  A search for supersymmetry (SUSY) is performed in final states comprising one
or more jets and missing transverse momentum using data from proton-proton
collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were recorded with
the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016 and correspond to an integrated
luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. The number of signal events is found to agree
with the expected background yields from standard model processes. The results
are interpreted in the context of simplified models of SUSY that assume the
production of gluino or squark pairs and their prompt decay to quarks and the
lightest neutralino. The masses of bottom, top, and mass-degenerate
light-flavour squarks are probed up to 1050, 1000, and 1325 GeV, respectively.
The gluino mass is probed up to 1900, 1650, and 1650 GeV when the gluino decays
via virtual states of the aforementioned squarks. The strongest mass bounds on
the neutralinos from gluino and squark decays are 1150 and 575 GeV,
respectively. The search also provides sensitivity to simplified models
inspired by split SUSY that involve the production and decay of long-lived
gluinos. Values of the proper decay length $c\tau$ from $10^{-3}$ to $10^{5}$
mm are considered, as well as a metastable gluino scenario. Gluino masses up to
1750 and 900 GeV are probed for $c\tau =$ 1 mm and for the metastable state,
respectively. The sensitivity is moderately dependent on model assumptions for
$c\tau \gtrsim 1$ m. The search provides coverage of the $c\tau$ parameter
space for models involving long-lived gluinos that is complementary to existing
techniques at the LHC.
