  Water famously expands upon freezing, foreshadowed by a negative coefficient
of expansion of the liquid at temperatures close to its freezing temperature.
These behaviors, and many others, reflect the energetic preference for local
tetrahedral arrangements of water molecules and entropic effects that oppose
it. Here, we provide theoretical analysis of mesoscopic implications of this
competition, both equilibrium and non-equilibrium, including mediation by
interfaces. With general scaling arguments bolstered by simulation results, and
with reduced units that elucidate corresponding states, we derive a phase
diagram for bulk and confined water and water-like materials. For water itself,
the corresponding states cover the temperature range of 150 K to 300 K and the
pressure range of 1 bar to 2 kbar. In this regime, there are two reversible
condensed phases - ice and liquid. Out of equilibrium, there is irreversible
polyamorphism, i.e., more than one glass phase, reflecting dynamical arrest of
coarsening ice. Temperature-time plots are derived to characterize time scales
of the different phases and explain contrasting dynamical behaviors of
different water-like systems.
