  We study the glass and jamming transition of finite-dimensional models of
simple liquids: hard- spheres, harmonic spheres and more generally bounded pair
potentials that modelize frictionless spheres in interaction. At finite
temperature, we study their glassy dynamics via field-theoretic methods by
resorting to a mapping towards an effective quantum mechanical evolution, and
show that such an approach resolves several technical problems encountered with
previous attempts. We then study the static, mean-field version of their glass
transition via replica theory, and set up an expansion in terms of the
corresponding static order parameter. Thanks to this expansion, we are able to
make a direct and exact comparison between historical Mode-Coupling results and
replica theory. Finally we study these models at zero temperature within the
hypotheses of the random-first-order-transition theory, and are able to derive
a quantitative mean-field theory of the jamming transition. The theoretic
methods of field theory and liquid theory used in this work are presented in a
mostly self-contained, and hopefully pedagogical, way. This manuscript is a
corrected version of my PhD thesis, defended in June, 29th, under the
advisorship of Fr\'ed\'eric van Wijland, and also contains the result of
collaborations with Ludovic Berthier and Francesco Zamponi. The PhD work was
funded by a CFM-JP Aguilar grant, and conducted in the Laboratory MSC at
Universit\'e Denis Diderot--Paris 7, France.
