  In recent years, fuel cell/battery hybrid systems have attracted substantial
attention due to their high energy density and low emissions. The online energy
management system (EMS) is essential for these hybrid systems, tasked with
controlling the energy flow and ensuring optimal system performance,
encompassing fuel efficiency and mitigating fuel cell and battery degradation.
This research proposes a novel approach to energy management for hybrid fuel
cell/battery systems with multiple fuel cell stacks. It introduces an online
EMS that employs Mixed Integer Quadratic Programming (MIQP) to independently
control each fuel cell stack in the hybrid system. The performance of this
method is compared to Dynamic Programming (DP), a standard approach for energy
management in such systems. Results demonstrate that the proposed method
achieves superior computational efficiency compared to DP while delivering
improved performance. Furthermore, the research reveals that independent
control of multiple stacks results in a more optimized system operation
compared to traditional methods, which consider multiple stacks as a single
entity and implement identical control actions across all.
