  Dualities offer new possibilities for relating fundamentality and emergence.
In particular, as is the aim of this chapter to show, it may happen that the
relations of fundamentality and emergence between dual theories are inverted.
In other words, the direction of emergence typically found in these cases is
opposite to the direction of emergence followed in the standard accounts: that
is, while the standard emergence direction is that of decreasing
fundamentality---in that there is emergence of less fundamental, high-level
entities, out of more fundamental, low-level entities---in these cases of
duality, on the contrary, a more fundamental entity can emerge out of a less
fundamental one. In fact, this possibility can be traced back to the existence
of different classical limits in quantum field theories and string theories.
