  The thermodynamic framework of repeated interactions is generalized to an
arbitrary open quantum system in contact with a heat bath. Based on these
findings the theory is then extended to arbitrary measurements performed on the
system. This constitutes a direct experimentally testable framework in strong
coupling quantum thermodynamics. By construction, it provides many quantum
stochastic processes and quantum causal models with a consistent thermodynamic
interpretation. The setting can be further used, for instance, to rigorously
investigate the interplay between non-Markovianity and nonequilibrium
thermodynamics.
