  Space poses significant challenges for human physiology, leading to
physiological adaptations in response to an environment vastly different from
Earth. While these adaptations can be beneficial, they may not fully counteract
the adverse impact of space-related stressors. A comprehensive understanding of
these physiological adaptations is needed to devise effective countermeasures
to support human life in space. This review focuses on the impact of the
environment in space on the musculoskeletal system. It highlights the complex
interplay between bone and muscle adaptation, the underlying physiological
mechanisms, and their implications on astronaut health. Furthermore, the review
delves into the deployed and current advances in countermeasures and proposes,
as a perspective for future developments, wearable sensing and robotic
technologies, such as exoskeletons, as a fitting alternative.
