  Chatbots' growing popularity has brought new challenges to HCI, having
changed the patterns of human interactions with computers. The increasing need
to approximate conversational interaction styles raises expectations for
chatbots to present social behaviors that are habitual in human-human
communication. In this survey, we argue that chatbots should be enriched with
social characteristics that cohere with users' expectations, ultimately
avoiding frustration and dissatisfaction. We bring together the literature on
disembodied, text-based chatbots to derive a conceptual model of social
characteristics for chatbots. We analyzed 56 papers from various domains to
understand how social characteristics can benefit human-chatbot interactions
and identify the challenges and strategies to designing them. Additionally, we
discussed how characteristics may influence one another. Our results provide
relevant opportunities to both researchers and designers to advance
human-chatbot interactions.
