  Mechanical metamaterials owe their extraordinary properties and
functionalities to their micro-/nanoscale design of which shape, including both
geometry and topology, is perhaps the most important aspect. 4D printing
enables programmed, predictable, and precise change in the shape of mechanical
metamaterials to achieve multi-functionality, adaptive properties, and the
other types of desired behaviors that cannot be achieved using simple 3D
printing. This paper presents an overview of 4D printing as applied to
mechanical metamaterials. It starts by presenting a systematic definition of
what 4D printing is and what shape aspects (e.g., geometry, topology) are
relevant for the 4D printing of mechanical metamaterials. Instead of focusing
on different printing processes and materials, the paper addresses the most
fundamental aspects of the shapeshifting behaviors required for transforming a
flat construct to a target 3D shape (i.e., 2D to 3D shapeshifting) or
transforming a 3D shape to another 3D shape (i.e., 3D to 3D shapeshifting). In
either case, we will discuss the rigid-body shape morphing (e.g., rigid
origami) as well as deformable-body shapeshifting. The paper concludes with a
discussion of the major challenges ahead of us for applying 4D printing to
mechanical metamaterials and suggests several areas for future research.
