In a recent episode of the Nordea On Your Mind podcast, Johan Trocmé, Viktor Sonebäck and Kajsa Andersson from Nordea Thematics walked through the what, why and how of Basel IV, and what corporates should do to prepare for the changes to come.
Why do banks need to be regulated?
“Banks are mission critical for the functioning of the economy and modern society,” says Andersson. They provide the resources for people to be able to purchase homes and other big-ticket items as well as funding for companies to be able to expand their businesses and grow. What’s more, they are a vital part of the payments system and crucial for GDP.
Regulation is needed to ensure banks have enough capital in place to absorb potential losses in times of financial distress, she adds.
How are banks regulated?
Banks are regulated at the national and regional levels, and since 1973, bank regulations have been coordinated globally by the Basel Committee for the Bank of International Settlements (BIS). The BIS is jointly owned by 63 central banks from countries that account for 95% of global GDP.
The first Basel framework was introduced in 1988, followed by Basel II in 2004, which expanded the standardised rules, including making it possible for banks to use their own internal risk models to calculate their capital requirements.
In response to the global financial crisis in 2009, the Committee introduced Basel III, which added several reforms to mitigate risk in the global banking system:
- Capital ratio - Basel III increased banks’ capital ratio by 2.5% compared to Basel II. That is the ratio of a bank’s capital to its risk-weighted assets. Risk-weighted assets refer to a bank’s assets, including its interest-bearing loans to customers, adjusted for certain risks, such as the probability of a default by the borrower and the loss that would result. The higher the risk in lending, the higher the bank’s risk-weighted assets, and the more equity capital reserves a bank needs to hold. The minimum reserve capital a bank needs under the Basel framework is 10.5% of its risk-weighted assets plus the countercyclical capital buffer and leverage ratio requirement described below.
- Countercyclical capital buffer - Basel III also added a countercyclical capital buffer, which is built up in good times and released when systemic risks materialise. This buffer varies by country and can be anywhere between 0 and 2.5%, depending on what the national regulator has decided.
- Leverage ratio requirement - In addition, Basel III added a leverage ratio requirement as a backstop to the risk-based capital measures. This requires banks’ Tier 1 equity capital to be at least 3% of the bank’s total exposure, referring to its equity, debt plus off-balance sheet liabilities such as derivatives exposures. The leverage ratio applies in addition to the minimum capital percentage a bank needs to comply with at all times.
What’s new in Basel IV?
In 2017, the Basel Committee agreed on changes to the global capital requirements as part of finalising Basel III. The changes are so comprehensive that they are increasingly seen as an entirely new framework, commonly referred to as “Basel IV,” set to take effect under transition rules from 2025.*
An analysis by the Basel Committee highlighted a worrying degree of variability in banks’ calculation of their risk-weighted assets. The latest reforms aim to restore credibility in those calculations by constraining banks’ use of internal risk models.
Advanced internal risk models give banks the most freedom to estimate their credit risk, often yielding a much lower risk than the regulator’s standard model. Under Basel IV, banks can no longer use these typically more sophisticated and complicated internal risk models for large corporates with a turnover of at least 500 million EUR.
In addition, Basel IV introduces a so-called output floor, which prevents a bank’s own internal measurement of its risk exposure from yielding less than 72.5% of the standardized approach.
“At a maximum, you can reduce your risk-weighted assets by 27.5%,” explains Sonebäck. “So this is a major change that affects how much benefit you can get from these internal models. It will affect banks that are using internal models the most.”
The new reforms also modify the leverage ratio, changing the definition of a bank’s total exposure. In addition, they make changes to the credit valuation adjustment (CVA) and operational risk frameworks.
How will Basel IV affect banks?
The purpose of Basel IV is to level the playing field and harmonize how banks calculate risks, not to increase the level of capital in banks on a global level, explains Sonebäck. However, the reforms will likely have a disparate impact in different regions, due to regional differences in banks’ use of internal models for calculating risk.
Globally, the impact on banks’ required capital will be limited, he says. The impact will be larger in Europe and the Nordics, where banks tend to be heavier users of internal risk models. The European banking system, for example, will need an estimated 19% of additional Tier 1 capital in their capital buffer, while Swedish banks will need an additional 28%. That compares to an estimated 2% additional Tier 1 capital for US banks.
For the European banking system, that means having to find an additional 52 billion EUR of capital, based on current lending volumes.
How will Basel IV affect banks’ lending to corporates?
The return on capital in the banking sector has dropped by around one-third since the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. The big question is whether banks will take the latest hit from the increased cost of capital related to Basel IV or pass that along to customers, according to Trocmé.
He points to a study by Copenhagen Economics, which estimates that the expected borrowing costs for corporates in the EU will increase by around 25 basis points on the back of the additional capital needs of Basel IV. In Sweden, the increase in corporate borrowing costs is likely to be twice as high, at over 50 basis points, according to the study.
Large corporates, with revenues over 500 million EUR, that don’t have a credit rating and rely on bank loans for funding today are likely to be hardest hit.
What can corporates do to prepare?
Trocmé encourages companies in this category to review all of the potential funding options available to them, including potential new funding sources, so they are not caught off guard when the changes arrive.
Companies will need to have “maximum flexibility to be able to choose between different funding options to find what suits them best,” he says.
Having a credit rating is likely to become more important, he adds, given that unrated large corporates will be grouped at a higher risk level regardless of their actual credit risk history.
*The implementation dates for Basel IV have changed since the original publication of this article. In December 2021, the EU Commission presented its proposal for implementation of Basel IV in the EU, with transition rules set to take effect from 2025.