- Research article
- Open Access
The cold-induced basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene MdCIbHLH1encodes an ICE-like protein in apple
© Feng et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
- Received: 17 August 2011
- Accepted: 15 February 2012
- Published: 15 February 2012
Plant growth is greatly affected by low temperatures, and the expression of a number of genes is induced by cold stress. Although many genes in the cold signaling pathway have been identified in Arabidopsis, little is known about the transcription factors involved in the cold stress response in apple.
Here, we show that the apple bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) gene MdCIbHLH1 (Cold-Induced bHLH1), which encodes an ICE-like protein, was noticeably induced in response to cold stress. The MdCIbHLH1 protein specifically bound to the MYC recognition sequences in the AtCBF3 promoter, and MdCIbHLH1 overexpression enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. In addition, the MdCIbHLH1 protein bound to the promoters of MdCBF2 and favorably contributed to cold tolerance in transgenic apple plants by upregulating the expression of MdCBF2 through the CBF (C-repeat-binding factor) pathway. Our findings indicate that MdCIbHLH1 functions in stress tolerance in different species. For example, ectopic MdCIbHLH1 expression conferred enhanced chilling tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Finally, we observed that cold induces the degradation of the MdCIbHLH1 protein in apple and that this degradation was potentially mediated by ubiquitination and sumoylation.
Based on these findings, MdCIbHLH1 encodes a transcription factor that is important for the cold tolerance response in apple.
- Cold Stress
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Cold Tolerance
- Freezing Tolerance
- bHLH Domain
Apple (Malus × domestica) is one of the most important fruit crops worldwide, and low temperature is one of the major environmental factors affecting apple productivity in some commercial apple-growing regions. Apple trees require sufficient chilling during the winter period to resume normal growth and to develop their fruiting buds in the spring . However, early spring chilling and late spring frosts that occur when growth has already resumed may damage apple trees [2, 3]. Thus, improved tolerance to chilling may significantly increase apple production and economic benefit.
Plant responses to low temperatures are manifested at the physiological, molecular and biochemical levels . At the molecular level, low temperatures induce a specific set of genes and proteins that mediate plant tolerance to cold stress. In response to cold temperatures, these genes and their products are involved in the protection of cellular machinery from stress-induced damage ([5, 6]).
The ICE1-CBF-COR cold response pathway is one of the primary cold signaling modules that triggers the cold tolerance response in Arabidopsis ([7–9]). Arabidopsis COR (cold-regulated) genes encode proteins that help protect against freezing stress . The promoters of many of these COR genes contain copies of the C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element (CRT/DRE) (). A family of AP2 domain-containing transcriptional activators, known as either CBF (CRT binding factor) [12, 13] or DREB (DRE binding) proteins [14, 15], bind to the CRT/DRE element and activate transcription. The genes encoding CBF transcription factors are also induced by cold, and the three CBF genes in Arabidopsis encoding DREB1B/CBF1, DREB1A/CBF3 and DREB1C/CBF2 have been found to participate in the cold-acclimation pathway [16–18]. Overexpression of the DREB1A/CBF3 and DREB1B/CBF1 genes in Arabidopsis increases the cold tolerance of transgenic plants . Enhanced cold tolerance has also been observed in transgenic tobacco, tomato and rice expressing CBF genes [20–22]. In apple, overexpression of the MbDREB1 transcription factor gene increases plant tolerance to abiotic stress . Additionally, heterologous overexpression of the Prunus persica CBF1 gene in apple enhanced freezing tolerance compared to the control M.26 plants .
