  While artificial intelligence (AI) offers significant benefits, it also has
negatively impacted humans and society. A human-centered AI (HCAI) approach has
been proposed to address these issues. However, current HCAI practices have
shown limited contributions due to a lack of sociotechnical thinking. To
overcome these challenges, we conducted a literature review and comparative
analysis of sociotechnical characteristics between the non-AI and AI eras.
Then, we propose updated sociotechnical systems (STS) design principles. Based
on these findings, this paper introduces a concept of intelligent
sociotechnical systems (iSTS) to enhance traditional STS theory and meet the
demands of the AI era. The iSTS concept emphasizes human-centered joint
optimization across individual, organizational, ecosystem, and social levels.
The paper further integrates iSTS with current HCAI practices, proposing a
hierarchical HCAI framework. This framework offers a structured approach to
address challenges in HCAI practices from a broader sociotechnical perspective.
Finally, we provide recommendations to advance HCAI practice.
