  The review article aims to provide an overview of the challenges and
strategies for enhancing interoperability among health information systems in
low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Achieving interoperability in LMICs
presents unique challenges due to various factors, such as limited resources,
fragmented health information systems, and diverse health IT infrastructure.
The methodology involves conducting a comprehensive literature review,
synthesising findings, identifying challenges and strategies, analysing and
interpreting results, and writing and finalising the article. The article
highlights that the interoperability challenges include a lack of
standardisation, fragmented systems, limited resources, and data privacy
concerns. The article proposes strategies to enhance interoperability in LMICs,
such as standardisation of data formats and protocols, consolidation of health
information systems, investment in health IT infrastructure, and capacity
building of health IT professionals in LMICs. The article aims to provide
insights into the current state and potential strategies for enhancing
interoperability among health information systems in LMICs, intending to
improve healthcare delivery and outcomes in these KEYWORDS Interoperability,
Health information systems, low and middle-income countries (LMICs),
challenges, strategies, standardisation
