  Investments in research and development are key to scientific and economic
growth and to the well-being of society. Scientific research demands
significant resources making national scientific investment a crucial driver of
scientific production. As scientific production becomes increasingly
multinational, it is critical to study how nations' scientific activities are
funded both domestically and internationally. By tracing research grants
acknowledged in scholarly publications, our study reveals a shifting duopoly of
China and the United States in the global funding landscape, with a contrasting
funding pattern; while China has surpassed the United States in publications
with acknowledged domestic and international funding, the United States largely
maintains its role as the most important global research partner. Our results
also highlight the precarity of low- and middle-income countries to global
funding disruptions. By revealing the complex interdependence and collaboration
between countries in the global scientific enterprise, this work informs future
studies investigating the national and global scientific enterprise and how
funding leads to both productive cooperation and vulnerable dependencies.
