In no case did benevolent legislators enact civil rights laws or magnanimous judges rule against discrimination without being forced to do so by We the People.The stories of the freedom struggles and resistance to oppression that resulted in the milestones presented here would (and does) fill books.Political opposition to slavery among whites in the northern states begins to coalesce in the early 1820s.
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Similarly, much of this short summary is presented in the form of legislative and legal milestones.
But all of those laws and court cases were the direct result of popular struggles and mass political pressure.
In essence, the struggle for voting rights in America over the past two centuries has been a two-part battle.
The first part was to win citizenship rights for people of color. Lads from 12 to 21 will think their rights not enough attended to, and every man, who has not a farthing, will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state.
By some estimates, the percentage of the population eligible to vote in the presidential election of 1800 is no more than 10%.
(Note that under the original Constitution the only Federal offices anyone could directly vote for were Congressmen (House of Representatives) because the President was elected by the Electoral College, and Senators were appointed by the state governments.
We still cannot directly vote for the President, which is why Bush occupied the White House in 2000 even though Gore received at least 500,000 more votes.) The 1790 Naturalization Law explicitly states that only "free white" immigrants can become naturalized citizens.
Since "white" is defined as pure European ancestry, this effectively prevents immigrants from anywhere else (or immigrants of mixed race) from becoming naturalized citizens.
And under the myth that Native-Americans are "citizens" of their "sovereign" Indian "nations" (meaning the reservations), they cannot be citizens of the United States. For 68 years there are struggles and movements in the various states to remove the property restrictions on the right to vote.
These battles are often bitter and occasionally violent.
also make and subscribe the following declaration, to wit: I, A B. Constitution there are bitter arguments over who should be allowed to vote.