  Agrivoltaics (APV) is the dual use of land by combining agricultural crop
production and photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this work, we have analyzed three
different APV configurations: static with optimal tilt, vertically-mounted
bifacial, and single-axis horizontal tracking. A model is developed to
calculate the shadowing losses on the PV panels along with the reduced solar
irradiation reaching the area under them for different PV capacity densities.
First, we investigate the trade-offs using a location in Denmark as a case
study and second, we extrapolate the analysis to the rest of Europe. We find
that the vertical and single-axis tracking produce more uniform irradiance on
the ground, and a capacity density of around 30 W/m2 is suitable for APV
systems. Based on our model and a 100 m-resolution land cover database, we
calculate the potential for APV in every NUTS-2 region within the European
Union (EU). The potential for APV is enormous as the electricity generated by
APV systems could produce 28 times the current electricity demand in Europe.
Overall, the potential capacity for APV in Europe is 51 TW, which would result
in an electricity yield of 71500 TWh/year.
