  Magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) are smart materials consisting of
micro-scale magnetizable particles suspended in a carrier fluid. The
rheological properties of a MRF can be changed from a fluid-state to a
solid-state upon the application of an external magnetic field. This study
reports the development of a particle-level simulation code for magnetic solid
spheres moving through an incompressible Newtonian carrier fluid. The numerical
algorithm is implemented within an open-source finite-volume solver coupled
with an immersed boundary method (FVM-IBM) to perform fully-resolved
simulations. The particulate phase of the MRF is modeled using the discrete
element method (DEM). The resultant force acting on the particles due to the
external magnetic field is computed based on the Clausius-Mossotti
relationship. The fixed and mutual dipole magnetic models are then used to
account for the magnetic (MAG) interactions between particles. Several
benchmark flows were simulated using the newly-developed FVM-IBM-DEM-MAG
algorithm to assess the accuracy and robustness of the calculations.
