At the end of the 19th and the start of the 20th centuries, when William Shakespeare was becoming an academic institution, so to speak—a subject for serious scholarly study—a revolutionary search began in the world outside the universities for the means to present his great dramas in the new medium of film. Pioneer French filmmakers had begun to produce primitive actualités (i.e., brief film clips of parading soldiers and umbrella dancers), which were screened between the live acts in vaudeville houses in London and New York City. Among these early films was a remarkable production of 1899 (still available) by the London studio of the British Mutoscope and Biograph Company: a scene from Shakespeare’s King John—then on the boards at Her Majesty’s Theatre and featuring Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree—recorded on 68-mm film. Of four excerpts shot and later exhibited at London’s Palace Theatre to promote the stage production, only the death scene (Act V, scene 2), long thought lost, resurfaced in 1990 in an Amsterdam film archive. Like all silent films, the scene from King John might well have been accompanied by some variation of live music, sound effects, phonograph records, intertitles, recitations, or supplementary lectures, as filmmakers sought to compensate for a silenced Shakespeare.
Cineasts in France, the United States, Italy, and Germany soon began making other Shakespeare movies. In 1900 Sarah Bernhardt appeared on-screen at the Paris Exposition in the duel scene from Hamlet, and in 1907 Georges Méliès attempted to make a coherent one-reel Hamlet that distilled the essence of the story. Emulating the high culture of the Comédie-Française, French filmmakers organized a Film d’Art movement that cast high-profile actors in adaptations of famous plays, a movement that was limited by its deference to the theatre.
By 1913, however, in one of the last Film d’Art releases, Shylock (a version of The Merchant of Venice), the actors had successfully adapted their stage talents to film. In Italy Giovanni Pastrone, whose monumental Cabiria (1914) later inspired D.W. Griffith’s Intolerance (1916), brought the sense of grand opera spectacle to his Giulio Cesare (1909; Julius Caesar). Italian audiences in 1910 saw Il mercante di Venezia (The Merchant of Venice), directed by Gerolamo Lo Savio, and in 1913 they saw Una tragedia alla corte di Sicilia (“A Tragedy of the Court of Sicily”; a version of The Winter’s Tale), directed by Baldassare Negroni.
Meanwhile, in Brooklyn, New York, the Vitagraph production company had moved the camera off the stage and into the city parks. Brooklyn’s Prospect Park served as one location for A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1909), and Central Park’s Bethesda Fountain doubled as a Veronese street in Romeo and Juliet (1908).
The Americans, like their European counterparts, began making longer movies for the grander “palace” movie houses that were putting the old nickelodeons and penny gaffs out of business. One of the earliest feature-length movies surviving in North America is a Shakespeare movie, James Keane (Keene) and M.B. Dudley’s Richard III (1912), also rediscovered in the late 20th century. A veteran Shakespearean actor and lecturer on the Chautauqua circuit, Frederick Warde, played the film’s Richard. He toured with the movie, providing appropriate recitations and commentary.
Many film directors had difficulty moving beyond filmed stage performances. Sir Frank Benson’s Richard III (1911), filmed at the Stratford Theatre, even revealed the front line of the floorboards. Other directors, however, were more creative; E. Hay Plumb, for example, took the cast of the London Drury Lane Company to the Dorset coast to film the castle scenes in a Hamlet (1913) that featured the 60-year-old Johnston Forbes-Robertson as the gloomy prince. Directors Svend Gade and Heinz Schall came up with a gender-bending Hamlet (1920), which starred the famous actress Asta Nielsen as a cross-dressed prince. The internationally known actor Emil Jannings played the title role in Othello (1922) to Werner Krauss’s Iago. Krauss also portrayed Shylock in a free adaptation of The Merchant of Venice (1923; Der Kaufmann von Venedig).
In the United States Mary Pickford played a saucy Kate in The Taming of the Shrew (1929), the first feature-length sound movie of Shakespeare. With her sly wink to Bianca during the “submission” speech to Petruchio, she showed how film could subvert the Shakespearean text. Warner Brothers’ A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1935), directed by émigrés Max Reinhardt and William Dieterle, revealed the influence of Weimar Expressionism, but it combined the incidental music of Felix Mendelssohn with the presence of contract actors James Cagney and Mickey Rooney, who played Bottom and Puck, respectively. Almost immediately thereafter, producer Irving Thalberg and director George Cukor offered a reverential Romeo and Juliet (1936), with Norma Shearer and Leslie Howard and a supporting cast of actors from the Hollywood expatriate British colony. Joseph L. Mankiewicz and John Houseman produced a spectacular “newsreel” style Julius Caesar (1953) that may have been a covert attack on McCarthyism. Marlon Brando was formidable as the film’s Mark Antony.
