  We introduce a non-invasive approach for optogenetic regulation in biological
cells through highly scattering skull tissue using wavefront shaping. The
wavefront of the incident light was systematically controlled using a spatial
light modulator in order to overcome multiple light-scattering in a mouse skull
layer and to focus light on the target cells. We demonstrate that illumination
with shaped waves enables spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular Ca2+ level
at the individual-cell level.
