  Computer-based simulation training (CBST) is gaining popularity in a vast
range of applications such as surgery, rehabilitation therapy, military
applications, and driver/pilot training, as it offers a low-cost,
easily-accessible and effective training environment. Typically, CBST systems
comprise of two essential components: 1) a simulation environment that provides
an immersive and interactive learning experience, and 2) a feedback
intervention system that supports knowledge/skill acquisition and decision
making. The simulation environment is created using technologies such as
virtual or augmented reality, and this is an area which has gained much
interest in recent years. The provision of automated feedback in CBST however,
has not been investigated as much, and thus, is the focus of this paper.
Feedback is an essential component in learning, and should be provided to the
trainee during the training process in order to improve skills, to correct
mistakes, and most importantly, to inspire reasoning and critical thinking. In
CBST, feedback should be provided in a useful and timely manner, ideally in a
way that mimics the advice of an experienced tutor. Here, we explore the
provision of feedback in CBST from three perspectives: 1) types of feedback to
be provided, 2) presentation modalities of feedback, and 3) methods for
feedback extraction/learning. This review is aimed at providing insight into
how feedback is extracted, organized, and delivered in current applications, to
be used as a guide to the development of future feedback intervention systems
in CBST applications.
