ASTHO and SSDHPER Former Surgeon General, Dr. Antonia Novello, noted how health and education are interrelated saying, “Health and education go hand in hand: one cannot exist without the other.” She went on to say that children have a right to be healthy and that families, schools, and policy-makers must ensure this becomes a reality.
ASTHO and SSDHPER Many influential voices continue to join us in supporting coordinated school health programs. The National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE) advocates that “Schools cannot achieve their primary mission of education if students and staff are not healthy and fit physically, mentally, and socially.” As the national organization representing state and territorial boards of education, we all benefit from NASBE’s continued support and leadership in educational policy making.
Set of Ten Social Determinants - Economic Security & Financial Resources, Livelihood Security & Employment Opportunity, School Readiness & Educational Attainment, Environmental Quality, Civic Involvement & Political Access, Availability & Utilization of Quality Health Care, Health status, Adequate, Affordable & Safe Housing, Community Safety & Security, Transportation
ASTHO and SSDHPER The American Cancer Society took a leadership role in promoting coordinated school health programs for the nation’s schools. Understanding the important links between health and education, ACS stated, “There is no curriculum brilliant enough to compensate for a hungry stomach or a distracted mind.”
This means that 12% of high school students with mostly A ’s carried a weapon, for example, a gun, knife, or club, and 37% of high school students with mostly D’s/F’s carried a weapon, for example, a gun, knife, or club, on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
This means that 19% of high school students with mostly A ’s were in a physical fight, and 58% of high school students with mostly D’s/F’s were in a physical fight one or more times during the 12 months before the survey.
This means that 21% of high school students with mostly A ’s used marijuana one or more times, and 66% of high school students with mostly D’s/F’s used marijuana one or more times during their life.
This means that 18% of high school students with mostly A ’s felt sad or hopeless, and 42% of high school students with mostly D’s/F’s felt sad or hopeless, almost every day for 2 or more weeks in a row so that they stopped doing usual activities during the 12 months before the survey.
ASTHO and SSDHPER The National Governors Association (NGA) is, as the name suggests, the organization representing governors of the United States. In a policy brief on coordinated school health programs, NGA recommended to policymakers that they focus on eliminating barriers that affect lower-performing students’ readiness to learn. Specifically, NGA highlights barriers including physical and mental health conditions that impact students’ school attendance and their ability to pay attention in class, control their anger, and restrain self-destructive impulses.
ASTHO and SSDHPER In 1987, Dr. Lloyd Kolbe and Dr. Diane Allensworth first proposed the concept of a coordinated school health program. Complete coordinated school health programs consist of eight separate, but interconnected, components. Many of these components exist in every school, but they are often not formally linked in a coordinated way. Active family and community involvement are critical to the success of any coordinated school health program. Coordinated school health programs involve two curricular areas that require qualified teachers for effective implementation. These are comprehensive school health education and physical education. School health services delivered by qualified health care professionals provides basic health care and enables students to stay healthy and prevents injuries. Counseling, psychological, and social services involve professional counselors, psychologists, and social workers to attend to students’ mental health needs. Nutrition services provides a healthy food environment, including a good breakfast and lunch program. A healthy school environment involves two areas: a physical plant or building that is safe and conducive to learning, and a school climate that ensures that students feel safe, supported, and free from harassment. Finally, school-site health promotion for staff involves programming that includes education for school staff that improves their personal health behaviors and provides positive personal examples that reinforce positive student health behaviors.
ASTHO and SSDHPER Coordinated school health programs, or CSHPs, are a solution. Effective coordinated school health programs actively involve parents, teachers, students, families, and communities in their implementation. They work toward long-term results, and they are designed to promote student success by helping students establish and maintain healthy personal and social behaviors. They also work to improve student knowledge about health and to develop personal and social skills that help them to make smart choices in school and in life. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, “Schools by themselves cannot, and should not be expected to, address the nation’s most serious health and social problems. Families, health care workers, the media, religious organizations, community organizations that serve youth, and young people themselves also must be systematically involved. However, schools could provide a critical facility in which many agencies might work together to maintain the well-being of young people....” ( Note to presenter : This statement can be found on the CDC’s website. Go to: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/cshpdef.htm.)
