  I discuss several novel and unexpected aspects of quantum chromodynamics.
These include: (a) the nonperturbative origin of intrinsic strange, charm and
bottom quarks in the nucleon at large light-cone momenta x; the breakdown of
pQCD factorization theorems due to the lensing effects of initial- and
final-state interactions; (b) important corrections to pQCD scaling for
inclusive reactions due to processes in which hadrons are created at high
transverse momentum directly in the hard processes and their relation to the
baryon anomaly in high-centrality heavy-ion collisions; and (c) the
nonuniversality of quark distributions in nuclei. I also discuss some novel
theoretical perspectives in QCD: (a) light-front holography -- a relativistic,
color-confining, first approximation to QCD based on the AdS/CFT correspondence
principle; (b) the principle of maximum conformality -- a method which
determines the renormalization scale at finite order in perturbation theory
yielding scheme independent results; (c) the replacement of quark and gluon
vacuum condensates by "in-hadron condensates" and how this helps to resolves
the conflict between QCD vacuum and the cosmological constant.
