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William Henry Kruskal (October 10, 1919 – April 21, 2005) was an American mathematician and statistician. He is best known for having formulated the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance (together with W. Allen Wallis), a widely-used nonparametric statistical method.
Kruskal was born in New York City to a successful fur wholesaler. His mother, Lillian Rose Vorhaus Kruskal Oppenheimer, became a noted promoter of Origami during the early era of television. He was the oldest of five children, three of whom, including himself, became researchers in mathematics and physics; see Joseph Kruskal and Martin Kruskal. Kruskal left Antioch College to attend Harvard University, receiving Bachelor's and Master's degrees in mathematics in 1940 and 1941. He pursued a Ph. D. in Mathematical Sciences at Columbia University, graduating in 1955.
During the Second World War, Kruskal served at the U.S. Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia. After brief stints working for his father and lecturing at Columbia, he joined the University of Chicago faculty as an instructor in statistics in 1950. He edited the [Annals of Mathematical Statistics from 1958 to 1961, served as president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1971, and of the American Statistical Association in 1982. Kruskal retired as Professor Emeritus in 1990.
- (with W. A. Wallis) "Use of ranks in one-criterion analysis of variance." Journal of the American Statistical Association 47 (1952): 583–621.
- (with L. Goodman) "Measures of association for cross classifications." Journal of the American Statistical Association 49 (1954): 732–764.
- (with L. Goodman) "Measures of Association for Cross Classifications. II: Further Discussion and References." Journal of the American Statistical Association 54 (1959): 123–163.
- (with L. Goodman) "Measures of association for cross classification III: Approximate Sampling Theory." Journal of the American Statistical Association 58 (1963): 310–364.
- "The coordinate-free approach to Gauss-Markov estimation, and its application to missing and extra observations." Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability 1 (1961): 435–451.
- "When are Gauss-Markov and least squares estimators identical? A coordinate-free approach." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 39 (1968): 70–75.
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There is a complete bibliography
- Zabell, Sandy. "A conversation with William Kruskal." Statistical Science 9 (1994): 285–303.
- The University of Chicago News Office, "William Kruskal, Statistician, 1919–2005", press release, April 27, 2005.
- Kruskal was awarded the Samuel S. Wilks Award in 1978
- William Kruskal at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
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