Playing or fighting?
This display of aggression may be over a mate or land. But they definitely are not playing. This fight will continue until one is badly injured and flees, or the fight may continue to the death.
Different types of behavior evolved in animals because the behaviors helped them survive or reproduce. In many species, animals live together in a close-knit group with other members of their species. Such a group is referred to as a society . Animals that live in a society are known as social animals . They live and work together for the good of the group. This is called cooperation . Generally, each member of the group has a specific role that it plays in the society. Cooperation allows the group to do many things that a lone animal could never do. Look at the ants in Figure below . By working together, they are able to carry a large insect back to the nest to feed other members of their society.
Cooperation in a Social Insect. These ants are cooperating in a task that a single ant would be too small to do alone.
For individuals to cooperate, they need to communicate . Animals can communicate with sounds, chemicals, or visual cues. For example, to communicate with sounds, birds sing and frogs croak. Both may be communicating that they are good mates. Ants communicate with chemicals called pheromones . For example, they use the chemicals to mark trails to food sources so other ants can find them. Male dogs use pheromones in urine to mark their territory. They are “telling” other dogs to stay out of their yard. You can see several examples of visual communication in Figure below .
Visual Communication in Animals. Many animals use visual cues to communicate.
Aggression is behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain. It may involve physical violence against other individuals. For example, two male gorillas may fight and use their canine teeth to inflict deep wounds. Expressing aggression this way may lead to serious injury and even death.
In many species display behaviors, rather than actual physical attacks, are used to show aggression. This helps prevent injury and death. Male gorillas, for example, are more likely to put on a display of aggression than to attack another male. In fact, gorillas have a whole series of display behaviors that they use to show aggression. They beat on their chest, dash back and forth, and pound the ground with their hands.
Aggressive behavior often occurs when individuals compete for the same resources. Animals may compete for territory, water, food, or mates. There are two basic types of competition: intraspecific and interspecific.
- Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. For example, two male deer may compete for mates by clashing their antlers together.
- Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species. For example, one species of ant may attack and take over the colony of another ant species.
- Types of animal behavior include social behaviors such as cooperation and communication.
- Competition may lead to aggressive behaviors or displays of aggression.
Use these resources to answer the questions that follow.
- http://www.hippocampus.org/Biology Biology for AP* Search: Social Behavior: Overview
- What is social behavior?
- Give an example of social behavior.
- http://www.hippocampus.org/Biology Biology for AP* Search: Animal Communication
- Distinguish between a sender and a receiver.
- What are the four main mechanisms of animal communication?
- Distinguish between how land and sea animals communicate. Provide explanations.
- What is meant by display and badge?
- Why may auditory communication be used? Provide three examples.
- Why may tactile communication be used? Provide three examples.
- Describe the Bee Dance.
- What is a pheromone? Give an example of pheromone use.
1. Explain why communication is necessary for social living.
2. Create a bulletin board or brief video to demonstrate the role of facial expressions in human communication.