  The formation of hadrons is a fundamental process in nature that can be
investigated at particle colliders. Given their large mass, heavy quarks (charm
and beauty) are produced only in initial hard-scatterings, prior to
hadronisation, which determines instead the relative abundances and the
kinematics of the various heavy-flavour hadron species. As several recent
findings demonstrate, with \ee collisions as a "vacuum-like" reference at one
extreme, and central AA as a dense, extended-size system characterised by flow
and local equilibrium at the opposite extreme, different collision systems
offer a lever arm that can be exploited to probe with a range of heavy-flavour
hadron species the onset of various hadronisation processes. In these
proceedings, a selection of the experimental results related to heavy-flavour
hadronisation shown for the first time at the Hard Probes 2023 conference is
presented together with some of the most important ones of the last years. The
focus is on open-heavy flavour measurements. The comparison with model
predictions and connections among the results in \ee, proton--proton,
proton--nucleus, nucleus--nucleus collisions are discussed.
