For years, personalized medicine–the concept that treatments could be tailored to a person’s unique genetic makeup–has been more buzzword than reality. One of the first diseases expected to benefit from a personalized approach is cancer, which appears in many genetically distinct forms. A new study led by Lecia Sequist, an instructor at Harvard Medical School and an oncologist at Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , offers an initial demonstration that cancer treatment can be tailored to the genetic profile of a patient’s tumor. In a small clinical trial published recently in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, patients with lung tumors were genetically screened to identify those likely to respond to a targeted therapy. Those receiving a drug matched to their tumor fared better than is typically seen with standard chemotherapy.
“It’s really a giant step forward,” says William Pao, a cancer researcher at Memorial Sloane-Kettering Cancer Center, who was not involved in the clinical trial. “The ultimate goal is to take a molecular fingerprint of someone’s tumor and assign treatment based on molecular defects.”
Standard cancer drugs are designed to preferentially kill cancer cells, but they can still be toxic to normal tissue. But cancer researchers have been working toward the goal of developing an array of drugs that could hit precise molecular targets in tumors, while being less toxic to normal cells. For example, non-small-cell lung cancer is an aggressive form of cancer that is typically treated with chemotherapy; however, in recent years, new drugs for the disease have been developed that target a specific molecule in cancer cells, called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The drug examined in this study, Iressa, was the first EGFR inhibitor to come on the market in 2003, but its initial hype fizzled after larger trials showed that it did not lengthen survival for patients in the United States. Currently, EGFR inhibitors are used only after chemotherapy.
Increasingly, scientists have realized that cancers arise from different genetic mutations and have different points of weakness that might vary from person to person. Further research identified specific EGFR mutations in the tumors of a subset of patients that made them more susceptible to EGFR inhibitors. Many scientists have argued that the drugs could provide a greater benefit to these specific patients. In Sequist’s trial, which was funded by AstraZeneca, researchers first screened patients with metastatic lung cancer for EGFR mutations and gave those with the mutations the option of receiving Iressa as a first treatment over chemotherapy. “This is a proof of concept,” says Sequist. “We were trying to see if personalized medicine or genetically driven cancer therapy was feasible.”
Among 31 patients who took Iressa during the trial, 55 percent had their tumors shrink noticeably in a CAT scan, and all but two had tumors that either shrank or did not grow for at least a month. The median rate of time that patients survived without their cancer progressing was about nine months. Sequist says that chemotherapy typically has response rates of 20 to 30 percent, with a survival advantage of about four months. “We had quite an improvement over what we typically see when we give a general one-size-fits-all treatment,” she says. Because Iressa is an oral pill taken daily, the patients avoided the toxic side effects of daily intravenous chemotherapy treatments. The two patients who experienced a worsening of their disease were later found to have a type of EGFR mutation that confers resistance to the drug; the distinction between EGFR mutations had not been discovered when the trial began.
Iressa’s maker, AstraZeneca, stopped marketing the drug in the United States after this study began, because of its poor showing in clinical trials. However, a similar drug, Tarceva, is available and is thought to have similar effects in patients.
In an accompanying editorial, Frances Shepherd, a lung-cancer researcher at Princess Margaret Hospital, in Toronto, said that while the study showed that screening tumors for their molecular makeup before treatment is feasible, it does not yet provide solid evidence that EGFR inhibitors should be used before chemotherapy. Shepherd points to previous studies showing that people with EGFR mutations survive longer under standard chemotherapy than patients without these mutations, suggesting that they might fare better regardless of their therapy. To know whether the drug is truly better than chemotherapy would require a randomized trial of the two therapies in this patient population. An ongoing study in Spain is currently addressing this question.
Pao says that while the study doesn’t provide definitive answers about how to use EGFR inhibitors, it represents an important step toward personalized cancer treatment. The study, he says, is one of the first attempts to genetically screen cancer patients before treatment as a way to guide clinical decision making, rather than identifying susceptible patient populations after the fact.
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