  This study analyzes misinformation from WhatsApp, Twitter, and Kwai during
the 2022 Brazilian general election. Given the democratic importance of
accurate information during elections, multiple fact-checking organizations
collaborated to identify and respond to misinformation via WhatsApp tiplines
and power a fact-checking feature within a chatbot operated by Brazil's
election authority, the TSE. WhatsApp is installed on over 99% of smartphones
in Brazil, and the TSE chatbot was used by millions of citizens in the run-up
to the elections. During the same period, we collected social media data from
Twitter (now X) and Kwai (a popular video-sharing app similar to TikTok). Using
the WhatsApp, Kwai, and Twitter data along with fact-checks from three
Brazilian fact-checking organizations, we find unique claims on each platform.
Even when the same claims are present on different platforms, they often differ
in format, detail, length, or other characteristics. Our research highlights
the limitations of current claim matching algorithms to match claims across
platforms with such differences and identifies areas for further algorithmic
development. Finally, we perform a descriptive analysis examining the formats
(image, video, audio, text) and content themes of popular misinformation
claims.
