  This work demonstrates that nontopological solitons with large global charges
and masses, even above the Planck scale, can form in the early universe and
dominate the dark matter abundance. In solitosynthesis, solitons prefer to grow
as large as possible under equilibrium dynamics when an initial global charge
asymmetry is present. Their abundance is set by when soliton formation via
particle fusion freezes out, and their charges are set by the time it takes to
accumulate free particles. This work improves the estimation of both
quantities, and in particular shows that much larger-charged solitons form than
previously thought. The results are estimated analytically and validated
numerically by solving the coupled Boltzmann equations. Without
solitosynthesis, phase transitions can still form solitons from particles left
inside false-vacuum pockets and determine their present-day abundance and
properties. Even with zero charge asymmetry, solitons formed in this way can
have very large charges on account of statistical fluctuations in the numbers
of (anti)particles inside each pocket.
