  With many advancements in in silico biology in recent years, the paramount
challenge is to translate the accumulated knowledge into exciting industry
partnerships and clinical applications. Achieving models that characterize the
link of molecular interactions to the activity and structure of a whole organ
are termed multiscale biophysics. Historically, the pharmaceutical industry has
worked well with in silico models by leveraging their prediction capabilities
for drug testing. However, the needed higher fidelity and higher resolution of
models for efficient prediction of pharmacological phenomenon dictates that in
silico approaches must account for the verifiable multiscale biophysical
phenomena, as a spatial and temporal dimension variation for different
processes and models. The collection of different multiscale models for
different tissues and organs can compose digital twin solutions towards
becoming a service for researchers, clinicians, and drug developers. Our paper
has two main goals: 1) To clarify to what extent detailed single- and
multiscale modeling has been accomplished thus far, we provide a review on this
topic focusing on the biophysics of epithelial, cardiac, and brain tissues; 2)
To discuss the present and future role of multiscale biophysics in in silico
pharmacology as a digital twin solution by defining a roadmap from simple
biophysical models to powerful prediction tools. Digital twins have the
potential to pave the way for extensive clinical and pharmaceutical usage of
multiscale models and our paper shows the basic fundamentals and opportunities
towards their accurate development enabling the quantum leaps of future precise
and personalized medical software.
