  We analytically and numerically study quasinormal frequencies (QNFs) of
neutral and charged scalar fields in the charged anti-de Sitter (AdS) black
holes and discuss the stability of the black holes in terms of the QNFs. We
focus on the range of the mass squared $\mu^2$ of the scalar fields for which
the Robin boundary condition parametrised by $\zeta$ applies at the conformal
infinity. We find that if the black hole of radius $r_{+}$ and charge $Q$ is
much smaller than the AdS length $\ell$, the instability of the charged scalar
field can be understood in terms of superradiance in the reflective boundary
condition. Noting that the s-wave normal frequency in the AdS spacetime is a
decreasing function of $\zeta$, we find that if $|eQ|\ell/r_{+}$ is greater
than $(3+\sqrt{9+4\mu^2\ell^2})/2$, where $e$ is the charge of the scalar
field, the black hole is superradiantly unstable irrespectively of $\zeta$. On
the other hand, if $|eQ|\ell/r_{+}$ is equal to or smaller than this critical
value, the stability crucially depends on $\zeta$ and there appears a purely
oscillating mode at the onset of the instability. We argue that as a result of
the superradiant instability, the scalar field gains charge from the black hole
and energy from its ambient electric field, while the black hole gives charge
to the scalar field and gains energy from the scalar field but decreases its
asymptotic mass parameter.
