One version of the video of UC Davis campus police dousing protesters with pepper spray has almost 1,800,000 and counting views on YouTube. UC Davis student David Busco was one of the students sprayed that day, saying the pain felt like “thousands of pieces of glass shooting into your eyes.”
Busco says the pepper spray covered his face and mouth, meaning he could not avoid inhaling it unless he stopped breathing. Concerned students poured bottled water over him, but this only exacerbated the effects by further spreading the spray around his face and body. Busco says friends soon carried him to the nearest house and, after a quick Google search about pepper spray removal, washed him with dishwasher soap in the shower.
Pepper spray is legal for use in most states by anyone over age 18 who is not a convicted felon. It is frequently being used during Occupy protests nationwide. People who have been sprayed say that it hurts, but what exactly are the health effects? And what’s the best way to treat it?
Pepper spray derives from a chemical found in peppers, called capsaicin. Deborah Blum writes about the science of pepper spray in her blog Speakeasy Science. She cites a 2004 study, Health Hazards of Pepper Spray, which found that high doses of some of the chemicals in pepper spray can produce respiratory, cardiac and neurologic problems, and even death. Blum writes:
Research tells us that pepper spray acts as a potent inflammatory agent. It amplifies allergic sensitivities, it irritates and damages eyes, membranes, bronchial airways, the stomach lining –- basically what it touches. It works by causing pain – and, as we know, pain is the body warning us of an injury.
In general, these are short-term effects. Pepper spray, for instance, induces a burning sensation in the eyes in part by damaging cells in the outer layer of the cornea. Usually, the body repairs this kind of injury fairly neatly. But with repeated exposures, studies find, there can be permanent damage to the cornea.
The more worrisome effects have to do with inhalation – and by some reports, California university police officers deliberately put [pepper] spray down protestors throats. Capsaicins inflame the airways, causing swelling and restriction. And this means that pepper sprays pose a genuine risk to people with asthma and other respiratory conditions.
David Busco and his friends found that the kind of dishwasher soap they used to remove the pepper spray worked. What a person should not do is use an oil-based soap — that makes the chemicals stick to the skin even more.
Students may carry pepper spray for self-defense, according to the UC Berkeley Campus Police website, which includes information about first-aid tips for direct exposure to pepper spray and tear gas:
- Avoid panic.
- Do not rub the face. This will aggravate the pain already being experienced.
- The best immediate treatment is to expose the person to fresh air, a breeze if possible. A fan can also be used.
- Flush the affected area with cool water either from the tap or a garden hose.
- Clean the affected area with non-oil or cold-cream based soap. Do not use salves or greases on exposed area because it will trap tear gas particles or OC resin onto the skin.
- If eyes are exposed, flush copiously with cool, fresh water for 15 minutes.
- If you wear contact lenses, remove them carefully once hands are thoroughly clean.
- An ophthalmic examination should be performed by a physician if irritation or pain persists after 15 minutes of flushing with water.
- Clothing which is contaminated with tear gas should be removed immediately and, if indoors, placed in a sealed plastic bag or container.
- Persons assisting the subject should wear rubber gloves to avoid residual contamination.
- If any irritation or pain persists after decontamination procedures, a physician should examine the exposed area.
Jake Wayne of Livestrong.com also has tips on how to safely remove pepper spray. He says people should “remove any clothes contaminated with the pepper spray. If you would have to pull clothing across you face, seriously consider cutting the clothing off with scissors instead.”
- Related video: UC Davis Students talk about getting pepper-sprayed (from KGO)
This post was originally published in “State of Health,” KQED’s new health blog.