  This report first provides a brief review of various forms of dialogue-based
participation, e.g., Citizen Assembly, Citizen Lottery, Citizen Jury,
Deliberative Polling, and Participatory Budgeting. Challenges associated with
these long-lasting practices are identified and hybrid deliberation is proposed
as a concept to address the challenges. The report then analyzes six leading
examples of digital or hybrid formats of citizen dialogues. Through the
comparison of the cases, the report concludes about the hurdles/risks, success
factors/opportunities, and best practices for a complementary use of digital
and analogue participation formats. Hybrid deliberation is proposed to be the
future direction for dialogue-based participation that involves masses and
generates high-quality outcomes.
