  For workers, the exposure to on-site hazards can result in fatalities and
serious injuries. To improve safety outcomes, different approaches have been
implemented for health and safety training in the construction sector, such as
traditional tools and computer-aided technologies (e.g., serious games and
virtual reality). However, the effectiveness of these approaches has been
barely explored. In order to bridge this gap, a systematic review of existing
studies was conducted. Unlike previous review studies in this field that
focused on uncovering the technology characters and challenges, this study
mainly evaluated the effectiveness of training using traditional tools and
computer-aided technologies on the well-being of individuals. Measures of the
effectiveness included knowledge acquisition, unsafe behaviour alteration, and
injury rate reduction. Results indicated that: 1. the effectiveness of
traditional tools is sufficiently supported by statistical evidence; and 2. the
use of computer-aided technologies has evidence to support its effectiveness,
but more solid evidence is required to support this statement. It was also
found that the overall performance of computer-aided technologies is superior
in several technical aspects compared to traditional tools, namely,
representing actual workplace situations, providing text-free interfaces,
having better user engagement, and being more cost-efficient. Finally, using
the systematic review findings, a theoretical framework is proposed as a
potential solution to help future research in this field systematically examine
the effectiveness and usability of their approaches. This framework is
theoretical in nature and requires further validation. A further study is
therefore proposed to test and validate this framework.
