  Fine-tuning studies whether some physical parameters, or relevant ratios
between them, are located within so-called life-permitting intervals of small
probability outside of which carbon-based life would not be possible. Recent
developments have found estimates of these probabilities that circumvent
previous concerns of measurability and selection bias. However, the question
remains if fine-tuning can indeed be known. Using a mathematization of the
epistemological concepts of learning and knowledge acquisition, we argue that
most examples that have been touted as fine-tuned cannot be formally assessed
as such. Nevertheless, fine-tuning can be known when the physical parameter is
seen as a random variable and it is supported in the nonnegative real line,
provided the size of the life-permitting interval is small in relation to the
observed value of the parameter.