The bHLH transcription factors are ubiquitously involved in the response of higher plants to various abiotic stresses, including cold (AtICE1, ), drought (AtMYB2, ) and high salinity (AtNIG1, ). ICE1 (Inducer of CBF3 Expression1) is a MYC-like basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that activates CBF3 and COR genes in response to low temperatures in Arabidopsis . ICE1 binds to the MYC recognition cis-elements (CANNTG) in the promoters of CBF3 gene, which triggers the expression of the CBF family members and subsequently enhances the expression of the CBF regulon [9, 27]. A dominant mutation in ICE1 blocks the cold induction of CBF3 and reduces the expression of downstream genes . Over-expression of ICE1 has been associated with enhanced chilling tolerance in Arabidopsis, cucumber and rice [28, 29]. The degradation of the ICE1 protein strongly affects the expression of the genes encoding CBF3/DREB1A and CBF1/DREB1B along with the cold tolerance response . In Arabidopsis, the degradation of ICE1 during acclimation to low temperatures is mediated by polyubiquitination at 26S proteasome pathway . The ICE1 protein involved in cold acclimation is also modified by SUMO conjugation/deconjugation .
In this study, the bHLH gene MdCIbHLH1 (COLD-INDUCED bHLH1) was cloned based on its differential expression in response to cold stress. The specific binding of the protein encoded by MdCIbHLH1 to the promoters of CBF genes was verified with EMSA (Electrophoresis Mobility Shift Analysis) and ChIP-PCR (Chromatin immunoprecipitation). Subsequently, MdCIbHLH1 was transformed into Arabidopsis, apple and tobacco to characterize its functions in the cold response. The findings of this study indicate that the MdCIbHLH1 gene may be used to improve cold tolerance in apple and other crop species.
Gene cloning, sequence analysis and MdCIbHLH1 subcellular localization
Sequence analysis showed that three introns were present in the open reading frame (ORF) of MdCIbHLH1 along with four exons of the following lengths: 1113 bp, 230 bp, 169 bp and 84 bp (Figure 1B). The MdCIbHLH1 ORF was found to be 1596 bp in length and to encode a predicted protein containing 531 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 57.4 kD.
The MEGA 4.0 program was used to construct phylogenetic trees for the bHLH proteins. For this analysis, all Arabidopsis bHLH proteins and MdCIbHLH1 were included and aligned. The MdCIbHLH1 protein clustered within the same clade as AtbHLH116 (AtICE1) and AtbHLH033 (AtICE2) (Figure 1C). In addition, genomic comparisons revealed that the MdCIbHLH1, AtICE1 and AtICE2 genes all contained four exons, indicating a similar genomic composition (Figure 1B).
The predicted MdCIbHLH1 protein was found to contain a conserved bHLH domain and a nuclear localization signal http://0-www.bioinfo.tsinghua.edu.cn.brum.beds.ac.uk/SubLoc/. The bHLH domain of MdCIbHLH1 exhibited high similarity to the bHLH domains of ICE proteins in other plant species (Figure 1D).
The presumed nuclear localization signal in MdCIbHLH1 was sufficient to direct a GFP fusion protein to the nucleus. The subcellular localization of MdCIbHLH1 was investigated by introducing a translational fusion between MdCIbHLH1 and GFP into onion epidermal cells using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Cells expressing the MdCIbHLH1:GFP fusion gene showed GFP fluorescence only in the nucleus (Figure 1F), while cells expressing GFP alone showed GFP fluorescence throughout the entire cell (Figure 1E). This result suggests that the MdCIbHLH1 protein subcellularly localizes to the nucleus.
Expression of MdCIbHLH1in different tissues and in response to cold stress
In Arabidopsis, AtCBFs are crucial components acting downstream of AtICE1 in the cold signaling pathway (). In the apple genome, there are five CBF genes: MdCBF1 (U77378), MdCBF2 (AF074601), MdCBF3 (AF074602), MdCBF4 (NM_124578) and MdCBF5 (NM_101131). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the five MdCBFs are highly similar to CBFs in other plant species, including grapevine, poplar, tomato, Arabidopsis and rice (Figure 2C). Interestingly, the expression of all five MdCBFs was positively induced by chilling treatment at 4°C following the increased expression of MdCIbHLH1 (Figure 2B), suggesting that MdCIbHLH1 may act upstream of the MdCBFs.
