  New HCN, HNC, and HCO+ measurements of 46 normal galaxies in transitions up
to J=4-3 are included in a multitransition database covering HCN and HCO+ (130
galaxies) and HNC (94 galaxies). The near-linear luminosity relations are
dominated by distance effects and do not reflect galaxy physical properties.
Individual galaxies show significant dispersion in both their luminosity and
line ratio. Line ratios do not correlate well with either luminosities or other
line ratios. Only the normalized J-transition ladders of HCN and HCO+ and the
J=1-0 12CO/13CO isotopologue ratio are positively correlated with CO and far
infrared (FIR) luminosity. The HCN and HCO+ molecules have very similar
intensities and trace the same gas. In galaxies dominated by an active nucleus,
HCO+ intensities are depressed relative to HCN intensities. Only a small
fraction of the CO emission is directly associated with gas emitting in HCN and
HCO, yet a significant fraction of even that gas appears to be translucent
molecular gas. In the observed galaxy centers, the HCN/CO line intensity ratio
is not a proxy for the dense gas fraction. Likewise, the FIR/HCN and FIR/CO
ratios are not proxies for the star formation efficiency. The observed
molecular line emission is fully consistent with UV-photon heating boosted by
significant mechanical heating. The molecular gas sampled by HCN and HCO+ has
low kinetic temperatures T(kin)=10-50 K, low densities n(H)=10^4-10^5 cm^(-3),
and low optical depths in the ground-state lines. Most of the gas sampled by CO
has densities lower by one to two orders of magnitude. For a mechanical heating
fraction of 0.5, a modest energy input of only G=300 Go is required. A proper
understanding of star formation requires a more appropriate determination of
the gas mass than provided by the intensities of individual HCN or CO
transitions.
