  This white paper explores future localization and sensing opportunities for
beyond 5G wireless communication systems by identifying key technology enablers
and discussing their underlying challenges, implementation issues, and
identifying potential solutions. In addition, we present exciting new
opportunities for localization and sensing applications, which will disrupt
traditional design principles and revolutionize the way we live, interact with
our environment, and do business. Following the trend initiated in the 5G NR
systems, 6G will continue to develop towards even higher frequency ranges,
wider bandwidths, and massive antenna arrays. In turn, this will enable sensing
solutions with very fine range, Doppler and angular resolutions, as well as
localization to cm-level degree of accuracy. Moreover, new materials, device
types, and reconfigurable surfaces will allow network operators to reshape and
control the electromagnetic response of the environment. At the same time,
machine learning and artificial intelligence will leverage the unprecedented
availability of data and computing resources to tackle the biggest and hardest
problems in wireless communication systems. 6G will be truly intelligent
wireless systems that will not only provide ubiquitous communication but also
empower high accuracy localization and high-resolution sensing services. They
will become the catalyst for this revolution by bringing about a unique new set
of features and service capabilities, where localization and sensing will
coexist with communication, continuously sharing the available resources in
time, frequency and space. This white paper concludes by highlighting
foundational research challenges, as well as implications and opportunities
related to privacy, security, and trust. Addressing these challenges will
undoubtedly require an inter-disciplinary and concerted effort from the
research community.
