  The main objective of 5G and beyond networks is to provide an optimal user
experience in terms of throughput and reliability, irrespective of location and
time. To achieve this, traditional fixed macro base station deployments are
being replaced by more innovative and flexible solutions, such as wireless
backhaul and relays. This article focuses on the evolution and standardization
of these advancements, which are shaping the electromagnetic landscape.
Specifically, we explore Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) nodes, which
offer a cost-efficient and agile alternative to fiber backhaul. We also discuss
Network-Controlled Repeaters (NCRs) and the emergence of Reconfigurable
Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) actively adapting the wireless environment. The
article provides an overview of the 5G features and ongoing developments in
3GPP Release 18 related to these intelligent EM entities, highlighting the
expected evolution of future wireless networks in terms of architecture,
operations, and control signals.