Published paper in Pediatrics this past spring, Can a School-Based Clinic Reduce Medicaid Cost. Less than 10% of children attending clinic are sent home.
Health,Education & School Based Health Centers Veda Johnson, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine November 9, 2012
Educational Achievement – NationallyNational Center for Education Statistics Table 11.1. Percentage distribution of students at National Assessment of Educational ProgressTable 11.1. (NAEP) reading achievement levels, by race/ethnicity and grade: 2005 and 2007Grade, year, and American Indian/Alaskaachievement level Total1 White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander Native4th grade, 2007 Below Basic 33 22 54 50 23 51At Basic 34 35 32 32 32 30At or above Proficient 33 43 14 17 46 18 At Advanced 8 11 2 3 15 48th grade, 2007 Below Basic 26 16 45 42 20 44At Basic 43 43 42 43 39 38At or above Proficient 31 40 13 15 41 18 At Advanced 3 4 # 1 5 2!12th grade, 2005Below Basic 27 21 46 40 26 33 !At Basic 37 36 38 40 38 41At or above Proficient 35 43 16 20 36 26 ! At Advanced 5 6 1! 2! 5 ‡# Rounds to zero.! Interpret data with caution.‡ Reporting standards not met.1 Total includes other race/ethnicity categories not separately shown.NOTE: Achievement levels are performance standards showing what students should know and be able to do. Basic denotes partial mastery of knowledge and skills that are fundamental for proficient work at a given grade.(Below Basic, therefore, denotes less than this level of achievement.) Proficient represents solid academic performance. Students reaching this level have demonstrated competency over challenging subject matter. Advancedsignifies superior performance. NAEP reports data on student race/ethnicity based on information obtained from school rosters. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. The NAEP assessment was not administeredto grade 12 in 2007. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2005 and 2007 Reading Assessment, NAEP Data Explorer.
Percentage distribution of 4th-grade students atNational Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)reading achievement levels, by race/ethnicity: 2007
Percentage distribution of 8th-grade students atNational Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)reading achievement levels, by race/ethnicity: 2007
Georgia Reading proficiency 4th graders (2009) 37% read at below basic 34% read at basic 29% read at proficient or better 18% of Low income and minority students 15% of Black students 44% of Higher income students 8th graders (2009) 33% below basic 40% @ basic 27% @ proficient or better
Percentage distribution of 12th-grade students atNational Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)reading achievement levels, by race/ethnicity: 2007
Percentage distribution of 4th-grade students atNational Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)mathematical achievement levels, by race/ethnicity:2009
Percentage distribution of 8th-grade students atNational Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)mathematical achievement levels, by race/ethnicity:2009
Percentage distribution of 12th-grade students atNational Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)mathematical achievement levels, by race/ethnicity:2009
Percentage of 8th-graders at or above Basic on the NationalAssessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematicsassessment, by race/ethnicity and number of days absent fromschool in the past month: 2009
Average freshman graduation rate for public high schoolstudents, by race/ethnicity: School year 2006–07
Georgia Students Absent >15days from school Avg. 8.8% Range: 1.5%– 19.4% Kid’s Count 2011 Graduate from School on Time (beginning in 9th grade) 32% don’t graduate on time (nationally 24%) Kid’s Count 2008-9
Health Nationally Approximately 28 million children nationwide from economically disadvantaged households are at risk for a variety of negative outcomes including: 1) increased rates of health problems and mortality; 2) emotional and behavioral problems. 3) increased risk of academic underachievement, school drop-out, and unemployment; and
National Survey on Child’s Health 2007-8; Sponsored by MCH and HRSA – Phone survey by parentsNumber of Chronic Conditions Reported*Number of conditions Percent of Children*Of 16 specific health conditions.None 77.71 13.62 3.93 or more 4.8
National Survey on Child’s Health2007-8 Asthma 9.0 Learning Disabilities 7.8 ADD/ADHD 6.4 Speech Problems 3.7 ODD or Conduct Disorder 3.3 Developmental Delay 3.2 Anxiety Problems 2.9 Bone, Joint, or Muscle Problems 2.2 Depression 2.0 Hearing Problems 1.4 Vision Problems* 1.3 Autism Spectrum Disorder 1.1 Epilepsy or Seizure Disorder 0.6 Diabetes 0.4 Brain Injury or Concussion 0.3 Tourette Syndrome
Dental Care More than 16 million children still lack access to basic dental care despite efforts by states to improve their dental health policies, according to the 2011 50-state report card from Pew. The State of Children’s Dental Health: Making Coverage Matter graded states ability to serve insured and soon-to-be insured children.