In Laurence Olivier’s landmark Henry V (1944), the camera participated in the action rather than merely recording it. Olivier began with the gritty “actualities” of an opening scene at the boisterous Globe playhouse, moved from there to a realistic 19th-century stage set for the Boar’s Head Inn, and then soared off into a mythical France as portrayed in the 1490 manuscript Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry. In Hamlet (1948) Olivier used a probing, interrogating camera and deep-focus photography to ferret out every nook and cranny of Elsinore. His brilliant performance as the title character in a filmed and subsequently televised Richard III (1955) identified him to millions of viewers as “that bottled spider…this poisonous bunch-back’d toad” (Act I, scene 3, line 245).
The American Orson Welles rivaled Olivier in the production of Shakespeare films. Despite its crudities, Welles’s Macbeth (1948) captures the essence of the play’s wild imaginings. In Chimes at Midnight (1966), based on the Henriad, Falstaff becomes self-referentially Welles himself, a misunderstood genius. Welles’s cinematic masterpiece is Othello (1952; restored 1992). Its skewed camera angles and film noir texture mirror Othello’s agony.
In the late 1960s a golden age for Shakespeare movies emerged, beginning with Franco Zeffirelli’s exuberant The Taming of the Shrew (1966), featuring Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor. Soon thereafter Zeffirelli offered a hugely popular Romeo and Juliet (1968) that reinvented the young lovers (played for once by actors of an age appropriate to their roles) as alienated youth in rebellion against intransigent parents; they behave much like the feuding street gangs in West Side Story (1961), the Robert Wise–Jerome Robbins musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet.
During the same period, the Russian director Grigory Kozintsev directed a production of Hamlet titled Gamlet (1964) and one of King Lear titled Karol Lear (1970), which employed grim charcoal textures. Another bleak King Lear of 1970, which featured Paul Scofield as the aged king, was filmed by British director Peter Brook in frozen Jutland. Roman Polanski’s Macbeth (1971) displayed raw filmic energy and bravura. The voracious eye of Polanski’s camera roams over the barnyard details of a 10th-century Scottish castle that in its squalor mirrors the inner psyches of the Macbeths. The Japanese director Kurosawa Akira presented his own version of Macbeth in Kumonosu-jo (1957; Throne of Blood), a translation of the play into stylized Noh drama. As Washizu Taketori (Macbeth) rides in circles, the swirling forest mist becomes a metaphor for the intricate web of fate that drives his destiny, while the demureness of Asaji (Lady Macbeth) masks a terrifying savagery. Ran (1985; also known as Chaos), Kurosawa’s adaptation of King Lear, sets the action in pre-Tokugawa Japan, where the aging warlord Ichimonji Hidetora divides his wealth between two of his ambitious sons; the third son is banished for pointing out his father’s foolishness. The film’s formality and epic sweep serve beautifully to underline the Shakespearean tragedy.
In the 1970s and ’80s young British artists angered by “the Establishment” made transgressive Shakespeare movies. Derek Jarman’s The Tempest (1979) filtered the play through the lens of a camp-gay sensibility that, in depicting Prospero’s impossible struggle to govern benevolently in a malevolent world, shared the attitudes of Polish critic Jan Kott’s influential book Shakespeare Our Contemporary (1966). Jarman’s Tempest was outdone by the avant-garde antics of Celestino Coronado’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1984). At the same time, in other circles, orthodoxy prevailed in Stuart Burge’s waxworks Julius Caesar (1970), with Charlton Heston as Mark Antony. Two years later Heston’s own ambitious Antony and Cleopatra proved a better “toga epic.”
An unprecedented number of expensively produced Shakespeare movies were released in the 1990s. After decades Franco Zeffirelli returned to filming Shakespeare but for Hamlet (1990) abandoned his Italianate settings in favour of medieval English castles. In it Mel Gibson proved an action-oriented prince. The following year Peter Greenaway’s beautiful but obscure Prospero’s Books, starring an octogenarian John Gielgud, pioneered not only in bringing computer-based imagery into the Shakespeare movie but also in establishing ideological and artistic independence from the classic Hollywood film.
With his Henry V (1989) and Much Ado About Nothing (1993), Kenneth Branagh rapidly assumed the mantle left by Olivier. In contrast to Olivier’s phlegmatic warrior figure, Branagh created a Prince Hal who was Hamlet-like in his introspection. His Much Ado, featuring such popular American actors as Denzel Washington and Michael Keaton, privileged the play’s sentimental side over its ironic side. Branagh’s four-hour “uncut” Hamlet (1996) combined the 1623 First Folio version with passages from the 1605 quarto. The film was spectacularly photographed, with exterior scenes shot at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire. Branagh used flashbacks and fades, as he did in Henry V, to “explain” what is left unexplained in Shakespeare’s play, showing a torrid affair between Ophelia and Hamlet. The hall of mirrors in the grand palace (filmed in the studio) underscores the tension between the worlds of illusion and reality at the heart of the play: “Seems, madam? Nay, it is. I know not ‘seems,’” says Hamlet to his mother (Act I, scene 2, line 76). A later offering is Branagh’s amusing musical comedy version of Love’s Labour’s Lost (2000), in which he played Berowne and comic actor Nathan Lane played Costard.
