n June 14, 1994, the Secretary of State for Women's Affairs, Keat Sukun, in his
statement at the Second Asia and Pacific Ministerial Conference on Women in
Development, approved and adopted the Jakarta Declaration for the Advancement of
Women in Asia and the Pacific together with other ministers of the region.
Sukun praised the senior officials who compiled the declaration: "The
points you raised, both in the critical areas of concern and action to be taken,
are comprehensive and fundamental."
The Declaration pinpointed ten
critical areas of concern which highlight the themes of equality, development
and peace established for the United Nations Decade for Women. These were
elaborated at the Nairobi conference entitled Forward-looking Strategies for the
Advancement of Women Towards the Year 2000.
As the year 2000
approaches, and with the objectives of the Strategies still far from being
attained, the Jakarta Declaration devised goals, strategic objectives and action
to be taken to combat the following ten critical areas of concern:
- The growing feminization of poverty;
- Inequality in women's access to and participation in economic
- Inadequate recognition of women's roles and their concerns in environment
and natural resource management;
- Inequitable access to power and decision-making;
- Violation of women's human rights;
- Inequalities in and lack of access to health care;
- Negative portrayal of women in the media;
- Inequalities in and lack of access to education and literacy;
- Inadequate mechanisms for promoting the advancement of women;
- Inadequate recognition of women's role in peace-building.
In approving and adopting the Jakarta Declaration the Royal Government of
Cambodia, like those of the region, is committed to abide by the action to be
taken to ensure that the goals and objectives can be realized.
Declaration provides governments in the region with a framework for their
programs addressing women's concerns and integrating women in development until
the year 2000 and beyond. Action to be taken as detailed in the Jakarta
Declaration depends heavily on the goodwill of governments. The governments are
agents that must create conditions to overcome the ten critical areas of
With only six more years to the year 2000, each government must
start making financial arrangements to successfully implement the suggested
action to be taken. For Cambodia, as Sukun said at the Conference: "...there
remain a lot of things yet to be done."
Each ministry is yet to devise
policies and programs to advance the causes of women. This can be started by
close consultation with the Secretariat of State for Women's Affairs which
understands and is more knowledgeable about the problems facing
The State Secretariat for Women's Affairs is an agent that
provides policy and program guidelines to the government in its efforts to raise
the status and living conditions of women.
Meanwhile last week 42
students celebrated their graduation from the Foreign Language Institute after
four years of higher education. Happy and gregarious, Thida and Savory (not real
names) were two of the eight women of the graduates. They intend to follow
careers as high school English teachers - a respectable job for Khmer women
traditionally. They were startled when asked why there were only eight women in
the group. As if they had never thought of it before, they mumbled incoherently
at first. Pressed further, the root of the problem was slowly
"Not many women passed the entry exam four years ago", I was
told. The exam, which comprised mainly English, requires high school graduates
to be above average in the language. Students who passed the entry exam were the
ones who had pursued English in their own time. These private classes are
usually offered in the evening. Students attend these classes to expand their
future employment possibilities.
Girls, however, miss out from this
system of informal education.
It's not as easy for girls to attend
evening classes as boys. For parents there is the problem of security and loss
of face if anything untoward should happen. They tend to guard daughters more
Also, four years of higher education is a major commitment
that not many girls can afford financially.
Parents' lack of commitment
to invest in girls' education is another obstacle. There exists the usual
injunction that they will get married and have children and will not pursue a
career outside the home.
With all the above problems, not many girls sat
the entry exam, and the number is declining over the years. Last year, for
example, out of the 3,000 candidates, only 100 were women, i.e. three per cent.
Of the 90 students who were accepted, eight were women, i.e. nine per
In order to be seen as complying with the Jakarta Declaration,
what can the government and the Institute do to increase women's participation?
Obviously some sort of affirmative action is needed to bolster women's
participation. Perhaps these will help:
- Provide scholarships for female students in order to take the burden away
from the parents, who are more likely to support a son than a daughter if there
exists the competition.
- Provide free English coaching for girls a few months before the entry
- Lower the entry scores required for girls.
- Provide boarding facilities to attract girls from other provinces.
- Reduce the English content of the exam, and test them in other skills as
Boua Chanthou has been writing about women's affairs in Cambodia since 1980.
She is currently a technical advisor to the State Secretariat for Women's
Affairs. This article was written in a personal capacity.