  In the present work, we study the energization and displacement of heavy ions
through the use of test particles interacting with the electromagnetic fields
of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. These fields are obtained from
pseudospectral direct numerical solutions (DNSs) of the compressible
three-dimensional MHD equations with a strong background magnetic field. We
find particle energization to be predominantly perpendicular as the ions become
heavier (lower charge-to-mass ratio) and that high displacement is detrimental
for perpendicular energization. On the other hand, perpendicular displacement
is unaffected by the charge-to-mass ratio, which we explain with a simple guide
center model. Using Voronoi tessellation along with this model, we analyze
preferential concentration and find that particles behave as tracers in the
perpendicular plane, clustering in regions with
$\nabla_\perp\cdot\mathbf{u}_\perp < 0$. These regions also have
$(\nabla\times\mathbf{E})_z < 0$, which is optimal for perpendicular
energization, thus providing a mechanism to understand precedent results.
