  The brain can be considered as a system that dynamically optimizes the
structure of anatomical connections based on the efficiency requirements of
functional connectivity. To illustrate the power of this principle in
organizing the complexity of brain architecture, we portray the functional
connectivity as diffusion on the current network structure. The diffusion
drives adaptive rewiring, resulting in changes to the network to enhance its
efficiency. This dynamic evolution of the network structure generates, and thus
explains, modular small-worlds with rich club effects, f eatures commonly
observed in neural anatomy. Taking wiring length and propagating waves into
account leads to the morphogenesis of more specific neural structures that are
stalwarts of the detailed brain functional anatomy, such as parallelism,
divergence, convergence, super-rings, and super-chains. By showing how such
structures emerge, largely independently of their specific biological
realization, we offer a new conjecture on how natural and artificial brain-like
structures can be physically implemented.
