  Developing and organizing new knowledge is a core activity for scholars.
Recently, ontologies have been introduced as an approach for organizing
knowledge. However, most ontologies do not readily support the development and
organization of new knowledge. By comparison, to ontology, epistemology is the
study of what can be known. Aspects of epistemology include the acquisition of
and justification for new knowledge. Thus, we need to coordinate ontology with
epistemology. Because we are developing frameworks for capturing knowledge
across several scholarly domains, we describe the work in this paper as
exploring structured applied epistemology. Unlike other recent proposals for
new approaches to scholarly publishing, we propose an integrated and
comprehensive approach. We have explored direct representation based on the
rigorous Basic Formal Ontology and in this paper, we consider how epistemology
can be incorporated with that. In addition to highly-structured scientific
research reports, we also consider how to develop highly-structured
descriptions of historical events on which historical analyses can be based.