Oliver Parker’s Othello (1995) paired a black actor, Laurence Fishburne, as a dynamic Othello, with Irène Jacob as a plucky Desdemona, but the film as a whole—despite Branagh’s menacing Iago—was disappointingly stagy. Richard Loncraine’s Richard III (1995) presented Ian McKellen as the evil Richard in a 1930s London teetering on the edge of fascism. Shakespeare’s language works well with the suave cultural codes of high society before World War II, while the whiff of decadence in the palace ballroom makes a perfect setting for the hoggish schemes of the master manipulator.
The line between “high” and “low” culture became increasingly blurred with director Baz Luhrmann’s postmodern William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet (1996), starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes. The young lovers inhabit a world of drugs, cars, MTV, and violence. The high mimetic language of the play belies the ironic mise-en-scène. This melding of “high” and “low” continued not so much in the full-scale adaptations of Shakespeare as in the many derivative movies that displaced plots or snippets or echoes from Shakespeare into surprising contexts. Gus Van Sant’s My Own Private Idaho (1991) updated the Henriad’s court/tavern dualities by locating the film in Portland, Oregon, where the mayor’s prodigal son falls in with dissolute street people. Al Pacino’s Looking for Richard (1996) is a witty film essay about the history of Shakespeare’s Richard III. An earlier Branagh film, In the Bleak Midwinter (1995; U.S. title, A Midwinter’s Tale), explores Hamlet as it is rehearsed in an abandoned church by a band of struggling actors. Other derivative movies include the cerebral Last Action Hero (1993), which is Pirandello-like in its interplay between Hamlet and the film’s hero (played by Arnold Schwarzenegger); 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), based on The Taming of the Shrew; and The King Is Alive (2000), in which tourists stranded in a desert perform King Lear.
The early 1990s witnessed a spate of interest in Shakespeare’s comedies, not generally favoured by filmmakers. Christine Edzard’s As You Like It (1992) displayed a gritty realism. Whereas Paul Czinner’s 1936 version, starring Olivier and Elisabeth Bergner, gloried in the “poetic realism” of designer Lazare Meerson, Edzard used a daring ploy in transforming Shakespeare’s forest of Arden into a hobo jungle in East London.
Trevor Nunn followed his notable television achievements—with Janet Suzman in Antony and Cleopatra (first broadcast in 1974) and Judi Dench and McKellen in Macbeth (first broadcast in 1979)—with a splendid Twelfth Night (1996). Shot in Cornwall, it enfolds the fragile world of Illyria within the nostalgic atmosphere of a Chekhovian comedy.
Two major versions of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the first directed by Adrian Noble and the second by Michael Hoffman, were released in 1996 and 1999. In Noble’s flawed film, the audience experiences the action through the eyes of a small boy who dreams about the play. This trope dates at least to Jane Howell’s BBC televised production of Titus Andronicus (1985), and it persists in Julie Taymor’s Titus (1999). Despite some sublime visual moments, Noble’s movie is unsatisfying—neither transgressive enough in its homoerotic innuendos nor regressive enough to suit those who prefer a more innocent approach.
Hoffman’s version removed the play from Shakespeare’s Athens to a fin-de-siècle setting in northern Italy. The film’s musical score begins conventionally enough with the incidental music by Mendelssohn but yields to an anachronistic yet delightful medley of airs from Italian grand opera. Like a true New Woman of the 1890s, feisty Helena rides a bicycle, as do other characters. The effervescent music for the ballroom scene in Giuseppe Verdi’s La traviata enlivens the townspeople’s afternoon promenade in the village square. Hoffman’s lovely movie is also a lesson in art history; the film’s designer, Luciana Arrighi, drew inspiration from the Pre-Raphaelites, Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s sculptures, Etruscan relics, and Greek mythology.
At the turn of the 21st century, John Madden’s costume movie Shakespeare in Love (1998) presented a heavily fictionalized version of Shakespeare’s life and times. Its witty screenplay, by Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard, portrays Will Shakespeare (played by Joseph Fiennes) as a starving young hack with a terrible case of writer’s block, struggling to write an absurd play called Romeo and Ethel, the Pirate’s Daughter. The farcical plot, however, conceals a substrata of learned in-jokes playing on such matters as Shakespeare’s literary debt to Christopher Marlowe and, through the young playwright’s doodling, the various signatures that are attributed to him. A vicious adolescent who enjoys feeding mice to cats turns out to be the macabre Jacobean playwright John Webster. When Shakespeare’s love, Viola De Lesseps (played by Gwyneth Paltrow), cross-dressed as a male actor, auditions before the playwright at the Rose Theatre, she uses verses from Two Gentlemen of Verona (“What light is light, if Sylvia be not seen?” [Act III, scene 1, line 174]) and for a few numinous moments reasserts the supremacy of word over image.
