For the past century, scientists have associated certain microbes or microbial populations with the development of cancer. A recent study by researchers at Ghent University in Belgium expands on this research by demonstrating a previously undiscovered mechanism by which gastrointestinal microbes can drive cancer processes. The study, Crosstalk between the microbiome and cancer cells by quorum sensing peptides shows how quorum sensing peptides synthesized by common gut bacteria can directly influence cancer cell growth and tumor formation.
Before proceeding, if you want to brush up on the concept of quorum sensing itself, watch this fascinating lecture by Princeton microbiologist Bonnie Bassler. If not, remember that quorum sensing peptides are produced by bacteria for purposes of communication with other microbes in their environment. Or that is their primary function. The above study shows that, at least in the laboratory, these peptides can additionally alter the expression of human genes.
The Belgium team, led by Evelien Wynendaele, used a number of laboratory-based technique to study quorum sensing peptides created by common species of gram negative gut bacteria. In what I believe is one of the first discoveries of its kind, they found that, under laboratory conditions, three of these peptides directly elevated or lowered the expression of human genes in a manner that promotes colon cancer. Indeed, the team found that quorum sensing peptides Phr0662, Extracellular Growth Factor (EDF), and EntF can significantly induce tumor cell invasion. Phr0662 and EDR can further alter human gene expression in a fashion that leads to angiogenesis, cellular invasiveness, tumor growth, and neurovascularization. See the paragraphs at the end of this article for more details on how the team derived their results.
The findings are particularly relevant because there is already an established connection between components of the gut microbiome and the development of colon cancer. A team of researchers from University of Michigan and Baylor College of medicine recently showed that in mice, components of the gut microbiome can act in concert with a carcinogen to drive colon tumor formation. Now Wynendaele and team’s work may provide insight into at least some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these findings. The Belgian research also opens a door for new therapeutic approaches. Can we find a way to block the production of Phr0662, EDF, EntF or similar peptides? Attempting to do so certainly seems like a fruitful avenue for translational medicine.
The study also raises a second major implication. In 2009, in a book chapter written for the J. Craig Venter Institute, I stated the following: “While certain components of the microbiota clearly aid humans…strictly classifying microbes as either commensal or pathogenic may suggest too categorical a distinction. Emerging research suggests that bacteria are no more “good” or “bad” than their human counterparts.”
The results of Wynendaele’s study support this statement. If the quorum sensing peptides described in this study promote cancer, then one might assume that they are synthesized by well defined pathogens. However, the microbes that produce Phr0662, EDF, and EntF are actually common gut bacteria that are generally regarded as commensal (harmless). Indeed, the Belgian team points out that the species producing these peptides are often found in commonly used probiotics.
Peptide Phr0662 is synthesized by species of Bacillus. These species are often included in probiotic supplements, including some used to treat acute gastroenteritis. EDF and EntF are synthesized by E. coli and E. faecium respectively. While both species are known to cause disease under certain conditions, strains of these same microbes are also prolific in the healthy human gut. The two species are frequently described as commensals, and are commonly used in probiotic therapies. For example, along with Streptococcus spp. and B. subtilis, E. coli has been shown to reduce abdominal pain in some patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.
Are people consuming these microbes as probiotics at a higher risk for developing colon cancer? Much more research is certainly needed, but we are certainly not screening probiotic strains for their ability to produce disease-promoting quorum sensing peptides. Yet the possibility that some “commensal” strains might create such peptides does not mean we should eschew probiotics. Instead, we should choose probiotic strains with great care. As Wynendaele and team contend, “more safety aspects should be taken into account when using and developing probiotics. In particular, taxonomic identification of the probiotic strain is necessary to avoid pathogenicity, as well as inhibiting the risk of infection and antimicrobial resistance.”
As I stated in 2009, we must exercise caution before deciding that any microbe capable of persisting in the human body is categorically “good.” The genomes of bacteria are large enough that their byproducts can impact many different host metabolic and signaling processes. Some of their gene products and metabolites may benefit their human hosts while, as seen above, others might alter human gene expression in a manner that promotes disease. The same microbe might at once be helpful and harmful to its host.
However, the beneficial or pathogenic capabilities of a microbe may vary depending on its life cycle and host environment. For example, E. coli was found to produce EDF during logarithmic growth states induced by situations of stress. To better account for these variables, we must continue to study how bacterial species alter their gene expression under different in vivo conditions. Certain bacteria are pleimorphic, or able alter their shape or size in response to environmental conditions. More recognition of research already conducted on this phenomenon would be a good place to start.
In the meantime, the common assumption that taking probiotics “can do no harm” must be changed. We cannot be certain that some microbes are solely beneficial. Instead, both the medical and research communities should embrace a new paradigm in which all bacteria are respected as multifaceted entities.
More on how Wynendaele and team derived their results
As part of a preliminary study, Wynendaele and team showed that three quorum sensing peptides or metabolites thereof (Phr0662, EDF-analog, and an EntF metabolite), significantly induce tumor cell invasion through a collagen type 1 extracellular matrix. The findings are significant because this epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT)-like process initiated by the peptides is “one of the main mechanisms involved in colorectal cancer metastasis, establishing metastatic disseminations with potential life-threatening consequences.”
The research team further corroborated the ability of these same peptides to contribute to colon cancer development by performing whole transcriptome analysis of both placebo and peptide-treated tumor cells. A number of human genes found to be either up or down-regulated by the quorum sensing peptides were associated with cellular invasion and proliferation. For example, microRNA222 is highly expressed in endothelial cells, and possesses a number of key anti-angiogenic properties through its targets. The team’s transcription analysis found that expression of microRNA222 is significantly down-regulated 24 hours after addition of peptides Phr0662 and EDF-analog, thus increasing angiogenesis in affected cells.
Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane assay results further confirmed the ability of Phr0662 to promote angiogensis. Wynendaele and team show that addition of the Phr0662 to chick egg tumor cells promoted neurovascularization, thereby facilitating tumor metastasis. When chick tumor cells were not present, addition of Phr0662 alone did not promote neurovascularization. This confirmed that crosstalk between the peptide and the cancer cells was necessary for neurovascularization to take place.
Cytokine screening performed after Phr0662 treatment of cancer cells provided even more evidence of its ability to promote angiogenesis. Increased expression of a number of human inflammatory cytokines (VEGF, Il-6, and SDF-1alpha for example) are activated by Phr0662. Upregulation of these cytokines can lead to rapid vascularization of tumor cells and additionally increase their angiogenic potential.
Take home messages
- By creating quorum sensing peptides, certain bacteria can directly up or down-regulate human genes in a manner that promotes colon cancer development.
- Common probiotic strains are not screened for their ability to produce cancer-promoting quorum sensing peptides.
- A single microbe might be able to both benefit and harm its host at the same time. Changes in in vivo conditions may alter the manner in which a microbe impacts its host.
- Rather than categorically classifying certain microbes as “good”, we should embrace a more nuanced view of their possible actions in vivo.