Slowakei Vs RuГџland
Together with neighbouring Moravia , the principality formed the core of the Great Moravian Empire from The high point of this Slavonic empire came with the arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in , during the reign of Duke Rastislav , and the territorial expansion under Duke Svätopluk I.
Upon Rastislav's request, two brothers, Byzantine officials and missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius came in Cyril developed the first Slavic alphabet and translated the Gospel into the Old Church Slavonic language.
Rastislav was also preoccupied with the security and administration of his state. Numerous fortified castles built throughout the country are dated to his reign and some of them e.
During Rastislav's reign, the Principality of Nitra was given to his nephew Svätopluk as an appanage.
Similarly to his predecessor, Svätopluk I — assumed the title of the king rex. During his reign, the Great Moravian Empire reached its greatest territorial extent, when not only present-day Moravia and Slovakia but also present-day northern and central Hungary , Lower Austria , Bohemia , Silesia , Lusatia , southern Poland and northern Serbia belonged to the empire, but the exact borders of his domains are still disputed by modern authors.
He also named the German cleric Wiching the Bishop of Nitra. Weakened by an internal conflict as well as by constant warfare with Eastern Francia , Great Moravia lost most of its peripheral territories.
In the meantime, the semi-nomadic Magyar tribes, possibly having suffered defeat from the similarly nomadic Pechenegs , left their territories east of the Carpathian Mountains ,  invaded the Carpathian Basin and started to occupy the territory gradually around Some historians put this year as the date of the break-up of the Great Moravian Empire, due to the Hungarian conquest; other historians take the date a little bit earlier to Great Moravia left behind a lasting legacy in Central and Eastern Europe.
The Glagolitic script and its successor Cyrillic were disseminated to other Slavic countries, charting a new path in their sociocultural development.
The administrative system of Great Moravia may have influenced the development of the administration of the Kingdom of Hungary. Following the disintegration of the Great Moravian Empire at the turn of the 10th century, the Hungarians annexed the territory comprising modern Slovakia.
After their defeat on the Lech River they abandoned their nomadic ways; they settled in the centre of the Carpathian valley, adopted Christianity and began to build a new state—the Hungarian kingdom.
From the 11th century, when the territory inhabited by the Slavic-speaking population of Danubian Basin was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary, until , when the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed, the territory of modern Slovakia was an integral part of the Hungarian state.
A significant decline in the population resulted from the invasion of the Mongols in and the subsequent famine. However, in medieval times the area of the present-day Slovakia was characterised by German and Jewish immigration, burgeoning towns, construction of numerous stone castles, and the cultivation of the arts.
Owing to the Ottoman Empire 's expansion into Hungarian territory, Bratislava was designated the new capital of Hungary in , ahead of the old Hungarian capital of Buda falling in It became part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy, marking the beginning of a new era.
The territory comprising modern Slovakia, then known as Upper Hungary , became the place of settlement for nearly two-thirds of the Magyar nobility fleeing the Turks and far more linguistically and culturally Hungarian than it was before.
Upper Hungary, modern Slovakia, became the site of frequent wars between Catholics in the west territory and Protestants in the east, also against Turks, the frontier was on a constant state of military alert and heavily fortified by castles and citadels often manned by Catholic German and Slovak troops on the Habsburg side.
By , Slovakia was not spared the Counter-Reformation , which brought the majority of its population from Lutheranism back to Roman Catholicism.
The Ottoman wars , the rivalry between Austria and Transylvania , and the frequent insurrections against the Habsburg Monarchy inflicted a great deal of devastation, especially in the rural areas.
As the Turks withdrew from Hungary in the late 17th century, the importance of the territory comprising modern Slovakia decreased, although Pressburg retained its status as the capital of Hungary until when it was transferred back to Buda.
During the revolution of —49 , the Slovaks supported the Austrian Emperor , hoping for independence from the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy , but they failed to achieve their aim.
Thereafter relations between the nationalities deteriorated see Magyarization , culminating in the secession of Slovakia from Hungary after World War I.
The Slovaks were not consulted. In , during the chaos following the break-up of Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia was formed with numerous Germans , Slovaks , Hungarians and Ruthenians within the newly set borders.
In the peace following the World War, Czechoslovakia emerged as a sovereign European state. It provided what were at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities, at least on paper.
During the Interwar period , democratic Czechoslovakia was allied with France, and also with Romania and Yugoslavia Little Entente ; however, the Locarno Treaties of left East European security open.
