  Recent accurate measurements of cosmic-ray (CR) protons and nuclei by ATIC-2,
CREAM, and PAMELA reveal: a) unexpected spectral hardening in the spectra of CR
species above a few hundred GeV per nucleon, b) a harder spectrum of He
compared to protons, and c) softening of the CR spectra just below the break
energy. These newly-discovered features may offer a clue to the origin of the
observed high-energy Galactic CRs. We discuss possible interpretations of these
spectral features and make predictions for the secondary CR fluxes and
secondary to primary ratios, anisotropy of CRs, and diffuse Galactic
{\gamma}-ray emission in different phenomenological scenarios. Our predictions
can be tested by currently running or near-future high-energy astrophysics
experiments.