MdCIbHLH1 regulates AtCBFs by binding to their promoters in Arabidopsis
Band shifts were also observed for the reactions between MdCIbHLH1 and the MYC1, MYC2 and MYC3(5) probes (Figure 3A). However, the binding was not abolished by the addition of unlabeled wild-type MYC1, MYC2 and MYC3(5) competitor, respectively (Figure 3A), indicating that the binding of MdCIbHLH1 to MYC1, MYC2 and MYC3(5) was not as specific as the binding to MYC4. This is not the case for AtICE1, which specifically binds to all four recognition sites .
To further characterize the functions of the MdCIbHLH1 gene, a construct containing MdCIbHLH1 driven by the CaMV 35S promoter was genetically transformed into Arabidopsis. Three homozygous transgenic lines, L1, L2 and L3, were used for further investigation. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed higher levels of MdCIbHLH1 transcripts in the three lines than in the WT (wild type) control. In addition, the expression of AtCBFs increased remarkably in the 3 transgenic lines compared to the control (Figure 3C). Transgenic seedlings were used to examine chilling tolerance. Relative root lengths were measured after the chilling treatment. The results showed that at 20°C the ectopic expression of MdCIbHLH1 inhibited the root growth of the transgenic Arabidiopsis seedlings (Figure 3D-E). In contrast, at 4°C the relative root lengths of L1, L2 and L3 transgenic seedlings were 1.1, 1.04 and 1.19, respectively, while that of WT control was 0.52 (Figure 3D-E). Therefore, heterologous expression of MdCIbHLH1 conferred enhanced chilling tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings.
MdCIbHLH1 regulates cold tolerance via the CBF pathway in apple
The function of MdCIbHLH1 was also characterized in transgenic apple tissue cultures. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed high transcript levels of MdCIbHLH1 in 2 transgenic lines, L1 and L2, indicating that the MdCIbHLH1 gene was overexpressed in these transgenic lines. In addition, MdCIbHLH1 was found to upregulate the expression of MdCBF1, MdCBF2, MdCBF3, MdCBF4 and MdCBF5 (Figure 5D), further confirming that MdCIbHLH1 works upstream of the MdCBFs. WT and MdCIbHLH1 transgenic lines grown on MS media were exposed to 0°C temperature for 7 days. Following a 7-day recovery, the WT control was nearly dead, while the 2 transgenic lines were still alive (Figure 5E). MdCIbHLH1 overexpression therefore improved the tolerance to cold stress in transgenic apple lines.
Overexpression of MdCIbHLH1in tobacco
Adult plants were also used to assess chilling stress tolerance. The results showed that L1, L2 and L3 plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to chilling compared to WT plants (Figure 6H). After 4°C treatment for 10 h, WT plants started to wilt, while transgenic plants were near normal in appearance. Following a 2-h recovery under normal conditions, WT plants showed necrosis at the leaf margin, while the three transgenic lines completely recovered (Figure 6H). In addition, transgenic plants produced much less MDA than WT plants and therefore had less injury in their membrane systems, as indicated by the reduced electrolyte leakage relative to the WT control under chilling stress (Figure 6I-J).
Taken together, these data indicate that MdCIbHLH1 is involved in chilling tolerance in various plant species.
MdCIbHLH1 protein is modified by ubiquitination and sumoylation
It has been reported that AtICE1 protein degrades at low temperatures through a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway . In addition, sumoylation may function as a ubiquitin antagonist . To determine if MdCIbHLH1 protein is modified by ubiquitination or sumoylation, MdCIbHLH1-GFP protein was immunoprecipitated using anti-GFP antibody in the TGC line (Figure 7B). The precipitated proteins were detected with anti-ubiquitin and anti-SUMO antibodies to determine the occurrence of ubiquitination and sumoylation modifications, respectively. Positive signals were detected for both antibodies (Figure 7C), suggesting that ubiquitination and sumoylation of the MdCIbHLH1 protein occur in vivo in TGC calluses.
