  Building on the results of Deligne and Illusie on liftings to truncated Witt
vectors, we give a criterion for non-liftability that involves only the
dimension of certain cohomology groups of vector bundles arising from the
Frobenius pushforward of the de Rham complex. Using vector bundle methods, we
apply this to show that exceptional Enriques surfaces, a class introduced by
Ekedahl and Shepherd-Barron, do not lift to truncated Witt vectors, yet the
base of the miniversal formal deformation over the Witt vectors is regular.
Using the classification of Bombieri and Mumford, we also show that bielliptic
surfaces arising from a quotient by an unipotent group scheme of order $p$ do
not lift the ring of Witt vectors. These results hinge on some observations in
homological algebra that relates splittings in derived categories to Yoneda
extensions and certain diagram completions.
