  It will be difficult to gain the agreement of all the actors on any proposal
for climate change management, if universality and fairness are not considered.
In this work, a universal measure of emissions to be applied at the
international level is proposed, based on a modification of the Greenhouse Gas
Intensity (GHG-INT) measure. It is hoped that the generality and low
administrative cost of this measure, which we call the Modified Greenhouse Gas
Intensity measure (MGHG-INT), will eliminate any need to classify nations. The
core of the MGHG-INT is what we call the IHDI-adjusted Gross Domestic Product
(IDHIGDP), based on the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). The
IDHIGDP makes it possible to propose universal measures, such as MGHG-INT. We
also propose a carbon border tax applicable at national borders, based on
MGHG-INT and IDHIGDP. This carbon tax is supported by a proposed global
Emissions Trading System (ETS). The proposed carbon tax is analyzed in a
short-term scenario, where it is shown that it can result in significant
reduction in global emissions while keeping the economy growing at a positive
rate. In addition to annual GHG emissions, cumulative GHG emissions over two
decades are considered with almost the same results.
