  The estimation of pedestrian traffic in urban areas is often performed with
computationally intensive microscopic models that usually suffer from
scalability issues in large-scale footpath networks. In this study, we present
a new macroscopic user equilibrium traffic assignment problem (UE-pTAP)
framework for pedestrian networks while taking into account fundamental
microscopic properties such as self-organization in bidirectional streams and
stochastic walking travel times. We propose four different types of pedestrian
volume-delay functions (pVDFs), calibrate them with empirical data, and discuss
their implications on the existence and uniqueness of the traffic assignment
solution. We demonstrate the applicability of the developed UE-pTAP framework
in a small network as well as a large scale network of Sydney footpaths.