Two versions of Shakespeare’s most violent play, Titus Andronicus, appeared in 1999 as if to affirm that apocalypse would attend the turn of the century. The first of these, directed by Christopher Dunne, was described by its marketers as “a savage epic of brutal revenge.” The film is a Götterdämmerung marked by beheading, amputation, and stabbing, but Shakespeare’s language has been kept meticulously intact.
The second version, Titus, was offered by the theatrical director Taymor, who had staged the play Off-Broadway in 1994. She collaborated with cinematographer Luciano Tovoli and others to make brilliant Fellini-like images out of Shakespeare’s lurid melodrama. In the film Taymor’s haikulike montages blur the line between illusion and reality, making the savagery aesthetically bearable. Anthony Hopkins played Titus, Jessica Lange a passionate Tamora, and Alan Cumming the decadent and utterly villainous Saturninus.
Michael Almereyda’s Hamlet (2000), starring Ethan Hawke, replaced the Danish court with the Denmark Corporation in Manhattan. Elsinore is a nearby luxury hotel. Hawke played a surly Prince Hamlet disgusted by his stepfather’s greed and his mother’s veneer of innocence. An amateur filmmaker, Hamlet lives in a world of television and cinema, delivering the “To be or not to be” soliloquy in the Action aisle of a video store. In one of several whimsical touches, while jetting to England Hamlet discovers Claudius’s orders for his execution on the hard drive of a laptop stored in the luggage bin over the sleeping Rosencrantz and Guildenstern.
When all is said and done, this flourishing body of work is a singular testament to Shakespeare’s universality and humanity. More than 400 years have passed since he put quill to paper, yet, centuries after he first brought them to life on the small outdoor stage near the River Thames, Shakespeare’s scenes, characters, and poetry continue to fuel a rich industry for film, literary, and music scholars and critics. Ultimately, of course, Shakespeare’s commercial value rests on his immeasurable ability, then and now, to captivate readers, music and theatre lovers, filmmakers, and moviegoers alike in his own “strong toil of grace.”
|director||selected notable actors|
|Antony and Cleopatra|
|Antony and Cleopatra||Spain, Switzerland, U.K.||1972||160 min||Transac, Izaro, Folio||Charlton Heston||Charlton Heston (Antony), Hildegard Neil (Cleopatra), Fernando Rey (Lepidus)|
|As You Like It|
|As You Like It||U.K.||1936||97 min||Inter-Allied||Paul Czinner||Henry Ainley (Duke Senior), Felix Aylmer (Duke Frederick), Laurence Olivier (Orlando), Elisabeth Bergner (Rosalind)|
|As You Like It||U.K.||1992||117 min||Sands Films||Christine Edzard||Andrew Tiernan (Orlando/Oliver), Emma Croft (Rosalind), Cyril Cusack (Adam), James Fox (Jaques)|
|As You Like It||U.S., U.K.||2006||127 min||BBC Films, HBO Films, Shakespeare Film Company, and others||Kenneth Branagh||Alfred Molina (Touchstone), Kevin Kline (Jaques), Janet McTeer (Audrey)|
|The Comedy of Errors|
|The Boys from Syracuse||U.S.||1940||73 min||Universal Pictures||A. Edward Sutherland||Allan Jones (both Antipholuses), Irene Hervey (Adriana), Martha Raye (Luce), Charles Butterworth (Duke of Ephesus)|
|Coriolanus||U.K.||2011||122 min||Hermetof Pictures, Magna Films, Icon Entertainment International, and others||Ralph Fiennes||Ralph Fiennes (Coriolanus), Vanessa Redgrave (Volumnia)|
|Hamlet||France||1900||3 min||Maurice||Clément Maurice||Sarah Bernhardt (Hamlet), Pierre Magnier (Laertes)|
|Hamlet||France||1907||10 min||Méliès||Georges Méliès||Georges Méliès (Hamlet)|
|Hamlet||U.K.||1913||54 min||Hepworth, Gaumont||E. Hay Plumb||Johnston Forbes-Robertson (Hamlet)|
