  The advent of high signal-to-noise cosmic microwave background (CMB)
anisotropy experiments has allowed detailed studies on the power spectrum of
temperature fluctuations. The existence of acoustic oscillations in the
anisotropy power spectrum is now established with the detection of the first
two, and possibly the third, peaks. Beyond the acoustic peak structure, we
consider cosmological and astrophysical information that can be extracted by
pushing anisotropy observations to fine angular scales with higher resolution
instruments. At small scales, a variety of contributions allow the use of CMB
photons as a probe of the large scale structure: we outline possible studies
related to understanding detailed physical properties such as the distribution
of dark matter, baryons and pressure, and ways to measure the peculiar,
transverse and rotational velocities of virialized halos such as galaxy
clusters. Beyond the temperature, we consider several useful aspects of the CMB
polarization and comment on an ultimate goal for future CMB experiments
involving the direct detection of inflationary gravity-waves through their
distinct signature in the curl-type polarization.
