  In this paper, we study positive as well as non-negative and non-trivial
gradings on finite dimensional Lie algebras. We give a different proof that the
existence of such a grading on a Lie algebra is invariant under taking field
extensions, a result very recently obtained by Y. Cornulier. Similarly, we
prove that given a grading of one these types and a finite group of
automorphisms, there always exist a positive grading which is preserved by this
group. From these results we conclude that the existence of an expanding map or
a non-trivial self-cover on an infra-nilmanifold depends only on the covering
Lie group. Another application is the construction of a nilmanifold admitting
an Anosov diffeomorphism but no non-trivial self-covers and in particular no
expanding maps, which is the first known example of this type.
