  Opposition to vaccination has long been a non-negligible public health
phenomenon resulted from people's varied perceptions toward vaccination (e.g.,
vaccine-phobia). This paper investigates the voluntary vaccination behavior of
a heterogeneous population during an epidemic outbreak, where each individual
makes its own vaccination decision to minimize its expected disutility from
both vaccine-phobia and the risk of infection. Such a problem is known as a
vaccination game, as people's vaccination decisions not only affect their own
disutilities but those of all others through probabilistic disease
transmissions. To study the vaccination game, the susceptible-infected-removed
disease propagation process is generalized into a new epidemic dynamics model
to allow dynamic vaccination and immunity activation in a heterogeneous mixing
population. An efficient computation method is proposed to evaluate the final
state of the dynamic epidemic system. Then, a classic game-theoretical
equilibrium model is built upon these results to examine the impacts of
people's vaccination behavior on the overall risk of epidemic outbreak. A
hypothetical case study is used to validate the dynamics model and the derived
results, and extensive numerical experiments are conducted to identify the key
factors that affect people's vaccination decisions and the risk of an outbreak.
Moreover, three alternative vaccination schemes are also studied to examine the
effects of early and non-differential vaccination treatments, respectively.
