  Photovoltaics (PV) is the most important energy conversion technology for
cost-efficient climate change mitigation. To reach the international climate
goals, the annual PV module production capacity must be expanded to
multi-terawatt scale. Economic and resource constraints demand the
implementation cost-efficient multi-junction technologies, for which
perovskite-based tandem technologies are highly promising. In this work, the
resource demand of the emerging perovskite PV technology is investigated,
considering two factors of supply criticality, namely mining capacity for
minerals, as well as production capacity for synthetic materials. Overall, the
expansion of perovskite PV to a multi-terawatt scale may not be limited by
material supply if certain materials, especially cesium and indium, can be
replaced. Moreover, organic charge transport materials face unresolved
scalability challenges. This study demonstrates that, besides the improvement
of efficiency and stability, perovskite PV research needs also to be guided by
sustainable materials choices and design-for-recycling considerations.
