  This book critically analyses the value of citation data, altmetrics, and
artificial intelligence to support the research evaluation of articles,
scholars, departments, universities, countries, and funders. It introduces and
discusses indicators that can support research evaluation and analyses their
strengths and weaknesses as well as the generic strengths and weaknesses of the
use of indicators for research assessment. The book includes evidence of the
comparative value of citations and altmetrics in all broad academic fields
primarily through comparisons against article level human expert judgements
from the UK Research Excellence Framework 2021. It also discusses the potential
applications of traditional artificial intelligence and large language models
for research evaluation, with large scale evidence for the former. The book
concludes that citation data can be informative and helpful in some research
fields for some research evaluation purposes but that indicators are never
accurate enough to be described as research quality measures. It also argues
that AI may be helpful in limited circumstances for some types of research
evaluation.
