  Grain boundary (GB) migration exhibits intriguing anti-thermal behavior (or
non-Arrhenius behavior), with the temperature and driving force playing crucial
roles. Through atomistic simulations on nickel bicrystals, we investigate the
change in GB mobility with variations in both temperature and driving force.
Our results reveal that the GB mobility initially increases with temperature
and subsequently decreases after reaching the transition temperature (Ttrans),
and, notably, Ttrans exhibits a linear relationship with the activation energy
(Q) associated with GB migration. By modulating the driving force, we found
that the driving force could effectively lower Q, resulting in the shift of
Ttrans towards lower temperatures. Additionally, higher driving forces were
found to activate more migration modes at lower temperatures, potentially
leading to a transition in the thermal behavior of GB migration. Our work
supports the existing theoretical models for GB migration based on both
classical thermal activation and disconnection nucleation. Furthermore, we
refined the existing model by incorporating the influence of the driving force.
The modified model can not only describe the effect of driving force on the
thermal behavior of GB migration but also accounts for the observed
"anti-driving force" phenomenon in GB migration. Our research has the potential
to offer valuable insights for investigating realistic GB migration under more
intricate constraints and environments.
