Every day in school and at home ESL students have many different texts* to read. It is through reading that they acquire much of their knowledge and understanding of the different subject areas, and reading often forms the basis of follow-up work such as class discussions or homework questions. For these reasons it is essential that ESL students are helped as much as possible and necessary to understand what they read. Many ESL students, often with their parentsí help, waste a great deal of precious time trying to make sense of texts that are too difficult for them. It is not unusual for a student to pore over a text for a couple of hours with a dictionary and still not understand it very well. Yet with a little assistance their frustrating reading experience can be turned into a more profitable one.
[* The word texts is used here to refer to all kinds of reading material that ESL students have to deal with; e.g., textbook passages, worksheet questions, short stories, Internet articles, etc.]
The purpose of this article therefore is to suggest to mainstream teachers how they can help the ESL students in their classes to become more effective readers. Firstly, I list some of the factors that can make texts difficult to understand. And secondly, I suggest ways that the texts that students are expected to read, e.g. in textbooks, can be made more accessible to them.
Here are the main sources of language difficulty for ESL students:
A first, obvious difficulty relates to the legibility of a text. ESL students may have problems that are caused solely by the fact that what they are trying to understand has been poorly printed or copied, is badly set-out or is in a very small type-face.
A written message may be difficult to understand because it contains many words that are unknown to the student. In the following text, for example, the instruction is simple but the language in which it is expressed is not:
You are requested to desist from masticating gum in this establishment.
Another difficulty arises in cases where the necessary background knowledge is missing. Unless the student has a basic understanding of statistics, for example, there is little point him/her looking up the unknown words in the following passage since the definitions are unlikely to further comprehension.
To minimize two unknowns we differentiate with respect to each variable in turn treating the other variable as a constant. The process is called partial differentiation and the notation used is standard.
The next difficulty can be seen in texts such as the following:
The appeal of the view that a work of art expresses nothing unless what it expresses can be put into words can be reduced by setting beside it another view, no less popular in the theory of art, that a work of art has no value if what it expresses can be put into words.
The words in themselves are not unduly difficult and no special background knowledge is required, but the concept expressed in the passage is complex.
The above text about art is also difficult because of its syntactic complexity. In general, long sentences containing subordinate or embedded clauses tend to be less immediately intelligible than shorter, simpler ones. For example, the second instruction below is probably more readily understood than the first, which contains an embedded participial clause.
Explain clearly using at least three different reasons or drawing three diagrams why McClelland lost the battle.
Explain clearly why McClelland lost the battle. Give at least three reasons or draw three diagrams.
Nominalization, which is the use of a noun in combination with an "empty" verb, is a feature of academic text that causes problems to ESL students. The following fragments give the same instruction. The second, containing a nominalization, is likely to be the more difficult:
In your answer you should consider the effect of heat loss ..
Consideration should be given in your answer to the effect of heat loss ...
Polysemous words are words with multiple meanings. These can cause difficulty if the student has learned one meaning of the word, but the word has a different meaning in the context of the sentence the student is reading. An example is the word solution which can mean either the answer to a problem or a mixture of two substances. Mathematics is full of words that ESL students are likely to have learned first with their everyday meaning: table, mean, power, even, volume, root, etc.
Jokes and puns are frequently based on the polysemous nature of the words they contain, which is why they are usually so difficult for ESL students.
Another syntactic feature of academic text are complex noun groups. Following is an example of a noun (system) which is both pre-modified by an adjective and 3 nouns and post-modified by a phrase that omits the relative pronoun and copula (that is intended ..). This kind of noun group can be very problematic for language learners.
He invented a rudimentary binary data-transmission system intended to be operable over distances of more than 10 meters.
Cohesion refers to the way writers link phrases, clauses and sentences into a coherent whole. However, a mature and pleasing style can be impenetrable to language learners. In the pairs of sentences below, the first one in each case will probably be more difficult to understand than the second:
John bought a red pencil and Mary a blue one.
John bought a red pencil and Mary bought a blue pencil.
The killer whale tosses the penguin into the air and generally torments its prey before it eats it.
The killer whale tosses the penguin into the air and generally torments the penguin before eating it.
The final source of difficulty is associated with the many different manifestations of poor writing. For example, a text may be difficult because the ideas are not organized logically, or because punctuation is lacking, faulty or ambiguous, or because cohesion is slipshod. The following extract, taken from a recent IB Computing Studies exam, has an example of poor cohesion.
A bar code is often found on produce sold in supermarkets and, by means of a bar code reader, a computer can directly identify that item.
The student may fail to realize that 'that item' refers to 'produce'.
Any one of the above difficulties alone may interfere with comprehension, but when they occur in combination - such as in texts with complex syntax and unfamiliar vocabulary - the chances of an ESL student readily understanding the text are very much reduced.
Some of what your students have to read will be prepared by you, and there is detailed advice elswhere on this teacher's site to help you produce comprehensible worksheets and tests. Much of what the students have to read in your subject, however, will come from textbooks or, more recently, from the Internet. Clearly, you have no control over the content and style of these passages; what you can do however is to decide whether or not to use the text at all with your students, or with your ESL students. Alternatively, you could choose to rewrite the text to make it more accessible. (This is a complex, time-consuming process, and your ESL teacher will be happy to advise or do it for you!)
Assuming you want to use a difficult passage from a textbook as it is, there are various strategies that students can apply to ensure that they have a better chance of understanding. Some of the more common ones are SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) and KWL (What do I know, What do I want to know, What have I learned) or other kinds of graphic organiser. The most important aspects of these various reading strategies are summarised in the following list:
One more piece of advice: Many textbooks are organised around a unifying principle so that each chapter follows the same pattern. It is helpful to make sure that students know their way around the book, particularly if it contains a glossary.
Much of the above advice is standard practice because it is good for all students, not just ESL students. However, in mainstream classes, as in ESL classes, the emphasis should be on training students to apply these reading strategies independently where possible. It does not help in the long run if they expect to be "walked through" every difficult text they encounter. [See my advice to students on how to become a more effective reader.]
Understanding what they read is only one of the difficulties faced by ESL students in school. Another major problem for them is making sense of what they hear. Go to advice on how to help students understand what you say.