  De novo assembly is the process of reconstructing the genome sequence of an
organism from sequencing reads. Genome sequences are essential to biology, and
assembly has been a central problem in bioinformatics for four decades. Until
recently, genomes were typically assembled into fragments of a few megabases at
best but technological advances in long-read sequencing now enable near
complete chromosome-level assembly, also known as telomere-to-telomere
assembly, for many organisms. Here we review recent progress on assembly
algorithms and protocols. We focus on how to derive near telomere-to-telomere
assemblies and discuss potential future developments.
