  In the 1990s, Richard Lewontin referred to what appeared to be the twilight
of determinism in biology. He pointed out that DNA determines only a little
part of life phenomena, which are very complex. In fact, organisms determine
the environment and vice versa in a nonlinear way. Very recently,
biophysicists, Shimon Marom and Erez Braun, have demonstrated that controlled
biophysical systems have shown a relative autonomy and flexibility in response
which could not be predicted. Within the boundaries of some restraints, most of
them genetic, this freedom from determinism is well maintained. Marom and Braun
have challenged not only biophysical determinism but also reverse-engineering,
naive reductionism, mechanism, and systems biology.
