  This paper reports on the investigation of cavitated silver paste produced by
cavitation technology as a cost-effective alternative to traditional three-roll
milling (TRM). Cavitation, utilizing high-frequency sound waves, enhances metal
paste dispersion, reduces oxidation, extends shelf life, and minimizes waste.
Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) solar cells made with cavitated silver
paste achieved a 21% energy conversion efficiency, slightly lower than the 22%
efficiency of conventional paste. Cavitated paste produced finer gridlines,
reducing silver usage and costs but increasing contact resistance, leading to a
lower fill factor. Despite this, cavitation technology shows promise for more
efficient and cost-effective solar cell production. Further research is needed
to optimize efficiency and resistance, highlighting the potential for
cavitation technology in commercial applications.
