2 Who takes the test 21,000+ students took the test in 2002. This was the most popular first-year exam in the AP Program's history.10% 517% 429% 325% 219% 1
3 2004 scores 54.9 % made 3 or higher55,19910.947,66316.1313,23127.8211,02123.2110,44422.0Total47,558Ave. 2.71
4 What do the questions look like The questions fall into 6 basic categories, which are as follows:Identification (35-40% of the test) - simply test whether you know a fact, or facts.Analytical (20-25% of the test) - makes you think about relationships, see connections, place in order.Quotation Based (10% or less of the test) - match the quote with the appropriate person.Image Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning.Map Based Questions (10% or less of the test) - identify what a map shows, or interpret it's purpose.Graph & Chart Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - interpret answer from data given in chart form.
5 Six ThemesThe impact of interaction among major societies. Such as Trade, International Exchange, War, and DiplomacyThe Relationship of Change and Continuity across the periods of World HistoryImpact of Technology and Demography on People and the Environment; Including Population change, Manufacturing, Agriculture, etc.Systems of Organization and Gender StructureCultural and Intellectual Development and Interactions among SocietiesChange over time in functions and structures of Political States
6 Test Format Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes 55 Minutes for 70 Multiple Choice Questions50 Minutes for Document Based Question (10 minutes for Reading and Evaluating Documents)40 Minutes for Change Over Time Essay40 Minutes for Comparative Essay QuestionTime FramesPrehistory to 600 C.E: % of Questions600 C.E-1450 C.E: 22 % of Questions1450 C.E C.E: % of Questions1750 C.E C.E: % of Questions1914-Present: % of Questions
7 Grading 70 Multiple Choice Questions = 1/2 Score Document Based Question = 16.66% of ScoreChange Over Time Essay = 16.66% of ScoreComparative Essay = 16.66% of ScoreEssays Graded on Scale of 0 to 9
8 Measuring time in prehistoric era once man appears Main detriments used to mark basic periods in the development of prehistoric peoplesChanges in stone age technology(Neolithic, Paleolithic, etc..)evolutionary stages of species
9 Building Blocks of Civilization What is a Civilization?Economic SystemPolitical OrganizationMoral Code (Religion)Written Language and Intellectual TraditionDivision of labor
10 Others ways to tell if it is a civilization primary measurement is surplusSomething above the subsistence levelIndicators of more timeother characteristics of civilization includeWritingCitiesestablished states.
11 Issues of Civilization vrs. Cultures What advantages does an agriculturally based society have over a hunter/gatherer based society?The greatest advantage is reliable food supply, and hence, the capacity to support larger populations. Agriculture produces surpluses, and those and agriculture's sedentary nature, open the door to specialization and a more elaborate culture, etc.Why is the development of writing important in the history of the river valley civilizations?Writing is essential for record keeping, bureaucracy, commerce, and accumulating knowledge; it also makes possible more varied cultural forms. Writing also led to new social divisions based on selective literacy.Compared to noncivilized societies, what are the major drawbacks of civilization?Often have inequality in social structure and gender as well as disease and war.
12 Early Man Beginnings of Humans Other Types of Early Man Hominids: 3 to 4 million years on earthHominids were primatesEarliest Hominids called AustralopithecineBipedsOther Types of Early ManHomo HabilisHomo ErectusHomo Sapiens
13 Stone Age Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) Tools were used Simple Huts FireHunter Gatherer SocietiesFamily or Clan GroupingsPolitical Organizations BeginArt and Music also practicedAgricultural Revolution: Neolithic RevolutionOccurred around end of Great Ice AgeRapid Population GrowthNeed for Change of Food SupplyNew Skills NeededPastoralism and AgricultureBegins with Domestication of Plants and Animals
14 Results of Agricultural Revolution Many Diversified Crops developedDevelopment of Communities and VillagesNot Based on family tiesLead to formation of CitiesEarly Religions form around Harvest and Planting SeasonsSpecialization of LaborImproved ToolsDevelopment of Social Classes
15 Neolithic Revolution What was it? Initial results Impact A period that saw the development of varied, specialized tools and accompanied the introduction of agriculture.Initial resultsIt opened the potential for agriculture and the resultant differentiations with hunting and gathering.ImpactPeople settled down and cities developed which led to complex systems developing and the change from societies to civilizations
16 PreHistory History Presence of a written language Writing is essential for record keeping, bureaucracy, commerce, and accumulating knowledge;it makes possible more varied cultural forms.Writing also led to new social divisions based on selective literacy.ScribesScholarly gentryDark AgeArt of writing has developed and been lost
17 River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia (between two rivers)Tigris and Euphrates River ValleyFlooding unpredictable in both time and forceFertile CrescentWritten Language: CuneiformEpic of GilgameshHammurabi’s CodeEgyptNile River valley: Upper and Lower EgyptInundation: regular flooding ScheduleMonarchy: Pharaoh and Small class of PriestsDuality: Complex Religion, MummificationBook of the DeadMany great Inventions and Advances
18 Comparison of Egypt and Meso Common features include writing, surplus, cities, and established governments;CuneiformHieroglyphicsPyramids only different types (steppe dev. Into ziggurats)Differencescultural tonecultural features like ideas of deathartistic formsliterary emphasesgovernment organization and stabilityEgypt placed more emphasis on monarchy and political stability and held larger territories for longer periods while Fertile Crescent had city-states that constantly vied for control of the area and form empires (Sumerians, Assyrians, Akkadians, Chaldeons, Babylonians, etc…mobilization of laborWhat evidence could you use to prove similarities or differences
19 River Valley Civilizations Indus ValleyIndus and Ganges RiversReason for decline not knownHighly unified and organized governmentArtisticLinear BChinaYellow River valleyShang China: first dynastyMonarchyBronze work, silk making, pottery, jadeZhou Dynasty: Many AdvancementsMandate of heaven
20 Political structure tied to social order and culture by Confucianism Confucianism emphasized order, hierarchy, and deference, including specific injunctions to obey the emperor.Bureaucracy aimed to alleviate political instability, difficulties of centrally controlling outlying provinces, and related competition among landed aristocrats for power and influence.Daoism also supports order by “one way or the way” although it didn’t support the emperor
21 Qin dynasty outlawed Confucianism Legalism encouraged actions based on law and furthered the totalitarian stateActually began to develop in the Zhou dynasty but was used by Shih Huang Di to unite the region under his Qin dynastyDifferent than Confucianism which was based on ethics and right behavior and “rites” or ceremonies which promote the social and political orderAdopted as state religion under Wu Di of Han DynastySong Dynasty developed Neoconfucianism
22 Ancient Chinese Dynasties I. Early (Neolithic, then River Valley, Huang He)A. Yangshau BceB. Longshan BceII. Bronze Age ( BC)A. Shang Dynasty ( bce)B. Chou (Zhou) ( bce)1. Early Chou (Zhou)III. Classical Age (600 BC ad)A. Late Chou (Zhou) ( bce)1. ConfuciusB. Chin (First Emperor) ( bce) (Shi hwang di)1. First Called ChinaC. Han (paper) (202 BC- 220 ad)% of Chinese consider themselves Han still today2. Pax Sinicaa. Wu Di (140 BC - 87 bce)IV. Age of Division ( ad)A. Three KingdomsB. Northern and Southern (Wui, Sui)V. Medieval Age ( ad)A. Tang ( ad)B. Sung ( ad)VI. Yuan Dynasty or Mongol Age ( ad)
23 ImpactIt appears that the impact of the Indus is less than the Hwang Ho river-valley civilizations, because China was much less disrupted, and thus evidenced more continuities.What evidence could you use to show that Hwang He river valley had greater impact on the development of China than did the Indus River Valley (Mohenjo-daro and Harappa)
24 Southwestern Asia Civilizations PersiansCreated one of the largest empires on world history :from Turkey to LybiaCyrus the Great was first king, Darius the GreatAdvanced Postal System, Roads, Single Currency, and Decentralized GovernmentZoroastrianism: Primary ReligionmonotheisticFell to Alexander the GreatPhoeniciansSyria and LebanonAdvanced Export EconomySkilled TradersEstablished CarthageFirst Alphabet
