Descrição: The Fundamentals of Digital Art by Richard Colson.
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Digital Fundamentals Counters
Objectives •Describe the difference between an asynchronous and a synchronous counter •Analyze counter timing diagrams •Analyze counter circuits •Explain how propagation delays affect the operation of a counter •Determine the modulus of a counter •Modify the modulus of a counter •Recognize the difference between a 4-bit binary counter and a decade counter •Use an up/down counter to generate forward and reverse binary sequences •Determine the sequence of a counter • •Use IC counters in various applications •Design a counter that will have any specified sequence of states •Use cascaded counters to achieve a higher modulus •Use logic gates to decode any given state of a counter •Eliminate glitches in counter decoding •Explain how a digital clock operates •Troubleshoot counters for various types of faults •Interpret counter logic symbols that use dependency notation •Discuss mode selection in an SPLD •Apply a counter in a system application
A 2-bit asynchronous binary counter. Open file F09-01 to verify operation.
Figure 9--2 Timing diagram for the counter of Figure 9-1. As in previous chapters, output waveforms are shown in green.
Figure 9-5 Example 9-1: Four-bit asynchronous binary counter and its timing diagram. Open file F09-05 and verify the operation. Propagation delay is 10 ns for the flip-flops. Draw the timing diagram and determine the total propagation delay and the maximum clock frequency at which the counter can be operated.
Thomas L. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 8e
t p ( tot ) = 4 ⋅10 ns = 40 ns 1 1 f max = = = 25 MHz t p (tot ) 40 ns
Summary of steps: 1. Specify the counter sequence and draw a state diagram. 2. Derive a next-state table from the state diagram. 3. Develop a transition table showing the flip-flop inputs required for each transition. The transition table is always the same for a given type of flip-flop. 4. Transfer the J and K states from the transition table to K-maps. There is a K-map for each input of each flip-flop. 5. Group the K-map cells to generate and derive the logic expression for each flip-flop input. 6. Implement the expressions with combinational logic, and combine with the flip-flops to create the counter. 37
Figure 9-32 Example 9-5: Design a counter with following state diagram:
Step 1 Present state
Q 210 001 Step 2 0 1 0 101 111 Thomas L. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 8e
Figure 9-46 Example 9-9: Implement the decoding of binary state 2 and binary state 7 of a 3-bit synchronous counter. counter with active-HIGH decoding of count 2 and count 7. Open file F09-46 to verify operation.
Decoding glitches Figure 9-47
Figure 9--48 Outputs with glitches from the decoder in Figure 9-47. Glitch widths are exaggerated for illustration and are usually only a few nanoseconds wide.
Hands on tip When observing the time relationship between two digital signals with a dual-trace oscilloscope, trigger the scope with the slower signal (it has fewer possible trigger points!). Hence do not use clock signals for triggering (they are usually the fastest signal in the system).
Logic symbols with dependency notation Figure 9--62
Figure 9--74 Note that the labels (names of inputs and outputs) are consistent with text but may differ from the particular manufacturer’s data book you are using. The devices shown are functionally the same and pin compatible with the same device types in other available TTL and CMOS IC families.