  We present a catalog of 5039 broad absorption line (BAL) quasars (QSOs) in
the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5 (DR5) QSO catalog that have
absorption troughs covering a continuous velocity range >= 2000 km/s. We have
fit ultraviolet (UV) continua and line emission in each case, enabling us to
report common diagnostics of BAL strengths and velocities in the range -25,000
to 0 km/s for SiIV $\lambda$1400, CIV $\lambda$1549, AlIII $\lambda$1857, and
MgII $\lambda$2799. We calculate these diagnostics using the spectrum listed in
the DR5 QSO catalog, and also for spectra from additional SDSS observing epochs
when available. In cases where BAL QSOs have been observed with Chandra or
XMM-Newton, we report the X-ray monochromatic luminosities of these sources.
  We confirm and extend previous findings that BAL QSOs are more strongly
reddened in the rest-frame UV than non-BAL QSOs and that BAL QSOs are
relatively X-ray weak compared to non-BAL QSOs. The observed BAL fraction is
dependent on the spectral signal-to-noise (S/N); for higher-S/N sources, we
find an observed BAL fraction of approximately 15%. BAL QSOs show a similar
Baldwin effect as for non-BAL QSOs, in that their CIV emission equivalent
widths decrease with increasing continuum luminosity. However, BAL QSOs have
weaker CIV emission in general than do non-BAL QSOs. Sources with higher UV
luminosities are more likely to have higher-velocity outflows, and the BAL
outflow velocity and UV absorption strength are correlated with relative X-ray
weakness. These results are in qualitative agreement with models that depend on
strong X-ray absorption to shield the outflow from over-ionization and enable
radiative acceleration....
