  Massive growth in human mobility has dramatically increased the risk and rate
of pandemic spread. Macro-level descriptors of the topology of the World
Airline Network (WAN) explains middle and late stage dynamics of pandemic
spread mediated by this network, but necessarily regard early stage variation
as stochastic. We propose that much of early stage variation can be explained
by appropriately characterizing the local topology surrounding the debut
location of an outbreak. We measure for each airport the expected force of
infection (AEF) which a pandemic originating at that airport would generate. We
observe, for a subset of world airports, the minimum transmission rate at which
a disease becomes pandemically competent at each airport. We also observe, for
a larger subset, the time until a pandemically competent outbreak achieves
pandemic status given its debut location. Observations are generated using a
highly sophisticated metapopulation reaction-diffusion simulator under a
disease model known to well replicate the 2009 influenza pandemic. The
robustness of the AEF measure to model misspecification is examined by
degrading the network model. AEF powerfully explains pandemic risk, showing
correlation of 0.90 to the transmission level needed to give a disease pandemic
competence, and correlation of 0.85 to the delay until an outbreak becomes a
pandemic. The AEF is robust to model misspecification. For 97% of airports,
removing 15% of airports from the model changes their AEF metric by less than
1%. Appropriately summarizing the size, shape, and diversity of an airport's
local neighborhood in the WAN accurately explains much of the macro-level
stochasticity in pandemic outcomes.
