  We propose a model-free artificial pancreas (AP) for people with type 1
diabetes. The algorithmic parameters are tuned to a virtual population of
1,000,000 individuals, and the AP repeatedly estimates the basal and bolus
insulin requirements necessary for maintaining normal blood glucose levels.
Therefore, the AP can be used without healthcare personnel or engineers
customizing the algorithm to each user. The estimates are based on bodyweight,
measurements from a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), and estimates of the meal
carbohydrate contents. In a virtual clinical trial with all 1,000,000
individuals (i.e., a Monte Carlo closed-loop simulation), the AP achieves a
mean time in range of more than 87% and almost 89% of the participants satisfy
several glycemic targets.
