  Understanding the interaction of intense, femtosecond X-ray pulses with heavy
atoms is crucial for gaining insights into the structure and dynamics of
matter. One key aspect of nonlinear light-matter interaction was, so far, not
studied systematically at free-electron lasers -- its dependence on the photon
energy. Using resonant ion spectroscopy, we map out the transient electronic
structures occurring during the complex charge-up pathways. Massively hollow
atoms featuring up to six simultaneous core holes determine the spectra at
specific photon energies and charge states. We also illustrate how the
influence of different X-ray pulse parameters that are usually intertwined can
be partially disentangled. The extraction of resonance spectra is facilitated
by the fact that the ion yields become independent of the peak fluence beyond a
saturation point. Our study lays the groundwork for novel spectroscopies of
transient atomic species in exotic, multiple-core-hole states that have not
been explored previously.
