  Translation as a concept coordinates participation in innovation but remains
a qualitative construct. We provide multivariate accounting of linkages between
market entries of vaccines, clinical trials, patents, publications, funders,
and grants to quantify biomedical translation. We found that the most prevalent
types of biomedical translation are those between basic and applied research
(52 percent) followed by those between research and product development (36
percent). Although many biomedical stakeholders assume knowledge flows one way
from upstream research to downstream application, knowledge feedbacks that
mediate translation are prevalent. We also cluster biomedical funders based on
the types of translations they fund. Large-scale funding agencies such as NIH
are similarly involved in early-stage translation, whereas pharmaceuticals and
mission-oriented agencies such as DARPA involve diverse translation types, and
each leaves different translation footprints.
