1 1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The Hypertension, Detection, and Follow-up Program (HDFP) The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) National Institutes of Health Sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Barry R. Davis, M.D, Ph.D. Guy S. Parcel Chair in Public Health Director, Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials University of Texas School of Public Health
2 2 HDFP Rationale By the early 1970s, several data sets from US population surveys had found hypertension to be one of the most prevalent chronic diseases for which treatment was available About 85% of individuals with high BP were undetected, untreated, or inadequately controlled. The VA Study Group trial ( 67, 70, 71) showed a significant reduction of mortality/morbidity from treating middle-aged, male hypertensive patients with DBP of mm Hg.
3 3 HDFP Rationale The VA study, which had involved highly selected patients, left unanswered several questions: 1. Could hypertensives in an entire community be identified, brought and kept under pharmacologic management? 2. Would intervention of hypertension identified in the population of the community at large reduce the occurrence of associated disease and death?
4 4 HDFP Rationale 3. Would therapeutic efficacy exceed toxicity in the mild hypertensive and justify long-term treatment? 4. Would pharmacologic control of elevated BP be effective in young adults and women? 5. Would the occurrence of myocardial infarction and coronary death be decreased by antihypertensive therapy?
5 5 HDFP Trial Design Randomized, multi-center clinical trial Determine whether antihypertensive therapy can reduce occurrence of all-cause mortality in hypertensive participants screened from the general population 10,940 hypertensive participants years old ; Half the participants were to be randomly assigned to Stepped Care (SC) and half to Referred Care (RC).
6 6 HDFP Trial Design The SC group was offered antihypertensive therapy in special centers. Therapy was increased stepwise to achieve and maintain reduction of BP to or below set normotensive goals. The RC group was referred for treatment to usual sources of care, with special referral efforts for those with more severe hypertension or pre-existing organ system damage.
7 7 HDFP Secondary Outcomes CV mortality Stroke MI LVH Adverse effects Success of drug treatment
10 10 HDFP Enumeration, Screening, and Recruitment Each clinical center defined a population base for enumeration and screening of potential participants 13 centers identified target populations on the basis of residential areas (census tracts, probability samples of larger areas, or entire housing projects) 1 center used employment rolls of industries Census enumeration was used to prepare a roster of all household members and to identify those between the ages of 30 and 69.
11 11 HDFP Enumeration, Screening, and Recruitment Home screening of those ages 30 to 69, which included a health status and health care interview plus BP measurements, Interviewers were trained to conduct these tasks in a standardized manner. Interview included education and employment status, basic demographic information, information on history of hypertension and its treatment, smoking history, history of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes, information on health beliefs, and status of current health care.
13 13 HDFP Sample Size Assumptions & Statistical Methods 90% power to detect 17.7% reduction in risk for all-cause mortality 2-sided α=.05 Analysis according to intent to treat Cumulative event rates Differences between event curves - Log-rank tests Sample size 10,500
16 16 HDFP Baseline Characteristics SC 5485 RC 5455 Mean SBP/DBP 159 / / 101 Mean age, y Black, % Women, % Current smoking % History of MI, % 5 5 Type 2 diabetes, % 7 8
20 5 year 17.3% reduction 6.7 year 18.2% reduction
21 8.3 year 15.0% reduction
22 22 HDFP Operational Factors Acceptance of Antihypertensive Therapy -The HDFP shaped its program for SC participants to attempt to reduce barriers to patient cooperation. -Center staffs attuned to need for long-term antihypertensive treatment, help communicate this to patients. -Hours of operation, transportation arrangements, treatment center location organized to increase accessibility for participants.
23 23 HDFP Operational Factors Acceptance of Antihypertensive Therapy -Treatment was without cost to the patient. -Visits by appointment, minimum waiting time. -Missed appointments monitored; early renewed contact. -SC treatment,frequent visits at early stages of treatment, plus giving time and encouragement for patients to discuss problems aimed at minimizing side effects that can deter discontinuation of treatment.
24 24 HDFP Socioeconomic Factors Acceptance of Antihypertensive Therapy -Full-time employed more likely to be active -Higher education levels more likely to be participate -Married persons more likely to be active
25 25 HDFP Motivational Factors Acceptance of Antihypertensive Therapy -Factors related to health status and behavior (history of more days sick, more hospitalizations, a positive history of comorbid conditions, current smoking) had a modest negative association with participation in some age- sex-race groups -Promptness of follow-up of initial findings tends to increase participation quickly schedule follow-up appointments
26 26 HDFP Accomplishments -Hypertension could be -identified in the community -brought under pharmacological treatment -effectively treated among -young and old -blacks and white -men and women
27 27 HDFP Accomplishments - Through antihypertensive treatment total morality could be reduced -overall - in age, race, and sex subgroups -in those with mild hypertension -in those with uncomplicated mild hypertension -A large-scale clinical trial could be conducted successfully in the community
28 28 HDFP Impact - Landmark trial -Implications and influence are still strong in the medical and public health communities -Demonstrated that hypertension in the community could be identified by enumeration and screening -Demonstrated that systematic management of hypertension could reduce mortality in people with high BP.
29 29 HDFP Impact -Demonstrated that antihypertensive treatment reduces morbidity/mortality in -age, race, and sex subgroups -those with uncomplicated mild hypertension -Treatment had an enormous public health benefit, as more than 70 million Americans have high BP. -Reduction in deaths, strokes, and CHD events, and the economic impact, are substantial.
30 30 HDFP Influence on Practice -Major effect on guidelines for hypertension management from the Joint National Committee -Heightened awareness of hypertension as a public health problem -Played a major role in resulting in large decreases in stroke mortality, hypertensive renal failure and heart failure in the United States
31 31 HDFP Influence on Practice -Resulted in the large-scale institution of treatment for patients with mild hypertension -Demonstrated efficacy of using diuretics in treating hypertension. -Although the use of diuretics deceased after the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) results, the success of the SHEP trial, which used chiorthalidone as a first-line drug, revitalized the use of diuretics.
