  We present a theoretical approach based on density functional theory
supplemented by a microscopic multi-phonon model which is applied for
investigations of pygmy resonances and other excitations of different
multipolarities in stable and exotic nuclei. The possible relation of
low-energy modes to the properties of neutron or proton skins is systematically
studied in isotonic and isotopic chains. The fine structure of nuclear electric
and magnetic response functions is analyzed and compared to experimental data.
Their relevance to nuclear astrophysics is discussed.
