  This paper considers the large-scale fading precoding design for mitigating
the pilot contamination in the downlink of multi-cell massive MIMO
(multiple-input multiple-output) systems. Rician fading with spatially
correlated channels are considered where the line-of-sight (LOS) components of
the channels are randomly phase-shifted in each coherence block. The
large-scale fading precoding weights are designed based on maximizing the
product of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) of the users,
which provides a good balance between max-min fairness and sum rate
maximization. The spectral efficiency (SE) is derived based on the scaled least
squares (LS) estimates of the channels, which only utilize the despreaded pilot
signals without any matrix inversion. Simulation results show that the
two-layer large-scale fading precoding improves the SE of almost all users
compared to the conventional single-layer precoding.
