  As global demand for animal products is projected to increase significantly
by 2050, driven by population growth and increased incomes, smart livestock
technologies are essential for improving efficiency, animal welfare, and
environmental sustainability. Conducted within the unique agricultural context
of Japan, characterized by small-scale, family-run farms and strong government
protection policies, our study builds upon traditional theoretical frameworks
that often oversimplify farmers' decision-making processes. By employing a
scoping review, expert interviews, and a Modified Grounded Theory Approach, our
research uncovers the intricate interplay between individual farmer values,
farm management policies, social relations, agricultural policies, and
livestock industry trends. We particularly highlight the unique dynamics within
family-owned businesses, noting the tension between an "advanced management
mindset" and "conservatism." Our study reveals that technology adoption is a
sequential and iterative process, influenced by technology availability,
farmers' digital literacy, technology implementation support, and observable
technology impacts on animal health and productivity. These insights highlight
the need for tailored support mechanisms and policies to enhance technology
uptake, thereby promoting sustainable and efficient livestock production
system.
