  We review and discuss the potential of using measurement-based elements in
quantum communication schemes, where certain tasks are realized with the help
of entangled resource states that are processed by measurements. We consider
long-range quantum communication based on the transmission of encoded quantum
states, where encoding, decoding and syndrome read-out are implemented using
small-scale resource states. We also discuss entanglement-based schemes and
consider measurement-based quantum repeaters. An important element in these
schemes is entanglement purification, which can also be implemented in a
measurement-based way. We analyze the influence of noise and imperfections in
these schemes, and show that measurement-based implementation allows for very
large error thresholds of the order of 10\% noise per qubit and more. We show
how to obtain optimal resource states for different tasks, and discuss first
experimental realizations of measurement-based quantum error correction using
trapped ions and photons.
