  Adoption of battery energy storage systems for behind-the-meters application
offers valuable benefits for demand charge management as well as increasing
PV-utilization. The key point is that while the benefit/cost ratio for a single
application may not be favorable for economic benefits of storage systems,
stacked services can provide multiple revenue streams for the same investment.
Under this framework, we propose a model predictive controller to reduce demand
charge cost and enhance PV-utilization level simultaneously. Different load
patterns have been considered in this study and results are compared to the
conventional rule-based controller. The results verified that the proposed
controller provides satisfactory performance by improving the PV-utilization
rate between 60% to 80% without significant changes in demand charge (DC)
saving. Furthermore, our results suggest that batteries can be used for
stacking multiple services to improve their benefits. Quantitative analysis for
PV-utilization as a function of battery size and prediction time window has
also been carried out.
