  How did written works evolve, disappear or survive down through the ages? In
this paper, we propose a unified, formal framework for two fundamental
questions in the study of the transmission of texts: how much was lost or
preserved from all works of the past, and why do their genealogies (their
``phylogenetic trees'') present the very peculiar shapes that we observe or,
more precisely, reconstruct? We argue here that these questions share
similarities to those encountered in evolutionary biology, and can be described
in terms of ``genetic'' drift and ``natural'' selection. Through agent-based
models, we show that such properties as have been observed by philologists
since the 1800s can be simulated, and confronted to data gathered for ancient
and medieval texts across Europe, in order to obtain plausible estimations of
the number of works and manuscripts that existed and were lost.
