  The growth of misinformation technology necessitates the need to identify
fake videos. One approach to preventing the consumption of these fake videos is
provenance which allows the user to authenticate media content to its original
source. This research designs and investigates the use of provenance indicators
to help users identify fake videos. We first interview users regarding their
experiences with different misinformation modes (text, image, video) to guide
the design of indicators within users' existing perspectives. Then, we conduct
a participatory design study to develop and design fake video indicators.
Finally, we evaluate participant-designed indicators via both expert
evaluations and quantitative surveys with a large group of end-users. Our
results provide concrete design guidelines for the emerging issue of fake
videos. Our findings also raise concerns regarding users' tendency to
overgeneralize from misinformation warning messages, suggesting the need for
further research on warning design in the ongoing fight against misinformation.
