  We review properties of open chaotic mesoscopic systems with a finite
Ehrenfest time tau_E. The Ehrenfest time separates a short-time regime of the
quantum dynamics, where wave packets closely follow the deterministic classical
motion, from a long-time regime of fully-developed wave chaos. For a vanishing
Ehrenfest time the quantum systems display a degree of universality which is
well described by random-matrix theory. In the semiclassical limit, tau_E
becomes parametrically larger than the scattering time off the boundaries and
the dwell time in the system. This results in the emergence of an increasing
number of deterministic transport and escape modes, which induce strong
deviations from random-matrix universality. We discuss these deviations for a
variety of physical phenomena, including shot noise, conductance fluctuations,
decay of quasibound states, and the mesoscopic proximity effect in Andreev
billiards.
