  In existing superconducting electronic systems, Josephson junctions play a
central role in processing and transmitting small-amplitude electrical signals.
However, Josephson-junction-based devices have a number of limitations
including: (1) sensitivity to magnetic fields, (2) limited gain, (3) inability
to drive large impedances, and (4) difficulty in controlling the junction
critical current (which depends sensitively on sub-Angstrom-scale thickness
variation of the tunneling barrier). Here we present a nanowire-based
superconducting electronic device, which we call the nanocryotron (nTron), that
does not rely on Josephson junctions and can be patterned from a single thin
film of superconducting material with conventional electron-beam lithography.
The nTron is a 3-terminal, T-shaped planar device with a gain of ~20 that is
capable of driving impedances of more than 100 k{\Omega}, and operates in
typical ambient magnetic fields at temperatures of 4.2K. The device uses a
localized, Joule-heated hotspot formed in the gate to modulate current flow in
a perpendicular superconducting channel. We have characterized the nTron,
matched it to a theoretical framework, and applied it both as a digital logic
element in a half-adder circuit, and as a digital amplifier for superconducting
nanowire single-photon detectors pulses. The nTron has immediate applications
in classical and quantum communications, photon sensing and astronomy, and its
performance characteristics make it compatible with existing superconducting
technologies. Furthermore, because the hotspot effect occurs in all known
superconductors, we expect the design to be extensible to other materials,
providing a path to digital logic, switching, and amplification in
high-temperature superconductors.
