As animals and invertebrates adapt to rising ocean temperatures, their brains might be changing, too.
A recent study by a group at Macquarie University in Sydney studied the effects on Port Jackson sharks, a migratory species that lives in the warmer waters off the Australian coast, after they had been raised in water temperatures 1 to 3 degrees Celsius higher than normal. (That's the anticipated shift in ocean temperature by the end of the century, assuming climate change maintains its trajectory, which it probably will.)
What the researchers observed was a significant change in the test sharks' lateralization, which is a brain function observed across many species that essentially relegates certain processes to one side of the brain or the other. In humans, lateralization is most colloquially understood through the example of "handedness"—the language functions for right-handed people are typically lateralized to the left hemisphere of the brain, whereas for left-handed people it might be bilateral or right-lateralized.
Scientists haven't yet reached a consensus on whether this division of brain labor has an explicit purpose, but previous research has suggested that lateralization of cognitive functions in fish have some evolutionary advantages, such as enhancing schooling behavior. Species that were more strongly lateralized had greater levels of cohesion and coordination while moving within schools when compared to non-lateralized species.
The Sydney team tested laterality in the Port Jackson sharks by sending them through a maze multiple times and tracking the directions they chose to turn. (A control group, incubated at normal temperatures, also performed the maze test.) The group of sharks raised at the higher temperatures displayed significantly stronger laterality than the control group, choosing to turn right much more frequently.
Why would this happen? Because the sharks raised at higher temperatures reached maturity more quickly and had faster metabolisms than the control-group sharks, their brains couldn't develop the same size and complexity as normal. The researchers hypothesized that their lateralization may therefore have arisen as an energy-saving mechanism.
"Neural processing is metabolically expensive; thus, higher parallel processing abilities could allow animals to save energy during brain development and information processing without compromising function."
Thus, assigning a particular function to one hemisphere could allow sharks to maintain cognitive function, performing multiple actions simultaneously—such as navigating while also searching for prey—even with relatively smaller brains.
At first this seems like good news: Species correcting course in unfavorable environs to continue functioning as normally as possible should be a positive sign that a warmer climate isn't the end of the world. As a parenthetical in their report, though, the researchers also note that 42 percent of the sharks reared in a warmer environment died before testing could commence—so better not extrapolate too much about species' ability to adapt to climate change.
Source: Scientific American