  We developed and validated RetinaVR, an affordable and immersive virtual
reality simulator for vitreoretinal surgery training, using the Meta Quest 2 VR
headset. We focused on four core fundamental skills: core vitrectomy,
peripheral shaving, membrane peeling, and endolaser application. The validation
study involved 10 novice ophthalmology residents and 10 expert vitreoretinal
surgeons. We demonstrated construct validity, as shown by the varying user
performance in a way that correlates with experimental runs, age, sex, and
expertise. RetinaVR shows promise as a portable and affordable simulator, with
potential to democratize surgical simulation access, especially in developing
countries.