32 32 ALLHAT Disseminating Clinical Trial Results to Promote Public Health: Case Study from the Antihypertensive and Lipid- Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) 4/17/2006
33 33 ALLHAT Antihypertensive Trial Design Largest hypertension trial 42,418 participants randomized at 623 clinical sites in a variety of clinical settings Tested 3 newer antihypertensive drug classes (ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers) against diuretic Primary endpoint combined fatal CHD or nonfatal MI Sponsored by NHLBI 4/17/2006
35 ALLHAT Core Dissemination Messages from ALLHAT Results & JNC7 Guidelines BP goal <140/90 mm Hg. Lifestyle modifications. For better BP control & long term CVD risk: Start with thiazide-type diuretic for untreated SBP or DBP mm Hg (Stage 1 hypertension). Use multi-drug regimen including a thiazide-type diuretic for untreated SBP >160 or DBP >100 mm Hg (Stage 2). For uncontrolled hypertension, add thiazide-type diuretic to regimen. 4/17/
36 Traditional Approaches to Dissemination & Implementation of Clinical Trial Results and Guidelines Press release/press conference Short burst of media coverage Presentations at scientific meetings Publications in peer-reviewed journals 4/17/
37 37 People do a wonderful press conference, publish in prestigious journals, present at important meetings and nothing happens, says Paul Whelton, professor of epidemiology and medicine at Tulane University Health Sciences Center (New Orleans, LA, USA), who was on the ALLHAT Steering Committee. Publishing your data will not get doctors to change their practice, Whelton says. The Lancet Vol 362 October 11, /17/2006
38 BP Control Rates Trends in awareness, treatment, and control of high blood pressure in adults ages National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Percent II II (Phase 1) II (Phase 2) Awareness Treatment Control Sources: Unpublished data for computed by M. Wolz, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; JNC 6. 4/17/
39 ALLHAT Dissemination Features & Challenges NHLBI requires a detailed dissemination & evaluation plan for trials with potential for immediate public health applicability ALLHAT Steering Committee packaged and published recommendations based on trial results NHLBI has an existing HBP education infrastructure (NHBPEP) JNC has packaged recommendations based on a synthesis of all available evidence in HBP prevention and treatment Dissemination plan must meld both 4/17/
40 40 Branding of the Dissemination Project Improving Blood Pressure Treatment in the Community: How the JNC7 Recommendations and ALLHAT Results Relate to Your Practice 4/17/2006
41 Multi-faceted Intervention Furthers traditional approaches Press release/press conference Media coverage (usually short bursts) Presentation at scientific meetings Publications in peer-reviewed reviewed journals New approaches Health care providers (academic detailing) Formulary systems approach Patient-oriented approach Professional society approach Prespecified evaluation component 4/17/
42 ALLHAT Selected Factors that Influence Dissemination and Implementation of New Treatment Trial Findings Providers Influences Knowledge Conviction Recall of results Interest in innovation Marketing influences Approach Face-to to-face colleague contact (academic detailing) Contact through NHBPEP member organizations Inquiries from patients 4/17/
43 ALLHAT Selected Factors that Influence Dissemination and Implementation of New Treatment Trial Findings System of Care Influences Access to care Insurance coverage Marketing influences Approach Formulary approach 8 major systems 4/17/
44 ALLHAT Selected Factors that Influence Dissemination and Implementation of New Treatment Trial Findings Patients Influences Preferences Symptoms Marketing influences Approach Major publications, e.g., Prevention, Modern Maturity, etc. 4/17/
45 Academic Detailing 147 Investigator Educators (ALLHAT Investigators) Centralized training Materials Remuneration for IE and staff Website 4/17/
46 46 Investigator Educator Disclaimer I am not: Employed or paid by any pharmaceutical company for this presentation I am: An ALLHAT investigator Personally committed to blood pressure control and evidence-based hypertension treatment Being paid a nominal amount by NHLBI to talk to you today about blood pressure treatment guidelines Intending to dispel some misperceptions about the current guidelines for blood pressure treatment 4/17/2006
47 Academic Detailing - Pilot Feasibility of achieving the number of presentations (1 presentation per investigator per month) 24 Investigator Educators, 6 months Cumulative Presentations Expected Weeks Observed Cumulative Total 4/17/
48 Academic Detailing Full Scale 147 Investigator Educators (IE s) Materials Handouts, posters, worksheets PowerPoint presentations & FAQs IE newsletters & discussion board Implementation September 2005 March 2007 Evaluation /17/
52 Clinician Patient Worksheet 4/17/
53 IE approach 1698 presentations Results 18,500+ clinicians reached 41 states plus D.C. Direct patient messages (e.g., AARP) 14 contacts Formulary approach 10 contacts Materials for professional society use 20 contacts 4/17/
54 Evaluations Process evaluation Pretest and posttest data from attendees Feedback from IE s s and coordinators Specific data collected about presentations Outcome evaluation from closed health systems VA monitoring of drug use & BP control Oschner Health Plan, Louisiana Kaiser BP control and medication use Outcome evaluation based on national prescription data NDTI, NPA, Integrated Promotional Services Audit 4/17/
55 Hypertension Treatment by Drug Class % of Treated Patients on Medication Year Calcium Channel Blockers Beta Blockers Diuretics ACE Inhibitors ARBs ALLHAT Results 4/17/ IMS Health NDTI,
56 Key Lessons Learned Outside influences Dissemination partners Planning and lead time for straegies A large multi-method method dissemination of clinical trial results is feasible 4/17/
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