There were found considerable changes in magnetic dichroism of some dyes-gelatin films by excitation of light. In malachite green and rhodamine B-gelatin films this effect was very evident, and cyanine dyes-and azo-dyesgelatin films also showed the same effect. This effect may have something to do with the phosphorescent state of dye molecules, having conjugated double bonds, but nothing to do with bleaching by light. Azo-dyes-gelatin films are non-phosphors, but G. N. Lewis and M. Kasha thought that these materials would have a phosphorescent band in near infra red regions. It is difficult to decide between phosphor and non-phosphor by limited observation in the visible region. This will be discussed in another paper if those experimental results are due to photomagnetism or to other causes.
The Differences which appeared in the magnetic dichroism-time relations of dye-gelatin films by excitation of light were discussed under assumption of photomagnetism effect. Results obtained are to some extent in good accordance with experimental results qualitatively. The author, however, can not decide that this effect is entirely due to the photomagnetism. It will be valid, to some extent, to regard the effect to be due to photomagnetism.
1. It has been assumed that the bonddistance in an activated complex is equal to the bond-distance corresponding to the inflexion point on the potential-energy curve of the pair of atoms. 2. According to this fundemental assumption, a new simple method of calculation of activation energy of reactions has been devised. 3. The method has been applied to some kinds of triatomic reactions and the double decompositions between two diatomic molecules with satisfactory results. 4. For the triatomic reactions, the geometrical length of the activated complexes computed by means of the present method agrees well with those calculated by means of the semi-empirical method of Eyring. 5. It has been shown that the present method of calculation gives some information on the lower limit of the length of the hydrogen bond. 6. The activation energy for the dissociated adsorption of hydrogen on the surface of charcoal has been calculated as a function of the distance between two carbon atoms. The result obtained agrees well with that obtained by Sherman and Eyring according to the semi-empirical method.
The electrical conductivity of the condensed polynuclear aromatic compounds; (1) isoviolanthrone, (2) isoviolanthrene, (3) violanthrone, (4) violanthrene, (5) ovalene, (6) pyranthrone, (7) pyranthrene, (8) meso-naphthodianthrone, (9) meso-naphthodianthrene, (10) anthanthrone and (11) anthanthrene,— has the character of a semi-conductor. The resistivity of these compounds can be expressed as ρ=ρ0 exp (Δε/2kT). The value of Δε and ρ at 15° were found as, (1) 0.75e.V., 5.7×109Ωcm., (2) 0.82 e. V., 8.4×1013Ωcm., (3) 0.78 e. V., 2.3×1010Ωcm., (4) 0.85 e.V., 2.1×1014Ωcm., (5) 1.13 e.V., 2.3×1015Ωcm., (6) 1.06 e.V., 3.9×1015Ωcm., (7) 1.07 e.V., 4.5×1016Ωcm., (8) 1.30 e.V., 1.5×1018Ωcm., (9) 1.2 e.V., 4.0×1018Ωcm., (10) 1.70 e.V., 7.7×1018Ωcm., (11) 1.67 e.V., 1.5×1019Ωcm.. The good reproducibility and non-hysteresis of the electrical conductivity for temperature suggests electronic conduction. As these organic compounds have a perfect molecular lattice, the possibility of impurity-level cannot be considered. For this reason the mechanism of the conduction is assumed to be that of the intrinsic semi-conductor
1. The surface viscometer, the main part of which consisted of a fine vertical thread of glass carrying a horizontal platinum wire at its lower end, was devised for the measurement of the surface viscosity of solutions. 2. The measurements of the surface viscosity as well as some other surface properties of solutions of a number of dyes and saponin were carried out. The effect of coexisting alcohol and inorganic electrolyte for the saponin solution were also examined. The results showed a close correlation between the surface viscosity, the life of foam and so called membrane effect.
The surface films of diphenylsiloxane polymers obtained by heating the monomer above its meltfrytytgrfrfgtyhing point were formed on the surface of water and their properties were discussed in connection with their molecular structure. The linear trimer formed a very stable monolayer on water and its molecular area was approximately equal to the area of six phenyl groups, while the cyclic trimer formed no surface film, readily aggregating into three-dimensional crystals. This difference was explained by the difference in molecular structure; the former has a decided polar-nonpolar structure, while the latter lacks such a structure. This was also confirmed by the experiment on emulsion stabilization.
1. It has been demonstrated in the present study that the single crystal of pure iron can be oriented by means of electron microscopy and diffraction in order to cut the single crystal along the desired planes. The single crystal of iron was oriented hitherto only by x-ray and optically. 2. The (110) faces of the cubic body-centred ferritic alloys was most inert among their surface lattices. Chromiun in 13 Cr stainless steel should be added to iron in order to give rise to the inert (110) planes on the substrate surface. 3. The etched surface of iron single crystal was composed of the (111) and its equivalent planes. The (102) planes of Fe3O4 crystals formed on this surface were parallel to the (111) planes of substrate. And the (010) direction of the former was parallel to the (110) direction of the latter. This fact signified that the (102) planes composed of Fe++ might be soldered to the (111) planes of iron by exchanging of residual valency electrons. As a matter of fact, the Fe3O4 film formed on iron under the given conditions serves as protective coating for substrate. 4. The corrosion of metals depends either on the activities of surface lattice planes of metals or on the properties of the corrosion products formed on surfaces.
(1) Chlorination of DL-N-benzoylallothreonine ethyl ester with thionyl chlodide in benzene in the presence of pyridine gave the lower-melting isomer of ethyl-DL-α-benzamido-β-chlorobutyrate, m. p. 84.5-86.5°, in a yield of 57%. On the other hand, chlorination with phosphorus pentachloride in chloroform gave the higher-melting isomer, m. p. 99-100°. (2) Two isomers of α-benzamido-β-benzylmercaptobutyric acid (derivatives of thiothreonine A and B) were synthesised. The chlorine atom of ethyl DL-α-benzamido-β-chlorobutyrate could be replaced by a sulfhydryl group by the action of benzyl mercaptan. A remarkable effect of different solvents on this replacement reaction was described.
The absolute value of the diamagnetic anisotropy of benzene was calculated by the method of antisymmetric molecular orbitals. The value obtained was about −40×10−6 ergs per gauss per mole, it being about 74 percent of the experimental value. It was found that the anisotropy was largely enhanced by orbital effects and slightly diminished by correlation effects between π-electrons.
Phase diagrams are drawn for many metals under some approximations, and “vacuum evaporation temperature” is estimated as the temperature corresponding to 10−1 mm. Hg of vapor pressure. This temperature agrees well with that given by Yarwood. The rate of evaporation is calculated, and the result agrees well with experience, at least, for silica gel. As for shadow casting, it is concluded that high temperature of specimen and low pressure of air in the vessel are the necessary conditions to obtain clear shadow. The temperature of evaporating silica gel is measured with optical pyrometer, and a satisfactory result is obtained.