  In the limit of heavy quark mass, the production cross section and
polarization of quarkonia can be calculated in perturbative QCD. We study the
$p_\perp$-averaged production of charmonium states in $\pi N$ collisions at
fixed target energies. The data on the relative production rates of $\jp$ and
$\chi_J$ is found to disagree with leading twist QCD. The polarization of the
$\jp$ indicates that the discrepancy is not due to poorly known parton
distributions nor to the size of higher order effects ($K$-factors). Rather,
the disagreement suggests important higher twist corrections, as has been
surmised earlier from the nuclear target $A$-dependence of the production cross
section.
