Anarchism in Japan
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Anarchism in Japan dates to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The anarchist movement was influenced by World War I and World War II, in which Japan played a major role. The anarchist movement in Japan can be divided into three phases: from 1906–1911, from 1912–1936 and from 1945–present day.
Anarchist ideas were first popularised in Japan by radical journalist Shūsui Kōtoku. After moving to Tokyo in his teens, Kōtoku became a journalist and by 1898 he was writing for the radical daily Yorozu Chōhō (Every Morning News). His liberalism led him to social democracy and Kōtoku attempted to form the first Japanese Social Democratic Party in May 1901.
His fledgling Social Democratic Party was immediately outlawed and Yorozu Chōhō shifted away from the left so Kōtoku started his own radical weekly, Heimin Shinbun (Common People’s Newspaper). The first issue appeared in November 1903 and the last was published in January 1905. Its brief tenure earned Kōtoku a brief prison sentence from February to July 1905.
In prison he read Peter Kropotkin's Fields, Factories and Workshops, and following his release he emigrated to the United States, where he joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Kōtoku claimed "had gone [to jail] as a Marxian Socialist and returned as a radical Anarchist." In the US, more than 50 Japanese immigrants met in Oakland California and formed the Social Revolutionary Party. The party began publishing a journal entitled Kakumei (Revolution) and a leaflet called Ansatsushugi (Terrorism) news of which reached Japan and angered officials there.
Kōtoku returned to Japan in 1906, where he spoke on the ideas he had developed while staying in the USA (mainly California) which were largely a mixture of anarchist communism, syndicalism and terrorism developed from reading such books as Kropotkin’s Memoirs of a Revolutionist and The Conquest of Bread amongst others. At the meeting, Kōtoku spoke on "The Tide of the World Revolutionary Movement".
While Kōtoku was in the US, a second social democratic party was formed called Socialist Party of Japan. A meeting of this party was held in February 1907 to discuss Kōtoku's views which ultimately led the party to striking the party rule which dictated working "within the limits of the law of the land". Five days later, the Socialist Party of Japan was banned.
In 1910, Akaba Hajime penned a pamphlet entitled Nômin no Fukuin (The Farmers’ Gospel) which spoke of creating an anarchist paradise through anarchist communism. His criticisms of the Emperor in the pamphlet cause him to go underground but eventually he was caught and imprisoned. He died in Chiba Prison on March 1, 1912.
The same year as the publication of The Farmer's Gospel, four Japanese anarchists were arrested following the discovery of bomb-making equipment. This caused a government crackdown on anarchists which culminated in 26 anarchists being charged with plotting to kill the emperor. The trial was closed to the public and all were found guilty.
In 1912, Noe Itō joined the Bluestocking Society and soon took over production of the feminist journal Seitō (Bluestocking). Soon Itō was translating works by anarchists Peter Kropotkin and Emma Goldman. Itō met and fell in love with Sakae Ōsugi, another Japanese anarchist who had served a series of prison sentences for his activism. Ōsugi began translating and publishing Japanese editions of Kropotkin's Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution and Memoirs of a Revolutionist while being personally more influenced by the work of Mikhail Bakunin.
Inspired by the Rice Riots of 1918, Ōsugi began publishing and republishing more of his own writing such as Studies on Bakunin and Studies on Kropotkin.
The Girochinsha (Guillotine Society), a Japanese anarchist group hailing from Osaka, were involved with revenge killings aimed at Japanese leaders during the mid-1920s. Nakahama Tetsu, an anarchist poet, and member of the Girochinsha, was executed for his activities.
The state used the turmoil surrounding the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake as pretense to round up Itō and Ōsugi. According to writer and activist Harumi Setouchi, Itō, Ōsugi, and his 6 year old nephew were arrested, beaten to death and thrown into an abandoned well by a squad of military police led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu. According to literary scholar Patricia Morley, Itō and Ōsugi were strangled in their cells. This was called the Amakasu Incident and it sparked much anger. In 1924, two attempts were made on the life of Fukuda Masatarô, the general in command of the military district where Itō and Ōsugi were murdered. Wada Kyutaro, and old friend of the deceased, made the first attempt shooting at General Fukuda but merely wounding him. The second attempt involved bombing Fukuda’s house, but the general was not home at the time.
In 1926 two nationwide federations of anarchists were formed, the Black Youth League and the All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions. In 1927, both groups campaigned against the death penalty sentence for Italian-born anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti. The anarchist movement in the following years were characterised by intense debate between anarcho-communists and anarcho-syndicalists. Hatta Shūzō, considered "the greatest theoretician of anarchist communism in Japan," began speaking for anarchist communism claiming that since anarchist syndicalism was an outgrowth of the capitalist workplace it would mirror the same divisions of labor as capitalism. Arguments like Shūzō's, and those of another anarchist named Iwasa Sakutaro, convinced the Black Youth League and the All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions to move towards anarcho-communism with anarchist syndicalists leaving both organizations.
