  The increasing availability of brain data within and outside the biomedical
field, combined with the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to brain
data analysis, poses a challenge for ethics and governance. We identify
distinctive ethical implications of brain data acquisition and processing, and
outline a multi-level governance framework. This framework is aimed at
maximizing the benefits of facilitated brain data collection and further
processing for science and medicine whilst minimizing risks and preventing
harmful use. The framework consists of four primary areas of regulatory
intervention: binding regulation, ethics and soft law, responsible innovation,
and human rights.
