  This PhD thesis aims at describing the applications of noncommutative
geometry to particle physics and quantum field theory. It includes a brief
survey of the basic principles and definitions of noncommutative geometry such
as spectral triples, differential calculus or gauge theories on projective
modules. Within this framework, The index theorem and cyclic homology are
applied to the probe of topologically non trivial properties of Chern-Simons
and Yang-Mills action functionals in dimension 3 and 4. Following earlier work
on the standard model in noncommutative geometry, it also provides a general
study of all Yang-Mills-Higgs models based on space-times structures which are
the product of usual space-time by a discrete space, with emphasis on the
physical properties of the resulting theories. Finally, the last part is
devoted to the development of classical and quantum gauge theory on the
noncommutative torus in any dimension. It includes a discussion of topological
properties and symmetries of the action as well as its perturbative
quantization.
