  Let ${\mathcal D}(n)$ be the maximal determinant for $n \times n$ $\{\pm
1\}$-matrices, and $\mathcal R(n) = {\mathcal D}(n)/n^{n/2}$ be the ratio of
${\mathcal D}(n)$ to the Hadamard upper bound. Using the probabilistic method,
we prove new lower bounds on ${\mathcal D}(n)$ and $\mathcal R(n)$ in terms of
$d = n-h$, where $h$ is the order of a Hadamard matrix and $h$ is maximal
subject to $h \le n$. For example, $\mathcal R(n) > (\pi e/2)^{-d/2}$ if $1 \le
d \le 3$, and $\mathcal R(n) > (\pi e/2)^{-d/2}(1 - d^2(\pi/(2h))^{1/2})$ if $d
> 3$. By a recent result of Livinskyi, $d^2/h^{1/2} \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$,
so the second bound is close to $(\pi e/2)^{-d/2}$ for large $n$. Previous
lower bounds tended to zero as $n \to \infty$ with $d$ fixed, except in the
cases $d \in \{0,1\}$. For $d \ge 2$, our bounds are better for all
sufficiently large $n$. If the Hadamard conjecture is true, then $d \le 3$, so
the first bound above shows that $\mathcal R(n)$ is bounded below by a positive
constant $(\pi e/2)^{-3/2} > 0.1133$.
