  Structural hierarchy and complex 3D architecture are characteristics of
biological photonic designs that are challenging to reproduce in synthetic
materials. Top-down lithography allows for designer patterning of arbitrary
shapes, but is largely restricted to planar 2D structures. Self-assembly
techniques facilitate easy fabrication of 3D photonic crystals, but
controllable defect-integration is difficult. In this paper we combine the
advantages of top-down and bottom-up fabrication, developing two techniques to
deposit 2D-lithographically-patterned planar layers on top of or in between
inverse-opal 3D photonic crystals and creating hierarchical structures that
resemble the architecture of the bright green wing scales of the butterfly,
Parides sesostris. These fabrication procedures, combining advantages of both
top-down and bottom-up fabrication, may prove useful in the development of
omnidirectional coloration elements and 3D-2D photonic crystal devices.
