  An appropriate and safe behavior for exiting a facility is key to reducing
injuries and increasing survival when facing an emergency evacuation in a
building. Knowledge on the best evacuation practice is commonly delivered by
traditional training approaches such as videos, posters, or evacuation drills,
but they may become ineffective in terms of knowledge acquisition and
retention. Serious games (SGs) are an innovative approach devoted to training
and educating people in a gaming environment. Recently, increasing attention
has been paid to immersive virtual reality (IVR)-based SGs for evacuation
knowledge delivery and behavior assessment because they are highly engaging and
promote greater cognitive learning.
  This paper aims to understand the development and implementation of IVR SGs
in the context of building evacuation training and research, applied to various
indoor emergencies such as fire and earthquake. Thus, a conceptual framework
for effective design and implementation through the systematic literature
review method was developed. As a result, this framework integrates critical
aspects and provides connections between them, including pedagogical and
behavioral impacts, gaming environment development, and outcome and
participation experience measures.
