The study of electromagnetic radiation (EM) can be divided into two distinct areas: full
solution of Maxwell's Equations relevant to the specific boundary conditions in a
special general case and into application of EM radiation that results in modern life
e.g. medicine, telecommunication, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) etc. The
reader should have a specific scientific background and must be familiar with the
fundamental ideas of EM theory for the first area. Basic understanding of applying the
radiation techniques in modern life is needed for the second.
This report provides a long-term assessment of and outlook for nuclear physics. The first
phase of the report articulates the scientific rationale and objectives of the field, while the second
phase provides a global context for the field and its long-term priorities and proposes a
framework for progress through 2020 and beyond. The full statement of task for the committee is
in Appendix A.
Unit Two PHYSICS
Physics is the major science dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces. Sometimes in modern physics a more sophisticated approach is taken that incorporates elements of the three areas listed above; it relates to the laws of symmetry and conservation, such as those pertaining to energy, momentum, charge, and parity. Physics is closely related to the other natural sciences and, in a sense, encompasses them. ...
INTRODUCTION: SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION AT THE HIGH-ENERGY FRONTIER
The major high-energy physics (HEP) experiments of the next twenty years will break new ground in our understanding of the fundamental interactions, structures and symmetries that govern the nature of matter and space-time. Among the principal goals are to ﬁnd the mechanism responsible for mass in the universe, and the ‘Higgs’ particles associated with mass generation, as well as the fundamental mechanism that led to the predominance of matter over antimatter in the observable cosmos.
We study a simple three-lane cellular automaton, based upon the well known NagelSchreckenberg model, and examine the effect of slow cars in such a system. We point out the important parameters defining the shape of the fundamental digram for the three-lane model and compare it to that of a two-lane one, showing the new mode of interactions between lanes. It is possible to reduce the influence of slow cars by choosing an adequate version of the symmetry with respect to lanes.