  This study employed multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) to analyze
behavioral dynamics during the ABCDE procedure in nursing education, focusing
on gaze entropy, hand movement velocities, and proximity measures. Utilizing
accelerometers and eye-tracking techniques, behaviorgrams were generated to
depict various procedural phases. Results identified four primary phases
characterized by distinct patterns of visual attention, hand movements, and
proximity to the patient or instruments. The findings suggest that MMLA can
offer valuable insights into procedural competence in medical education. This
research underscores the potential of MMLA to provide detailed, objective
evaluations of clinical procedures and their inherent complexities.
