  Gravity compresses the matter in the cores of neutron stars to densities
which are significantly higher than the density of ordinary atomic nuclei, thus
providing a high-pressure environment in which numerous particle processes -
from the generation of new baryonic particles to quark deconfinement to the
formation of Boson condensates and H-matter - may compete with each other.
There are theoretical suggestions of even more `exotic' processes inside
pulsars, such as the formation of absolutely stable strange quark matter, a
configuration of matter even more stable than the most stable atomic nucleus,
iron. In the latter event, neutron stars would be largely composed of pure
quark matter, eventually enveloped in nuclear crust matter. No matter which
physical processes are actually realized inside neutron stars, each one leads
to fingerprints, some more pronounced than others though, in the observable
stellar quantities. This feature combined with the tremendous recent progress
in observational radio and X-ray astronomy, renders neutron stars to nearly
ideal probes for a wide range of dense matter studies, complementing the quest
of the behavior of superdense matter in terrestrial collider experiments.
