  Recently, a camera or an image sensor receiver based optical wireless
communications (OWC) techniques have attracted particular interest in areas
such as the internet of things, indoor localization, motion capture, and
intelligent transportation systems. As a supplementary technique of high-speed
OWC based on photo-detectors, communications hinging on image sensors as
receivers do not need much modification to the current infrastructure, such
that the implementation complexity and cost are quite low. Therefore, in this
paper, we present a comprehensive survey of optical camera communication (OCC)
techniques, and their use in localization, navigation, and motion capture. This
survey is distinguishable from the existing reviews on this topic by covering
multiple aspects of OCC and its various applications. The first part of the
paper focuses on the standardization, channel characterization, modulation,
coding, and synchronization of OCC systems while the second part of the article
presents the literature on OCC based localization, navigation, and motion
capture. Finally, in the last part of the paper, we present the challenges and
future research directions of OCC.
