  Ad-hoc networks are specifically designed to facilitate communication in
environments where establishing a dedicated network infrastructure is
exceedingly complex or impractical. The integration of clustering concepts into
various ad-hoc network scenarios, including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN),
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET),
Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTN), Wireless Ad-hoc Networks (WANET), Underwater
Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks (UAV),
commonly known as "drones," Space Networks (SN), and Satellite Networks (TN),
presents abundant opportunities for refining strategies in event tracking and
area monitoring across both deterministic and uncertain environments. This
paper conducts a comparative analysis of diverse proposed strategies leveraging
clustering concepts to address coverage challenges within deterministic and
uncertain environments. As a result, it addresses current and future challenges
inherent in clustering-based WANET, elucidating the merits, shortcomings, and
weaknesses of clustering models. Lastly, it identifies potential avenues for
addressing coverage issues in existing and emerging technologies.
