  This report presents a systematic understanding of the nature behind the
unusual behavior of a nanosolid, and a surface as well, in mechanics,
thermodynamics, acoustics, optoelectronics, magnetism, dielectrics, atomic
diffusivity and chemical reactivity towards predictable design and controllable
growth of nanostructured materials. A bond order-length-strength (BOLS)
correlation mechanism has been developed, which has enabled the tunability of a
variety of properties of a nanosolid in connection with surface to be
consistently predicted and experimentally verified. The BOLS correlation
indicates that the coordination number (CN) imperfection of an atom at site
surrounding a defect or in the surface skin causes the remaining bonds of the
lower-coordinated atom to contract spontaneously. The spontaneous bond
contraction is associated with bond-strength gain or atomic potential well
deppression, which localize electrons and enhance the density of charge, mass,
and energy in the relaxed region. The enhancement of energy density in the
relaxed region perturbs the Hamiltonian and the associated properties such as
the band-gap width, core-level energy, Stokes shift (electron-phonon
interaction), and dielectric susceptibility. On the other hand, bond order loss
lowers generally the cohesive energy of the lower-coordinated atom from the
value of a fully-coordinated atom, which dictates the thermodynamic process
such as self-assembly growth, atomic vibration, thermal stability, and
activation energies for atomic dislocation and diffusion. Consistency between
predictions and observations evidences the enormous impact of atomic CN
imperfection and the validity and essentiality of the BOLS correlation.
