  Monitoring and reporting incorrect acts are pervasive for maintaining human
cooperation, but in theory it is unclear how they influence each other. To
explore their possible interactions we consider spatially structured population
where individuals face the collective-risk social dilemma. In our minimal model
cooperator players report defection according to the loss of their interests.
In parallel we assume a monitoring institution that monitors all group member
and identifies wrong behavior with a certain probability. In response to these
feedbacks a sanctioning institution develops punishment schemes by imposing
fines on related defector players stochastically. By means of Monte Carlo
simulations, we find that the introduction of monitoring and reporting
mechanisms can greatly promote the evolution of cooperation and there exists a
sudden change of the cooperation level by varying model parameters, which can
lead to an outbreak of cooperation for solving the collective-risk social
dilemma.
