Committee | Preface
| Ch 1 | Ch 2 |
Intro to Ch 3-9 | Ch 3
| Ch 4 | Ch 5 |
Ch 6 | Refs for Part 1
| Other Reports | Ch 7
| Ch 8 | Ch 9
Introduction to Recommendations for Teacher Preparation
The following three chapters on the mathematical preparation for teachers at various grade levels take a different approach
than the recommendations of the 1991 MAA teacher preparation report A Call for Change. That report was built around a broad
inventory, stated in general terms, of the mathematical knowledge and reasoning that K-12 teachers need in order to teach
mathematics well. This report augments those recommendations, by giving more attention to the mathematical conceptions of K-12
students and how their teachers can be better prepared to address these ideas. The conceptions that prospective teachers often
bring to college classes also get considerable attention.
The next three chapters are organized around three common U. S. grade groupings: elementary grades (1-4), middle grades
(5-8), and high school (9-12). A distinctive teacher preparation program is proposed for each grouping.
Teachers need to study the mathematics of a cluster of grade levels, both to be ready for the various ways
in which grades are grouped into elementary, middle, and high schools in different school districts, and to understand the larger
mathematical learning context in which the mathematics taught in a specific grade fits.
Consequently, mathematics programs for teachers need some breadth in the grade levels they target. This report calls
for mathematics specialists beginning at least by 5th grade, so that, for example, a mathematics specialist might teach all of the
4th and 5th grade students in a small K-5 elementary school.
The mathematical education of teachers proposed in the following chapters is meant to prepare knowledgeable, flexible teachers who
are able to effectively educate students in mathematics, using a variety of current and future mathematics curricula. This
document is particularly supportive of the NCTM Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, as well as other recent
national reports on school mathematics.
Developing deep understanding
There are a number of statements in this report about prospective teachers acquiring a "deep understanding'' of school
mathematics concepts and procedures. The emphasis is on the mathematics that teachers need to know but also there is a
recognition that teachers must develop "mathematical knowledge for teaching.'' This knowledge allows teachers to assess
their students' work, recognizing both the sources of student errors and their students' understanding of the mathematics
being taught. They also can appreciate and nurture the creative suggestions of talented students. Additionally, these
teachers see the links between different mathematical topics and make their students aware of them. Teachers with deep
understanding are also more able to excite students about mathematics. Some mathematicians may react skeptically to setting these
goals for prospective teachers, because, in their experience, prospective teachers, like many other students in introductory
mathematics courses, seem to struggle to gain a minimal understanding of the basic concepts. Indeed, it is only realistic to
expect teachers to develop a deep understanding over years of professional study, undertaken alone, with other teachers, and in
continuing education classes. However, its foundation
---deep understanding of school mathematics ---must
be laid during preservice education.
Chapters 3, 4, and 5 in Part 1 of this report outline this mathematical foundation. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 (Part 2 of this report)
describe this mathematical knowledge in greater detail and illustrate how the need for it arises in teaching. Part 2 is intended
for those faculty members who will teach courses in the foundations of school mathematics or who want to broaden their backgrounds
in school mathematics instruction. These chapters are also intended to be useful to mathematicians, in general, to make them aware
of the pedagogical issues connected with "mathematical knowledge for teaching.''
Proof and Justification
Mathematicians need to help prospective teachers develop an understanding of the role of proof in mathematics. In the Reasoning
and Proof standard, Principles and Standards for School Mathematics says "Proof is a very difficult area for
undergraduate mathematics students. Perhaps students at the postsecondary level find proof so difficult because their only
experience in writing proofs has been in a high school geometry course.'' Prospective teachers at all levels need experience
justifying conjectures with informal, but valid arguments if they are to make mathematical reasoning and proof a part of their
teaching. Future high school teachers must develop a sound understanding of what it means to write a formal proof.
To avoid confusion, the report uses the following terminology:
- Student refers to a child in a K-12 classroom.
Teacher refers to an instructor in a K-12 classroom, but may also refer to a prospective K-12 teacher in a college mathematics
course ("prospective teacher'' is also used in the latter case).
- Instructor refers to an instructor of prospective teachers. In this report, that person will usually be a