  By using direct numerical simulations (DNS) at unprecedented resolution we
study turbulence under rotation in the presence of simultaneous direct and
inverse cascades. The accumulation of energy at large scale leads to the
formation of vertical coherent regions with high vorticity oriented along the
rotation axis. By seeding the flow with millions of inertial particles, we
quantify -for the first time- the effects of those coherent vertical structures
on the preferential concentration of light and heavy particles. Furthermore, we
quantitatively show that extreme fluctuations, leading to deviations from a
normal-distributed statistics, result from the entangled interaction of the
vertical structures with the turbulent background. Finally, we present the
first-ever measurement of the relative importance between Stokes drag, Coriolis
force and centripetal forces along the trajectories of inertial particles. We
discover that vortical coherent structures lead to unexpected diffusion
properties for heavy and light particles in the directions parallel and
perpendicular to the rotation axis.