|Hamlet||Germany||1920||117 min||Art-Film||Svend Gade, Heinz Schall||Asta Nielsen (Hamlet)|
|Hamlet||U.K.||1948||152 min||Two Cities Films||Laurence Olivier||Laurence Olivier (Hamlet), Jean Simmons (Ophelia), Eileen Herlie (Gertrude)|
|Ophélia||France||1962||105 min||Boreal Pictures||Claude Chabrol||André Jocelyn (Yvan/Hamlet), Juliette Mayniel (Lucie/Ophelia), Alida Valli (Claudia Lesurf/Gertrude), Claude Cerval (Adrien Lesurf/Claudius)|
|Gamlet||U.S.S.R.||1964||148 min||Lenfilm||Grigory Kozintsev||Innokenti Smoktunovsky (Hamlet)|
|Hamlet||U.K.||1969||117 min||Woodfall Film Productions||Tony Richardson||Nicol Williamson (Hamlet), Marianne Faithfull (Ophelia), Judy Parfitt (Gertrude), Anthony Hopkins (Claudius)|
|Hamlet||U.S.||1990||135 min||Carolco||Franco Zeffirelli||Mel Gibson (Hamlet), Helena Bonham Carter (Ophelia), Glenn Close (Gertrude), Alan Bates (Claudius)|
|Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead||U.S., U.K.||1990||117 min||WNET, Brandenberg||Tom Stoppard||Richard Dreyfuss (Player), Gary Oldman (Rosencrantz), Tim Roth (Guildenstern)|
|Last Action Hero||U.S.||1993||130 min||Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Oak Productions||John McTiernan||Arnold Schwarzenegger (Jack Slater/Himself), Ian McKellen (Death), Joan Plowright (Teacher)|
|The Lion King||U.S.||1994||89 min||Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Feature Animation||Roger Allers, Rob Minkoff||Matthew Broderick (adult Simba [voice]), Jeremy Irons (Scar [voice]), James Earl Jones (Mufasa [voice]), Nathan Lane (Timon [voice]), Whoopi Goldberg (Shenzi [voice])|
|In the Bleak Midwinter (A Midwinter’s Tale)||U.K.||1995||98 min||Castle Rock, Midwinter Films||Kenneth Branagh||Richard Briers (Henry Wakefield), Joan Collins (Margaretta D’Arcy)|
|Hamlet||U.K., U.S.||1996||242 min||Castle Rock||Kenneth Branagh||Kenneth Branagh (Hamlet), Kate Winslet (Ophelia), Julie Christie (Gertrude), Charlton Heston (Player King), Richard Briers (Polonius), Derek Jacobi (Claudius)|
|Hamlet||U.S.||2000||123 min||Double A Films||Michael Almereyda||Ethan Hawke (Hamlet), Diane Venora (Gertrude), Julia Stiles (Ophelia), Sam Shepard (Ghost), Bill Murray (Polonius)|
|Henry IV (Part 1 and Part 2) and Henry V|
|Henry V||U.K.||1944||137 min||Two Cities Films||Laurence Olivier||Laurence Olivier (Henry V), Robert Newton (Pistol), Leslie Banks (Chorus), Renée Asherson (Katherine)|
|Chimes at Midnight||Spain, Switzerland||1966||119 min||Internacional Films, Alpine||Orson Welles||Orson Welles (Falstaff), Keith Baxter (Prince Hal), John Gielgud (Henry IV), Margaret Rutherford (Mistress Quickly)|
|Henry V||U.K.||1989||138 min||Samuel Goldwyn, Renaissance Films||Kenneth Branagh||Kenneth Branagh (Henry V), Derek Jacobi (Chorus), Ian Holm (Fluellen), Judi Dench (Mistress Quickly)|
|My Own Private Idaho||U.S.||1991||102 min||New Line Cinema||Gus Van Sant||River Phoenix (Mike Waters), Keanu Reeves (Scott Favor), William Richert (Bob Pigeon)|
|Julius Caesar||U.S.||1950||90 min||Avon Productions||David Bradley||Charlton Heston (Mark Antony)|
|Julius Caesar||U.S.||1953||121 min||MGM||Joseph L. Mankiewicz||Marlon Brando (Mark Antony), James Mason (Brutus), John Gielgud (Cassius), Louis Calhern (Julius Caesar)|
|Julius Caesar||U.K.||1970||117 min||Commonwealth United||Stuart Burge||Charlton Heston (Mark Antony), Jason Robards (Brutus), John Gielgud (Julius Caesar), Diana Rigg (Portia)|
|King John||U.K.||1899||2 min||British Mutoscope, Biograph Co.||W.K. Laurie Dickson||Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree (King John)|
|Karol Lear||U.S.S.R.||1970||140 min||Lenfilm||Grigory Kozintsev||Yuri Yarvet (King Lear)|
