  Media outlets and political campaigners recognise social media as a means for
widely disseminating news and opinions. In particular, Twitter is used by
political groups all over the world to spread political messages, engage their
supporters, drive election campaigns, and challenge their critics. Further,
news agencies, many of which aim to give an impression of balance, are often of
a particular political persuasion which is reflected in the content they
produce. Driven by the potential for political and media organisations to
influence public opinion, our aim is to quantify the nature of political
discourse by these organisations through their use of social media. In this
study, we analyse the sentiments, toxicity, and bias exhibited by the most
prominent Pakistani and Indian political parties and media houses, and the
pattern by which these political parties utilise Twitter. We found that media
bias and toxicity exist in the political discourse of these two developing
nations.
