  This paper presents measurements of charged-hadron spectra obtained in $pp$,
$p$+Pb, and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ or $\sqrt{s_{_\text{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV,
and in Xe+Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_\text{NN}}}=5.44$ TeV. The data recorded
by the ATLAS detector at the LHC have total integrated luminosities of 25
pb${}^{-1}$, 28 nb${}^{-1}$, 0.50 nb${}^{-1}$, and 3 $\mu$b${}^{-1}$,
respectively. The nuclear modification factors $R_{p\text{Pb}}$ and
$R_\text{AA}$ are obtained by comparing the spectra in heavy-ion and $pp$
collisions in a wide range of charged-particle transverse momenta and
pseudorapidity. The nuclear modification factor $R_{p\text{Pb}}$ shows a
moderate enhancement above unity with a maximum at $p_{\mathrm{T}} \approx 3$
GeV; the enhancement is stronger in the Pb-going direction. The nuclear
modification factors in both Pb+Pb and Xe+Xe collisions feature a significant,
centrality-dependent suppression. They show a similar distinct
$p_{\mathrm{T}}$-dependence with a local maximum at $p_{\mathrm{T}} \approx 2$
GeV and a local minimum at $p_{\mathrm{T}} \approx 7$ GeV. This dependence is
more distinguishable in more central collisions. No significant
$|\eta|$-dependence is found. A comprehensive comparison with several
theoretical predictions is also provided. They typically describe $R_\text{AA}$
better in central collisions and in the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range from about 10 to
100 GeV.
