  Connectivity in rural areas is one of the main challenges of communication
networks. To overcome this challenge, a variety of solutions for different
situations are required. Optimizing the current networking paradigms is
therefore mandatory. The high costs of infrastructure and the low revenue of
cell sites in rural areas compared with urban areas are especially unattractive
for telecommunication operators. Therefore, space, air, and ground networks
should all be optimized for achieving connectivity in rural areas. We highlight
the latest works on rural connectivity, discuss the solutions for terrestrial
networks, and study the potential benefits of nonterrestrial networks.
Furthermore, we present an overview of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques
for improving space, air, and ground networks, hence improving connectivity in
rural areas. AI enables intelligent communications and can integrate space,
air, and ground networks for rural connectivity. We discuss the rural
connectivity challenges and highlight the latest projects and research and the
empowerment of networks using AI. Finally, we discuss the potential positive
impacts of providing connectivity to rural communities.
