  In our quest to win a deeper understanding of how QCD actually works, the
study of the binding of heavy quarkonia and heavy-flavor hadrons to atomic
nuclei offers enormous promise. Modern experimental facilities such as FAIR,
Jefferson Lab at 12 GeV and J-PARC offer exciting new experimental
opportunities to study such systems. These experimental advances are
complemented by new theoretical approaches and predictions, which will both
guide these experimental efforts and be informed and improved by them. This
review will outline the main theoretical approaches, beginning with QCD itself,
summarize recent theoretical predictions and relate them both to past
experiments and those from which we may expect results in the near future.
