  With the recent availability of state-of-the-art heavy-ion stable and
radioactive beams, there has been a renew interest in the investigation of
nuclear reactions with heavy ions. I first present the role of inelastic and
transfer channel couplings in fusion reactions induced by stable heavy ions.
Analysis of experimental fusion cross sections by using standard
coupled-channel calculations is discussed. The role of multi-neutron transfer
is investigated in the fusion process below the Coulomb barrier by analyzing
$^{32}$S+$^{90,96}$Zr as benchmark reactions. The enhancement of fusion cross
sections for $^{32}$S+$^{96}$Zr is well reproduced at sub-barrier energies by
NTFus code calculations including the coupling of the neutron-transfer channels
following the Zagrebaev semi-classical model. Similar effects for
$^{40}$Ca+$^{90}$Zr and $^{40}$Ca+$^{96}$Zr fusion excitation functions are
found. The breakup coupling in both the elastic scattering and in the fusion
process induced by weakly bound stable projectiles is also shown to be crucial.
In this lecture, full coupled-channel calculations of the fusion excitation
functions are performed by using the breakup coupling for the more neutron-rich
reaction and for the more weakly bound projectiles. I clearly demonstrate that
Continuum-Discretized Coupled-Channel calculations are capable to reproduce the
fusion enhancement from the breakup coupling in $^{6}$Li+$^{59}$Co.
