Effect of Plasmodium, Hookworm and Schisosoma mansoni Infections on Hemoglobin Level
390Views & Citations
Plasmodium-helminths co-infection has detrimental effects on hemoglobin level. This study aimed to determine the effects of Plasmodium, hookworm and S. mansoni infections on hemoglobin level. A cross-sectional study was conducted among febrile children. Plasmodium, helminths infections and hemoglobin level were checked. From 333 children, 42.9%, 14.75% and 6.6% had Plasmodium, hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni infections, respectively. The prevalence of Plasmodium-hookworm and Plasmodium-Schicstosoma mansoni co-infection among children were 12.6% and 2.8%, respectively. Effect of Plasmodium, hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni on hemoglobin level was high. Therefore, children should be screened for Plasmodium helminths and anemia simultaneously in endemic areas.
Keywords: Plasmodium, Hookworm, Schistosomia mansoni, Hemoglobin
Plasmodium, hookworm and S. mansoni infections cause a devastating effect among children especially in the developing world . Approximately, there were an estimated 216 million cases and 445,000 deaths of malaria worldwide . Of these mortalities, 90% occur in African children especially in Sub Saharan Africa . More than 1 billion people become infected, and 450 million are ill due to helminths parasite infections .
In areas 2000 m below sea level, Plasmodium, hookworm and S. mansoni infections are co-endemic  and infections with P. falciparum , hookworm and S. mansoni parasites  cause severe anemia (hemoglobin level <11 g/dl) especially in children  since they affect the red blood cells.
The cumulative effects of P. faciparum, hookworm and S. mansoni infection causes severe anemia especially in children. Children having anemia as well as other parasitic infections are also a number of times more likely to be stunted and underweight . Therefore, this study aimed to determine the synergetic effects of P. falciparum, hookworm and S. mansoni infections on hemoglobin level among children.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A cross sectional study was conducted from April 2016 to August 2016 among febrile school-age children in Jawe Woreda, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia. The altitude of the Woreda is between 648 and 1300 m. A total of 333 febrile (>37ºc) children from 6-14 years and willing to participate were randomly selected in Jawe Health Center and Workmeda Health Center. Children under taking antimalaria or/and anthelminthic drugs were excluded.
Socio-demographic information and environmental related factors were collected via face-to-face interview of the parents/guardian of the children. Fresh stool sample was collected using clean plastic cup from each child and processed using direct microscopy and formol ether concentration techniques to detect hookworm and S. mansoni parasites. Blood sample was also collected by finger prick from each study participant to detect malaria and to determine the hemoglobin level. The blood sides were stained by Giemsa stain solution whereas hemoglobin level was determined by Hemocue Hb 201 analyzer. Hemoglobin level below 11 g/dL for children is considered as anemia .
From the total 333 children, Plasmodium, hookworm and S. mansoni prevalence accounted 143 (42.9 %), 49 (14.7 %) and 22 (6.6 %), respectively. The prevalence of P. falciparum infection accounted 137 (95.8 %). The prevalence of P. falciparum-hookworm and P. falciparum-S. mansoni co-infection among febrile children were 18 (12.6 %) and 4 (2.8 %), respectively. Triple infection with P. falciparum-hookworm-S. mansoni among children was 4.2 %.
The overall prevalence of anemia was 136 (40.8%) with 10.9 g/dL mean hemoglobin level. The prevalence of anemia among non-infected and co-infected children was 107 (35.8 %) and 29 (85.3 %), respectively. The mean hemoglobin level among non-infected, P. falciparum, hookworm and S. mansoni infected children was 10.79 g/dL, 9.84 g/dL and 11.33 g/dL, respectively. The mean hemoglobin level of P. falciparum-S. mansoni, P. falciparum-hookworm and S. mansoni-hookworm co-infected children was 9 g/dL, 9.20 g/dL and 9.67 g/dL, respectively. The mean level of hemoglobin among triple infected children (P. falciparum-hookworm-S. mansoni) was 8.67 g/dL.
The prevalence of Plasmodium infection 42.9 % was high and P. falciparum was the predominant species in this study. This finding is lower than a study done in Southern Ethiopia (82.84%)  and Zambia (50.6 %) , but higher than a study done in Malawi (31 %) . This difference might be due to difference in data collection time, altitude and geography. In the present study, high hookworm 14.7 % prevalence is consistent with previous report 37.8 % in Southern Ethiopia , but lower than earlier reports 26.8 % in Southern Ethiopia  and 42.4 % in Zambia . The difference might be due to the variation in shoes wearing habit and soil types. The prevalence of S. mansoni 6.6 % in the present study is low than previous result 11.7% in Southwest Ethiopia  and 49 % in Northwest Ethiopia . This variation might be due to the difference in diagnoses methods of S. mansoni.
Prevalence of Plasmodium-hookworm (12.6 %) and Plasmodium-S. mansoni (2.8 %) co-infections in the present study are comparable with a previous prevalence report (11.8 %) and (2.7%) in Zambia, respectively . However, triple infection 4.2 % prevalence in the current study is higher than previous report 2.7 % prevalence in Zambia . The prevalence of Plasmodium-S. mansoni 2.8 % in the present study is comparable with earlier report 1.5 % in Kinshasa , but lower than previous findings 38.5 % in Southwest Ethiopia  and 19.5% in Northwest Ethiopia . The current low prevalence might be due to method deference.
