  Vehicular visible light communication (V-VLC) aims to provide secure
complementary vehicle to everything communications (V2X) to increase road
safety and traffic efficiency. V-VLC provides directional transmissions, mainly
enabling line-of-sight (LoS) communications. However, reflections due to nearby
objects enable non-line-of-sight (NLoS) transmissions, extending the usage
scenarios beyond LoS. In this paper, we propose a wide-band measurement-based
NLoS channel characterization and evaluate the performance of direct current
biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) V-VLC
scheme for NLoS channel. We propose a distance-based NLoS V-VLC channel path
loss model considering reflection surface characteristics and NLoS V-VLC
channel impulse response (CIR) incorporating the temporal broadening effect due
to vehicle reflections through weighted double gamma function. The proposed
path loss model yields higher accuracy up to 14 dB when compared to the single
order reflection model whereas the CIR model estimates the full width at half
maximum up to 2 ns accuracy. We further demonstrate that the target
bit-error-rate of 10^-3 can be achieved up to 7.86 m, 9.79 m, and 17.62 m
distances for black, orange, and white vehicle reflection induced measured NLoS
V-VLC channels for DCO-OFDM transmissions.
