  Docker, a widely adopted tool for packaging and deploying applications
leverages Dockerfiles to build images. However, creating an optimal Dockerfile
can be challenging, often leading to "Docker smells" or deviations from best
practices. This paper presents a study of the impact of 14 Docker smells on the
size of Docker images.
  To assess the size impact of Docker smells, we identified and repaired 16 145
Docker smells from 11 313 open-source Dockerfiles. We observe that the smells
result in an average increase of 48.06 MB (4.6%) per smelly image. Depending on
the smell type, the size increase can be up to 10%, and for some specific
cases, the smells can represent 89% of the image size. Interestingly, the most
impactful smells are related to package managers which are commonly encountered
and are relatively easy to fix.
  To collect the perspective of the developers regarding the size impact of the
Docker smells, we submitted 34 pull requests that repair the smells and we
reported their impact on the Docker image to the developers. 26/34 (76.5%) of
the pull requests have been merged and they contribute to a saving of 3.46 GB
(16.4%). The developer's comments demonstrate a positive interest in addressing
those Docker smells even when the pull requests have been rejected
