  Let T be a Tannakian category over a field k of characteristic 0 and \pi(T)
its fundamental group. In this paper we prove that there is a bijection between
the otimes-equivalence classes of Tannakian subcategories of T and the normal
affine group sub-T-schemes of \pi(T). We apply this result to the Tannakian
category T_1(k) generated by motives of niveau \leq 1 defined over k, whose
fundamental group is called the motivic Galois group G_mot(T_1(k)) of motives
of niveau \leq 1.
  We find four short exact sequences of affine group sub-T_1(k)-schemes of
G_mot(T_1(k)), correlated one to each other by inclusions and projections.
Moreover, given a 1-motive M, we compute explicitly the biggest Tannakian
subcategory of the one generated by M, whose fundamental group is commutative.
