Despite these achievements, a growing world population - to more than
6 000 million people (and still climbing) - is exacerbating the demand
on resources and services, and increasing the generation of wastes to
meet many of these demands. Overall, policy measures have not been adequate
to counteract the pressures imposed by increasing poverty and uncontrolled
consumption. Preceding -> Chapter 2 sections show indisputable evidence of
continuing and widespread environmental degradation.
- Recent human impacts on the atmosphere have been enormous, with anthropogenic
emissions a prime cause of environmental problems. Emissions of almost
all greenhouse gases continue to rise.
- Ground-level ozone, smog and fine particulates have emerged as significant
health risks, triggering or exacerbating respiratory and cardiac problems,
especially in vulnerable people such as children, the elderly and asthmatics,
in developed and developing nations alike.
- Overexploition of many of the surface water resources and great aquifers
upon which irrigated agriculture and domestic supplies depend has resulted
in more and more countries facing water stress or scarcity. About 1
200 million people still lack access to clean drinking water and some
2 400 million to sanitation services. The consequences include the deaths
of 3-5 million people annually from water-related diseases.
- The Earth's biological diversity is under increasing threat. The extinction
rate of species is believed to be accelerating. Habitat destruction
and/or modification are the main cause of biodiversity loss but invasive
species are the second most important pressure.
- There has been a sharp global trend towards increasingly intense exploitation
and depletion of wild fish stocks. Numerous fisheries have collapsed
and others are threatened with overexploitation.
- Land degradation continues to worsen, particularly in developing countries
where the poor are forced onto marginal lands with fragile ecosystems
and in areas where land is increasingly exploited to meet food and agricultural
needs without adequate economic and political support to adopt appropriate
- Many remaining forest ecosystems have been degraded and fragmented.
Since 1972, extensive forest monocultures have been established in the
developing world but these do not replace the ecological complexity
of natural forests.
- Crop and livestock production has contributed to the large increase
in reactive nitrogen in the global biosphere, contributing to the acidification
and eutrophication of ecosystems.
- With almost half of the world's population living in less-developed
countries, urban areas and megacities, infrastructure and municipal
services are inadequate to accommodate millions of the urban poor. Urban
air pollution and deteriorating water quality are having major health,
economic and social impacts.
- An increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters over
the past 30 years has put more people at greater risk, with the greatest
burden falling on the poorest communities.