  The calculation of force is most difficult part in lattice Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD). This lecture gives the details of the force calculation
in one-loop Symanzik improved action, Wilson fermion with clover term, asqtad
fermion, HISQ fermion, rooted staggered fermion, smeared fermion, staggered
Wilson fermion, overlap fermion and domain wall fermion. The even-odd
precondition are also considered in these calculations.
