  The HANDY model of Motesharrei, Rivas, and Kalnay examines interactions with
the environment by human populations, both between poor and rich people, i.e.,
"Commoners" and "Elites". The Elites control the society's wealth and consume
it at a higher rate than Commoners, whose work produces the wealth. We say a
model is "Elite-dominated" when the Elites' per capita population change rate
is always at least as large as the Commoners'. We can show the HANDY model
always exhibits population crashes for all choices of parameter values for
which it is Elite-dominated. But any such model with explicit equations raises
questions of how the resulting behaviors depend on the details of the models.
How important are the particular design features codified in the differential
equations? In this paper, we first replace the explicit equations of HANDY with
differential equations that are only described conceptually or qualitatively -
using only conditions that can be verified for explicit systems. Next, we
discard the equations entirely, replacing them with qualitative conditions, and
we prove these conditions imply population collapse must occur. In particular,
one condition is that the model is Elite-dominated. We show that the HANDY
model with Elite-dominated parameters satisfies our hypotheses and thus must
undergo population collapse. Our approach of introducing qualitative
mathematical hypotheses can better show the underlying features of the model
that lead to collapse. We also ask how societies can avoid collapse.