25 Southwestern Asia Civilizations LydiansCoined moneyHebrewsEthical monotheismMonotheism represented a significant departure from polytheism in its concept of ethics and ideas of justice and in the extent to which the world was viewed as orderly.DiasporaAssyriansIntroduction of iron weaponsBabylonians –Significant law codeCode of Hamurabi
26 MesoAmerica Did not have the large animals Diseases that they carried were not present but made peoples of Mesoamerica vulnerable to disease when they connected to the Europeans in the second millenniumArchaic period includes beginning of agricultural experimentationOlmec’s are the first preclassical civilization (ca BCE)site is San LorenzoAround La Venta about 35 BCE system of writing is presentAbout 100 CE, at Teotihuacán, the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon and the Avenue of the Dead are erected at the "center of the universe" as monuments to the gods of creationEarly Myans
27 Environmental determinism Relationship between culture of a civilization, success and stabilityHow does the culture react to the environment or environmental changeTechnologyMovement of peoples into and out of the areaCrossroads vs. isolation
28 Classical Civilizations and great empires HanRome(Greco – Roman)Greek – Persian (Hellenistic)Gupta
29 Empires Initial development Resources available Adaptability Demographic concernsHow can you feed your peopleUsually some period where conflict between agricultural productivity and availability of luxuriesHave to placate the farmers and peasantsLabor concernsPeriod of great productivity and cultural advancement (Pax Romana, Pax Sinica, Pax Mongolica)Less outside challenges from one sourceLots of minor challenges so have to increase army which means relying on those whom you conqueredTechnological advancements to maintain empire (aquaducts for Romans)Centralization of powerDeclineCorruptionMorality concernsReligious issuesEconomic crisisSuccession and dynastic issuesExpansion is required but cannot hold onto bordersOutside invaders
30 Ancient Greece Aegean, Minoan, Mycenaean Civilizations Trading Societies (enviornmental determinism)Conquest (Trojan war)Joined into single Culture called Hellenes or GreeksArchaic periodGreek City States: PolisAthens, Sparta (Thebes, Corenthia, Attica, others)Athens: educated, great thinkersmeticsSparta: Warlike, Soldiers, Military StrengthHelotsxenophobicBeginnings of DemocracyGolden AgeBegan in AthensPericlesNot full enfranchisementMost representative Government in Ancient World
31 Four Reformers (Tyrants) DRACOSOLONPISISTRATUSCLEISTHENES
32 Ancient Greece Peloponnesian War Conflict between Athens and Sparta Left Greece WeakOpen to conquest from Persians and then Macedonian “Alexander the Great”Alexander the GreatGreat Conqueror, took over Asia, Persian Empire, territory to borderlands of IndiaSpread Greek Culture throughout EurasiaHellenic CultureScience was important, Geometry, physics, mathematics and astronomyPoetry (Homer), Drama(Sophocles, Aeschyles, Euripedes) Philosophy, (Socrates, Plato)
33 Persian Achaemenid Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Xerxes (Persian wars against Greek City States 499 BCE)Seleucid, Parthian, and SasanidBuffer states for Rome and KushanIncorporated into the Islamic Empires beginning in 651 CEFoundations of SafavidsShah Abbas
34 Forms of Government Oligarchy Monarchy Republic Democracy Theocracy Rule by a group of elite families or rule by a fewMonarchyLeadership by one person passed through familyconstitutional Monarchy limits to power by constitution or parliament (Pharaoh)RepublicCitizens all participate in governmentis government that is voted upon (elected)DemocracyAll citizens play the same role in governmentTheocracyRule by the church or priests (No separation of Church and State)Tyranttakes control
35 Ancient Rome Archaic Period Roman Republic (509) last of Tarqiun kings Etruscans, Sabines, LatiumRome built 753 BCERoman Republic (509) last of Tarqiun kingsTensions between Plebeians (lower class) and Patrician (upper class) called struggle of the ordersBeginning of Roman expansionPunic WarsThree Campaigns against CarthageRome was VictoriousBegan expanding to the East (Greece, Balkans)Collapse of Roman RepublicToo Much expansionCaused Social Problems, Civil warsSolidification of Leadership under single handRoman empireJulius Caesar, Octavian (Caesar Agustus)
36 Eras of Rome Archaic – 753 BCE city of Rome is built Roman Republic 509Imperial EraFall of Rome 476 CEOdacer, OstrogothCity of Rome already sacked in 410 by Aleric, a VisogothPax Romana (27 BCE – 180 CE)Colluseum builtAquaductsVirgils “Aenid”Livy5 Good Emperors
37 Urbanization Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline hill Basilica Julia Temple of SaturnRostraTemple of VespasianTabulariumTemple of ConcordArch of Septimius Severus Urbanization
38 Silk RoadSeries of routes that connected east with west around the beginning of both Pax Romana and Pax Sinicagold and other precious metals, ivory, precious stones, and glass, which was not manufactured in China until the fifth centuryfurs, ceramics, jade, bronze objects, lacquer and ironMost significant exchange was Buddhism
39 Han Dynasty Strongest and longest dynasty Expansionist Empire Postal systemRoadsDefensive fortificationsWeak Leadership caused collapseCorruption and leadership issuesHad to protect the expanding borders some that encouraged trade along the silk roadSilk road brought “bandits” that threatened the outer borders of the Han dynasty
40 India Aryans Nomadic Group invaded India Earliest Europeans Conquered the Dravidians (Dark Skinned Indians)Established Warrior AristocracyEstablished SanskritVedic Era and Early Hindu faithCaste SystemPriests (Brahmins)Warriors and Political Rulers (Kshatruyas)CommonersServants and PeasantsThe “Untouchables”Born into Caste; Cannot be changed
41 India Continued Mauryan empire Guapta Empire Ashoka: famous Emperor Converted to BuddhismCollapsed from outside attacksLaws of ManuGuapta EmpireReligious tolerationMuslim invaders
42 Cultural DevelopmentIndia was more open to contact and invasion and less internally coherent than the Middle Kingdom (interior mountains etc), which helps explain the differences in openness to influence, and political stability.EthnocentrismXenophobia later
43 Role of Women Han and Gupta Both cultures were characterized by extensive inequality and patriarchalism; differences existed in social organization and tone of patriarchal culture.India showed more emphasis on beauty, cleverness, and sexuality in women, while China displayed a more stereotypical emphasis on female deference.
44 Societal comparisonChina's society featured less rigid structure, slightly more opportunity for mobility although there was some mobility within castesdifferent rules and cultural enforcementsLaw of Manu vrs. Confucianismdifferent regard for merchants and specific contrasts in the definition and function of "mean people" versus untouchables.Dharma encouraged merchants in GuptaMerchants brought outside cultures and were not socially accepted
45 Environmental Determinism India was more open to contact and invasion and less internally coherent than the Middle Kingdom (interior mountains etc), which helps explain the differences in openness to influence, and political stabilityIndia absorbed other cultures while China remains ethnically homogeneous (90 % of all Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Han dynasty)
46 Comparison’s of Classical Civilizations Roman and HanSimilarities include timeframe and chronologies;geographical extent, the need to integrate large territories, the use of some central bureaucracy, and the army.Differences helping to explain Rome's earlier demisecultural support for imperialism despite law, no equivalent to Confucianism;more tolerance of local rule;more dependence on expansion for labor supply, etc.Also, Rome suffered some bad luck, perhaps, in the form of invasionsGreek and Roman political structuresSimilaritiesemphasis on aristocratic principles with some democratic elements, localism, and city-state units.DifferencesRome had more emphasis on unifying laws and more success in developing institutions for empire. (Students could be assigned some additional reading on this topic.)Greek, Roman, and Confucian ideals.All three share common political emphases such as the importance of loyalty, service, and hierarchy.Greek and Roman ideals were more aristocratic, though, where Confucian ideals stressed training and responsibility, Confucianism focused more on political order and imperial hierarchy.Greece and Rome were similar to each other, but Rome emphasized law and experienced tension between local and imperial orientations from late Republic onward as a result.
