  Kuhn's framework of scientific progress (Kuhn, 1962) provides a useful
framing of the paradigm shifts that have occurred in Artificial Intelligence
over the last 60 years. The framework is also useful in understanding what is
arguably a new paradigm shift in AI, signaled by the emergence of large
pre-trained systems such as GPT-3, on which conversational agents such as
ChatGPT are based. Such systems make intelligence a commoditized general
purpose technology that is configurable to applications. In this paper, I
summarize the forces that led to the rise and fall of each paradigm, and
discuss the pressing issues and risks associated with the current paradigm
shift in AI.
