SIPAN, Peru — In this lush, sugar cane-growing northern river valley near to both coast and desert, the land suddenly adopts an almost lunar aspect. To an untrained eye, it seems as if bomber pilots have run amok, tearing the turf asunder.
There, though, in the midst of the extensive digging, stands an eroded mud brick platform. It's not much to see.
But the structure, the archeological excavations surrounding it and the pyramids that rise nearby, hint of astonishing ancient happenings here, mythic spectacles that had once been captured only on murals and painted pottery extracted from this area.
The lore told of a chilling rite in which unclothed prisoners, some borne on litters, had been marched in a procession toward bejeweled princes and priests.
Before the captives had traveled far, though, attendants appeared. They slit the prisoners' throats and presented their blood in dripping goblets to one figure adorned in shimmering silver and burnished gold.
He came to be known simply as the Warrior-Priest of Sipan.
But who was this powerful individual? Did he actually exist? And how did he acquire such sway in his society? How did he exercise it? How did he live and die?
Many of the Warrior-Priest's secrets are being divulged in "Royal Tombs of Sipan"--a dazzling display of funerary offerings, some of the most opulent ever scientifically excavated in the Americas--currently at UCLA's Fowler Museum of Cultural History.
The 200 or so objects from Sipan, and other works of Moche art, many of them restored as part of a $1-million conservation program at the Roemisch-Germanisches Museum in Mainz, Germany, will cross America for two years, with stops in Houston, New York, Detroit and Washington.
In 1995, the treasures--including masks, armor and jewelry--then will return to the nearby Lambayeque's Bruening Museum. The $800,000 in anticipated proceeds from the tour will help build a new wing to house the objects.
"The lords of Sipan will construct their own new home," said Walter Alva, who is the Bruening's director and Sipan's excavator.
The Sipan exhibit, replete with its own bizarre, recent overlay of crime, violence and bloodshed, offers a detailed look at some of the continuing labors of Peruvian archeologists, who, five years ago, discovered the first of three gold-filled tombs of a 1,700-year-old mausoleum of the pre-Inca Moche civilization.
From AD 100 to 800, the Moche controlled a swath of desert and river valleys stretching some 250 miles along Peru's northern coast. They built their villages, temples and palaces in river valleys replete with sophisticated irrigation systems.
Unlike the Maya, their Mexican contemporaries, the Moche had no written language; only a vivid artistic record and careful excavation has allowed experts to begin to reconstruct the story of their civilization.
The wealth of valuable information from Sipan has redefined archeologists' understanding of Moche social organization, ceremony, religion, art and technology.
"Sipan has opened new perspectives for Peru's ancient Moche," Alva said.
Based on information derived from excavations here and elsewhere in the Moche heartland, archeologists have modified their theories, which held that this kingdom was controlled from the city of Trujillo, some 100 miles south of Sipan.
Instead, Christopher Donnan, the Fowler's director and a UCLA anthropology professor who co-curated the "Royal Tombs," believes that each river valley housed a separate principality or court that followed the conventions of Moche society, religion and art.
Like European royalty, the Moche ruling class was related, but its members ruled independently. Unlike the royal families of Europe, the descendants of the Moche elite did not inherit wealth; their treasures, instead, accompanied Moche lords to the afterlife.
Sipan may have been a court seat, and the burial platform here served from AD 100-300 as a mausoleum for a succession of Moche lords and priests who took part in a ritual known as the Sacrifice Ceremony, Donnan said.
The ceremony had been seen as a recurring theme in Moche murals and painted pottery, he explained. But for a long time, experts were perplexed as to whether the ritual was real or imagined. The Moche funerary offerings, unearthed by archeologists at Sipan, indicate that the human sacrifices did occur and were not merely artistic visions.
The evidence suggests that Sipan's Warrior-Priest, who lived around AD 300, was the central figure in the complex sacrifice ritual.
"Prior to these excavations we had never seen such a perfect match between objects found in Moche tombs and objects shown being worn and used ceremoniously in Moche art," Donnan wrote recently.