  We develop a unified framework to characterize one-shot transformations of
dynamical quantum resources in terms of resource quantifiers, establishing
universal conditions for exact and approximate transformations in general
resource theories. Our framework encompasses all dynamical resources
represented as quantum channels, including those with a specific structure ---
such as boxes, assemblages, and measurements --- thus immediately applying in a
vast range of physical settings. For the particularly important manipulation
tasks of distillation and dilution, we show that our conditions become
necessary and sufficient for broad classes of important theories, enabling an
exact characterization of these tasks and establishing a precise connection
between operational problems and resource monotones based on entropic
divergences. We exemplify our results by considering explicit applications to:
quantum communication, where we obtain exact expressions for one-shot quantum
capacity and simulation cost assisted by no-signalling,
separability-preserving, and positive partial transpose-preserving codes; as
well as to nonlocality, contextuality, and measurement incompatibility, where
we present operational applications of a number of relevant resource measures.
