  There has been an unprecedented digitization drive in the industrial sector,
especially in the maritime industry. The profusion of intelligent electronic
devices and IOT-enabled cyber-physical systems (CPS) has helped in the
efficient use of resources and increased convenience. CPS has enabled real-time
remote command and control of industrial assets. Unlike the relatively isolated
legacy systems, the intertwined nature of Information Technology(IT) and
Operations Technology(OT) brought by Industry 4.0 has increased the complexity
of the systems, thereby increasing the attack surface. This work explores the
possible consequences of these attacks from a more holistic view, focusing on
high-risk assets such as offshore oil rigs, offshore wind farms, and autonomous
vessels. The attacks have become more aggressive with the proliferation of such
technologies, disrupting the physical process, causing fire and explosion
hazards, and endangering human life and environmental health. The possible
attack scenarios, the attack vectors, and their physical consequences have been
discussed from the perspective of personnel safety and health, along with known
security breaches of such nature. To the best of the authors' knowledge, seldom
has any work been done that accentuates the possible human and environmental
impacts of such attacks.
