  Ultrathin dielectric tunneling barriers are critical to Josephson junction
(JJ) based superconducting quantum bits (qubits). However, the prevailing
technique of thermally oxidizing aluminum via oxygen diffusion produces
problematic defects, such as oxygen vacancies, which are believed to be a
primary source of the two-level fluctuators and contribute to the decoherence
of the qubits. Development of alternative approaches for improved tunneling
barriers becomes urgent and imperative. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of
aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is a promising alternative to resolve the issue of
oxygen vacancies in the Al2O3 tunneling barrier, and its self-limiting growth
mechanism provides atomic-scale precision in tunneling barrier thickness
control. A critical issue in ALD of Al2O3 on metals is the lack of hydroxyl
groups on metal surface, which prevents nucleation of the trimethylaluminum
(TMA). In this work, we explore modifications of the aluminum surface with
water pulse exposures followed by TMA pulse exposures to assess the feasibility
of ALD as a viable technique for JJ qubits. ALD Al2O3 films from 40 angstroms
to 100 angstoms were grown on 1.4 angstroms to 500 angstroms of Al and were
characterized with ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. A growth rate of
1.2 angstroms/cycle was measured, and an interfacial layer (IL) was observed.
Since the IL thickness depends on the availability of Al and saturated at 2 nm,
choosing ultrathin Al wetting layers may lead to ultrathin ALD Al2O3 tunneling
barriers.
