  The diagnosis and treatment of various diseases had been expedited with the
help of medical imaging. Different medical imaging modalities, including X-ray,
Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Imaging,
Ultrasound, Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), and Emerging Technologies
for in vivo imaging modalities is presented in this chapter, in addition to
these modalities, some advanced techniques such as contrast-enhanced MRI, MR
approaches for osteoarthritis, Cardiovascular Imaging, and Medical Imaging data
mining and search. Despite its important role and potential effectiveness as a
diagnostic tool, reading and interpreting medical images by radiologists is
often tedious and difficult due to the large heterogeneity of diseases and the
limitation of image quality or resolution. Besides the introduction and
discussion of the basic principles, typical clinical applications, advantages,
and limitations of each modality used in current clinical practice, this
chapter also highlights the importance of emerging technologies in medical
imaging and the role of data mining and search aiming to support translational
clinical research, improve patient care, and increase the efficiency of the
healthcare system.
