  Many countries have embraced national electronic identification (NeID)
systems, recognising their potential to foster a fair, transparent, and
well-governed society by ensuring the secure verification of citizens'
identities. The inclusive nature of NeID empowers people to exercise their
rights while holding them accountable for fulfilling their obligations.
Nevertheless, the development and implementation of these complex
identity-verification systems have raised concerns regarding security, privacy,
and exclusion. In this study, we discuss the different categories of NeID risk
and explore the successful deployment of these systems, while examining how the
specific risks and other challenges posed by this technology are addressed.
Based on the review of the different NeID systems and the efforts made to
mitigate the unique risks and challenges presented within each deployment, we
highlighted the best practices for mitigating risk, including implementing
strong security measures, conducting regular risk assessments, and involving
stakeholders in the design and implementation of the system.
