Presentation on theme: "TEXT NO 5 In 1902 Einstein became an examiner in the Swiss patent office at Bern. In 1905, at age 26, he published the first of five major research papers."— Presentation transcript:
TEXT NO 5 In 1902 Einstein became an examiner in the Swiss patent office at Bern. In 1905, at age 26, he published the first of five major research papers. The first one provided a theory explaining Brownian movement, the zig-zag motion of microscopic particles in suspension. The second paper laid the foundation for the photon, or quantum, theory of light. In it he proposed that light is composed of separate packets of energy, called quanta or photons, that have some of the properties of particles and some of the properties of waves. A third paper contained the "special theory of relativity" which showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, if the speed of light is constant and the natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. The fourth paper was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. Here Einstein presented his famous formula, E = m(cc), known as the energy mass equivalence. In 1916, Einstein publishedhis general theory of relativity. In it he proposed that gravity is not a force, but a curve in the space-time continuum, created by the presence of mass. Einstein spoke out frequently against nationalism, the exalting of one nation above all others. He opposed war and violence and supported Zionism, the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, they denounced his ideas. He then moved to the United States. In 1939 Einstein learned that two German chemists had split the uranium atom. Einstein wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him that this scientific knowledge could lead to Germany developing an atomic bomb. He suggested the United States begin its own atomic bomb research.
Question 1 Einstein's primary work was in the area of (A) chemistry. (B) biology. (C) physics. (D) engineering. (C) The passage focuses primarily on Einstein's work in physics and does not mention chemistry (A), biology (B), or engineering (D).
Question 2 Which of the following inventions is mentioned in the passage as a practical application of Einstein's discoveries? (A) Radio (B) Automobiles (C) Computers (D) Television (D) The passage discusses television as being a practical application of Einstein's theory of light. None of the other inventions are discussed.
Question 3 According to the passage, Einstein supported all of the following except (A) the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. (B) nationalism. (C) atomic bomb research in the United States. (D) the defeat of the Nazis. (B) The passage states that "Einstein spoke out frequently against nationalism, the exalting of one nation above all others." According to the passage, Einstein supported Zionism (A), U.S. atomic bomb research (C), and the defeat of the Nazis (D).
Question 4 In which country was Einstein born? (A) Switzerland (B) United States (C) Germany (D) Israel (C) Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany. He later lived in Switzerland (A) and the United States (B). Israel (D) was not a nation when he was born.
Question 5 What is "Brownian movement"? (A) The zig-zag motion of microscopic particles in suspension (B) The emission of electrons from solids when struck by light (C) The motion of photons in light (D) The basis of the theory of relativity (A) Brownian movement is the zig-zag motion of microscopic particles in suspension. Choices (B) and (C) relate to Einstein's later work, not to Brownian movement. Brownian movement did not form the basis of the theory of relativity (D).
Question 6 Einstein was a citizen of all of the following countries EXCEPT (A) Belgium. (B) Germany. (C) United States. (D) Switzerland. (A) Nowhere in the passage is it mentioned that Einstein ever lived in Belgium, much less became a citizen there. He was, however, a citizen of the United States (C) and Switzerland (D). He was always obviously a citizen of Germany (B), having been born there.
Question 7 It is clear from the tone of the passage that the author feels (A) Einstein's work in physics was somewhat tarnished by his conservative political views. (B) Albert Einstein was one of the most brilliant thinkers in history. (C) Einstein's work in physics, though theoretically impressive, led to few practical applications. (D) Einstein's theories have been consistently proven incorrect. (B) It is obvious from the passage that the author greatly respects Albert Einstein's work and considers him "one of the greatest thinkers in history." Nowhere does the author pass judgment on Einstein's political views (A). Choices (C) and (D) are directly opposite of the facts in the passage.
Question 8 According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, (A) all properties of matter and energy can be explained in a single mathematical formula. (B) light is composed of separate packets of energy. (C) time and motion are relative to the observer. (D) some solids emit electrons when struck by light. (C) Einstein's special theory of relativity directly states that time and motion are relative to the observer, given a constant speed of light and natural laws. The other choices are also Einstein theories, but are not related to his special theory of relativity.
Question 9 In line 18, the word "exalting" most nearly means (A) elevation. (B) criticism. (C) support. (D) elimination. (A) In this context, nationalism refers to the "elevation" of one nation over all others. This eliminates (B) and (D) as possibilities. "Support" (C) would be a good second choice, but does not have as strongly positive a connotation as "elevation."
Question 10 According to Einstein, light is composed of separate packets of energy called (A) electrons. (B) photoelectrons. (C) quanta. (D) gamma rays. (C) The passage states that Einstein's second paper "proposed that light is composed of separate packets of energy, called quanta." None of the other terms is discussed in the passage.