  The fierce market competition has put pressure on organizations leveraging
their value chains. The continuous development in strategic technologies such
as Artificial Intelligence (AI) has pushed organizations to continuously
acquire new Intelligent Information Systems (IIS) while underutilizing existing
ones leading to the competitive leverage paradox. However, research on
underutilizing IIS has focused on the social and organizational aspects of the
problem, ignoring the flaws in designing and evaluating IIS. One of the
overlooked factors is the effective life span of an IIS. This research
conducted a systematic literature review to profoundly investigate the
determinants of the competitive leverage paradox and its effect on the IIS life
cycle. The research studies the IISs from economic and design perspectives. We
also explore the design and strategic factors that led to defects in the
effective life cycle of IIS. This research calls to consider the economic, and
design factors in addressing the underutilization of IIS. The study also
presents future research propositions to enhance IIS life cycle and return on
investment.
