  In mobile edge computing, local edge servers can host cloud-based services,
which reduces network overhead and latency but requires service migrations as
users move to new locations. It is challenging to make migration decisions
optimally because of the uncertainty in such a dynamic cloud environment. In
this paper, we formulate the service migration problem as a Markov Decision
Process (MDP). Our formulation captures general cost models and provides a
mathematical framework to design optimal service migration policies. In order
to overcome the complexity associated with computing the optimal policy, we
approximate the underlying state space by the distance between the user and
service locations. We show that the resulting MDP is exact for uniform
one-dimensional user mobility while it provides a close approximation for
uniform two-dimensional mobility with a constant additive error. We also
propose a new algorithm and a numerical technique for computing the optimal
solution which is significantly faster than traditional methods based on
standard value or policy iteration. We illustrate the application of our
solution in practical scenarios where many theoretical assumptions are relaxed.
Our evaluations based on real-world mobility traces of San Francisco taxis show
superior performance of the proposed solution compared to baseline solutions.
