  For a finite $\mathbb{Z}$-algebra $R$, i.e., for a $\mathbb{Z}$-algebra which
is a finitely generated $\mathbb{Z}$-module, we assume that $R$ is explicitly
given by a system of $\mathbb{Z}$-module generators $G$, its relation module
${\rm Syz}(G)$, and the structure constants of the multiplication in $R$. In
this setting we develop and analyze efficient algorithms for computing
essential information about $R$. First we provide polynomial time algorithms
for solving linear systems of equations over $R$ and for basic ideal-theoretic
operations in $R$. Then we develop ZPP (zero-error probabilitic polynomial
time) algorithms to compute the nilradical and the maximal ideals of
0-dimensional affine algebras $K[x_1,\dots,x_n]/I$ with $K=\mathbb{Q}$ or
$K=\mathbb{F}_p$. The task of finding the associated primes of a finite
$\mathbb{Z}$-algebra $R$ is reduced to these cases and solved in ZPPIF (ZPP
plus one integer factorization). With the same complexity, we calculate the
connected components of the set of minimal associated primes ${\rm
minPrimes}(R)$ and then the primitive idempotents of $R$. Finally, we prove
that knowing an explicit representation of $R$ is polynomial time equivalent to
knowing a strong Gr\"obner basis of an ideal $I$ such that $R =
\mathbb{Z}[x_1,\dots,x_n]/I$.
