  Multilayered graphene-based nanoporous membranes with electrolyte
incorporated between individual sheets is a unique nano-heterostructure system
in which nanoconfined electrons in graphene and ions confined in between sheets
are intimately coupled throughout the entire membrane. In contrast to the
general notion that the electrolyte gating is unlikely to appear in
multilayered graphene stacks, it is demonstrated in this work that the
electrolyte gating effect in monolayer graphene can be transferred to its
corresponding multilayered porous membranes. This gating effect presented on
each individual graphene sheets through electrolyte confined in nanopores
provides a real-time, electrical approach for probing the complex dynamics of
nanoconfined electrical double layer. This has enabled the observation of the
ionic memory effect in supercapacitors and produces new insights into the
charging dynamics of supercapacitors. Such discoveries may stimulate the design
of novel nanoionic devices.
