  This article studies the effects of inter-channel time and level differences
in stereophonic reproduction on perceived localization uncertainty, which is
defined as how difficult it is for a listener to tell where a sound source is
located. Towards this end, a computational model of localization uncertainty is
proposed first. The model calculates inter-aural time and level difference
cues, and compares them to those associated to free-field point-like sources.
The comparison is carried out using a particular distance functional that
replicates the increased uncertainty observed experimentally with inconsistent
inter-aural time and level difference cues. The model is validated by formal
listening tests, achieving a Pearson correlation of 0.99. The model is then
used to predict localization uncertainty for stereophonic setups and a listener
in central and off-central positions. Results show that amplitude methods
achieve a slightly lower localization uncertainty for a listener positioned
exactly in the center of the sweet spot. As soon as the listener moves away
from that position, the situation reverses, with time-amplitude methods
achieving a lower localization uncertainty.
