  Accurate state of power (SOP) estimation is of great importance for
lithium-ion batteries in safety-critical and power-intensive applications for
electric vehicles. This review article delves deeply into the entire
development flow of current SOP estimation technology, offering a systematic
breakdown of all key aspects with their recent advancements. First, we review
the design of battery safe operation area, summarizing diverse limitation
factors and furnishing a profound comprehension of battery safety across a
broad operational scale. Second, we illustrate the unique discharge and charge
characteristics of various peak operation modes, such as constant current,
constant voltage, constant current-constant voltage, and constant power, and
explore their impacts on battery peak power performance. Third, we extensively
survey the aspects of battery modelling and algorithm development in current
SOP estimation technology, highlighting their technical contributions and
specific considerations. Fourth, we present an in-depth dissection of all error
sources to unveil their propagation pathways, providing insightful analysis
into how each type of error impacts the SOP estimation performance. Finally,
the technical challenges and complexities inherent in this field of research
are addressed, suggesting potential directions for future development. Our goal
is to inspire further efforts towards developing more accurate and intelligent
SOP estimation technology for next-generation battery management systems.