In this study, the MdCIbHLH1 gene was isolated from apple, based on its differential expression in response to cold treatment. It encodes a bHLH TF. The bHLH TFs represent a family of proteins that contain a conserved bHLH domain, a motif involved in DNA binding . The bHLH proteins regulate downstream genes through sequence-specific interactions at the promoter regions of these genes . MdCIbHLH1 was found to have a highly similar gene structure and amino acid sequence to Arabidopsis ICE1 and ICE2 [9, 33], suggesting that it is a putative apple ortholog of the ICE proteins. This is consistent with the fact that MdCIbHLH1 expression was induced by cold stress, as observed for ICE1 and ICE2 in Arabidopsis [9, 33]. However, MdCIbHLH1 was found to have a longer sequence than AtICE1 and AtICE2, corresponding to the greater genome size of apple compared to Arabidopsis.
In Arabidopsis, ICE1 acts directly upstream of the CBFs by binding to the MYC recognition sites present in the promoters of the CBF genes, and this binding subsequently triggers the expression of the CBFs/DREBs regulon [9, 27]. In Arabidopsis, AtICE1 and AtICE2 may directly regulate AtCBF3 and AtCBF1, respectively [9, 33]. In this study, MdCIbHLH1 protein was found to bind to the MYC recognition site of the AtCBF3 and MdCBF2 promoters using EMSA and ChIP-PCR, further confirming that it functions similarly to ICE proteins. However, MdCIbHLH1 specifically bound to only one of the four putative MYC recognition sites in the promoter of AtCBF3, while AtICE1 binds to all 4 MYC sites. In apple, however, MdCIbHLH1 only bound to the MdCBF2 promoter. In accordance with the specific binding, the greatest increase in expression was observed for MdCBF2, but the expression of the other 4 MdCBF genes was also enhanced. This may be explained by either an incomplete conservation between MdCIbHLH1 and the AtICEs or the existence of other recognition sites in the promoters of the MdCBF genes. Additionally, MdCBF2 may regulate the expression of other MdCBF genes, as is the case for the AtCBFs in Arabidopsis .
The CBF cold responsive pathway is an important low-temperature gene network that contributes to cold tolerance ([7–9]). DREB1B/CBF1, DREB1A/CBF3 and DREB1C/CBF2 are induced by cold in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of the DREB1A/CBF3 and DREB1B/CBF1 genes increases cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, rapeseed, tobacco, tomato and rice [20–22]. In addition, the genes encoding CBF/DREB transcriptional activators are also associated with increased cold tolerance in apple [23, 24].
A dominant mutation in ICE1 blocks the cold induction of the CBF3 regulon and impairs freezing and chilling tolerance . In contrast, ICE1 overexpression increases cold tolerance relative to wild-type plants not only in Arabidopsis but also in other plants such as cucumber and rice [28, 29]. In Arabidopsis, a recently identified positive regulator, ICE2, which is a bHLH transcription factor, participates in the response to freezing through the cold acclimation-dependent pathway . In this study, MdCIbHLH1 overexpression resulted in elevated expression of the CBF genes and enhanced tolerance to cold stress. These data suggest that MdCIbHLH1 acts as a signal transduction component in the CBF pathway and is associated with cold tolerance in apple, as is the case for the ICE genes in Arabidopsis .
In Arabidopsis, cold induces AtICE1 proteolysis through a proteasome pathway . It has been shown that the ubiquitination of AtICE1 is mediated by HOS1 both in vitro and in vivo . In addition, AtSIZ1-mediated SUMO conjugation/deconjugation of AtICE1 is a critical process required for low temperature tolerance . Unlike AtICE1, AtICE2 is not involved in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis . The results of the present study showed that the MdCIbHLH1 protein was degraded under cold conditions and that MdCIbHLH1 was modified through the ubiquitination and sumoylation pathways. However, the MdCIbHLH1 protein did not interact with AtHOS1 or AtSIZ1 (data not shown). Our results suggest that the degradation of MdCIbHLH1 protein depends on the presence of other ubiquitin and SUMO E3 ligases in apple.
The CBF pathway is also operational in trees . It is well established that early spring chilling and late spring frosts that occur when growth has already resumed may cause damage to apple crops by direct chilling injury or by indirectly influencing pollination and fruit set efficiency [2, 3]. The expression of MdCIbHLH1 was positively induced by cold treatment, suggesting that the MdCIbHLH1 gene may be involved in the protection of apple tissues from cold injury.
