  Fingerprint authentication systems are highly vulnerable to artificial
reproductions of fingerprint, called fingerprint presentation attacks.
Detecting presentation attacks is not trivial because attackers refine their
replication techniques from year to year. The International Fingerprint
liveness Detection Competition (LivDet), an open and well-acknowledged meeting
point of academies and private companies that deal with the problem of
presentation attack detection, has the goal to assess the performance of
fingerprint presentation attack detection (FPAD) algorithms by using standard
experimental protocols and data sets. Each LivDet edition, held biannually
since 2009, is characterized by a different set of challenges against which
competitors must be dealt with. The continuous increase of competitors and the
noticeable decrease in error rates across competitions demonstrate a growing
interest in the topic. This paper reviews the LivDet editions from 2009 to 2021
and points out their evolution over the years.