|King Lear||U.K., Denmark||1970||137 min||Filmways (London), Athene, Laterna Films (Copenhagen)||Peter Brook||Paul Scofield (King Lear), Irene Worth (Goneril), Jack MacGowran (Fool), Anne-Lise Gabold (Cordelia)|
|Ran, or Chaos||Japan, France||1985||160 min||Greenwich Film, Herald Ace, Nippon Herald||Kurosawa Akira||Nakadai Tatsuya (Lord Ichimonji Hidetora), Nezu Jinpachi (Jiro), Tazaki Jun (Ayabe Seiji), Igawa Hisashi (Kurogane Shuri)|
|A Thousand Acres||U.S.||1997||105 min||Touchstone Pictures, Propaganda Films, Beacon Communications||Jocelyn Moorhouse||Michelle Pfeiffer (Rose Cook Lewis), Jessica Lange (Ginny Cook Smith), Jennifer Jason Leigh (Caroline Cook), Jason Robards (Larry Cook)|
|The King Is Alive||Denmark, Sweden, U.S.||2000||110 min||Danish Broadcasting Corporation and others||Kristian Levring||Miles Anderson (Jack), David Bradley (Henry)|
|Love’s Labour’s Lost|
|Love’s Labour’s Lost||U.K., France, U.S.||2000||93 min||Arts Council of England and others||Kenneth Branagh||Kenneth Branagh (Berowne), Nathan Lane (Costard), Richard Briers (Nathaniel), Alicia Silverstone (The Princess)|
|Macbeth||U.S.||1948||89 min||Republic Pictures, Mercury Productions||Orson Welles||Orson Welles (Macbeth), Jeanette Nolan (Lady Macbeth), Dan O’Herlihy (Macduff)|
|Throne of Blood||Japan||1957||105 min||Toho||Kurosawa Akira||Mifune Toshiro (Washizu Taketori/ Macbeth), Yamada Isuzu (Asaji/Lady Macbeth)|
|Macbeth||U.K.||1971||140 min||Playboy Productions, Caliban Films||Roman Polanski||Jon Finch (Macbeth), Francesca Annis (Lady Macbeth)|
|Scotland, PA||U.S.||2001||104 min||Abandon Pictures||Billy Morrissette||James LeGros (Joe "Mac" McBeth), Maura Tierney (Pat McBeth), Christopher Walken (Lieut. Ernie McDuff)|
|Maqbool||India||2003||132 min||Kaleidoscope Entertainment||Vishal Bharadwaj||Irfan Khan (Maqbool/Macbeth), Tabu (Nimi/Lady Macbeth), Pankaj Kapoor (Abbaji/Duncan)|
|Macbeth||Australia||2006||109 min||Film Victoria, Mushroom Pictures||Geoffrey Wright||Sam Worthington (Macbeth), Victoria Hill (Lady Macbeth)|
|The Merchant of Venice|
|Il mercante di Venezia||Italy||1910||8 min||Film d’Arte Italiana||Gerolamo Lo Savio||Ermete Novelli (Shylock), Francesca Bertini (Portia)|
|Shylock||France||1913||22 min||Eclipse||Henri Desfontaines||Harry Baur (Shylock), Pépa Bonafé (Portia)|
|Der Kaufmann von Venedig||Germany||1923||64 min||Peter Paul Felner-Film Co.||Peter Paul Felner||Werner Krauss (Shylock), Henny Porten (Portia), Max Schreck (Doge of Venice), Carl Ebert (Antonio)|
|The Maori Merchant of Venice||New Zealand||2002||158 min||He Taonga Films||Don Selwyn||Waihoroi Shortland (Shylock), Ngarimu Daniels (Portia)|
|The Merchant of Venice||U.S., Italy, Luxembourg, U.K.||2004||138 min||Spice Factory Ltd., UK Film Council, and others||Michael Radford||Al Pacino (Shylock), Jeremy Irons (Antonio), Joseph Fiennes (Bassanio)|
|A Midsummer Night’s Dream|
|A Midsummer Night’s Dream||U.S.||1909||8 min||Vitagraph Company||Charles Kent||Maurice Costello (Lysander), Dolores Costello (Fairy), William Ranous (Nick Bottom)|
|A Midsummer Night’s Dream||U.S.||1935||132 min||Warner Brothers||Max Reinhardt, William Dieterle||Dick Powell (Lysander), Olivia de Havilland (Hermia), Mickey Rooney (Puck), James Cagney (Nick Bottom)|
|A Midsummer Night’s Dream||Spain, U.K.||1984||80 min||Cabochon||Celestino Coronado||Lindsay Kemp (Puck), Francois Testory (Changeling)|
|A Midsummer Night’s Dream||U.K.||1996||105 min||Edenwood Productions||Adrian Noble||Lindsay Duncan (Hippolyta/Titania), Alex Jennings (Theseus/Oberon), Desmond Barrit (Nick Bottom), Osheen Jones (The Boy)|
