Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing (COBS)
|Copyright:||2010 Craig McQueen|
Python functions for encoding and decoding COBS.
The cobs package is provided, which contains modules containing functions for encoding and decoding according to COBS methods.
What Is COBS?
COBS is a method of encoding a packet of bytes into a form that contains no bytes with value zero (0x00). The input packet of bytes can contain bytes in the full range of 0x00 to 0xFF. The COBS encoded packet is guaranteed to generate packets with bytes only in the range 0x01 to 0xFF. Thus, in a communication protocol, packet boundaries can be reliably delimited with 0x00 bytes.
The COBS encoding does have to increase the packet size to achieve this encoding. However, compared to other byte-stuffing methods, the packet size increase is reasonable and predictable. COBS always adds 1 byte to the message length. Additionally, for longer packets of length n, it may add n/254 (rounded down) additional bytes to the encoded packet size.
For example, compare to the PPP protocol, which uses 0x7E bytes to delimit PPP packets. The PPP protocol uses an "escape" style of byte stuffing, replacing all occurences of 0x7E bytes in the packet with 0x7D 0x5E. But that byte-stuffing method can potentially double the size of the packet in the worst case. COBS uses a different method for byte-stuffing, which has a much more reasonable worst-case overhead.
I have included a variant on COBS, COBS/R, which slightly modifies COBS to often avoid the +1 byte overhead of COBS. So in many cases, especially for smaller packets, the size of a COBS/R encoded packet is the same size as the original packet. See below for more details about COBS/R.
|||(1, 2, 3, 4) |
Stuart Cheshire and Mary Baker
IEEE/ACM Transations on Networking, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 1999
|||(1, 2) |
PPP Working Group Internet Draft
James Carlson, IronBridge Networks
Stuart Cheshire and Mary Baker, Stanford University
|Module||Short Name||Long Name|
|cobs.cobs||COBS||Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing (basic method) |
|cobs.cobsr||COBS/R||Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing--Reduced|
The following are not implemented:
|Short Name||Long Name|
|COBS/ZPE||Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing--Zero Pair Elimination |
|COBS/ZRE||Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing--Zero Run Elimination |
A pure Python implementation and a C extension implementation are provided. If the C extension is not available for some reason, the pure Python version will be used.
The modules provide an encode and a decode function.
In Python 2.x, the input should be a byte string. Basic usage (example in Python 2.x):
>>> from cobs import cobs >>> encoded = cobs.encode('Hello world\x00This is a test') >>> encoded '\x0cHello world\x0fThis is a test' >>> cobs.decode(encoded) 'Hello world\x00This is a test'
COBS/R usage is almost identical:
>>> from cobs import cobsr >>> encoded = cobsr.encode('Hello world\x00This is a test') >>> encoded '\x0cHello worldtThis is a tes' >>> cobsr.decode(encoded) 'Hello world\x00This is a test'
For Python 3.x, input cannot be Unicode strings. Byte strings are acceptable input. Any type that implements the buffer protocol, providing a single block of bytes, is also acceptable as input:
>>> from cobs import cobs >>> encoded = cobs.encode(bytearray(b'Hello world\x00This is a test')) >>> encoded b'\x0cHello world\x0fThis is a test' >>> cobs.decode(encoded) b'Hello world\x00This is a test'
Supported Python Versions
Python >= 2.4 and 3.x are supported, and have both a C extension and a pure Python implementation.
Python versions < 2.4 might work, but have not been tested. Python 3.0 has also not been tested.
The cobs package is installed using distutils. If you have the tools installed to build a Python extension module, run the following command:
python setup.py install
If you cannot build the C extension, you may install just the pure Python implementation, using the following command:
python setup.py build_py install --skip-build
Basic unit testing is in the test sub-module, e.g. cobs.cobs.test. To run it on Python >=2.5:
python -m cobs.cobs.test python -m cobs.cobsr.test
Alternatively, in the test directory run:
python test_cobs.py python test_cobsr.py
Documentation is written with Sphinx. Source files are provided in the doc directory. It can be built using Sphinx 0.6.5. It uses the pngmath Sphinx extension, which requires Latex and dvipng to be installed.
The documentation is available online at: http://packages.python.org/cobs/
The code is released under the MIT license. See LICENSE.txt for details.
Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing--Reduced (COBS/R)
A modification of COBS, which I'm calling "Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing--Reduced" (COBS/R), is provided in the cobs.cobsr module. Its purpose is to save one byte from the encoded form in some cases. Plain COBS encoding always has a +1 byte encoding overhead. See the references for details . COBS/R can often avoid the +1 byte, which can be a useful savings if it is mostly small messages that are being encoded.
In plain COBS, the last length code byte in the message has some inherent redundancy: if it is greater than the number of remaining bytes, this is detected as an error.
In COBS/R, instead we opportunistically replace the final length code byte with the final data byte, whenever the value of the final data byte is greater than or equal to what the final length value would normally be. This variation can be unambiguously decoded: the decoder notices that the length code is greater than the number of remaining bytes.
The byte values in the examples are in hex.
This example is encoded the same in COBS and COBS/R. Encoded (length code bytes are bold):
The second example is almost the same, except the final data byte value is greater than what the length byte would be.
Encoded in plain COBS (length code bytes are bold):
Encoded in COBS/R:
Because the last data byte (26) is greater than the usual length code (04), the last data byte can be inserted in place of the length code, and removed from the end of the sequence. This avoids the usual +1 byte overhead of the COBS encoding.
The decoder detects this variation on the encoding simply by detecting that the length code is greater than the number of remaining bytes. That situation would be a decoding error in regular COBS, but in COBS/R it is used to save one byte in the encoded message.