  Although a deterministic polytime algorithm for primality testing is now
known, the Rabin-Miller randomized test of primality continues being the most
efficient and widely used algorithm.
  We prove the correctness of the Rabin-Miller algorithm in the theory V1 for
polynomial time reasoning, from Fermat's little theorem. This is interesting
because the Rabin-Miller algorithm is a polytime randomized algorithm, which
runs in the class RP (i.e., the class of polytime Monte-Carlo algorithms), with
a sampling space exponential in the length of the binary encoding of the input
number. (The class RP contains polytime P.) However, we show how to express the
correctness in the language of V1, and we also show that we can prove the
formula expressing correctness with polytime reasoning from Fermat's Little
theorem, which is generally expected to be independent of V1.
  Our proof is also conceptually very basic in the sense that we use the
extended Euclid's algorithm, for computing greatest common divisors, as the
main workhorse of the proof. For example, we make do without proving the
Chinese Reminder theorem, which is used in the standard proofs.
