  In this document, the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and
phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement chain modeling will be studied, where
the measurement error sources of each component in the SCADA and PMU
measurement chains and the reasons leading to measurement errors exhibiting
non-zero-mean, non-Gaussian, and time-varying statistical characteristic are
summarized and analyzed. This document provides a few equations, figures, and
discussions about the details of the SCADA and PMU measurement error chain
modeling, which are intended to facilitate the understanding of how the
measurement errors are designed for each component in the SCADA and PMU
measurement chains. The measurement chain models described here are also used
for synthesizing measurement errors with realistic characteristics in
simulation cases to test the developed algorithms or methodologies.
