within the region.
Uenevenness of economic developement
At global scale - contrast between core- periphery in evolving economic system. The most diversified economies are in the Tripolar core of North america, europe, and japan.. highest prosperity, productivity, most advanced tech. Periphery nations are less develped countries LCD. also known as third world. First world was the Core, Second World was the Soviet Union and satelite countries.
Global Core-Periphery Patterns.
GDP - gross domestic product - estimate of total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, services produced in a country in a year. The total is generally divided by total population.
GNI- a measure of the income of a country from production wherever in the world it occurs. i.e. profits from a US company in south america that go back to the US as Profit, are included in the GNI.
:These measures problematic because they use a nations currency. So ppp purchasing power parity must be factored .
purchasing power parity
measures how much of a common "market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally. PPP based currency values used to compare GNI usually produce a lower GNI in wealthy countries and higher GNI in poorer nations.
economic distribution is uneven.. Most higher level economy nations fall very roughly north of 30 degrees N. The North =Core the South = Periphery.
inequality of income is reflected and reinforced by many aspects of human well being. Patters of infant mortality , a reliable indicator of social well being. Life expectancy in Batswana is 34 while in the US it is 78
-800 million or 12% of the worlds pop goes hungry each day.
_ The US is ranked 12 in the world for nations that use money towards social well-being.
Gender equality and development.
Core - Periphery patterns are also reflected in indicators that measure economic development by gender equality. The United Nations Development Programme has developed a gender sensitive development index for gender inequality and life expectancy. Gender empowerment index is based on measures of women's incomes, participation in the labor force as administrators and managers, professional, and technical workers, and the percentage of parliamentary seats held by women. A perfect score would
Inequality in econ. develop. has regional dimension. scarce resources, history of neglect, lack of investment, and concentrations of low-skilled people all combine to explain the lagging performance of certain areas. This has an affect on the constrains on a persons life from birth in a region.
Resources and Development
Availability of key resources like cultivatable land, energy sources, valuable minerals. If not for resources, then success may come from successful trade "Japan"
oil, natural gas, and coal = unevenly distributed across the globe. Japan and parts of europe are the only parts of the core that do not have substantial distribution of energy sources. Periphery are energy poor with a few exceptions. algeria ecuador, gabon, indonesia, lbya, nigeria, venequela, gulf states are all oil producers.
Energy has become an important component of trade.
1960's, then we started using more oil than was contained in new fields in 1981. Now oil is the most important commodity making up more than 20% of the total by value in 2008
20% of the worlds energy consumption comes from firewood and cooking fuels.
1.5 billion people collect fuel wood and lead to deforestation
nearlyy 100 million can't meet therir energy needs even by cutting remaining forests.
distribution of cultivable land - important factor in international economic development. More than half of the earths land surface is unsuitable for any productive form of araculture. Cultivable land is consentrated in europe, west central russial, america, india, eastern china, and parts of sub saharan africal.
Carrying Capacity .
the maximum population that can be maintained in a place with rates of resource use and waste production that are sustainable in the long term without damaging the overall productivity of that or other places.
basic raw materials are concentrated in russia, US, Canada, south africa, austrailia.
US has 42% of worlds known resources of hydrocarbons, oil, nat gas and oil shales. ......
important aspect of world's economic geography. Oil, natural gas, caol.
The land that can be used for agriculture. Less than half of the earths land is suitable due to poor growing seasons, soils arid climates, mountainous terain, forests and conservation limit the extent of agriculture. Concentrated in Europe, west central russia, eastern north america, australian littoral, latin america, india, eastern china, parts of sub saharan africa.
Importance of Iron, Textile chemicals, food processing.
Industries occupy regions of the Us
Situation and site factors
Bulk Gaining VS bulk reducing industry
Economic Structure of Countries and regions
the relative share of primary, secondary,tertiary, and quaternary economic activities determines the economic structure of a country or region.
are those concerned directly with natural resources of any kind. include agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry.
those that process transform, fabricate or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities or that reasemble, refinish , or package manufactured goods. Secondary activities include, steelmaking food processing, furniture aking, textile manufacturing, automobile assembly garment manufactuing.
those involving the sale and exchange of goods and services; they include warehousing, retail stores personal services such as hairdressing, commercial services accounting advertising entertainment
those dealing with the handling and processing of knowledge and info. examples include data processing, information retrieval, education reasearch and developement.
geographic divisions of labor
variations in economic structure according to primary secondary tertiary quaternary activities reflect geographical divisions of labor that are national, regional, locally based economic specializations that evolve with growth of world system of trade and politics.
Highest levels of GDP
associated with economies that are postidustrial:where tertiary and quaternary sectors have grown to dominate the workforce, with smaller but highly productive secondary sectors.
post industrial countries
The highest levels of per capita gdp associated with the economies that are postindustrial: economies where the tertiary and quaternary sectors have grown to dominate the workforce, with smaller but highly productive secondary sectors.
