  Regular works on energy efficiency strategies for wireless communications are
based on classical energy models that account for the wireless card only.
Nevertheless, there is a non-negligible energy toll called "cross-factor" that
encompasses the energy drained while a frame crosses the network stack of an
OS.
  This paper addresses the challenge of deepen into the roots of the
cross-factor, deseed its components and analyse its causes. Energy issues are
critical for IoT devices. Thus, this paper conceives and validates a new
comprehensive framework that enables us to measure a wide range of wireless
devices, as well as multiple devices synchronously. We also present a rigorous
methodology to perform whole-device energy measurements in laptops, a more
generic and suitable device to perform energy debugging. Finally, and using
this framework, we provide a collection of measurements and insights that
deepens our understanding of the cross-factor.
