  Conventional relays face challenges for transmission lines connected to
inverter-based resources (IBRs). In this article, a single-ended intelligent
protection of the transmission line in the zone between the grid and the PV
farm is suggested. The method employs a fuzzy logic and random forest
(RF)-based hybrid system to detect faults based on combined linear trend
attributes of the 3-phase currents. The fault location is determined and the
faulty phase is detected. RF feature selection is used to obtain the optimal
linear trend feature. The performance of the methodology is examined for
abnormal events such as faults, capacitor and load-switching operations
simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC on IEEE 9-bus system obtained by varying various fault
and switching parameters. Additionally, when validating the suggested strategy,
consideration is given to the effects of conditions such as the presence of
double circuit lines, PV capacity, sampling rate, data window length, noise,
high impedance faults, CT saturation, compensation devices, evolving and
cross-country faults, and far-end and near-end faults. The findings indicate
that the suggested strategy can be used to deal with a variety of system
configurations and situations while still safeguarding such complex power
transmission networks.
