Front portico added: 1794, torn down in 1877, restored in 1933.
Wooden siding added in the late 1870’s; removed between 1920 to 1934.
In 1769, Fr Serra, a member of the Order of Franciscan Minors (O.F.M.), received orders from Spain to bring the Catholic faith to the Natives of Alta California. Mission San Diego was the first mission founded in Alta California that same year.
On September 7 – 8, 1769 Gaspar de Portola traveled through the San Luis Obispo area on his way to rediscover the Bay of Monterey. The expedition’s diarist, Padre Juan Crespi, O.F.M., recorded the name given to this area by the soldiers as llano de los Osos, or the level of the bears (Bear Plain) as this was an area with an abundance of bears. Since then, various translations of the Crespi Diary have called this area La Canada de Los Osos (The Canyon of the Bears) which has been further mistranslated as the Valley of the Bears.
In 1770, Fr. Serra founded the second mission, San Carlos Borremeo, in Monterey which was moved to Carmel the following year. As supplies dwindled in 1772 at the then four missions, the people faced starvation. Remembering the Valley of the Bears, a hunting expedition was sent to bring back food in the summer of 1772. Over 25 mule loads of dried bear meat and seed was sent north to relieve the missionaries, soldiers, and neophytes (baptized Natives). The Natives were impressed at the ease by which the Spaniards could take down the huge grizzles with their weapons. Some of the meat was traded with the local people in exchange for edible seed. It was after this that Fr. Serra decided that La Canada de Los Osos would be an ideal place for the fifth mission. The area had abundant supplies of food and water, the climate was also very mild, and the local Chumash were very friendly. With soldiers, muleteers, and pack animals carrying mission supplies, Fr. Serra set out on a journey to reach the Valley of the Bears. On September 1, 1772, Fr. Serra celebrated the first Mass with a cross erected near San Luis Creek. The very next day, he departed for San Diego leaving Fr. Jose Cavaller, O.F.M., with the difficult task of building the mission. Fr. Cavaller, five solders and two neophytes began building what is today called Mission San Luis, Obispo de Tolosa.
Foundation Years: California as a Spanish Territory
After Fr. Serra left, the difficult task of actually building the mission remained. This was accomplished with the aid of the local Chumash Natives. Palisades were set up as temporary buildings, which were made simply from poles and tree boughs. However, due to fires in the first few years, adobe and tile structures were erected. The Church and Priest’s residence, the convento wing, were built by 1794. Many other structures made up the Mission in the early days: storerooms, residences for single women, soldiers barracks, and mills. The mission also had land for farming and raising livestock. The whole community of priests, Natives and soldiers needed to produce goods for their own livelihood.
Development and Troubles
When the Mexican War for Independence broke out in 1810, all California Missions were virtually self-sufficient. Receiving few funds from Spain, building proceeded for a few years due to the prosperity of the Mission. Between 1810-1820 Native cabins, mill wheels, and a granary were built, the quadrangle was finished, and the pillars on the priest’s residence were changed from the original square adobe columns to the round shape.
After 1818, the Mission’s prosperity began to decline and by the 1840′s there was little left of the thriving community of earlier times. The buildings were crumbling and there were not sufficient funds to rebuild. In an “informe” (report to the Government written in 1830) Fr. Gil stated: “The hospital and portions of neophyte villages are in ruins and the rest of the village threatens to fall into ruins… the front of the Mission Church has to be taken down, because it threatened to tumble over”. In his 1832 “informe” he was even more dismal: “Every day the Mission structures are decaying more and more for want of sufficient hands to renovate them… the belfry mentioned last year has been demolished by rains therefore we built another of masonry.”
Soon after Mexico won her independence from Spain (1821), the Missions were secularized by the Mexican Government. This meant that the priests no longer managed the Missions. Often Mission lands were sold off. Governor Pio Pico sold the San Luis Obispo Mission to Capt. John Wilson for $510 in 1845. During this time, buildings were appropriated for any use deemed necessary by the civil authorities. The Mission convento wing housed a school as well as a jail and first county courthouse.
After California became a part of the United States (1850), the first California bishop, Joseph Alemany, petitioned the Government to return some of the Mission lands back to the Church. Since that time, there have been considerable civic and political changes and the Mission has undergone dramatic structural changes. In the 1880’s the front portico/bell loft had to be removed as it was so weakened by an earthquake. At this time an effort was made to “modernize” the structures. The colonnades along the front of the convento wing were razed and both the Church and the residence were covered with wooden clapboard. A New England style belfry was added as well. These changes did work to protect the structure from further decay, and in the 1930s during the pastorship of Fr John Harnett the buildings underwent extensive restoration to transform them back to early-mission style. In 1893, an annex had been added to the right of the sanctuary and was extended in 1948.
