  Active metasurfaces provide unique advantages for on-demand light
manipulation at a subwavelength scale for emerging applications of 3D displays,
augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) glasses, holographic projectors and light
detection and ranging (LiDAR). These applications put stringent requirements on
switching speed, cycling duration, controllability over intermediate states,
modulation contrast, optical efficiency and operation voltages. However,
previous demonstrations focus only on particular subsets of these key
performance requirements for device implementation, while the other performance
metrics have remained too low for any practical use. Here, we demonstrate an
active Huygens' metasurface based on in-situ grown conductive polymer with
holistic switching performance, including switching speed of 60 frames per
second (fps), switching duration of more than 2000 switching cycles without
noticeable degradation, hysteresis-free controllability over intermediate
states, modulation contrast of over 1400%, optical efficiency of 28% and
operation voltage range within 1 V. Our active metasurface design meets all
foundational requirements for display applications and can be readily
incorporated into other metasurface concepts to deliver high-reliability
electrical control over its optical response, paving the way for compact and
robust electro-optic metadevices.
