  The Calculus Concept Readiness (CCR) instrument is based on the broad body of
mathematics education research that has revealed major understandings,
representational abilities, and reasoning abilities students need to construct
in precalculus level courses to be successful in calculus. The CCR is a 25-item
multiple-choice instrument, and the CCR taxonomy articulates what the CCR
assesses. The methodology used to develop and validate the CCR is described and
illustrated. Results from administering the CCR as a readiness examination in
calculus are provided along with data to guide others in using the CCR as a
readiness examination for beginning calculus.
