Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure Important Questions and Answers.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure
Long Answer Type Questions:
(a) Define mixture. Give examples.
(b) What are the types of mixtures?
(a) Mixture. It is a product obtained by mixing two or more substances (elements and / or compounds) in any proportion. For example,
- Air is a mixutre of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc.
- Smoke is a mixture of carbon particles and air.
- Gun Powder is a mixture of nitre, sulphur and charcoal.
- Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc.
(b) Types of mixtures. Mixtures are of two types:
1. Homogeneous mixtures and
2. Heterogeneous mixtures.
1. Homogeneous mixtures: A mixture in which the different constitutents are mixed uniformly and has the uniform composition throughout is called homogeneous mixture, e.g. Brass is a homogeneous mixture of copper and zinc, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is a homogeneous mixture of sodium chloride and water.
2. Heterogeneous mixtures: A mixture in which the different constitutents are not mixed uniformly is called heterogeneous mixture, e.g. soil is a heterogeneous mixture, a mixture of common salt, sand and sulphur is a heterogeneous mixture.
Give important characteristics of a mixture.
The important characteristics of a mixure are:
- In a mixture, the components, elements or compounds are present in no fixed ratio.
- A mixture is formed from its components as a result of physical change.
- The properties of a mixture lie between those of its constituents.
- A mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
- The constituents of a mixture can be separated by physical methods only.
- The formation of a mixture from its constituents does not involve any energy change.
What are the various types of binary solutions based upon the physical states
of solute and solvent?
These are of nine types:
|Solute||Solvent||Type of solution||Example|
|1. Solid||Solid||Solution of solid in solid||Brass|
|2. Solid||Liquid||Solution of solid in liquid||Sugar in water|
|3. Solid||Gas||Solution of solid in gas||Iodine in air|
|4. Liquid||Solid||Solution of liquid in solid||CuS04. 5H20|
|5. Liquid||Liquid||Solution of liquid in liquid||Ethyl alcohol in water|
|6. Liquid||Gas||Solution of liquid in gas||Moisture in air|
|7. Gas||Solid||Solution of gas in solid||Hydrogen in palladium|
|8. Gas||Liquid||Solution of gas in liquid||Carbon dioxide dissolved in water|
|9. Gas||Gas||Solution of gas in gas||Air|
State briefly how would you separate or name the process use to separate:
- Common salt from a solution of common salt and water.
- Alcohol from a mixture of alcohol and water.
- Sulphur from a mixture of carbon particles and powdered roll sulphur.
- The coloured dyes in black ink.
- The solution containing common salt in water is concentrated and is then cooled. The crystals of common salt are formed which can be separated by filtration.
- Alcohol can be separated from water by fractional distillation as the two liquids differ much in their boiling points.
- The mixture is treated with carbon disulphide which dissolves powdered sulphur in it. It is filtered to separate carbon particles. The filtrate upon concentration and cooling gives crystals of sulphur which can be separated by the process of filtration.
- The coloured dyes in black ink can be separated by the process of paper chromatography.
Give important differences between a compound and a mixture.
|1. A compound is formed from its constituent elements as a result of chemical reaction.
2. A compound is always homogeneous in nature.
3. In a compound the elements are present in a fixed ratio by weight.
4. The components of a compound can’t be separated by physical methods but can be separated by chemical methods only.
5. The properties of a compound are different from that of its elements.
6. The formation of a compound from its elements is accompanied by energy changes.
|1. A mixture is obtained from its (elements, compounds) components as a result of physical change.
2. The mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
3. In a mixture the components can be present in any ratio.
4. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods only.
5. The properties of a mixture lie between those of its components.
6. The formation of a mixture from its constituents is not accompanied by energy changes.
How are mixtures classified on the basis of their physical states?
On the basis of their physical states, the mixtures are of the following types
|Constituents of mixture||Nature of mixture||Example|
|1. Solid-Solid mixture||Homogeneous||Brass|
|2. Solid-Solid mixture||Heterogeneous||Common salt and sand|
|3. Solid-Liquid mixture||Homogeneous||Sugar in water|
|4. Solid-Liquid mixture||Heterogeneous||Sulphur in water|
|5. Liquid-Liquid mixture||Homogeneous||Water and alcohol|
|6. Liquid mixture||Heterogeneous||Carbon tetrachloride and water|
|7. Liquid-gas mixture||Homogeneous||Carbon dioxide dissolved in water|
|8. Gas-Gas mixture||Heterogeneous||A mixture of Nitrogen and Oxygen|
Explain the following:
(a) Fractional crystallisation
(a) Fractional Crystallisation. The process of separation of components of a mixture having different solubilities in the same solvent is called fractional crystallisation. This method is used for the separation of components of a mixture which are soluble in the same solvent on heating but have different solubilities.
