April 15, 2008 (Tuesday) Original
June 6, 2014 (Friday) Condensed and presented to NTU Medical English class
December 2, 2014 (Tuesday) Updated
A chronicle of non-sinicization (胡化) of Han Chinese language:
Conversion of Shang language or Heluo Chinese language (商漢語/河洛漢語) into Beijing Mandarin Chinese language (胡漢語/北京漢語) over a period of 887 years (1127 -2014)
(This chronicle results from Robert S. Hsu’s original research, revised April, 2014)
夏國 the Xia State
The royal family imperialism (家天下) began in China.
1,600BC-1,046BC (或 1,562BC-1,066BC)
商國 the Shang State
Oracle bone script 甲骨文 of the late Shang was engraved on the turtle
shells (bones) which were excavated at Anyan Henan. It was referred
to as the Shang script 商漢語
1949: The turtle shells and bones bearing the script were moved over to
Taipei by President Chiang Kai-shek and are now housed in Academia
2012: <甲骨文字編> 出版 李宗焜編著 (ROC 中央研究院歷史語言研
究所副研究員) 收至今甲骨文漢字 4, 378個字, PRC 中華書局出
Thus, I define the people of Xia and Shang states as the Han Chinese (漢
人) who created the Shang script (甲骨文) as the Han Chinese language
No precursors to Oracle bone script have as yet been found prior to the
周國 the Zhou State
周滅商後, 周(狄)人將殷商貴族遷至洛陽, 向他們學漢字/漢字音
The Zhou State extinguished the Shang State.
Zhou tribes were the first non-Chinese people (胡人) who extinguished the
Han state, learned the Han Chinese language and became the Han
A multitude of the Shang aristocratic clan (貴族) and subjects fled the
North China heartland (中原) to Korea and the Han civilization had
flourished there since then for over 2 millennia before Korea started its
de-sinicization (去中國化).in 1446.
Evidence: Korean last name 車 chia, the secretary-general of the U.N.
潘基文 Ban Ki-moon, the recent South Korean song 江南style
kangnam style, 南韓現代汽車公司 Hyundai Motor Company 南韓
學者認為他們發明漢字 而且 擁有孔子
The current Korean language has 50 to 60 percent phrases borrowed
from the Han Chinese language.
1446: 韓文(朝鮮文) 正式創制出版, 稱為 <訓民正音)>, 取代 `商漢
漢國 The Han State
東漢 許慎 將個人著作<說文解字> 字典 獻給漢皇帝
1970: 神農子購得整套 <說文解字詁林>(後世訓詁學者群增訂, 12巨
冊, 台灣商務印書館出版); 發現傳統切韻的漢字注音 每個漢字都
是台語音, 感到 12萬分震驚!!!
Hsu Shen completed compiling Shuo Wen Jie zi in 100AD but waited
until 121AD before he had his son present it to the Emperor of Han
Empire. No pronunciation was provided for each of 9,353 Han
Chinese characters until the introduction of the Qieyun (切韻)
pronunciation system (河洛漢語音) in 601.
For the 1st time in China’s history, Han Chinese characters are categorized
by 540 radicals (部首).
隋國 the Sui State
<切韻> 成書, 作者有8人, 中華文明史上第一部全國統一漢字讀書音
注音字典, 原著已失傳, 增訂版仍在!
各漢字切韻注音 注 商漢語/河洛漢語/洛陽話/閩南語/台語音(過半數
漢字切韻 也可切出 胡漢語/北京漢語/國語/普通話音; 許多漢字只
<切韻> 乃直接證據, 證明漢人傳統漢語音是 今日台語讀書音!
舉例: 『角』 切韻注音 古岳切 商漢語音 ko4 gak 切成 kak4; 切不出
胡漢語音 腳 jiao3 或 決 jue2
Qieyun (or Chie-yun) Rime Dictionary was the 1st dictionary that provided
pronunciation for each Han Chinese character.
Duenhuang Caves (Mogao Caves) has an incomplete manuscript about
three fourths of the original in content.
Qieyun was revised and expanded for the 2nd time.
A nearly complete manuscript of the 706 edition was found in the
Palace Museum (北京 故宮博物院).
Qieyun was further revised as <唐韻> Tangyun, which is lost to history.
唐國 the Tang State
唐長安漢字音 乃 台語讀書音!
Japan sent envoys and students to Tang Empire Capitol City Chang An to learn
Han Chinese language including script and pronunciation.
Today, there are 4,778 commonly used Han Chinese characters in total in the
Japanese language. Each of the Han characters usually has both the Japanese
own pronunciation known as Xun Du (訓讀音) and the Phonetic
pronunciation (音讀音) learned at Chang An.
