  Because quarks and gluons are confined within hadrons, they have a maximum
wavelength of order the confinement scale. Propagators, normally calculated for
free quarks and gluons using Dyson-Schwinger equations, are modified by
bound-state effects in close analogy to the calculation of the Lamb shift in
atomic physics. Because of confinement, the effective quantum chromodynamic
coupling stays finite in the infrared. The quark condensate which arises from
spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in the bound state Dyson-Schwinger
equation is the expectation value of the operator $\bar q q$ evaluated in the
background of the fields of the other hadronic constituents, in contrast to a
true vacuum expectation value. Thus quark and gluon condensates reside within
hadrons. The effects of instantons are also modified. We discuss the
implications of the maximum quark and gluon wavelength for phenomena such as
deep inelastic scattering and annihilation, the decay of heavy quarkonia, jets,
and dimensional counting rules for exclusive reactions. We also discuss
implications for the zero-temperature phase structure of a vectorial SU($N$)
gauge theory with a variable number $N_f$ of massless fermions.