47 Economic ExchangeMerchant's roles in India where they enjoyed cultural support via applicable features of dharma in the Mediterranean, which students can position as an intermediate case needing careful treatment,foreigners and some differences between Greece and Rome.China, emphasize cultural stigma
48 Decline of Classical Empires Han and Rome exhibited different degrees of political centralization and bureaucratization and different degrees of prior cultural integration.Rome faced more invasions and you need to note the success of "eastern Rome".outside factorsinvasionsdiseaseinternal problems ofmoralepolitical structureeconomics
49 Universal Ethnic Syncretic State Animism Pagan ReligionsUniversalEthnicSyncreticStateAnimismPagan
50 Classification Three universal religions Three Monotheistic ChristianityBuddhismIslamThree MonotheisticJudaismCultural/ethnic religionsConfucianismShintoism
51 Religions Judaism (8000 – 6000 BCE) Hebrews Monotheistic YAWEH CovenantMonotheism represented a significant departure from polytheism in its concept of ethics and ideas of justice and in the extent to which the world was viewed as orderly.Islam (632 CE)Founded by MuhammadFive PillarsAllah
52 Religions Continued Paul Changed Christianity Christianity (1st Century CE)Messiah: JesusPaul Changed ChristianityAmong other innovations, he opened the faith to non-Jews and shifted its orientation more toward the Greco-Roman intellectual traditionEvangelicalCatholicismSplit into eastern and western later to become catholic and orthodoxyReformation beginning 1517 created Lutheran and Calvinism later to become Protestant churches with Puritans and anti-baptists
53 Eastern Religions Hinduism (2000 BCE) Bramin, Multiple Gods, Darma (Obligation to pursue assigned duties in life, according to caste) , Karma, ReincarnationBuddhism (500 BCE)4 Noble truths8 fold pathNirvana - concept of union with divine essenceTheravada Buddhism (sometimes called Southern Buddhism; occasionally spelled Therevada) "has been the dominant school of Buddhism in most of Southeast Asia since the thirteenth century, with the establishment of the monarchies in Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos."Mahayana Buddhism (sometimes called Northern Buddhism) is largely found in China, Japan, Korea, Tibet and Mongolia.Tibetan Buddhism, which developed in isolation from Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism because of the isolation of Tibet.Since the late 19th century:Modern (Zen) Buddhism has emerged as a truly international movement. It started as an attempt to produce a single form of Buddhism, without local accretions, that all Buddhists could embrace.Daoism (Taoism) 500 BCE) 26 millionLao Tu (Zu)The WayHarmony with NatureState religion began an ended with Ch’in dynasty ca. 200 BCE
54 Monks, Monasteries and Pilgrims Faxian, a pilgrim from China, records the religious life in the Kingdoms of Khotan and Kashgar in 399 A.D. in great detail.describes the large number of monasteries that had been built, and a large Buddhist festival that was held while he was there.At the point where religions meet in Asia was also the place of great wealth because merchants increased their wealth and also changed their religion often attributing their success to the new religionThey became patronsbuild monasteries, grottos and stupas
55 Confuiansim: religion or state control K'ung Fu (551 BCE) - State religion by Han dynasty around 206 CEObedience (ritual, filial piety, loyalty, humaness, gentleman)Li: includes ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc.Hsiao: love within the family: love of parents for their children and of children for their parentsYi: righteousnessXin: honesty and trustworthinessJen: benevolence, humaneness towards others; the highest Confucian virtueChung: loyalty to the state, etc.At first not acceptedAdopted by the elite class, literacy an issuepeasantry needed religious beliefs more tied to agricultural issues and cyclesthe lack of spirituality in ConfucianismAdded pileal filityClassic booksSi Shu or Four Books: The Lun Yu the Analects of Confucius The Chung Yung or the Doctrine of the Mean The Ta Hsueh or the Great Learning The Meng Tzu the writings of Meng Tzu ( BCE) a philosopher who, like Confucius, traveled from state to state conversing with the government rulersWu Jing or Five Classics: Shu Ching or Classic of History: writings and speeches from ancient Chinese rulers The Shih Ching or Classic of Odes: 300 poems and songs The I Ching or Classic of Changes: the description of a divinitory system involving 64 hexagrams. The hexagrams are symbols composed of broken and continuous lines; one is selected to foretell the future based on the casting of 49 sticks. The Ch'un Ch'iu or Spring and Autumn Annals: a history of the state of Lu from 722 to 484 BCE. The Li Ching or Classic of Rites: a group of three books on the LI the rites of proprietyControls 4 stages of lifeBirth, maturity, marriage, deathFirst class developed known as shi (knights) later civil service exams and scholars or scholarly gentry
56 Religion or not Neoconfucianism Tried to blend Buddhists and Taoist secular ideas into the political ideas of ConfucianismBegan about 1000 CEDuring periods of confucean hegemony like Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, it can be identified roughly with the social class of government officials.Manchu or Qing tried to use it to stay in power and tried to remove the Buddhist “contamination”
57 Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism in China Buddhism adapted to Chinese political and patriarchal traditions.Chinese Buddhists also tended to worship the Buddha and placed more emphasis on saintly intermediaries than believers elsewhere.Confucianism emphasized order, hierarchy, and deference, including specific injunctions to obey the emperor.Daoism emphasizes balance and harmonyConfucianism's good life stressed the need for order, hierarchy, and mutuality within hierarchy.Ancestor worship encouraged a conservative political outlook because it encouraged veneration of past achievements and the idea that innovation might displeaseChina was able to support two systems of Dao and Confucianism and later was able to incorporate Buddhism as it adapted to the Chinese traditions
58 Syncretic Religions Sikhism Jainism Afro-Caribbean Syncretic CandomblePalo MayombeSanteria (Lukumi, Regla de Ocha)Vodoun (Voodoo)UmbandaIvory Coast – blend of Islam and CatholicismHarrismZorasticism
59 Social or PoliticalThe Caste system seems to have emerged as a means of organizing relations between Indo-European conquerors and indigenous people and was preserved by strict rules of occupation and Hindu beliefs in dharma and reincarnation.
60 Political control Hinduism and Confucianism Both very structured Had otherworldly and secular goalsChina's greater emphasis on political structures as compared to India's more varied and diverse political experience.Environmental determinismConfucianism and the bureaucratic structure helped hold the Han empire togetherRome had no equivalent and did not support Christianity until it had already splitByzantine may have survived because of the religious structure adopted by the post Justinian Emperors and the adaptation of Christianity into a more Orthodox religion (structured)
61 State Religions Shinto State religion of Japan (becomes state religion during Meiji period. Church and state separated after WWII"Shinto gods" are called kami.They are sacred spirits which take the form of things and concepts important to life, such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility.Humans become kami after they die and are revered by their families as ancestral kamiNo absolutes
62 Animism PaganismDoctrine or religion?Everything has a soul or spirit
63 Growth of Dar Islam or Islamic World UmmyadsAbbasids ( C.E.)Harun Al-Rashid high pointShowed no special favor to Arab military aristocracyNo longer conquering, but the empire still grewAbbasid administrationRelied heavily on Persian techniques of statecraftCentral authority ruled from the court at BaghdadAppointed governors to rule provincesUlama ("people with religious knowledge") and qadis (judges) ruled locallyHarun al-Rashid ( C.E.), high point of Abassid dynastyAbbasid declineStruggle for succession between Harun's sons led to civil warGovernors built their own power basesPopular uprisings and peasant rebellions weakened the dynastyA Persian noble seized control of Baghdad in 945Later, the Saljuq Turks controlled the imperial family
64 Caliphates Split in Islamic believers after the death of Mohammed Sunni and Shiite“Caliph” - leader of the Islamic faithUmayyad CaliphateAbbasid CaliphateGolden age of Islamic Culture: Ottoman Empire: Safavid Empire
65 Difference between Abbasid and Ummayyad Both were essentially absolutist in structure, but the Abbasids introduced greater formalism and a more rigorous bureaucratic structure featuring the wazirsAbbasid dynasty originally based on claims of descent from family of the Prophet (Shi'a), but eventually moved to suppress Shi'ite movementsAbbasids incorporated mawali or non-Arab converts into full citizenship and participationshift of center of empire to capital at Baghdad in Persia
66 Dispute over succession of the Prophet Muhammad never specified a principle of successionimmediate successors elected from among first converts to Islam;debate following murder of Uthman and selection of AliShi'as supported only familial descendants of the Prophet as rightful rulers;Umayyads established hereditary dynasty after defeat and death of AliSunnis supported concept of dynastic succession
67 Arabic role of women vs. Intro of Islam Based on kin-related clan groups typical of nomadic pastoralists;grouped into larger tribal units, but seldom lived together;wealth and status based on possession of animals, pasturage and water rights;slavery utilized;common incidence of feuds.Women in pre-Islamic culture enjoyed greater liberty than those of Byzantium or Persia;played important economic roles;in some clans descent was matrilineal;not secluded;in some clans both males and females allowed multiple marriages.Islamic- Abbasid Empire:under influence of Persian culture, women veiled and secludedincrease in patriarchal authorityonly males permitted multiple marriagesdevelopment of the harem.
