The term “bureaucracy” started as a joke when in 1764, the journalist Friedrich Melchior von Grimm sardonically reported on it as a strange disease spreading through the French government—or so say the editors of a special issue of The Journal for the History of Knowledge devoted to bureaucratic knowledge.
Now, bureaucracy has gone from a joke to the object of conspiracy theories about the “deep state” operating in the American political system. Yet without bureaucracy, there’s no functioning government. Yes, your department of motor vehicles has annoying forms to fill out and lines to wait on. And, because we usually encounter bureaucracies at their public interfaces—the underpaid person you’re talking with has probably dealt with 15 rude customers before you got there—bureaucracies have gotten a badname. But without the DMV, there are no operating rules to keep over-achieving 10-year-olds and smarty-pants chimps from getting behind the wheel.
But bureaucracies are more than obstacle courses made out of forms. They are repositories of multiple types of knowledge.
A company’s internal technical support group is actually a good example of a bureaucracy. The IT support group contains a huge amount of knowledge not only about how tech works but also about how the business works. The group has information about the processes for determining the priority of fixing a particular malfunctioning laptop, when a loaner should be made available, and the paperwork required to track the laptop through the logistical, financial, and departmental processes. Bureaucracies are knowledge institutions.
Yes, we might complain when requests for phone support start with the prerecorded message, “Have you tried turning
the computer off and then back on again?” as in the British comedy The IT Crowd, but that rote step is there because it’s often the right step. And that, of course, is just the beginning of what the IT group has learned from experience.
A long history
The articles in the special issue of The Journal for the History of Knowledge remind us that bureaucracies long have been thus. In a boundary-pushing scholarly article, author and lecturer John Sabapathy argues that even the Inquisition, which, beginning in the 12th century, was the source of hundreds of years of persecution, torture, and murder, was in its own way a knowledge-generating bureaucracy. It used questionnaires, records, archives, and a rigorous judicial review process to ascertain who was to be tortured and then killed in a horrible fashion—most often Jews and Muslims. The Inquisition’s processes tried to rigorously distinguish authoritative knowledge from mere popular belief, so those processes weren’t the problem. The problem was the values that set its goals.
This doesn’t mean bureaucracies are inherently evil or banally evil. It depends on the goals of the organization it serves and, to a large extent, the freedom the bureaucracy allows—and even rewards— for reflection, discussion, and dissent … if overall the enterprise is capable of hearing such things.