  In this paper, we explore various ways in which a factor $\sigma$-algebra
$\mathscr{B}$ can sit in a dynamical system $\mathbf{X} :=(X, \mathscr{A}, \mu,
T)$, i.e. we study some possible structures of the extension $\mathscr{A}
\rightarrow \mathscr{B}$. We consider the concepts of super-innovations and
standardness of extensions, which are inspired from the theory of filtrations.
An important focus of our work is the introduction of the notion of confined
extensions, whose initial interest is that they have no super-innovation. We
give several examples and study additional properties of confined extensions,
including several lifting results. Then, using $T, T^{-1}$ transformations, we
show our main result: the existence of non-standard extensions. Finally, this
result finds an application to the study of dynamical filtrations, i.e.
filtrations of the form $(\mathscr{F}_n)_{n \leq 0}$ such that each
$\mathscr{F}_n$ is a factor $\sigma$-algebra. We show that there exist
non-standard I-cosy dynamical filtrations.