In this study, we isolated an apple bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) gene MdCIbHLH1 (Cold-Induced bHLH1). Its expression was noticeably induced in response to cold stress. It encodes an ICE-like protein. The degradation of the MdCIbHLH1 protein was induced by cold treatment and was potentially mediated by ubiquitination and sumoylation in apple. Furthermore, EMSA and ChIP-PCR verified that the MdCIbHLH1 protein specifically bound to the MYC recognition sequences in the promoters of AtCBF3 and MdCBF2 genes. As a result, the ectopic expression of MdCIbHLH1 enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, tobacco and apple seedlings or plants by upregulating the expression of CBFs genes through the CBF (C-repeat-binding factor) pathway. Therefore, MdCIbHLH1 functions in cold tolerance in a CBF-dependent way in different plant species. Reflecting its role in cold tolerance, MdCIbHLH1 may be an appropriate gene for overcoming cold stress and improving apple crop productivity under cold temperature conditions.
The in vitro tissue cultures of apple (Malus domestic cv. 'Royal Gala') were grown at 25 ± 1°C under a 16 h photoperiod for gene cloning and genetic transformation. 'Orin' apple calluses were cultured in the dark at 25 ± 1°C and used for genetic transformation. Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype 'Columbia 0') was grown at 20 ± 1°C under a 16 h photoperiod and used for genetic transformation. Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L. 'NC89') was grown at 25 ± 1°C under a 12 h photoperiod and used for genetic transformation. In vitro tissue cultures of 'Royal Gala' were used for expression analysis after cold treatment (4 ± 1°C).
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays for gene expression
Total RNAs were extracted from apple and Arabidopsis samples using the RNAplant plus Reagent (Tiangen, China) and TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, USA), respectively, according to the manufacturers' instructions. First-strand cDNA was synthesized using the PrimeScript 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit transcriptase (TaKaRa, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
The PCR reaction mixture contained 200 ng cDNA, 1 μl of each primer (10 mM), 2.5 μl 10× Taq DNA polymerase buffer containing Mg2+ (20 mM), 2 μl deoxyribonucleotide (dNTP) (2.5 mM) and 0.25 μl 5 U/μl transTaq DNA polymerase (Trans, China) in a 25 μl reaction volume. For the semi-quantitative RT-PCR reactions, the numbers of reaction cycle were 25-30. MdACTIN was used to normalize cDNA loading. The following primers were used for the PCR reaction: MdCIbHLH1S: 5'-ATGGACGACAGGGAGGAC-3', MdCIbHLHlA: 5'-GGAGGAGGAAGAGTCCAC-3'; MdCBF1S: 5'-CGGTGTTTCGGGGTGTAAG-3'; MdCBF1A: 5'-AAGTGCCCAGCCAAATCC-3'; MdCBF2S: 5'-ATCCGACGGCCGAGATGGCA-3'; MdCBF2A: 5'-CCAAACTCCGCTGGCCGGAA-3'; MdCBF3S: 5'-AAGCGGCGATGATGAGAA-3'; MdCBF3A: 5'-CGTCATCGTTGCTTTCCAT-3'; MdCBF4S: 5'-GTCATTTTGGCATCCAGCAC-3'; MdCBF4A: 5'-TTGTTCCTCCTCACTCCTC-3'; MdCBF5S: 5'-GGAAGCAGCAGAACAGTTT-3'; MdCBF5A: 5'-CACGACATCATCGGCATTG-3'; MdACTIN was amplified using previously reported primers .
Subcellular localization of MdCIbHLH1
The full-length coding region of MdCIbHLH1 was fused to the N-terminus of the GFP gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Transient expression of the 35S::MdCIbHLH1:GFP fusion construct and the GFP control vector was introduced into onion epidermal cells using the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. Transformed cells were cultured on MS media for 16-24 h in the dark and observed using a laser confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM510, Germany).
