History of Migration and Urbanization
- 4,50,000-2,00,000 years - Human history of migration is since the time of Homo sapiens. They developed behavior
to shift places to places in search of food and security. African origins migrated to other parts of the world for access
to living.Even during this age tools and jewelry of bones, shells were exchanged
for food or tools. Materials used for jewelry became valuable for barter system. 10000
- 8000 BC - Human beings began to grow crops in Mesopotamian and Indus valley civilization. During 7500 - 7000
BC - People developed clay pots for storing food and drinks. 6000 BC - Clothes
were prepared from Linen from plant fibers and sheepfleece. Bricks were
produced to build houses. Commercial use of land began right from 7000-6000 BC. 5,000 BC - Mesopotamian Civilization
advanced commercialization of the produce. People from areas gathered at one place for exchange of commodities. Barter system
was popular during this time. Value of ornaments was the base for commodity value. Demand and supply began the basis for value
of the commodity. During this age Mesopotamians developed science such as astronomy and mathematics. Initially selection of
place was on the occasion community celebrations where they gathered with surplus produce for exchange against needed or valuables.
During 4000 - 3500 BC - People began learning to use scientific tools as Wooden
ploughs to dig soil for cultivation. Science and technology advanced further
when solid wooden wheels were built to pull carts and learnt to use as mode of transport. Helped producers to produce more,
this helped people to carry more produces in social gatherings. During 3000 - 2500
BC full fledged animal pulled wagons were developed to carry goods and people. This era was also known as copper age,
by this time inhabitants began excavation of mines and minerals. Moderate production and easy mode of carriage encouraged
them to store and trade their produce at gathering place. Mass production invited labour force to work and get reward as share
of the produce; this was the beginning of labor economy. Mass production Initiated trade exchanges between communities, villages
that helped to establish central market place for more varieties and quantities became an important network for communities, villages and so on, exchanged Gold, silver,
bronze, brass or other valuable products against the produced goods. Because of this market place many developments took place
such as transportation, godowns, shops, motels, and entertaining centers facilitated generation of jobs. During this era Egyptians
and Greek International trade flourished for spices, pottery, silk, metals, jewelry, food and breweries and so on, through
sea and land routes advanced further for easy trade. These factors accounted to expand urbanization and migration world over.
Easy finance and capitalism stimulated industrialization,
and urbanization. Agricultural economy was now disappearing trend failed to retain labor force. Labor force found easy jobs
in cities and migrated. Since then urban economy turned into resourceful to job creation and improved living condition of
citizens. People preferred urban jobs than to rural jobs was the major factor to populate urban cities. Farmers and rural
workers declined rapidly following the urban life pattern.
Trade invasion and war - Rising demand
from other European countries helped England to throng production and supply. That made country prosperous and powerful economy.
Keeping pace with booming British industrialization was now a challenge for other European and other industrial world. Especially
Germany, Italy and France enormously invested in modernizing machineries and production units. In due course, England lagged
behind with its old system of production and machineries contemplating them to rework on improvisation to modern automation
to go parallel with other countries. Booming output created enormous pressure by competitiveness among European nations, to
sell off their products and import raw material from other courtiers. Trade invasion began by Europeans in Asia, Africa, Arab,
and America and Eastern Europe, systematically colonized them for the interest involved. However, immense pressure
to retain their control over colonies and pressure from within disturbed political systems and economy dragged them into regional
conflicts and then world war.
World war shattered economy of Industrial world. Urban unemployment
soared to its height by 15 - 20%. Urban cities were hard hit by economic depression to head layoffs and closures. Heavy industries
were the main affected international trade to raise unemployment world over. During 1930 – 1931 unemployment being main
concern Governments pumped finance eased borrowing to increase spending helped some what to recover unemployment problem.
Besides, World War II helped improve employment through heavy recruitments of soldiers and manicuring war heads and ancillaries.
Major factors for civilization to end were, trade war, urbanization
affecting natural resources and environmental disaster, modern growth neglecting basic human needs, population growth and
human degradation, rivalries and aggression, excessive regime expenditure and economic failure. Extinction of any civilization
is gradual, prolonging survival depends on strength of the country’ social pattern and resources. Strong countries prolong
until they commit mistakes to become weak. It is because of natural law “nothing is immortal”. All civilizations
when reaching to its peak, the regime’s overconfidence on modern materialistic growth and neglecting approach towards
natural resources became the root cause to their extinction.
civilization with multi cities having finest cultural and literature achievements crumbled during 2300BC due to high toxic
land unfit to agriculture. Between 1500-1000BC Indus valley civilization comprising two cities Harappa and
Mohenjo-daro with more than 100 cities and villages were highly civilized knowing scripts of more than 250 characters.
Rivalries and devastation by flood weakened this civilization; later invaded by Ancient Aryans. Ancient Mayan’s civilization was the first to introduce accurate calendar, mathematics and astronomy.
This developed society gradually ended due to rivalries, converting crop lands to inspiring temples, complexes, and homes,
diseases and viruses. The Plagues of Egypt (absolute astronomy.com) Archeology and natural
explanation - The Egyptian Ipuwer Papyrus is a single surviving papyrus holding an ancient Egyptian poem, called The Admonitions
of Ipuweror The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All.... describes a series of calamities befalling Egypt, including
a river turned to blood, men behaving as wild ibises, and the land generally turned upside down. However, this is usually
thought to describe a general and long term ecological disaster lasting for a period of decades, such as that which destroyed
the old kingdom.
Disrupted natural resources accounted falling of major civilizations.
Major factor of each civilization’s disintegration was devastating agriculture land and ecological disaster. Most civilizations
neglected the role of rivers when reached to modern growth. The situation applies to our modern world too as most of world
river water unused end up in sea. Forests are converted to agricultural land, and agricultural land to urban cities, rising
population and consumption of fuel, industrial commodities mounting up pollution for species. Anarchy formed by heavy urbanization
and urban industrialization and so on.
Learning and understanding mistakes of ancient civilizations is the
solution to global warming and spreading new diseases and viruses. Natural law needs modification in systems to suit circumstances.
Following one system for all circumstances is blunder. We must study nature and its behavior in order to implement in social
culture and economical life. Understanding nature and its laws will be the definite solution to our present world.