68 Appeal of Islam Universal elements in Islam: unique form of monotheism appealed to other monotheistic traditionsEgalitarianismlegal codesstrong sense of community in the ummah;Muhammad's willingness to accept validity of earlier Judaic and Christian revelationsappeal of "five pillars" of faith.
69 Social organization of Arabs before Islam Based on kin-related clan groups typical of nomadic pastoralistsgrouped into larger tribal units, but seldom lived togetherwealth and status based on possession of animals, pasturage and water rightsslavery utilizedcommon incidence of feuds
70 Spread of IslamIncursion of Islam into Southeast Asia almost entirely as a result of establishment of trade routes from Muslim ports in IndiaSufi mystics and traders carried Islam to port cities within Southeast Asiafrom port cities Islam disseminated to other regionsbecause of Indian and Sufi background, less rigorous emphasis on strict interpretation of texts and lawsmore incorporation of indigenous religious beliefs.
71 Issues of Religion during Postclassical era Carolinigans vs. UmmyadsBattle of ToursFunan – Southeast Asia Buddhist EmpireKing Stephen of Hungary converts to Christianity 1000 CEBattles with pagan Magyars for control of Carpathian regionVikings in the dress of Normans begin to rule England after the Battle of Hastings in 1066Olaf introduced Christianity in Norway 1015Canute to the Danes around the same timeSettling down of nomads beginsVladimir for the Rus around 900 CECrusades
72 Central Europe Rurik the Viking or Vanarigan settled Keiv (Kievan Rus) Yaroslav the WisePravda RuskiaRussian Law Code adapted from JustinianVladimir adopts Christianity for his empire
73 Byzantine Political Structure Orthodox Emperor held all powerviewed as divinely ordained rulersupported by elaborate court ritualgovernment in hands of trained bureaucracy with eunuchs in positions closest to the emperorslocal administrators appointed by central bureaucracymilitary recruited from empire's population by grants of heritable land in return for military servicegrowth of authority of local military commanders at expense of traditional aristocracy.
74 Fall of Byzantine Series of external threat to empire Turkish invasions seized Asiatic portions of empire after 1071reduced food supplies and tax base of empiregrowing economic and political power of western Europe led to inroads on Constantinople's economic positionwestern crusade in 1204 temporarily conquered Byzantine capitalrise of independent Slavic kingdoms in Balkans challenged Byzantine authority thereOttoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.
75 Post Classical & Middle Ages AmericasEast to WestManorialism/FeudalismEuropeCrusadesMongoliansConnections
76 East to West Europecivilizations in both halves of Europe moved northwardtypified by spread of monotheism over animism; northern political units were less complex and well organized than Mediterranean core civilizationsall new regions recognized Greco-Roman past and Christianity. Differences:different versions of Christianity in East and West;little commercial connection between eastern and western Europeeastern Europe more politically advanced than western Europeeastern Europe more direct heir of Roman Empire.
77 Amerindian Civilizations OlmecMother civilization for Central AmericaMayaTeotihuacanLocated in Mexico and Central AmericaReligion included SacrificeEnded from WarIncaLocated along the Andes Mountains of PeruSpecially adapted to high altitudesDomesticated LlamaAztecTribute System
78 MesoAmericaMayansPopulations of Maya centers like Tikal swell to almost 100,000 peopleToltecsRise of the AztecsBeginning of Spanish Conquest
79 Aztecused military and ideological force to dominate a large part of ancient Mexico. actually multiethnic, established as the result of an alliance between the Mexica and the inhabitants of Texcoco and Tlacopan after the defeat of the Tepanec kingdom based at Aztcapotzalco.. twin cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco, located on an island in Lake Texcoco, became the center of the Aztec Empire. The Aztecs had a highly centralized, tribute state based on the extraction of labor and goods from conquered populations.
80 AztecSocietyAt top was emperor who was held to be semi-divine; nobility or pipiltin developed after early conquest, separated themselves from clan groups (calpulli), associated with priesthood and military; large mass of commoners groups in calpulli, land distributed by clan heads, provided tribute, labor to temples; class of serfs associated with lands of nobility; scribes, artisans, healers; long-distance merchants (pochteca).Aztecs continue the culture of the classical Mesoamerican civilization and the ToltecsToltecs considered givers of civilization; shared same language; use of human sacrifice; establishment of empire centered on central Mexico; militarism of society; concept of nobility tied to Toltec lineage initially; use of city-state organization; temple complexes associated with state; many deities of pantheon of gods (Tlaloc, Quetzalcoatl); tribute based on sedentary agricultural system; cyclical view of history and calendar system.Human SacrificeIt was greatly exaggerated by the Spanish as a means of validating European conquest and cultural superiority; it was a religious act essential to the grant of rain, sun, and other blessings of the gods;it was an intentional use of a widespread practice to terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower classes subordinate;it was a form of population control to lower population density;it was a response to a lack of protein and the absence of large mammals associated with animal sacrifice.
81 Incas and Aztec Empires Political Structures Similarities:each had emperor supported by nobility that served as personnel of state;both based on tribute system with imperial redistribution of goods;both were militaristic;each recognized indigenous rulers in return for recognition of imperial sovereignty.Differences:Inca empire more integrated;Aztec empire based more on concept of city-states;Aztec empire more open to trade;Inca empire almost entirely relied on state redistribution of goods;Aztec use of human sacrifice as weapon of political terror.
82 Middle AgesCollapse of Roman Empire led to fragmented leadership in Europe and the rise of the Byzantine EmpireEmperor JustinianConstantinopleFeudalismManor SystemSelf-SufficientSerfdomGreat SchismCatholic Church gains much powerSplit between the “Western” Church and Byzantine ChurchMonasticismMonastery orders dedicated to service of godVows of Chastity, Poverty
83 Political and Economic Structure Manorialism: (economic)system that described economic and political relationships between landlords and peasant laborers. Serfs received protection and justice from lords in return for labor and portion of produce.Feudalism: (political)series of relationships between members of military elite; greater lords provided protection and land to vassals in return for military service and loyalty.Manorialism provided context for local community life, regionalized and local forms of government; relationships among landlords led to building political blocks of power beyond local government.
84 Power of Individual Monarchs Evolved development of small national armiesgrowth of trained bureaucraciesability to taxcentralization of legal codes and court systems.church could excommunicate kings, limit power of courtsaristocrats demanded reciprocal authority structureparliaments created in thirteenth century, institutionalized principle of consultation, gained right to approve taxation.Most important path to power is control of the purse stringsLater in history right to vote gives the right to change
85 European Relationships 100 years warEngland and FranceCaused by political entanglementsFrance’s attempt to regain English TerritoryTrade competitionHoly Roman EmpireSpain and PortugalMuslim invasionReconquesta
86 Crusades 1074 – 1250 1100 - 1300 Causes Religious fervor European Desire for TradePersonal AmbitionsPrejudice1st crusadeByzantine Empire asked for help against the TurksExaggerated atrocitiesChristians take JerusalemMore crusades: none successfulEffects of the CrusadesMore awareness of the World as a wholeTrade routes established through northern ItalyNew banking systems createdDe Medicis and other families of Italian city states grow in powerIncreased tensions between Muslims and Christians
87 Black Death Bubonic Plague Traveled over the silk road Carried by fleas on ratsKilled 1/3 of European PopulationKilled almost as many in Asia, mostly east Asia but percentage far lessCaused society to modernize and gave more rights to the poorSmaller number of peasants and serfs actually increased their value
88 Tang and Song ChinaRestoration of imperial government implied strengthening of traditional schools of Confucianism and resuscitation of scholar-gentryConfucians attacked Buddhism as a foreign innovation in Chinaconvinced emperors that monastic control of land represented an economic threatpersecution of Buddhists introduced in 840s.