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)
The primers used to amplify the MdCIbHLH1 ORF were MdCIbHLH1-zS, 5'-GCGAATTCATGGACGACAGGGAGGAC-3', and MdCIbHLH1-zA, 5'-GCGCGGCCGCCATCATGCCATGGAACCCG-3', containing EcoRI and NotI restriction sites, respectively. The amplified fragment was then inserted into the expression vector pPICZαA (Invitrogen, USA) following digestion with EcoRI and NotI. The resultant expression vector was transformed into the yeast strain GS115 following digestion with BstXI. The MdCIbHLH1 protein was prepared according to the manufacturer's instruction manual. The EMSA was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions (Thermo, USA). The double-stranded oligonucleotides MYC1 (CATTTTACAATTGCTTCGCT), MYC2 (CTCTGGACACATGGCAGATC), MYC3(5) (ACCCCACCATTTGTTAATGC) and MYC4 (ACAATTACAACTGCATGCTT)  were used as probes and competitors for the EMSAs. MYC4-mut (ACAATTAACACGTCATGCTT) was used as the mutated competitor.
ChIP analysis was performed using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Kit (Millipore, USA) and a modified version of the manufacturer's instructions. Protein and DNA were cross-linked by adding formaldehyde directly to the culture medium to a final concentration of 1%, and the reaction was stopped 10 min later by adding 2 M glycine to a final concentration of 0.125 M. Plant extracts were incubated with GFP antibody (Beyotime, China). The antibody-bound complex was precipitated with protein A-Sepharose beads. The DNA fragments in the immunoprecipitated complex were released by reversing the cross-linking at 65°C for 5 h. Purified immunoprecipitated DNA was first analyzed by PCR and visualized by gel electrophoresis. The primers used for the regular PCR are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1. The following PCR conditions were used: incubation at 95°C for 5 min to activate the polymerase; 35 amplification cycles at 95°C for 20 s, 60°C for 15 s and 72°C for 20 s; and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The results are expressed as the ratio to input DNA.
Genetic transformation of MdCIbHLH1
The primers used to amplify MdCIbHLH1 cDNA were MdCIbHLH1-fS, 5'-GGATGGACGACAGGGAGGA-3', and MdCIbHLH1-fA, 5'-TGCAATCTACATCATGCCATGG-3'. Subsequently, the PCR product was cloned into the pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Japan). MdCIbHLH1 was double-digested with XbaI and SalI and then ligated into the pBI121 vector under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The binary construct 35S::MdCIbHLH1 was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101, and Arabidopsis plants were transformed using the flower dipping method described by .
A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing either the 35S::MdCIbHLH1:GFP or 35S::GFP binary construct was used to transform apple calluses. 'Orin' apple calluses were immersed into Agrobacterium suspension cultures for 10 min. The calluses were then co-cultivated in MS media with 1.5 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.4 mg l-1 BA at 25 ± 1°C in the dark for two days. After co-cultivation, the callus was transferred to MS screening media containing 1.5 mg l-1 2,4-D, 0.4 mg l-1 BA, 100 mg l-1 kanamycin and 250 mg l-1 carbenicillin. The calluses were subcultured four times at 15-day intervals to obtain transgenic calluses. The same binary construct was used for the apple transformation.
Apple leaf segments were excised from shoots grown in vitro 4 weeks after subculture. Leaf strips were immersed into Agrobacterium suspension cultures for 10 min and then transferred onto MS media for co-cultivation at 25 ± 1°C in the dark for 2 days. The leaf strips were subsequently transferred to MS media containing 0.15 mg l-1 NAA, 5 mg l-1 6-BA, 10 mg l-1 kanamycin and 250 mg l-1 carbenicillin for regeneration and screening. After adventitious shoots regenerated, they were transferred to MS media containing 0.5 mg l-1 6-BA, 0.1 mg l-1 NAA, 10 mg l-1 kanamycin and 250 mg l-1 carbenicillin for subculturing. The plantlets were used for further investigation.
