  In recent years, graph pre-training has gained significant attention,
focusing on acquiring transferable knowledge from unlabeled graph data to
improve downstream performance. Despite these recent endeavors, the problem of
negative transfer remains a major concern when utilizing graph pre-trained
models to downstream tasks. Previous studies made great efforts on the issue of
what to pre-train and how to pre-train by designing a variety of graph
pre-training and fine-tuning strategies. However, there are cases where even
the most advanced "pre-train and fine-tune" paradigms fail to yield distinct
benefits. This paper introduces a generic framework W2PGNN to answer the
crucial question of when to pre-train (i.e., in what situations could we take
advantage of graph pre-training) before performing effortful pre-training or
fine-tuning. We start from a new perspective to explore the complex generative
mechanisms from the pre-training data to downstream data. In particular, W2PGNN
first fits the pre-training data into graphon bases, each element of graphon
basis (i.e., a graphon) identifies a fundamental transferable pattern shared by
a collection of pre-training graphs. All convex combinations of graphon bases
give rise to a generator space, from which graphs generated form the solution
space for those downstream data that can benefit from pre-training. In this
manner, the feasibility of pre-training can be quantified as the generation
probability of the downstream data from any generator in the generator space.
W2PGNN offers three broad applications: providing the application scope of
graph pre-trained models, quantifying the feasibility of pre-training, and
assistance in selecting pre-training data to enhance downstream performance. We
provide a theoretically sound solution for the first application and extensive
empirical justifications for the latter two applications.
