Monday, August 29, 2005
Euripides and Luke
E.R. Dodds (on Bacchae 45) thought that the author of Acts "had probably read the play." In addition to the prison escapes and the "kick against the pricks" proverb, Dodds noted the presence in both texts of the comparatively rare words θεομαχέω (theomachéo, verb, fight against god) and θεομάχος (theomáchos, adjective, fighting against god).
In Acts, the adjective occurs in Gamaliel's advice (5.38-39):
And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought: But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God [θεομάχοι].In Bacchae, the verb occurs three times, first in the prologue spoken by Dionysus (lines 43-46, tr. E.P. Coleridge):
Now Cadmus gave his sceptre and its privileges to Pentheus, his daughter's child, who wages war 'gainst my divinity [θεομαχεῖ], thrusting me away from his drink-offerings, and making no mention of me in his prayers.Teiresias also uses the verb when arguing with Pentheus, at lines 322-325 (tr. Coleridge):
Wherefore I and Cadmus, whom thou jeerest so, will wreath our brows with ivy and join the dance; pair of grey beards though we be, still must we take part therein; never will I for any words of thine fight against heaven [θεομαχήσω].Finally Agave says about her son Pentheus (lines 1255-1256, tr. Coleridge):
But he can do naught but wage war with gods [θεομαχεῖν].At first I thought this argument had some merit, because my old (1872) Liddell-Scott gives no more examples of these words. But the 1940 edition of Liddell-Scott-Jones gives other examples, from Hippocrates, Menander, the Septuagint, Plutarch, Arrian, Lucian, etc. Peter Kirby has access to a copy of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae CD-ROM. Perhaps it would reveal yet more examples.
Kirby also missed a few parallels to the spur kicking proverb, included in the commentaries of Dodds (1960) and Sandys (1880) on Bacchae 795:
- Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 324-326 (tr. Herbert Weir Smyth): οὔκουν ἔμοιγε χρώμενος διδασκάλῳ / πρὸς κέντρα κῶλον ἐκτενεῖς, ὁρῶν ὅτι / τραχὺς μόναρχος οὐδ᾽ ὑπεύθυνος κρατεῖ. (Therefore take me as thy teacher and kick not against the pricks, seeing that a harsh ruler [Zeus] now holds sway who is accountable to none.)
- Euripides, fr. 604: πρὸς κέντρα μὴ λάκτιζε τοῖς κρατοῦσί σου (kick not against the pricks [imposed by] those who rule over you).
- Fr. iamb. adesp. 13 Diehl: ἵππος ὄνῳ· πρὸς κέντρα μὴ λακτιζέτω (horse to donkey: let him not kick against the pricks). This sounds like a fable, although I haven't found a fable that fits. This fragment is not in M.L. West's Iambi et Elegi Graeci.
- Terence, Phormio 77-78 (wrongly 776 Dodds, tr. Henry Thomas Riley): inscitiast, advorsum stimulum calces (this is folly to kick against the spur). Probably from Terence's lost Greek original (Apollodorus' Epidikazomenos).
These additional parallels only strengthen Kirby's sensible conclusion that the proverb is widespread and that its presence in Acts 26.14 does not prove dependence on Bacchae.