For example, a mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium chloride can be separated by this method.
This can be explained as follows:
The mixture is dissolved in water. The solid is concentrated to the crystallisation point. On cooling the crystals of less slouble component i.e., sodium chloride appear first. These are separated. On further cooling the crystals of more soluble component i.e., of potassium nitrate will appear. The pure crystals can be obtained by recrystallisation from the same solvent i.e, water.
(b) Sublimation: This method is used for the separation of the components of a mixture in which one component undergoes sublimation whereas other does not. For example, a mixture of ammonium chloride and common salt can be separated by this purpose take the mixture of ammonium chloride and common salt in a china dish. Cover it with an inverted funnel and its open end is to be closed with cotton wool. The walls of china dish are kept booled. On heating, ammonium chloride sublimes and condenses on the cooler parts whereas common salt is left behind. The fine powder of ammonium chloride deposited on the funnel is scrapped with the help of a knife.
Similarly, the mixture of iodine and sand can be separated by this method in which iodine sublimes whereas sand does not.
(c) Filtration. In this method, the mixutre is dissolved in a suitable solvent in which one component dissolves whereas other does not.
For example, a mixture of charcoal and sulphur can be separated by this method. The mixture is treated with carbon disulphide which dissloves sulphur whereas charcoal is left behind. The insoluble charcoal is separated by filtration and is dried. From the filtrate, sulphur can be obtained by evaporating carbon disulphide.
Explain the process of:
1. Distillation: The process of converting a liquid into gaseous state by heating to boiling point and condensing the vapour to get the pure liquid is called distillation.
For example, salt can be separated from sea water by this method. For this purpose the apparatus is fitted as shown below:
The mixture of solid and liquid is taken in a distillation flask. On heating vapour of liquid (water) are produced. These are condensed in water condenser and collected in a receiver. The non-volatile sodium chloride is left behind. Similar, a mixture of methyl alcohol and iodine i an be separated by this method.
2. Evaporation: Evaporation is a process of changing a liquid into its gaseous state by heating it at a temperature below its boiling point. For example, common salt can be obtained from a mixture of common salt and water by evaporation.
The mixture is heated in a china dish using sand bath when water vaporises whereas common salt is left behind.
What is chromatography? Why is it regarded as superior method of purification?
- Chromatography. The process of separation of different components of a mixture by adsorbing them over a suitable material (called adsorbent) is called chromatography.
- Originally, this technique was used to separate coloured mixtures but now-a-days this method can be used for colourless as well as coloured substances.
The main advantages of this technique are:
- It can be applied to separate the mixture even if very small amount of mixture of the substances is available.
- The components of a mixture don’t get wasted during separation.
- It also helps in estimating the constituents of a mixture apart from separation.
What is the principle of chromatographic separation? Name the different types of chromatography commonly used.
Chromatography is based upon the distribution of the mixture of the components between the two phases i.e. a stationary phase and a moving phase. The moving phase consists of mixture of the substances to be separated. The moving phase is applied over a solid or liquid i.e., a stationary phase. The stationary phase separates the components of the mixture by the phenomenon of either partition, adsorption or ion exchange. The different chromatographic techniques are:
(a) Column chromatography
(b) Thin layer chromatography
(c) Ion exchange chromatography
(d) Paper chromatography.
How will you separate gas-gas mixtures?
The gas-gas mixtures can be separated by the following method:
Fractional evaporation of mixture of liquefied gases. The mixture of two gases is liquefied by applying high pressure and then allowing it to expand. For example, when air is liquefied under high pressure and allowed to stand, both oxygen and nitrogen get liquefied.
The above liquid mixture is maintained at a temperature of -196°C (b.pt. of liquid N2), nitrogen boils off. For example, a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen can be separated by passing through porous partitions as showm below.
