  For many years chiral effective theory (ChEFT) has enabled and supported
lattice QCD calculations of hadron observables by allowing systematic effects
from unphysical lattice parameters to be controlled. In the modern era of
precision lattice simulations approaching the physical point, ChEFT techniques
remain valuable tools. In this review we discuss the modern uses of ChEFT
applied to lattice studies of hadron structure in the context of recent
determinations of important and topical quantities. We consider muon g-2,
strangeness in the nucleon, the proton radius, nucleon polarizabilities, and
sigma terms relevant to the prediction of dark-matter-hadron interaction
cross-sections, among others.
