The state of the organism when it functions optimally without any evidence of disease. The definition of health from
microorganisms, environmental, social factors and personal habits as contributing factors that cause diseases.
The state of the organism when it functions -----WHO optimally without any evidence of disease. The definition of health from
序曲: [ xù qǔ ] 1. sinfonia其它相关解释:&lt;prelude&gt; &lt;overture&gt; &lt;introduction&gt; 前奏: [ qián zòu ] 1. prelusion2. prelude3. foreplay4. intrada 高潮: [ gāo cháo ] 1. upsurge2. high water3. high tide其它相关解释:&lt;climax&gt; &lt;upsurgence&gt; &lt;heat&gt; &lt;payoff&gt; &lt;meridian circle&gt; &lt;hightide&gt; &lt;tidemark&gt; &lt;acquaalta&gt; &lt;comble&gt; &lt;eagre&gt; &lt;at high tide&gt; &lt;spring tide&gt; &lt;flood&gt; &lt;maximum tide&gt; &lt;tide&gt; &lt;wave&gt; 例句与用法:1.乐曲接近高潮。The music approached a climax 尾声: [ wěi shēng ] 1. epilogue1.解说员在伊丽莎白戏剧中朗诵序言和尾声以及有时关于演出评论的演员 An actor in Elizabethan drama who recites the prologue and epilogue to a play and sometimes comments on the action.
3. Pathophysiology =
Explore the rule of origin and evolution
of disease processes and the underlying
(Basing on physiology and biochemistry)
2. Why to study Pathophysiology ？
Explain “Why and How” of diseases
5. Why Is Pathophysiology Important?
An essential introduction to clinical medicine.
A bridge: basic medicine and diseases.
Enables us to understand why and how diseases
develop and various clinical manifestations appear.
What are the underlying mechanisms, and in so doing devise
7. 1. Concept of Disease
Aberrant manifestation of deregulated
homeostasis caused by harmful agents.
The development of a disease is a
pathologic process with a characteristic
set of signs and symptoms involved in
the whole body or any of its parts.
8. Concept of Health
Without any evidence of disease, and a state
of complete well-being Physically, Socially
9. 2. Etiology of Disease
Etiology is to study the causative agents,
Answer the question why disease happens.
13. 3. Pathogenesis of diseases
General rules for pathogenesis of diseases
1. Disruption of homeostasis.
2. Process of damage and anti-damage.
3. Reversal role of cause and result.
4. Correlation between systemic and local
15. 4. Phases of Diseases
16. Outcome of Disease
The body as a whole stops working
Brain death is the marker for the
18. Brain Death (WHO criteria)
Cessation of spontaneous respiration.
Absence of cephalic reflexes.
Dilated or fixed pupils.
Absence of any electrical activity of the brain.
Absence of brain blood flow
19. Body fluid, Electrolytes balance and imbalance
20. Fluids and Electrolytes are present in
body cells, in the tissue spaces between the
cells, and in the blood that fills the vascular
Body fluids serve to transport gases,
nutrients, and wastes; help to generate the
electrical activity needed to power body
functions; take part in the transforming of
food into energy.
21. COMPOSITION AND COMPARTMENTAL
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS
Body fluids are distributed between the Intracellular
fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF)
The ICF compartment is the larger of the two
compartments, containing approximately two thirds of
the body fluid in healthy adults.
The remaining one third of body water is in the ECF
compartment, including that in the interstitial or
tissue spaces and blood vessels.
22. The ECF, including the plasma and
interstitial fluids,contain large amounts of
sodium and chloride, moderate amounts of
bicarbonate, but only small quantities of
In contrast to the ECF fluid, the ICF
contains small amounts of sodium, chloride,
and bicarbonate and large amounts of
23. Osmolality of body fluids
The cell membrane is highly permeable to water but relatively
impermeable to most solutes.
The tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable
membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher,
thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on
either side of the membrane.
24. Osmotic pressure :
The amount of pressure required to oppose
the osmosis is termed as Osmotic pressure.
25. Osmole : the total number of particles in a
solution is measured in terms of “Osmoles”.
Osmolality : the concentration of
an osmotic solution especially when
measured in osmols or milliosmols per KG
Osmolarity : the concentration of
an osmotic solution especially when
measured in osmols or milliosmols per
Litre of water.
26. Tonicity. A change in water content causes cells to
swell or shrink.
27. Water balance
Regardless of age, all healthy persons
require approximately 100 mL of water per
100 calories metabolized for dissolving and
eliminating metabolic wastes.
This means that a person who expends
1800 calories for energy requires
approximately 1800 mL of water for
(The metabolic rate increases with fever; it rises approximately
12% for every 1°C (7% for every 1°F) increase in body
28. Mechanisms of Regulation of Water Balance
Thirst is controlled by the thirst center in
There are two stimuli for true thirst based
on water need:
(1) cellular dehydration caused by an
increase in extracellular osmolality and
(2) a decrease in blood volume,
30. Sensory neurons, called
osmoreceptors, which are located in
or near the thirst center in the
hypothalamus, respond to changes in
extracellular osmolality by stimulating
the sensation of thirst.
31. The regulation of ADH
reabsorption↑ of free water in renal tubules