  Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) between satellite and terrestrial networks has
increasingly engaged the academic and industrial sectors. Nevertheless,
facilitating secure, efficient and scalable sharing continues to pose a pivotal
challenge. Emerging as a promising technology to bridge the trust gap among
multiple participants, blockchain has been envisioned to enable DSS in a
decentralized manner. However, satellites with limited resources may struggle
to support the frequent interactions required by blockchain networks.
Additionally,given the extensive coverage of satellites, spectrum sharing needs
vary by regions, challenging traditional blockchain approaches to accommodate
differences. In this work, a partitioned, self-governed, and customized dynamic
spectrum sharing approach (PSC-DSS) is proposed for spectrum sharing between
satellite access networks and terrestrial access networks. This approach
establishes a sharded and tiered architecture which allows various regions to
manage spectrum autonomously while jointly maintaining a single blockchain
ledger. Moreover, a spectrum-consensus integrated mechanism, which decouples
DSS process and couples it with blockchain consensus protocol, is designed to
enable regions to conduct DSS transactions in parallel and dynamically innovate
spectrum sharing schemes without affecting others. Furthermore, a theoretical
framework is derived to justify the stability performance of PSC-DSS. Finally,
simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the advantageous
performance of PSC-DSS in terms of low-overhead, high efficiency, and robust
stability.
