  A survey of physics useful to proton radiotherapy, centered on stopping,
scattering and hard scatters:
  1. Introduction
  2. The fundamental formula dose = fluence x mass stopping power. Practical
units, comments on effective stopping power.
  3. Range: experimental definition, Beth-Bloch CSDA theory, range-energy
tables and approximations, range straggling.
  4. Multiple Coulomb Scattering: suggested reading, elements of Moliere
theory, the Gaussian approximation, scattering power.
  5. Hard scatters (nuclear interactions): contributing reactions, shape and
size of the halo, experiment, halo as a Monte Carlo test.
  6. Bragg curve (effective stopping power): limiting cases S_em and S_mixed,
transverse equilibrium, computing S_em, measuring S_mixed, parameterizing the
nuclear halo.
  7. Looking ahead: Fermi-Eyges theory, the Preston and Koehler rules, a proton
dose algorithm from first principles.
  Appendices:
  A. Acronyms
  B. Symbols
  C. Gaussians
  D. Relativistic kinematics
  E. Simple design problems.