In this case, H2 being lighter diffuses at a faster rate as compared to CO2.
What are the various types of colloidal solutions based upon the physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion medium? Give one example in each case.
These are of eight types:
|Dispersed Phase||Dispersion Medium||Type or name of colloidal solution||Examples|
|1. Solid||Solid||Solid sol||Some coloured glasses|
|2. Liquid||Solid||Gel||Cheese, butter|
|3. Gas||Solid||Solid foam||Sponge, rubber foam|
|4. Solid||Liquid||Sol||Mud, milk of magnesia|
|5. Liquid||Liquid||Emulsion||Milk, hair cream|
|6. Gas||Liquid||Foam||Froth, whipped cream|
|7. Solid||Gas||Solid aerosol||Smoke|
|8. Liquid||Gas||Liquid aerosol||Fog, mist|
Define concentration of a solution. How is concentration of a solution expressed?
Concentration of a solution. It indicates the amount of solute dissolved per unit mass or volume of solvent or solution.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed as
Describe how you would separate the constituents of the following mixtures in a reasonably pure state:
(a) Sand and iodine
(b) Water and sugar
(c) Ingredients of gun powder
(d) Sulphur, sand and common salt
(e) Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
(a) Sand and iodine. The mixture can be separated by sublimation when iodine sublimes whereas sand is left behind.
(b) Water and sugar. Sugar and water can be separated by evaporation when water evaporates and sugar is left behind.
(c) Ingredients of gun powder. Gun powder is a mixture of sulphur, nitre and charcoal. Shake the mixture with water. Nitre passes into solution separated by filtration. Evaporate the filtrate. We get pure nitre.
Shake the residue obtained above with carbon disulphide when sulphur dissolves while charcoal is separated by filtration. From filtration sulphur is obtained by evaporating carbon disulphide.
(d) Sulphur, sand and common salt. Shake the mixture with water and filter. Common salt passes into solution. The filtrate is evaporated to get common salt.
Shake the residue obtained above with carbon disulphide and filter sulphur goes into the filtrate. Evaporate it when sulphur is left behind. Sand is left behind insoluble in carbon disulphide.
(e) Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The mixture can be separated by diffusion through a porous pot when carbon monoxide differ faster than carbon dioxide and thus get separated.
What is paper chromatography? How will you separate the coloured constituents present in a mixture of ink and water?
The process of separation of different dissolved components of a mixture by adsorbing them on a suitable material (called adsorbent) is called chromatography. The adsorbent can be solid or liquid. For example, alumina, magnesium oxide, special filter paper.
The components of a mixture are generally dissolved in a solvent like water, alcohol etc. If a filter paper is used as an adsorbent for the separation of components of a mixture, this technique is called paper chromatography.
The process of separation of coloured constituents present in a mixture of ink and water is described ahead:
1. Take a special filter paper about 25 cm long and 4 cm broad and stick it to a glass rod at its one end with the help of gum as shown below. Mark a line at a distance of 3 cm from the lower end with the help of pencil. Put a drop of ink at the centre of this line with the help of a fine capillary.
2. Dip this end in water taken in a beaker upto 2 cm.
3. Suspend this filter paper in a tall cylinder and allow it to stand undisturbed for one hour. The water rises up the filter paper and reaches the ink drop, dissolves its components and rise upwards along with water. The different components of ink are adsorbed upto different extents on the filter paper, therefore, they travel different distances on the filter paper.
4. After one hour, the filter paper is taken out and dried. Different of colours corresponding to the components of ink are produced on the filter paper. This filter paper is called chromatograph.
Briefly describe simple methods of separating the following mixtures:
(a) Powdered chalk and sugar
(b) Nitre and common salt
(c) Iron and copper filings
(d) Ammonium chloride, sand and common salt
(e) Ammonia and hydrogen.
(a) Powdered chalk and sugar can be separated by using water which dissolves sugar and chalk is insoluble. It is separated by filtration. From sugar solution, sugar is obtained by evaporating water.
(b) Nitre and common salt. The mixture can be separated by fractional crystallisation from the solutions in water because they have different solubilities in water.
(c) Iron and copper filings can be separated by using a magnet when iron filings cling to magnet whereas copper filings don’t.
