  I propose a paradigm for scientific progress in NLP centered around
developing scalable, data-driven theories of linguistic structure. The idea is
to collect data in tightly scoped, carefully defined ways which allow for
exhaustive annotation of behavioral phenomena of interest, and then use machine
learning to construct explanatory theories of these phenomena which can form
building blocks for intelligible AI systems. After laying some conceptual
groundwork, I describe several investigations into data-driven theories of
shallow semantic structure using Question-Answer driven Semantic Role Labeling
(QA-SRL), a schema for annotating verbal predicate-argument relations using
highly constrained question-answer pairs. While this only scratches the surface
of the complex language behaviors of interest in AI, I outline principles for
data collection and theoretical modeling which can inform future scientific
progress. This note summarizes and draws heavily on my PhD thesis.
