  Upon excitation with an intense ultrafast laser pulse, a symmetry-broken
ground state can undergo a non-equilibrium phase transition through pathways
dissimilar from those in thermal equilibrium. Determining the mechanism
underlying these photo-induced phase transitions (PIPTs) has been a
long-standing issue in the study of condensed matter systems. To this end, we
investigate the light-induced melting of a unidirectional charge density wave
(CDW) material, LaTe$_3$. Using a suite of time-resolved probes, we
independently track the amplitude and phase dynamics of the CDW. We find that a
quick ($\sim\,$1$\,$ps) recovery of the CDW amplitude is followed by a slower
reestablishment of phase coherence. This longer timescale is dictated by the
presence of topological defects: long-range order (LRO) is inhibited and is
only restored when the defects annihilate. Our results provide a framework for
understanding other PIPTs by identifying the generation of defects as a
governing mechanism.