Both Czechs and Slovaks enjoyed a period of relative prosperity. There was progress in not only the development of the country's economy but also culture and educational opportunities.
Yet the Great Depression caused a sharp economic downturn, followed by political disruption and insecurity in Europe.
In the s Czechoslovakia came under continuous pressure from the revisionist governments of Germany, Hungary and Poland who used the aggrieved minorities in the country as a useful vehicle.
Eventually, this pressure led to the Munich Agreement of September , which allowed the majority ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland , borderlands of Czechoslovakia, to join with Germany.
The remaining minorities stepped up their pressures for autonomy and the State became federalised, with Diets in Slovakia and Ruthenia.
The remainder of Czechoslovakia was renamed Czecho-Slovakia and promised a greater degree of Slovak political autonomy.
This, however, failed to materialize. After the Munich Agreement and its Vienna Award , Nazi Germany threatened to annex part of Slovakia and allow the remaining regions to be partitioned by Hungary or Poland unless independence was declared.
Meanwhile, the Czechoslovak government-in-exile sought to reverse the Munich Agreement and the subsequent German occupation of Czechoslovakia and to return the Republic to its boundaries.
The government operated from London and it was ultimately considered, by those countries that recognised it, the legitimate government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War.
As part of the Holocaust in Slovakia , 75, Jews out of 80, who remained on Slovak territory after Hungary had seized southern regions were deported and taken to German death camps.
After it became clear that the Soviet Red Army was going to push the Nazis out of eastern and central Europe, an anti-Nazi resistance movement launched a fierce armed insurrection, known as the Slovak National Uprising , near the end of summer A bloody German occupation and a guerilla war followed.
Germans and their local collaborators completely destroyed 93 villages and massacred thousands of civilians, often hundreds at a time.
More than 80, Hungarians  and 32, Germans  were forced to leave Slovakia, in a series of population transfers initiated by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference.
As a result of the Yalta Conference , Czechoslovakia came under the influence and later under direct occupation of the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact , after a coup in Eight thousand two hundred and forty people went to forced labour camps in — Czechoslovakia became a puppet state of the Soviet Union.
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was never part of the Soviet Union and remained independent to a degree. Borders with the West were protected by the Iron Curtain.
About people, men, women, and children, were killed on the Czechoslovak border with Austria and West Germany between and The end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in , during the peaceful Velvet Revolution , was followed once again by the country's dissolution, this time into two successor states.
The word "socialist" was dropped in the names of the two republics, with the Slovak Socialist Republic renamed as Slovak Republic.
In November, the federal parliament voted to dissolve the country officially on 31 December The Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic went their separate ways after 1 January , an event sometimes called the Velvet Divorce.
On 1 January , Slovakia adopted the Euro as its national currency. The Slovak landscape is noted primarily for its mountainous nature, with the Carpathian Mountains extending across most of the northern half of the country.
The largest lowland is the fertile Danubian Lowland in the southwest, followed by the Eastern Slovak Lowland in the southeast.
They are divided into several parts. The Tatra mountain range is represented as one of the three hills on the coat of arms of Slovakia.
There are 9 national parks in Slovakia, covering 6. Slovakia has hundreds of caves and caverns under its mountains, of which 30 are open to the public.
Most of the rivers arise in the Slovak mountains. The biggest volume of discharge in Slovak rivers is during spring , when the snow melts from the mountains.
The only exception is the Danube, whose discharge is the greatest during summer when the snow melts in the Alps. The Danube is the largest river that flows through Slovakia.
The Slovak climate lies between the temperate and continental climate zones with relatively warm summers and cold, cloudy and humid winters.
The weather differs from the mountainous north to the plains in the south. In Slovakia, there are four seasons , each season spring , summer, autumn and winter lasts three months.
The dry continental air brings in the summer heat and winter frosts. In contrast, oceanic air brings rainfalls and reduces summer temperatures.
In the lowlands and valleys, there is often fog, especially in winter. In Slovakia, the weather and climate in the spring are very unstable.
Showers or thunderstorms may occur because of the summer monsoon called Medardova kvapka Medard drop—40 days of rain.
Autumn in Slovakia starts on 23 September and is mostly characterised by wet weather and wind, although the first weeks can be very warm and sunny.
Late September and early October is a dry and sunny time of year so-called Indian Summer. In December and January, it is usually snowing, these are the coldest months of the year.
