  These lectures describe how the Standard Model of cosmology ($\Lambda$CDM)
has developped, based on observational facts but also on ideas formed in the
context of the theory of fundamental interactions, both gravitational and
nongravitational, the latter being described by the Standard Model of high
energy physics. It focuses on the latest developments, in particular the
precise knowledge of the early Universe provided by the observation of the
Cosmic Microwave Background and the discovery of the present acceleration of
the expansion of the Universe. While insisting on the successes of the Standard
Model of cosmology, we will stress that it rests on three pillars which involve
many open questions: the theory of inflation, the nature of dark matter and of
dark energy. We will devote one chapter to each of these issues, describing in
particular how this impacts our views on the theory of fundamental
interactions. More technical parts are given in italics. They may be skipped
altogether.