|A Midsummer Night’s Dream||Italy, U.K.||1999||115 min||Fox Searchlight, Regency Enterprises||Michael Hoffman||Kevin Kline (Nick Bottom), Michelle Pfeiffer (Titania), Rupert Everett (Oberon)|
|A Midsummer Night’s Rave||U.S.||2002||85 min||10 Cates Pictures, Filmtrax Entertainment Inc.||Gil Cates, Jr.||Andrew Keegan (Xander), Chad Lindberg (Nick), Lauren German (Elena)|
|Much Ado About Nothing|
|Much Ado About Nothing||U.K., U.S.||1993||110 min||Samuel Goldwyn, Renaissance Films||Kenneth Branagh||Kenneth Branagh (Benedick), Emma Thompson (Beatrice), Michael Keaton (Dogberry), Denzel Washington (Don Pedro)|
|Much Ado About Nothing||U.S.||2012||107 min||Bellwether Pictures||Joss Whedon||Amy Acker (Beatrice), Alexis Denisof (Benedick), Clark Gregg (Leonato), Reed Diamond (Don Pedro)|
|Othello||Germany||1922||93 min||Wörner Film||Dimitri Buchowetzki||Emil Jannings (Othello), Werner Krauss (Iago), Ica von Lenkeffy (Desdemona)|
|Othello||Morocco||1952||91 min||Films Marceau, Mercury Productions||Orson Welles||Orson Welles (Othello), Micheál MacLiammóir (Iago), Suzanne Cloutier (Desdemona), Robert Coote (Roderigo)|
|Othello||U.S.S.R.||1955||108 min||Mosfilm||Sergey Yutkevich||Sergey Bondarchuk (Othello), Andrey Popov (Iago), Irina Skobtseva (Desdemona)|
|Othello||U.K.||1965||165 min||BHE Films||John Dexter, Stuart Burge||Laurence Olivier (Othello), Frank Finlay (Iago), Maggie Smith (Desdemona)|
|Othello||U.K.||1995||124 min||Castle Rock, Dakota Films, Imminent Films||Oliver Parker||Laurence Fishburne (Othello), Kenneth Branagh (Iago), Irène Jacob (Desdemona)|
|O||U.S.||2001||91 min||Dimension and others||Tim Blake Nelson||Mekhi Phifer (Odin James), Josh Hartnett (Hugo Goulding), Julia Stiles (Desi Brable)|
|Richard III||U.K.||1911||16 min||Co-operative Cinematograph||Frank R. Benson||Frank R. Benson (Richard III)|
|Richard III||U.S.||1912||55 min||Shakespeare Film Co., Richard III Film Co.||M.B. Dudley, James Keane [Keene]||Frederick Warde (Richard III), James Keane [Keene] (Richmond)|
|Richard III||U.K.||1955||157 min||London Film Productions||Laurence Olivier||Laurence Olivier (Richard III), John Gielgud (Clarence), Ralph Richardson (Buckingham), Claire Bloom (Lady Anne)|
|Richard III||U.S.||1995||105 min||Bayly/Paré Productions||Richard Loncraine||Ian McKellen (Richard III), Jim Broadbent (Buckingham), Kristin Scott Thomas (Lady Anne), Annette Bening (Queen Elizabeth)|
|Looking for Richard||U.S.||1996||109 min||20th Century Fox, Chal Productions, Jam Productions||Al Pacino||Al Pacino (Richard III), Aidan Quinn (Richmond), Alec Baldwin (Clarence), Winona Ryder (Lady Anne)|
|Romeo and Juliet|
|Romeo and Juliet||U.S.||1936||126 min||MGM||George Cukor||Leslie Howard (Romeo), Norma Shearer (Juliet), John Barrymore (Mercutio), Basil Rathbone (Tybalt)|
|Les Amants de Vérone||France||1949||110 min||Films de France||André Cayatte||Serge Reggiani (Romeo), Anouk Aimée (Juliet)|
|Giulietta e Romeo||U.K., Italy||1954||138 min||Verona Productions||Renato Castellani||Laurence Harvey (Romeo), Susan Shentall (Juliet), Flora Robson (Nurse)|
|West Side Story||U.S.||1961||151 min||United Artists and others||Robert Wise, Jerome Robbins||Natalie Wood (Maria), Richard Beymer (Tony), Rita Moreno (Anita), George Chakiris (Bernardo)|
|Giulietta e Romeo||Italy, Spain||1964||90 min||Imprecine, Hispamer Film||Riccardo Freda||Gerald Meynier (Romeo), Rosemarie Dexter (Juliet)|
|Romeo and Juliet||Italy, U.K.||1968||152 min||BHE Films, Verona Productions, Dino de Laurentiis Cinematografica||Franco Zeffirelli||Leonard Whiting (Romeo), Olivia Hussey (Juliet), Michael York (Tybalt)|
|William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet||U.S.||1996||120 min||Bazmark||Baz Luhrmann||Leonardo DiCaprio (Romeo), Claire Danes (Juliet), Brian Dennehy (Montague), Paul Sorvino (Capulet)|