(d) Ammonium chloride, sand and common salt. Ammonium chloride is separated by sublimation. Sand and common salt are separated by using water when sand remains insoluble and is separated by filtration, From aqueous solution, sodium chloride can be separated by evaporation.
(e) Ammonia and hydrogen can be separated by diffusion through porous pot. Ammonia and hydrogen have different rates of diffusion due to different densities.
How will you separate liquid-liquid mixture or immiscible liquids?
The liquid-liquid mixtures can be separated by using :
1. Separating funnel.
2. Fractional distillation.
1. Separation of liquid-liquid mixture by using separating funnel. This method is used when the two liquids are immiscible. For example, a mixture of carbon disulphide and wrater can be separated by this method.
The mixture is taken in a separating funnel. The funnel is allowed to stand for sometime. On standing, the liquid having higher density forms the lower layer whereas the liquid having lower density forms the upper layer. The two liquids are taken out from the separating funnel in separate conical flask.
2. Separation of liquid-liquid mixture using fractional distillation:
The process of separating the mixture of two immiscible liquids by using distillation carried out with the help of a long fractionating column is called fractional distillation.
For example, a mixture of ethyl alcohol and water can be separated by this method. The apparatus is fitted as shown below:
The mixture of ethyl alcohol anci water is heated in a distillation flask fitted with a fractionating column. On heating the vapour of liquid having lower boiling point are produced first and condensed in the water condenser and collected in a receiver. When the temperature of thermometer begins to rise, the vapour of other liquid are produced and these are condensed and collected in a separate receiver.
How will you separate the solid-liquid mixtures?
The solid-liquid mixtures can be separated by the following methods:
1. By sedimentation and decantation. In this method, the mixture is allowed to stand when the solid particles settle down as sediment whereas clear liquid is left behind which is poured out carefully. This process is called decantation e.g. mixture of sand and water can be separated by this method. By this method, the complete separation is not possible.
2. By filtration. In this method, the mixture can be separated by using filter paper when the insoluble solid is left on the filter paper whereas the clear liquid passes out from the filter paper and is collected. For example, a mixture of chalk and water can be separated by this method.
Short Answer Type Questions:
Give three characteristics of a pure substance.
- It is homogeneous.
- It has a definite set of properties.
- A pure substance cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any known physical method.
Give three examples each of two classes of pure substances.
Pure substances are of two types:
(a) Elements e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen etc.
(b) Compounds e.g. ammonium, water, carbon dioxide etc.
Give three characteristics of a mixture.
(a) The components of a mixture are present in any ratio.
(b) It can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
(c) The mixture can be separated with its constituents by physical or mechanical methods only.
Name the methods commonly used for separation of components of a mixture.
- Using separating funnel
- Simple distillation
- Fractional distillation
Define colloidal solution.
It is a heterogeneous mixture or solution in which the particles having size 1 to 100 11m are suspended in a suitable solvent or dispersion medium. For example, starch solution.
Define dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
- Dispersed phase: In the colloidal solution colloidal particles constitute dispersed phase.
- Dispersion medium: In the colloidal solution the medium in which colloidal particles are dispersed in called dispersion medium.
- e.g. in the colloidal solution of starch in water, starch particles constitutes dispersed phase and water constitutes dispersion medium.
From the methods (or techniques) of distillation, filtration, fractional distillation, chromatography, crystallisation, select and write down the technique you would use to separate:
- Constituents of colouring matter in ink.
- Hydrated copper (II) sulphate or blue vitriol from its aqueous solution.
- Nitrogen from liquid air.
- Unused zinc after the reaction of excess of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
- Fractional distillation
Name the technique which could be used to separate:
1. Iodine crystals from sand
2. Petrol from crude oil.
1. Iodine crystals can be separated from sand by sublimation.
2. Petrol can be separated from crude oil by fractional distillation.
How will you separate:
1. Pure water from sea water?
2. Kerosene oil from a mixture of kerosene oil and petrol?
1. It can be obtained by the process of distillation. When sea water is distilled, water distils, and vapour are condensed in a receiver whereas common salt is left behind in the retort.
2. Kerosene oil can be separated from a mixture of kerosene oil and petrol by fractional distillation when petrol distils off first and then kerosene oil distils off. .
- Name the kind of change of state when naphthalene changes into gaseous state.
- Name one element which undergoes similar change as in (i).
