  The eukaryotic protein synthesis process entails intricate stages governed by
diverse mechanisms to tightly regulate translation. Translational regulation
during stress is pivotal for maintaining cellular homeostasis, ensuring the
accurate expression of essential proteins crucial for survival. This selective
translational control mechanism is integral to cellular adaptation and
resilience under adverse conditions. This review manuscript explores various
mechanisms involved in selective translational regulation, focusing on
mRNA-specific and global regulatory processes. Key aspects of translational
control include translation initiation, which is often a rate-limiting step,
and involves the formation of the eIF4F complex and recruitment of mRNA to
ribosomes. Regulation of translation initiation factors, such as eIF4E, eIF4E2,
and eIF2, through phosphorylation and interactions with binding proteins,
modulates translation efficiency under stress conditions. This review also
highlights the control of translation initiation through factors like the eIF4F
complex and the ternary complex and also underscores the importance of
eIF2{\alpha} phosphorylation in stress granule formation and cellular stress
responses. Additionally, the impact of amino acid deprivation, mTOR signaling,
and ribosome biogenesis on translation regulation and cellular adaptation to
stress is also discussed. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of
translational regulation during stress provides insights into cellular
adaptation mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for various diseases,
offering valuable avenues for addressing conditions associated with
dysregulated protein synthesis.
