  "Fake news" is a recent phenomenon, but misinformation and propaganda are
not. Our new communication technologies make it easy for us to be exposed to
high volumes of true, false, irrelevant, and unprovable information. Future AI
is expected to amplify the problem even more. At the same time, our brains are
reaching their limits in handling information. How should we respond to
propaganda? Technology can help, but relying on it alone will not suffice in
the long term. We also need ethical policies, laws, regulations, and trusted
authorities, including fact-checkers. However, we will not solve the problem
without the active engagement of the educated citizen. Epistemological
education, recognition of self biases and protection of our channels of
communication and trusted networks are all needed to overcome the problem and
continue our progress as democratic societies.
