  Isaac Newton's book 'Opticks' from the 18th century includes several
hypotheses on the structure of matter. Most of the hypotheses were confirmed
during the 19th and 20th centuries at the scale of atoms and molecules.
Conflicts appear however with today's Standard Model of particle physics. The
confirmations at atomic and molecular levels, and the conflicts at the
subatomic level, are described and discussed here. Various precursors to the
Standard Model for which the conflicts are less severe are also described.
These date back to Yukawa's meson model of 1935, and they are subject to other
uncertainties. Observations with electron-proton colliders that are under
consideration by CERN could clarify the situation.
