  Accurate early diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative conditions is
essential for effective disease management and delivery of medication and
treatment. This research develops automatic methods for detecting brain imaging
preclinical biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) by considering the novel
application of evolutionary algorithms. A fundamental novel element of this
work is the use of evolutionary algorithms to both map and predict the
functional connectivity in patients using resting state functional MRI data
taken from the PPMI to identify PD progression biomarkers. Specifically,
Cartesian Genetic Programming was used to classify DCM data as well as
time-series data. The findings were validated using two other commonly used
classification methods (Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines)
and by employing k-fold cross-validation. Across DCM and time-series analyses,
findings revealed maximum accuracies of 75.21% for early stage (prodromal) PD
patients versus healthy controls, 85.87% for PD patients versus prodromal PD
patients, and 92.09% for PD patients versus healthy controls. Prodromal PD
patients were classified from healthy controls with high accuracy - this is
notable and represents the key finding of this research since current methods
of diagnosing prodromal PD have both low reliability and low accuracy.
Furthermore, Cartesian Genetic Programming provided comparable performance
accuracy relative to ANN and SVM. Evolutionary algorithms enable us to decode
the classifier in terms of understanding the data inputs that are used, more
easily than in ANN and SVM. Hence, these findings underscore the relevance of
both DCM analyses for classification and CGP as a novel classification tool for
brain imaging data with medical implications for disease diagnosis,
particularly in early and asymptomatic stages.
