  Centering and decentering of cellular components is essential for internal
organization of cells and their ability to perform basic cellular functions
such as division and motility. How cells achieve proper localization of their
components is still not well-understood, especially in large cells such as
oocytes. Here, we study actin-based positioning mechanisms in artificial cells
with persistently contracting actomyosin networks, generated by encapsulating
cytoplasmic Xenopus egg extracts into cell-sized water-in-oil droplets. We
observe size-dependent localization of the contraction center, with a symmetric
configuration in larger cells and a polar one in smaller cells. In the
symmetric state, the contraction center is actively centered, via a
hydrodynamic mechanism based on Darcy friction between the contracting network
and the surrounding cytoplasm. During symmetry breaking, transient attachments
to the cell boundary drive the contraction center to a polar location near the
droplet boundary. Our findings demonstrate a robust, yet tunable, mechanism for
subcellular localization.
