  We present TangibleGrid, a novel device that allows blind users to understand
and design the layout of a web page with real-time tangible feedback. We
conducted semi-structured interviews and a series of co-design sessions with
blind users to elicit insights that guided the design of TangibleGrid. Our
final prototype contains shape-changing brackets representing the web elements
and a baseboard representing the web page canvas. Blind users can design a web
page layout through creating and editing web elements by snapping or adjusting
tangible brackets on top of the baseboard. The baseboard senses the brackets'
type, size, and location, verbalizes the information, and renders the web page
on the client browser. Through a formative user study, we found that blind
users could understand a web page layout through TangibleGrid. They were also
able to design a new web layout from scratch without the help of sighted
people.
