  Fluorescence imaging in thick biological tissues is challenging due to
sample-induced aberration and scattering, which leads to severe degradation of
image quality and resolution. Fluorescence imaging in reflection geometry
further exacerbates this issue since the point spread function is distorted in
both excitation and emission pathways. Here, we propose a novel approach termed
adaptive optics virtual structured illumination microscopy (AO V-SIM) that
enables super-resolution multiphoton imaging through a scattering medium in
reflection geometry. Our approach exploits the incoherent reflection matrix
obtained using a conventional point-scanning fluorescence microscope with an
array detector. We introduce V-SIM super-resolution reconstruction algorithm
based on the incoherent reflection matrix. Furthermore, we introduce a software
adaptive optics correction algorithm, AO V-SIM, which recovers unattenuated and
phase-corrected optical transfer function for both excitation and emission
pathways. The effectiveness of our proposed method is experimentally validated
through sub-diffraction-limited two-photon fluorescence imaging of various
samples in the presence of strong aberration.
