  Despite their catastrophic implications in flood events, the mobilization and
transport of large, loose objects - termed Urban Flood Drifters (UFDs) - are
often overlooked in flood management. This oversight stems from our limited
understanding of how flowing water interacts with these heterogeneous objects.
To bridge this knowledge gap, we introduce a mechanistic stability model that
predicts the onset of UFD mobilization across a diverse array of loose objects,
from plastics to heavy vehicles. Built on an inventory of key physical
properties of UFDs, this model is also validated against existing mobilization
studies. Our model generates stability curves that delineate flow conditions
leading to their mobilization. We further enhance the reliability of our model
by incorporating a Monte Carlo-based probabilistic framework that accounts for
uncertainties and interdependencies among the input parameters. These
probabilistic stability curves enable us to estimate the likelihood of
mobilization for specific categories of UFDs under certain flow conditions.
When integrated with flood maps or two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models,
our stability curves can guide urban planning efforts to predict and mitigate
the impacts of UFDs during extreme flood events.
