  The celebrated S-Lemma was originally proposed to ensure the existence of a
quadratic Lyapunov function in the Lur'e problem of absolute stability. A
quadratic Lyapunov function is, however, nothing else than a squared Euclidean
norm on the state space (that is, a norm induced by an inner product). A
natural question arises as to whether squared non-Euclidean norms
$V(x)=\|x\|^2$ may serve as Lyapunov functions in stability problems. This
paper presents a novel non-polynomial S-Lemma that leads to constructive
criteria for the existence of such functions defined by weighted $\ell_p$
norms. Our generalized S-Lemma leads to new absolute stability and absolute
contractivity criteria for Lur'e-type systems, including, for example, a new
simple proof of the Aizerman and Kalman conjectures for positive Lur'e systems.
