  We introduce simulated packing and cracking as a technique for evaluating
partisan-gerrymandering measures. We apply it to historical congressional and
legislative elections to evaluate four measures: partisan bias, declination,
efficiency gap, and mean-median difference. While the efficiency gap recognizes
simulated packing and cracking in a completely predictable manner (a fact that
follows immediately from the efficiency gap's definition) and the declination
does a very good job of recording simulated packing and cracking, we conclude
that both of the other two measures record it poorly. This deficiency is
especially notable given the frequent use of such measures in outlier analyses.
