sometimes chains can bond to each other with two sulfur (S) atoms
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet; interactions between backbone atoms
is the 3D conformation which occurs as a result of the protein folding
determines the overall shape&binding sites
plays a central role in the formation of alpha helices and beta sheets. the only cyclic amino acid. It is nonpolar and shares many properties with the aliphatic group. one of the ambivalent amino acids, meaning that it can be inside or outside of a protein molecule.
Aliphatic R groups
are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile. ionization state that predominates at pH 7
amino acids are relatively nonpolar. Tyr, Trp, and Phe
Basic amino acids
are polar and positively charged at pH values below their pKa's, and are very hydrophilic. His, Lys, Arg
Hydroxyl amino acids
are polar, uncharged at physiological pH, and hydrophilic. The phenolic hydroxyl ionizes with a pKa of 10 to yield the phenolate anion. Ser, Thr, Tyr
sulfur-containing amino acids
are generally considered to be nonpolar and hydrophobic. Cys and Met
is one of the most hydrophobic amino acids and is almost always found on the interior of proteins.
on the other hand does ionize to yield the thiolate anion. can react with other thiol groups in an oxidation reaction that yields a disulfide bond.residues are most frequently buried inside proteins.
At physiological pH, exists as a zwitterion. Electrophoretic separation from a protein sample would be least effective at pH 7.4.
isoelectric point for a polypeptide
is the pH at which the molecule does not have a net charge.
depends on the existence of a negative net charge.
Hydrophobic amino acids
prefer to minimize their interactions with water molecules.
Polar, acidic, and basic R groups
all share partial or full charges, which interact favorably with polar water molecules.
Electron transport chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation
mitochondrial inner; yes, direct
convert glucose (6 carbons) to 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons);occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions;inhibited by ATP; 2 net ATP made for every glucose (2 input ATP, 4 output ATP);2 NADH made for every glucose.
acetyl CoA feeds into the cycle;1 ATP (GTP) ,1 FADH2,3 NADH made per acetyl CoA;Inhibited by ATP and NADH
Electron transport chain
don't need oxygen
Steps of aerobic metabolism
glycolysis,oxidative decarboxylation,krebs cycle,electron transport chain
Steps of anaerobic metabolism
glycolysis & alcohol or lactic acid fermentation
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