  A new approach for deducing the theory of fermion masses at the scale of
grand unification is proposed. Combining SO(10) grand unification, family
symmetries and supersymmetry with a systematic operator analysis, the minimal
set of fermion mass operators consistent with low energy data is determined.
Exploiting the full power of SO(10) to relate up, down and charged lepton mass
matrices, we obtain predictions for 7 of the mass and mixing parameters. The
assumptions upon which the operator search and resulting predictions are based
are stressed, together with a discussion of how the predictions are affected by
a relaxation of some of the assumptions.The masses of the heaviest generation,
$m_t,m_b$ and $m_\tau$, are generated from a single renormalizable Yukawa
interaction, while the lighter masses and the mixing angles are generated by
non-renormalizable operators of the grand unified theory. The hierarchy of
masses and mixing angles is thereby related to the ratio of grand to Planck
scales, $M_G / M_P$. An explicit realization of the origin of such an
economical pattern of operators is given in terms of a set of spontaneously
broken family symmetries. In the preferred models the top quark is found to be
heavy: $M_t = 180 \pm 15$ GeV, and $\tan \beta$ is predicted to be very large.
Predictions are also given for $m_s, m_s/m_d , m_u/m_d, V_{cb}, V_{ub}/V_{cb}$
and the amount of CP violation. Stringent tests of these theories will be
achieved by more precise measurements of $M_t, V_{cb}, \alpha_s$ and $
V_{ub}/V_{cb}$ and by measurements of CP violation in neutral B meson decays.
