  The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 was awarded to Syukuro Manabe, Klaus
Hasselmann, and Giorgio Parisi for their 'groundbreaking contributions to our
understanding of complex systems' including major advances in the understanding
of our climate and climate change. In this perspective article, we review their
key contributions and discuss their relevance in relation to the present
understanding of our climate. We conclude by outlining some promising research
directions and open questions in climate science.
