  Satellites in Geostationary Orbit (GEO) provide a number of commercial,
government, and military services around the world, offering everything from
surveillance and monitoring to video calls and internet access. However a
dramatic lowering of the cost-per-kilogram to space has led to a recent
explosion in real and planned constellations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) of
smaller satellites. These constellations are managed remotely and it is
important to consider a scenario in which an attacker gains control over the
constituent satellites. In this paper we aim to understand what damage this
attacker could cause, using the satellites to generate interference. To ground
our analysis, we simulate a number of existing and planned LEO constellations
against an example GEO constellation, and evaluate the relative effectiveness
of each. Our model shows that with conservative power estimates, both current
and planned constellations could disrupt GEO satellite services at every
groundstation considered, with effectiveness varying considerably between
locations. We analyse different patterns of interference, how they reflect the
structures of the constellations creating them, and how effective they might be
against a number of legitimate services. We found that real-time usage (e.g.
calls, streaming) would be most affected, with 3 constellation designs able to
generate thousands of outages of 30 seconds or longer over the course of the
day across all groundstations.
