  Traditional discussions of the Second Law of Thermodynamics studied the
limits of very specific types of devices, such as heat engines, chemical
reactions, and molecules channeled by valves. Allahverdyan and Nieuwenhuizen
(cond-mat/0110422) have come the closest to proving a more general form of the
Second Law, applicable to field effect devices -- but recently
(cond-mat/0408537) they have observed counterexamples and loopholes. This paper
discusses recent field effect nanotechnologies which might permit a more
substantial counterexample. Efforts were made to disprove the possibility of
extracting electricity from ambient heat, from another perspective -- but these
efforts led only to a new result on the equivalence of classical and quantum
statistics, which may be important to the backwards-time interpretation of
quantum mechanics.
