  Contrary to general belief, the Fraunhofer lines have been found to be plasma
redshifted and not gravitationally redshifted, when observed on Earth. Quantum
mechanical effects cause the photons' gravitational redshift to be reversed as
the photons move from the Sun to the Earth. The designs of the experiments,
which were thought to have proven the gravitational redshift of photons, are
all in the domain of classical physics, and make it impossible to detect the
reversal of the gravitational redshifts. The solar redshift experiments,
however, are in the domain of quantum mechanics; and the reversal of the
redshift is easily detected, when the plasma redshift is taken into account.
The photons are found to be weightless relative to a local observer, but
repelled relative to a distant observer. The weightlessness of the photons in
the gravitational field relative to a local observer is inconsistent with
Einstein's equivalence principle. This together with the plasma redshift has
profound consequences for the cosmological perspectives. This article gives a
theoretical explanation of the observed phenomena, proper interpretation of the
many gravitational redshift experiments, and an understanding of how we missed
observing the reversal of photons' gravitational redshift. The present analysis
indicates that although the photons are weightless in a local system of
reference, the experimental evidence indicates that quasi-static
electromagnetic fields are not weightless, but adhere to the principle of
equivalence.
