  The appearance of scalar/moduli fields in the early universe, as motivated by
string theory, naturally leads to non-thermal "moduli cosmology". Such
cosmology provides a consistent framework where the generation of radiation,
baryons, and dark matter can occur while maintaining successful Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis and avoiding the cosmological moduli problem. We present a
relatively economical construction with moduli cosmology, building on a variety
of string-inspired components (e.g. supersymmetry, discrete symmetries,
Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation). We address a range of outstanding problems
of particle physics and cosmology simultaneously, including the fermion mass
hierarchy and flavor puzzle, the smallness of neutrino masses, baryogenesis and
dark matter. Our setup, based on discrete $\mathrm{Z}_{12}^{R}$ symmetry and
anomalous $\mathrm{U}(1)_A$, is void of the usual issues plaguing the Minimal
Supersymmetric Standard Model, i.e. the $\mu$-problem and the overly-rapid
proton decay due to dimension-4,-5 operators. The model is compatible with
$\mathrm{SU}(5)$ Grand Unification. The smallness of Dirac neutrino masses is
automatically established by requiring the cancellation of mixed
gravitational-gauge anomalies. The decay of the moduli field provides a common
origin for the baryon number and dark matter abundance, explaining the observed
cosmic coincidences, $\Omega_{B} \sim \Omega_{DM}$.
