Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer in China: Achievements and Challenges-Prevention is the Key
Copyright: © 2017 Huimin Zhao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Background: The study investigated esophageal cancer etiology and pathology, along with problems associated with surgical treatments.
Methods: Data from the National Cancer Prevention and Control Office and the National Cancer Registry Center (2012) were assessed for information regarding malignant tumor incidence. These data were also used to conduct a mortality analysis and investigate death records pertaining to esophageal cancer patients. We extracted crude and age-specific mortality data and proportional mortality ratios as well as standard mortality data for Chinese and world populations. Esophageal cancer mortality was compared with death statistical data and literature related to esophageal cancer was collected from the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and the Chinese Journal Network.
Results: The crude mortality rate for esophageal cancer in China was 15.58/100,000 for the period analyzed (21.48/100,000 and 9.37/100,000 for males and females, respectively). The age-standardized mortality rate was 11.51/100,000 (16.86/100,000 and 6.38/100,000 for males and females, respectively). Esophageal cancer mortality increased with age. In China, squamous cell cancer was the most common disease type and the middle and lower esophagus were the most common sites with respect to disease occurrence. Most patients received surgical treatment for mid- to advanced-stage cancer and the operative mortality rate was 2.32% ±1.087.The most common post-operative complication was anastomotic leakage (2.57% ±1.087) and the 5-year relative survival rate for esophageal cancer was 43.95% ±10.247.
Conclusion: Mortality rates for esophageal cancer are decreasing in China. However, Primary and secondary preventions are essential for disease control and early diagnosis and treatment is challenging.
Keywords: Esophageal cancer; Mortality; Etiology; Pathology; Treatment; 5-year survival
Although esophageal cancer has been studied in China since 1959, the country has one of the world's highest incidences of the disease. The first mortality report pertaining to incidences of the disease in China was published in the 1970s.The report showed that esophageal cancer accounted for 22.57% of all cancer deaths and the disease represented the second leading cause of death from malignant tumors . China’s National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR), and the National Cancer Institute released a national cancer incidence and mortality analysis in 2012, and the most recent data regarding disease occurrence and mortality rates were released in 2015 . Using these data, we studied esophageal cancer mortality trends in China and assessed etiology and pathology as well as problems with surgical treatment.
The first large-scale census of esophageal cancer in China was under taken in HeNan Province at the end of the 1950s. The resultant data prompted the Chinese government (1964 and 1969) to assemble a national medical team to investigate and prevent esophageal cancer . From 1959 to 1962, a retrospective report on the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer and a population-based cancer registry reporting system were established. The death report was commissioned in 1978 and the associated data included cross-sectional surveys, as well as case-controlled and prospective-cohort studies. From 1973 to 1975, retrospective surveys of population deaths were conducted in China over three periods: from 1973-1975, from 1990-1992, and from 2004-2005 [4-9].The report was released in 2015 and was used along with the international classification of disease-10 (ICD-10) to study C15 esophageal cancer death records and corresponding population data . The latter report contained statistical data from 2014 and included information from 31 provinces. A total of 234 cancer registries submitted data from new cancer cases and cancer deaths, and overall population coverage of 221.4 million was achieved (accounting for 16.43% of the entire Chinese population).
The overall mortality data for esophageal cancer in China are shown in Table 1 and the data reveal that the number of deaths resulting from this disease is decreasing. The number of deaths resulting from esophageal cancer is low in individuals under the age of 35. We also observed that mortality rates begin to increase over the age of 35, peaking at 80 years-of-age (Figure 1). The disease occurs most frequently in males and the number of male deaths was lowest in this age group in 2012. In addition, in 2012 mortality was higher for those males aged 50-65 years than in 2004; a similar trend was observed for females (Figure 2). Female mortality from esophageal cancer peaked for women older than 85 years-of-age (Figure 3) and overall mortality for men was greater than for women. The data also revealed that since the 1970s, improvements in economic development and quality of life have contributed to decreased mortality from esophageal cancer. In the past 20 years, population mobility has increased in China and many rural individuals have migrated to the city. However, the rural data does not significantly differ from that generated from the city. There are many risk factors for esophageal cancer and a study conducted in Linzhou (HeNan Province), China confirmed that genetic factors, consumption of fermented or pickled foods, and smoking increase the incidence of esophageal cancers (Figure 4) [10-12].
Zhang DH  Meta-analysis of 1174 esophageal cancer patients and 988 normal people from the year of 2008 to 1987 showed that the Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection rate of esophageal cancer tissues was 4.29 times higher than that of normal esophageal tissues (95% CI:2.38-7.70). The average infection rate of HPV in esophageal cancer tissue and normal esophageal tissue was significantly higher in the high incidence area than that in the low incidence area (59.26% vs 34.66%,X2 = 66.05, P<0.001, 42.50% vs 15.82%, X2=66.02, P<0.001). Therefore, HPV infection is an important factor in the high incidence of esophageal cancer in China (Table 2).
Chen Xia  Studied 4132 patients (Barrett'sesophagus, BE) in 41 studies. The detection rate of BE is 2.39%, which is lower than that reported by other countries 3%~ 8%. The ratio of men and women was 2.08:1. The average age of BE in China was 53.27 years old, earlier than that of the Europeans about 60 years old. The H.pylori detection results of 1775 cases of BE showed that the positive rate of H.pylori was 46.42%, which was higher than that of 32.9% H.pylori reported in western countries..