The prevalence of anemia 41.4 % among children in the presence study was comparable with previous report 41.6% in Kinshasa  but higher than a finding 23.66 % in Southeast Ethiopia . This finding is also lower than earlier report 20.6 % in Southern Ethiopia , 46.0% in Yemen  and (59.3%) in Egypt . Hemoglobin level among P. falciparum-helminths co-infected children in the current study was lower than the non-infected children which is consistent with earlier finding in Ethiopia .
Co-infection of P. falciparum with hookworm and S. mansoni, and their triple infection decreases the hemoglobin level among children. Therefore, Plasmodium and helminths diagnosis and hemoglobin determination should be conducted among febrile children in malaria-helminths endemic areas.
Rutagwera DG, Tylleskar T (2012) Co-infection with malaria, hookworm and schistosomiasis among school children in Zambezi: A school-based rapid survey. Med J Zambia 39(4): 18-23.
World Health Organization (2017) World malaria report. Available online at: https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/en/
- Chipeta J, Mharakurwa S, Thuma P, Kumar N (2009) A synopsis of current malaria diagnosis trends. Med J Zambia 36(2): 95-101.
- World Health Organization (2014) Soil transmitted helminths. WHO: Fact sheet 366? Available online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections
- Brooker S, Clements A, Hotez PJ, Hay SI, Tatem AJ, et al. (2006) The distribution of Plasmodium falciparum and hookworm among African school children. Malar J 5: 99.
- Butthep P, Wanram S, Pattanapanyasat K, Vattanaviboon P, Fucharoen S, et al. (2006) Cytoadherence between endothelial cells and falciparum infected and noninfected normal and thalassemic red blood cells. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 65B: 432-442.
- Obiamuiwe, BA, Nmorsi P (1990) Human gastro-intestinal parasites in Bendel State, Nigeria. Nigerian J Parasitol 32: 177-183.
- Crawley J (2004) Reducing the burden of anemia in infants and young children in malaria-endemic countries of Africa: from evidence to action. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71(2): 25-34.
- Hughes RJ, Sharp DS, Hughes MC, Akau'ola S, Heinsbroek P, et al. (2004) Environmental influences on helminthiasis and nutritional status among Pacific schoolchildren. Int J Environ Health Res 14: 163-177.
- Tefera G (2014) Prevalence of Malaria and Associated Factors among Patients Attending at Hallaba Health Center, Southern Ethiopia. Immunol Inf Dis 2(3): 25-29.
- Walldorf JA, Cohee LM, Coalson JE, Bauleni A, Nkanaunena K, et al. (2015) School-age children are a reservoir of malaria infection in Malawi. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0134061.
- Degarege A, Animut A, Legesse M, Erko B (2010) Malaria and helminth co-infections in outpatients of Alaba Kulito Health Center, southern Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Res Not 3: 143.
- Erosie L, Merid Y, Ashiko A, Balihu A, Teklemariam S, et al. (2002) Prevalence of hookworm infection and hemoglobin status among rural elementary school children in Southern Ethiopia.Ethiop J Health Dev 16(1): 113-115.
- Degareg A, Legesse M, Medhin G, Animut A, Erko B (2012) Malaria and related outcomes in patients with intestinal helminths: A cross-sectional study.BMC Inf Dis 12: 291.
- Gashaw F, Aemero M, Legesse M, Petros B, Teklehaimanot T, et al. (2015) Prevalence of intestinal helminth infection among school children in Maksegnit and Enfranz Towns, northwestern Ethiopia, with emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni Parasites Vectors 8: 567.
- Matangila R Jr, Doua JY, Linsuke S, Madinga J, Lutumba P, et al. (2014) Malaria, schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminth burden and their correlation with anemia in children attending primary schools in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE 9(11): e110789.
- Getie S, Wondimeneh Y, Getnet G, Workineh M, Worku L, et al. (2015) Prevalence and clinical correlates of Schistosoma mansoni co-infection among malaria infected patients, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 8:
- Gutema B, Adissu W, Asress Y, Gedefaw L (2014) Anemia and associated factors among school-age children in Filtu Town, Somali region, Southeast Ethiopia. BMC Hematol 14: 13.
Padmavathi P, Dubey RK, Jayan A, Neupane Y, Gautam N, et al. (2014) Assessment of anemia in school aged children attending tertiary care hospital. Int J Health Sci Res 4: 6.
Salama AR, Labib MR (2016) Anemia prevalence among informal primary school Prevalence of anemia among informal primary school children: a community-based study in rural Upper Egypt. Epi Bio Public Health 13: 1.
- Journal of Cancer Science and Treatment (ISSN:2641-7472)
- Journal of Ageing and Restorative Medicine (ISSN:2637-7403)
- International Journal of Diabetes (ISSN: 2644-3031)
- Journal of Neurosurgery Imaging and Techniques (ISSN:2473-1943)
- Journal of Nursing and Occupational Health
- Journal of Pathology and Toxicology Research
- Journal of Rheumatology Research (ISSN:2641-6999)