  Cyber-Physical Additive Manufacturing (AM) constructs a physical 3D object
layer-by-layer according to its digital representation and has been vastly
applied to fast prototyping and the manufacturing of functional end-products
across fields. The computerization of traditional production processes propels
these technological advancements; however, this also introduces new
vulnerabilities, necessitating the study of cyberattacks on these systems. The
AM Sabotage Attack is one kind of kinetic cyberattack that originates from the
cyber domain and can eventually lead to physical damage, injury, or even death.
By introducing inconspicuous yet damaging alterations in any specific process
of the AM digital process chain, the attackers can compromise the structural
integrity of a manufactured component in a manner that is invisible to a human
observer. If the manufactured objects are critical for their system, those
attacks can even compromise the whole system's structural integrity and pose a
severe safety risk to its users. For example, an inconspicuous void (less than
1 mm in dimension) placed in the 3D design of a tensile test specimen can
reduce its yield load by 14%. However, security studies primarily focus on
securing digital assets, overlooking the fact that AM systems are CPSs.
