Geo::Ellipsoid - Longitude and latitude calculations using an ellipsoid model.
Version 1.0.0, not yet released.
use Geo::Ellipsoid; $geo = Geo::Ellipsoid.new(ellipsoid => 'NAD27', units => 'degrees'); @origin = (37.619002, -122.374843); # SFO @dest = (33.942536, -118.408074); # LAX ($range, $bearing) = $geo.to(@origin, @dest); ($lat,$lon) = $geo.at(@origin, 2000, 45.0); ($x, $y) = $geo.displacement(@origin, $lat, $lon); @pos = $geo.location($lat, $lon, $x, $y);
Geo::Ellipsoid performs geometrical calculations on the surface of an ellipsoid. An ellipsoid is a three-dimensional object formed from the rotation of an ellipse about one of its axes. The approximate shape of the earth is an ellipsoid, so Geo::Ellipsoid can accurately calculate distance and bearing between two widely-separated locations on the earth's surface.
The shape of an ellipsoid is defined by the lengths of its semi-major and semi-minor axes. The shape may also be specifed by the flattening ratio
f = (semi-major - semi-minor) / semi-major
which, since f is a small number, is normally given as the reciprocal of the flattening
The shape of the earth has been surveyed and estimated differently at different times over the years. The two most common sets of values used to describe the size and shape of the earth in the United States are 'NAD27', dating from 1927, and 'WGS84', from 1984. United States Geological Survey topographical maps, for example, use one or the other of these values, and commonly-available Global Positioning System (GPS) units can be set to use one or the other. See ["DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS"]("DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS") below for the ellipsoid survey values that may be selected for use by Geo::Ellipsoid.
The new() constructor may be called with a hash list to set the value of the ellipsoid to be used, the value of the units to be used for angles and distances, and whether or not the output range of longitudes and bearing angles should be symmetric around zero or always greater than zero. The initial default constructor is equivalent to the following:
my $geo = Geo::Ellipsoid.new( ellipsoid => 'WGS84', units => 'radians' , distance_units => 'meter', longitude_sym => False, bearing_sym => False, );
The constructor arguments may be of any case and, with the exception of the ellipsoid value, abbreviated to their first three characters. Thus, (UNI => 'DEG', DIS => 'FEE', Lon => 1, ell => 'NAD27', bEA => 0) is valid.
Set the angle units used by the Geo::Ellipsoid object. The units may also be set in the constructor of the object. The allowable values are 'degrees' or 'radians'. The default is 'radians'. The units value is not case sensitive and may be abbreviated to 3 letters. The units of angle apply to both input and output latitude, longitude, and bearing values.
Set the distance unit used by the Geo::Ellipsoid object. The unit of distance may also be set in the constructor of the object. The recognized values are 'meter', 'kilometer', 'mile', 'nm' (nautical mile), or 'foot'. The default is 'meter'. The value is not case sensitive and may be abbreviated to 3 letters.
For any other unit of distance not recogized by this method, pass a numerical argument representing the length of the distance unit in meters. For example, to use units of furlongs, call
The distance conversion factors used by this module are as follows:
Unit Units per meter -------- --------------- foot 0.3048 kilometer 1000.0 mile 1609.344 nm 1852.0
Set the ellipsoid to be used by the Geo::Ellipsoid object. See ["DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS"]("DEFINED ELLIPSOIDS") below for the allowable values. The value may also be set by the constructor. The default value is 'WGS84'.
Sets the ellipsoid parameters to the specified major semiaxis and reciprocal flattening. A zero value for the reciprocal flattening will result in a sphere for the ellipsoid, and a warning message will be issued.
$geo.set_custom_ellipsoid('sphere', 6378137, 0);
If called with no argument or a true argument, sets the range of output values for longitude to be in the range [-pi,+pi) radians. If called with a false or undefined argument, sets the output angle range to be [0,2*pi) radians.
If called with no argument or a true argument, sets the range of output values for bearing to be in the range [-pi,+pi) radians. If called with a false or undefined argument, sets the output angle range to be [0,2*pi) radians.
Sets the defaults for the new method. Call with key, value pairs similar to new.
