  This paper proposes an innovative end-to-end deterministic network mechanism
to achieve delay-bounded transmissions across multiple network domains. The
proposed mechanism installs discrete shapers at the edge of the network
domains, which serves to decouple the clock domains of different networks.
Thereby, the challenges associated with cross-domain clock synchronization that
are inherent in state-of-the-art deterministic mechanisms are mitigated, e.g.,
high complexity during the system implementation and the traffic scheduling.
Moreover, the proposed mechanism enhances the availability of the deterministic
networking, i.e., not only periodic deterministic traffic, but also aperiodic
deterministic traffic and stochastic flows are enabled to be served.
Furthermore, an auction-based online scheduling algorithm is developed to
improve network efficiency and reduce cost. Simulation results show that the
proposed mechanism can effectively realize the end-to-end delay-bounded
transmission across multiple domains. Meanwhile, the cross-domain latency could
also be reduced compared to the existing methods.
