  A new majority and minority voted redundancy (MMR) scheme is proposed that
can provide the same degree of fault tolerance as N-modular redundancy (NMR)
but with fewer function units and a less sophisticated voting logic. Example
NMR and MMR circuits were implemented using a 32/28nm CMOS process and
compared. The results show that MMR circuits dissipate less power, occupy less
area, and encounter less critical path delay than the corresponding NMR
circuits while providing the same degree of fault tolerance. Hence the MMR is a
promising alternative to the NMR to efficiently implement high levels of
redundancy in safety-critical applications.
