  Oxide interfaces play very important roles for the physical and chemical
properties of nanostructured materials, such as an ionic conductivity,
superconductivity, and magnetism. Gadolinia-doped Ceria (GDC) is commonly
selected as the interlayer between (La,Sr)MnO3 and Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 in fuel
cells. The chemical expansions across the oxide interlayer were carefully
examined at the atomic resolution in order to understand the cation diffusion
and existence of oxygen deficiency at the interfaces.
