M36 tank destroyer
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2008)|
|90mm Gun Motor Carriage M36|
90 mm Gun Motor Carriage M36B2
|Place of origin||United States|
|Wars||World War II, Korean War, First Indochina War, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Croatian War of Independence, Bosnian War|
|Weight||29 tonnes (32.0 short tons; 28.5 long tons)|
|Length||7.46 metres (24 ft 6 in) (w/ gun)
5.97 metres (19 ft 7 in) (w/o gun)
|Width||3.05 metres (10 ft 0 in)|
|Height||3.28 metres (10 ft 9 in)|
|Crew||5 (Commander, (3x) gun crew, driver)|
|Armor||9–108 millimetres (0.35–4.25 in)|
|90 mm M3 gun
|.50 cal Browning M2HB machine gun
Browning M1919 machine gun (M36B1)
|Engine||Ford GAA V-8 gasoline
450 hp (336 kW)
|Transmission||Synchromesh gearbox with 5 forward and 1 reverse ratio|
|Suspension||Vertical Volute Spring Suspension (VVSS)|
|Fuel capacity||192 gallons|
|240 km (150 mi) on roads|
|Speed||42 km/h (26 mph) to 48 km/h (30 mph) (road)|
The M36 tank destroyer, formally 90 mm Gun Motor Carriage, M36, was an American tank destroyer used during World War II. American soldiers usually referred to them as TDs for 'tank destroyers'. The M36 first served in combat in Europe in September 1944, and served until the end of the war; it also served during the Korean War, and in the armies of several other countries.
With the advent of heavy German armor such as the Panther and Tiger, the standard U.S. tank destroyer, the 3in Gun Motor Carriage M10, was rapidly becoming obsolete, because its main armament, the 3in M7 gun, had difficulty engaging these new tanks past 500 metres. This was foreseen, however, and in September 1942 American engineers had begun designing a new tank destroyer armed with the M3 90 mm gun. This was several months before any Western Allied unit encountered a Tiger in combat, as the British First Army in Tunisia was the first western Allied unit to encounter the Tiger I in the leadup to the Battle of the Kasserine Pass at the start of 1943, and well over a year before any US unit encountered a Panther in combat.
The first M36 prototype was completed in March 1943, with a new turret mounting the 90 mm M3 gun on a standard M10 chassis. After testing, an order for 500 was issued. The prototype was designated T71 Gun Motor Carriage; upon standardization the designation was changed to 90 mm Gun Motor Carriage M36 in June 1944.
Like all US tank destroyers, the turret was open-topped to save weight and provide better observation. Postwar, a folding armored roof kit was developed to provide some protection from shell fragments, as with the M10. The M36 had a large bustle at the rear of its turret which provided a counterweight for the main gun. Eleven additional rounds of ammunition were stored inside the counterweight.
It was not until September 1944 that the vehicle first began to appear in the European Theater of Operations. About 1,400 M36s were produced during the war. The need for 90 mm gunned tank destroyers was so urgent that, during October–December 1944, 187 conversions of standard Medium Tank M4A3 hulls were produced by Grand Blanc Arsenal. These vehicles, designated M36B1, were rushed to the European Theater of Operations and used in combat alongside standard M36s. The M36 was well liked by its crews, being one of the few armored fighting vehicles available to US forces that could destroy heavy German tanks from a distance. In an engagement with a German Panther tank at 1500 yards, a M36 of the 776th TD Battalion was able to penetrate the turret armor. Crews of the M36 found that it was better to target the turret rather than the glacis plate. In addition, crews found the Panther tank to be vulnerable when hit from the side.
|M36 with ball mounted machine gun on co-driver's side|
After World War II, the M36 was used in the Korean War. It could destroy any Soviet-made AFV deployed in that theater of operations. One postwar modification was the addition of a ball-mounted machine gun on the co-driver's side, as in many other armored fighting vehicles of the time. Due to the shortage of M26 and M46 tanks, the M36 became one of the preferred armored vehicles for MAP (Military Assistance Program) transfers. South Korean tank battalions were provided with 110 M36s (along with a small number of M10 tank destroyers) during the Korean War. 
M36s were also exported after World War II to various countries. One of the recipients was Yugoslavia where the engine was replaced with the 500 hp Soviet-made diesel engine used in T-55 main battle tanks. Yugoslavian M36s participated in the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) but they are no longer in service with the Croatian Armed Forces due to their withdrawal immediately after the war. M36s were also used by Serbian forces in Bosnia and Croatia, and they were used during the Kosovo War as decoys for NATO air strikes. The M36 was used by the French army, during the First Indochina War. They were also supplied as part of U.S. military aid to Pakistan in the 1950s and served in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
The Republic of China Army acquired eight ex-French examples in 1955 and had them stationed in Kinmen island group, where they are deemed more maneuverable than the bigger M48A3 and later CM11/12 MBTs while being more powerful than M24 and M41 light tanks. As of April 2001, at least two still remained in service with troops in Lieyu Township.
- 90 mm gun turret on 3" GMC M10A1 hull (M4A3 chassis). (1,298 produced/converted)
- 90 mm gun turret on Medium Tank M4A3 hull and chassis. (187 produced/converted).
- 90 mm gun turret on 3" GMC M10 hull (M4A2 chassis), GM 6046 diesel (conjoined twin 6-71s) (287 produced/converted).
- USA: US Army Main Operator
- Bosnia: Bosnian Army used them as part of the Balkan Wars of the 1990s
- Croatia: Croatian Army used many during the Croatian War of Independence
- France: Free French & French Armed Forces Post war
- Iraq: Very few captured from Iran
- Iran: Iranian Army M36B1 used during the Iran-Iraq War
- Italy: Italian Army NATO Post war use
- Philippines: Philippine Army and Philippine Constabulary 1942 to 1960s.
- Pakistan: Pakistani Army used US Supplied M36s Against the Indians in the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 & 1971
- Republic of China: Republic of China Army Acquired 8 in 1955 from France, at least 2 still remain in Service.
- Serbia: Serbian Army used some during the Balkan Wars
- Slovenia: Slovenian Army used some during the 10 day war
- Turkey: 222 given by USA
- Yugoslavia: Yugoslav Army Passed onto successor states
- Republic of Korea: Republic of Korea Army used in Korean War,retired in 1959
- WWII Vehicles citing Tank Data, Aberdeen Proving Ground Series, 1968[full citation needed]
- WWII Vehicles[full citation needed]
- Keegan, John (1979). World armies (2 ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-17236-1.[page needed]
- Steven Zaloga, M10 and M36 Tank Destroyers 1942-1953, (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002), p.33.
- Steven Zaloga, M10 and M36 Tank Destroyers 1942-1953, (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002), p.42
- United States' M36, M36B1, M36B2 Tank Destroyers. World War II Vehicles, Tanks, and Airplanes.
- TM 9-2800 Standard Military Motor Vehicles. dated 1 sept. 1943
- TM 9-745 (M36B2)
- TM 9-748 (M36B1)
- TM 9-758
- Tankdestroyer.net (Web based United States tank destroyer forces information resource)
- Jim Mesko, US Tank Destroyers, Walk Around Number 5703, Squadron/Signal 2003
- Peter Chamberlain and Chris Ellis. British and American Tanks of World War Two. London: Cassell & Company, 1969, pp. 142-143.
- Steven Zaloga. M10 and M36 Tank Destroyers 1942-1953. New Vanguard, Book 57. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002.
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