  We show that the law of energy conservation with the fact of matter stability
imply the existence of energy complementary to that given by the function of
states of interacting systems and treated, with the environment, the function
of states of interacting extended systems. The complementary energy, we called
it vortex, is integral, not quantized, and causes trends contrary to that
prescribed by equilibrium statistical mechanics. We formulate its principles
and theorems, and question traditional insights in thermodynamics, entropy law,
phase transitions, persistent currents, Brownian motion.
