  The sensation of self-motion is essential in many virtual reality
applications, from entertainment to training, such as flying and driving
simulators. If the common approach used in amusement parks is to actuate the
seats with cumbersome systems, multisensory integration can also be leveraged
to get rich effects from lightweight solutions. In this short paper, we
introduce a novel approach called the "Kinesthetic HMD": actuating a
head-mounted display with force feedback in order to provide sensations of
self-motion. We discuss its design considerations and demonstrate an augmented
flight simulator use case with a proof-of-concept prototype. We conducted a
user study assessing our approach's ability to enhance self-motion sensations.
Taken together, our results show that our Kinesthetic HMD provides
significantly stronger and more egocentric sensations than a visual-only
self-motion experience. Thus, by providing congruent vestibular and
proprioceptive cues related to balance and self-motion, the Kinesthetic HMD
represents a promising approach for a variety of virtual reality applications
in which motion sensations are prominent.
