  We propose and demonstrate real-time sub-wavelength cavity QED measurements
of the spatial distribution of atoms in an optical lattice. Atoms initially
confined in one "trap" standing wave of an optical cavity mode are probed with
a second "probe" standing wave. With frequencies offset by one free spectral
range, the nodes of the trap fall on the anti-nodes of the probe in the
${\approx}$10$^4$ lattice sites around the center of the cavity. This lattice
site independent atom-cavity coupling enables high sensitivity detection of
atom dynamics even with atoms spread over many lattice sites. To demonstrate,
we measure the temperature of 20-70 $\mu$K atom ensembles in ${<}$10 $\mu$s by
monitoring their expansion of ${\approx}$100 nm after sudden release from the
trap lattice. Atom-cavity coupling imprints the atom dynamics on the probe
transmission. The new technique will enable improved non-destructive detection
of Bloch oscillations and other atom dynamics in optical lattices.
