  Ladle stirring is an important step of the steelmaking process to homogenize
the temperature and the chemical composition of the liquid steel and to remove
inclusions before casting. Gas is injected from the bottom of the bath to
induce a turbulent flow of the liquid steel. Multiphase modeling of ladle
stirring can become computationally expensive, especially when used within
optimal flow control problems. This paper focuses therefore on single-phase
flow models. It aims at improving the existing models from the literature.
Simulations in a 2d axial-symmetrical configuration, as well as, in a real 3d
laboratory-scale ladle, are performed. The results obtained with the present
model are in a relative good agreement with experimental data and suggest that
it can be used as an efficient model in optimal flow control problems.
