  Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have enabled power conversion efficiencies
exceeding 19% in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the open-circuit voltage
of OSCs remains low relative to their optical gap due to excessive
non-radiative recombination, and this now limits performance. Here, we consider
an important aspect of OSC design, namely management of the triplet exciton
population formed after non-geminate charge recombination. By comparing the
blends PM6:Y11 and PM6:Y6, we show that the greater crystallinity of the NFA
domains in PM6:Y11 leads to a higher rate of triplet-triplet annihilation
(TTA). We attribute this to the four times larger ground state dipole moment of
Y11 versus Y6, which improves the long range NFA out-of-plane ordering. Since
TTA converts a fraction of the non-emissive triplet states into bright singlet
states, it has the potential to reduce non-radiative voltage losses. Through a
kinetic analysis of the recombination processes under 1-Sun illumination, we
provide a framework for determining the conditions under which TTA may improve
OSC performance. If these could be satisfied, TTA has the potential to reduce
non-radiative voltage losses by up to several tens of mV and could thus improve
OSC performance.
