  We are at the beginning of a new age in which artificial entities will
perform significant amounts of high-level cognitive processing rivaling and
even surpassing human thinking. The future belongs to those who can best
collaborate with artificial cognitive entities achieving a high degree of
cognitive augmenta-tion. However, we currently lack theoretically grounded
fundamental metrics able to describe human or artificial cognition much less
augmented and combined cognition. How do we measure thinking, cognition,
information, and knowledge in an implementation-independent way? How can we
tell how much thinking an artificial entity does and how much is done by a
human? How can we measure the combined and possible even emergent effect of
humans working together with intelligent artificial entities? These are some of
the challenges for research-ers in this field. We first define a cognitive
process as the transformation of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. We
then review several existing and emerging information metrics based on entropy,
processing effort, quantum physics, emergent capacity, and human concept
learning. We then discuss how these fail to answer the above questions and
provide guidelines for future re-search.
