  Electronic identification (eID) systems allow citizens to assert and
authenticate their identities for various purposes, such as accessing
government services or conducting financial transactions. These systems improve
user access to rights, services, and the formal economy. As eID systems become
an essential facet of national development, any failure, compromise, or misuse
can be costly and damaging to the government, users, and society. Therefore, an
effective risk assessment is vital for identifying emerging risks to the system
and assessing their impact. However, developing a comprehensive risk assessment
for these systems must extend far beyond focusing on technical security and
privacy impacts and must be conducted with a contextual understanding of
stakeholders and the communities these systems serve. In this study, we posit
that current risk assessments do not address risk factors for all key
stakeholders and explore how potential compromise could impact them each in
turn. In the examination of the broader impact of risks and the potentially
significant consequences for stakeholders, we propose a framework that
considers a wide range of factors, including the social, economic, and
political contexts in which these systems were implemented. This provides a
holistic platform for a better assessment of risk to the eID system.