- Name a common substance which exists in all the three states of matter.
- Ammonium chloride
Electrophoresis is the process of migration of colloidal particles towards oppositely charged electrode under the influence of an electric field is called electrophoresis. The electrophoresis is due to the charge present on the colloidal particles.
Explain Brownian movement.
Brownian movement. When colloidal solutions are viewed with the help of ultra-microscope, it is observed that colloidal particles follow zig-zig path. This is called brownian movement. This effect is due to the unequal impacts of the particles of dispersion medium with colloidal particles.
Explain Tyndall effect.
Tyndall effect. If a bright, narrow and convergent beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution and is viewed at right angles with the help of a microscope, the path of light becomes visible and a bright cone of light called Tyndall cone is produced. This luminosity of path of a beam of light in a colloidal solution is called Tyndall effect.
Define physical change and chemical change.
- Physical Change. It is a temporary change in which only the physical properties of substances change and it can be easily reversed.
- Examples: Glowing of an electric bulb, evaporation of water.
- Chemical Change: It is a permanent change in which the chemical properties of substances change and there is a change in composition and cannot be reversed.
- Examples: Baking of a cake, Drying of a paint etc.
Classify the following substances into elements, compounds and mixtures:
- Cane sugar
- Stainless steel
- Cane sugar – Compound
- Zinc – Element
- Oxygen – Element
- Marble – Mixture
- Bronze – Mixture
- Nitre – Compound
- Air – Mixture
- Milk – Mixture
- Iron – Element
- Stainless steel – Mixture
1. Name the process used to separate the constituents liquefied air.
2. State how will you remove carbon dioxide from a mixture of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
1. Fractional evaporation.
2. Pass the mixture through potassium hydroxide solution. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by KOH solution.
2KOH + C02 → K2C03 + H20
Carbon monoxide is left behind and is collected over water by downward displacement of water.
How would you separate:
(a) Benzene (b.pt. 80°C) from toluene, methylbenzene (b.pt. 111°C) with which it is miscible?
(b) Kerosene oil from a mixture of kerosene oil and petrol?
(c) Lead sulphate from a mixture of lead sulphate and lead chloride?
(a) By using simple distillation when benzene distils off first and its vapours are condensed and collected in a receiver.
(b) Kerosene oil from a mixture of kerosene oil and petrol can be obtained by using separating funnel when kerosene oil forms upper layer.
(c) Lead sulphate from a mixture of lead sulphate and lead chloride can be obtained by boiling with water which dissolves lead chloride and insoluble lead sulphate is separated by filtration.
A molecule can be formed by an element as well as by a compound. Explain.
A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance i.e. an element or a compound which can exist freely. It has all the properties of that substance, e.g. a molecule of hydrogen (H2), a molecule of methane (CH4).
Can a mixture of chloroform (b.pt. 61°C) and carbon tetrachloride (b.pt. 77°C) be satisfactorily separated by the process you use for separating the various fractions of petroleum?
Yes, a mixture of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride can be separated by using fractional distillation as used for the separation of various fractions of petroleum. The heating should be carried out slowly on a sand bath and vapours are condensed in a Liebig condenser and collected in separate receivers.
Name a mixture used:
- by all living beings
- in the construction of buildings
- as a food
Give two advantages of paper chromatography.
1. It can be applied even to a very small amount of the mixture of the substances.
2. The components of a mixture don’t get wasted during separation.
How would you obtain a sample of sulphur from a mixture of sulphur and carbon?
Shake the mixture of sulphur and carbon with carbon disulphide and filter. Sulphur will be present in the filtrate and the residue is carbon. The filtrate is evaporated when carbon disulphide vaporises while sulphur is left behind.
How would you obtain pure ammonium chloride when it contains potassium chloride as an impurity?
The mixture is heated. Ammonium chloride sublimes and its vapour are condensed in an inverted funnel. Potassium chloride is left behind. From the funnel ammonium chloride is scrapped with a knife.
Name three metals which are liquids at room temperature.
These are mercury, cesium and gallium.
Name the various noble gases.
The various noble gases are: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn).
Which of the following statements are correct and which are incorrect?
- Milk is a mixture.
- Smoke is a mixture of solids and gases.
- Ice cream is a mixture.
- Mercury is a solid
- Thums up is a homogeneous mixture.
