  Since the discovery of the cuprate high-temperature superconductivity in
1986, a universal phase diagram has been constructed experimentally and
numerous theoretical models have been proposed. However, there remains no
consensus on the underlying physics thus far. Here, we theoretically
investigate the phase diagram of hole-doped cuprates based on an
itinerant-localized dual fermion model, with the charge carriers doped on the
oxygen sites and localized holes on the copper $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ orbitals. We
analytically demonstrate that the puzzling anomalous normal state or the
strange metal could simply stem from a free Fermi gas of carriers bathing in
copper antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. The short-range high-energy spin
excitations also act as the `magnetic glue' of carrier Cooper pairs and induce
$d$-wave superconductivity from the underdoped to overdoped regime, distinctly
diffrent from the conventional low-frequency magnetic fluctuation mechanism. We
further sketch out the characteristic dome-shaped critical temperature $T_c$
versus doping level. The emergence of the pseudogap is ascribed to the
localization of partial carriers coupled to the local copper moments or a
crossover from the strange metal to a nodal Kondo-like insulator. Our work
provides a consistent theoretical framework to understand the typical phase
diagram of hole-doped cuprates and paves a distinct way to the studies of both
non-Fermi liquid and unconventional superconductivity in strongly correlated
systems.
