|Area:||272,045 sq km (105,037 sq mi), including the 8,010-sq km (3,093-sq mi) Galápagos Islands|
|Population||(2000 est.): 12,646,000 (Galápagos Islands, about 16,000)|
|Chief of state and head of government:||Presidents Jamil Mahuad Witt and, from January 22, Gustavo Noboa Bejarano|
Political upheaval and the controversial adoption of the United States dollar as Ecuador’s currency dominated events in 2000. The year began with the corruption-plagued economy in chaos following bank failures, crop losses, and a foreign-debt default. Unpopular Pres. Jamil Mahuad announced early in January that later in the year the dollar would replace the sucre (25,000 sucres = about $1), the sagging national currency. Indian, labour, and student groups assailed this “dollarization,” saying that it would benefit only the rich and bind Ecuador to U.S. monetary policy.
On January 21, Indian protesters aided by middle-ranking military officers stormed the National Congress building in Quito and proclaimed a new government, led by a junta composed of Indian leader Antonio Vargas, army Col. Lucio Gutiérrez, and former Supreme Court president Carlos Solórzano. Troops escorted Mahuad from the presidential palace, but the military high command moved immediately to block a full-scale insurrection. Gen. Carlos Mendoza, the armed forces chief of staff, replaced Gutiérrez in the junta, but within hours he announced that it would be scrapped and that Vice Pres. Gustavo Noboa would assume the presidency. The U.S. and several Latin American countries had argued strongly for the preservation of constitutional order.
After Noboa’s announcement that the currency conversion to the dollar would go forward, Ecuador reached agreement with multilateral lenders in March on a three-year $2,045,000,000 loan package, which included a promise to cut fuel-price subsidies. In August most private foreign creditors accepted Ecuador’s offer to exchange about $6,500,000,000 of defaulted debt for $3,950,000,000 in new bonds. Noboa planned a balanced budget for 2001 and promised to open the electricity and oil sectors to private investment. Rising crude oil prices brought the prospect of increased revenue from Ecuador’s chief export, and the tourist industry received a boost as activity subsided in the Tungurahua volcano.
The economy appeared to have calmed somewhat by mid-September, when the dollar became the only legal circulating currency. Indian groups demonstrated against conversion to the dollar, privatization, and an agreement allowing the U.S. to use the air base at Manta for anti-drug-trafficking operations. Authorities feared a spillover of violence from Colombia after fighting there drove hundreds of refugees into Ecuador in October.