  This paper presents a critical review of the challenges to the implementation
of learning technologies with particular focus on developing countries. A
comprehensive literature review on learning technologies was undertaken for the
purpose of understanding the challenges in developing countries. The research
question is: what extent does education empower learners to be full
participants in a socially democratic society? The literature review identified
25 papers relevant to this topic. Challenges are interrelated and to bring
about changes in developing countries, this paper proposes two educational
technology frameworks based on: 1. cultural conceptual framework, and 2.
problem-based constructivist psychology simulation model. The framework and
simulation model are both useful to guide practice and research.
