  Stellar abundance measurements are subject to systematic errors that induce
extra scatter and artificial correlations in elemental abundance patterns. We
derive empirical calibration offsets to remove systematic trends with surface
gravity $\log(g)$ in 17 elemental abundances of 288,789 evolved stars from the
SDSS APOGEE survey. We fit these corrected abundances as the sum of a prompt
process tracing core-collapse supernovae and a delayed process tracing Type Ia
supernovae, thus recasting each star's measurements into the amplitudes
$A_{\text{cc}}$ and $A_{\text{Ia}}$ and the element-by-element residuals from
this two-parameter fit. As a first application of this catalog, which is
$8\times$ larger than that of previous analyses that used a restricted
$\log(g)$ range, we examine the median residual abundances of 14 open clusters,
nine globular clusters, and four dwarf satellite galaxies. Relative to field
Milky Way disk stars, the open clusters younger than 2 Gyr show $\approx
0.1-0.2$ dex enhancements of the neutron-capture element Ce, and the two
clusters younger than 0.5 Gyr also show elevated levels of C+N, Na, S, and Cu.
Globular clusters show elevated median abundances of C+N, Na, Al, and Ce, and
correlated abundance residuals that follow previously known trends. The four
dwarf satellites show similar residual abundance patterns despite their
different star formation histories, with $\approx 0.2-0.3$ dex depletions in
C+N, Na, and Al and $\approx 0.1$ dex depletions in Ni, V, Mn, and Co. We
provide our catalog of corrected APOGEE abundances, two-process amplitudes, and
residual abundances, which will be valuable for future studies of abundance
patterns in different stellar populations and of additional enrichment
processes that affect galactic chemical evolution.
