  The 2021 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred
Nobel was awarded to David Card "for his empirical contributions to labour
economics" and to Joshua Angrist and Guido Imbens "for their methodological
contributions to the analysis of causal relationships." We survey these
contributions of the three laureates, and discuss how their empirical and
methodological insights transformed the modern practice of applied
microeconomics. By emphasizing research design and formalizing the causal
content of different econometric procedures, the laureates shed new light on
key questions in labour economics and advanced a robust toolkit for empirical
analyses across many fields.
