  We analyze the ultimate bounds on the phase sensitivity of an interferometer,
given the constraint that the state input to the interferometer's initial 50:50
beamsplitter $B$ is a product state of the two input modes. Requiring a product
state is a natural restriction: if one were allowed to input an arbitrary,
entangled two-mode state $|\Xi\rangle$ to the beamsplitter, one could generally
just as easily input the state $B|\Xi\rangle$ directly into the two modes after
the beamsplitter, thus rendering the beamsplitter unnecessary. We find optimal
states for a fixed photon number and for a fixed mean photon number.
