  The omnipresent nature of mobile applications (apps) in all aspects of daily
lives raises the necessity of reflecting end-users values (e.g., fairness,
honesty, etc.) in apps. However, there are limited considerations of end-users
values in apps development. Value violations by apps have been reported in the
media and are responsible for end-users dissatisfaction and negative
socio-economic consequences. Value violations may bring more severe and lasting
problems for marginalized and vulnerable end-users of apps, which have been
explored less (if at all) in the software engineering community. However,
understanding the values of the end-users of apps is the essential first step
towards values-based apps development. This research aims to fill this gap by
investigating the human values of Bangladeshi female farmers as a marginalized
and vulnerable group of end-users of Bangladeshi agriculture apps. We conducted
an empirical study that collected and analyzed data from a survey with 193
Bangladeshi female farmers to explore the underlying factor structure of the
values of Bangladeshi female farmers and the significance of demographics on
their values. The results identified three underlying factors of Bangladeshi
female farmers. The first factor comprises of five values: benevolence,
security, conformity, universalism, and tradition. The second factor consists
of two values: self-direction and stimulation. The third factor includes three
values: power, achievement, and hedonism. We also identified strong influences
of demographics on some of the values of Bangladeshi female farmers. For
example, area has significant impacts on three values: hedonism, achievement,
and tradition. Similarly, there are also strong influences of household income
on power and security.
