Climate change-related policies and initiatives at the corporate and investor levels can result in a range of effects, including changes in consumer and industrial behavior, increased demand for alternative energy sources, technological advancements, transmission transmission storage and consumption of energy, energy conservation policies, reduced demand for services and facilities related to the exploration for and production of crude oil, natural gas, and other energy resources, as well as negative perceptions of the oil and gas industry and reputational risks associated with these activities.