  Accurate prediction of spray atomization process using an Euler-Lagrange (EL)
approach is challenging because of high volume fraction of the liquid phase in
dense regimes. This would in reality displace a remarkable portion of the
gaseous phase which is commonly ignored in the standard EL approaches. In
addition, deformation of droplet due to the interaction of aerodynamic force,
surface tension and viscous forces is typically neglected in modeling dense
sprays. In this work, to capture the volumetric displacement effects using an
EL approach, the spatio-temporal changes in the volume fraction of the gaseous
phase are taken into account. This leads to zero-Mach number, variable density
equations that give rise to a source term in both momentum and continuity
equations. It is shown that the continuity source term increases the velocity
and dynamics of the carrier phase close to the nozzle. However, owing to the
jet spread and dispersion of droplets, these effects decrease further
downstream. In order to quantify the droplet deformation effects, different
models are compared together with an experimental data. Different breakup
regimes are studied in order to identify the best model for each regime. The
shape deformation effect is isolated by performing a single droplet injected
into the cross flow with flow conditions similar to the bag-type breakup. A
significant deviation in the motion of droplet is observed compared to a case
where deformation is neglected.
