  In addition to natural selection, adaptive evolution requires genetic
variation to proceed. Yet the G-matrix may have limited 'genetic degrees of
freedom', with certain combinations of trait values unavailable to evolution.
Such limitations are often referred to as genetic constraints. Unfortunately,
clear predictions about when to expect constraints are rarely available.
Therefore, we developed an experimental system that provides specific
predictions regarding constraints. Such tests are important as disagreements
persist regarding the evidence for genetic constraints, possibly due to
differences in methodology, study system or both. Numerous measures of genetic
constraints have been suggested, and generally focus on whether some axes of G
have eigenvalues=~0, indicating a lack of genetic variance.The mutation
Ultrabithorax1 causes a mild homeotic transformation of segmental identity. We
predicted that this mutation would induce a genetic constraint due to this
homeosis. We measured genetic co-variation for a set of traits in a panel of
strains with and without Ubx1. As expected, Ubx1 induced homeotic
transformations, and altered patterns of allometry. Yet, no changes in
correlational structure nor in the distribution of eigenvalues of G were
observed. We discuss the role of using genetic manipulations to refine
hypotheses of constraints in natural systems.
