Piero Manzoni, 1960
|Born||Meroni Manzoni di Chiosca e Poggiolo
July 13, 1933
|Died||February 6, 1963
Piero Manzoni (July 13, 1933 – February 6, 1963) was an Italian artist best known for his ironic approach to avant-garde art. Often compared to the work of Yves Klein, his own work anticipated, and directly influenced, the work of a generation of younger Italian artists brought together by the critic Germano Celant in the first Arte Povera exhibition held in Genoa, 1967. Manzoni is most famous for a series of artworks that call into question the nature of the art object, directly prefiguring Conceptual Art. His work eschews normal artist's materials, instead using everything from rabbit fur to human excrement in order to "tap mythological sources and to realize authentic and universal values".
His work is widely seen as a critique of the mass production and consumerism that was changing Italian society (the Italian economic miracle) after World War II. Italian artists such as Manzoni had to negotiate the new economic and material order of post-war Europe through inventive artistic practices which crossed geographic, artistic, and cultural borders.
Self-taught as an artist, Manzoni first exhibited at the Castello Sforzesco in Soncino in August 1956, at the age of 23. His early work was broadly gestural, and showed the influence of Milanese proponents of Nuclear Art, such as Enrico Baj. His later works, from approximately 1957 until his death in 1963, questioned and satirized the status of the art object as it had been conceived throughout modernism. Influences include earlier(though still active) artists like Marcel Duchamp and contemporaneous practitioners Ben Vautier and Yves Klein.
Manzoni's work changed irrevocably after visiting Yves Klein's exhibition 'Epoca Blu' at the Galleria Apollinaire in Milan, January 1957. This exhibition consisted of 11 identical blue monochromes. By the end of the year he had ceased producing work influenced by the prevailing trends in Art Informel, to works that responded directly to Klein's monochromes. Called Achromes, they invariably looked white but were actually colourless. In these paintings Manzoni experimented with various pigments and materials. Initially favouring canvases coated in gesso (1957–1958), he also worked with kaolin, another form of white clay often used in the production of porcelain. The kaolin works are generally made from clay covered canvases folded horizontally, or sometimes cut-out squares of canvas coated in the clay and adhered onto the canvas; he created just nine large-scale relief paintings depicting folded cloth. As well as Yves Klein, these works showed the influence of Lucio Fontana and Alberto Burri and the American artist Robert Rauschenberg, who had painted neutral white canvases in 1951. Later he would create Achromes from white cotton wool, fiberglass, rabbit skin and bread rolls. He also experimented with phosphorescent paint and cobalt chloride so that the colours would change over time. In addition to these fabricated materials, the artist's own bodily products and features became art. In addition to his famous Merda d'Artista, in which Manzoni's own excrement became a series of art objects, the use of fingerprints, blood, and breath also figured into his experimental body of work.
Manzoni founded the Gallery Azimuth in Milan in 1959 with the artist Enrico Castellani, and staged a series of revolutionary exhibitions of multiples. The first, 12 Linee (12 Lines) took place in December 1959, quickly followed by Corpi d'Aria (Bodies of Air) in May 1960. This was an edition of 45 balloons on tripods that could be blown up by the buyer, or the artist himself, depending on the price paid. In July 1960 he exhibited Consumption of Art by the Art-Devouring Public, in which he hard-boiled 70 eggs, printed his thumbprint onto them, and after eating several himself handed them out to the audience to eat. The eggs themselves were titled Uova con impronta(Egg With Thumbprint. This was the last exhibition by Manzoni at Azimuth, after which the gallery was forced to close when the lease ran out. Although the invitation named the Gallery Azimuth as the location of the opening, the actual event took place at the Studio Filmgiornale Sedi in Milan. The discrepancy between the location on the invitation and the film studio where the event was recorded further complicates the role and space of art as it was expected to be seen.
Contemporaneously with the Bodies of Air, Manzoni produced the Artist's Breaths (Fiato d'Artista), a series of red, white or blue balloons, inflated and attached to a wooden base inscribed "Piero Manzoni- Artist's Breath". The works continued Manzoni's obsession with the limits of physicality, whilst parodying the Art World's obsession with permanence, and also provided a poignant Memento Mori.
