  With the maturation of quantum computing technology, many cryptographic
methods are gradually facing threats from quantum computing. Although the
Grover algorithm can accelerate search speeds, current research indicates that
the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) method can still enhance security by
increasing the length of the secret key. However, the AES method involves
multiple modes in implementation, and not all modes are secure. Therefore, this
study proposes a normalized Gini impurity (NGI) to verify the security of each
mode, using encrypted images as a case study for empirical analysis.
Furthermore, this study primarily compares the Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode,
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, Counter (CTR) mode, Counter with CBC-Message
Authentication Code (MAC) (CCM) mode, and Galois Counter Mode (GCM).
