  Children's well-being of immigrants is facing several challenges related to
physical, mental, and educational risks, which may obstacle human capital
accumulation and further development. In rural China, due to the restriction of
Hukou registration system, nearly 9 million left-behind children (LBC) are in
lack of parental care and supervision in 2020 when their parents internally
migrate out for work. Through the systematic scoping review, this study
provides a comprehensive literature summary and concludes the overall negative
effects of parental migration on LBC's physical, mental (especially for
left-behind girls), and educational outcomes (especially for left-behind boys).
Noticeably, both parents' and mother's migration may exacerbate LBC's
disadvantages. Furthermore, remittance from migrants and more family-level and
social support may help mitigate the negative influence. Finally, we put
forward theoretical and realistic implications which may shed light on
potential research directions. Further studies, especially quantitative
studies, are needed to conduct a longitudinal survey, combine the ongoing Hukou
reform in China, and simultaneously focus on left-behind children and migrant
children.
