  We perform the first analysis of methodologies for launching DNS cache
poisoning: manipulation at the IP layer, hijack of the inter-domain routing and
probing open ports via side channels. We evaluate these methodologies against
DNS resolvers in the Internet and compare them with respect to effectiveness,
applicability and stealth. Our study shows that DNS cache poisoning is a
practical and pervasive threat.
  We then demonstrate cross-layer attacks that leverage DNS cache poisoning for
attacking popular systems, ranging from security mechanisms, such as RPKI, to
applications, such as VoIP. In addition to more traditional adversarial goals,
most notably impersonation and Denial of Service, we show for the first time
that DNS cache poisoning can even enable adversaries to bypass cryptographic
defences: we demonstrate how DNS cache poisoning can facilitate BGP prefix
hijacking of networks protected with RPKI even when all the other networks
apply route origin validation to filter invalid BGP announcements. Our study
shows that DNS plays a much more central role in the Internet security than
previously assumed.
  We recommend mitigations for securing the applications and for preventing
cache poisoning.
