  We propose a modelling framework which allows for the estimation of
abundances from trace counts. This indirect method of estimating abundance is
attractive due to the relative affordability with which it may be carried out,
and the reduction in possible risk posed to animals and humans when compared to
direct methods for estimating animal abundance. We assess these methods by
performing simulations which allow us to examine the accuracy of model
estimates. The models are then fitted to several case studies to obtain
abundance estimates for collared peccaries in Brazil, kit foxes in Arizona, red
foxes in Italy and sika deer in Scotland. Simulation results reveal that these
models produce accurate estimates of abundance at a range of sample sizes. In
particular, this modelling framework produces accurate estimates when data is
very scarce. The use of vestige counts in estimating abundance allows for the
monitoring of species which may otherwise go undetected due to their reclusive
nature. Additionally, the efficacy of these models when data is collected at
very few transects will allow for the use of small-scale data collection
programmes which may be carried out at reduced cost, when compared to
larger-scale data collection.
