  We show that each direct summand of the associated graded module of the test
module filtration $\tau(M, f^\lambda)_{\lambda \geq 0}$ admits a natural
Cartier structure. If $\lambda$ is an $F$-jumping number, then this Cartier
structure is nilpotent on $\tau(M, f^{\lambda -\varepsilon})/\tau(M,
f^\lambda)$ if and only if the denominator of $\lambda$ is divisible by $p$. We
also show that these Cartier structures coincide with certain Cartier
structures that are obtained by considering certain $\mathcal{D}$-modules
associated to $M$ that were used to construct Bernstein-Sato polynomials.
Moreover, we point out that the zeros of the Bernstein-Sato polynomial
$b_{M,f}$ attached to an \emph{$F$-regular} Cartier module correspond to its
$F$-jumping numbers. This generalizes Theorem 5.4 of arXiv:1402.1333 where a
stronger version of $F$-regularity was used. Finally, we develop a basic theory
of \emph{non-$F$-pure modules} and prove a weaker connection between
Bernstein-Sato polynomials $b_{M,f}$ and Cartier modules $(M, \kappa)$ for
which $M_f$ is $F$-regular and certain jumping numbers attached to $M$.
