INDIAN MAJOR CARPS80% of freshwater farming constituted by carps and other cyprinids globally.Indian major carps- CATLA, ROHU, MRIGAL- Indo Gangetic riverine systems of IndiaCommon carp- Cyprinus carpio enjoys a world wide distributionSilver barb- Puntius gonionotus main native carp species of Thailand.REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGYBisexual, sexes can be distinguished only during the breeding seasonMales- Pectoral fin- has rough dorsal surface , longer than that in female Genital aperture not very prominent , milt oozes out Belly Not swollenFemales- Dorsal side of Pect. Fin smooth. Genital aperture reddish and swollen Belly is soft and bulging
All 3 major carps attain sexual maturity in the second year Males mature earlier than female Carps of 2+ years and up to 5 years are preferred for breeding. Spawning season Seasonal riverine spawners, spawning during the southwest monsoon. DONOT spawn in confined waters.STRUCTURE OF EGG A FRESHLY LAID unfertilised egg consists of cyotplasm filled with yolk Nucleus is at the animal pole Oocyte is surrounded by a vitelline membrane ,which is enclosed in a chorion/shell . Narrow opening called the micropyle is present on this chorion. AFTER FERTILIZATION micropyle is closed. Eggs start absorbing water. Chorion changes into a tough structure through water hardening- Perivitelline space gets filled with water, and swelling of oocyte takes place Eggs attain more than 4 to 6 times their original size. Development of eggs start with meroblastic cleavage- Group of cells morula > blastula >GASTRULATION>embryo having3germlaye– ecto, endo and mesoderm
After gastrulation body organs are formed.Small embryo with bilaterally symmetrical body ,as the embryo grows the yolk sac gets reduced in size.LARVAL DEVELOPMENT Thick inner layer of chorion is broken by hatching enzymes and the embryo by its feeble movements can break the weakened layer and hatch out.The newly hatched larvae of carps – slender , transparent , non pigmented body having head, trunk and tail.(3-5.3mm)They lie at the bottom, occasionally coming up with irregular movements.After 24 hrs- slight darting movements.After 36 hrs- feeble horizontal movements.After 48 hrs- shooting and darting movement .Devt of mouth, stomach, intestine & gills covered with operculum.72 hrs- dorsal and ventral fin rudiments appear, yolk sac is fully absorbed
SEED COLLECTION FROM NATURAL SPAWNING GROUNDSMajor carps spawn during monsoon season- in inundated terrainsAdv-1. Fresh floods kills the flora and fauna and the decaying matterprovides food for growth of micro org. and zoopl. –food for fry.2. Area free from natural predators and predatory insects that feed on carp spawn.3. Water rich in O2 favours rapid dev’t of eggs and larvae.Disadv. of spawn collection from wild:-1. Uncertainty in availability of seed.2. Impossible to get a pure stock of seed3. Process of procurement – labour intensive4. Heavy mortality of seed collected
A SHOOTING NET is used for collection ofspawn.•Spawn, larvae and fry of fish are found at 3-6 feet depth,• at current velocity of 0.5-3 km/hr.•current direction is parallel to bank of theriver. SHOOTING NET
BUNDH BREEDING• First attempt to breed major carpslocated at thewater.of a catchment area. in confined• Bundh – seasonal or perrenial pond slope•Breeding done during rainy season-the pond, which catchment is allowed guarded to flow through narrow canals into water from the has an outlet valve also, by wire mesh. Conditions simulate a riverine condition and they breed.•Wet bundhs- perrenial , largeWater rushes, from the in the slope of a catchment area With proper embankment. water body situated elevated catchment over an extensive shallow area, which stimulates the brood carp to spawn .•No human interventions.•Dry bundh- man made, well3designed. seasonal shallow ponds ,ranging from 0.5wateracr –4•Bound by embankments on portion, malesfilled during monsoon. When sufficient is accumulated in the deeper sides. Gets and females from the neighboring areas are introduced for acclimatization and spawning.•Bundhs operational Summer.of West Bengal, Rajasthan, Maharashtra. Remains dry during• in states
Wet Bundh : With the onset of monsoon the fresh rain water from the catchment areaenters into the bundh and the latter is inundated. The excess water flows out fromthe bundh creating a water current. The breeders present in the deeper area of the bundh migrate to shallow areas where they start breeding.
Rain water which accumulates in the catchment area during premonsoon showers flows in to fill up the pond seasonally. Thereafter,the brood fishes from a perennial pond are introduced into the seasonal pondsto breed, preferably on cool rainy days. Spawning usually commence during andafter heavy showers when the bundh as well as the catchment area are flooded with fresh rainwater.
INDUCED BREEDING OF CARPSTechnique responsible for augmenting the carp seed production in India.More than 500 commercial hatcheries producing carp seed through this technique.Both traditional HYPOPHYSATION AND GnRH based inducing techniques are usedHYPOPHYSATION-Technique of induction of breeding by administration of PITUITARY EXTRACTS Different Steps in the technique1. Collection of pituitary gland. Freshly killed or ice preserved mature fish. Either male / female 2. Preservation a.Alcohol : Preserved in absolute alcohol in amber colored phial. Stored in refrigerator. b. Acetone: Pituitary is put in fresh acetone , kept in fridge for 36-48 hrs. Acetone is changed 2-3 times at 8-12 hrs. Glands are taken out, allowed to dry for 1 hr. Weighed. Stored in phials for 6-12 months.