Health Georgia Adverse outcomes are widespread among children in the state of Georgia. Georgia ranks 37th in the nation overall for child well-being (Kid’s Count 2012). 43rd - child economic well-being 30th – Overall child health ( child &teen deaths, etc.) 38th - overall education
Health… Georgia We have the 2nd highest childhood obesity rate in the country (37% OW/OB) 29% of our adolescents had significant episodes of depression during the past 12 months. 26% of our children live in poverty and approx. 300,000 children are uninsured.
National Survey on Child’s Health2007-8; Sponsored by MCH andHRSA
National Survey of Child’s Health (2007):Absenteeism
The Solution Leveraging health to improve academic outcomes. Leveraging academic success to improve health outcomes.
Health and Academic Success How does health affect the academic success of our children?
Former Surgeon GeneralDr. Antonia Novello “Health and education go hand in hand: one cannot exist without the other. To believe any differently is to hamper progress. Just as our children have a right to receive the best education available, they have a right to be healthy. As parents, legislators, and educators, it is up to us to see that this becomes a reality.” Healthy Children Ready to Learn: An Essential Collaboration Between Health and Education, 1992
Health and Education Association between health and academic success Students learn best when they are healthy Students learn best when they are present Students learn best when they are connected to the school emotionally and socially Students learn best when there is hope
The National Associationof State Boards of Education … "Health and success in school are interrelated. Schools cannot achieve their primary mission of education if students and staff are not healthy and fit physically, mentally, and socially.” — Fit, Healthy, and Ready to Learn: Part 1 – Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, and Tobacco Use Prevention, 2000
Health The World Health Organization defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
Determinants of Health…Determinantsof health and Beyondillness that are individualoutside of the behaviorsindividualBeyond geneticpredispositions
Social Determinants of Health… Definition of social determinants of health: The economic & social conditions that influence health … ‘The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.’ Source:www.who.int/social _determinants/en/ accessed 10-4-11
Social Determinants ofHealth… Factors in the social environment that contribute to or detract from the health of individuals and communities: Income Housing Education Transportation Access to services Physical Environment Socioeconomic status/position Discrimination by social grouping Social or environmental stressors Source: www.cdc.gov/sdoh accessed on 11-9-07
Social Determinants ofHealth… Major social determinants of health include: Social Position Where you live Race Stress
Social Determinants ofHealth… Health inequities associated with socioeconomic status of children Childhood Development Asthma Obesity Diabetes Behavioral Health Oral Health
Health and Education… Poor school performance is linked to health- related issues such as hunger, physical and emotional abuse, and chronic illness such as asthma and obesity. Poor academic outcomes are linked to risky health behaviors such as substance use, violence, and physical inactivity which in turn affect students school attendance, grades, test scores, and ability to pay attention in class.
Health and Education… High school drop out rates are affected by: Forces within the school system School readiness Elementary and Middle school underachievement Student disengagement, behavior issues, absenteeism, and failing grades in 9th grade Forces outside of school Health issues Psycho- social issues Caretaking responsibilities A caring adult.
American Cancer Society “[Children] …who face violence, hunger, substance abuse, unintended pregnancy, and despair cannot possibly focus on academic excellence. There is no curriculum brilliant enough to compensate for a hungry stomach or a distracted mind.” — National Action Plan for Comprehensive School Health Education. 1992
Health and Academic Success How does academic success affect the health of our children?
Health and Education Education is a direct predictor of health Academic underachievement contributes significantly to the health disparities observed in children from lower socioeconomic positions.
