  The Ice Giants represent a unique and relatively poorly characterized class
of planets that have been largely unexplored since the brief Voyager 2 flyby in
the late 1980's. Uranus is particularly enigmatic, due to its extreme axial
tilt, offset magnetic field, apparent low heat budget, mysteriously cool
stratosphere and warm thermosphere, as well as a lack of well-defined,
long-lived storm systems and distinct atmospheric features. All these
characteristics make Uranus a scientifically intriguing target, particularly
for missions able to complete in situ measurements. The 2023-2032 Decadal
Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology prioritized a flagship orbiter
and probe to explore Uranus with the intent to "...transform our knowledge of
Ice Giants in general and the Uranian system in particular" (National Academies
of Sciences and Medicine, 2022). In support of this recommendation, we present
community-supported science questions, key measurements, and a suggested
instrument suite that focuses on the exploration and characterization of the
Uranian atmosphere by an in situ probe. The scope of these science questions
encompasses the origin, evolution, and current processes that shape the Uranian
atmosphere, and in turn the Uranian system overall. Addressing these questions
will inform vital new insights about Uranus, Ice Giants and Gas Giants in
general, the large population of Neptune-sized exoplanets, and the Solar System
as a whole.