NIC's Newly Industrializing countries
countries formerly peripheral within the world system, that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through direct foreign investment. China, south korea, mexico, brazil, india, argentinia, and thailand.
remains the most important source of manufactured goods accounting for just over 25 percent of global MVA manufacturing value added.
International Trade Aid and Debt
the geographical division of labor on a world scale means that the geography of international trade is very complex.
-Global Trade has grown much more rapidly over past few decades that global production. average annual growth rate of value of world exports was twice that of the growth of world production and several times greater than that of world population growth.
groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements. with most of the world's trade taking place with in four trading blocs.
-Western Europe with some former european colonies in africa, south asia, caribbean, australasia.
-North America with some latin american states
-countries of former Soviet world empire;
-Japan, together with other east asian states and oil exporting states of saudi arabbia and bahrain.
countries that do not contribute significantly to the flows of imports and exports that constitute the geography of trade. Typically these are smaller peripheral countries, bolivia, burkina faso, ghana, malawi, samoa, tanzania.
involves a high level of reliance by a country on foregn enterprises, investment, technology.
a significant handicap to economic development for many peripheral countries. A 5 to 1 return on debt exists. in some countries the annual interest on international debts accounts for more than 20 percent of the annual value of their exports.
international division of labor
the specialization, by countries in particular products for export
elasticity of demand
degree to which levels of demand for a product or service change in response to changes in price. where a relatively small change in price induces a significant change in demand, elasticity is high. where a levels of demand remain fairly stable in spite of price, demand is said to be inelastic. demand for products of peripheral countries in their principal markets.
The syndrome of having constantly to borrow in order to fund development has come to be know as debt trap.
a counterstrategy for peripheral countries is to attempt to establish a new role in hte international division of labor, moving away from a specialization in primary commodities to a more diversified manufacturing base.. requires vast amounts of start up capital.
making consumers aware of the relationships embodied in their purchases.
poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
-1. creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, 2. capacity building, 3. ensuring that women's work is properly valued and rewarded. 4 ensuring a safe and healthy working environment for producers, 5 payment of a fair price one that covers not only the costs of production but enables production that is socially just and envi. sound. .9 to 3.10 for choc.
Global assembly line
globalization of world economy represents the most recent stage in a long process of internationalization. emergence of provate companies that participate not only in international trade but also in production, manufacturing, sales operations in several countries.
companies that participate not only in international trade but also in prodution, manufacturing, and sales. in several countries.
corps engaged in several divisions engaged in quite different activities . engaged through mergers and aquisitions. A company making and selling cigarettes also controls a beverage co.
mass production based on assembly line, scientific management mass consumption. higher wages sophisticated advertising.
the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption has been modified by the addition of more flexible production, distrubution, marketing systems.
just in time.
components for production come just in time to provide for manufacturing but keep zero inventory . daily and hourly delivery of parts.
Chp 8 Traditional Agricultural Geography
relationship between people and land as interactively linked. Understanding of spatial differentiation, importance of place, fact that practices such as agriculture affect and are affected by local, regional, national, and globally extensive processes. provides geographers with a powerful perspective for understanding the dyamics of contemporary agriculture.
a science, art and business directed at the cultivation of crop and raising of livestock for sustenance and profit.
referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there.
is a system in which agriculturalists consume all they produce. the practice of subsistence agriculture is declining but is still used.
Three forms found in subsitance.
1. shifting cultivation.
2. intensive subsistance agriculture, and pastoralism.
a system in the core countries in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and families.
found usually in tropical forests, to maintain soil fertility.
process involving the effective and efficient use of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield; a considerable expenditure of human labor and fertilizer. can support large rural populations.
the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy human needs.
usually practiced in cold arid climates.
first agricultural revolution.
founded on the developement of seed agriculture and the use of the plow and draft animals. allowed for settled life.
second ag rev.
occurred at different times in different parts of the world. dramatic improvements in outputs of crop and animal yields. Improved yoke for oxen replacement of ox with horse and new inputs to agricultural productions, such as the application of fertilizers and field drainage systems.
third ag. rev.
emanates from the New World at the beginning of the late nineteenth century and gained momentum through the 20'th. Contract farming, chemical farming, food manufacturing.
Main reason for the industrialization of Agriculture.
Industrialization of agriculture is the process by where the farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to being one part of an integrated multilevel or vertically organized industrial process that includes production storage processing distribution marketing and retailing. Advances in science and tech. including mechanical as well as chemical and biological innovations have determined the industrialization of ag. including following trends in capatalistic society
1943 Rockefeller foundation funds team of scientists to fund an agricultural project to feed the worlds growing pop. It distributed a Green Revolution wheat seed and also worked in corn and rice creating varieties that produce higher yields 2 to 5 times greater than normal crops. fertilizers pesticides and watering regiments were required. Export trade was able in some places.
problems and criticisms of the grev.
-wheat rice and corn are unsuitable in some areas
-poor soils and water availability cannot support always
-vulnerability to pest and diseases.
-Green Rev. tech. has replaced human power = unemployment.
-Tend to exclude women.
