  The precise measurement of temperature is crucial in various fields such as
biology, medicine, industrial automation, energy management, and daily life
applications. While in most scenarios, sensors with a fixed thermal
conductivity inevitably mismatch the analogous parameter of the medium being
measured, thus causing the distortion and inaccurate detection of original
temperature fields. Despite recent efforts on addressing the parameter-mismatch
issue, all current solutions are constrained to a fixed working medium whereas
a more universal sensor should function in a variety of scenes. Here, we report
a dynamic thermal sensor capable of highly accurate measurements in diverse
working environments. Remarkably, thanks to the highly tunable thermal
conductivity of the expanded-plane structure, this sensor works effect on
background mediums with a wide range of conductivity. Such a development
greatly enhances the robustness and adaptability of thermal sensors, setting a
solid foundation for applications in multi-physical sensing scenarios.
