  We test the recent claim that supersymmetric matrix quantum mechanics with
mass deformation preserving maximal supersymmetry can be used to study N=4
super Yang-Mills theory on RxS^3 in the planar limit. When the mass parameter
is large, we can integrate out all the massive fluctuations around a particular
classical solution, which corresponds to RxS^3. The resulting effective theory
for the gauge field moduli at finite temperature is studied both analytically
and numerically, and shown to reproduce the deconfinement phase transition in
N=4 super Yang-Mills theory on RxS^3 at weak coupling. This transition was
speculated to be a continuation of the conjectured phase transition at strong
coupling, which corresponds to the Hawking-Page transition based on the
gauge-gravity duality. By choosing a different classical solution of the same
model, one can also reproduce results for gauge theories on other space-time
such as RxS^3/Z_q and RxS^2. All these theories can be studied at strong
coupling by the new simulation method, which was used successfully for
supersymmetric matrix quantum mechanics without mass deformation.