Health and Education Education is a direct predictor of health… Academic success is a predictor for adult health outcomes Adults with higher educational achievement are more likely to be more knowledgeable, have better jobs and better opportunities to achieve and maintain healthy
Health and Education… In addition – ‘Academic success is an important indicator for the overall well- being of students’ According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) , students with higher grades are less likely to have participated in risky behaviors such as: Carrying a weapon Current cigarette use Current alcohol use Being currently sexually active Watching television 3 or more hours per day Being physically active at least 60 minutes per day on fewer than 5
Percentage of High School Students Who Carried a Weapon,* by Type of Grades Earned (Mostly A’s, B’s, C’s or D’s/F’s), 2009*** For example, a gun, knife, or club on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.**p<.0001 after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level.United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2009
Percentage of High School Students Who Were in a Physical Fight,* by Type of Grades Earned (Mostly A’s, B’s, C’s or D’s/F’s), 2009***One or more times during the 12 months before the survey.**p<.0001 after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level.United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2009
Percentage of High School Students Who Ever Used Marijuana,* by Type of Grades Earned (Mostly A’s, B’s, C’s or D’s/F’s), 2009***Used marijuana one or more times during their life.**p<.0001 after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level.United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2009
Percentage of High School Students Who Felt Sad or Hopeless,* by Type of Grades Earned (Mostly A’s, B’s, C’s or D’s/F’s), 2009***Almost every day for 2 or more weeks in a row so that they stopped doing usual activities during the 12months before the survey.**p<.0001 after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level.United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2009
How do we improve the academicachievement for students by improvingtheir health?
The National Governors’Association “Policymakers need to focus on eliminating the barriers that affect these lower-performing students’ readiness to learn. Among these barriers are physical and mental health conditions that impact students’ school attendance and their ability to pay attention in class, control their anger, and restrain self- destructive impulses.” Improving Academic Performance by Meeting Student Health Needs, 2000
Health and Education… What we know… School health programs and policies can be an efficient way to prevent or reduce risky health behaviors and avoid serious health problems among students. They may also help close the educational achievement gap between disparate socioeconomic groups of students.
Coordinated School Health Program 1995 – Institute of Medicine committee adopted the term ‘coordinated school health program’ based on the concept of ‘comprehensive school health’ originated in the 1980’s by Diane Allensworth and Lloyd Kolbe. Kolbe founded the Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH) at CDC.
Coordinated school healthprograms Recommended by CDC as a strategy to improve the health and academic performance of students It is a coordinated approach to school health that creates a system of care that addresses the needs of the whole child by connecting health with education Creates a school environment that promotes and supports healthy lifestyles for students, teachers and staff
Components of a coordinatedschool health program Allensworth and Kolbe, 1987
Coordinated school health programs Benefits: Engages parents, teachers, students, families, and communities Helps keep students healthy Supports learning and success in school Reinforces positive behaviors Helps students develop knowledge and skills to make smart choices
Coordinated school health programs…School based health centers exemplify the basictenets of a coordinated school health program
School Based Health Centers (SBHCs) Definition: Comprehensive school based health clinics are primary care medical centers that blend medical care with preventive and psychosocial services as well as organize broader school-based and community-based health promotion efforts.
SBHCs… History: School-based medical services began in 1890s to address contagious diseases in classroom School nurses replaced MDs in 1902 (MDs going off to war) Comprehensive school-based health center concept began in the late 60s –Dr. Philip Porter (Mass) Developed a ‘system of care’ that Increased access and coordinated healthcare for poor
SBHCs… Qualities: Recognized as an effective model of healthcare that can significantly reduce barriers to medical services for children living in poor communities Holistic integrated approach to care that emphasizes access, quality, and improved outcomes that reduces health disparities Provide a savings to the public by reducing inappropriate emergency room usage among children and adolescents.
SBHC’S…Common Features of School-Based Health Centers: They are located in schools or in close proximity (school-linked). The health center works cooperatively within the school to become an integral part of the school. The health center provides a comprehensive range of services that meet the specific physical and behavioral health needs of the young people in the community as well as providing for the more traditional medical care needs. A multidisciplinary team of providers care for the students: nurse practitioners, registered nurses, physician assistants, social workers, physicians, alcohol and drug counselors, and other health professionals.
SBHC’S…Common Features… The clinical services within the health center are provided through a qualified health provider such as a hospital, health department, or medical practice. Parents sign written consents for their children to enroll in the health center. The health center has an advisory board consisting of community representatives, parents, youth and family organizations, to provide planning and oversight.
