  We investigate the properties of a single-view fluorescence microscope in a
4$f$ geometry when imaging fluorescent dipoles without using the monopole or
scalar approximations. We show that this imaging system has a spatio-angular
band limit, and we exploit the band limit to perform efficient simulations.
Notably, we show that information about the out-of-plane orientation of
ensembles of in-focus fluorophores is recorded by paraxial fluorescence
microscopes. Additionally, we show that the monopole approximation may cause
biased estimates of fluorophore concentrations, but these biases are small when
the sample contains either many randomly oriented fluorophores in each
resolvable volume or unconstrained rotating fluorophores.
