  Despite the remarkable progress in emerging solar cell technologies such as
hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites, there are still significant limitations
related to the stability of the devices and their non-ideal electrical behavior
under certain external stimuli. We present a conceptual framework for
characterizing photovoltaic devices by integrating cyclic voltammetry (CV) and
impedance spectroscopy (IS). This framework is constructed from a microscopic,
multi-mode perspective that explicitly accounts for drift, diffusion,
displacement, and memory contributions. We derive comprehensive analytical
expressions for current-voltage relationships and complex admittance. Our model
reveals the inseparable connection between hysteresis behaviors in
current-voltage characteristics observed in CV and the apparent capacitive and
inductive behaviors seen in IS spectral analysis. We demonstrate how CV and IS
naturally complement each other, providing a deeper microscopic understanding
of device performance and limitations. Additionally, we establish the
relationship between intrinsic material parameters and experimentally
accessible extrinsic parameters such as light intensity, temperature, DC bias,
voltage amplitude, and frequency. This framework enables unprecedented
optimization of solar cell performance, marking a significant advancement
towards sustainability.
