  Fundamental properties of light unavoidably impose features on images
collected using fluorescence microscopes. Modeling these features is ever more
important in quantitatively interpreting microscopy images collected at scales
on par or smaller than light's wavelength. Here we review the optics
responsible for generating fluorescent images, fluorophore properties,
microscopy modalities leveraging properties of both light and fluorophores, in
addition to the necessarily probabilistic modeling tools imposed by the
stochastic nature of light and measurement.
