  Contextual situations are those in which seemingly "the same" random variable
changes its identity depending on the conditions under which it is recorded.
Such a change of identity is observed whenever the assumption that the variable
is one and the same under different conditions leads to contradictions when one
considers its joint distribution with other random variables (this is the
essence of all Bell-type theorems). In our Contextuality-by-Default approach,
instead of asking why or how the conditions force "one and the same" random
variable to change "its" identity, any two random variables recorded under
different conditions are considered different "automatically". They are never
the same, nor are they jointly distributed, but one can always impose on them a
joint distribution (probabilistic coupling). The special situations when there
is a coupling in which these random variables are equal with probability 1 are
considered non-contextual. Contextuality means that such couplings do not
exist. We argue that the determination of the identity of random variables by
conditions under which they are recorded is not a causal relationship and
cannot violate laws of physics.
