  Context: Social debt describes the accumulation of unforeseen project costs
(or potential costs) from sub-optimal software development processes. Community
smells are sociotechnical anti-patterns and one source of social debt that
impact software teams, development processes, outcomes, and organizations.
Objective: To provide an overview of community smells based on published
literature, and describe future research. Method: We conducted a systematic
literature review (SLR) to identify properties, understand origins and
evolution, and describe the emergence of community smells. This SLR explains
the impact of community smells on teamwork and team performance. Results: We
include 25 studies. Social debt describes the impacts of poor socio-technical
decisions on work environments, people, software products, and society. For
each of the 30 identified community smells, we provide a description,
management approaches, organizational strategies, and mitigation effectiveness.
We identify five groups of management approaches: organizational strategies,
frameworks, models, tools, and guidelines. We describe 11 properties of
community smells. We develop the Community Smell Stages Framework to concisely
describe the origin and evolution of community smells. We describe the causes
and effects for each community smell. We identify and describe 8 types of
causes and 11 types of effects for community smells. Finally, we provide 8
Sankey diagrams that offer insights into threats the community smells pose to
teamwork factors and team performance. Conclusion: Community smells explain the
influence work conditions have on software developers. The literature is scarce
and focuses on a small number of community smells. Thus, community smells still
need more research. This review organizes the state of the art about community
smells and provides motivation for future research along with educational
material.
