  What makes cyber risks arising from connected systems challenging during the
management of a pandemic? Assuming that a variety of cyber-physical systems are
already operational-collecting, analyzing, and acting on data autonomously-what
risks might arise in their application to pandemic management? We already have
these systems operational, collecting, and analyzing data autonomously, so how
would a pandemic monitoring app be different or riskier? In this review
article, we discuss the digitalization of COVID-19 pandemic management and
cyber risk from connected systems.