492/4132 was followed up for 13.7 months ~4 years, The incidence of carcinogenesis was 0.61% (6/984, 95% CI=0.12 -1.10), which was slightly higher than that of 0.54% of the Conio report .
Exposure to carcinogenic nitrites and fungal toxins significantly increased in residents of Lin Zhou. Conversely, a significant increase in vitamin A and B2 intake was observed during the same period. Protective factors including the use of cleaner drinking water and improved nutritional status also increased in prevalence [16-18]. However, although this information is useful, many factors that influence the occurrence of esophageal cancer remained to be elucidated. Wei’s  and Haijun’s  research groups analyzed 4,329 and 11,097 cases of postoperative clinical and pathological data pertaining to esophageal cancer patients, respectively. These groups reported that esophageal cancer occurred in several different sites including the cervical segment (0.86%), the upper segment (9.90%), the middle segment (72.36%), and the lower segment (16.89%) of the esophagus (Figure 5). The studies also revealed that these sites remained stable for 10 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was the main pathological type among the 4,329 cases of esophageal cancer that were analyzed (Figure 6).
In the15, 204 cases of esophageal cancer with postoperative pathologies, cancer cell infiltration reached the deep muscular layer and invaded into the surrounding tissue, indicating that surgery was predominantly performed on individuals in the later stages of the disease (Table 3). Thus, earlier detection and intervention is critical.
Surgery is the most common primary treatment for esophageal cancer. In 1941, Yingkai  described surgical approaches that were used to perform esophageal cancer resection in a Chinese population. These approaches included a left thoracic approach (Sweet esophagectomy); a right chest approach through the right portion of the thoracic esophagus; an esophagus-stomach-right chest anastomosis of Ivor-Lewis-esophagectomy; McKeown-esophagectomy; and esophageal avulsion without thoracotomy. Since the 1990s, minimally invasive cancer esophagectomy (MIE) has gradually become a standard surgical strategy for esophageal cancer in China . Analysis of data from all esophageal cancer treatment centers in China since 1994 shows that treatment of esophageal cancer is improving, and complications and mortality have significantly decreased; although associated survival rates are still not optimal (Table 4).
Preoperative TNM esophageal cancer staging for radical resection is an important step in facilitating the most optimal therapeutic strategies. However, this staging method is not sufficiently accurate and poses limitations with respect to diagnosis. Specifically, approximately 60% of patients have mismatched clinical and postoperative pathological stages and these discrepancies reduce overall mortality . Computer tomography (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and thoracoscopy are used for preoperative staging and, among these EUS is the most optimal method for visualizing clear esophageal wall invasion and lymph node metastasis. A previous report demonstrated that T stage accuracy is 82.9% and N stage accuracy is 77.6% . However, currently hospitals lack the necessary equipment to properly stage patients. Consequently, although the value of its use is questionable, positron emission tomography (PET) is often used for preoperative staging.
Currently , there is no significant difference in 5-year survival between the minimally invasive surgery and open chest surgery. A study of MIE data suggested that the average hospital stay was 9 days, Anastomotic leakage was 8.6%, pulmonary complication occurrence was 9.5%, the 3-year survival rate was 58.4% and there was a local recurrence rate of 6.7%. Thus, MIE is deemed to be relatively safe and may accelerate postoperative recovery. This strategy may also reduce hospital stays and postoperative complications, while also facilitating systematic lymph node dissection in a manner comparable to traditional open chest surgery. Robotic technology has been used for minimally invasive surgery and DaVinci surgery system-assisted esophageal resection has been attempted in China; however, high equipment costs preclude the widespread deployment of this resection strategy.
There remain several challenges in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. Among these, improving the accuracy of TNM staging and selecting more optimal tumor markers for early detection and treatment should be prioritized. Innovations in these areas would allow surgical treatment of esophageal cancer to be minimally invasive, personalized, comprehensive and standardized.
The comprehensive prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer is complicated and molecular biology and precision medicine will assist us to decrease mortality associated with this cancer. Fast-track surgery is beneficial for patient recovery. This approach has also been shown to improve the quality of life and reduce complications. Educational campaigns to raise awareness about potential causes of esophageal cancer will help to decrease resultant health care costs and mortality.
This work was supported by One Hundred Person Project of The Hebei Province (Project number: E2016100001).
|Figure 1: Age-specific esophageal cancer mortality in total at different times|
|Figure 2 Age-specific esophageal cancer mortality in male at different times|
|Figure 3: Age-specific esophageal cancer mortality in female at different times|
|Figure 4: Main effect factors of esophageal cancer in Chinese population|
|Figure 5: Esophageal cancer location constituent ratio|
|Figure 6: Pathological types of esophageal cancer in China|
|Rank order of causes of death||2||2||2||4||4||5||4||4||4||4||4||5|
PMI: Proportional mortality indicator
Table 2: Mortality rates of esophageal cancer by gender at different time’s （/100000）
|Depth of tumor invasion||Cases||Proportion %|
|Mucosa and submucosa||837||5.51|
|Outside the esophageal Soft tissue||336||2.21|
Table 3: Depth of tumor invasion
|Years||Author||Cases||Incidence of anastomotic leakage %||Incidence of anastomotic leakage %||five year survival rate %|
|95%CI||2.0095; 3.1390||1.6498; 2.9979||42.841; 45.0593|
Table 4: Surgical treatment results of esophageal cancer