Excerpted from The Chronicle Vol. 49, no. 1, March 1996
By Clifford D. Fales
The availability of better wood screws and the rise of the factory system in the last quarter of the nineteenth century saw a proliferation of patents for more efficient tools for driving screws. Isaac Allard’s spiral screwdriver patent of 1868 began a succession of some fifty spiral screwdriver patents before 1900. Addition al patents for ratchet screwdrivers and screw holding screwdrivers give an indication of the demand for this type of tool. Decatur, Illinois, was a location which was prominent in the development of these tools during this period of time.
The Decatur Coffin Company spiral screwdrivers and the often-told story about undertakers needing only a clockwise screwdriver are both familiar to many tool collectors. However, there is more to the Decatur story than this one frequently-seen spiral screwdriver and the story commonly associated with it.
Christopher H. Olson
While only the patent date of October 7, 1884, is usually seen on the Decatur Coffin Company screwdrivers, C. H. Olson, the patent holder, actually held four patents for spiral screwdrivers.
The most prevalent model, marked DECATUR COFFIN COMPANY/DECATUR, ILL’S / PAT. OCT. 7, 1884, is actually based on the third of four spiral screwdriver patents granted to Christopher H. Olson of Decatur (Figure 1). It is most commonly seen in the 12″ size but also is seen in a smaller 8″ size. This model will also be seen with at least three different handle styles (Figures 2A, 2B, 3 & 4). Advertising and catalog illustrations designated this screwdriver variously as the Olson Patent, The Eureka Screwdriver or The Decatur Coffin Company Screwdriver. While it is known that C.H. Olson was a member of the Board of Directors of the Decatur Coffin Company (1), the fact that he invented and perfected this screwdriver would seem to indicate that he also was significantly involved in the production processes in the factory.
A significant feature of the construction of this spiral screwdriver which sets it apart from all but a few other designs is the fact that the shaft derives its rotary motion from grooves cut on the inside of the tube into which the shaft telescopes, rather than machined in the shaft as is the case with most spiral screwdrivers.
Olson’s October, 1884, patent was only the fifth for a spiral screwdriver which provided a mechanical means to allow the bit to remain in a stationary position while the handle is withdrawn for the next driving stroke. Others – most notably the A.H. Reid patent number 268,938 of December 12, 1882 – had some provision for this purpose but it was not an automatic mechanical release and required an adjustment of hand position or release of a lock for the return stroke. The Allard/Howard, based on the Isaac Allard’s patent number 157,087 of November 24, 1874, and the Decatur Coffin, based on Olson’s October, 1884 patent, were apparently the first spiral screwdrivers using an automatic mechanical release to gain widespread acceptance.
A warning to collectors: Many handles seen on the Decatur Coffin Company screwdrivers are not original. A wide variety of owner-made, retro-fitted handles will be found. Although three original Decatur Coffin Company handle styles are identified here, there are others which have strong indications of also being original. This is a subject which will benefit from further study.
Olson’s First Patent
The first spiral screwdriver patent of C. H. Olson was number 278,261 granted on May 22, 1883 (Figure 5). The patent illustration shows a tool which would have been unusually long and unwieldy to use. Judging by the relationship of the size of the slide handle and bit to the length of the entire tool, this tool would in all likelihood have been over thirty inches in length. The patent text indicates that one stroke normally is sufficient to drive a screw with this tool. This model has not been observed and it is certainly doubtful if it was produced commercially.
Olson’s Bi-Directional Patent
Probably the most interesting part of this story is that Olson’s second patent-number 301,915, granted on July 15, 1884-was for a bi-directional, reversible model (Figure 6). As far as I have been able to determine, this is the earliest patent for a bi-directional spiral screwdriver with the capability of both driving and removing screws by utilizing the reciprocating motion of the handle. Some earlier models did permit counter-clockwise rotation for removal of screws. This was done either by withdrawing the handle with a pulling motion or by means of locking the shaft to the handle and using a rotary motion, as with a standard non-spiral screwdriver. Reasons why this bi-directional model, which would have had much more usefulness than a right-hand-only model, was not put into production and marketed are open for speculation. Surprisingly, Olson’s October 1884 patent for the popular, heavily-advertised model came only three months after this patent for the reversible model. I have seen no examples of this model. My supposition is that Mr. Olson did not have sufficient confidence in the design of the bi-directional model and moved ahead to production and marketing of the better designed uni-directional model.
Olson’s 1889 Patent
Olson’s final patent (Figure 7) shows a right-hand-only model with a square twisted shaft and with a removable, interchangeable bit. Several features of this design seem to be for purposes of reducing manufacturing costs, i.e. substitution of a twisted shaft for a machined shaft and substitution of a combined wood handle/tube for the usual metal body tube. This model has not been observed.
