  This article introduces a formal model to specify, model and validate
hierarchical complex systems described at different levels of analysis. It
relies on concepts that have been developed in the multi-agent-based simulation
(MABS) literature: level, influence and reaction. One application of such model
is the specification of hierarchical complex systems, in which decisional
capacities are dynamically adapted at each level with respect to the
emergences/constraints paradigm. In the conclusion, we discuss the main
perspective of this work: the definition of a generic meta-model for holonic
multi-agent systems (HMAS).
