  A deep learning model, named IITNet, is proposed to learn intra- and
inter-epoch temporal contexts from raw single-channel EEG for automatic sleep
scoring. To classify the sleep stage from half-minute EEG, called an epoch,
sleep experts investigate sleep-related events and consider the transition
rules between the found events. Similarly, IITNet extracts representative
features at a sub-epoch level by a residual neural network and captures intra-
and inter-epoch temporal contexts from the sequence of the features via
bidirectional LSTM. The performance was investigated for three datasets as the
sequence length (L) increased from one to ten. IITNet achieved the comparable
performance with other state-of-the-art results. The best accuracy, MF1, and
Cohen's kappa ($\kappa$) were 83.9%, 77.6%, 0.78 for SleepEDF (L=10), 86.5%,
80.7%, 0.80 for MASS (L=9), and 86.7%, 79.8%, 0.81 for SHHS (L=10),
respectively. Even though using four epochs, the performance was still
comparable. Compared to using a single epoch, on average, accuracy and MF1
increased by 2.48%p and 4.90%p and F1 of N1, N2, and REM increased by 16.1%p,
1.50%p, and 6.42%p, respectively. Above four epochs, the performance
improvement was not significant. The results support that considering the
latest two-minute raw single-channel EEG can be a reasonable choice for sleep
scoring via deep neural networks with efficiency and reliability. Furthermore,
the experiments with the baselines showed that introducing intra-epoch temporal
context learning with a deep residual network contributes to the improvement in
the overall performance and has the positive synergy effect with the
inter-epoch temporal context learning.
