  Quarks and gluons are the fundamental constituents of nucleons. Their
interactions rather than their mass, is responsible for $99\%$ of the mass of
all visible matter in the universe. Measuring the fundamental properties of
matter has had a large impact on our understanding of the nucleon structure and
it has given us decades of research and technological innovation. Despite the
large number of discoveries made, many fundamental questions remain open and in
need of a new and more precise generation of measurements. The future Electron
Ion Collider (EIC) will be a machine dedicated to hadron structure research. It
will study the content of protons and neutrons in a largely unexplored regime
in which gluons are expected to dominate and eventually saturate. While the EIC
will be the machine of choice to quantify this regime, recent surprising
results from the heavy ion community begin to exhibit similar signatures as
those expected from a regime dominated by gluons. Many of the heavy ion results
that will be discussed in this document highlight the kinematic limitations of
hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus collisions. The reliability of using as a
reference proton-proton (pp) and proton-Nucleus(pA) collisions to quantify and
disentangle vacuum and Cold Nuclear Matter (CNM) effects from a Quark Gluon
Plasma (QGP) may be under question. An selection of relevant pp and pA results
which highlight the need of an EIC will be presented
