  X-ray emission can provide a crucial diagnostic of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).
We calculate the X-ray and gamma-ray spectra of impulsive acceleration episodes
related to GRB pulses. We use the synchrotron shock model (SSM) as a basis of
our calculations. We show that the current data on soft-to-hard emission ratios
of GRB pulse emission are in agreement with the SSM. In particular, GRB pulse
emission detected by GINGA is in agreement with the SSM low-energy spectra. We
deduce that GINGA detected the majority of bright GRBs detectable by BATSE.
These results indicate that the physical environment surrounding the GRB
emission site is optically thin to X-ray photon energies. We also calculate
emission ratios in the Einstein, ROSAT, SAX and HETE energy bands, and discuss
how future information on simultaneous soft/hard GRB emission can contribute in
distinguishing different emission models. Two different components of X-ray
emission may simultaneously exist in a fraction of GRBs. One component is
clearly associated with the individual GRB pulses, and an additional component
may be related to the pulse X-ray spectral upturns and/or the precursors/tails
occasionally observed. We also show that a meaningful search of GRB-driven
X-ray flashes in Andromeda (M31) can be carried out with existing ROSAT data
and future SAX Wide Field Camera observations.
