  Many business web-based applications do not offer applications programming
interfaces (APIs) to enable other applications to access their data and
functions in a programmatic manner. This makes their composition difficult (for
instance to synchronize data between two applications). To address this
challenge, this paper presents Abmash, an approach to facilitate the
integration of such legacy web applications by automatically imitating human
interactions with them. By automatically interacting with the graphical user
interface (GUI) of web applications, the system supports all forms of
integrations including bi-directional interactions and is able to interact with
AJAX-based applications. Furthermore, the integration programs are easy to
write since they deal with end-user, visual user-interface elements. The
integration code is simple enough to be called a "mashup".
