An academic ESL writing instructor whom I was mentoring recently asked me how I dealt with the different drafts of essays. She was sure that students needed to write at least four or fives drafts, but she wasn’t sure how she should respond to each draft.
At some point in the writing process, the amount of time and energy that the students and instructor put into an essay outweighs the benefits. If our goal is to help students develop writing skills and to develop writing techniques, writing more than three drafts can be overkill. And “marking” more than one draft, can be a less-than-optimal use of time and energy by the instructor.
Here are the “three-drafts” steps that seem to give students the most skill-development. It also allows the instructors to give meaningful input in a time-efficient manner.
Before the first draft, students choose a topic and write a list of ideas (outline). The instructor looks over the list and makes suggestions if necessary.
DRAFT 1: Students write a first draft. The instructor looks over the first draft just to make sure the student is going in the right direction. S/he does not indicate grammar mistakes, nor does s/he make suggestions for improving the content yet.
Before the second draft, the instructor introduces (and students practice) specific techniques which students can use when they write their second drafts.
For more about writing second drafts, see:
• Powerful Tool for ESL Writers: Giving Examples in Essays. ;
• Getting Students to Write More Interesting and Unique Ideas in Essays ;
• Writing Outstanding First Sentences on Essays (Applying Critical Think Techniques) ;
• “Wow” is not Necessarily the Goal in Students’ Essays
DRAFT 2: Students write a second draft incorporating these new techniques. They also carefully check their grammar.
Optional: Students complete a peer-editing activity with a classmate. They may want to revise their essay after this. (See • Give the Writer not the Editor Control during Peer Editing in Writing Class )
Before the third draft, students give their DRAFT 2 to the instructor who indicates grammar mistakes, suggests ways to improve the content/organization, and points out what the student has done well. The instructor gives a preliminary grade.
For more about responding to students’ writing, see:
• Avoiding Writing-Teacher Burnout: Save Your Time And Energy With This Effective Method For Giving Specific Feedback. ;
• Common Teacher Myth: Students Don’t Like to See Red Marks on Their Papers. ;
• ESL Students’ Positive Responses to this Teacher Technique ;
• Saving Mental Energy: Give Two Grades on Essays ;
• Most Effective Technique for Marking Grammar on Essays to Develop Self-Editing Skills;
• Writing class: Easy, focused, POSITVE feedback on essays.
DRAFT 3: The students write a third draft using the instructor’s suggestions for improving grammar and content. They submit this for a final grade. The instructor does not mark grammar mistakes or suggest ways to improve content.
At this point, the essays may not be “perfect,” but the students have had the opportunity to try out techniques, new vocabulary and sentence styles. And they received extensive feedback from the instructor on their second draft. Also, most important of all, they had an opportunity to revise the essay making use of the instructor’s comments.
(For a discussion about evaluating students’ final drafts, see • User-Friendly Writing Panel Process: Time and Energy Efficient And Effective (bonus November posting)
When they have completed this set of steps, they have pretty much got the maximum benefits from that essay; they are ready to move on to a fresh essay topic.
For more specific techniques for improving second drafts, for intermediate / high-intermediate-level students, see Pro Lingua Learning–Writing Strategies Book 1 , which is now available in digital and print version for students to rent or buy.
For more specific techniques for improving second drafts, for advanced-level students, see Pro Lingua Learning–Writing Strategies Book 2 , which is now available in digital and print version for students to rent or buy.