-chemicals/pesticides have contributed to ecosystem pollution and worker -poisonings.
-Intensive irrigation led to salinization of soils.
-magnified social inequalities by allowing more wealth happen for fewer agriculturalists.
-less dung for fuel.
Food Regimes and Alternative Food Movements
Con Agra DelMonte are examples of: a system of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seeds to retail consumption.
Five central and connected sectors (inputs, production, product processing, distribution, and consumption with four contextual elements acting as external mediating forces ( the state, international trade, the physical env., and credit and finance.
specific set of links that exists among food production and consumption.and capital investment and accumulation opportunities.
describes any farming or animal husbandry that occurs without commercial fertilizers, sythetic pesticides or growth hormones. Has become a growing force alongside the dominant form conventional farming ( an approach that uses chemicals in the form of plant protectants and fertilizers, or intensive hormone based practices in breeding and raising animals.
a european movement to reject fast food as a means of preserving cultural cuisine and associated food and farming of an ecoregion.
Food prepared in an organized industrial way to be quick on delivery.
international health concern poses risk for type 2 diabetes cardiovascular problems, hypertension, and stroke and certain forms of cancer.
Development of Political Geography
Friedrich Ratzel geopolitical theory = a german trained biologist and chemist. 7 laws of state growth adopted from darwinism. Portrays the state as a biological organism. change and growth are inevitable and natural. Geopolitics stems from the interactions of power and territory
boundaries designed to control people and resources outside them. I.E. can control the flow of immigrants and imported goods
boundaries are normally inclusionary. They are constructed in order to regulate and control specific sets of people and resources within them
delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states
where boundaries are very weakly developed with ones of underdeveloped territoriality. Zones are distinctive by their marginality rather than their belonging.
is a group of people sharing certain elements of culture, religion language, history or political identity. people of a nation recognize a common identity.
an independant political unit with recognized boundaries, even if some of these boundaries may be in dispute.
an ideal form consisting of a homogenous group of peple governed by thier own state. Where no significant group exists that is not part of the nation. a common nation sharing in an idea
the feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs.
allocates power to units of local gov. within the country. The United States is federal state with its system of state, country, and city/town gov.
power is concentrated within the central government. Russian state under the czar was an example.
which one above is the us and which is russia
forces that strengthen and unify something,
tend to separate and divide forces.
imperialism is the extension of state authority over the political and economic life of other territories.
Colonialism -a form of imperialism that involves the formal establishment and maintenance of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements.
North South Divide?
In the North are the imperialist states of europe, united states, russial, japan.
In the South are the colonized states.
the equator has been used as a dividing line. but some southern territories like australia new zealand would be considered part of the north in an economic sense.
a discourse that positions the west as culturally superior to the east. HOw the colonized place is viewed as inferior and in need of colonizing to the colonizing state.
Twentieth Century Decolonization
the reacquisition by colonized peoples of control over their own territory is know as decolonization.
When the people of a colonized state take back control.
Mackinders heartland theory
by the end of the nineteenth century, numerous formal empires were well established, and imperialist ideologies were dominant.
-considered eurasia the geographical pivot and location central to establishing global control. Eurasia was strategically placed with borders protecting it from sea invasion.
refers to the gulf between communist and non comunist countries. Plays a significant role in global politics even since the end of the cold war.
Cold War and Domino Theory
Domino theory held that if one country in a region chose or was forced to accept a communist political and economic, neighboring countries would fall to communism as well. Led to the united states ear
example of above from book and metaphors
1947 US post warfeared communism would spread from greece to turkey to western europe. Culminated in us wars in korea, vietnam, nicaragua, el salvador. although military aggression was the primary means of preventing the spread of communism, it also emphasized the cooperative establishment of international organizations like nato the north atlantic treaty organization with the purpose of safegaurding the west against soviet aggression.
formed to keep world order
Supranational organizations reduce the independence of individual states. A collection of individual states with a common gal that may be economic and political in nature. By organizing and regulating designated operations of the individual memeber states, these org. diminish to some extent individual state sovereignty in favor of the collective interests of the entire membership. The EU european union is an example
New regimes of global governance
North american fr trade agreement joins canada US and mexico into a single trade region. these organizations and arrangements now adress a wide array of issues including managemnt of international watersheds and river basins, such as the great lakes of north america and the danube and rhine rivers of europe. Also oversee the the maintenance of health and sanitation standards coordinated regional planning, and tourism management. seek to overcome shared problems in international boundaries.
european leaders realized at the end of ww2 that europe's fragmented state system was insufficient to the demands and levels of competition coalescing within the world political and economic system. The EU was created to preserve important features of state sovereignty and identity. intended to create a more efficient intra european marketing system and more competitive entity in global transactions. aims to create common geographical space within europe in which goods , services, and $
the process of allocating electoral seats to geographical areas.
the defining and redefining of territorial district boundaries.
process of redistricting for partisan purposes.
Green Day - agriculture
SRV - economics/ industry
RHCPeppers - economic development
Queen - geographical divisions labor
Modest Mouse - political geography
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