  Deep neural networks power most recent successes of artificial intelligence,
spanning from self-driving cars to computer aided diagnosis in radiology and
pathology. The high-stake data intensive process of surgery could highly
benefit from such computational methods. However, surgeons and computer
scientists should partner to develop and assess deep learning applications of
value to patients and healthcare systems. This chapter and the accompanying
hands-on material were designed for surgeons willing to understand the
intuitions behind neural networks, become familiar with deep learning concepts
and tasks, grasp what implementing a deep learning model in surgery means, and
finally appreciate the specific challenges and limitations of deep neural
networks in surgery. For the associated hands-on material, please see
https://github.com/CAMMA-public/ai4surgery.
