The Edgewood Arsenal was first established in 1918 in response to Germany's introduction of chemical warfare during World War I. As there was no commercial potential in the peacetime production of the chemicals (not forgetting their inherent danger) commercial manufacturers were not interested in producing the components of chemical warfare; so the army decided to construct its own chemical production plant to produce chlorine, mustard gas, chloropicrin, and phosgene.
During the 1920's and 30's the arsenal was expanded to operate as a complete industrial complex to facilitate production, assembly, storage, and shipment of chemical weapons. The manufacturing facilities form the core of the site. Housing was also provided for personnel employed at the production facilities and include a permanent barracks complex for enlisted soldiers. Additional facilities include a hospital and post headquarters.
Between 1939 and 1941, anticipating the possibility of war, the army repaired production plants and updated manufacturing equipment. New chemical, industrial, and shell-loading plants were constructed to produce toxic chemicals weapons. Two large warehousing districts were constructed along with new laboratories, and administrative buildings.
In 1946, Edgewood Arsenal was renamed the Army Chemical Center. Chemical production at Edgewood ceased, and the center concentrated on research and development, especially for defensive measures.
During the 1960's it was at the Edgewood Arsenal that the military tested the effects of hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD and BZ on soldiers based there.