89 East Asia Era of Division: dominated by political division among many small warring states often ruled by nomadic invadersperiod of Buddhist dominancegrowth of monastic movementloss of imperial centralizationloss of dominance of scholar-gentry in favor of militarized aristocracy.Sui-Tang: return to centralized administration, unified empirereconstruction of bureaucracyreconstruction of Confucian scholar-gentry at expense of both Buddhists and aristocracyrestoration of Confucianism as central ideology of state.elements of Tang-Song economic prosperityThe full incorporation of southern China into the economy as a major food-producing region, center of trade; commercial expansion with West, southern Asia, southeast Asiaestablishment of Chinese merchant marinedevelopment of new commercial organization and credit per acreexpanded urbanization throughout China.
90 Satellite Cultures of China Why was China unable to assimilate the Vietnamese despite direct rule for almost a millennium?Vietnamese culturally different from the outset:different language, tradition of local authority inherent in village leaders, emphasis on nuclear family rather than typically Chinese extended families, higher status accorded to women;Chinese able to exert some influence:introduction of central administration based on Confucian exam system, some introduction of extended family and ancestor worship, use of Chinese military organization;ultimate failure based on inability to impact Vietnamese peasantry who remained significant on local levelonly Buddhism impacted peasantry.Chinese culture in relation to its satellite civilizationsChinese culture extended only within semi-closed East Asian cultural systemunlike Islam that spread from the Middle East to Africa and to South and Southeast Asiaunlike common cultural exchanges between Islam and post-classical WestEast Asian cultural exchange occurred in semi-isolation from other global cultures.
91 Japan Japan between the Gempei wars and the Tokugawa Shogunate. Gempei wars marked dominance of provincial military aristocracy over imperial courtMinamoto family established first dominance with military government or Bakufu at Kamakuradecline of central administration and scholar-gentry;Hojo family dominated Bakufufinally Kamakura government overthrown by Ashikaga Shogunateall central authority dissipated during Onin War fromcountry divided up into 300 small kingdoms ruled by daimyos.Introduction of Portugese in 1400s
92 Mongol expansion Khanates Ghengis Khubilai Mongol Advances Stirrup Conquest of China “Yuan Dynasty”Mongol AdvancesStirrupAdvance horse warfareInclusion of conquered peoplesGolden Horde and Il’ KhanConflict over religion
93 MongoliansTerritorial extent of the Mongol empire at its largest. How did this affect inter-cultural exchange?Mongol empire extended from Russia and eastern Europe in west to Mesopotamia as far as Egypt in the south across the Caspian Sea region and the Asiatic steppes to include all of China. Mongol empire linked great global civilizations of Eastern Hemisphere western and eastern Europe, Islam, China; permitted free exchange of goods and ideas between global cultures along traditional routes of trade.Mongol dynasty of China (the Yuan) attempt to alter the traditional Chinese social structureBy refusing to reinstate the Confucian examination system, the Yuan attempted to destroy the social and political dominance of the scholar-gentry; this attempt was seconded by dividing the Chinese social structure ethnically Mongols and Islamic allies on top, northern Chinese second, ethnic Chinese and minorities at bottom; in addition Mongols promoted social advance of artisans and merchants, who had been discriminated against in traditional Chinese society.political impact of the Mongol conquests of Russia and the Islamic heartland similaritiesIn both cases the traditional political structure was removed and the path was smoothed for new political organization to take place. In Russia, Kievan superiority was forever destroyed and Moscow was able to achieve political dominance among the petty kingdoms through its control of tribute and by becoming the seat of Russian Orthodoxy. In Islam, the Abbasid dynasty was ended and the Seljuk Turks who had ruled through its appurtenances was devastated opening the way for the rise of the Mameluks in Egypt and the Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor.
94 Renaissance Entrance into Modern World 1300 - 1600 Age of DiscoveryCultural DevelopmentsHumanismScientific RevolutionReformation (challenge to religious structures)
95 Renaissance Age of Discovery Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg ClassicismGreater Understanding and appreciation of Greek and Roman CultureImportant peopleDa VinciMichelangeloTitan
96 Protestant Reformation Failed Attempts at Catholic Church ReformMartin LutherProtested IndulgencesFormed Lutheran ChurchJohn CalvinPre-destinationAnglican churchFormed for political reasons against popes authorityCounterreformationCouncil of TrentInquisition
97 Decline of Arabic Islamic empires in Southwest Asia Decline of intellectual vigor accompanied disintegration of Abbasid Empireemphasis shifted to religion and away from philosophy and sciencerise of Sufislandlords seized control of land, reduced peasantry to serfdomdecline in state revenues from taxationdecline of interest in international trade.
98 Islamic Empires Ottoman Empire Major leader, Sultan Suleiman the MagnificentTook over ConstantinopleLong declineSafavid EmpirePersiaShiite MuslimMughal EmpireIndiaHindu Majority ruled by MuslimsAll Three “Gunpowder Empires”
99 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Accelerated Pace of scientific discoveryModern thinking on Scientific reasoning and LogicGreat thinkers of Scientific RevolutionSir Isaac NewtonGalileoEnlightenmentEmphasis on Scientific MethodFaith in power of Human reasonCriticism of the Church to some extentGreat Thinkers of the EnlightenmentVoltaireRousseau
100 Humanism vs. Enlightenment 1280ish to late 1600s vs. 1650 to 1750ish Humanism (Age of Questioning)Emphasis on individualClassical worksCentered in N. Italian city-states and traveled throughout worldElements include voluntary participation in civic affairsSpurred questioning attitude – cultural advancements, scientific revolution, age of exploration, reformationEnlightenment (application of humanism) Age of ReasonBelief in human perfectibility,application of scientific discoveries to improvement of human condition;reason was key to truth, while religion was afflicted with superstition;changes in upbringing of children reduction of physical discipline, more education, greater bonds of familial affection;changes in economy reflected in mass consumerism;greater technology applied to agriculture nitrogen-fixing crops, land drainage, improved stock-breeding, new tools such as seed drill, introduction of potato as major food crop;growth of reading clubs, coffee houses, and popular entertainment.Voltaire father of Enlightenment
101 Ming/Qing China Reaction to Mongol Dynasty Used Mongol foundations to build empireNaval forceVoyages of Zeng HeVery Artistic (Ming ware)Qing (Manchu) DynastyEstablished by Manchu PeopleFull Scale European Trade begins in ChinaLast Dynasty of China
102 Japanese Shogunate Japanese feudalism Shogun Daimyo Samurai Bushido ShogunatesKamakura and Ashikaga came beforeMost Famous is Tokugawa ShogunateFounded By Tokugawa IeyasuDictatorship, Highly centralized governmentConfucian IdeasClosed Ports to trade caused economic collapse
103 East Asian Exploration and Isolation (Xenophobic) Mingreturned to use of Neo-Confucian philosophy as basis of culturerestored position of scholar-gentryreinstituted examination system as basis of civil service.Early emperors attempted to curtail power of scholar-gentryabolished position of chief ministerrestricted imperial marriage to commoner families to reduce opportunity for court intrigue; number of eunuchs limitedpotential rivals to succession exiled to provincesgreatest economic reform was Zhenghe voyages to distant markets.Japanese Contact with WestFirst step taken was persecution of Christians, then banning of Christianity in 1614after 1616 foreign merchants limited to few portsby 1640s, only Dutch and Chinese admitted at Deshimain eighteenth century Neo-Confucian philosophy abandoned in favor of school of "National Learning" based on indigenous Japanese culturediffered from Chinese in maintaining oversight of European technological developments.East meets westThree major manufacturing zones:Arab producing carpets, tapestry, glass;Indian producing cotton textiles;China producing porcelain, paper, silks.No central control of system, no use of military force.Portuguese brought use of military force into systemadded new routes including route around Cape of Good Hope to Europeaddition of new trading centers such as those at Goa, Ormuz, Bataviaintroduction of concept of sea power and military forceintroduction of Christianity, tribute kingdoms.
