  The 'degree of k-step nilpotence' of a finite group G is the proportion of
the tuples (x_1,...,x_{k+1}) in G^{k+1} for which the simple commutator
[x_1,...,x_{k+1}] is equal to the identity. In this paper we study versions of
this for an infinite group G, with the degree of nilpotence defined by sampling
G in various natural ways, such as with a random walk, or with a Folner
sequence if G is amenable. In our first main result we show that if G is
finitely generated then the degree of k-step nilpotence is positive if and only
if G is virtually k-step nilpotent. This generalises both an earlier result of
the second author treating the case k=1 and a result of Shalev for finite
groups, and uses techniques from both of these earlier results. We also show,
using the notion of polynomial mappings of groups developed by Leibman and
others, that to a large extent the degree of nilpotence does not depend on the
method of sampling. As part of our argument we generalise a result of Leibman
by showing that if f is a polynomial mapping into a torsion-free nilpotent
group then the set of roots of f is sparse in a certain sense. In our second
main result we consider the case where G is residually finite but not
necessarily finitely generated. Here we show that if the degree of k-step
nilpotence of the finite quotients of G is uniformly bounded from below then G
is virtually k-step nilpotent, answering a question of Shalev. As part of our
proof we show that degree of nilpotence of finite groups is sub-multiplicative
with respect to quotients, generalising a result of Gallagher.
