  We revisit long-standing controversies regarding relationships among the
all-India rainfall index (AIRI), sub-India summer rainfall variations, El
Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) using
120-year sea surface temperature and high-resolution rainfall datasets. AIRI
closely tracks with the spatial extent of wet anomalies and with the average
across gridpoints in rainy day count. The leading rainfall variability mode is
a monopole associated primarily with rainy day count and ENSO. The second mode
is a tripole with same-signed loadings in the high-rainfall Western Ghats and
Central Monsoon Zone regions and opposite-signed loadings in Southeastern India
between. The IOD projects onto this tripole and, as such, is weakly correlated
with AIRI. However, when the linear influence of ENSO is removed, the IOD
rainfall regressions become quasi-homogeneously more positive, making the
ENSO-residual IOD and AIRI timeseries significantly correlated.