At lower altitudes, snow does not stay the whole winter, it changes into the thaw and frost. Slovakia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 19 May , and became a party to the convention on 25 August The biodiversity of Slovakia comprises animals such as annelids, arthropods, molluscs, nematodes and vertebrates , fungi Ascomycota , Basidiomycota , Chytridiomycota , Glomeromycota and Zygomycota , micro-organisms including Mycetozoa , and plants.
The geographical position of Slovakia determines the richness of the diversity of fauna and flora.
More than 11, plant species have been described throughout its territory, nearly 29, animal species and over 1, species of protozoa.
Endemic biodiversity is also common. Slovakia is located in the biome of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. As the altitude changes, the vegetation associations and animal communities are forming height levels oak , beech , spruce , scrub pine , alpine meadows and subsoil.
The occurrence of animal species is strongly connected to the appropriate types of plant associations and biotopes. Over 4, species of fungi have been recorded from Slovakia.
The conservation status of non-lichen-forming fungi in Slovakia is not well documented, but there is a red list for its larger fungi.
Slovakia is a parliamentary democratic republic with a multi-party system. The last parliamentary elections were held on 29 February and two rounds of presidential elections took place on 16 and 30 March The president is elected by direct, popular vote under the two-round system for a five-year term.
The prime minister is appointed by the president. The remainder of the cabinet is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister.
Delegates are elected for a four-year term on the basis of proportional representation. The Constitution of the Slovak Republic was ratified 1 September , and became effective 1 January It was amended in September to allow direct election of the president and again in February due to EU admission requirements.
The civil law system is based on Austro-Hungarian codes. Slovakia accepts the compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction with reservations.
Slovakia is a member of the United Nations since and participates in its specialized agencies. The country was, on 10 October , elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council from to In , Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to countries and territories, ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world.
Slovakia maintains diplomatic relations with countries, primarily through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
As of December , Slovakia maintained 90 missions abroad, including 64 embassies, seven missions to multilateral organisations, nine consulates-general, one consular office, one Slovak Economic and Cultural Office and eight Slovak Institutes.
Slovakia and the United States retain strong diplomatic ties and cooperate in the military and law enforcement areas. The U. Department of Defense programs has contributed significantly to Slovak military reforms.
Hundreds of thousands of Americans have their roots in Slovakia, and many retain strong cultural and familial ties to the Slovak Republic.
President Woodrow Wilson and the United States played a major role in the establishment of the original Czechoslovak state on 28 October The Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic number 14, uniformed personnel.
There is a joint Czech-Slovak peacekeeping force in Kosovo. From the army transformed into a fully professional organisation and compulsory military service was abolished.
Slovak Ground Forces are made up of two active mechanised infantry brigades. Training and support forces comprise a National Support Element Multifunctional Battalion, Transport Battalion, Repair Battalion , a garrison force of the capital city Bratislava, as well as a training battalion, and various logistics and communication and information bases.
Miscellaneous forces under the direct command of the General Staff include the 5th Special Forces Regiment. The US State Department in reported:.
The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas.
The most significant human rights issues included incidents of interference with privacy; corruption; widespread discrimination against Roma minority; and security force violence against ethnic and racial minorities government actions and rhetoric did little to discourage.
The government investigated reports of abuses by members of the security forces and other government institutions, although some observers questioned the thoroughness of these investigations.
Some officials engaged in corrupt practices with impunity. Two former ministers were convicted of corruption during the year.
Human rights in Slovakia are guaranteed by the Constitution of Slovakia from the year and by multiple international laws signed in Slovakia between and According to the European Roma Rights Centre ERRC , Romani people in Slovakia "endure racism in the job market, housing and education fields and are often subjected to forced evictions, vigilante intimidation, disproportionate levels of police brutality and more subtle forms of discrimination.
Slovakia is divided into 8 krajov singular— kraj , usually translated as "region" , each of which is named after its principal city. Regions have enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy since Their self-governing bodies are referred to as Self-governing or autonomous Regions sg.
The kraje are subdivided into many okresy sg. There are currently 2, municipalities. In terms of economics and unemployment rate, the western regions are richer than eastern regions.
The Slovak Republic continues exhibiting robust economic performance, with strong growth backed by a sound financial sector, low public debt and high international competitiveness drawing on large inward investment.
The country used to be dubbed the " Tatra Tiger ". Slovakia successfully transformed from a centrally planned economy to a market-driven economy.
Major privatisations are completed, the banking sector is almost completely in private hands, and foreign investment has risen.
