  Recent measurements of J/psi production in e^+ e^- colliders pose a challenge
to the NRQCD factorization theorem for quarkonium production. Discrepancies
between leading order calculations of color-octet contributions and the
momentum distribution of J/psi observed by Belle and BaBar are resolved by
resumming large perturbative and nonperturbative corrections that are enhanced
near the kinematic endpoint. The large cross sections for J/psi + c + \bar c
and double quarkonium production remain poorly understood. Nonperturbative
effects in fixed-target hadroproduction of open charm are also discussed. Large
asymmetries in the production of charm mesons and baryons probe nonperturbative
corrections to the QCD factorization theorem. A power correction called
heavy-quark recombination can economically explain these asymmetries with a few
universal parameters.
