  The implementors of learning technologies within education environments often
follow strategies that assume the educational environment within which they are
being introduced is culturally neutral. A comprehensive literature review
including 150 papers on educational technology challenges was undertaken. The
purpose of this review is explore different contextual challenges to the
adoption of educational technology in the higher education sector. The cultural
factors that define the key stakeholders (e.g., teachers, lectures, students
and support staff) are often ignored when the implementation processes are
undertaken. Furthermore, it is often assumed that the personnel responsible for
the implementation are also culturally neutral and do not possess any
attributes unique to their culture. It has been shown that cultural factors may
significantly influence the implementation of learning technologies and to
design strategies that fail to consider factors may limit their efficiency and
effectiveness. The challenges are interrelated and based on the findings, this
review proposes a conceptual framework by integrating culture and grit into the
Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) for implementing educational technology in
higher education. The framework will be useful to guide both practice and
research.