The Slovak economy is one of the fastest-growing economies in Europe and 3rd-fastest in eurozone In , and with GDP growth of The ratio of government debt to GDP in Slovakia reached Slovakia adopted the Euro currency on 1 January as the 16th member of the Eurozone.
The euro in Slovakia was approved by the European commission on 7 May The Slovak koruna was revalued on 28 May to The Slovak government encourages foreign investment since it is one of the driving forces of the economy.
Slovakia is an attractive country for foreign investors mainly because of its low wages, low tax rates, well educated labour force , favourable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe, strong political stability and good international relations reinforced by the country's accession to the European Union.
Some regions, mostly at the east of Slovakia have failed to attract major investment, which has aggravated regional disparities in many economic and social areas.
Slovakia ranks 45th out of economies in terms of ease of doing business, according to the World Bank Doing Business Report and 57th out of the 63 countries in terms of competitive economy, according to the World Competitiveness Yearbook Report.
Although Slovakia's GDP comes mainly from the tertiary services sector, the industrial sector also plays an important role within its economy.
The main industry sectors are car manufacturing and electrical engineering. Since , Slovakia has been the world's largest producer of cars per capita,  with a total of 1,, cars manufactured in the country in alone.
From electrical engineering companies, Foxconn has a factory at Nitra for LCD TV manufacturing, Samsung at Galanta for computer monitors and television sets manufacturing.
Slovnaft based in Bratislava with 4, employees, is an oil refinery with a processing capacity of 5.
Steel producer U. Bratislava's geographical position in Central Europe has long made Bratislava a crossroads for international trade traffic.
Today, Bratislava is the road, railway, waterway and airway hub. In , Slovakia produced a total of 28, GWh of electricity while at the same time consumed 28 GWh.
The slightly higher level of consumption than the capacity of production - GWh meant the country was not self-sufficient in energy sourcing.
Slovakia imported electricity mainly from the Czech Republic 9, GWh— Nuclear energy accounts for After deactivating the last of the two reactors of the V1 block in , Slovakia stopped being self-dependent in energy production.
It is scheduled for decommissioning in Two new reactors are under construction in Mochovce plant. The nuclear power production in Slovakia occasionally draws the attention of Austrian green-energy activists who organise protests and block the borders between the two countries.
There are four main highways D1 to D4 and eight expressways R1 to R8. Many of them are still under construction. Slovakia has four international airports.
Bratislava's M. It is located 9 kilometres 5. It serves civil and governmental, scheduled and unscheduled domestic and international flights.
The current runways support the landing of all common types of aircraft currently used. It is the second-largest international airport in Slovakia.
It is an airport with one of the highest elevations in Central Europe, at m, which is m higher than Innsbruck Airport in Austria.
Railways of Slovak Republic provides railway transport services on national and international lines. The Port of Bratislava is one of the two international river ports in Slovakia.
Slovakia features natural landscapes, mountains, caves , medieval castles and towns, folk architecture, spas and ski resorts.
More than 5,4 million tourists visited Slovakia in , and the most attractive destinations are the capital of Bratislava and the High Tatras.
Slovakia contains many castles, most of which are in ruins. Slovakia's position in Europe and the country's past part of the Kingdom of Hungary , the Habsburg monarchy and Czechoslovakia made many cities and towns similar to the cities in the Czech Republic such as Prague , Austria such as Salzburg or Hungary such as Budapest.
A historical centre with at least one square has been preserved in many towns. Historical centres have been going through a restoration in recent years.
Historical churches can be found in virtually every village and town in Slovakia. The Basilica of St. The St. Martin's Concathedral in Bratislava served as the coronation church for the Kingdom of Hungary.
The oldest sacral buildings in Slovakia stem from the Great Moravian period in the 9th century. Very precious structures are the complete wooden churches of northern and northern-eastern Slovakia.
Most were built from the 15th century onwards by Catholics , Lutherans and members of eastern-rite churches.
Dielo shop chain sells works of Slovak artists and craftsmen. These shops are mostly found in towns and cities. Prices of imported products are generally the same as in the neighbouring countries, whereas prices of local products and services, especially food, are usually lower.
The Slovak Academy of Sciences has been the most important scientific and research institution in the country since Slovaks have made notable scientific and technical contributions during history.
Slovakia is currently in the negotiation process of becoming a member of the European Space Agency. Observer status was granted in , when Slovakia signed the General Agreement on Cooperation  in which information about ongoing education programmes was shared and Slovakia was invited to various negotiations of the ESA.
Slovak research and development organizations can apply for funding of projects regarding space technologies advancement.
