  Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is crucial to increase desirability
for consumers and hence accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles. A major
barrier to shorter charge times is the accelerated aging of the battery at
higher charging rates, which can be driven by lithium plating, increased solid
electrolyte interphase growth due to elevated temperatures, and particle
cracking due to mechanical stress. Lithium plating depends on the overpotential
of the negative electrode, and mechanical stress depends on the concentration
gradient, both of which cannot be measured directly. Techniques based on
physics-based models of the battery and optimal control algorithms have been
developed to this end. While these methods show promise in reducing
degradation, their optimization algorithms' complexity can limit their
implementation. In this paper, we present a method based on the constant
current constant voltage (CC-CV) charging scheme, called CC-CV$\eta \sigma$T
(VEST). The new approach is simpler to implement and can be used with any model
to impose varying levels of constraints on variables pertinent to degradation,
such as plating potential and mechanical stress. We demonstrate the new
CC-CV$\eta \sigma$T charging using an electrochemical model with mechanical and
thermal effects included. Furthermore, we discuss how uncertainties can be
accounted for by considering safety margins for the plating and stress
constraints.
