  Lattices with a basis can host crystallographic defects which share the same
topological charge (e.g.~the Burgers vector $\vec b$ of a dislocation) but
differ in their microscopic structure of the core. We demonstrate that in
insulators with particle-hole symmetry and an odd number of orbitals per site,
the microscopic details drastically affect the electronic structure:
modifications can create or annihilate non-trivial bound states with an
associated fractional charge. We show that this observation is related to the
behavior of end modes of a dimerized chain and discuss how the end or defect
states are predicted from topological invariants in these more complicated
cases. Furthermore, using explicit examples on the honeycomb lattice, we
explain how bound states in vacancies, dislocations and disclinations are
related to each other and to edge modes and how similar features arise in nodal
semimetals such as graphene.
