“A national park will not save the area. Rather, the restrictions and red tape that come with federal control would inhibit growth. Survival requires economic development, but a national park will limit our options.”
— Kathy Gagnon editorial opposing a national park in Maine published in Bangor Daily News May 11, 2014 [i]
Wildland preservation is motivated by a variety of ethical, biological, cultural, and recreational concerns. Rarely are efforts to protect wildlands motivated by an interest in promoting economic growth. Those working on wildland preservation issues have been forced to take up with the issue of local economic impacts because those supporting commercial development of those wild natural landscapes emphatically assert that wildland preservation damages the local and national economies by restricting access to valuable natural resources and constraining commercial economic activity that otherwise would take place.
The above quote from a recent editorial in the Bangor Daily News represents a frequent response that people have to any proposal to designate lands as parks, wilderness or other wildlands reserve. Yet numerous economic studies suggest that protecting landscapes for their wildlands values at the very least has little negative impact on local/regional economies and in most instances is a positive net economic benefit.
Not only are there economic opportunities that come with protected lands, including the obvious tourism-related business enterprises, but land protection has other less direct economic benefits. Wilderness and park designation creates quality of life attributes that attracts residents whose incomes do not depend on local employment in activities extracting commercial materials from the natural landscape but choose to move to an area to enjoy its amenity values.
Wildlands designation can also reduce costs and expense for communities by providing ecosystem services that would otherwise entail costs to taxpayers.
Most importantly wildlands protection is often the best way to preserve biodiversity which is the foundation for evolution. There is a great ethical, emotional, and economic cost to species loss and ecosystem degradation.
Indeed the overwhelming evidence from many case studies and reviews around the country demonstrates that wildlands protection is an overall positive net economic benefit to communities and regional economies as well as contributing to an enhanced quality of life.
Despite these economic advantages to wildlands protection, opposition is often based upon the flawed perception that legal protection for land will seriously harm the local economy. Some historic context may be in order.
Starting with Yellowstone National Park, the Nation’s first wildlands preserve, people have been lamenting how land preservation policies would stifle economic development. For example, upon the designation of Yellowstone in 1872, the Helena Gazette opined that the creation of Yellowstone was “a great blow to the prosperity of the towns of Bozeman and Virginia City.”[ii] Yet today most Montana residents, particularly those in Bozeman, would agree that Yellowstone National Park is one of the primary economic engines of the regional economy.
Similarly when Jackson Hole National Monument was established by Franklin Roosevelt in 1943, the local leaders of Jackson declared that Jackson would become a “ghost town.” So certain were they that monument designation would be an economic disaster, the Wyoming’s Congressional delegation introduced a bill to eliminate the park. The bill successfully passed both branches of Congress. The monument only survived because Franklin Roosevelt vetoed the bill. Today Jackson is anything but a ghost town and has one of the most vibrant economies in Wyoming.
Indeed, the concept that protecting lands is a net benefit to communities is so well established today that more than 100 economists recently sent a letter to President Obama urging him to designate more national monuments and protected public lands.
To quote from that letter: “As economists and academics in related fields, we believe that federal protected public lands are essential to the West’s economic future. These public lands, including national parks, wilderness areas and national monuments, attract innovative companies and workers, and are an essential component of the region’s competitive advantage.”[iii]
There is a significant body of research that demonstrates the connection between protected areas and economic well-being. That does not mean that in every case, one can draw a direct connection between prosperity and land conservation. Nevertheless, despite assertions to the opposite, there is no evidence that designation of wilderness results in job losses in logging, mining and other natural resource industries.[iv]
Counties with protected federal lands had greater jobs growth and higher per capita income than counties with lower percentages of protected lands. In particular, those counties that had more than 30 percent of their land base in federal protected lands experienced annual job growth during the last 40 years of 3.8 percent, while counties with no protected lands languished with annual job growth of only 1.5 percent. [v]
There is evidence that designated wilderness enhances private property values without a rise in in the demand for public services. In the Green Mountains of Vermont, Spencer Philips found that towns in or near designated wilderness had higher property values than those further away.[vi] This is based upon the demonstrated relationship between quality of life attributes which often include high quality recreational opportunities as well as protected natural environments and the decisions by people to locate near such natural amenities.
