  A U.S.-based Electron-Ion Collider will provide the ultimate capability to
determine both the structure and properties of nucleons and nuclei, as well as
how matter and energy can be transported through a strongly interacting quantum
mechanical environment. The production and propagation of long-lived heavy
subatomic particles is a unique and critical part of this planned decade-long
research program. In these proceedings we report the derivation of all
branching processes in nuclei that lead to a modification of semi-inclusive
hadron production, jet cross sections, and jet substructure when compared to
the vacuum. This work allows for their evaluation to any desired order in
opacity. As an example, we show an application to the modification of light
hadron and open heavy flavor fragmentation functions at the EIC. We discuss how
this observable can shed light on the physics of hadronization and parton
energy loss in large nuclei.
