  Famously, Klein and Einstein were embroiled in an epistolary dispute over
whether General Relativity has any physically meaningful conserved quantities.
In this paper, we explore the consequences of Noether's second theorem for this
debate, and connect it to Einstein's search for a `substantive' version of
general covariance as well as his quest to extend the Principle of Relativity.
We will argue that Noether's second theorem provides a clear way to distinguish
between theories in which gauge or diffeomorphism symmetry is doing real work
in defining charges, as opposed to cases in which this symmetry stems from
Kretchmannization. Finally, we comment on the relationship between this
Noetherian form of substantive general covariance and the notion of `background
independence'.
