  An active electrical network contains a voltage or current source that
creates electromagnetic energy through a method of transduction that enables
the separation of opposite polarity charges from an external source. The end
result is the creation of an active dipole with a permanent polarisation and a
non-zero electric vector curl. The external energy input impresses a force per
unit charge within the voltage source, to form an active physical dipole in the
static case, or an active Hertzian dipole in the time dependent case. This
system is the dual of an electromagnet or permanent magnet excited by a
circulating electrical current or fictitious bound current respectively, which
supplies a magnetomotive force described by a magnetic vector potential with a
magnetic geometric phase proportional to the enclosed magnetic flux. In
contrast, the active electric dipole may be described macroscopically by a
circulating fictitious magnetic current boundary source described by an
electric vector potential with an electric geometric phase proportional to the
enclosed electric flux density. This macroscopic description of an active
dipole is an average description of some underlying microscopic description
exhibiting emergent nonconservative behaviour not found in classical
conservative laws of electrodynamics. We show that the electromotive force
produced by an active dipole must have both electric scalar and vector
potential components to account for the magnitude of the voltage it produces.
Following this we analyse an active cylindrical dipole in terms of scalar and
vector potential and confirm that the electromotive force produced, and hence
potential difference across the terminals is a combination of vector and scalar
potential difference depending on aspect ratio of the dipole.
