The Anti-Federalist Papers
are a collection of articles, written in opposition to the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution
. Unlike the Federalist Papers
written in support of the Constitution, the authors of these articles, mostly operating under pen names
, were not engaged in a strictly organized project. Thus, unlike the Federalist Papers
, it is a matter of opinion what writings specifically are included and in what order they are best presented. One notable presentation is that by Morton Borden
, who collected 85 of the most significant papers and arranged them in an order closely resembling that of the 85 Federalist Papers
, e.g. #10 in Borden's arrangement argues against Federalist No. 10
. The most frequently cited modern collection, The Complete Anti-Federalist
, was produced by Herbert Storing
and is considered the authoritative compendium on the publications.
Major Anti-Federalist authors included Cato (likely George Clinton
), Brutus (likely Robert Yates
), Centinel (Samuel Bryan
), and the Federal Farmer
(either Melancton Smith
, Richard Henry Lee
, or Mercy Otis Warren
). Speeches by Patrick Henry
and Smith are often included as well.
One of the major points of the articles was the danger the new Constitution would bring without a statement of individual rights
. Some of the Anti-Federalist concerns were addressed in the Bill of Rights
, which was added later.