  This paper presents a spatial-temporal single harmonic switching (STHS)
transmitter array architecture with enhanced efficiency in the power back-off
(PBO) region. STHS is an electromagnetic and circuit co-designed and jointly
optimized transmitter array that realizes beamforming and back-off power
generation at the same time. The temporal dimension is originally added in STHS
to achieve back-off efficiency enhancement, which can be combined with
conventional power back-off enhancement methods such as Doherty amplifiers and
envelope tracking. The design is validated through a simulation of a two-stage
power amplifier in 65-nm CMOS at 77 GHz, which achieves a peak drain efficiency
(DE) of 24.2%, a 22% DE at 3-dB PBO, 16% DE at 6-dB PBO, and 10.2% at 9-dB PBO.
The efficiency exhibits a 57% improvement at 3-dB PBO, 100% improvement at 6-dB
PBO, and 190% improvement at 9-dB PBO compared with class A/B amplifier.
