  We discuss selected topics in the field of particle- and astrophysics with
neutrons. They have a direct link with our understanding of the history of the
Universe and are related to recent, ongoing or future measurements. They deal
with the structure of space-time (tests of gravitation at small distance
scales), search for an electric dipole moment of the neutron (CP-violation and
the origin of matter in the Universe), the neutron lifetime (rate of primordial
nucleosynthesis) and the two-body decay of the neutron testing the V--A
structure of weak interaction (right-handed neutrinos and the very early
Universe). We describe the status, measurement methods and highlight
experimental challenges.