Evidence that Japanese Phonetic pronunciation of Han characters developed
from Chang An and 商漢語 (台語)音 in Taiwan are nearly identical:
美人 bi jin, 起源 ki gen, 貿易 bou eki (i是是日語尾), 武器
bu ki, 眼球 gan kyuu 軍人 gun jin 月收 ge shuu (每月收
入) 期間 ki kan 侮辱する bujokusuru 描写するbyousya
suru 舞台 bu tai
(For more examples, visit www.robertsonghsu.com)
閩國 the Min State
唐末, 王審知 (河南人) 率河南人移民福建, 建立閩國 (福建人 = 河南
移民 加 福建原住民), 故福建/神州大地被台灣人稱為唐山!
遼國 The Liao State
Founder: Yelü clan (耶律) of the Kitan
Domain: Portions of Russia Far East, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning
Province, northern Korea, northern Hebei (including Beijing as its
Southern Capitol 南京)
Southern neighboring states: Contemporaneous with 5 Dynasties (五代),
10 states (十國). (Northern) Song
Ethnicity: Kitans (khitans, Qidans) 契丹人 (說文解字: 契, 苦計 切, kou4
ki4 切成 ki4)
Non-Chinese nomadic tribes originating in eastern Inner Mongolia 內蒙.
Chinese scholars consider Kitans the posterity of Xianbei tribes (鮮卑
The Empire also ruled the Rhuzhen (jurchens) and Han Chinese
漢人, 這些胡人學漢字, 改漢字音, 也另造契丹文/女真文以取代
Used Mongolian language before they created khitan language (script)
契丹文 from Han Chinese Characters and used it officially for
契丹 Kitan, Khitan (商漢語/河洛漢語/洛陽話/閩南語/台語), Qidan
Had 5 capitols in different administrative regions: Including Beijing
(時稱 南京 the capitol of Southern Region), the 1st time Beijing became
a capitol city of a state.
Started developing Mandarin Chinese language pronunciation from <切
韻> (神農子 original research)
Had dual prime ministers: Kitan prime minister and Han Chinese prime
minister, respectively heading Kitan and Tang administrative system.
1125: The Rhuzhen overthrew Liao State in 1125AD.
宋國 The Song State
The Song Empire was founded by Zhao Family.. .
宋官版<廣韻> 成書, 使用<切韻>漢字音(台語音)
The Song officially published Guang Yun with a total of 26,192 Han
宋官版<集韻> 成書, 使用<切韻>漢字音(台語音)
The Song officially published Ji Yun with a total of 53525 entries and
32,381 Han characters.
Song Empire concluded treaties in 1005 and 1042 with the Liao under
which the Song empire accepted inferior states and paid annual tribute
to the Liao.
金國 The Jin State
Founder: Wanyan clan (完顏).of the Rhuzhen .
Domain: Liao domain plus North China heartland ceded by the Song
Empire (North China heartland consists of Xaanxi, Jiangxi, Henan,
The Jin Empire ruled Mongols in Mongolia as a vassal.
Southern neighboring state: (Southern) Song
Ethnicity: Rhuzhen (Jurchens) 女真人 (說文解字: 女, 尼呂 切, li4 lu3 切
Non-Chinese nomadic tribes inhabiting Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang.
Distant descendants of Turks and Mongols.
Had 5 capitols: Beijing, Kaifong, etc.
The Jin government had 3 separate structures, each following Jurchen
customs, Liao’s institution, the Song institution, respectively.
Created Rhuzhen language from Han Chinese characters and used it
Ruled North China heartland for 107 years and continued replacing Han
Chinese language (洛陽話) with Beijing’s Mandarin Chinese
女真 Rhuzhen (河洛漢語/洛陽話/閩南語/台語), Nüchen (北京漢語/
The Jin seized and conquered Song’s Kaifeng (開封, 時稱汴京); the Jin
took over major portion of North China heartland; Song moved capitol
to Hangzhou (杭州)
From then on the Jin ruled North China heartland for 107 years (1127-
1234) before the empire was overthrown by the Mongols in 1234.
The Jin replaced Han Chinese language with Bejing Mandarin language,
a process known as non-sinicization (胡化) of Han Chinese Language
宋皇室 激辯 王道政治 (當代留美史學家 余英時(PhD/Professor) 著書
The Song adopted the doctrine of benevolent rule (孟子仁政) as
propounded by Mencius (372BC – 289BC)
The resistance to Jin attacks was hamstrung (crippled by cutting the tendon
hamstrings) by controversy over whether to fight or to appease the
The chief councilor/negotiator Qin Gui arranged the murder of Yue Fei (岳
宋國向金國 稱臣納貢 再割中原之地予金
The (Southern) Song by treaty ceded North China down to the Huai River
and agreed to be a vassal of and paid annual tribute to the Jin.
