  This paper presents a consolidated grid impact analysis design and
corresponding mitigation strategies for heavy-duty electric vehicle (EV)
charging stations. The charging load of heavy-duty charging station can reach
several megawatts, which could induce adverse impacts on the distribution grid
if not effectively mitigated. To analyze the impacts and provide corresponding
solutions, we select four representative distribution systems - including both
single-feeder cases and a multi-feeder case - and design thorough test metrics
for the impact analysis. The charging load profiles used in the analysis are
derived from realistic conventional heavy-duty vehicle travel data. Based on
the analysis results, charging stations are placed at three different
representative locations in each distribution system: best, good, and worst
locations. Mitigation strategies using a combination of smart charger
functionality, on-site photovoltaic (PV) generation, and on-site energy storage
(ES) are proposed and tested. A sizing method is also proposed to find the
optimal PV-ES-charger capacity that minimizes the capital cost.