If you are given a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, how would you remove the carbon dioxide gas?
The carbon dioxide gas can be removed by passing the gaseous mixture through potassium hydroxide solution which absorbs carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas is set free.
Give two pieces of evidence that sodium chloride is a compound.
Sodium chloride is a compound because:
1. in sodium chloride, sodium and chlorine are combined chemically in a fixed ratio by mass.
2. the formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine is accompanied by loss of energy.
Give reasons to show that ammonia is a compound.
- The properties of ammonia are different from those of its components i.e. nitrogen and hydrogen.
- When ammonia is formed from nitrogen and hydrogen, energy is given out.
- In ammonia, N and H are present in fixed ratio of 14 : 3 by mass.
Give three reasons why air is considered a mixture and not a compound.
- the components are not present in any fixed ratio.
- the properties of air are average of the properties of its components.
- the components can be separated by physical methods.
Define crystallisation. Give its importance.
It is a process in which a pure solid in the form of crystals is separated by cooling its hot saturated solution in a suitable solvent.
1. For the purification of salt obtained from sea water.
2. To get crystals of alum from impure samples.
1. Some reduced iron filings and powdered roll sulphur are well mixed and heated in a test tube. Describe all what you observe.
2. Name the grey mass which is formed in test tube at the end of reaction.
3. Would you call the above reaction: exothermic or endothermic?
1. When iron filings and powdered roll sulphur are well mixed and heated in a test tube, iron (II) sulphide is produced
2. Grey mass of iron (II) sulphide is produced.
3. The above reaction is endothermic, because heat energy is absorbed.
What are exothermic and endothermic reactions?
1. Exothermic reaction: It is a chemical reaction in which heat energy is evolved. e.g. burning of candle.
2. Endothermic reaction: It is a chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed e.g. decomposition of calcium carbonate to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
What is the importance of evaporation?
It is used to separate the non-volatile component from volatile solvent component from a mixture e.g. dye can be obtained from blue-black ink.
What are the applications of centrifugation?
- It is used in diagnostic laboratories to test blood and urine.
- It is used in diaries and homes to separate butter from cream.
- It is used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.
How will you separate a mixture of:
(a) Iodine and sand?
(b) Ammonium chloride and common salt?
(c) Chloroform and water?
(d) Carbon disulphide and water?
(a) By sublimation
(b) By sublimation
(c) By using a separating funnel
(d) By using a separating funnel.
A solution contains 40 g of NaCl in 320 g of water. Calculate its concentration in terms of mass percentage of solution.
- Mass of NaCl = 40g
- Mass of water = 320g
- Total Mass of solution = 40 + 320 = 360g
- Mass percentage of solution = 40 / 360 × 100 = 100 / 9 = 11.1
What are the advantages of crystallisation over evaporation?
- Some solids decompose on heating to dryness.
- Some solids like sugar may get charred on heating.
- Some impurities may be present in the solution on dissolving the impure solid in a solvent.
Name the separation technique to separate:
- Insoluble solid insolvent.
- Solution of solid in liquid.
- Miscible mixture of liquids.
- Immiscible mixture of liquids.
- Mixture of two solids, one of which sublimes
- Filtration, centrifugation
- Evaporation, crystallisation, distillation
- Distillation, fractional distillation
- Separating funnel
What is fractional distillation? Give its importance.
Fractional distillation. It is the process of separation of a mixture of two or more miscible liquids having very close boiling points (differing by less than 25°C). In this case, distillation is carried out using a fractionating column.
1. This process is ised in the separation of petroleum products.
2. It is used to get component gases from air.
A solution of acetone in water contains 5 ml is 50 ml of its aqueous solution. Calculate the volume percentage of the solution.
- Volume of solute = 8ml
- Volume of solution = 50ml
- Volume percentage of solution 5/50 × 100 = 10
Define distillation and give its importance.
The conversion of a liquid into vapour and condensing the vapours back into liquid is known as distillation.
1. To separate two miscible liquids which boil without decomposition and have sufficient differences in their boiling points (more than 30°C).
2. To separate a volatile component of a solution from a non-volatile component.
How are elements classified?
The elements can be classified as:
(a) Metals e.g. Cu, Ag etc.
(b) Non-metals e.g. C, S etc.
