  Fundamental frequency (F0) has long been treated as the physical definition
of "pitch" in phonetic analysis. But there have been many demonstrations that
F0 is at best an approximation to pitch, both in production and in perception:
pitch is not F0, and F0 is not pitch. Changes in the pitch involve many
articulatory and acoustic covariates; pitch perception often deviates from what
F0 analysis predicts; and in fact, quasi-periodic signals from a single voice
source are often incompletely characterized by an attempt to define a single
time-varying F0. In this paper, we find strong support for the existence of
covariates for pitch in aspects of relatively coarse spectra, in which an
overtone series is not available. Thus linear regression can predict the pitch
of simple vocalizations, produced by an articulatory synthesizer or by human,
from single frames of such coarse spectra. Across speakers, and in more complex
vocalizations, our experiments indicate that the covariates are not quite so
simple, though apparently still available for more sophisticated modeling. On
this basis, we propose that the field needs a better way of thinking about
speech pitch, just as celestial mechanics requires us to go beyond Newton's
point mass approximations to heavenly bodies.
