  The vorticity confinement (VC) method was used with total variation
diminishing (TVD) schemes to reduce possible over-confinement and applied to
tip vortices shed by edges of wings in order to predict induced drag using
far-field integration. The optimal VC parameter was determined first by
application to 2-D vortices and then to tip vortices shed by a 3-D wing. The
3-D inviscid simulations were post-processed using the wake-integral technique
to determine lift-induced drag force. Dependence of the VC parameter on the
flight Mach number and the angle of attack was evaluated. Grid convergence
studies were conducted for 2-D vortices and for induced drag generated by 3-D
wing. VC was used with TVD minmod and differentiable flux limiters to evaluate
their effect on the VC method. Finally, the VC approach was combined with the
Reynolds stress equation turbulence model, and the results were compared to
experimental data of tip vortex evolution.
