  The Copenhagen interpretation has been the subject of much criticism, notably
by De Broglie and Einstein, because it contradicts the principles of causality
and realism. The aim of this essay is to study the wave mechanics as an
alternative to traditional quantum mechanics, in the continuity of the ideas of
Louis de Broglie: the pilot wave theory of De Broglie (where each particle is
associated with a wave which guides it), De Broglie-Bohm theory, stochastic
electrodynamics (where the stochastic character of particles is caused by the
energy field of the fluctuating vacuum), and the analogies between quantum
mechanics and hydrodynamics.
