  We introduce the notions in the title for endomorphisms of subshifts, and
using them we characterize various classes of "resolving endomorphisms of
subshifts" in the broad sense including onesided and weak ones. Resolving
endomorphisms of transitive topological Markov shifts and resolving
automorphisms of topological Markov shifts are treated particularly in detail.
Moreover, we understand what the limits of onesided resolving directions are
for "expansiveness" (in the broad sense including onesided ones) of
endomorphisms of subshifts, and we understand the relation between
"resolvingness" and "expansiveness" for endomorphisms and automorphisms of
subshifts and for Z^d-actions on zero-dimensional compact metric spaces.
