  Newton set the stage for our view of how science should be done. We remain in
what I will call the `Newtonian Paradigm' in all of physics, including Newton,
Einstein, and Schrodinger. As I will show shortly, Newton invented and
bequeathed to us `efficient cause entailing laws' for the entire becoming of
the universe. With Laplace this became the foundation of contemporary
reductionism in which all that can happen in the world is due to efficient
cause entailing laws. More this framework stands as our dominant way to do
science. The Newtonian Paradigm has done enormous work in science, and helped
lead to the Industrial Revolution, and even our entry into Modernity.
  In this paper I propose to challenge the adequacy of the Newtonian Paradigm
on two ground: 1) For the evolution of the biosphere beyond the watershed of
life, we can formulate no efficient cause entailing laws that allow us to
deduce the evolution of the biosphere. A fortiori, the same holds for the
evolution of the economy, legal systems, social systems, and culture. Because I
have discussed this before with my colleagues Longo and Montevil (1,2) and
elsewhere, (3,4), my discussion of this first point will be rather brief. 2)
What I shall choose to call, after Aristotle's four causes, noted below, Formal
Cause Laws derived from specific `ensemble theories' tell us about the world.
But Formal Cause Laws are not reducible to efficient cause entailing laws of
the Newtonian Paradigm and, critically, have already, unnoticed, crept into
biology concerning the origin of life, and economics concerning economic
growth. Formal cause laws appear to be a new way to do science, independent of
efficient cause entailing laws. Thus Formal Cause laws can be independent of
any specific material substrate. This may bear on the sufficiency of
Materialism in our account of the world.
