  The stability and mechanism underlying the formation of deposits of casein
micelles during ultrafiltration process were investigated by small-angle (SAXS)
and ultra small-angle X-ray scattering(USAXS) which allowed us to probe the
structure of skimmed milk on an exceptionally wide range of length scales from
1 to 2000 nm. Frontal filtration cells were specially developed to probe the
microstructure of deposits by SAXS during the separation process. The results
revealed two characteristic length scales for the equilibrium structure with
radius of gyrations Rg, about 100 nm and 5.6 nm, pertaining to the globular
micelles and their non-globular internal structure respectively (Pignon et al.
2004). In-situ scattering measurements showed that the decrease of permeation
flows is directly related to the deformation and compression of the micelles in
the immediate vicinity of the membrane (figure 1). From absolute SAXS
intensities, the concentration of the micelles in the deposit can be deduced
reliably.
