  The dynamics of high-energy proton-induced spallation reactions on target
nuclides of $^{136}$Xe, $^{59}$Ni, $^{56}$Fe, $^{208}$Pb, $^{184}$W,
$^{181}$Ta, $^{197}$Au and $^{112}$Cd, are investigated with the quantum
molecular dynamics transport model. The production mechanism of light nuclides
and fission fragments is thoroughly analyzed. The statistical code GEMINI is
employed in conjunction to the model for managing the decay of primary
fragments. For the treatment of cluster emission during the preequilibrium
stage, a surface coalescence model is implemented into the model. It is found
that the available data of total cross sections are well reproduced with the
combined approach for the spallation reactions on both the heavy and light
targets, i.e., $^{56}$Fe and $^{208}$Pb, while it is underestimated in the
intermediate-mass-fragment region for the medium-mass target $^{136}$Xe. The
energetic clusters are mainly contributed from the preequilibrium recognition,
in which the quantum tunneling is taken into account. On the other hand, a
fairly well overall description of light cluster and neutron emission is
obtained and detailed discrepancies with respect to the experimental results
are discussed. Possible modifications on the description of spallation
reactions are stressed and compared with both recent experimental and
theoretical results in the literature.
