  Infrastructure systems play a critical role in providing essential products
and services for the functioning of modern society; however, they are
vulnerable to disasters and their service disruptions can cause severe societal
impacts. To protect infrastructure from disasters and reduce potential impacts,
great achievements have been made in modeling interdependent infrastructure
systems in past decades. In recent years, scholars have gradually shifted their
research focus to understanding and modeling societal impacts of disruptions
considering the fact that infrastructure systems are critical because of their
role in societal functioning, especially under situations of modern societies.
Exploring how infrastructure disruptions impair society to enhance resilient
city has become a key field of study. By comprehensively reviewing relevant
studies, this paper demonstrated the definition and types of societal impact of
infrastructure disruptions, and summarized the modeling approaches into four
types: extended infrastructure modeling approaches, empirical approaches,
agent-based approaches, and big data-driven approaches. For each approach, this
paper organized relevant literature in terms of modeling ideas, advantages, and
disadvantages. Furthermore, the four approaches were compared according to
several criteria, including the input data, types of societal impact, and
application scope. Finally, this paper illustrated the challenges and future
research directions in the field.
