  The intricate relationship between language and culture has long been a
subject of exploration within the realm of linguistic anthropology. Large
Language Models (LLMs), promoted as repositories of collective human knowledge,
raise a pivotal question: do these models genuinely encapsulate the diverse
knowledge adopted by different cultures? Our study reveals that these models
demonstrate greater cultural alignment along two dimensions -- firstly, when
prompted with the dominant language of a specific culture, and secondly, when
pretrained with a refined mixture of languages employed by that culture. We
quantify cultural alignment by simulating sociological surveys, comparing model
responses to those of actual survey participants as references. Specifically,
we replicate a survey conducted in various regions of Egypt and the United
States through prompting LLMs with different pretraining data mixtures in both
Arabic and English with the personas of the real respondents and the survey
questions. Further analysis reveals that misalignment becomes more pronounced
for underrepresented personas and for culturally sensitive topics, such as
those probing social values. Finally, we introduce Anthropological Prompting, a
novel method leveraging anthropological reasoning to enhance cultural
alignment. Our study emphasizes the necessity for a more balanced multilingual
pretraining dataset to better represent the diversity of human experience and
the plurality of different cultures with many implications on the topic of
cross-lingual transfer.