In May 1961 Manzoni created 90 small cans, sealed with the text Artist's Shit (Merda d'Artista). Each 30-gram can was priced by weight based on the current value of gold (around $1.12 a gram in 1960). The contents of the cans remain a much-disputed enigma, since opening them would destroy the value of the artwork. Various theories about the contents have been proposed, including speculation that it is plaster. In the following years, the cans have spread to various art collections all over the world and netted large prices, far outstripping inflation. The most recent can to be sold, #83, sold in October 2008 for £97,250. It was described as:
"It is a joke, a parody of the art market, and a critique of consumerism and the waste it generates."—Stephen Bury 
Other works from this period include limited edition thumbprints, and the Declarations of Authenticity, 1961-61, a printed multiple that could be bought, proving the owner's status as either part or whole work of art, depending on the price paid. He also designated a number of people, including Umberto Eco, as authentic works of art gratis. Various other experimental pieces included trying to create a mechanical animal as a moving sculpture and using solar energy as a power source. In 1960 he created a sphere that was held aloft on a jet of air.
- Magic Bases (Magisk Sockkel, 1961), a series of wooden plinths that could be stood on to acquire status of 'Living Sculpture'.
- Lines of Exceptional Length (1960–61). Lines drawn on paper, the longest of which was 7.2 km, intended to be left in every major city in the world, which would equal the length of the equator when joined.
- Base of the World (Socle du Monde, 1961). A large metal plinth, inscribed 'The Base Of The World, Homage To Galileo' placed upside down in a field in Herning, Denmark. It announces that the whole world is a work of art, rendering the artist obsolete.
- Piero Manzoni; The Life And Works (1963), published posthumously by Jes Petersen. An artist's book consisting of 100 sheets of transparent plastic bound to a white metal sheet. The only text is the title page. The rest of the book is totally blank.
Manzoni's works were often featured at Galleria Azimuth. His work has been the subject of numerous international exhibitions, including retrospectives at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (1991), Castello di Rivoli-Museo d'Arte Contemporanea (1992), the Serpentine Gallery, London (1998), and most recently at the Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina, Naples (2007), curated by Germano Celant.
Manzoni's work is represented in many public collections, including the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Tate Modern, London; and the Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Turin.
- Schumacher, R. (1997). Italy in the Sixties - A Sketch. Arte Povera from the Goetz Collection. pp. 7–21.
- Manzoni, P. (1974). Piero Manzoni: Paintings, Reliefs, & Objects. London: Tate Gallery.
- Francesca Pola (London 2011). Manzoni. Azimut. Gagosian Gallery. Check date values in:
- Francesca Pola (Milano 2013). Una visione internazionale. Piero Manzoni e Albisola. Electa. Check date values in:
- Piero Manzoni a Herning, “Bianca FMR”, Milano, no. 6, February - March 2009, pp. 78-91.
- Piero Manzoni, Artista, documentary film, directed by A. Bettinetti, video full HD, 2013, 52 min. (produced by Good Day Films and Sky Arte HD in collaboration with Fondazione Piero Manzoni). See trailer
- Grove Art Online, Arte Povera,
- Grove Art Online, Piero Manzoni, essay by Laural Weintraub,
- Tate Online
- Art Invest/Manzoni biography
- Piero Manzoni, Catalog Raisoné, Battino & Palazzoli, p162
- Manzoni, Celant, Electa, p22
- Silk, Gerald. Myths and Meanings in Manzoni's Merda d'artista, Art Journal, Vol. 52, No. 3, Autumn, 1993
- Yves Klein, Sidra Stich, Hayward Gallery, p82
- Piero Manzoni, Catalog Generale, First Vol, Celant
- Piero Manzoni, Germano Celant, p 262
- Scott Reyburn (October 7, 2014), Auction Houses Gear Up for Frieze Week New York Times.
- Rauschenberg/ Art and Life, Kotz, Abrams p76
- Manzoni, Celant, Electa 2007, p207
- Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product by Dave Praeger ISBN 1-932595-21-X
- Glancey, Jonathan (2007-06-13). "Merde d'artiste: not exactly what it says on the tin". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- Catalogue item from Sotheby's 20th Century Italian Art sale, 20 October 2008
- Artist's Multiples 1935-2000, Stephen Bury, Ashgate
- Piero Manzoni Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.
- Piero Manzoni Gagosian Gallery.
- Piero Manzoni Gagosian Gallery.
- Official website
- Jonn Miller on Piero Manzoni in TATE ETC. Issue 10, Summer 2007
- A biography at MOMA Online
- NY Times Art Review 'Manzoni: A Retrospective'