  A transverse ratchet effect has been measured in magnetic/superconducting
hybrid films fabricated by electron beam lithography and magnetron sputtering
techniques. The samples are Nb films grown on top of an array of Ni
nanotriangles. Injecting an ac current parallel to the triangle reflection
symmetry axis yields an output dc voltage perpendicular to the current, due to
a net motion of flux vortices in the superconductor. The effect is reproduced
by numerical simulations of vortices as Langevin particles with realistic
parameters. Simulations provide an intuitive picture of the ratchet mechanism,
revealing the fundamental role played by the random intrinsic pinning of the
superconductor.