For instance, in a study of fast growing counties, researchers found that 45 percent of the long-time residents and 60 percent of the new residents in counties with designated wilderness indicated that the close proximity of formal wilderness was an important criterion for their decision. [vii] And Power found that quality of life was a major reason for people choosing where to locate businesses and their homes that was more important than other factors commonly cited like local tax levels. [viii]
In particular, the attraction of protected landscapes spurs the movement of “foot loose” businesses and retirees to wilderness counties who bring “outside” money to local economies. This can help to diversify rural communities, providing greater economic stability to these communities.
A recent example is of this diversification created by protected landscapes is the designation of the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument in Utah. Personal income from labor in Garfield County where the monument is located grew by 14 percent in the four years prior to the Grand Staircase’s establishment, but grew by 18 percent the four years after designation. At the same time unemployment fell from 12.4 percent in 1995 to 9.2 percent in 2001. In Kane County, another monument county, personal income grew 27 percent in the four years prior to the monument’s creation, and grew by 33 percent in the four after monument establishment. Unemployment there also dropped, from 8.7 percent in 1995 to 3.5 percent in 2001.[ix]
Another study that analyzed the economic impact of creating a Maine Woods National Park in Maine estimated that new residents drawn to the area would create an additional 3,600 jobs in the first twenty years after park creation. This would be businesses drawn to the area as well as the normal mix of businesses that support households in any location. An additional 1,500 jobs would be created in tourism related enterprises. [x]
These sources of non-labor income are often ignored or unappreciated by many long time rural residents. There is a tendency to believe that employment at a timber mill or ranches is the driving force in rural areas, when frequently the income from transfer payments is a larger part of the economic picture. In many rural counties such “transfer” payments from retirement, investments, and other sources makes a bigger contribution to personal income than “resource” jobs. In 2011 non-labor income contributes to 34 percent of the total personal income and 60 percent of the growth net personal income during the last decade. [xi]
Per capita income in western nonmetropolitan counties with 100,000 acres of protected public lands was on average $4,360 higher than per capita income in similar counties with no protected public lands.[xii]
Another economic benefit of protected lands is what is termed ecosystem services. For instance, 33 percent of the West’s water comes from national forests. Protected lands like Forest Service wilderness areas produce extremely high quality water that provides the drinking and irrigation water for many western communities.[xiii]
High quality water is also essential to other economic activities. For example, fly fishing is now a prominent activity in many western communities. Everything from guiding, fly shops, local cafes, and local real estate values benefit from high quality fly fishing opportunities. A study in 1990 estimated the economic value of high quality stream fishing in Montana to be worth $5.5 billion.[xiv]
Carbon storage is another value of wildlands. Trees and other vegetation are able to store tremendous amounts of carbon and continue to sequester carbon during their life spans. Preserving forests on site as wilderness or parks reduces carbon in the global atmosphere. To quote from a study of the economic value of carbon storage in protected areas in Canada: “The 39 National Parks in Canada have sequestered a total of 4.43 gigatonnes of carbon in various pools….Total economic value of stored carbon in the national parks is estimated to be $72 – 78 billion. However, this value could range between $12 to $2,216 billion depending upon society’s valuation of the carbon sequestration function of the protected areas. [xv]
A final way that protected lands have economic value is in avoided costs. Resource exploitation has many negative impacts that are often borne by society, future generations and/or natural ecosystems. Cleaning up the waste from abandoned mines, repairing streams trampled by livestock, recovering salmon harmed by sediment from logging roads, are all well documented costs that have over the years been transferred to taxpayers and future generations as a consequence of the commercial exploitation of natural landscapes. Protecting land in wilderness areas, national parks, and other protected landscapes, avoids these potential costs.
