  We propose a novel linear minimum-mean-squared-error (MMSE) precoder design
for a downlink (DL) massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scenario. For
economical and computational efficiency reasons low resolution 1-bit
digital-to-analog (DAC) and analog-to-digital (ADC) converters are used. This
comes at the cost of performance gain that can be recovered by the large number
of antennas deployed at the base station (BS) and an appropiate precoder design
to mitigate the distortions due to the coarse quantization. The proposed
precoder takes the quantization non-linearities into account and is split into
a digital precoder and an analog precoder. We formulate the two-stage precoding
problem such that the MSE of the users is minimized under the 1-bit constraint.
In the simulations, we compare the new optimized precoding scheme with
previously proposed linear precoders in terms of uncoded bit error ratio (BER).
