  We present JHK and 3.8-micron photometry of 26 galaxies in the Infrared Space
Observatory (ISO) Normal Galaxy Key Project (KP) sample and of seven normal
ellipticals with the aim of investigating the origin of the 4-micron emission.
The majority of the KP galaxies, and all the ellipticals, have K-L<~1.0,
consistent with stellar photospheres plus moderate dust extinction. Ten of the
26 KP galaxies have K-L>~1.0, corresponding to a flat or rising 4-micron
continuum, consistent with significant emission from hot dust at 600-1000K. K-L
is anticorrelated with ISO flux ratio F_{6.75}/F_{15}, weakly correlated with
line ratio [OI]/[CII], but not with [CII]/FIR or IRAS ratio F_{60}/F_{100}.
Photodissociation-region models for these galaxies show that the hot dust
responsible for red K-L resides in regions of high pressure and intense
far-ultraviolet radiation field. Taken together, these results suggest that
star formation in normal star-forming galaxies can assume two basic forms: an
``active'', relatively rare, mode characterized by hot dust, suppressed
Aromatic Features in Emission (AFEs), high pressure, and intense radiation
field; and the more common ``passive'' mode that occurs under more quiescent
physical conditions, with AFEs, and without hot dust. The occurrence of these
modes appears to only weakly depend on the star-formation rate per unit area.
Passive star formation over large scales makes up the bulk of star-forming
activity locally, while the ``active'' regime may dominate at high redshifts.
