  As IoT-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) become more prevalent, the issue
of energy shortages becomes more pressing. One potential solution is the use of
wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, which is the key to building a new
shape of wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs). However, efficient
charging and scheduling are critical for WRSNs to function properly. Motivated
by the fact that probabilistic techniques can help enhance the effectiveness of
charging scheduling for WRSNs, this article addresses the aforementioned issue
and proposes a novel ISAC-assisted WRSN protocol. In particular, our proposed
protocol considers several factors to balance the charging load on each mobile
charging vehicle (MCV), uses an efficient charging factor strategy to partially
charge network devices, and employs the ISAC concept to reduce the traveling
cost of each MCV and prevent charging conflicts. Simulation results demonstrate
that this protocol outperforms other classic, cutting-edge protocols in
multiple areas.
