  The growing demand for location-based services in areas like virtual reality,
robot control, and navigation has intensified the focus on indoor localization.
Visible light positioning (VLP), leveraging visible light communications (VLC),
becomes a promising indoor positioning technology due to its high accuracy and
low cost. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of VLP systems. In
particular, since VLC lays the foundation for VLP, we first present a detailed
overview of the principles of VLC. The performance of each positioning
algorithm is also compared in terms of various metrics such as accuracy,
coverage, and orientation limitation. Beyond the physical layer studies, the
network design for a VLP system is also investigated, including multi-access
technologies resource allocation, and light-emitting diode (LED) placements.
Next, the applications of the VLP systems are overviewed. Finally, this paper
outlines open issues, challenges, and future research directions for the
research field. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic survey
on VLP from state-of-the-art studies to practical uses.
