  The ancient phrase, "All roads lead to Rome" applies to Chemistry and
Physics. Both are highly evolved sciences, with their own history, traditions,
language, and approaches to problems. Despite all these differences, these two
roads generally lead to the same place. For high temperature cuprate
superconductors however, the Chemistry and Physics roads do not meet or even
come close to each other. In this paper, we analyze the physics and chemistry
approaches to the doped electronic structure of cuprates and find the chemistry
doped hole (out-of-the-CuO$\mathrm{_2}$-planes) leads to explanations of a vast
array of normal state cuprate phenomenology using simple counting arguments.
The chemistry picture suggests that phonons are responsible for
superconductivity in cuprates. We identify the important phonon modes, and show
that the observed T$\mathrm{_c} \sim 100$ K, the T$\mathrm{_c}$-dome as a
function of hole doping, the change in T$\mathrm{_c}$ as a function of the
number of CuO$\mathrm{_2}$ layers per unit cell, the lack of an isotope effect
at optimal T$\mathrm{_c}$ doping, and the D-wave symmetry of the
superconducting Cooper pair wavefunction are all explained by the chemistry
picture. Finally, we show that "crowding" the dopants in cuprates leads to a
pair wavefunction with S-wave symmetry and T$\mathrm{_c}\approx280-390$ K.
Hence, we believe there is enormous "latent" T$\mathrm{_c}$ remaining in the
cuprate class of superconductors.
