  The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and the deployment of
vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology pose significant challenges for distributed
power grids, particularly in fostering trust and ensuring effective
coordination among stakeholders. In this paper, we developed an integrated
scheduling and trading framework to conduct transparent and efficacious
coordination in V2G operations. In blockchain implementation, we propose a
cyber-physical blockchain architecture that enhances transaction efficiency and
scalability by leveraging smart charging points (SCPs) for rapid transaction
validation through a fast-path practical byzantine fault tolerance (fast-path
PBFT) consensus mechanism. From the energy dispatching perspective, a
game-theoretical pricing strategy is employed and smart contracts are utilized
for autonomous decision-making between EVs and operators, aiming to optimize
the trading process and maximize economic benefits. Numerical evaluation of
blockchain consensus shows the effect of the fast-path PBFT consensus in
improving systems scalability with a balanced trade-off in robustness. A case
study, utilizing real-world data from the Southern University of Science and
Technology (SUSTech), demonstrates significant reductions in EV charging costs
and the framework potential to support auxiliary grid services.
