  The proton-induced deuteron knockout reaction, ($p$,$pd$), is one of the
interests in the studies for probing the deuteron-like $p$-$n$ correlation in
nuclei. According to a recent study of the inclusive deuteron-induced reaction,
$(d,d'x)$, the refraction effect of the deuteron has a significant effect on
the elementary process, nucleon-deuteron ($N$-$d$) binary scattering inside a
nucleus, of the reaction. In the paper, it is shown that proper treatment of
the local $N$-$d$ relative momentum in the elementary process is crucial in
$(d,d'x)$ reactions at $100$ MeV and below. In the present work, we investigate
the deuteron refraction effect in the exclusive ($p$,$pd$) reactions. We also
discuss the incident energy dependence of the refraction effect. The refraction
effect on the $p$-$d$ elementary process is taken into account by the local
semiclassical approximation to the distorted waves. The results are compared
with those obtained with the asymptotic momentum approximation, which is
standardly applied to the distorted wave impulse approximation framework. It is
shown that the refraction effect drastically changes the energy sharing
distribution of the $^{16}$O($p$,$pd$)$^{14}$N reaction at 101.3 MeV and gives
a better agreement with experimental data. In contrast, it is confirmed that
the effect is negligibly small at 250 MeV. We have clarified that the deuteron
refraction effect is significant in the $^{16}$O($p$,$pd$)$^{14}$N reaction at
101.3 MeV and the experimental data are well reproduced. The refraction effect
plays a significant role in both the shape and magnitude of the ($p$,$pd$)
cross section, while the effect is negligible at 250 MeV.
