  Virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) have recently been used to
provide an immersive, first-person vision/view in real-time for manipulating
remotely-controlled unmanned ground vehicles (UGV). The teleoperation of UGV
can be challenging for operators when it is done in real time. One big
challenge is for operators to perceive quickly and rapidly the distance of
objects that are around the UGV while it is moving. In this research, we
explore the use of monoscopic and stereoscopic views and display types
(immersive and non-immersive VR) for operating vehicles remotely. We conducted
two user studies to explore their feasibility and advantages. Results show a
significantly better performance when using an immersive display with
stereoscopic view for dynamic, real-time navigation tasks that require avoiding
both moving and static obstacles. The use of stereoscopic view in an immersive
display in particular improved user performance and led to better usability.
