Cato Treadwell (1762-1849)
A Black Revolutionary War Veteran...and Nauvoo Mormon?
This is a 1781 watercolor of a Black soldier of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, found in the war-time journal of Lt. Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Verger, who fought for the Continental Amry at Yorktown. Over 5,000 African American men fought for American independence in the Revolutionary War as soldiers or sailors.
Please support the proposed National Liberty Memorial in Washington DC, to honor these and other great Black Patriots!
Click image to enlarge.
Cato Treadwell was born in Fairfield County, Connecticut about 1762. In the fall of 1780, Cato enlisted in the 2nd Brigade of the Connecticut Line, as a private at the Highlands, near West Point, NY, first serving under Capt. Joseph Allen Wright and later under Capt. Peter Robertson, both in Col. Heman Swift's Regiment. He was released from service in the spring of 1783 in New Windsor, NY, and he returned to Fairfield County, and married (1) a woman named Margaret ________ (born 1759). In 1785, their house burned to the ground, destroying Treadwell's discharge papers. Cato was a blacksmith by trade.
In March 1818, Cato applied for, and was granted, a pension as a veteran of the War of Independence. He thereafter received $96.00 per year, until his death. Two years earlier, his wife Margaret suffered from "a shock of the numb palsey" and became too disabled to work. Treadwell himself only found employment as a day laborer, so the family was quite impoverished, and this annual pension helped them greatly.
Margaret Treadwell died in the mid-1820s and Cato reportedly married (2) an emancipated slave named Phillis. She was born in 1786 to a woman named Gin, whose owner, Ebenezer Abbott Jr., had brought Gin to Wilton, Connecticut when his family moved there. Gin had a large family, but we only know of her daughters Phillis and Dark (who was emanicapted in 1805, married Jacob Brush, and lived at upper Stony Brook, Grumman Hill Road, in Wilton).
When Phillis was 15, she was given to Ebenezer Abbott's daughter, Sarah in 1801, when Sarah married Uriah S. Grumman. Phillis was accused of stealing "wine and other things" from the Grummans, so in anger, they sold her to a man from Stamford. According to one later reminiscence left by a white man whose family had owned slaves in the Wilton area, Phillis was emancipated upon turning 25, in 1811, and she returned to Wilton, where she married (1) Isaac Manning of Newtown, CT. They lived on Hurlbutt Street in Wilton, and had a large family of "eight or ten children by him."
Unfortunately, the historical record is confusing and contradictory about Cato Treadwell's second wife and Isaac Manning's first wife. Other records indicate that Isaac Manning's wife (and the mother of his eight children) was Eliza Mead, of Fairfield County, Connecticut. She may be the relative of Cato Mead, another Black Revolutionary War veteran who joined the Mormons and migrated to Nauvoo. Eliza Mead was born in 1786, the same year as Phillis. One possible solution to this problem is that perhaps Phillis and Eliza Mead are the same person, with Phillis being her slave name, and Eliza Mead her "freedom name."
Isaac and Eliza (or Phillis) Manning of Wilton, Connecticut had the following children:
- Jane Elizabeth Manning, born May 11, about 1819 (1813-1822) (or September 22, 1822, per death cert) in Wilton, Fairfield, CT; md. Isaac James (of New Jersey); died April 16, 1908 in SLC
- Isaac Lewis Manning [Treadwell], born May 12, 1815 (or 1821) in Wilton, Fairfield CT; md. (1) Lucinda _______ (daughter of Black Jack?); md. (2) Rachael Ann Bryan (b. Jan. 1840 in Whitley Co. Indiana) abt. 1876, prob. in Canada; died April 13, 1911 in SLC; buried April 16
- Sarah A. Manning, born 1820 in CT; md. Anthony Stebbins abt. 1840; joined the Reorganized LDS Church; died June 1889 in Coal Valley, Rock Island, IL
- Angeline Manning
- Israel Manning [Treadwell]; died before 1884
- Girl Manning
- Girl Manning
- Peter Manning [Treadwell], born July 1831 (or 1834) in CT; died February 1883 in Milford, Oakland, MI
Isaac Manning then died about 1825 (reportedly in a place called "Mimes" but I cannot find such a location) and the widow Manning married (2) the widower Cato Treadwell soon thereafter. They lived at the Manning house at Greatwood, adjoining the property of Charles Knapp.
