  Localization defines a term to describe the identifying process of a location
within the space of two-dimensional (2D) space or three-dimensional (3D). A
localization scheme is an important concern for connecting sensor nodes in
remote locations. The demand of localization in wireless networking is
increased due to the availability of mobile devices as well as scope for
billion-dollar market in e-commence sector. Moreover, a new era has written
with internet-of-things, which boost this demand 100 times than ever before.
Importance of localization applications is considered in both indoor and
outdoor environments. Due to several advantages, LED and camera based
positioning is more demanding over radio frequency based localization. Using
the existing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based illumination infrastructure it
is possible to compute the coordinates of the camera, whereas cameras are
embedded/installed in mobile objects, such as smartphone, vehicle. Optical
camera communication (OCC) and photogrammetry are two important technologies to
measure the position of these mobile objects. These technologies based
localization scheme for both smartphone and vehicle should be cost effective
and can be deployed with little modification of the existing infrastructures. I
proposed two different schemes (i.e., indoor and outdoor environments) to
localize these objects with OCC and photogrammetry techniques.