The value of protected areas for economic prosperity in today’s world is clearly well documented. In most cases protecting land, rather than exploiting it, is by far the wisest economic and economic development prescription. In that sense, the economic arguments used against protecting wildlands are factually and conceptually flat out wrong.
As pointed out above, the ongoing residential development in many of America’s rural areas is importantly supported by the open space, scenic beauty, wildlife, recreation opportunities, and overall environmental quality that existing wildlands provide. But that ongoing residential development also is one of the most powerful forces threatening wildlife habitat, air and water quality, and open space. So those working to protect wild natural landscapes do not want appear to support mindless commercial “boosterists,” promoting unlimited growth as they rebut the arguments that protecting wildlands undermines local economies.
The best way to avoid being backed into that position while making the economic case for preserving wildlands is to emphasize the fact that the biggest long-term economic problem most areas face is managing growth, not coping with long-term economic decline. Going forward we will have lots of economic opportunities: We are not beggars; we can afford to be choosers; and we have an ethical obligation to the land and future generations to be good “choosers.” That was the original vision that brought the Wilderness Act into existence a half-century ago, and the one that should continue to sustain efforts to permanently protect our remnant wild landscapes.
[i] http://bangordailynews.com/2014/05/11/opinion/contributors/the-katahdin-region-must-reinvent-itself-to-once-again-thrive/ The Katahdin region must reinvent itself to once again thrive.
[ii] Bartlett, Richard. Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged. University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1985. p. 12-73.
[iii] Letter from economists to Obama November 30, 2011. http://headwaterseconomics.org/wphw/wp-content/uploads/Pres_Letter_Economics_Protected_Lands.pdf
[iv] Duffy-Deno, K. 1998. The Effect of Federal Wilderness on County Growth in the Intermountain
Western United States. Journal of Regional Science 38 (1): 109-136.
[v] Rasker, R., P.H. Gude, M. Delorey. 2013. The Effect of Protected Federal Lands on
Economic Prosperity in the Non-Metropolitan West. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy.
[vi] The Economic Value of Wilderness: Focus on Property Value Enhancement, The Wilderness Society Ecology and Economics Research Department, March 2004 Number 2 http://wilderness.org/sites/default/files/The-Economic-Benefits-of-Wilderness-With-a-Focus-on-Land-Value-Enhancement_low-res.pdf
[vii] Rudzitis, G., and H. Johansen. 1991. How important is wilderness? Results from a United States survey. Environmental Management 15(2): 227-233.
[viii] Power, Thomas M. 1996. Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies: The Search for a Value of Place. Island Press, Covelo, CA
[ix] Prosperity in the 21st Century West : The role of Public Lands. 2004 Sonoran institute Tucson Arizona
[x] Power, Thomas 2001. The Economic Impact of the Proposed Maine Woods National Park and Preserve. RESTORE the North Woods, Hallowell, Maine.
[xi] Non-labor Income: Large and Growing Importance Across the West. March 2014. Headwaters Economics, Bozeman, Montana
[xii]Rasker, R., P.H. Gude, M. Delorey. 2013. In Review. The Effect of Protected Federal Lands on
Economic Prosperity in the Non-Metropolitan West. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy.
[xiii] Sedell, J., et al. 2000. Water and the Forest Service. FS-660. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
[xiv] Duffield John. 1990. Economic Valuation of Fisheries: Nonmarket Studies in the Clark Fork Basin http://cas.umt.edu/clarkfork/Past_Proceedings/1990_proceedings/duffield/Duffield.htm . Expressed in 2014 dollars.
[xv] Kulshreshtha S. et al. 2000. Carbon Sequestration in Protected Areas of Canada: An Economic Valuation. Canadian Parks Council, Warsaw Ontario. http://www.parks-parcs.ca/english/pdf/549.pdf