can be separated into hybridization parapatry
, where the contacting taxa form a narrow hybrid zone, and ecological parapatry
, where no hybridization occurs (Key, 1982).
occurred under several conditions, including when both species were identical in dispersal, intrinsic rate of growth, and competition but differed in their spatial performances.
Taxonomic intraspecific parapatry
is exemplified in the widespread lizard species Sceloporus undulatus (Bosc & Daudin) in both primary (in situ) and secondary (circular range approximation) contexts (Figure 1).
They should be at least sister taxa, lack complete reproductive isolation, and occur in sympatry or parapatry
There is often geneflow among nascent species, both in sympatry and in parapatry
Hybrids are usually encountered in intermediate environments, living in allopatry or parapatry
with the parental species.
meahllmorum is of possible sympatry in some areas (especially in Missouri, and possibly in Oklahoma), parapatry
in others, and probable intergradation in others.
of the congeneric cyprinids Lythrurus snelsoni and L.
Under the parallel evolution model, divergence could have occurred in allopatry, much as in the dispersalist model, or in parapatry
Reinforcement, through selection acting against maladaptive hybrids, might conceivably operate in parapatry
(Endler 1977; Bull and Possingham 1995), along an environmental cline (Lande 1982), or in a heterogeneous environment (Butlin 1989; Liou and Price 1994).
Allopatry and parapatry
, extinction and gene flow in mimetic butterflies.
1990, Barton 1992), that it depends on undocumented differences in productivity, and that fixation by a peak shift in a deme is an effectively allopatric process (since it requires low gene flow into the deme; note that allopatry and parapatry
are a continuum, measured by the migration parameter).