Antarctic explorers' failed expeditions dating back over 100 years may hold the secret to the effects of climate change on the South Pole's sea ice.
A study by experts at the University of Reading suggests the area of sea ice around the Antarctic has barely changed in size in 100 years.
The research by climate scientists indicates Antarctic sea ice is much less sensitive to the effects of climate change than that of the Arctic, which in stark contrast has experienced a dramatic decline during the 20th century.
Experts in Reading looked at ice observations recorded in the ships’ logbooks of explorers such as Captain Robert Scott and Sir Ernest Shackleton to compare where the Antarctic ice edge was during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1897-1917) and where satellites show it is today.
Watch the video above to see animations of some of the early 1900s voyages based against the daily mean, minimum and maximum satellite-derived ice edges.
For each frame, the route of the ship for that particular day and the preceding day is shown, with a colour indicator showing the sections of the expedition when the ship was travelling in open water as blue and when the ship was travelling through the ice as white.
The research, published in the European Geosciences journal The Cryosphere, estimates the extent of Antarctic summer sea ice is at most 14 per cent smaller now than during the early 1900s.
Dr Jonathan Day, who led the study, said: "The missions of Scott and Shackleton are remembered in history as heroic failures, yet the data collected by these and other explorers could profoundly change the way we view the ebb and flow of Antarctic sea ice.
"We know that sea ice in the Antarctic has increased slightly over the past 30 years, since satellite observations began.
"Global warming...may not be anything new"
"Scientists have been grappling to understand this trend in the context of global warming, but these new findings suggest it may not be anything new.
"If ice levels were as low a century ago as estimated in this research, then a similar increase may have occurred between then and the middle of the century, when previous studies suggest ice levels were far higher."
The new study is the first to shed light on sea ice extent in the period prior to the 1930s, and suggests the levels in the early 1900s were in fact similar to today, at between 5.3 and 7.4 million square kilometres.
Although one region, the Weddell Sea, did have a significantly larger ice cover.
Antarctica climate fluctuated
Published estimates suggest Antarctic sea ice extent was significantly higher during the 1950s, before a steep decline returned it to around six million square kilometres in recent decades.
The research suggests the climate of Antarctica may have fluctuated significantly throughout the 20th century, swinging between decades of high ice cover and decades of low ice cover, rather than enduring a steady downward trend.
This study builds on international efforts to recover old weather and climate data from ships’ logbooks.
Capt Scott perished along with his team in 1912 after missing out on being the first to reach the South Pole by a matter of weeks, while Shackleton’s ship sank after becoming trapped in ice in 1915 as he and his crew journeyed to attempt the first ever cross-Antarctic trek.