How do animals adapt their behavior during life in order to assure survival and reproduction? This is a question of great interest for behavioral biologists worldwide. An essential step is to examine hormonal mechanisms which have a fundamental impact on the animal's behavior and thus make adaptations to various social situations possible.
It has been known for some time now - especially as a result of research in guinea pigs - that the social environment during adolescence, i.e. the period from late childhood through puberty into adulthood, has a considerable impact on how individuals behave in later life. Male guinea pigs, for example, which grew up only with a female during this period, are particularly aggressive towards unfamiliar males. Behavioral biologists at Münster University have now been able to demonstrate for the first time that males are still able to adapt their hormone systems to changes in their social environment in adulthood. The study has been published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The male guinea pigs used in the study grew up in different social housing conditions - either in large mixed-sex colonies with many other guinea pigs, or in pairs with a female. When the guinea pigs reached adulthood, the researchers transferred the males individually to pair housing with an unfamiliar female. This way in males stemming from colony housing a change of the social niche was induced. In contrast, in males which were previously housed in pairs the female partner was changed, but the social niche - i.e. pair living - remained the same. In order to assess immediate reactions of males to their new social environment, the researchers observed the behavior of males and determined concentrations of the hormones testosterone and cortisol.
We were able to demonstrate that one month after transfer to pair housing with an unfamiliar female, males which had previously been housed in colonies displayed a decrease in their testosterone levels and an increase in their cortisol responsiveness. Consequently, their hormone systems became similar to those of males in pair housing. This way, the animals were most likely also able to adapt their behavior to the new situation. As in the case of males which had previously been housed in pairs, the female partner but not the social niche was altered, the hormone systems did not change: the low testosterone levels and the high cortisol responsiveness persisted."
Alexandra Mutwill, first author of the study and Ph.D. student being supervised by Prof. Dr Norbert Sachser at the Institute for Neuro- and Behavioural Biology at the University of Münster
When guinea pigs live in colonies with a large number of conspecifics, it is advantageous to have a hormonal status which favors a less aggressive behavioral tactic. However, after transfer to pair housing another hormonal status is beneficial which enables the male to adopt a more aggressive tactic in order to defend the female partner against unfamiliar males. In males from colony housing, the change in hormone systems built the basis for such a change in the behavioral tactic and probably reflects an evolutionary adaptation.
Mutwill, A.M., et al. (2020) Adaptive reshaping of the hormonal phenotype after social niche transition in adulthood. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0667.