104 Exploration and Colonization Economic Motivation for ExplorationTrade routes to IndiesNew TechnologyCaravelAstrolabeExplorersHenry the NavigatorColumbusMagellanTordesillias LineWorld Divided by Pope for exploration
105 Exploration and Colonization Spanish and Portuguese colonizationConquistadorsCortez- AztecPizzaro- IncaNorth American ColonizationFrench, English, Dutch, Spanish split North AmericaTrying to find “Northwest Passage”
106 Patterns of Exploration Initial explorations in the hands of Spanish and Portuguese; development of African coast, Caribbean islands, BrazilPortuguese voyages to IndiaMagellan's voyage opened up Pacific to exploration and conquestDutch opened up Indonesia, established colony on southern tip of AfricaBritish and French began exploration of North America.With exception of Dutch colony in Africa, most of early colonization limited to establishment of fortresses and trading posts on coasts of explored regions.
107 Slavery and the Slave Trade Slavery existed before but the Atlantic Trade was newFactors for Expansion of the Slave TradeLabor intensive crops (Sugar, Tobacco, Cotton)Slaves better suited to climate of new worldEnding of EncomiendaFirst controlled by PortugueseMiddle PassageTrade Route from Africa to New World that carried SlavesSmall ships, many casualtiesTriangular TradeMajor route of World Ocean TradeMiddle Passage was second leg
108 Colonization of New World New SpainViceroyaltiesThree types of ConquestMicrobialEconomicCulturalEconomic issuesMining and Sugar ProductionEnconimedasRepartimenteSocial StratificationPeninsulares, Creoles, MestizosPortuguese in BrazilMajor Sugar Cane PlantationsBoom / Bust Economy
109 Colombian ExchangeExchange of Plants, Animals, Foods and Diseases between the Old and New Worlds.Horses, Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Pigs from the Old WorldProvided food, LaborSquash, Beans, Sweet Potatoes, Peppers, Peanuts, TomatoesIncreased areas to grow Cotton, Sugar Cane, Tobacco and CacaoBecame Luxury GoodsPart of Massive Colonization MovementMany Nations began expansion into these newly discovered lands
110 MercantilismThere is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and you must maintain or increase your wealth to survive. To increase your wealth you can either take from others or you can make something else out of what you have. Favorable import – export ratio is important. You want to profit on your export.Coersive labor systemsIndentured servantAfrican/Caribbean slaveryIslamic slavery in N. AfricaCaste system in South Asia
111 Global trade and core and peripheral nations Core areas were those areas of the world economy typified by production of manufactured goods, control of shipping, monopoly of banking and commercial services.Core areas were located primarily in northwestern Europe Britain, France, and Holland.Dependent zones were regions typified by production of raw materials, supply of bullion, plantation agriculture of cash crops produced by coercive labor systems.Dependent zones surrounded the European core including southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and the colonial discoveries of the European explorers.
112 Global NetworkEast Asia, particularly China and Japan remained outside of global trade network;Mughal India only minimally involved;Ottoman Empire restricted trade to European enclaves in cities;Russia also remained outside system; outside of slave regions, Africa not involved.After 1600, India increasingly dominated by France and England;Eastern Europe brought into system as supplier of grain to West.
113 Gunpowder Empires Absolute Monarchies and their development Age of AbsolutismGunpowder EmpiresAbsolute Monarchies and their development
114 Age of Absolutism Absolute monarchies Nation states emerge from feudal societiesCommon languages developNational identityStrong, unlimited power of MonarchRulersLouis XIVHabsburg RulersHenry VIII and Elizabeth IIvan the TerribleCatherine and Peter the GreatConsolidate power byUndermining authority of aristocracyBuild new citiesCreate administrative postitionsExpand their empires
115 Islamic World Berber States Nomads First to convert to Islam Mali Mansa Musa - MaliVery RichMuslimSonghaiAskia MohammedIslamic Nation AchievementsArabic NumeralsAlgebra/TrigDelhi SultanateIntroduced Islam to India
116 Ottoman empire ( )Founded by Osman Bey in 1289, who led Muslim religious warriors (ghazi)Ottoman expansion into Byzantine empireSeized city of Bursa, then into the BalkansOrganized ghazi into formidable military machineCentral role of the Janissaries (slave troops)Effective use of gunpowder in battles and siegesMehmed the Conqueror (reigned )Captured Constantinople in 1453; it became Istanbul, the Ottoman capitalAbsolute monarchy; centralized stateExpanded to Serbia, Greece, Albania; attacked ItalySuleyman the Magnificent (reigned )Sultan Selim the Grim (reigned ) occupied Syria and EgyptSuleyman the Magnificent expanded into southwest Asia and central EuropeSuleyman also built a navy powerful enough to challenge European fleets
117 Mughal empireBabur ( ), founder of Mughal ("Mongol") dynasty in IndiaCentral Asian Turkish adventurer invaded India in 1523, seized Delhi in 1526By his death in 1530, Mughal empire embraced most of IndiaAkbar (reigned ), a brilliant charismatic rulerCreated a centralized, absolutist governmentExpanded to Gujurat, Bengal, and southern IndiaEncouraged religious tolerance between Muslims and HindusDeveloped a syncretic religion called "divine faith"Aurangzeb ( )Expanded the empire to almost the entire Indian subcontinentRevoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyedHis rule troubled by religious tensions and hostility
118 The Safavid empireThe Safavids, Turkish conquerors of Persia and MesopotamiaFounder Shah Ismail (reigned ) claimed ancient Persian title of shah.Proclaimed Twelver Shiism the official religion; imposed it on Sunni populationFollowers known as qizilbash (or "Red Hats")Twelver ShiismTraced origins to twelve ancient Shiite imamsIsmail believed to be the twelfth, or "hidden," imam, or even an incarnation of AllahBattle of Chaldiran (1514)Sunni Ottomans persecuted Shiites within Ottoman empireQizilbash considered firearms unmanly; were crushed by Ottomans at ChadiranShah Abbas the Great ( ) revitalized the Safavid empiremodernized military; sought European alliances against Ottomansnew capital at Isfahancentralized administration
119 French, American, Mexican, Haitian Revolutions Reform and RevolutionEnglish Civil WarFrench, American, Mexican, Haitian RevolutionsNapoleonic Era
120 Constitutionalism Monarchy with Limits to Power of Ruler (Reform) Parliamentary GovernmentsFormed Great BritainEnglish Civil WarOliver CromwellRestorationCharles IGlorious RevolutionWilliam and Mary
121 Major Enlightenment Philosophers Montesquieu Checks and BalancesVoltaire Father of the Enlightenment and social reformerLocke Father of LiberalismHobbes People delegate total power to the monarch Father of ConservativismRousseau "The Social Contract"
122 State of Nature Hobbes Locke The "natural condition of mankind" is what would exist if there were no government, no civilization, no laws, and no common power to restrain human nature. The state of nature is a "war of all against all," in which human beings constantly seek to destroy each other in an incessant pursuit for power. Life in the state of nature is "nasty, brutish and short."Lockepeople first lived in a state of anarchyin order to maintain stability they made a social contract in which they KEPT natural rights
123 Revolutions in the Americas American RevolutionEnding Colonial Ties to Great BritainForms RepublicConstitutionHaitian RevolutionSlave RevoltToussaint L’OuvertureLatin American IndependenceCreole RebellionSimon Bolivar, Pedro I, Hidalgo, Morelos
124 French Revolution Causes of French Revolution (AIMS) Wide social and economic gapUnfair taxesGrowing Middle ClassInfluence of Enlightenment IdeasPoor Leadership and financial DifficultiesThree EstatesThird Estate forms National Assembly from the Estates GeneralSans-Culottes- Radical Peasants in ParisPhases of Revolution (Recipe for Revolution)Moderate Period : limited Power of church Land reformRadical Period : Beheadings, JacobinsConservative backlash : directory Rise of Napoleon
125 Classic Revolutions Haitian Revolution-August 22, 1791 - 1804 Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 – 18212nd Revolution 1908Greek RevolutionFrench RevolutionAmerican Revolution (how was this revolution different)Russian RevolutionChinese Revolution 1911 – 19212nd Revolution and civil war 1949
