  Leibniz considered the notion of the 'empty physical space' to be a
meaningless abstraction, and he held firmly to the view that the only
significant thing was the set of relationships between 'objects', whatever
these 'objects' might be. Similarly, he was equally clear in expressing his
views about Newton's universal time, which he also considered to be a
meaningless abstraction. In effect, for him, time was no more than a synonym
for ordered change within a material system.
  The process of giving quantitative realization to this duality of
non-Newtonian ideas forms the core of this work. A primary result arising is
that every gravitating particle is no more than a clock - the geometric Leibniz
Clock - which provides all the basic things: it conserves energy and angular
momentum and satisfies the Weak Equivalence Principle.
  When the Clock is applied to model the concept of a galactic object within
which all motions are circular, the characteristic properties of the MOND
galaxy (asymptotic flatness, a critical acceleration scale, the baryonic
Tully-Fisher relationship) are quantitatively reproduced in the resulting
Leibniz galaxy. In short, the characteristic essence of MOND has its source in
the geometric Leibniz Clock.