(c) Metalloids e.g. As, Sb etc.
(d) Noble gases e.g. He, Ne etc.
Which of the following are pure substances and which are mixtures?
- Distilled water
- Iodised table salt
- One rupee coin
- 22 Carat gold
- 24 Carat gold
- Solid Iodine
- Air – Mixture
- Milk – Mixture
- Graphite – Pure substance
- Gasoline – Mixture
- Distilled water – Pure substance
- Ice – Pure substance
- Iodised table salt – Mixture
- Diamond – Pure substance
- Oxygen – Pure substance
- One rupee coin – Mixture
- 22 carat gold – Mixture
- 24 carat gold – Pure substance
- Steel – Mixture
- Iron – Pure substance
- Solid Iodine – Pure substance
Which one of the substances given ahead is an element, a mixture or a chemical compound. Give one reason in each case:
(d) flowers of sulphur
(f) gun powder
(i) apple juice
(j) carbon dioxide
(a) Chlorine. It is an element made up of only one kind of atom.
(b Milk. It is a mixture of fat, water etc.
(c )Honey. It is a mixture of carbohydrates.
(d Flowers of sulphur. It is an element made up of only sulphur molecules (S8).
(e )Sea Water. It is a mixture of water and dissolved salts.
(f) Gun powder. It is a mixture of sulphur, nitre and charcoal.
(g) Brine. It is a mixture of water and sodium chloride.
(h) Sulphur. It is an element made up of sulphur molecules (S8).
(i) Apple juice. It is a mixture.
(j) Carbon dioxide. It is a compound of carbon and oxygen combined together in the fixed ratio 3 : 8 by mass.
(k) Air. It is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.
(Z) Syrup. It is a mixture.
(a) Name a chemical technique which could be used successfully to separate
1. Iodine crystals from sand.
2. Petrol from kerosene oil.
(b) A pupil decides to separate powdered calcium carbonate from powdered calcium chloride by shaking the mixture with water and filtering. Would this procedure succeed? Explain your answer.
(c) Mixtures are usually heterogeneous, but sometimes homogeneous also.
Give one example each of two different types of mixtures.
(a) 1. Sublimation
2. Fractional distillation
(b) Yes, when a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium chloride is treated with water, calcium chloride dissolves whereas calcium carbonate does not. It is separated by filtration.
(c) Homogeneous mixture, e.g. Brass is a homogeneous mixture of copper and zinc.
Heterogeneous mixture, e.g. common salt and sand.
From the following techniques:
Distillation, filtration, fractional distillation, chromatography, crystallisation, sublimation, evaporation, decantation, sedimentation. Select the method you will use to separate:
(a) the constituents of the colouring matter of ink.
(b) hydrated CuS04 from its aqueous solution.
(c) Grass stains.
(d) Common salt from sea-water.
(e) Petrol from crude oil.
(e) Fractional distillation.
How will you separate a mixtu funnel? Explain with an activity.
Take a clean separating funnel and take a mixture of mustard oil and water in it. Allow it to stand for sometime. On standing, two separate layers appears. The lower layer is of water (heavier) and the upper layer is of mustard oil (lighter).
Open the stop cock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower layer of water carefully. Close the stop cock when the water has been removed. Mustard oil is left in the separating funnel.
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
Define pure substance.
It is a material containing particles of only one kind having a definite set of properties.
It is a material obtained by mixing two or more elements and or compounds in any ratio.
How will you separate the components of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride?
By simple distillation.
Give two examples of homogeneous mixture.
Sodium chloride dissolved in water, sugar dissolved in water.
Give two examples of homogeneous mixtures.
Iron filings and common salt, common salt and sulphur.
Is the mixture of oil and water, homogeneous or heterogeneous?
What is solution?
It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose composition can be changed within certain fixed limits.
Give examples of solid solution.
Give one example of gaseous solution.
Name the components of Brass.
Zinc and copper.
It is the component of a solution which is present in small amount and which is dissolved in another component called solvent.
It is the component of solution which is present in large amount and in which solute is dissolved.
Name the solute and solvent in an aqueous solution of sugar.
In tincture of Iodine, name solute and solvent.
In soda water, name solute and solvent.
Solute-Carbon dioxide, Solvent-water.
What is the type of air mixture?