Young leaves of vigorously growing tobacco were excised into approximately 1 cm × 1 cm strips. Leaf strips were immersed into Agrobacterium suspension cultures for 10 min and then transferred onto MS media for co-cultivation at 25 ± 1°C in the dark for 2 days. Subsequently, leaf strips were transferred to MS media containing 0.2 mg l-1 NAA, 3 mg l-1 6-BA, 100 mg l-1 kanamycin and 250 mg l-1 carbenicillin for regeneration and screening. After adventitious shoots regenerated, they were transferred to MS medium containing 1.5 mg l-1 NAA, 150 mg l-1 kanamycin and 250 mg l-1 carbenicillin for rooting. Rooted plantlets were transplanted to soil. After self-pollination, the homozygous transgenic lines were used for further investigation.
Tolerance analysis of transgenic plants
For the growth measurements of Arabidopsis, 7-day-old seedlings were maintained at 4 ± 1°C with a light intensity of 100-150 μmol m-2 sec-1 for 30 days, while at 20 ± 1°C under the same conditions for 7 days as control. The treatment plates were placed vertically with seedlings in the upright position. Three replicates were used for each treatment. Increases in relative root length were measured with a ruler. The relative root length was calculated as the elongation of root length/original root length.
Fifteen-day-old TGC (35S::MdCIbHLH1:GFP) and pBIN (35S::GFP) calluses (0.5 g) were treated with cold stress. For the cold treatment, the calluses were incubated at 15°C in dark. The control calluses were transferred to MS media and grown for an additional 23 days in dark. The weight increment was measured after this period.
Apple shoot tissue cultures were subcultured on MS nutrient media with 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar for 4 weeks, and the shoot tissue cultures were used to examine cold tolerance. Cold stress was imposed by incubating the cultures at 0 ± 1°C for 7 days with a light intensity of 150 μmol m-2 sec-1. The cultures were allowed to recover for 7 days under normal conditions.
Tobacco seedlings were germinated on MS nutrient media with 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar for 15 days, and the seedlings were used to examine chilling and freezing tolerance. Chilling stress was imposed by incubating the seedlings at 4 ± 1°C with a light intensity of 100-150 μmol m-2 sec-1. Seedling survival was scored visually after 30 days. For the freezing tolerance assay, the seedlings were cold-acclimated at 4 ± 1°C for 3 days and then frozen at -10°C for 1 to 5 h in dark. The frozen seedlings were thawed overnight at 4°C and transferred back to normal conditions for recovery. Seedling survival was scored visually after 3 days.
Adult tobacco plants grown in potted soil were also used to assess chilling tolerance. Plants were cold-acclimated for 48 h at 15 ± 1°C under a 16-h photoperiod and then exposed to 4°C for 10 h in dark. The plants that underwent the chilling treatment were allowed to recover under normal conditions for 2 h.
For the chilling assay, the proline and MDA (malondialdehyde) contents were measured along with the relative electrolyte leakage content, as previously described .
Western blot protocol and analysis of sumoylation and ubiquitination
For the western blot analysis, TGC calluses were incubated at 15°C in the dark. A total of 2 g of callus material was ground for each sample in a buffer containing 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM PMSF and 0.5% protease inhibitor mixture (Sigma, Germany). MdCIbHLH1 protein levels were determined using a protein gel blot with an anti-GFP antibody, as previously described .
For the ubiquitination and sumoylation assays, 15-day-old calluses were pretreated with 50 μM MG132 proteasome inhibitor in the dark. Total proteins were extracted as described above. The protein complexes were immunoprecipitated using the Pierce Classic Protein A IP Kit (Thermo, USA) and anti-GFP (Beyotime, China). The resultant proteins were separated with SDS-PAGE and blotted onto a PVDF membrane (Roche, USA). The gel blot was probed with anti-Ub (Sigma, Germany) and anti- SUMO1 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA) antibodies and visualized by chemiluminescence using the ECL plus kit (Trans, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
The data are presented as the average of three replicates. SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software (SAS Corporation, Cory, NC, USA) was used for the analysis.
The authors thank Dr. Takaya Moriguchi at National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan, for 'Orin' apple callus. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971969), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2011AA100204) and Program for Changjiang Scholars and lnnovative Research Team in University (IRT1155).
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