  We consider hard exclusive production of exotic hadrons to study their
internal structure. Revisiting the constituent-counting rule for the
large-angle exclusive scattering, we discuss general features expected for the
production cross section of exotic hadrons whose leading Fock states are given
by multi-quark states other than the ordinary baryon ($qqq$) or meson
($q\bar{q}$) states.We take the production of $\Lambda(1405)$ as an example and
propose to study its partonic configuration from the asymptotic scaling of the
cross section, which is measurable at J-PARC. We also discuss the production of
a pair of the light-hadrons such as $f_0(980)$s and $a_0(980)$s in
$\gamma^*\gamma$ collisions in the framework of QCD factorization, in which the
cross section is expressed as a convolution of the perturbative coefficients
and the generalized distribution amplitudes (GDAs). We demonstrate how the
internal structure of $f_0(980)$ or $a_0(980)$ can be explored by measuring the
GDAs at $e^+e^-$ experiments such as the B-factories.
