  With the introduction of x-ray free electron laser sources around the world,
new scientific approaches for visualizing matter at fundamental length and
time-scales have become possible. As it relates to magnetism and
"magnetic-type" systems, advanced methods are being developed for studying
ultrafast magnetic responses on the time-scales at which they occur. We
describe three capabilities which have the potential to seed new directions in
this area and present original results from each: pump-probe x-ray scattering
with low energy excitation, x-ray photon fluctuation spectroscopy, and
ultrafast diffuse x-ray scattering. By combining these experimental techniques
with advanced modeling together with machine learning, we describe how the
combination of these domains allows for a new understanding in the field of
magnetism. Finally, we give an outlook for future areas of investigation and
the newly developed instruments which will take us there.
