  A numerical model able to simulate solid-state constrained sintering is
presented. The model couples an existing kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model for
free sintering with a finite element model (FEM) for calculating stresses on a
microstructural level. The microstructural response to the local stress as well
as the FEM calculation of the stress field from the microstructural evolution
is discussed. The sintering behavior of a sample constrained by a rigid
substrate is simulated. The constrained sintering results in a larger number of
pores near the substrate, as well as anisotropic sintering shrinkage, with
significantly enhanced strain in the central upper part of the sample surface,
and minimal strain at the edges near the substrate. All these features have
also previously been observed experimentally.
