  The distribution of the prompt gamma emissions induced by proton interactions
in a target material carries information concerning the proton range and target
composition. In order to image prompt gamma we present different approaches.
The first approach is based on knife-edge collimator utilized in tandem with a
compact PET type detector in order to verify proton range by measuring the
depth distribution of prompt gamma relying on Compton scattered events. A
second approach aims at unambiguously identifying the presence of protons in a
region of interest by introducing a bio-compatible fiducial marker in the
patient and measuring the characteristic prompt gamma of the marker against
background material. A third approach illustrates a novel design for position
sensitive gamma imaging with a millimeter level adjustable position resolution
with a high detection efficiency which is a step towards 3D prompt gamma
imaging, useful to better understand the target composition. Simulations of the
designs were performed using GATE/Geant4 Monte Carlo framework. Experimental
tests on fiducial marker were conducted at the proton facilities in INER and
Chang Gung Memorial hospital. Using the knife-edge PET approach a range
verification of 0.7 mm can be achieved for shifts within 1 cm near the tumor
region and up to 4 mm for shifts within a 4 cm window. For the fiducial marker
approach we identify 984 keV as the dominant prompt gamma and show that for the
50% relative PG intensity, the R80 position falls within a 3 mm thick 48Ti
marker. Using the position sensitive gamma imaging approach we present a
feasible design to achieve spatial resolution values of 2.6 mm with a detection
efficiency of 5.4E-6 at 6.1 MeV and up to eight depth positions in a single
run. The relative advantage of these methods and the challenges in the
implementation are discussed.
