  The standard model of gravitational structure formation is based on the Jeans
1902 acoustic theory, neglecting nonlinear instabilities controlled by
viscosity, turbulence and diffusion. Because the Jeans scale L_J for the hot
primordial plasma is always slightly larger than the scale of causal connection
ct, where c is the speed of light and t is the time after the big bang, it has
been assumed that no plasma structures could form without guidance from a cold
(so L_J CDM is small) collisionless cold-dark-matter CDM fluid to give
condensations that gravitationally collect the plasma. Galaxies by this CDM
model form by gradual hierarchical-clustering of CDM halos to galaxy mass over
billions of years. No observations exist of CDM halos. Gravitational
instability is non-linear and absolute, controlled by viscous and turbulent
forces or by diffusivity at Schwarz length scales smaller than ct. Because the
universe during the plasma epoch is rapidly expanding, the first structures
formed were at density minima by fragmentation when the viscous-gravitional
scale L_SV first matched ct at 30,000 years to produce protosupercluster voids
and protosuperclusters. Weak turbulence produced at expanding void boundaries
guide the morphology of smaller fragments down to protogalaxy size just before
transition to gas at 300,000 years. The size of the protogalaxies reflect the
plasma Kolmogorov scale with a linear and spiral morphology predicted by the
Nomura direct numerical simulations and confirmed by deep field space telescope
observations. On transition to gas the kinematic viscosity decreases by ten
trillion so the protogalaxies fragment as Jeans scale clouds, each with a
trillion earth-mass planets, as predicted by Gibson 1996 and observed by Schild
1996.