3. Preparation of Pituitary Gland Extract Usually prepared just before injection. Weighed , homogenized in distilled water. Add distilled water @ 0.2 ml/kg of the breeder. Centrifuged. Supernatant( Carp Pituitary Extract ) is used for injection.CPE can be preserved in glycerin for better shelf life, with ratio of 2:1 glycerin &water.4. Administration of HormonesFemale is given 2 doses. First – initial dose / preparatory/priming doseSecond- after 5-6 hrs in IMC - final/ decisive/ resolving dose.First dose advances the maturation of the oocytes, interval between the doses depends on the species and on temperature.Males given one dose at the time of the second injection of the female.Quantity of the dose depends on the maturity status of brood fish and quality of pituitary glands.Injection done intramuscularly/ intraperitoneally- the latter is found more effective.Dorsal part of caudal peduncle/ dorsal muscle above lateral line and below anterior Portion of dorsal fin- intramuscular
Intraperitoneal – inner side of base of pectoral finIMC usually spawn 4-6 hrs after 2nd dose.
SPAWNINGCarried out in 1. traditional Breeding Hapas2. spawning pools of Chinese Circular Hatchery orecohatcheryOne female with 2 males in breeding hapas1:1 in ecohatcheryBREEDING HAPASRectangular box shaped structure stitched out of fine meshed mosquito net cloth/nylon net cloth.size of hapa- 3.5 X1.5 X1m to1.8 X0.9 X0.9mNet tied with help of laces to 4 bamboo poles fixed in watercolumn10-20 cm of upper surface of hapa is above water.A flap at one end of the hapa is used for introduction of broodpair & collection of eggs.After hypophysation the pair is let into the hapa, fertilised eggsare collected in the morning.
SPAWNING POOL OF CHINESE CIRCULAR HATCHERY Circular tank, 5-8 m dia depth of 1 to 1.5 m Tank made of bricks/ RCC or FRP. Bottom of the pool slopes towards the centre, into the outlet pipe which leads to the egg collection chamber / or directly into the incubation pool.A circular flow of water is created inside the tank by arranging the inlet pipes at 60 degrees angle. Injected breeders are introduced into the tank in the evening hoursOver the spawning pool, water showers of 6 mm dia are fixed at 1 m on top of tanks.Initial dose -2-3 mg/kg in femaleAfter 5- 6 hrs males are given the dose at 4-6 mg/kg and females at 10-12 mg/kg.Water current is created at speed of 2- 5 m/secUnder the hormonal influence and the water current that simulates river flow , spawning occurs.
Operational aspects of Spawning pool.1. About 3.5 kg brood fish/m2 can be stocked in a spawning pool provided with good quality water with DO 5-6 ppm.2. Water temp- 28-30 degree C.3. Water depth 0.6-1m4. Brood fish are kept under shower before and after hormone injection.5. Water current is initiated one hour before the calculated spawning time.6. Speed of water current – 3-5 m/sec.7. Water flow stopped as soon as spawning is over.8. Brood fish are transferred back to the pond9. Spawning and hatching units are disinfected with 5 ppm KMNO4 before and after each operation.10.After 5-6 operations it is advisable to clean the tank with strong Formaldehyde solution.
INCUBATION OF FERTILISED EGGS1. Hatching hapaTwo enclosures or hapas are used one inside the other (outer and inner hapa)Hapas made of nylon net . Outer hapa mesh size- 0.5 mm and inner hapa 2- 2.5mm.Fixed in the pond using bamboo poles.Eggs after prophylactic treatment are placed in inner hapa. After hatching the hatchlings move out of the inner hapa and are collected in the outer hapa.2. Funnel Type incubators Fiber glass funnel shaped vertical jars closed at the broad end with a rubber or plastic head and provided with an outlet. Eggs are incubated in the funnel after the water is let in through the inlet pipe.The upward moving water causes the egg to move and roll in this process the eggs get sufficient oxygen and in turn the CO2 diffuses out.Newly hatched eggs escape from the jar to be collected in a separate tub.
FUNNEL TYPE (JAR) HATCHERYEggs loaded @ 7500 to 10000/litreWater flow @2-3 litres/minWhen hatching begins the rate isIncreased, to facilitate the movement of spawnHatching success upto 90%.
3. INCUBATION POOL OF CHINESE CIRCULAR HATCHERY /ECOHATCHERYCircular in shape having 2 chambers, outer and inner,.made of bricks/FRPOuter chamber 3-6 m dia and inner 0.8- 1.5 m and depth of 1 to 1.5mCircular wall separating the inner and outer chambers provided with windows withfine meshed net , allows water flow but not eggs / spawn.At centre of inner chamber is the outlet pipe , maintains the desired water depth in the chamber.Inlet pipes duck mouth taps at the bottom of outer chamber , fitted at an angle of 45 degrees so that water moves in a circle inside the chambers.Eggs released into the outer chamber , drift in a circular motion.Good water circulation is important for the hatching success –speed maintained at 4- 5 m/sec – first 12 hrs 1- 2 m/sec – in next 6 hrs 3 - 4 m/sec- next 12 hrs.Hatchlings are allowed to remain there for 3 days untilthe yolk sac is absorbed. Hatching time varies from 16-20 hrs depending upon the temperature.
Operational aspects of egg incubation unit of ecohatchery1. Eggs must be received on a water cushion in the outer chamber, loaded @ 7-10 lakh eggs.1. D. O should not be les than 4 ppm.2. Direction of the duck mouth inlets and speed of the water are maintained in such a way that it keeps the developing eggs away from the screen and wall of incubation chamber.4. Cleaning of the incubation pool should be done, incl. dead eggs and spawn Surface, Subsurface, Column and bottom cleaners are used. .