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Intrauterine insemination (IUI), also known as artificial insemination, is one of the earliest and simplest assisted reproductive technologies (ART). With this technique, sperm from either a partner or donor (such as from a sperm bank) is inserted with a syringe into the woman's vagina during ovulation to increase the probability that fertilization will occur and lead to pregnancy. This procedure is most effective for couples with male fertility problems, such as impotence, though it is also used to treat idiopathic (of unknown cause) infertility, vaginismus (wherein the female involuntarily constricts her vagina), and hostile female cervical mucus that rejects the male's sperm. In the 1940s and 1950s cryopreservation facilitated the preservation of sperm through freezing methods for later use, such as in IUI.