Slovakia will be obliged to set state budget inclusive ESA funding. Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority 8. In the median age of the Slovak population was 41 years.
The largest waves of Slovak emigration occurred in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The official language is Slovak , a member of the Slavic language family.
Hungarian is widely spoken in the southern regions, and Rusyn is used in some parts of the Northeast. Slovakia is ranked among the top EU countries regarding the knowledge of foreign languages.
The best known foreign language in Slovakia is Czech. Eurostat report also shows that The deaf community uses the Slovak Sign Language. The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion.
In , After further reductions due to postwar emigration and assimilation, only about 2, Jews remain today 0. The education system consists of elementary school which is divided into two parts, the first grade age 6—10 and the second grade age 10—15 which is finished by taking nationwide testing called Monitor, from Slovak language and math.
Parents may apply for social assistance for a child that is studying on an elementary school or a high-school. If approved, the state provides basic study necessities for the child.
Schools provide books to all their students with usual exceptions of books for studying a foreign language and books which require taking notes in them, which are mostly present in the first grade of elementary school.
After finishing high school, students can go to university and are highly encouraged to do so. Slovakia has a wide range of universities.
The biggest university is Comenius University , established in Although it's not the first university ever established on Slovak territory, it's the oldest university that is still running.
Most universities in Slovakia are public funded, where anyone can apply. Every citizen has a right to free education in public schools.
Slovakia has several privately funded universities, however public universities consistently score better in the ranking than their private counterparts.
Universities have different criteria for accepting students. Anyone can apply to any number of universities.
Folk tradition has rooted strongly in Slovakia and is reflected in literature, music, dance and architecture. The legend says he was taking from the rich and giving to the poor.
Visual art in Slovakia is represented through painting , drawing , printmaking , illustration , arts and crafts , sculpture , photography or conceptual art.
The Slovak National Gallery founded in , is the biggest network of galleries in Slovakia. They are located on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town.
The Bratislava City Gallery , founded in is the second biggest Slovak gallery of its kind. For a list of notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.
Christian topics include poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels , partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic , Zakon sudnyj ljudem.
Medieval literature , in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries, was written in Latin , Czech and Slovakised Czech.
Lyric prayers, songs and formulas was still controlled by the Church, while epic was concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz , author of the Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus, both of them Hungarians.
Two leading persons codified the Slovak language. It was the codification of the first-ever literary language of Slovaks.
Traditional Slovak cuisine is based mainly on pork , poultry chicken is the most widely eaten, followed by duck , goose , and turkey , flour , potatoes , cabbage , and milk products.
It is relatively closely related to Hungarian , Czech , Polish and Austrian cuisine. On the east it is also influenced by Ukrainian , including Lemko and Rusyn.
In comparison with other European countries, "game meat" is more accessible in Slovakia due to vast resources of forest and because hunting is relatively popular.
Lamb and goat are eaten but are not widely popular. Bryndza is a salty cheese made of sheep milk, characterised by a strong taste and aroma.
A typical soup is a sauerkraut soup "kapustnica". A blood sausage called "krvavnica", made from any parts of a butchered pig is also a specific Slovak meal.
Wine is enjoyed throughout Slovakia. Slovak wine comes predominantly from the southern areas along the Danube and its tributaries; the northern half of the country is too cold and mountainous to grow grapevines.
Sporting activities are practised widely in Slovakia, many of them on a professional level. Ice hockey and football have traditionally been regarded as the most popular sports in Slovakia, though tennis , handball , basketball , volleyball , whitewater slalom , cycling and athletics are also popular.
One of the most popular team sports in Slovakia is ice hockey. Slovakia became a member of the IIHF on 2 February  and since then has won 4 medals in Ice Hockey World Championships , consisting of 1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze.
The Slovak national hockey team made five appearances in the Olympic games, finishing 4th in the Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Before , the Slovak team HC Slovan Bratislava participated in the Kontinental Hockey League , considered the strongest hockey league in Europe, and the second-best in the world.
Association football is the most popular sport in Slovakia, with over , registered players. They progressed to the last 16, where they were defeated by the Netherlands.
The most notable result was the 3—2 victory over Italy. They remain the only Slovak club that has won a match at the group stage.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 July For other political states, see Slovak Republic disambiguation.
This relatively free word order allows the use of word order to convey topic and emphasis. The unmarked order is subject—verb—object.
Variation in word order is generally possible, but word order is not completely free. Slovak does not have articles.
Slovak nouns are inflected for case and number. There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental.