North China for the 1st time came under non-Chinese rule (4 millions of
Khitans or Qidans, 6 millions of Rhuzhen or Jurchens, and 35 millions
Jin moved capitol from Haerbin to Beijing till 1214..
Jin moved capitol from Beijing to Kaifeng.
朱熹 (1130-1200) 任 福建漳州 知府 (朱熹 講閩南語)(神農子乃漳州人
金亡國後, 皇室完顏家族改姓王/謝2姓, 住今山東臨沂, 至今(2008年)已
傳至20th 代子孫, 他們也成了漢人和炎黃子孫!
The Mongols extinguished the Jin and ruled the North China heartland for
45 years, which had already experienced a century (1127-1234) of alien
(Jin) domination, before they conquered the (Southern) Song in 1279,
The Mongols continued using Beijing’s Mandarin language in the North
Kublai Khan (忽必烈) established Dadu (Beijing) as his capitol of
Yuan Empire. He officially proclaimed the establishment of the Great
Yuan Empire and placed his grandfather, Genghis Khan as the official
founder of the empire. Taizu (元太祖) .
元國 The Yuan State
統治蒙古之族群: (秦漢時期) 匈奴, 鮮卑 (93AD-234AD), 柔然 突
厥 回纥 契丹 (遼國) (916-1125), 女真 (金國) (1115-1234), 蒙
古 (元國) (1271-1368), 滿人 (女真) (清) (1644-1911), (獨立) 蒙古
The Mongols (the Yuan Empire) extinguished the (Southern) Song.
Kublai Khan became the 1st non-Chinese emperor to conquer and rule all
The Yuan Empire began reinforcing the Beijing’s Mandarin Chinese
language throughout the entire China.
<古今韻會>成書, 作者為宋國進士, 已失傳
<古今韻會舉要>成書, 以切韻注漢字音 (中華文明史上最後一本台語
<中原音韻>成書, 周德清著, 每個漢字注 大都 (北京)音!
周德清之書發表後, 南方正統漢語(商漢語)學界譁然, 大罵周德清反
此時元曲(北曲) 4大家都是北方(即中原)人, 其作品都押『大都音』
<中原音韻>乃直接證據, 證明中原漢字音 已完成胡化(non-
sinicization), 從 商漢語音(台語音)胡化成 胡漢語音(國語/普通話)!
明國 The Ming State
The Ming Empire extinguished the Yuan State in China, but the Mongols
Empire survived in Mongolia!.
1421: 朱隸 (朱元璋4th子) 遷都北京, 局部漢化 胡人之都 北京城!
1616: The Aisingurun clan (愛新覺羅) of the Rhuzhen founded The Great
1635: The Rhuzhen (Jurchens) was renamed Manchu (滿州).
1636: The Great Jin (the Later Jin) was renamed the Great Qing (大清)
清國 The Qing State
女真人(滿州人)繼元國之後, 第二次以漢字北京音 統治全國 268年!
The Qing Empire extinguished the Ming Empire.
Kangxi Emperor became the 2nd non-Chinese emperor to conquer and rule
all of China with the official Mandarin Chinese language..
The Qing Empire reinforced Mandarin Chinese language for additional
268 years, rendering irreversible the non-sinicization of the Han
大清帝國 <康熙字典>成書, 列 42,174 漢字
中華民國The ROC State
The ROC extinguished the Qing Empire.
. In early years of the Republic, KMT’s Cantonese members made a move
trying to use Cantonese as the national language, but Beijing’s Mandarin
Chinese language won the national language status by one vote!
Cantonese language is a hybrid of Han Chinese language and the language
of the Canton’s native people.
<中華大字典> 中華書局 44,908 字
中華人民共和國 The PRC State
CPC founded PRC
KMT/ROC fled China’s mainland to Taiwan.
CPC one-party autocracy (一黨專政) began in China
KMT (GMD) one-party autocracy began in Taiwan
<中文大辭典> 張其昀等(ROC), 49,888 字
Multi-party democratic polity began in Taiwan (ROC)
<中文標準交換碼全字庫5.0> 網站 ROC 國家發展委員會 48,027漢字
Medical English (5th year) offered for the most parts by Robert S. Hsu,
NTU College of Medicine, School of Pharmacy.
This chronicle is an excerpt from the Medical English lecture handout!
PRC: People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國
CCP: Chinese Communist Party (American term) 中國共產黨 (美國人用
CPC: Communist Party of China (PRC's term) 中國共產黨 (PRC人用詞)
KMT: Komington (ROC's term) 國民黨 (台灣人用詞)
GMD: Guo Ming Dang (PRC's term) 國民黨 (PRC人用詞)
ROC: Republic of China 中華民國 (台灣)