  A study has been made of the evidence for gender-related systematics in the
proposal review processes for the four facilities operated by NRAO: the Jansky
Very Large Array (JVLA; hereafter VLA), the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA),
the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter
Array (ALMA) in Chile which is operated by NRAO/AUI in partnership with the
European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the National Astronomical Observatories
of Japan (NAOJ), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. A significant
gender-related effect is found in the proposal rankings in favor of men over
women in the ALMA Proposal Review Processes (PRP) for ALMA Cycles 2-4, with
reliability of 99.998% that the underlying rank distributions for male and
female PIs are not the same. The effect is largest and most significant for
ALMA Cycle 3. A similar overall result is found for the other three NRAO
telescopes over proposal Semesters 2012A-2017A, but with lower reliability
level overall (98.3%), and with some reversals across semesters in the trend
for better performance in the rankings for male PIs. The results align with
similar studies recently completed for the HST (Reid 2014) and the ESO proposal
review processes (Patat 2016). No correlations are found between the
gender-related proposal ranking trends and the gender fractions on review
panels. The HST and ESO proposal reviews have come to different conclusions
from each other on the role of seniority on the gender-related proposal
outcomes at those observatories. The currently available data for the ALMA and
NRAO user base do not allow us to investigate the important question of the
dependence on the gender-related trends of the seniority of the principal
investigators.
