  At present, there is a great deal of confusion regarding complexity and its
measures (reviews on complexity measures are found in, e.g. Lloyd, 2001 and
Shalizi, 2006 and more references therein). Moreover, there is also confusion
regarding the nature of life. In this situation, it seems the task of
determining the fundamental complexity measures of life is especially
difficult. Yet this task is just part of a greater task: obtaining substantial
insights into the nature of biological evolution. We think that without a firm
quantitative basis characterizing the most fundamental aspects of life, it is
impossible to overcome the confusion so as to clarify the nature of biological
evolution. The approach we present here offers such quantitative measures of
complexity characterizing biological organization and, as we will see,
evolution.
