  Measurement-based quantum computation is a framework of quantum computation,
where entanglement is used as a resource and local measurements on qubits are
used to drive the computation. It originates from the one-way quantum computer
of Raussendorf and Briegel, who introduced the so-called cluster state as the
underlying entangled resource state and showed that any quantum circuit could
be executed by performing only local measurement on individual qubits. The
randomness in the measurement outcomes can be dealt with by adapting future
measurement axes so that computation is deterministic. Subsequent works have
expanded the discussions of the measurement-based quantum computation to
various subjects, including the quantification of entanglement for such a
measurement-based scheme, the search for other resource states beyond cluster
states and computational phases of matter. In addition, the measurement-based
framework also provides useful connections to the emergence of time ordering,
computational complexity and classical spin models, blind quantum computation,
etc. and has given an alternative, resource-efficient approach to implement the
original linear-optic quantum computation of Knill, Laflamme and Milburn.
Cluster states and a few other resource states have been created experimentally
in various physical systems and the measurement-based approach offers a
potential alternative to the standard circuit approach to realize a practical
quantum computer.
