||Annihilation of Athenian fleet at the
battle of Aegospotami by Lysander; over 3,000 Athenians were executed.
Athens was besieged by Sparta with the blockading of Piraeus.
Dionysius I became tyrant of Syracuse.
||(Spring) Surrender of Athens to Sparta,
with the destruction of its fortifications, loss of all foreign
territories, surrender of the navy, and acceptance of Spartan
leadership. Pro-Spartan oligarchy of Thirty Tyrants imposed at Athens
||Democratic exiles under Thrasybulus seized
||Thrasybulus seized Piraeus. Fall of Thirty
Tyrants and restoration of democracy at Athens.
||Agis II invaded Elis.
||Expedition (anabasis) of Cyrus the Younger
to take the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes II; battle of
Cunaxa, with the defeat and death of Cyrus.
||War of Sparta against Persia.
||General amnesty at Athens allowed exiles to
return. Agesilaus II became king of Sparta.
||War between Carthage and Dionysius I of
||Campaigns of Agesilaus against the Persians
in Asia Minor.
||Corinthian War: Corinth, Boeotia, Argos and
Athens backed by Persia against Sparta.
||Lysander was killed at the siege of
||Sparta and allies won the battle of Nemea
against Athens, Corinth, Boeotia, Argos and others. Athenians and
Boeotians were defeated by Sparta under Agesilaus II at the battle of
Coronea. The Persian fleet under the Athenian Conon defeated the
Spartan navy at the battle of Cnidus.
||Athens rebuilt its Long Walls, and Piraeus
||Gauls sacked Rome.
||Athens made an alliance with Thasos,
Samothrace and many cities of Asia Minor.
||Spartans and Persians defeated the Athenian
fleet in the Hellespont.
||King's Peace (also known as Peace of
Antalcidas or Common Peace) was signed at Sardis.
||City of Mantinea was destroyed by Spartans.
||Jason became tyrant of Pherae.
||War between Dionysius I and Carthage.
||Spartan troops seized the citadel at Thebes
||Spartans forced Olynthus to surrender and
dissolved the Chalcidic Confederacy for infringing the King's Peace.
||Thebans regained their city from Spartan
||Foundation of Second Athenian League.
||Mausolus became satrap of Caria (to
||Spartans were defeated at sea off Naxos by
the Second Athenian League. (Wmter) Dionysius I was defeated by
Carthage at the battle of Cronium.
||Battle of Tegyra. Renewal of the King's
||Plataea was attacked and destroyed by
||(Early) Peace of Callias (one of many
examples of a treaty of Common Peace) was signed at Sparta by all
Greek states except Thebes. duly/August) Spartans under Cleombrotus
were defeated by Thebans under Epaminondas at the battle of Leuctra,
ending Spartan leadership in Greece.
||(Wmter) First Theban invasion of
Peloponnese, including Laconia. Messenia was liberated and became an
independent state Formation of Arcadian Confederacy.
||Second invasion of the Peloponnese by
Thebes under Epaminondas. Alexander became tyrant of Pherae.
||Foundation of Megalopolis as the capital of
the Arcadian Confederacy
||Death of Dionysius I. Dionysius II became
tyrant of Syracuse.
||Dion was expelled from Syracuse.
||Satraps' Revolt from Persian domination (to
360). Thebes seized Oropus.
||Common Peace (possibly). Athens captured
Samos from the Persians.
||Thebes destroyed Orchomenus. Battle of
Cynoscephalae, in which Pelopidas died.
||Thebes under Epaminondas de- feated a force
of Spartans, Athenians and Mantineans at the battle of Mantinea.
Epaminondas was killed, marking the end of Theban supremacy.
||Treaty of common peace amongst Greek cities,
||Expedition by Agesilaus against Persians.
Callistratus was executed.
||Archidamus III became king of Sparta.
||Death of Agesilaus.
||Philip II succeeded Perdiccas III as king
||Philip II defeated the Paeonians.
||Philip II captured Amphipolis. Outbreak of
war between Athens and Macedonia.
||Social War between Athens and important
allies who had revolted from the Second Athenian League.
||Dion controlled Syracuse (to 354). Battle
of Embata, which the Athenian navy lost to Chios. Birth of Alexander
the Great. (Spring) Siege of Potidaea by Philip II.
||(Summer) Phocis seized Delphi and provoked
the Third Sacred War (Phocis against Thebes, Locris and Thessaly).
||Philip II took Methone (and lost an eye).
Thessalian League appealed to Philip II for help against the tyrants
of Pherae. (Autumn) Phocis was defeated at the battle of Neon. Dion
||Philip II was defeated twice.
||Victory by Philip II at the battle of
Crocus Field. Philip II was prevented from marching south at
Thermopylae by Phocian troops and allies.
||Demosthenes' First Philippic oration
advocated an anti-Macedonian policy.
||Philip II campaigned against Illyria and
||Philip II campaigned in Chalcidice.
||Philip II attacked and destroyed Olynthus,
enslaving the inhabitants.
||Philip II and Athens made peace (Peace of
Philocrates). Philip II crushed the Phocians.
||Aeschines was prosecuted by Demosthenes.
||Philip II campaigned against Illyria.
||Timoleon went to assist Syracuse against
Dionysius II and the Carthaginians.
||Timoleon liberated Syracuse from Dionysius
||Philip II campaigned in Thrace and removed
||(June) Timoleon defeated the Carthaginians
at the battle of Crimisus River in SicilY
||Siege of Perinthus by Philip II. Siege of
Byzantium by Philip II
||(Late) Athens declared war on Philip II
||Fourth Sacred War of Philip II.
||(2 August) Philip II defeated Athens and
Thebes at the battle of Chaeronea. First congress of Corinth.
Archidamus III was killed at the battle of Manduria, Italy
||(Spring) Second congress of Corinth agreed
on a Common Peace. (Summer) Corinthian League of Greek states (Hellenic
League) was established by Philip II and agreed on war against Persia
to avenge the wrongs of Xerxes.
||Assassination of Philip II. Proposal by
Ctesiphon that Demosthenes should be crowned for his services.
||Accession of Alexander III (the Great).
Accession of Darius III of Persia.
||Alexander destroyed Thebes, killing and
enslaving its population.
||Alexander crossed into Asia, defeating
Darius III at the battle of Granicus River (near the Hellespont); he
then conquered Asia Minor.
||(November) Defeat of Darius III by
Alexander at the battle of Issus. Antigonus I was appointed satrap of
||Alexander besieged and took Tyre and Gaza.
(December) Alexander entered Egypt.
||(6 April) Foundation of Alexandria in Egypt.
Alexander visited the oracle of Zeus Ammon at Siwa. (November)
Alexander defeated Darius III at the battle of Gaugamela (or Arbela).
Alexander took Mesopotamia and entered Babylon and Persepolis.
Antipater defeated Agis III at the battle of Megalopolis.
||Alexander I of Epirus was defeated at the
battle of Pandosia.
||Destruction of Persepolis by Alexander's
forces. Darius III was murdered in Bactria. (October) Plot against
Alexander the Great was suppressed. Ctesiphon was prosecuted by
||Alexander conquered Bactria and Sogdiana.
||Cleitus was murdered by Alexander.
||Marriage of Alexander and Roxane.
Conspiracy of the pages (a plot to murder Alexander). Alexander began
the India Expedition.
||Alexander crossed the Indus, won the battle
of Hydaspes (Jhelum) River and conquered the Punjab. At the Hyphasis
River, Alexander's army refused to proceed further. Alexander and his
army sailed down the Indus to the Indian Ocean.
||Alexander returned through Baluchistan,
with his army suffering great loss of life in the waterless deserts.
||Alexander returned to Susa. Exiles' Decree
issued by Alexander to repatriate exiles to their cities. Macedonian
army mutiny at Opis on Tigris River.
||(10 June) Death of Alexander the Great at
Babylon, age 32. Demosthenes retired to Aegina. Perdiccas became
regent of Alexander the Great's empire.
||Athens and other Greek states revolted
against Macedonia (Lamian or Hellenic War).
||(August) Battle of Crannon (Macedonian
victory over the allied Greek states). Athens was occupied by
Macedonians, and an oligarchy was established. Death of Demosthenes.
||Death of Perdiccas. Conference at
||Polyperchon was driven from Macedonia and
much of Greece by Cassander.
||Antigonus I attempted to reunite and rule
the entire empire of Alexander the Great.
||Death of Antipater. Ptolemy I seized
Palestine and Coele-Syria.
||Philip III Arrhidaeus was murdered by
||Agathocles became tyrant of Syracuse.
||(Spring) Olympias, mother of Alexander, was
executed by Cassander. Seleucus I fled to Ptolemy I.
||Coalition of satraps fought against
||(Late) Ptolemy I defeated Demetrius
Poliorcetes at the battle of Gaza. Seleucus I recaptured Babylon.
||Alexander IV and Roxane were executed.
Peace treaty among the Successors recognized the division among
Antigonus (Asia), Cassander (Macedonia/ Greece), Lysimachus (Thrace),
and Ptolemy (Egypt), although omitting the eastern satrapies of
||War between Agathocles and Carthage:
invasion of Africa.
||Areus I became king of Sparta.
||Demetrius I Poliorcetes freed Athens from
||Four Years' War (Athens against Cassander).
||Naval victory by Demetrius I Poliorcetes
over Ptolemy I at Salamis. Peace between Agathocles and the
||Antigonus, Ptolemy and Seleucus I
proclaimed themselves kings.
||Siege of Rhodes by Demetrius I Poliorcetes,
||Treaty concluded between Seleucus I and the
Indian king Sandracottus.
||Battle of Ipsus: Antigonus I was killed and
the power of Demetrius Poliorcetes was destroyed.
||Death of Cassander, ruler of Macedonia.
Pyrrhus became king of Epirus (to 272).
||(Spring) Athens was starved into surrender
by Demetrius I Poliorcetes.
||(Autumn) Demetrius Poliorcetes became king
||Lysimachus and Pyrrhus gained Macedonia
from Demetrius I Poliorcetes.
||Pyrrhus was pushed back to Epirus by
Lysimachus. Demetrius Poliorcetes surrendered to Seleucus I and died
||Ptolemy I Soter died; Ptolemy II
Philadelphus succeeded (to 246).
||Battle of Corupedium: Lysimachus of Thrace
was defeated and killed by Seleucus I. Seleucus I was assassinated and
succeeded by his son Antiochus I. Foundation of the Achaean
||Campaigns of Pyrrhus of Epirus against Rome
in south Italy and Sicily
||Pyrrhus won the batde of Heraclea against
||Pyrrhus won the battle of Asculum against
Rome. Gauls invaded Macedonia and Greece as far as Delphi.
||Antigonus II Gonatas defeated the Gauls
||Antigonus II Gonatas became king of
Macedonia, founding the Antigonid dynasty.
||Ptolemy II married his sister Arsinoe II.
||Pyrrhus was beaten by the Romans at the
battle of Beneventum.
||First Syrian War between Ptolemy II and
Antiochus I Soter.
||Surrender of Tarentum to Rome. Death of
Pyrrhus of Epirus.
||Hieron II became king at Syracuse (to 215)
||Chremonidean War: Ptolemy II unsuccessfully
supported Athens and Sparta against Antigonus II of Macedonia.
||Mamertines were defeated by Hieron II at
the battle of Longanus River.
||Roman army entered Sicily to help the
Mamertines against Carthage. Romans seized Messana. Beginning of the
First Punic War.
||Eumenes I succeeded Philetaerus as ruler of
Pergamum. Hieron II of Syracuse became an ally of Rome.
||Antiochus I was defeated near Sardis.
Antigonus II Gonatas took Athens.
||Antiochus II succeeded Antiochus I as
||Second Syrian War between Ptolemy II and
||Aratus recovered Sicyon, uniting it with
the Achaean Confederacy against Macedonia.
||Revolt of Alexander of Corinth against
Antigonus II Gonatas on the death of Craterus the Younger.
||Ptolemy III succeeded Ptolemy II as king of
Egypt. Seleucus II succeeded Antiochus II as Seleucid king.
||Third Syrian (Laodicean) War, between
Ptolemy III and Seleucus II.
||Agis IV became king at Sparta and attempted
||Aratus of Sicyon and the Achaeans captured
Corinth from the Macedonians. Lydiadas became tyrant of Megalopolis.
||Leonidas II was deposed as king by Agis IV
||Attalus I became ruler of Pergamum. Agis [V
||Former Seleucid province of Bactria became
||Demetrius II succeeded Antigonus II Gonatas
as king of Macedonia.
||Demetrian War between Macedonia and the
Achaean and Aetolian Confederacies.
||War of the Brothers (Seleucus II against
||Emergence of Parthia.
||Cleomenes III became king of Sparta (to
222). Megalopolis joined the Achaean Confederacy.
||Antigonus III Doson succeeded Demetrius II.
||Antigonus III Doson defeated the Aetolians
||Major earthquake at Rhodes, which destroyed
||Spartan victory at the battles of Mount
Lycaeus and Ladocea.
||Cleomenes III reformed the Spartan
||Death of Antiochus Hierax. Seleucus III
succeeded Seleucus II.
||Antigonus III Doson occupied Acrocorinth.
||Antigonus III Doson founded a Hellenic
League of allies.
||Antiochus III succeeded Seleucus III as
Seleucid king. Cleomenes II sacked Megalopolis.
||(July) Battle of Sellasia near Sparta:
defeat of the Spartans under Cleomenes III by the Achaeans and
||Philip V succeeded Antigonus III Doson.
Ptolemy IV succeeded Ptolemy III as king of Egypt. Antiochus III
||Social War: Philip V and his allies against
||Revolt of Achaeus.
||Prusias I campaigned against Byzantium.
||Fourth Syrian War between Ptolemy IV and
||Prusias I defeated the Galatians.
||Battle of Naupactus. Peace of Naupactus.
Ptolemy IV defeated Antiochus III at the battle of Raphia.
||Philip V of Macedonia formed an alliance
with Hannibal of Carthage.
||First Macedonian War between Rome and
||Philip V lost his navy off Illyria.
||Death of Aratus of Sicyon. Romans besieged
||Antiochus III campaigned in the east (his
anabasis) as far as India, emulating Alexander the Great.
||Roman alliance with the Aetolian
Confederacy against Philip V. Romans captured Syracuse, and Sicily
became a Roman province.
||Attalus I of Pergamum allied with Rome
against Philip V.
||Revolt of Upper Egypt.
||(Summer) Peace of Phoenice between Rome and
Philip V, which ended First Macedonian War.
||Ptolemy V succeeded Ptolemy IV in Egypt.
||Philip V and Antiochus III made an alliance
||Fifth Syrian War, between Antiochus III and
||Philip V was defeated in a naval battle off
||Second Macedonian War between Rome and
Philip V (to 197). Ptolemy V was defeated at the battle of Panion.
||Defeat of Philip V by the Romans at the
battle of Cynoscephalae. Eumenes II succeeded Attalus I.
||(Summer) Roman general Flamininus
proclaimed the liberation of the Greeks at the Isthmian Games.
||Roman forces left Greece.
||Antiochus III invaded Greece.
||Syrian War between Antiochus III and Rome.
||Battle of Magnesia ad Sipylum (Roman
||Peace of Apamea.
||Death of Antiochus III.
||Hannibal committed suicide.
||Ptolemy VI succeeded T,tolemy V.
||Philip V died and was succeeded by Perseus.
Perseus renewed an alliance with Rome.
||Antiochus IV Epiphanes succeeded Seleucus
IV as king.
||Third Macedonian War against the Romans.
||Sixth Syrian War, between Egypt and
||Ptolemy VIII became king of Egypt.
||Antiochus IV raided the temple of
||Perseus was defeated by Rome at the battle
of Pydna, ending the kingdom of Macedonia.
||Rome divided Macedonia into four republics.
Rome declared Delos a free port. Antiochus IV raided the temple of
Jerusalem for a second time. Revolt of Jews led byJudas Maccabaeus
||Antiochus V succeeded Antiochus IV.
||Demetrius I became Seleucid king.
||Judas Maccabaeus was killed in battle.
||Orophernes seized the throne of Cappadocia.
||Attalus II succeeded Eumenes II.
||Ariarathes V was restored to the Seleucid
||War between Prusias II and Attalus II.
||Ptolemy VIII threatened to bequeath Cyrene
||Polybius and other Achaean hostages held
since the battle of Pydna were freed. Demetrius I killed in battle by
||Macedonia became a Roman province.
||Achaean War: Corinth was destroyed by Rome.
Achaean Confederacy was dissolved.