  We present the data release of the Uchuu-SDSS galaxies: a set of 32
high-fidelity galaxy lightcones constructed from the large Uchuu 2.1 trillion
particle $N$-body simulation using Planck cosmology. We adopt subhalo abundance
matching to populate the Uchuu-box halo catalogues with SDSS galaxy
luminosities. These cubic box galaxy catalogues generated at several redshifts
are combined to create the set of lightcones with redshift-evolving galaxy
properties. The Uchuu-SDSS galaxy lightcones are built to reproduce the
footprint and statistical properties of the SDSS main galaxy survey, along with
stellar masses and star formation rates. This facilitates direct comparison of
the observed SDSS and simulated Uchuu-SDSS data. Our lightcones reproduce a
large number of observational results, such as the distribution of galaxy
properties, the galaxy clustering, the stellar mass functions, and the halo
occupation distributions. Using the simulated and real data we select samples
of bright red galaxies at $z_\mathrm{eff}=0.15$ to explore Redshift Space
Distortions and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) utilizing a full-shape
analytical model of the two-point correlation function. We create a set of 5100
galaxy lightcones using GLAM N-body simulations to compute covariance errors.
We report a $\sim 30\%$ precision increase on $f\sigma_8$, due to our better
estimate of the covariance matrix. From our BAO-inferred $\alpha_{\parallel}$
and $\alpha_{\perp}$ parameters, we obtain the first SDSS measurements of the
Hubble and angular diameter distances $D_\mathrm{H}(z=0.15) / r_d =
27.9^{+3.1}_{-2.7}$, $D_\mathrm{M}(z=0.15) / r_d = 5.1^{+0.4}_{-0.4}$. Overall,
we conclude that the Planck LCDM cosmology nicely explains the observed
large-scale structure statistics of SDSS. All data sets are made publicly
available.
