  We present the source catalog of a new Chandra ACIS-I observation of NGC 300
obtained as part of the Chandra Local Volume Survey. Our 63 ks exposure covers
~88% of the D25 isophote (R~6.3 kpc) and yields a catalog of 95 X-ray point
sources detected at high significance to a limiting unabsorbed 0.35-8 keV
luminosity of ~10^36 erg s^-1. Sources were cross-correlated with a previous
XMM-Newton catalog, and we find 75 "X-ray transient candidate" sources that
were detected by one observatory, but not the other. We derive an X-ray scale
length of 1.7+/-0.2 kpc and a recent star formation rate of 0.12 Msun yr^-1, in
excellent agreement with optical observations. Deep, multi-color imaging from
the Hubble Space Telescope, covering ~32% of our Chandra field, was used to
search for optical counterparts to the X-ray sources, and we have developed a
new source classification scheme to determine which sources are likely X-ray
binaries, supernova remnants, and background AGN candidates. Finally, we
present the X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) at different X-ray energies, and
we find the total NGC 300 X-ray point source population to be consistent with
other late-type galaxies hosting young stellar populations (<50 Myr). We find
XLF of sources associated with older stellar populations has a steeper slope
than the XLF of X-ray sources coinciding with young stellar populations,
consistent with theoretical predictions.
