  Spectral induced polarization (SIP) is a non-intrusive geophysical method
that is widely used to detect sulfide minerals, clay minerals, metallic
objects, municipal wastes, hydrocarbons, and salinity intrusion. However, SIP
is a static method that cannot measure the dynamics of flow and solute/species
transport in the subsurface. To capture these dynamics, the data collected with
the SIP technique needs to be coupled with fluid flow and reactive-transport
models. To our knowledge, currently, there is no simulator in the open-source
literature that couples fluid flow, solute transport, and SIP process models to
analyze geoelectrical signatures in a large-scale system. A massively parallel
simulation framework (PFLOTRAN-SIP) was built to couple SIP data to fluid flow
and solute transport processes. This framework built on the PFLOTRAN-E4D
simulator that couples PFLOTRAN and E4D, without sacrificing computational
performance. PFLOTRAN solves the coupled flow and solute transport process
models to estimate solute concentrations, which were used in Archie's model to
compute bulk electrical conductivities at near-zero frequency. These bulk
electrical conductivities were modified using the Cole-Cole model to account
for frequency dependence. Using the estimated frequency-dependent bulk
conductivities, E4D simulated the real and complex electrical potential signals
for selected frequencies for SIP. The PFLOTRAN-SIP framework was demonstrated
through a synthetic tracer-transport model simulating tracer concentration and
electrical impedances for four frequencies. Later, SIP inversion estimated bulk
electrical conductivities by matching electrical impedances for each specified
frequency. The estimated bulk electrical conductivities were consistent with
the simulated tracer concentrations from the PFLOTRAN-SIP forward model.