126 Imperialism Industrial Revolution Victorian Era Migration and Emigration
127 Geopolitics Balance of Power Congress of ViennaPost Napoleonic WarsEstablish territorial boundariesEstablish a balance of powerConcert of EuropeMaintain a balance of powerReact to NationalismUnification of Italy (Resorimento, Red Shirts, Garibaldi, Cavour)Unification of Germany (Bismark, Zollverin, Junkers)Decline of the Ottoman EmpireDecline of the British Empire2nd phase of Industrial RevolutionSteele, oil and chemicalsTransportation and communication
128 Victorian Era Sun never sets on the British Empire Cultural attitudes Rigid structure to prevent class mobilityRise in Middle ClassConsumer cultureEntertainment, parks, art on riseConflict more between middle class and lower class because upper class kept out anyone elseWomen’s role began to changeRise in sports
129 Capitalism and Industrialization Adam Smith (New Economic Theory)Free TradeInvisible HandSupply and demandPre-Conditions for IndustrializationLand, Labor & CapitalInventions - Spinning Jenny, Water FrameIncreased reliance on CoalIndustrial RevolutionTextile IndustrySteam and ElectricityEffects on Social ClassesMiddle Class benefitsPoor working conditions
130 Socialism, Marxism and Communism Economic Competition is inherently UnfairPopular in FranceMarxismMore radical form of SocialismProletariat, Bourgeoisie, Class StruggleCommunismSame as Marxism only add world wide revolutionary theories of Lenin
131 Push – Pull of Conservatism and Liberalism Chartism in EnglandUniversal Manhood Suffage on riseRevolutions of 1848Meijii Revolution following 1853 Comd. PerryCivil War in USCrimean War (Pan Slavism)
132 Imperialism Causes Economic Factors Military Factors Social Factors Need for Raw MaterialsOpening Potential MarketsMilitary FactorsNew WeaponsCoal SourcesSocial FactorsPopulation GrowthMaking FortunesCultural FactorsConquer “Inferior” peopleSocial Darwinism
133 Imperialist’s World Great Britain (Zulu Wars, Sepoy Revolt) India China/ SE AsiaAmerica as an Imperial PowerHawaiiPacific IslandsChinaScramble for AfricaAfrica Divided up between Imperial PowersBerlin ConferenceLittle of original governments surviveJapan resists Imperial take over
134 Imperialism Types of political rule- France-direct rule England-indirect rule, protectoratesSpheres of influence – division of an area with some military controlMandates – post World War IProtectorate – local leader controlled by an outside European, basically a puppet
137 Settler Colonies vs. tropical dependencies In true colonies small numbers of whites governed large populations of indigenous peoplesresulted in permanent exploitation by Europeansin contested settler colonies, struggles between white settlers and indigenous peoples often resulted in balanceSouth Africa was the earliest contested settler colonystruggle with Zulus, British resolved in decolonization of Boers, supremacy over South African indigenous peoples, BantusNew Zealand Maoris suffered from entry of whites, but learned use of laws to gain balance of power, rights over land and resourcessimilar results in Hawaii.
138 Decline of Qing China Opium war Opium used to end trade deficit between China and Great BritainFirst Opium WarTreaty of Nanking - 5 ports open, Hong KongTaiping RebellionCivil War in ChinaMany diedDowager Empress CixiConservative, Oppressive, leader of Qing ChinaControlled Nephew on the throne, when he tried to reform she had him removedBoxer RebellionRebellion against foreigners in ChinaNot successfulShowed that foreign powers must rescue China (sphere of influence)
139 Meji Restoration Japanese Modernization Zaibatsu New Constitution based on USParliament formed (Diet)Mostly an OligarchyZaibatsuState Sponsored businessesIndustry and Private EnterprisePoor Working Conditions for PoorIncreased UrbanizationBeginnings of Japanese expansionism
140 Japanese expansionism Sino-Japanese WarJapan wants part of China TradeTakes over Korea and trading portUsed U.S Open Door Policy to justify actionsRusso -Japanese WarCaused by competition over ManchuriaSurprise Attack by Japanese on Russian positionsJapan WinsBegins to warn World of Japans Imperial LeaningsAsia for the Asians
141 Latin American rebuilding Troubles in GoverningConstitutionsMany dictatorshipsEconomic IssuesBoom/ Bust EconomiesSocial and racial divisionsLimited Modernization and IndustrializationMexicoFrench Intervention, Maximillian, Napoleon IIIBenito Juarez
142 World Wars Conflict of Ideology Trends in 20th Century
143 World War I Causes (NIMS) Competition between Empires Secret Alliances Tensions in the BalkansAssassination of Arch Duke Francis FerdinandCentral Powers and AlliesWarfareTrench warfare on Western FrontNaval Warfare and SubmarinesTreaty of Versailles: Wilson’s 14 PointsGreat Britain and France wanted RevengeWar Guilt ClauseLoss of TerritoryDisarmamentReparations
144 Terms War of attrition Ultimatum Atrocity Stalemate Reparations Armistice
145 Russian Revolution and Communism 1st Control was by Kenensky and social democratsLenin and group of Bolsheviks overthrow Tsar Nicholas IIAfter Lenin’s Death Josef Stalin gains controlEconomic ReformsYear PlansFive year Plan: heavy IndustryCollectivizationKulaks – problems with land distributionPolitical OppressionLittle Political freedomsSiberian Labor Camps
146 Rise Of Fascism German fascism Began as lack of confidence in Weimar RepublicAgainst Communist Party which was also strong in GermanyAnti-Semitic as well as other races (Gypsies)Italian fascismAppealed to veterans of WWIExtreme Nationalist/ Racial PrejudiceLed by Benito MussoliniMarch on Rome leads to control of countryEventually allied with German Fascists
147 Nazism Led by Adolf Hitler Specific type of fascism Charismatic Leader Wrote Mein KampfLast Chancellor of Weimar RepublicHead of German Parliament, ReichstagPassed Enabling Act, Suspended Constitution gave Hitler power to Rule be decreeOutlawed all political oppositionLimited personal freedomsBegan persecuting Jews and others
148 Chinese Communism After Qing, China governed by Nationalist Party Led by Sun Yat-SenAfter Sun Yat-Sen dies Chang Kai-Shek takes overChinese Communist PartyLed by Mao ZedongLeads Revolution against nationalistsEarly Defeats lead to Long MarchHelped by distraction of Japanese InvasionEventually Communists succeed and nationalists flee to Taiwan
149 World War II Axis and Allies Axis = Germany, Italy, Japan Allies = U.S., France, Great Britain, USSRAppeasement Policy (RASP)After number of aggressive moves Allies continue to back downJapan Continues Expansion into Chinese TerritoryNew TechnologyAircraft Carriers/ BombersRadarAtomic weapons
150 WWII Continued Blitzkrieg Lightning War, used by German forces Germans took over all but Great BritainBattle of BritainBlitzJapanese Aggression in PacificPearl Harbor AttackTurning Point 1942Lost by AxisMidwayEl AlameinStalingradD-Day (June 6th 1944)Atomic Bombs on Japan
151 Holocaust and War Crimes Rape of NankingJapanese troops storm city of Nanking, raping and Killing civiliansComfort WomenWomen forced to serve as prostitutes for Japanese SoldiersHolocaustSystematic genocide of Jewish people and other ethnicitiesCalled Final SolutionConcentration Camps: AuschwitzExtermination CampsGas Chambers: Zyclon BCremation ChambersTotal of 12 Million Deaths: 6 Mil Jews, 6 Mil Non-Jews
152 Korean War First Test of Containment Policy South Korea (Non-Communist) V. North Korea (Communist)U.S supports South KoreaChina and USSR support North KoreaMcArthurBrilliant general but arrogantFired for not following ordersWar Ended at Original Line of Division
153 Cold WarNon Military aggression between Communist and Capitalist CountriesSpread of Soviet influence and ControlEastern Europe falls to Soviet ControlViolates Soviet promises at Yalta ConferenceBerlin Blockade and division of BerlinU.S containment PolicyMarshal PlanFormation of NATO/SEATOArms RaceBegan after 1949 when Soviets demonstrated Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Aggression and build up between US and USSR
154 Cold War 1950-1960’s Nikita Khrushchev gains power in USSR Space Race Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957Frightened US because USSR had first space rocketCuban revolutionFidel Castro makes Cuba a Communist countryCommunist Country 90 miles of coast of USU-2 spy plane shot down over USSRJFKBay of Pigs invasion: attempt to overthrow CastroAs Result Nuclear weapons stationed in CubaTo try to destroy missiles could start nuclear war with USSRKennedy blockades Cuba and Soviets back down
