  The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted health systems and economies
worldwide. Significant global efforts are therefore ongoing to improve vaccine
efficacies, optimize vaccine deployment, and develop new antiviral therapies to
combat the pandemic. Mechanistic viral dynamics and quantitative systems
pharmacology models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccines, immunomodulatory agents,
and antiviral therapeutics have played a key role in advancing our
understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and transmission, the interplay
between innate and adaptive immunity to influence the outcomes of infection,
effectiveness of treatments, mechanisms and performance of COVID-19 vaccines,
and the impact of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we review some of the
critical insights provided by these models and discuss the challenges ahead.
