  Gas-liquid flows can be simulated by the Eulerian-Eulerian (E-E) method.
Whether to include a specific momentum interfacial exchange force model remains
as a question with no answer. In this work, our aim is to seek a general
numerical settings for the E-E method, which can provide competent results for
industrial bubbly flows with different geometries under different operations.
They were selected from different industries including chemical, nuclear,
bio-processing and metallurgical engineering. Simulations were launched by the
OpenFOAM solver reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam, in which the E-E method was
implemented with sophisticated numerical techniques to ensure stabilities.
Predictions were compared against experimental data. It was found that the drag
force and turbulent dispersion force play the most important role on the
predictions and should be included for all simulations. The first one accounts
for the two-way coupling while the second one accounts for the turbulence
effect and ensures the E-E equations to be well-posed. The lift force and wall
lubrication force should be included to address the phase fraction accumulation
in the vicinity of the wall, especially for pipe flows with large aspect ratio.
In other cases the lateral forces can be safely neglected. All the test case
are open-sourced and are available as supplementary data for anyone to download
as baseline test cases.
