  This paper introduces a novel set of benchmark problems aimed at advancing
research in both single and multi-objective optimization, with a specific focus
on the design of human-powered aircraft. These benchmark problems are unique in
that they incorporate real-world design considerations such as fluid dynamics
and material mechanics, providing a more realistic simulation of engineering
design optimization. We propose three difficulty levels and a wing segmentation
parameter in these problems, allowing for scalable complexity to suit various
research needs. The problems are designed to be computationally reasonable,
ensuring short evaluation times, while still capturing the moderate
multimodality of engineering design problems. Our extensive experiments using
popular evolutionary algorithms for multi-objective problems demonstrate that
the proposed benchmarks effectively replicate the diverse Pareto front shapes
observed in real-world problems, including convex, linear, concave, and
inverted triangular forms. The benchmark problems' source codes are publicly
available for wider application in the optimization research community.
