  We study the impact of hardware impairments at the base station (BS) of an
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based massive multiuser (MU)
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uplink system. We leverage Bussgang's
theorem to develop accurate models for the distortions caused by nonlinear
low-noise amplifiers, local oscillators with phase noise, and oversampling
finite-resolution analog-to-digital converters. By combining the individual
effects of these hardware models, we obtain a composite model for the BS-side
distortion caused by nonideal hardware that takes into account its inherent
correlation in time, frequency, and across antennas. We use this composite
model to analyze the impact of BS-side hardware impairments on the performance
of realistic massive MU-MIMO-OFDM uplink systems.
