  We present an architecture to investigate wave-particle duality in $N$-path
interferometers on a universal quantum computer involving as low as $2\log N$
qubits and develop a measurement scheme which allows the efficient extraction
of quantifiers of interference visibility and which-path information. We
implement our algorithms for interferometers with up to $N=16$ paths in
proof-of-principle experiments on a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ)
device using down to $\mathcal{O}(\log N)$ gates and despite increasing noise
consistently observe a complementary behavior between interference visibility
and which-path information. Our results are in accordance with our current
understanding of wave-particle duality and allow its investigation for
interferometers with an exponentially growing number of paths on future quantum
devices beyond the NISQ era.
