  Here we discuss the physics of electro-optic modulators deploying 2D
materials. We include a scaling laws analysis showing how energy-efficiency and
speed change for three underlying cavity systems as a function of critical
device length scaling. A key result is that the energy-per-bit of the modulator
is proportional to the volume of the device, thus making the case for
submicron-scale modulators possible deploying a plasmonic optical mode. We then
show how Graphenes Pauli-blocking modulation mechanism is sensitive to the
device operation temperature, whereby a reduction of the temperature enables a
10x reduction in modulator energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show how the high
index tunability of Graphene is able to compensate for the small optical
overlap factor of 2D-based material modulators, which is unlike classical
Silicon-based dispersion devices. Lastly we demonstrate a novel method towards
a 2D material printer suitable for cross-contamination free and on-demand
printing. The latter paves the way to integrate 2D materials seamlessly into
taped-out photonic chips.
