  Cognitive impairments in older adults represent a significant public health
concern, necessitating accurate diagnostic and monitoring strategies. In this
study, the principal cognitive and neuropsychological evaluations employed for
the diagnosis and longitudinal observation of cognitive deficits in the elderly
are investigated. An analytical review of instruments including the Mini-Mental
State Examination (MMSE), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Montreal
Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Trail Making Test (TMT) is conducted. This
examination encompasses an assessment of each instrument's methodology,
efficacy, advantages, and limitations. The objective is to enhance
comprehension of these assessments for the early identification and effective
management of conditions such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment,
thereby contributing to the advancement of cognitive health within the
geriatric population.
