  The LATE monotonicity assumption of Imbens and Angrist (1994) precludes
"defiers," individuals whose treatment always runs counter to the instrument,
in the terminology of Balke and Pearl (1993) and Angrist et al. (1996). I allow
for defiers in a model with a binary instrument and a binary treatment. The
model is explicit about the randomization process that gives rise to the
instrument. I use the model to develop estimators of the counts of defiers,
always takers, compliers, and never takers. I propose separate versions of the
estimators for contexts in which the parameter of the randomization process is
unspecified, which I intend for use with natural experiments with virtual
random assignment. I present an empirical application that revisits Angrist and
Evans (1998), which examines the impact of virtual random assignment of the sex
of the first two children on subsequent fertility. I find that subsequent
fertility is much more responsive to the sex mix of the first two children when
defiers are allowed.
