  Coordinated groups of user accounts working together in online social media
can be used to manipulate the online discourse and thus is an important area of
study. In this study, we work towards a general theory of coordination. There
are many ways to coordinate groups online: semantic, social, referral and many
more. Each represents a coordination dimension, where the more dimensions of
coordination are present for one event, the stronger the coordination present.
We build on existing approaches that detect coordinated groups by identifying
high levels of synchronized actions within a specified time window. A key
concern with this approach is the selection of the time window. We propose a
method that selects the optimal window size to accurately capture local
coordination while avoiding the capture of coincidental synchronicity. With
this enhanced method of coordination detection, we perform a comparative study
across four events: US Elections Primaries 2020, Reopen America 2020, Capitol
Riots 2021 and COVID Vaccine Release 2021. Herein, we explore the following
three dimensions of coordination for each event -- semantic, referral and
social coordination -- and perform group and user analysis within and among the
events. This allows us to expose different user coordination behavior patterns
and identify narratives and user support themes, hence estimating the degree
and theme of coordination.
