  Fragmentation of bubbles and droplets in turbulence produces a dispersed
phase spanning a broad range of scales, encompassing everything from droplets
in nanoemulsions to centimeter-sized bubbles entrained in breaking waves. Along
with deformation, fragmentation plays a crucial role in enhancing interfacial
area, with far-reaching implications across various industries, including food,
pharmaceuticals, and ocean engineering. However, understanding and modeling
these processes is challenging due to the complexity of anisotropic and
inhomogeneous turbulence typically involved, the unknown residence time in
regions with different turbulence intensities, and difficulties arising from
the density and viscosity ratios. Despite these challenges, recent advances
have provided new insights into the underlying physics of deformation and
fragmentation in turbulence. This review summarizes existing works in various
fields, highlighting key results and uncertainties, and examining the impact on
turbulence modulation, drag reduction, and heat and mass transfer.
