  The Industry 4.0 concept promotes a digital manufacturing (DM) paradigm that
can enhance quality and productivity, that reduces inventory and the lead-time
for delivering custom, batch-of-one products based on achieving convergence of
Additive, Subtractive, and Hybrid manufacturing machines, Automation and
Robotic Systems, Sensors, Computing, and Communication Networks, Artificial
Intelligence, and Big Data. A DM system consists of embedded electronics,
sensors, actuators, control software, and inter-connectivity to enable the
machines and the components within them to exchange data with other machines,
components therein, the plant operators, the inventory managers, and customers.
This paper presents the cybersecurity risks in the emerging DM context,
assesses the impact on manufacturing, and identifies approaches to secure DM.
