  Understanding and predicting outbreaks of contagious diseases are crucial to
the development of society and public health, especially for underdeveloped
countries. However, challenging problems are encountered because of complex
epidemic spreading dynamics influenced by spatial structure and human dynamics
(including both human mobility and human interaction intensity). We propose a
systematical model to depict nationwide epidemic spreading in C\^{o}te
d'Ivoire, which integrates multiple factors, such as human mobility, human
interaction intensity, and demographic features. We provide insights to aid in
modeling and predicting the epidemic spreading process by data-driven
simulation and theoretical analysis, which is otherwise beyond the scope of
local evaluation and geometrical views. We show that the requirement that the
average local basic reproductive number to be greater than unity is not
necessary for outbreaks of epidemics. The observed spreading phenomenon can be
roughly explained as a heterogeneous diffusion-reaction process by redefining
mobility distance according to the human mobility volume between nodes, which
is beyond the geometrical viewpoint. However, the heterogeneity of human
dynamics still poses challenges to precise prediction.
