  Although a general model of vacuum arcs and gradient limits would be widely
useful, roughly 120 years after the first good experimental data on these arcs,
this important field continues to be unsettled. This problem is a limitation in
a number of technologies and has applications in many fields. Large tokamaks
are sensitive to arcing on the plasma facing components, linac costs depend on
their maximum operating fields, power transmission efficiency depends on the
voltage that can be maintained, and the efficiency of Atom Probe Tomography
depends on avoiding sample failures. A multidisciplinary study of this field
could improve the precision and applicability of the theoretical models used.
We outline the basic mechanisms involved in arcing and the issues that
determine the physics of arcs. We divide the process into four stages; the
trigger, plasma formation, plasma evolution and surface damage, in order to
look at the physical principles involved. We try to identify the dominant
mechanisms, critical issues and desirable aspects of an R&D program to produce
a more precise and general model.
