  We present the Deep Synoptic Array (DSA-110) discovery and interferometric
localization of the so far non-repeating FRB 20220319D. The FRB originates in a
young, rapidly star-forming barred spiral galaxy, IRAS 02044$+$7048, at just 50
Mpc. Although the NE2001 and YMW16 models for the Galactic interstellar-medium
(ISM) contribution to the DM of FRB 20220319D exceed its total observed DM, we
show that uncertainties in these models accommodate an extragalactic origin for
the burst. We derive a conservative upper limit on the DM contributed by the
circumgalactic medium (CGM) of the Milky Way: the limit is either 28.7 pc
cm$^{-3}$ and 47.3 pc cm$^{-3}$, depending on which of two pulsars nearby on
the sky to FRB 20220319D is used to estimate the ISM DM. These limits both
imply that the total Galactic CGM mass is $<10^{11}M_{\odot}$, and that the
baryonic mass of the Milky Way is $\lesssim60\%$ of the cosmological average
given the total halo mass. More stringent albeit less conservative constraints
are possible when the DMs of pulsars in the distant globular cluster M53 are
additionally considered. Although our constraints are sensitive to possible
anisotropy in the CGM and to the assumed form of the radial-density profile,
they are not subject to uncertainties in the chemical and thermal properties of
the CGM. Our results strongly support scenarios commonly predicted by
galaxy-formation simulations wherein feedback processes expel baryonic matter
from the halos of galaxies like the Milky Way.
