  Four well-resolved LESs of the turbulent boundary layers around a NACA4412
wing section, with Rec ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000, were performed at 5
degree angle of attack. By comparing the turbulence statistics with those in
ZPG TBLs at approximately matching Re_tau, we find that the effect of the
adverse pressure gradient (APG) is more intense at lower Reynolds numbers. This
indicates that at low Re the outer region of the TBL becomes more energized
through the wall-normal convection associated to the APG. This is also
reflected in the fact that the inner-scaled wall-normal velocity is larger on
the suction side at lower Reynolds numbers. In particular, the wing cases at
Rec = 200,000 and 400,000 exhibit wall-normal velocities 40% and 20% larger,
respectively, than the case with Rec = 1,000,000. Consequently, the
outer-region energizing mechanism associated to the APG is complementary to
that present in high-Re TBLs.
