  In this paper, our goal is to analyze and compare cellular network usage data
from pre-lockdown, during lockdown, and post-lockdown phases surrounding the
COVID-19 pandemic to understand and model human mobility patterns during the
pandemic, and evaluate the effect of lockdowns on mobility. To this end, we
collaborate with one of the main cellular network providers in Brazil, and
collect and analyze cellular network connections from 1400 antennas for all
users in the city of Rio de Janeiro and its suburbs from March 1, 2020 to July
1, 2020. Our analysis reveals that the total number of cellular connections
decreases to 78% during the lockdown phase and then increases to 85% of the
pre-COVID era as the lockdown eases. We observe that as more people work
remotely, there is a shift in the antennas incurring top 10% of the total
traffic, with the number of connections made to antennas in downtown Rio
reducing drastically and antennas at other locations taking their place. We
also observe that while nearly 40-45% users connected to only 1 antenna each
day during the lockdown phase indicating no mobility, there are around 4% users
(i.e., 80K users) who connected to more than 10 antennas, indicating very high
mobility. Finally, we design an interactive tool that showcases mobility
patterns in different granularities that can potentially help people and
government officials understand the mobility of individuals and the number of
COVID cases in a particular neighborhood. Our analysis, inferences, and
interactive showcasing of mobility patterns based on large-scale data can be
extrapolated to other cities of the world and has the potential to help in
designing more effective pandemic management measures in the future.