$Geo::Ellipsoid.set_defaults( units => 'degrees', ellipsoid => 'GRS80', distance_units => 'kilometer', longitude_sym => True, bearing_sym => False, );
Keys and string values (except for the ellipsoid identifier) may be shortened to their first three letters and are case-insensitive:
$Geo::Ellipsoid.set_defaults( uni => 'deg', ell => 'GRS80', dis => 'kil', lon => False, bea => False, );
Returns a list consisting of the distance unit per angle of latitude and longitude (degrees or radians) at the specified latitude. These values may be used for fast approximations of distance calculations in the vicinity of some location.
($lat_scale, $lon_scale) = $geo.scales($lat0); $x = $lon_scale * ($lon - $lon0); $y = $lat_scale * ($lat - $lat0);
Returns the range in distance units between two specified locations given as latitude, longitude pairs.
my $dist = $geo.range($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2); my $dist = $geo.range(|@origin, |@destination);
Returns the bearing in degrees or radians from the first location to the second. Zero bearing is true north.
my $bearing = $geo.bearing($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
Returns the list (latitude,longitude) in degrees or radians that is a specified range and bearing from a given location.
my ($lat2, $lon2) = $geo.at($lat1, $lon1, $range, $bearing);
Returns (range, bearing) between two specified locations.
my ($dist, $theta) = $geo.to($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
Returns range between two specified locations.
my $dist = $geo.to-range($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
Returns the (x,y) displacement in distance units between the two specified locations.
my ($x, $y) = $geo.displacement($lat1, $lon1, $lat2, $lon2);
NOTE: The x and y displacements are only approximations and only valid between two locations that are fairly near to each other. Beyond 10 kilometers or more, the concept of X and Y on a curved surface loses its meaning.
Returns the list (latitude,longitude) of a location at a given (x,y) displacement from a given location.
#my @loc = $geo.location($lat, $lon, $x, $y); my @loc = $geo.location($x, $y);
The following ellipsoids are defined in Geo::Ellipsoid, with the semi-major axis in meters and the reciprocal flattening as shown. The default ellipsoid is WGS84.
Ellipsoid Semi-Major Axis (m.) 1/Flattening --------- ------------------- --------------- AIRY 6377563.396 299.3249646 AIRY-MODIFIED 6377340.189 299.3249646 AUSTRALIAN 6378160.0 298.25 BESSEL-1841 6377397.155 299.1528128 CLARKE-1880 6378249.145 293.465 EVEREST-1830 6377276.345 290.8017 EVEREST-MODIFIED 6377304.063 290.8017 FISHER-1960 6378166.0 298.3 FISHER-1968 6378150.0 298.3 GRS80 6378137.0 298.25722210088 HOUGH-1956 6378270.0 297.0 HAYFORD 6378388.0 297.0 IAU76 6378140.0 298.257 KRASSOVSKY-1938 6378245.0 298.3 NAD27 6378206.4 294.9786982138 NWL-9D 6378145.0 298.25 SOUTHAMERICAN-1969 6378160.0 298.25 SOVIET-1985 6378136.0 298.257 WGS72 6378135.0 298.26 WGS84 6378137.0 298.257223563
The methods should not be used on points which are too near the poles (above or below 89 degrees), and should not be used on points which are antipodal, i.e., exactly on opposite sides of the ellipsoid. The methods will not return valid results in these cases.
The conversion algorithms used here are Perl translations of Fortran routines written by LCDR L. Pfeifer NGS Rockville MD that implement T. Vincenty's Modified Rainsford's method with Helmert's elliptical terms as published in "Direct and Inverse Solutions of Ellipsoid on the Ellipsoid with Application of Nested Equations", T. Vincenty, Survey Review, April 1975.
The Fortran source code files inverse.for and forward.for may be obtained from
<Jim@Gibson.org> Tom Browder,
See LIMITATIONS, above.
Please enter any bugs or feature requests to the issues through the web interface at https://github.com/tbrowder/Geo-Ellipsoid-Perl6.
COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2005-2008 Jim Gibson, all rights reserved. Copyright (c) 2015-2017 Tom Browder, all rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.