  Superconductivity, discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, continues to be a
fascinating subject of condensed matter physics today. Much interest has been
devoted to the study of the superconductivity induced in a metal which by
itself is not superconducting but is in electrical contact with a
superconductor. As the carriers of superconductivity, the Cooper pairs, diffuse
across the contact into the metal they remain correlated, although the pairing
mechanism is lifted; we call this the proximity effect. The observation of
these superconducting correlations has come within the reach of experiments in
the last decade. With state-of-the-art fabrication techniques mesoscopic
samples have been produced which are small and clean enough for the quantum
mechanical coherence of the electrons to be preserved over the sample size.
This theoretical thesis focuses on the variety of signatures of single-particle
physics that appear in the electrical transport and the magnetic screening
properties of these systems.
  We study the resonance structure in the finite voltage conductance and shot
noise of NS junctions. Mapping out the H-T phase diagram of a NS hybrid layer
we describe the diamagnetic screening including non-locality and impurities,
the magnetic breakdown of the Meissner expulsion, and discover a paramagnetic
instability towards spontaneous magnetic moments. We trace back the double
critical-current-flux periodicity in ballistic SNS junctions to non-locality.
Finally we exploit the Josephson relation of junctions with unconventional
superconductors for the implementation of a quantum computer.
