  The E08-027 (g2p) experiment measured the spin structure functions of the
proton at Jefferson Laboratory in Newport News, Va. Longitudinally polarized
electrons were scattered from a transversely and longitudinally polarized solid
ammonia target in Hall A, with the polarized NH$_3$ acting as an effective
proton target. Focusing on small scattering angle events at the electron
energies available at Jefferson Lab, the experiment covered a kinematic phase
space of 0.02 GeV$^2$ $< Q^2 <$ 0.20 GeV$^2$ in the proton's resonance region.
The spin structure functions, $g_{1}^p(x,Q^2)$ and $g_{2}^p(x,Q^2)$ , are
extracted from an inclusive polarized cross section measurement of the
electron-proton interaction. Integrated moments of $g_1(x,Q^2)$ are calculated
and compared to theoretical predictions made by Chiral Perturbation Theory. The
$g_1(x,Q^2)$ results are in agreement with previous measurements, but include a
significant increase in statistical precision. The spin structure function
contributions to the hyperfine energy levels in the hydrogen atom are also
investigated. The $g_2(x,Q^2)$ measured contribution to the hyperfine splitting
is the first ever experimental determination of this quantity. The results of
this thesis suggest a disagreement of over 100% with previously published model
results.
