The hunt — based on satellite analysis of the jet's likely trajectory after it diverted from its flight path — covered a 120,000 square-kilometer (46,000 square mile) designated zone, an area slightly smaller than England.
Two shipwrecks were discovered during the search but no trace of the plane, deepening one the most enduring mysteries of the aviation age.
However, the data revealed ridges six kilometers (3.73 miles) wide and 15 kilometers long that rise 1,500 meters above the seafloor, as well as fault valleys 1,200 meters deep and five kilometers wide.
A second set of data will be released in mid-2018.
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While the search for the missing plane has been called off, Canberra has said it could be restarted if new evidence about the specific location of the aircraft emerges.
"We remain hopeful that new information will come to light and that at some point in the future the aircraft will be located," Australia's Transport Minister Darren Chester said.
Australia's national science body CSIRO released a report in April confirming that MH370 was "most likely" north of the former search zone.
Three fragments from the plane have been recovered washed up on western Indian Ocean shores, including a two-meter wing part known as a flaperon found on La Reunion island.
Speculation on the cause of the plane's disappearance has focused primarily on possible hijacking, rogue pilot action, or mechanical failure, but nothing has yet been proved.