This is down to changes that were made for new versions of ZPE.
Mathematics is an important part of programming. In fact, programming is a mathematical concept. This article will discuss how Python mathematics works.
There are a collection of mathematical operators that perform different tasks. The expressions used to represent such operators are shown in the following table, along with an example of each.
|Addition||Simply used to add two numbers together.||
|Subtract||Used to subtract the second number from the first||
|Multiply||Used to multiply two numbers||
|Divide||Used to divide the first number by the second number and return a floating point number||
|Raise||Raise a number to another number in the same way as the mathematical representation xy||
|Modulus||Used to get the remainder of a division as an integer.||
These operations can be used to return a result as an integer or floating point number.
A boolean operation can be used to return a boolean value (
The table below specifies all of these available in Python:
|Name||Description||Operator Code||Example (of truth)|
|Greater than||True if the first expression is greater than the second expression||>||7 > 4|
|Less than||True if the first expression is less than the second expression||<||7 < 16|
|Greater than or equal to||True if the first expression is greater than or equal to the second expression||>=||17 >= 16|
|Less than or equal to||True if the first expression is less than or equal to the second expression||<=||16 <= 16|
|Equal to||True if both expressions are equal||==||16 == 16|
|Not equal||True if both expressions are not equal||!=||16 != 7|
The results of these operations can be placed in a boolean variable as shown in the following sample:
a = 5 b = 9 c = a + b - 7 result = c > a print(result)
The above sample should return
Boolean logic also uses other operators. These can also be represented in Python and are also known as bitwise operators. Formal logic and specification defines the way these work and Python contains expressions that form statements like the following which can be constructed in Python:
x = (a ∧ b) ⊕ (c ∨ d)
The above expression will evaluate true when a and b are both false and either c or d are true or when a and b are both true and both c and d are false due to the ⊕ operator.
The following table shows these operators.
|Name||Description||Logical symbol||Operator code||Example (of truth)|
|And||Logical conjunction, true when both expressions are true.||∧||
|Or||Logical disjunction, true when either expressions are true.||∨||
|Not||Logical negation, returns true when given a false expression.||¬||
The following is a truth table that represents each of the operators shown above for some P and some Q.
Most languages have a shorthand method for increasing a value or variable by another value that saves writing the whole assignment and mathematical expression.
For instance, consider the following:
x = 10 print (x) x = x + 1 print (x) x = x - 1 print (x)
The method of increasing the value of
to reassign the value with the value plus one. What if there
were a simpler, more syntactically concise method of doing
Meet incrementing and decrementing values. In reference to a value or a variable, incrementing and decrementing are very important as in many programming languages they are able to produce small performance benefits.
Python increments with
x += 1
and decrements with
x -= 1. Many other
-- syntaxes but most of these
languages also opt to include this syntax for these purposes.
x = 10 print (x) x += 1 print (x) x -= 1 print (x)
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