  We prove a new pointwise ergodic theorem for probability-measure-preserving
(pmp) actions of free groups, where the ergodic averages are taken over
arbitrary finite subtrees of the standard Cayley graph rooted at the identity.
This result is a significant strengthening of a theorem of Grigorchuk (1987)
and Nevo and Stein (1994), and a version of it was conjectured by Bufetov in
2002. Our theorem for free groups arises from a new - backward - ergodic
theorem for a countable-to-one pmp transformation, where the averages are taken
over arbitrary trees of finite height in the backward orbit of the point (i.e.
trees of possible pasts). We also discuss other applications of this backward
theorem, in particular to the shift map with Markov measures, which yields a
pointwise ergodic theorem along trees for the boundary actions of free groups.