|Tromeo and Juliet||U.S.||1996||107 min||Troma Films||Lloyd Kaufman||Jane Jensen (Juliet), Will Keenan (Tromeo Que)|
|Romeo Must Die||U.S.||2000||115 min||Warner Brothers Pictures, Silver Pictures||Andrzej Bartkowiak||Jet Li (Han Sing), Aaliyah (Trish O’Day), Isaiah Washington (Mac)|
|Gnomeo and Juliet||U.K., U.S.||2011||84 min||Touchstone Pictures, Rocket Pictures, Arc Productions, Miramax Films, Starz Animation||Kelly Asbury||Michael Caine (Lord Redbrick [voice]), Maggie Smith (Lady Bluebury [voice]), Ozzy Osbourne (Fawn [voice]), Patrick Stewart (Bill Shakespeare [voice])|
|Private Romeo||U.S.||2011||98 min||Wolfe Video, Agathe David-Weill||Alan Brown||Hale Appleman (Josh Neff), Seth Numrich (Sam Singleton), Matt Doyle (Glenn Mangan)|
|The Taming of the Shrew|
|The Taming of the Shrew||U.S.||1929||68 min||Pickford Corporation||Sam Taylor||Mary Pickford (Katharina), Douglas Fairbanks (Petruchio)|
|Kiss Me Kate||U.S.||1953||109 min||Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer||George Sidney||Kathryn Grayson (Lilli Vanessi "Katherine"), Howard Keel (Fred Graham "Petruchio"), Ann Miller (Lois Lane "Bianca"), James Whitmore (Slug), Bob Fosse ("Hortensio")|
|The Taming of the Shrew||U.S., Italy||1966||122 min||Royal Films International (N.Y.), F.A.I. Production||Franco Zeffirelli||Elizabeth Taylor (Katharina), Richard Burton (Petruchio)|
|10 Things I Hate About You||U.S.||1999||97 min||Jaret Entertainment and others||Gil Junger||Heath Ledger (Patrick Verona), Julia Stiles (Katarina Stratford), Larisa Oleynik (Bianca Stratford)|
|Deliver Us from Eva||U.S.||2003||105 min||Baltimore Spring Creek Productions, USA Films||Gary Hardwick||Gabrielle Union (Eva Dandrige), LL Cool J (Ray Adams), Essence Atkins (Kareenah Dandrige|
|The Tempest||U.K.||1979||96 min||Boyd’s Company||Derek Jarman||Heathcote Williams (Prospero), Karl Johnson (Ariel), Toyah Willcox (Miranda)|
|Prospero’s Books||U.K., Netherlands, France, Italy||1991||124 min||Allarts, Cinéa, Camera One, Penta||Peter Greenaway||John Gielgud (Prospero), Isabelle Pasco (Miranda), Michael Clark (Caliban)|
|The Tempest||U.S.||2010||110 min||Miramax Films, TalkStory Productions, Artemis Films, and others||Julie Taymor||Helen Mirren (Prospera), David Strathairn (King Alonso), Alfred Molina (Stephano), Felicity Jones (Miranda)|
|William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus||U.S.||1999||147 min||Joe Redner Film & Productions||Christopher Dunne||Candy K. Sweet (Tamora), Lexton Raleigh (Aaron), Robert Reese (Titus)|
|Titus||U.S.||1999||162 min||Clear Blue Sky Productions and others||Julie Taymor||Jessica Lange (Tamora), Anthony Hopkins (Titus Andronicus)|
|Dvenadtsataya noch||U.S.S.R.||1955||90 min||Lenfilm||Yakow Fried||Katya Luchko (Sebastian/Viola), Anna Larionova (Olivia)|
|Twelfth Night||U.K., U.S.||1996||134 min||Renaissance Productions||Trevor Nunn||Imogen Stubbs (Viola), Helena Bonham Carter (Olivia), Richard E. Grant (Sir Andrew Aguecheek), Steven Mackintosh (Sebastian)|
|She’s the Man||U.S., Canada||2006||105 min||DreamWorks SKG, Lakeshore Entertainment, Donners’ Company||Andy Fickman||Amanda Bynes (Viola), Laura Ramsey (Olivia Lennox), Channing Tatum (Duke)|
|The Winter’s Tale|
|Una tragedia alla corte di Sicilia||Italy||1913||32 min||Milano Films||Baldassare Negroni||Pina Fabbri (Paulina), V. Cocchi (Leontes)|
|The Winter’s Tale||U.K.||1966||151 min||Cressida, Hurst Park Productions||Frank Dunlop||Laurence Harvey (Leontes), Jane Asher (Perdita)|
|Compiled by Kenneth S. Rothwell and the editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.|