  Hypersonic vehicles must withstand extreme conditions during flights that
exceed five times the speed of sound. These systems have the potential to
facilitate rapid access to space, bolster defense capabilities, and create a
new paradigm for transcontinental earth-to-earth travel. However, extreme
aerothermal environments create significant challenges for vehicle materials
and structures. This work addresses the critical need to develop resilient
refractory alloys, composites, and ceramics. We will highlight key design
principles for critical vehicle areas such as primary structures, thermal
protection, and propulsion systems; the role of theory and computation; and
strategies for advancing laboratory-scale materials to flight-ready components.