These divisions weakened the anarchist movement in Japan and soon after the Manchurian Incident led the state to solidify itself and silence internal opposition. By the beginning of the World War II, all anarchist organisations in Japan were forced to shut down.
Shortly after the end of World War II, Sanshiro Ishikawa, who had been anarchist since before the war, wrote Gojunen-go-no-Nihon (Japan 50 Years Later). This work described an anarchist reconstruction of Japanese society following a peaceful revolution. In May 1946, a short-lived Japanese Anarchist Federation was founded. It published an organ named Heimin after Kotoku's journal. During this time, Japan was shaken by a wave of workers' demonstrations demanding food and a democratic popular front government. The Federation, however, failed to gain a foothold in the left. Socialists and communists were able to crowd the anarchists out in social struggles and Heimin became increasingly academic and idealistic. While the anarchists were initially divided on their relationship with the Communist Party, Heimin became openly hostile to the party by the end of 1946. The anarchists opposed a strike being prepared by communists, socialists, and the trade unions for higher pay for government workers, denouncing bureaucrats as "agents of authoritarianism", and even reveled in the occupying Allied forces putting an end to this initiative. Eventually, the Federation was split between supporters and opponents of anarcho-syndicalism. As a result, it dissolved in October 1950. This was a time of crisis for the Japanese left in general. The Communist Party had been banned by the Allies just months before, while many war-time right-wing leaders returned to their powerful positions.
Japanese Anarchists and Korean Anarchism
Japanese anarchists cooperated with and supported Korean anarchists. Sakae Ōsugi had a profound influence on Korean radicals. The Korean anarchist group Black Wave Society (Heukdo hoe) was established in 1921 with sponsorship from Japanese anarchists. Its organ was the Black Wave where Korean anarchist Bak Yeol was its editor-in-chief.
- Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period
- Japanese Anarchist Federation
- Tomioka Makoto
- Kikuoka Kuri
- Fumiko Kaneko
- Jun Tsuji
- Nagoya Anarchists
- Hajime Matsumoto
- High Treason Incident
- Shūsui Kōtoku
- Kanno Sugako
- Crump, John (1996). "The Anarchist Movement in Japan, 1906–1996". Anarchist Communist Editions ACE Pamphlet. Pirate Press. 8.
- Notehelfer, Frederick George (1971). "Chapter 4: Pacifist opposition to the Russo-Japanese War, 1903–5". Kōtoku Shūsui: Portrait of a Japanese Radical. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-521-07989-1. LCCN 76134620. OCLC 142930.
- Shiota, Shôbee (1965). Kôtoku Shûsui no Nikki to Shokan [The Diaries and Letters of Kôtoku Shûsui]. Tôkyô: Mirai. p. 433.
- "A Brief History of Japanese Anarchism". Anarchy in Nippon. Retrieved Aug 19, 2013.
- Hatta Shūzō and Pure Anarchism in Interwar Japan By John Crump Page 42
- Treacherous Women of Imperial Japan: Patriarchal Fictions, Patricidal Fantasies By Helene Bowen Raddeker Page 131
- Modernism in Practice: An Introduction to Postwar Japanese Poetry By Leith Morton Page 45=46
- Setouchi, Harumi (1993). Beauty in Disarray (1st ed.). Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-8048-1866-5.
- Morley, Patricia (1999). The Mountain is Moving: Japanese Women's Lives. University of British Columbia Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780774806756.
- Tsuzuki 1970, pg. 505–507.
- Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870-1940 ... edited by Steven Hirsch, Lucien van der Walt Page 102 -110
- Tsuzuki, Chushichi (1970). "Anarchism in Japan". Government and Opposition. 5 (4): 501–522.
- Graham, Robert (2005). "Anarchism in Japan and Korea". Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume One. Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 1-55164-250-6.
- Stephen S. Large (1977). The Romance of Revolution in Japanese Anarchism and Communism during the Taishō Period. Cambridge University Press.
- John Crump (1992). Anarchist opposition to Japanese militarism, 1926–1937.
- John Crump (Jan 1, 1993). Hatta Shūzō and Pure Anarchism in Interwar Japan. Macmillan.
- "Anarchist Opposition to Japanese Militarism, 1926-37", a paper by John Crump presented at the British Association for Japanese Studies
- Japanese Anarchism Bibliography entry at the Anarchy Archives
- Amateur Revolt, an artistic and social activist collective in Mabashi, Koenji
- Mosakusha, an anarchist bookstore in Tokyo