  Three types of video surrogates - visual (keyframes), verbal
(keywords/phrases), and combination of the two - were designed and studied in a
qualitative investigation of user cognitive processes. The results favor the
combined surrogates in which verbal information and images reinforce each
other, lead to better comprehension, and may actually require less processing
time. The results also highlight image features users found most helpful. These
findings will inform the interface design and video representation for video
retrieval and browsing.
