  From a machine learning perspective, the human ability localize sounds can be
modeled as a non-parametric and non-linear regression problem between binaural
spectral features of sound received at the ears (input) and their sound-source
directions (output). The input features can be summarized in terms of the
individual's head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) which measure the spectral
response between the listener's eardrum and an external point in $3$D. Based on
these viewpoints, two related problems are considered: how can one achieve an
optimal sampling of measurements for training sound-source localization (SSL)
models, and how can SSL models be used to infer the subject's HRTFs in
listening tests. First, we develop a class of binaural SSL models based on
Gaussian process regression and solve a \emph{forward selection} problem that
finds a subset of input-output samples that best generalize to all SSL
directions. Second, we use an \emph{active-learning} approach that updates an
online SSL model for inferring the subject's SSL errors via headphones and a
graphical user interface. Experiments show that only a small fraction of HRTFs
are required for $5^{\circ}$ localization accuracy and that the learned HRTFs
are localized closer to their intended directions than non-individualized
HRTFs.
