A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source to DC loads. Such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. A hypothetical ideal switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time.
In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies can also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply because the transformer can be much smaller. This is because it operates on the switching frequency which ranges from several 100KHz to several MHz in contrast to the 50-60Hz which is typical for the mains AC frequency. Despite the reduction in size, the power supply topology itself and the requirement for electromagnetic interference suppression in commercial designs result in a usually much greater component count and corresponding circuit complexity.
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