  Not long ago, it was thought that only software applications and general
purpose digital systems i.e. computers were prone to various types of attacks
against their security. The underlying hardware, hardware implementations of
these software applications, embedded systems, and hardware devices were
considered to be secure and out of reach of these attacks. However, during the
previous few years, it has been demonstrated that novel attacks against the
hardware and embedded systems can also be mounted. Not only viruses, but worms
and Trojan horses have been developed for them, and they have also been
demonstrated to be effective. Whereas a lot of research has already been done
in the area of security of general purpose computers and software applications,
hardware and embedded systems security is a relatively new and emerging area of
research. This chapter provides details of various types of existing attacks
against hardware devices and embedded systems, analyzes existing design
methodologies for their vulnerability to new types of attacks, and along the
way describes solutions and countermeasures against them for the design and
development of secure systems.
