  The reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted into the earth's atmosphere,
such as carbon dioxide, has obviously become a priority. Replacing fossil fuels
with cleaner renewable fuels (such as ammonia) in internal combustion engines
for heavy-duty vehicles is one promising solution to reduce GHG emissions. This
paper aims to study the cavitation formation in a heavy-duty injector using
ammonia as fuel. The simulation is carried out using a fully compressible
two-phase multi-component real-fluid model (RFM) developed in the CONVERGE CFD
solver. In the RFM model, the thermodynamic and transport properties are stored
in a table which is used during the run-time. The thermodynamic table is
generated using the in-house Carnot thermodynamic library based on vapor-liquid
equilibrium calculations coupled with a real-fluid equation of state. The RFM
model allows to consider the effects of the dissolved non-condensable gas such
as nitrogen on the phase change process. The obtained numerical results have
confirmed that the model can tackle the phase transition phenomenon under the
considered conditions. In contrast to previous numerical studies of the
cavitation phenomenon using hydrocarbon fuels, the formed cavitation pockets
were found to be primarily composed of ammonia vapor due to its high vapor
pressure, with minimal contribution of the dissolved non-condensable nitrogen.
