  There are many outstanding discrepancies comparing the predictions of
perturbative QCD and measurements of the rate of production and decay of heavy
quark systems. The problems include the $J/\psi \to \rho \pi$ puzzle, leading
charmed particle effects, the anomalous behavior of the heavy quark sea
components of structure functions, anomalous nuclear target effects, and the
large rates observed for single and double quarkonium production at large $x_F$
and large $p_T$. I argue that these anomalies may be associated with
nonperturbative effects in the higher Fock structure of hadron wavefunctions.
