  Commodity network devices support adding in-band telemetry measurements into
data packets, enabling a wide range of applications, including network
troubleshooting, congestion control, and path tracing. However, including such
information on packets adds significant overhead that impacts both flow
completion times and application-level performance.
  We introduce PINT, an in-band telemetry framework that bounds the amount of
information added to each packet. PINT encodes the requested data on multiple
packets, allowing per-packet overhead limits that can be as low as one bit. We
analyze PINT and prove performance bounds, including cases when multiple
queries are running simultaneously. PINT is implemented in P4 and can be
deployed on network devices. Using real topologies and traffic characteristics,
we show that PINT concurrently enables applications such as congestion control,
path tracing, and computing tail latencies, using only sixteen bits per packet,
with performance comparable to the state of the art.