155 Cold War 1960-1970 US lands on the Moon Wins the Space race Split between Chinese Communist and Soviet CommunistMao disagrees with Soviet view of Socialism as well as the role of CominternBorder between two nations became more hostileVietnam WarFrench Indo-ChinaVietnam was controlled by French, but they were too weak to enforce itHo Chi MinhLeader of Communist Party in N. VietnamU.S Supports French Claim and enters the War to help S. VietnamDomino TheoryU.S/ French Defeat
156 End of Cold WarD’etente - General Relaxation of Tensions between Super Powers1980’sSoviets invade AfghanistanThreatened Oil SupplyDamaged relationsOlympic Games BoycottedUS in Moscow in 1980USSR in Los Angeles in 1984USSR begins to collapse internallyMikhail Gorbachev leads USSR in 1985Attempts reforms “Perestroika” (restructuring)= economic reformsGlasnost = “Openness” cultural liberationBerlin Wall is taken down1991 Soviet Union Collapses
157 Patterns of Decolonization Wars fought to gain independenceEducation of Native peoples led to easier decolonizationEthnic and religious differences cause major issues for new countriesExploitation of Natural ResourcesSides taken in Cold War
158 Post War Middle East The regions importance as a supply of Petroleum Contradiction between desire for Modernization and Islamic TraditionDestabilizing effect of the Arab/Israel Conflict
159 Establishment Of Israel Balfour Declaration in 1914Expressed the need for a Jewish stateEstablished as a state for displaced Jews from the HolocaustBritain controlled Region of PalestineGave region over to be State of IsraelDisplaced Millions of Palestinian Arabs to neighboring Nations
160 GlobalismThe Little Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and TaiwanFollowed Japanese model of export-driven industry; rapid growth in 1980sBy 1990s highly competitive; joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and MalaysiaNafta (Mexico, US, Canada)North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
161 Globalism Economic issues vs. cultural issues 1944 – Bretton WoodsInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947Foundations for United Nations 1944 and established in 1945World Trade Organization formed in 1995
162 Trading blocs The European Union Begun in 1957 with six nations, now includes fifteenA common market, free trade, free travel within the UnionEleven members adopted a common currency, the Euro, in 1999Expectations of a European Political Union eventuallyOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Cartel established in 1960 to raise global oil pricesAfter Arab-Israeli war of 1973, OPEC placed embargo on oil to United States, Israel's allyPrice of oil quadrupled from 1973 to 1975, triggered global recessionOverproduction and dissension among members diminished influence, 1990sRegional trade associations formed to establish free-trade zones for member statesAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967, five membersNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993: United States, Canada, Mexico
163 Age of Access Who has access to technology North South Divide WeaponsMedicalCommunicationLuxuryNorth South DivideTotalitarian regimes want to limit accessEconomic inequalities lead to conflict in areas such as the World Trade Organization (loans money to countries who cannot afford to pay back loans)
164 Does it benefit those who have to help those who do not? Developed countriesLesser Developed countriesUnable to Develop countriesEast West divide of Europe (Elbe-Triest Line)North – South divide of world
165 Industrialized vs. nonIndustrialized nations conduct the most trading activity, the LDCs conduct the least:LDCs make up ¾ of the world’s nations but only accounts for 25% of world trade.DCs including North America, Europe and Japan accounts for 75% of trade.New Trend: blocs versus international trade.
166 Maquiladoras Mexican manufacturing or export assembly plants 1 million people todayGrew from about ½ million in early 90sLow wagesLow standardsHigh cost of living in border townsMaquiladoras are owned by U.S., Japanese, and European countriesDecreasing with trade barriers lowered in east Asian countries in particular - China
167 Outsourcing Creates English speakers Instead of moving to this country and bringing their culture they stay in their own country and begin to adopt other cultures
168 Influence of International Conglomerates MicrosoftMacDonald’sWalmartProblemsmonopolies, cartels, oligopolies, corruption
169 Humanitarian Efforts Non-governmental Organizations Red Cross/Crescent Green peaceAmnesty International and Human Rights WatchDoctors without Borders
170 Connection between Economics and demography Economic inequities and labor servitudeCauses of povertyInequities in resources and income separate rich and poor societiesAttendant problems: malnutrition, environmental degradationLegacy of colonialism: economic dependenceLabor servitude increasingSlavery abolished worldwide by 1960sMillions still forced into bonded laborChild-labor servitude common in south and southeast AsiaTrafficking of persons across international boundaries widespreadVictims, mostly girls and women, lured with promises of workOften in sex industry; hugely profitable though criminal
171 Population pressures and environmental degradation Dramatic population increases in twentieth centuryPopulation increased from 500 million in 1650 to 2.5 billion in 1950Asia and Africa experienced population explosion after WWII5.5 billion people in 1994; perhaps 11.6 billion people in 2200So far, food production has kept pace with population growthFertility rates have been falling for past twenty years
172 Population: Carrying Capacity Scientists and citizens concerned about physical limits of the earthDire predictions not borne by facts: prices have fallen, food has increasedMalthus – fallacy of his theories is that he did not include the impact of technology (increase food production, build up etc…)Environmental impactUrbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversityGas emissions, coal burning contribute to global warmingIn 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide emissionsPopulation control: a highly politicized issueSome developing nations charge racism when urged to limit populationUN agencies have aided many countries with family-planning programsChina's one-child policy has significantly reduced growth rateOther cultures still favor larger families, for example, India
173 Population issues Migration from rural areas to urban areas Urban sprawl75% of population is urbanStrain on services (mass transportation, garbage disposal)Mass tourismSpread of diseaseMigrant workers and issues of citizenship
174 Demographic transition Issues of standard of living change with the technological advancements and level of industrialization of a countryMost industrialized have 0 or negative population growth, low birth ratesPopulations are olderProblems occur because labor shortages begin to appearLDCs have high mortality rates, less access to medical care, large numbers of population under age of 20, high birth rates,Population growth in areas least able to adapt to the growth
175 Major Trends of the 20th Century Major Population GrowthRise of Consumer SocietySocial Activism1960’s war ProtestsTerrorismArab/ Israeli conflictChanges in Gender relationsRise of Mass MediaTelevision, film and Radio as a source of Information and Entertainment
176 Impact of break up of Soviet Union Political instability in Eastern Europe and RussiaNationalism causing ethnic groups that were mostly Islamic to try to break awayCoalitions formed with other Islamic groupsVoid of superpower to hold political structures togetherNo checks for China and USA
177 Recent Conflicts and Issues Gulf WarIraq invades KuwaitWar breaks out between Iraq and US lead collationYugoslavian WarSerbian aggression against Albanian and Bosnian minorities in KosovoWeapons of Mass DestructionLimiting production and testing of Nuclear WeaponsNumber of Small Arms increaseGuns, semi-automatic and automatic911 attack of al-Queda on the New York Trade Center2002 attack on Afghanistan and dissolution of the Taliban2003 attack on Iraq and the destruction of the Baathist Sunni rule of Iraq
178 Which is bestConvergence and diversity and tolerance and interdependenceORIsolationism, self-sufficiency and ethnocentrism