  We address the trade-off between information and disturbance in qubit
thermometry from the perspective of quantum estimation theory. Given a quantum
measurement, we quantify information via the Fisher information of the
measurement and disturbance via four different figures of merit, which capture
different aspects (statistical, thermodynamical, geometrical) of the trade-off.
For each disturbance measure, the efficient measurements, i.e. the measurements
that introduce a disturbance not greater than any other measurement extracting
the same amount of information, are determined explicitly. The family of
efficient measurements varies with the choice of the disturbance measure. On
the other hand, commutativity between the elements of the probability
operator-valued measure (POVM) and the equilibrium state of the thermometer is
a necessary condition for efficiency with respect to any figure of disturbance.
