  The efficiency of decentralized book systems like Bitcoin and Ethereum has
always been a challenge. It is usually measured by three major factors:
scalability, throughput, and latency. Scalability refers to how the system
capacity is increased by adding more physical resources. Throughput measures
the volume of transactions for a given period of time, where most current
solutions attempt to improve such as NEO, EOS, etc. Latency measures the
processing time of any single transaction. In current blockchain based systems,
the block generation rate is the main latency bottleneck. Off-chain processes
such as state channels are the most recent work that can integrate partial
inbound transactions, reducing latency. Unfortunately, the state channel
introduces more issues at the same time, such as cross-channel synchronization,
which makes the state channel unavailable for full adoption of current
blockchain solutions.
  In order to solve the efficiency problem, we proposed an end-to-end solution
called ALZA, which links the dedicated high-throughput blockchain with
self-organizing payment fields. This mechanism allows arbitrary set of users to
create payment fields that process extremely low latency transactions within
each field. Therefore, users can make transactions almost immediately. Since
all transactions are conducted within fields, transaction costs will be reduced
by several orders of magnitude. In addition, ALZA distributes main ledger to
each client through an innovative replication mechanism. Therefore, the system
will be significantly more robust to blockchain system failures. In theory,
ALZA can complete millions of transactions in one second, which naturally
supports high-frequency trading.
