  Deterministic chaos, and even maximum computational complexity, have been
discovered within Newtonian dynamics. Economists assume that prices and price
changes can also obey abstract mathematical laws of motion. Sociologists and
other postmodernists advertise that physics and chemistry have outgrown their
former limitations, that chaos and complexity provide new holistic paradigms
for science, and that the boundaries between the hard and soft sciences, once
impenetrable, have disappeared like the Berlin Wall. Three hundred years after
the deaths of Galileo, Descartes, and Kepler, and the birth of Newton,
reductionism appears to be on the decline, with holistic approaches to science
on the upswing. We therefore examine the evidence that dynamical laws of motion
may be discovered from empirical studies of chaotic or complex phenomena, and
also review the foundation of reductionism in invariance principle.
