  In this paper, we propose novel modulation concepts that we call weak
composition modulation (WCM) and composition modulation (CM). We use weak and
strict compositions of an integer to form codewords of WCM and CM,
respectively. For the proposed schemes, we depict a practical model using
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We also analyze the error
performance of the proposed schemes. It is shown that the proposed schemes are
capable of outperforming conventional OFDM and OFDM with index modulation
(OFDM-IM) in terms of error performance.
