  Creating linguistic annotations requires more than just a reliable annotation
scheme. Annotation can be a complex endeavour potentially involving many
people, stages, and tools. This chapter outlines the process of creating
end-to-end linguistic annotations, identifying specific tasks that researchers
often perform. Because tool support is so central to achieving high quality,
reusable annotations with low cost, the focus is on identifying capabilities
that are necessary or useful for annotation tools, as well as common problems
these tools present that reduce their utility. Although examples of specific
tools are provided in many cases, this chapter concentrates more on abstract
capabilities and problems because new tools appear continuously, while old
tools disappear into disuse or disrepair. The two core capabilities tools must
have are support for the chosen annotation scheme and the ability to work on
the language under study. Additional capabilities are organized into three
categories: those that are widely provided; those that often useful but found
in only a few tools; and those that have as yet little or no available tool
support.
