  A novel method for calculating power output from wind turbines using
Newtonian mechanics is proposed. This contrasts with current methods based on
interception rates by airfoils of kinetic energy to estimate power output,
governed by the Betz limit of propeller theory. Radial action generates torques
from impulses from air molecules at differing radii on rotor surfaces, both
windward and leeward. Dimensionally, torque is a rate of action. Integration of
the windward torque is achieved numerically using inputs of rotor dimensions,
the angle of incidence of elastic wind impulse on the blade surface, chord and
blade lengths and the tip speed ratio with wind speed. The rate of leeward or
back torque in the plane of rotation is estimated from radial impulses from the
blades rotation on material particles, with magnitude varying with the square
of the blade radius and its angular velocity. The net torque from these rates
of action and reaction is converted to power by its product with the angular
velocity of the turbine rotors, considered as an ideal cycle for wind turbines.
Its design should assist optimization of the aerodynamic elements of turbine
operation. A matter of concern must be predictions for a significant rate of
heat production by wind turbines, represented partly by the magnitude of the
leeward reaction torque but also by a greater release of heat downwind caused
by a turbulent cascade in the wake of air flow following its impacts with the
blades. Given the widespread occurrence of wind farms as sources of renewable
energy and a need to minimize environmental impacts this new method should
promote improved theory and practice regarding wind energy.