In 1842, Isaac Lewis Manning encountered Mormonism and was converted. Albert Merrill, the presiding elder of the Norwalk, CT branch of the LDS Church baptized Manning that year. Around the same time, the rest of his siblings and his mother, Eliza Mead Manning Treadwell, also converted to Mormonism. It is not known if Cato Treadwell was also baptized. A year later, the whole family, including Cato Treadwell, decided to gather with the Mormons in Nauvoo. Their perilous adventure as a large group of free African Americans journeying from New England to the then western frontier, is recounted in Jane Elizabeth Manning James's fascinating biography. (I here refer to a 1939 article in the Wilton Bulletin, which was based on the 1890s historical research of Wilton native, David Herman Van Hoosear [1844-1921]. Van Hoosear had intended to publish "a full history of his native town" but he never completed his "annals" of Wilton before his death. Van Hoosear's records, as published later in the Bulletin, state: "The Mormon migration to Nauvoo in Illinois attracted many eastern negroes. Mrs. Treadwell took the old soldier [i.e. Cato] along in the migration in 1844 [sic - 1843]. He was now 81 years of age.")
The Manning/Treadwell/Stebbins group left Wilton at the end of September 1843. This is documented when Sarah A. Manning Stebbins and her husband, Anthony, arrived in Nauvoo; they turned in membership certificates upon arrival, signed and dated in Norwalk, Connecticut on September 10, 1843, so we know the family left soon after that.
When the Mormons were driven from Nauvoo in February 1846, and headed westward (eventually to Utah), Cato Treadwell decided to return to Connecticut; he died there in the town of Trumbull (Fairfield Co.) on March 4, 1849, at the age of 96. ("Trumbull Records, 1848-1891," vol. 1, White Plain School District, deaths, The Connecticut Nutmegger, September 2008, p. 139.)
Mrs. Eliza Treadwell and her children and grandchildren, however, continued on the westward with the Mormons, first going to Winter Quarters, Nebraska. From there, the family began to split up. Daughter Jane Manning James and her husband and children migrated to Utah in 1847. Mother Eliza (now reverting to the surname of Manning), and children Sarah, Isaac, Peter, and their children moved to Muscatine, Muscatine, Iowa by 1850. Isaac and Peter Manning then moved to Canada, and later, Michigan. Isaac and Peter Manning, their sister Sarah Manning Stebbins, and Isaac's wife, Rachel, all joined the Reorganized LDS Church during the 1870s. Mother Eliza returned to the Nauvoo area, and died across the river from there, in Keokuk, Iowa, on May 15, 1861. She too may have joined the Reorganized LDS Church.
In 1884, Isaac Lewis Manning (going by Isaac Lewis Treadwell), was living in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He filed a claim with the U. S. Penison Office, to see if he could not draw a pension from the service of his "father," Cato Treadwell. He informed the Pension Office that he was 69 and the only "Serviving" child of Cato Treadwell. (Actually, his sister Jane Manning James was alive and well in Salt Lake City.) Isaac wrote that his brother "Isrell Tread Well" was dead, and that "Peter Tread Well" had died at nearbyMilford, Michigan in February of the previous year. (See below, Pension Records pages 4 and 5.) The Pension Office replied on August 4, 1884, "there is no law existing that will give the right ot their children or other heirs to claim the [pension] after" the decease of both the solider and his widow. (See below, Pension Records p. 16.) Isaac again appealed to the Pension Office for Cato's pension in 1901.
Revolutionary War Muster & Roll Records
Muster p. 2 (see entry #35)
Muster p. 5 (see entry #31)
Muster p. 9 (see entry #26)
Muster p. 21 (see entry #27)
Revolutionary War Service Records
Revolutionary War Pension Records
Printed Revolutionary War Records
Henry P. Johnston (ed.), Record of
Connecticut Men in the
Military and Naval Service
during the War of the
Revolution, 1775-1783, reprint,
(n. l., Clearfield Publishing, 2003)
Donald Lines Jacobus (et al.),
Revolutionary War Records of