  Secure and scalable data sharing is essential for collaborative clinical
decision making. Conventional clinical data efforts are often siloed, however,
which creates barriers to efficient information exchange and impedes effective
treatment decision made for patients. This paper provides four contributions to
the study of applying blockchain technology to clinical data sharing in the
context of technical requirements defined in the "Shared Nationwide
Interoperability Roadmap" from the Office of the National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology (ONC). First, we analyze the ONC requirements and
their implications for blockchain-based systems. Second, we present FHIRChain,
which is a blockchain-based architecture designed to meet ONC requirements by
encapsulating the HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)
standard for shared clinical data. Third, we demonstrate a FHIRChain-based
decentralized app using digital health identities to authenticate participants
in a case study of collaborative decision making for remote cancer care.
Fourth, we highlight key lessons learned from our case study.
