  1. Introduction, 2. The (quasi-parallel) foreshock; Ion foreshock, Ion
foreshock boundary region; Diffuse ions;Low-frequency upstream waves; Ion beam
waves; The expected wave modes; Observations; Diffuse ion waves; Electron
foreshock; Electron beams; Langmuir waves; stability of the electron beam;
Electron foreshock boundary waves; Nature of electron foreshock waves;
Radiation; Observations; Interpretation; 3. Quasi-parallel shock reformation;
Low-Mach number quasi-parallel shocks; Turbulent reformation; Observations;
Simulations of quasi-parallel shock reformation; Hybrid simulations in 1D;
Hybrid simulations in 2D; Full particle PIC simulations; Conclusions; 4. Hot
flow anomalies; Observations; Models and simulations; Solitary shock; 5.
Downstream region; 6. Summary and conclusions.
