  Over the past decade, several researchers have presented various optimisation
algorithms for use in truss design. The no free lunch theorem implies that no
optimisation algorithm fits all problems; therefore, the interest is not only
in the accuracy and convergence rate of the algorithm but also the tuning
effort and population size required for achieving the optimal result. The
latter is particularly crucial for computationally intensive or
high-dimensional problems. Contrast-based Fruit-fly Optimisation Algorithm
(c-FOA) proposed by Kanarachos et al. in 2017 is based on the efficiency of
fruit flies in food foraging by olfaction and visual contrast. The proposed
Spontaneous Fruit Fly Optimisation (s-FOA) enhances c-FOA and addresses the
difficulty in solving nonlinear optimisation algorithms by presenting standard
parameters and lean population size for use on all optimisation problems. Six
benchmark problems were studied to assess the performance of s-FOA. A
comparison of the results obtained from documented literature and other
investigated techniques demonstrates the competence and robustness of the
algorithm in truss optimisation.
