  Today's most powerful machine learning approaches are typically designed to
train stateless architectures with predefined layers and differentiable
activation functions. While these approaches have led to unprecedented
successes in areas such as natural language processing and image recognition,
the trained models are also susceptible to making mistakes that a human would
not. In this paper, we take the view that true intelligence may require the
ability of a machine learning model to manage internal state, but that we have
not yet discovered the most effective algorithms for training such models. We
further postulate that such algorithms might not necessarily be based on
gradient descent over a deep architecture, but rather, might work best with an
architecture that has discrete activations and few initial topological
constraints (such as multiple predefined layers). We present one attempt in our
ongoing efforts to design such a training algorithm, applied to an architecture
with binary activations and only a single matrix of weights, and show that it
is able to form useful representations of natural language text, but is also
limited in its ability to leverage large quantities of training data. We then
provide ideas for improving the algorithm and for designing other training
algorithms for similar architectures. Finally, we discuss potential benefits
that could be gained if an effective training algorithm is found, and suggest
experiments for evaluating whether these benefits exist in practice.
