  This research presents a mathematical model of glioma growth dynamics with
drug resistance, capturing interactions among five cell populations: glial
cells, sensitive glioma cells, resistant glioma cells, endothelial cells, and
neuron cells, along with two therapy agent populations: chemotherapy and
anti-angiogenic therapy. Glioma is a malignant tumor originating from glial
cells, undergoes chemotherapy-induced mutations, leading to drug-resistant
glioma cells. This not only impacts glioma cells but also normal cells.
Combining chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy, the model employs a Holling
type II response function, considering optimal dosages for treatment
optimization. Through analysis, three equilibrium are identified: two stable
and one unstable equilibrium points. Numerical simulations, employing phase
portraits and trajectory diagrams, illustrate the combined therapies impact on
glioma cells. In summary, this concise model explores glioma dynamics and drug
resistance, offering insights into the efficacy of combined therapies, crucial
for optimizing glioma treatment.
