  Microelectronic morphogenesis is the creation and maintenance of complex
functional structures by microelectronic information within shape-changing
materials. Only recently has in-built information technology begun to be used
to reshape materials and their functions in three dimensions to form smart
microdevices and microrobots. Electronic information that controls morphology
is inheritable like its biological counterpart, genetic information, and is set
to open new vistas of technology leading to artificial organisms when coupled
with modular design and self-assembly that can make reversible microscopic
electrical connections. Three core capabilities of cells in organisms,
self-maintenance (homeostatic metabolism utilizing free energy),
self-containment (distinguishing self from non-self), and self-reproduction
(cell division with inherited properties), once well out of reach for
technology, are now within the grasp of information-directed materials.
Construction-aware electronics can be used to proof-read and initiate
game-changing error correction in microelectronic self-assembly. Furthermore,
non-contact communication and electronically supported learning enable one to
implement guided self-assembly and enhance functionality. This article reviews
the fundamental breakthroughs that have opened the pathway to this prospective
path, analyzes the extent and way in which the core properties of life can be
addressed and discusses the potential and indeed necessity of such technology
for sustainable high technology in society.
