  An effective yet simple means disclosed herewith has allowed us to gain the
atomistic, local, and quantitative information of bonds and electrons at sites
surrounding undercoordinated atoms, complementing the scanning tunneling
microscopy/spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Examining Rh and
Pt surfaces with and without adatoms and graphite surface with and without
atomic vacancies, we confirmed that: i) bonds between undercoordinated atoms
become shorter and stronger; ii) subjective polarization happens to the valence
electrons of defects or adatoms by the densely entrapped bonding electrons,
which in turn screens and splits the crystal field and hence the core band of
the specimen.
