  In this investigation, five separate experiments were carried out. The first
experiments were examined the molecular characteristics of 59 barley accessions
collected from different regions in Iraq using three different molecular
markers (ISSR, CDDP, and Scot). A total of 391 amplified polymorphic bands were
generated using forty-four ISSR, nine CDDP, and twelve Scot primers, which they
totally observed 255, 35, and 101 polymorphic bands respectively. The mean
values of PIC for ISSR, CDDP, and Scot markers were 0.74, 0.63, and 0.80,
respectively, indicating the efficiency of the underlying markers in detecting
polymorphic status among the studied barley accessions. Based on the respective
markers, the barley accessions were classified and clustered into two main
groups using the UPGMA and population structure analysis. Results of claustral
analyses showed that the variation patterns corresponded with the geographical
distribution of barley accessions.
