During the past three decades, there has been a marked shift from saturation, to low-volume dipping methods.
Instead, it relies on a multi-pronged approach.
Flystrike occurs when blowflies lay eggs in warm, moist areas on a sheep and these eggs hatch into maggots, which then invade the living sheep. During spring, summer and autumn – and especially when conditions are humid – flystrike can be a significant problem for New Zealand sheep farmers.
It is estimated that 2-10% of the national flock is affected by flystrike annually and the subsequent economic effects can be measured in the millions of dollars.
Farmers spend in excess of $15 million annually on sheep dips, alone.
Alongside the economic impacts of flystrike, there are obvious animal welfare issues.
There are four blowfly species cause flystrike in New Zealand.
In order of prevalence, they are:
1. Australian green blowfly (Lucilia Cuprina)
2. European green blowfly (Lucilia sericata)
3. Brown blowfly (Calliphora stygia)
4. Hairy maggot blowfly (Chrysomya rufifacies)
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) describe a broad mode of action, rather than a distinct chemical group. These chemicals affect the ability of immature insects to develop through to adulthood. There are two IGR chemical groups relevant to flystrike prevention:
1. Benzyl phenyl ureas (BPUs) – diflubenzuron and triflumuron
2. Triazine and pyrimidine derivatives – cyromazine and dicyclanil
Neonicotinoids are a relatively new chemical class of synthetic pesticides. There is only one neonicotinoid – imidacloprid – registered for use on sheep in New Zealand and it is available in combination with triflumuron.
Spinosyn Spinosyns are one of the newest chemical classes of insecticides and is a natural non-synthetic compound. The Spinosyn available for use in fly treatment is spinosad. Spinosyn is also available in combination with cyromazine as a saturation jetting formulation.
While resistance to chemicals is difficult to avoid altogether, strictly following the application instructions and using well-functioning gear to apply the chemicals can slow its foothold.
Regulation and safer alternative chemicals have seen the use and availability of organophosphates decrease in New Zealand. Only two active ingredients remain on the market:
1. Propetamphos – flystrike spot treatment and saturation dip available to approved handlers only, and
2. Diazinon – likely to be withdrawn from the sheep-dip market in the near future.
Tips to slow blowfly resistance:
• Only use chemicals known to be effective.
• If treating twice in a season, rotate effective chemical groups.
• Use a different chemical to treat an active flystrike lesion than used for flystrike prevention.
• If using combination sheep dips for flystrike prevention and lice control, consider the efficacy spectrum and resistance status of the products in the combination.
• If lice control in short wool and fly control in long wool is required in the one year, use products from different chemical groups.
Facts about blowflies
1. Only a small percentage of the overall fly population affect sheep.
2. These flies are almost always attracted to the breech area.
3. They have a seasonal activity pattern of onset and population increase, so treatments can be timed accordingly.
These three factors mean use of a preventive chemical product can be limited to a specific time, to the breech area, and on the most susceptible animals (e.g. lambs at or before weaning).
• Information gleaned from the Beef+LambNZ factsheet on flystrike; more next issue