  Society needs to prepare for more severe space weather than it has
experienced in the modern technological era. To enable that, we must both
quantify extreme-event characteristics and analyze impacts of lesser events
that are frequent yet severe enough to be informative. Exploratory studies
suggest that economic impacts of a century-level space hurricane and of a
century of lesser space-weather "gales" may turn out to be of the same order of
magnitude. The economic benefits of effective mitigation of the impacts of
space gales may substantially exceed the required investments, even as these
investments provide valuable information to prepare for the worst possible
storms.
