U.S participation in the world wars gave rise to massive increases in the extent of government involvement in economic life and brought about many important, enduring changes in the governments relations with private economic actors. In both wars, the federal government expanded enormously the amount of its expenditure, taxation, and regulation as well as its direct participation in productive activities, creating what contemporaries described during World War I as war socialism. Each of these great experiences left a multitude of legaciesfiscal, institutional, and ideologicalmany of which continue to shape the countrys political economy. As William Graham Sumner wisely observed, "it is not possible to experiment with a society and just drop the experiment whenever we choose. The experiment enters into the life of the society and never can be got out again" (Sumner 1934, II, 473). The world wars certainly are among the greatest "experiments" that American society ever endured.
This paper will be published in Price V. Fishback, Robert Higgs, Gary D. Libecap, and others, Government and the Economy, from Colonial Times to the Present (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, forthcoming).