  The recent decade has seen an enormous rise in the popularity of deep
learning and neural networks. These algorithms have broken many previous
records and achieved remarkable results. Their outstanding performance has
significantly sped up the progress of AI, and so far various milestones have
been achieved earlier than expected. However, in the case of relatively small
datasets, the performance of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) may suffer from reduced
accuracy compared to other Machine Learning models. Furthermore, it is
difficult to construct prediction intervals or evaluate the uncertainty of
predictions when dealing with regression tasks. In this paper, we propose an
ensemble method that attempts to estimate the uncertainty of predictions,
increase their accuracy and provide an interval for the expected variation.
Compared with traditional DNNs that only provide a prediction, our proposed
method can output a prediction interval by combining DNNs, extreme gradient
boosting (XGBoost) and dissimilarity computation techniques. Albeit the simple
design, this approach significantly increases accuracy on small datasets and
does not introduce much complexity to the architecture of the neural network.
The proposed method is tested on various datasets, and a significant
improvement in the performance of the neural network model is seen. The model's
prediction interval can include the ground truth value at an average rate of
71% and 78% across training sizes of 90% and 55%, respectively. Finally, we
highlight other aspects and applications of the approach in experimental error
estimation, and the application of transfer learning.
