  Deploying distributed energy resources (DERs) and other smart grid
technologies have increased the complexity of power grids and made them more
vulnerable to natural disasters and cyber-physical-human (CPH) threats. To deal
with these extreme events, proactive plans are required by utilities to
minimize the damages caused by CPH threats. This paper proposes a proactive
rolling-horizon-based scheme for the resilience-oriented operation of hydrogen
(H2) systems in integrated distribution and transmission networks. The proposed
framework is a bi-level model in which the upper-level is focused on
distribution system operation in both normal and emergency operation modes, and
the lower-level problem accounts for the transmission network operation. Two
preeminent aspects of H2 systems are considered in this paper, 1) to show the
flexibility of H2 systems, capacity-based demand response signals are
considered for electrolyzers, stationary fuel cell (FC) units, and H2 storage
tanks are considered in both normal and emergency operation modes; 2) unlike
the batteries which can only charge and discharge energy based on maximum
duration times and power ratings, H2 systems can be considered as the flexible
long-term energy storage by storing H2 for days and supplying power to FC in
the case of \textit{N-m} outages lasting for more than 10 hours. Moreover, H2
production cost based on water electrolysis and storage costs is calculated.
Simulation results demonstrate that utilities can improve the system-level
resilience using H2 systems as long-term backup power resources.