In air name solute and solvent?
Solvent-Nitrogen, Solute-Oxygen and other gases.
What is the size of particles of solutions?
Less than lnm (10-9m).
What is saturated solution?
It is a solution in which no more of solute can be dissolved at the given temperature and pressure.
What is unsaturated solution?
It is a solution in which more of solute can be dissolved at the given temperature and pressure.
What is the concentration of a solution?
It gives us the exact amount of solute dissolved in an exact amount of solvent or solution.
What is a suspension?
It is a heterogeneous mixture in which small particles of a solid don’t dissolve but remain suspended in the liquid (or gas).
Why is suspension temporary?
This is because components of suspension can be saparated by filtration.
Suspended particles in a suspension can be seen with naked eye, why?
This is because their sizes are more than 100 run.
What is Tyndall effect?
It is the scattering of light by colloidal particles.
How will you prove that milk is a colloidal solution?
It shows Tyndall effect.
What is the size of colloidal particles?
1 to 100 nm.
How will you separate colloidal particles from solution?
By ultra centrifugation.
When do we don’t use filtration?
If the solid particles present in solution have very small sizes and can pass through pores of filter paper.
What is the principle of centrifugation of mixtures?
Heavier particles settle down and lighter particles float over them.
Where do we use centrifugal machine?
In diagnostic laboratory to study urine and blood, in dairies to separate butter and cream from milk, to squeeze water from clothes in washing machine.
On the basis of what principle, two immiscible liquids can be separated?
Based upon density.
How can a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride separated?
Name four substances which undergo sublimations.
Ammonium chloride, comphor, naphthalene, anthracene.
How many colours are mixed in a dye?
Two or more colours.
It is the separation of coloured components of a mixture based upon adsorption.
What are the uses of chromatography?
1. To separate components of a dye.
2. To separate colours from natural colours, to separate sugar from urine and to separate medicine from blood.
Which type of liquid mixture solutions can be separated by simple distillation?
Liquids having large differences in their boiling points.
Which type of liquid mixture solutions are separated by fractional distillation?
Liquids whose boiling points differ by less than 25 K.
Give two examples where fractional distillation is used to separate the components of a mixture.
What is the function of glass beads in fractionating column?
These provide surface for cooling and condensing vapours.
Which type of mixture air is?
It is a homogeneous mixture.
What is the boiling point of oxygen?
What is the boiling point of Argon.
What is the boiling point of nitrogen?
When do we use crystallisation for purification?
To purify solids.
How will you get pure copper sulphate?
Why is crystallisation better than simple distillation?
In simple distillation, some substances decompose or are burnt and some impurities are left.
How will you get pure water from sea water?
By evaporation and simple crystallisation.
How is alum purified?
What are the changes during chemical change?
Chemical decomposition and change of chemical properties.
Name the type of change of combustion?
How is matter classified on the basis of chemical decomposition?
Elements and compounds.
Which French scientist proved that element is a fundamental or basic particle of matter?
Antonie Lorentz Lavosier.
Which is the basic unit of matter?
Define an element.
It is the smallest particle of an element which can’t be decomposed into still smaller particles by chemical reaction.
How are elements classified?
Metals, non-metals and metalloids.
Name the metal which is liquid at room temperature.
What is metalloid?
It shows the properties of both metals and non-metals.
Give two examples of metalloids.
Give examples of non-metals.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, bromine etc.
Give examples for metals.
Sodium, potassium, copper, iron, gold, silver etc.
How many elements are known till today?
How many elements occur in nature?
There are 92 natural elements.
How many elements are gases at room temperature?
Name five methods to separate mixtures.
How are sugar crystals separated in a sugar factory?
By centrifugation process.
The size of colloidal particals is in the range …………….. .
1 to 100 run.
Tyndall effect is shown by ……………. .
He and Ne are ……………….. gases.
FeS + H2S04 → …………..
FeS + H2S04 → FeS04 + H2S
In a refinery, petrol is obtained from crude oil by the process of …………… .
Grass stains are removed from the clothing by using ……………. as solvent.
Common salt is obtained from sea water by the process of ……………. .
When caustic soda solution is added to an aqueous solution of copper sulphate, a blue precipitate of copper hydroxide is obtained. The copper hydroxide can be separated from the mixture by the process of ……………….. .