Maternal Health and HIV: Global Priorities for Research and Action
Despite the fact that with proper interventions, the likelihood of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is less than five percent, expectant mothers with HIV or AIDS often face intense stigma and marginalization from health care providers around the world. As a result, in some areas, the mortality rate for mothers with HIV is five times greater than the rate for non-infected women.
Leading researchers, clinicians, and advocates gathered at the Wilson Center on January 13 to discuss the need to re-evaluate maternal health priorities to create an enabling environment for women with HIV. “It’s not only [about the] elimination of new HIV infections… it’s [about] keeping the moms alive.”,” said Dr. Heather Watts, medical officer with the Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator.
Systematic Failures and Abuses
For women living with HIV throughout the world, the threat of stigmatization upon disclosure of their diagnosis is dire. They are often perceived as promiscuous, blamed for other HIV diagnoses in the family, or threatened with outright hostility over the prospect of having children, said Janet Turan of the University of Alabama.
Florence Anam of the International Community of Women Living With HIV/AIDS said these women, “especially from Africa where I come from, are constantly in fear of losing the status quo of their life – family, friends, relatives, but most importantly the support they get from their male partners or husbands.” According to a study conducted by Turan in Kenya, pregnant women who anticipate male partner stigma are more than twice as likely to refuse HIV testing than those who don’t.
This stigma often results in domestic abuse, and partner abuse of women living with HIV is a global epidemic. Naina Khanna of the Positive Women’s Network noted that a 2010 survey of women living with HIV in the United States found 72 percent of respondents were survivors of intimate partner violence or domestic abuse. As a result, they often opt not to disclose their diagnoses and fail to receive the necessary care and counseling.
In the developing world, when women do disclose, they face another set of barriers. Clinics are often prohibitively far to reach by foot and women living with HIV can be asked to make the trip several times. “Going to the hospital to get tested at an [antenatal care] clinic and be told you’re HIV positive means you have to go back and bring your partner, and then you have to come back with him or bring someone to the clinic and they have to be told you’re HIV positive,” said Anam. “So many women come to the clinic when they’re pregnant, but do not come back again.”
And health care providers are often misinformed about the nature and treatment of HIV. “Many times, providers are operating under false assumptions about the risk of transmission, which is added to already existing discrimination and stigma,” said Tamil Kendall of the Harvard School of Public Health.
After carrying out community-based surveys on reproductive rights violations in Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, Kendall noticed a clear trend of withheld care and abuse. Some survey participants recounted harrowing ordeals, ranging from complete denial of treatment to coerced or forced sterilization, including the story of one survey participant who was surgically sterilized without her consent while under anesthesia from another procedure.
Such systemic failures and abuses seem to be the rule rather than the exception, said Kendall. “Under half of the women [surveyed] considered that they had received comprehensive reproductive health services, and in fact 41 percent said that they have been discriminated against by health care workers specifically when seeking reproductive services.” Another study, of care in Tanzanian public health facilities, found 77 percent of women reported some form of abuse by clinicians in the process of delivering a child, according to Dr. Mary Mwanyika-Sando. “If 50 percent of women reported feeling some form of abandonment during an actual time where they were so vulnerable they needed a health care provider to help them as they are about to deliver their child, where are we going with all this?”
What Gets Measured Gets Done
Dr. Hannah Sebitloane of the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa believes a more focused research agenda could help. “Why is an HIV[-positive] pregnant woman in the area where HAART [highly active antiretroviral therapy] is now accessed…still more likely to die just because she has HIV?” she asked. That can’t easily be answered right now, and better quantifying the negative effects of not seeking care could tangibly show how social and medical stigmas are harming mothers.
To this end, Kendall and Dr. Isabella Danel of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control shared the results of a new study on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) as a means to understanding the negative impact of HIV/AIDS stigma on maternal mortality. They found women who are not receiving ART are “seven to eight times more likely to die during pregnancy” or during the post-partum period than mothers living with HIV who receive ART throughout their pregnancy. “The longer women are on ART,” Daniel pointed out, “the risk goes down further.” On one hand, these are promising results, but overall pregnant women are less likely than other adults to get the treatment, Kendall noted, meaning there’s a clear gap in distribution that is likely systematic and due to stigma.
Combating Stigma Not An Easy Task
Overcoming the stigma that dissuades mothers living with HIV from seeking care is ultimately the goal, said the panelists.
Personal accounts from people actually experiencing these stigmas can help tremendously, said Anam. “People living with HIV need to be involved in documenting qualitative research…it actually brings out the voices in what people, especially women, indicate as their challenges, and why exactly they do not access, or do not have the adequate medication, or do not get to the hospital in time.”
Public support groups can also be effective. These groups allow mothers living with HIV to understand the needs of their child and themselves in a way that the impersonal nature of primary medical care often does not, Anam said. “You’re told, don’t breastfeed and nobody tells you why; check your medicines at this time and no one tells you why. But then moving this to a support group then breaks it down. This is what your medicine does, this is why you need to take it…The woman begins to understand it, and then begins to own it.”
Kendall suggested a concerted effort to engage men, to prevent violence against women living with HIV and to reduce stigma through misinformation. Reaching them often proves difficult, however, as many are already absent from the maternal care process, regardless of HIV/AIDS, she said. “We know less about how to engage men who are not already choosing to come to ante-natal clinics with their female partners in HIV testing and in support.”
Ultimately, any effort to combat stigma needs to put the empowerment of mothers living with HIV first and foremost. As Anam points out, the effect of solidarity and group support is vital. “You walk out of that test room and you’re confused, and you don’t know what to do, and when you sit somewhere with that group of people and you realize you’re not alone – that in itself is huge. I don’t know how we can document that, but it’s huge.”
Chief, Field Support Branch, Division of Reproductive Health, CDC
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Women and Health Initiative; Takemi Fellow in International Health, Harvard School of Public Health
Kenya Network, ICW Global
Chief Specialist, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Medical Officer, Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, U.S. Department of State
Naina Khanna //Executive Director, Positive Women's Network USA
Maternal and Child Health Coordinator, Management and Development for Health, Tanzania
Associate Professor, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Technical Advisor, HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS Branch, Technical Division, United Nations Population Fund
Project Manager, Hansen Project on Maternal and Child Health, Maternal Health Task Force
- Hannah Sebitloane_Maternal Health and HIV_GLobal Priorities for Research and Action.pdf
- Mary Mwanyika Sando_Respectful and Dignified Care in Tanzania.pdf
- Janet M. Turan and Laura Nyblade_Stigma and Discrimination as Barriers to Achievement of Global PMTCT and Maternal Health Goals.pdf
- Naina Khanna_UNSPOKEN_Sexuality, Romance, and Reproductive Freedom for US Women Living with HIV.pdf
- Tamil Kendall and Isabella Danel_Research and Evaluation Agenda for Maternal Health and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.pdf