  This research paper presents an approach to enhancing the predictive
capability of architects in the design and assurance of systems, focusing on
systems operating in dynamic and unpredictable environments. By adopting a
systems approach, we aim to improve architects' predictive capabilities in
designing dependable systems (for example, ML-based systems). An aerospace case
study is used to illustrate the approach. Multiple factors (challenges)
influencing aircraft detection are identified, demonstrating the effectiveness
of our approach in a complex operational setting. Our approach primarily aimed
to enhance the architect's predictive capability.
