  During the Love Parade disaster in 2011 in Duisburg, Germany, twenty one
visitors were killed and more than five hundred injured in a very dense crowd
on the route to and from the festival area. Approximately nine hundred visitors
who had been among this crowd were subsequently interviewed by police officers
as eyewitnesses. This paper content analyses a random sample of 136 of these
witness statements, focusing on how those present perceived the crowd, how they
behaved, how they experienced the event emotionally, what happened to their
bodies, and which collective dynamics they described. This approach provides a
perspective from within crowd dynamics which are usually observed from a
top-view perspective. Almost all the attendees became strongly focused on the
staircase and the pole the only visible ways out of the crowd. In some cases,
they tried to reach these destinations by all means and at the expense of
others. But at the same time, helping behavior is the behavior most frequently
mentioned. Although witnesses described feelings of intense fear, they reject
the idea of mass panic. As the most dangerous dynamics, a combination of falls
(often after people had fainted) and transversal waves (which made people fall
on top of each other) could be reconstructed. When people fall in a tightly
packed crowd, a hole can form which pulls in more people due to the pressure on
those standing around the edge of the hole, thus creating a pile of wedged
bodies.