Even though the Decatur Coffin Company was an undertakers’ supply house, it is obvious they marketed their screwdriver to the mechanic and carpenter trade. There were numerous advertisements in builders publications and listings in general tool catalogs for this tool during the 1890-1905 era. This brings up the question for tool collectors: did a manufacturer of undertakers’ supplies make any tools other than this screwdriver?
O.Z. Greene, president of The Decatur Coffin Company (2) also held a spiral screwdriver patent (Figure 8), but it apparently was never marketed.
H. Mueller Manufacturing Company
The Decatur Coffin Company, C.H. Olson and O.Z. Greene, however, were not the only players in town. Decatur, Illinois, was also represented by at least one other manufacturer of spiral screwdrivers at the turn of the century. The H. Mueller Manufacturing Company of Decatur produced at least two models from the 1890s to at least 1913 (3).
Anton Schuermann Patent and the H. Mueller Screwdrivers
Anton Schuermann, an employee of H. Mueller Manufacturing Company, was granted a patent for a “Tool Driver” (Figure 9) on July 30, 1889. It is illustrated in H. Mueller catalogs from 1899-1913 with a drill chuck (Figure 10) (4) and in the October 1892 Carpentry & Building with screwdriver chuck and bit (5) (Figure 11A). I have observed only one actual example of the this model of the Schuermann patent (Figure 11B). It is marked: H. Mueller Mfg. Co. / Decatur, Ill. I PAT. JULY 30, 1889. Another Mueller product, designated as the “Mueller Rapid” (Figure 12) shows little visual relationship to the above patent, but is based on the same patent. Examples are marked with the 1889 patent date and the catalog illustrations are marked with the date and labeled as “Schuermann Patent.” The Mueller Rapid is frequently seen.
The Mueller Company, now a subsidiary of the Grinnell Company, is still in business in Decatur. An officer has reported that there was no known relationship between the H. Mueller Manufacturing Company and the Decatur Coffin Company. (6) However, there is some evidence in the patents to indicate that there may have been some connection between the two firms. Not only did Olson and Schuermann engage the same attorney for the patent application process, but they used some of the same persons to witness their patent applications.
The Popular Story
This seems an appropriate time to refute the tale, popular among tool collectors, of the Decatur Coffin Company screwdriver being manufactured only in a right-hand clockwise version for driving screws because the undertaker only needed to drive screws and had no need to remove them.
This does make a whimsical story; but, in truth, there was not a bi-directional spiral screwdriver available in the 1880’s. (7) The first bi-directional models, which did not appear in advertising and catalogs until the 1890s, were the Jones Reversible Spiral Screwdriver (1892 patent) appearing in 1897, the Forest City Spiral Screwdriver (1895 patent) in 1896, (8) and the Goodell Pratt No. 22 (1897 patent) in the same year. (9)
Further explanation for the development of this screwdriver might be that it came about as a production tool within the Decatur Coffin Company because of the need for driving wood screws in the manufacture of wooden caskets. Did the Decatur Coffin Company possibly enter the tool manufacturing business and offer their spiral screwdriver to the trade after finding they had a good thing in what they had developed for in-house use? This is known to have been the case with at least one other spiral screwdriver – a model manufactured by the S.F. Bowser Company of Ft. Wayne, Indiana. (10)
The author is continuing research on screwdrivers and will welcome related information about screwdrivers in members’ collections, advertising material, catalog references or patents.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following individuals and organizations who supplied information used in the preparation of this article: Harold Barker; Decatur (Illinois) Public Library; Martin J. Donnelly; Carl E. Floren, Corporate Directory of Quality Improvement, Mueller Company; Paul B. Kebabian; Macon County (Illinois) Historical Society; Alvin Sellens, and William T. Wilkins.
1. Decatur City Directory (1889).
2. Past & Present of the City of Decatur and Macon County,
Illinois (Chicago, 1903) p. 9; 0. T. Bainton, ed., History of Macon County (Decatur: Macon County Historical Society, 1976) p. 122.
3. Catalog B, H. Mueller Manufacturing Company (Decatur, 1899) p. 111; ibid., Catalog C (1903), p. 49; ibid., Catalog D, (1907), p. 66; ibid., Catalog D, (1913), p. 67.
4. Catalog B, H. Mueller Manufacturing Company (Decatur, 1899), p. 111; ibid., Catalog C, (1903), p. 49; ibid., Catalog D, (1907) p. 66; bid, Catalog D, (1913), p. 67.
5. “Mechanic’s Screw and Tool Driver,” Carpentry & Building, (October 1892).
6. Carl E. Floren, letter to the author, July 25, 1994.
7. A Book of Tools (Detroit, Charles A. Strelinger& Company, 1895), p. 504.
8. Tools For All Trades, (New York: Hammacher, Schlemmer & Company, 1896), p. 155.
9. Woodworkers’ Tools, (Detroit: Chas. A. Strelinger & Company, 1897), p. 715.
10. M. Ramsey, “A Bowser Screwdriver, The Gristmill, 6,4 (1986), p.23.