  In practical scenarios, addressing real-world challenges often entails the
incorporation of diverse renewable energy sources, such as solar, energy
storage systems, and greenhouse gas emissions. The core purpose of these
interconnected systems is to optimize a multitude of factors and objectives
concurrently. Hence, it is imperative to formulate models that comprehensively
cover all these objectives. This paper introduces tri-level mathematical models
for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs), offering a framework to
concurrently tackle diverse objectives and decision-making levels within the
realm of renewable energy integration. The proposed model seeks to maximize the
efficiency of solar PV, enhance the performance of energy storage systems, and
minimize greenhouse gas emissions.
