  The morphology of interfaces is known to play fundamental role on the
efficiency of energy-related applications, such light harvesting or ion
intercalation. Altering the morphology on demand, however, is a very difficult
task. Here, we show ways the morphology of interfaces can be tuned by driven
electron transfer reactions. By using non-equilibrium thermodynamic stability
theory, we uncover the operating conditions that alter the interfacial
morphology. We apply the theory to ion intercalation and surface growth where
electrochemical reactions are described using Butler-Volmer or coupled
ion-electron transfer kinetics. The latter connects microscopic/quantum
mechanical concepts with the morphology of electrochemical interfaces. Finally,
we construct non-equilibrium phase diagrams in terms of the applied driving
force (current/voltage) and discuss the importance of engineering the density
of states of the electron donor in applications related to energy harvesting
and storage, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.
