  Recently implemented quantum devices such as quantum processors and quantum
simulators combine highly complicated quantum dynamics with high-resolution
measurements. We present a passivity deformation methodology that sets
thermodynamic constraints on the evolution of such quantum devices. This
framework enhances the thermodynamic predictive power by simultaneously
resolving four of the cardinal deficiencies of the second law in microscopic
setups: i) It yields tight bounds even when the environment is microscopic; ii)
The ultra-cold catastrophe is resolved; iii) It enables to integrate
conservation laws into thermodynamic inequalities for making them tighter; iv)
it bounds observables that are not energy-based, and therefore do not appear in
the second law of thermodynamics. Furthermore, this framework provides insights
to non-thermal environments, correlated environments, and to coarse-graining in
microscopic setups. Our findings can be explored and used in physical setups
such as trapped ions, superconducting circuits, neutral atoms in optical
lattices and more.
