Today in history
In 1796, English physician Edward Jenner inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps against smallpox by using cowpox matter.
In 1804, the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest left camp near present-day Hartford, Illinois.
In 1948, the independent state of Israel was proclaimed in Tel Aviv.
In 1961, Freedom Riders were attacked by violent mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama.