What is Process Optimization? Introduction to Process Optimization
Why are engineers interested in optimization? What benefits result from using this method rather than making decisions intuitively? Typical problems in chemical engineering process design or plant operation have many (possibly an infinite number) solutions. Optimization is concerned with selecting the best among the entire set by efficient quantitative methods. This article is commenting some of them.
Optimization pervades the fields of science, engineering, and business. A typical engineering problem can be posed as follows: A process can be represented by some equations or perhaps solely by experimental data. You have a single performance criterion in mind such as minimum cost.
The goal of optimization is to find the values of the variables in the process that yield the best value of the performance criterion. A trade-off usually exists between capital and operating costs. The described factors, process or model and the performance criterion-constitute the optimization "problem."
Computers and associated software make the necessary computations feasible and cost-effective. To obtain useful information using computers, however, requires
- critical analysis of the process or design,
- insight about what the appropriate performance objectives are, and
- use of past experience, often called engineering judgment.
Engineers work to improve the initial design of equipment and strive to enhance the operation of that equipment once it is installed so as to realize the largest production, the greatest profit, the minimum cost, the least energy usage, and so on.
In plant operations, benefits arise from improved plant performance, such as improved yields of valuable products, reduced energy consumption, higher processing rates, and longer times between shutdowns.
Optimization can also lead to reduced maintenance costs, less equipment wear, and better staff utilization. In addition, intangible benefits arise from the interactions among plant operators, engineers, and management.
It is extremely helpful to systematically identify the objective, constraints, and degrees of freedom in a process or a plant, leading to such benefits as improved quality of design, faster and more reliable troubleshooting, and faster decision making.
Predicting benefits must be done with care. Design and operating variables in most plants are always coupled in some way. If the fuel bill for a distillation column is $3000 per day, a 5-percent savings may justify an energy conservation project.
In a unit operation such as distillation, however, it is incorrect to simply sum the heat exchanger duties and claim a percentage reduction in total heat required. A reduction in the reboiler heat duty may influence both the product purity, which can translate to a change in profits, and the condenser cooling requirements. Hence, it may be misleading to ignore the indirect and coupled effects that process variables have on costs.
Scope of Optimization Problems
From a practical standpoint, we define the optimization task as follows: given a system
or process, find the best solution to this process within constraints. This task requires the
- An objective function is needed that provides a scalar quantitative performance measure that needs to be minimized or maximized. This can be the system’s cost, yield, profit, etc.
- A predictive model is required that describes the behavior of the system. For the optimization problem, this translates into a set of equations and inequalities that are called constraints. These constraints comprise a feasible region that defines limits of performance for the system.
- Variables that appear in the predictive model must be adjusted to satisfy the constraints. This can usually be accomplished with multiple instances of variable values, leading to a feasible region that is determined by a subspace of these variables. In many engineering problems, this subspace can be characterized by a set of decision variables that can be interpreted as degrees of freedom in the process.
Optimization Applications in Chemical Engineering
Optimization has found widespread use in chemical engineering applications. Problems in this domain often have many alternative solutions with complex economic and performance interactions, so it is often not easy to identify the optimal solution through intuitive reasoning. Moreover, the economics of the system often indicate that finding the optimum solution translates into large savings, along with a large economic penalty for sticking to suboptimal solutions.
Therefore, optimization has become a major technology that helps the chemical industry to remain competitive.
Optimization can be applied in numerous ways to chemical processes and plants. Some of the typical optimization projects are:
- Design of a heat exchanger network,
- Real-time optimization of a distillation column,
- Model predictive control,
- Operations planning and scheduling,
- Equipment sizing,
- Scheduling maintenance and equipment replacement,
- Operating equipment, such as reactors and columns.
Optimization algorithms have been incorporated into a wide variety of optimization modeling platforms, including MATLAB, as well as widely used commercial chemical process simulators such as ASPEN, HySyS, CHEMCAD, Pro/II, and others.
Optimization of Chemical Processes, T.F. Edgar, D.M. Himmelblau, L.Lasdon
Engineering Optimization, S.S. Rao