The Name behind the Mission “San Luis Obispo de Tolosa”
The patron saint of this mission is Saint Louis, Bishop of Toulouse, France. Louis, born in 1274, the second son of King Charles of Naples. After being defeated in a war with Spain, Louis and his brother were sent, as hostages, to Spain for the release of their father. The brothers spent seven years in Spain, being instructed by Franciscan friars. Having absorbed the training, Louis decided to join the Order. After his release, he renounced his claim to the crown of Naples, joined the Order of Friars Minor, and was consecrated Bishop of Toulouse. Due to poverty and disease in the city, he fell ill and passed away at the young age of 23. He has always been very dear to the Franciscan Friars.
Click here for more information about Saint Louis of Toulouse.
1772 Mission founded by Father Junipero Serra, accompanied by Padre Jose Cavaller and Captain Pedro Fages on September 1st, 1772. 1774 De Anza Expedition stops here on first overland expedition from Mexico to San Francisco. 1776 Roof fire 1778 Fr. Serra receives permission to confirm from the Pope. He confirms 265 persons at Mission San Luis Obispo. 1783 Beginning of official informes, which include spiritual and agricultural reports. 1784 Fr. Serra dies; Fermin de Lasuen, O.F.M., replaces him as Padre Presidente. 1789 Fr. Cavaller dies and is buried in the Mission floor in front of the sanctuary. 1790 Fr. Miguel Giribet, O.F.M., appointed senior missionary. 1793 Present Mission Church completed. 1798 Fr. Antonio Martinez, O.F.M., appointed assistant to Padre Giribet. 1800 Building under Martinez: Permanent dwellings for families, a granary, weaving room, and 6 adobe houses. 1800-1815 Rancho de la Playa (Santa Margarita Asistencia). 1810 Beginning of Mexican War for independence against Spain. 1812 Mission renovation: re-plastering, paving. 1820 Mission bells arrive from Lima, Peru cast by Manuel Vargas. 1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain. 1824 Natives at Missions Santa Barbara, Santa Ines, and La Purisima revolt against civil authority. 1824 Mexican Congress decrees that all Californians must sign oath of allegiance to Mexico. 1827 Mexican Congress decrees that all Spaniards under 60 years old shall be expelled. 1830 Mexican Governor Echeandia arrests Fr. Martinez on a trumped up charge of treason, and exiles him outside of Mexican territories. 1830 Earthquake. 1830 Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada, O.F.M., assigned to take over the Mission. He died in 1833 and was buried in the floor before the sanctuary. 1834 Mexican Congress approves Secularization Act: All Mission lands become property of Mexico and subject to disposition. 1835 Inventory and formal possession of Mission buildings by Mexican Government. 1842 Fr. Ramon Abella, O.F.M., dies; last Franciscan at the Mission. 1845 “Governor” Pio Pico sells remaining Mission lands including church and Laguna Rancho sold to Captain John Wilson and partners Scott and McKinley. 1846 Commodore Sloat raises U.S. flag over Monterey, War with Mexico begins, Pio Pico is deposed and his grants are suspended. 1847 Governor Kearney issues a proclamation protecting religious institutions. 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed ending the Mexican-American War. 1850 California admitted as the thirty-first State. 1850 Joseph Sudoc Alemany named first Bishop of Monterey. 1855 Bishop Alemany’s claim to Mission lands upheld by U.S. Land Commission. 1856 San Luis Obispo incorporates as a town. 1861 Stagecoach runs between San Francisco and Los Angeles. 1872 Renovation of Mission in New England style begins: Tiles replaced by shingles. 1875 Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary come to San Luis Obispo to staff a new school. 1876 San Luis Obispo re-incorporates as a “city”. 1893 Fr. Valentin Aguilere decides to enlarge Church, builds annex to the right of the sanctuary. 1894 San Luis Obispo reached by railroad, Southern Pacific builds Ramona Hotel. 1901 California State Polytechnic College established. 1920 Fire in Sacristy. 1926 Mission Central High School opens. 1933 Restoration of the Mission (back to Spanish style) begun by Fr. Harnett. 1948 Addition to the Annex in the Church is completed. This addition was funded by the Hearst Foundation. 1970 The Mission continues to be recognized as the center of the City of San Luis Obispo, with the dedication of Mission Plaza. 1998 Mission Web page goes online. The Mission approaches the 21st Century as a thriving Christian community with several active ministries. It is now a diocesan parish ministered by priests who carry on the work that Fr. Serra began. 2003 Mission Web Site dramatically revitalized. The parish now serves 2,200 families of the San Luis Obispo and surrounding communities with a variety of ministries.