The vocative is no longer morphologically marked. There are two numbers: singular and plural. Nouns have inherent gender. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Adjectives and pronouns must agree with nouns in case, number, and gender. The numerals 0—10 have unique forms, with numerals 1—4 requiring specific gendered representations.
Compound numerals 21, are combinations of these words formed in the same order as their mathematical symbol is written e. Counted nouns have two forms.
The most common form is the plural genitive e. Verbs have three major conjugations. Three persons and two numbers singular and plural are distinguished.
Several conjugation paradigms exist as follows:. Sometimes both - o and - e are possible. Examples include the following:. Each preposition is associated with one or more grammatical cases.
The noun governed by a preposition must appear in the case required by the preposition in the given context e. Po has a different meaning depending on the case of its governed noun.
It is closely related to the other West Slavic languages , primarily to Czech and Polish. Czech also influenced the language in its later development.
The highest number of borrowings in the old Slovak vocabulary come from Latin , German , Czech, Hungarian , Polish and Greek in that order.
Although most dialects of Czech and Slovak are mutually intelligible see Comparison of Slovak and Czech , eastern Slovak dialects are less intelligible to speakers of Czech and closer to Polish, Ruthenian and Ukrainian and contact between speakers of Czech and speakers of the eastern dialects is limited.
Regardless of its official status, Czech is used commonly both in Slovak mass media and in daily communication by Czech natives as an equal language.
Czech and Slovak have a long history of interaction and mutual influence well before the creation of Czechoslovakia in , a state which existed until Literary Slovak shares significant orthographic features with Czech , as well as technical and professional terminology dating from the Czechoslovak period, but phonetic, grammatical, and vocabulary differences do exist.
Slavic language varieties are relatively closely related, and have had a large degree of mutual influence, due to the complicated ethnopolitical history of their historic ranges.
This is reflected in the many features Slovak shares with neighboring language varieties. Standard Slovak shares high degrees of mutual intelligibility with many Slavic varieties.
Despite this closeness to other Slavic varieties, significant variation exists among Slovak dialects. In particular, eastern varieties differ significantly from the standard language, which is based on central and western varieties.
Eastern Slovak dialects have the greatest degree of mutual intelligibility with Polish of all the Slovak dialects, followed by Rusyn , but both Eastern Slovak and Rusyn lack familiar technical terminology and upper register expressions.
Polish and Sorbian also differ quite considerably from Czech and Slovak in upper registers, but non-technical and lower register speech is readily intelligible.
Some mutual intelligibility occurs with spoken Rusyn , Ukrainian , and even Russian in this order , although their orthographies are based on the Cyrillic script.
Servus is commonly used as a greeting or upon parting in Slovak-speaking regions and some German-speaking regions, particularly Austria.
Papa is also commonly used upon parting in these regions. Both servus and papa are used in colloquial, informal conversation.
Hungarians and Slovaks have had a language interaction ever since the settlement of Hungarians in the Carpathian area. Hungarians also adopted many words from various Slavic languages related to agriculture and administration, and a number of Hungarian loanwords are found in Slovak.
Some examples are as follows:. The fourth group of dialects is often not considered a separate group, but a subgroup of Central and Western Slovak dialects see e.
Dudok, For an external map of the three groups in Slovakia see here. The dialect groups differ mostly in phonology, vocabulary, and tonal inflection.
Syntactic differences are minor. Central Slovak forms the basis of the present-day standard language. Not all dialects are fully mutually intelligible.
It may be difficult for an inhabitant of the western Slovakia to understand a dialect from eastern Slovakia and the other way around.
The dialects are fragmented geographically, separated by numerous mountain ranges. The first three groups already existed in the 10th century.
All of them are spoken by the Slovaks outside Slovakia USA, Canada, Croatian Slavonia , and elsewhere , and central and western dialects form the basis of the lowland dialects see above.
The western dialects contain features common with the Moravian dialects in the Czech Republic, the southern central dialects contain a few features common with South Slavic languages, and the eastern dialects a few features common with Polish and the East Slavonic languages cf.
Lowland dialects share some words and areal features with the languages surrounding them Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian, and Romanian.
According to this law, Ministry of Culture approves and publishes the codified form of the Slovak language based on the judgment of specialised Slovakistic linguistic institutes and specialists in the area of the state language.
In practice, Ministry of Culture publishes a document that specifies authoritative reference books for standard Slovak usage. There are four such publications:.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with Slovene language. West Slavic language. This article needs additional citations for verification.
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