  [Background] Refactoring has matured over the past twenty years to become
part of a developer's toolkit. However, many fundamental research questions
still remain largely unexplored. [Aim] The goal of this paper is to investigate
the highest and lowest quartile of refactoring-based data using two coupling
metrics - the Coupling between Objects metric and the more recent Conceptual
Coupling between Classes metric to answer this question. Can refactoring trends
and patterns be identified based on the level of class coupling? [Method] In
this paper, we analyze over six thousand refactoring operations drawn from
releases of three open-source systems to address one such question. [Results]
Results showed no meaningful difference in the types of refactoring applied
across either lower or upper quartile of coupling for both metrics;
refactorings usually associated with coupling removal were actually more
numerous in the lower quartile in some cases. A lack of inheritance-related
refactorings across all systems was also noted. [Conclusions] The emerging
message (and a perplexing one) is that developers seem to be largely
indifferent to classes with high coupling when it comes to refactoring types -
they treat classes with relatively low coupling in almost the same way.
