  Human cognitive capacities and the needs of human-centric solutions for
"Industry 5.0" make humans an indispensable component in Cyber-Physical Systems
(CPSs), referred to as Human-Cyber-Physical Systems (HCPSs), where AI-powered
technologies are incorporated to assist and augment humans. The close
integration between humans and technologies in Section 1.1 and cognitive
attacks in Section 1.2.4 poses emerging security challenges, where attacks can
exploit vulnerabilities of human cognitive processes, affect their behaviors,
and ultimately damage the HCPS. Defending HCPSs against cognitive attacks
requires a new security paradigm, which we refer to as "cognitive security" in
Section 1.2.5. The vulnerabilities of human cognitive systems and the
associated methods of exploitation distinguish cognitive security from
"cognitive reliability" and give rise to a distinctive CIA triad, as shown in
Sections 1.2.5.1 and 1.2.5.2, respectively. Section 1.2.5.3 introduces
cognitive and technical defense methods that deter the kill chain of cognitive
attacks and achieve cognitive security. System scientific perspectives in
Section 1.3 offer a promising direction to address the new challenges of
cognitive security by developing quantitative, modular, multi-scale, and
transferable solutions.
