  The increased availability of interactive maps on the Internet and on
personal mobile devices has created new challenges in computational cartography
and, in particular, for label placement in maps. Operations like rotation,
zoom, and translation dynamically change the map over time and make a
consistent adaptation of the map labeling necessary.
  In this paper, we consider map labeling for the case that a map undergoes a
sequence of operations over a specified time span. We unify and generalize
several preceding models for dynamic map labeling into one versatile and
flexible model. In contrast to previous research, we completely abstract from
the particular operations (e.g., zoom, rotation, etc.) and express the labeling
problem as a set of time intervals representing the labels' presences,
activities, and conflicts. The model's strength is manifested in its simplicity
and broad range of applications. In particular, it supports label selection
both for map features with fixed position as well as for moving entities (e.g.,
for tracking vehicles in logistics or air traffic control).
  Through extensive experiments on OpenStreetMap data, we evaluate our model
using algorithms of varying complexity as a case study for navigation systems.
Our experiments show that even simple (and thus, fast) algorithms achieve
near-optimal solutions in our model with respect to an intuitive objective
function.