SBHC’s…Seven Basic Principles: Supports the school Responds to the community Focuses on the student Delivers comprehensive care Advances health promotion Implements effective systems Provides leadership in adolescent and child health
SBHC’s… Nationally (National Census – 2007/08) Over 2200 SBHCs 56.7% in urban settings 27.2% in rural settings 16.1% in suburbs Georgia Only 2 SBHCs from 1994 – 2009 Currently 6
SBHCs… Research demonstrates that SBHCs effectively addresses the needs of the underserved through: Increased access to quality healthcare Improved health outcomes Decreased healthcare costs Improved school attendance and academic performance
Decreased health care costs – Whitefoord Elementary School - Based Health Clinic Adams EK, Johnson V. An elementary school-based health clinic: can it reduce Medicaid costs? Pediatrics. 2000;105(4 pt 1):780–788 Compared Medicaid costs to children enrolled in a SBHC to those not enrolled in a SBHC Summary of findings: Decrease in total Medicaid costs per child over 2 year period w/SBHC Significant decrease in In-Patient costs Significant decrease in prescription drug use costs Significant decrease in emergency room costs Decrease more significant across all categories if child used SBHC as medical home For children with asthma, decrease in Medicaid cost for total yearly expenditures with significant decreases in inpatient and drug costs.
Whitefoord Elementary and SammyeE. Coan Middle School Based Clinics Pediatric and adolescent primary care health clinics providing comprehensive health services for the students, their siblings, and other children within the community Initiated by the Dept of Pediatrics at Emory University Nov. 1994 Removed the provision of health care from the institution and placed it into the community
Whitefoord & Coan…. Goal : Increasing access to quality health care and improving the academic achievement of students Address the physical, mental and emotional health of the child ‘Care for the child in the context of family, home and community’ Developed the Whitefoord Community Program, a community-based support program for families of children enrolled in the clinic
Whitefoord Community Program Created to address the needs of families as defined by the community Mission: …‘working together with families and the community to ensure that every child has what he or she needs to succeed in school’. Components: School based health clinics Child Development Program Family Learning & Community Development
Staffing Mid-level Providers (NP/PA)* Pediatricians/Medical Director* RN/Clinic Manager Medical Assistant* Dentist and Dental Asst Social Worker/Mental Health Providers* Health Educator Secretaries Clerical Assistant*Core Staff
School Based Clinic Services Management of acute and chronic illnesses and injuries Routine and sports physicals Immunizations Dental care Mental Health Assessments and Counseling Social services Psycho-educational Testing Referral to Sub-specialist 24 hr. coverage
Accomplishments Increased access to physical, mental and dental health care Increased immunization rates for children and adolescents Improved school attendance/?performance Every child in school receives health education instruction on drug and substance abuse, violence prevention, safety, general
Accomplishments… Improved health outcomes for children with chronic illnesses (e.g. asthma, diabetes) Improved risk factors for overweight/obese students Reduced BMI’s Reduced cholesterol levels Reduced insulin resistance Reduced cost to the state’s Medicaid program Reduced ER use and hospitalization of students with asthma
Accomplishments… Facilitated the recovery of many emotionally troubled children. Pre-K program School aged children and adolescents Improved the academic achievements for children with ADHD and Learning Disorders. Reduced the referrals of children with ADHD into Special Education programs. Increased parental involvement Witnessed several challenged families assume proper responsibility for their children
School Based-Health Centers -Health and academicachievements Increases access to quality healthcare Improves health outcomes Decreases healthcare costs Improves school attendance and academic performance
“It is easier to build strong children thanto repair broken men.” Frederick Douglass (1817–1895)
Contact Information Veda Johnson, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr Atlanta, GA 30303 Phone: 404-778-1419 Email: email@example.com
Urban Health Program Urban Health Program at the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine Vision: To reduce health disparities ensuring that all Georgia children are more likely to be happy, healthy and productive members of society.
Urban Health Program… Goals of UHP: Increase access to healthcare for underserved children through expansion of School Based Health Centers (SBHCs) throughout the state Improve the delivery of health care for at- risk children and adolescents Improve academic outcomes for underserved children Train future pediatricians to address the
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