  Web pages contain a large variety of information, but are largely designed
for use by graphical web browsers. Mobile access to web-based information often
requires presenting HTML web pages using channels that are limited in their
graphical capabilities such as small-screens or audio-only interfaces. Content
transcoding and annotations have been explored as methods for intelligently
presenting HTML documents. Much of this work has focused on transcoding for
small-screen devices such as are found on PDAs and cell phones. Here, we focus
on the use of annotations and transcoding for presenting HTML content through a
voice user interface instantiated in VoiceXML. This transcoded voice interface
is designed with an assumption that it will not be used for extended web
browsing by voice, but rather to quickly gain directed access to information on
web pages. We have found repeated structures that are common in the
presentation of data on web pages that are well suited for voice presentation
and navigation. In this paper, we describe these structures and their use in an
annotation system we have implemented that produces a VoiceXML interface to
information originally embedded in HTML documents. We describe the transcoding
process used to translate HTML into VoiceXML, including transcoding features we
have designed to lead to highly usable VoiceXML code.
