  To fully appreciate the impacts that the discovery of the quantum Hall effect
had on electrical metrology, it may benefit the reader to cultivate a general
understanding of the phenomenon. Two-dimensional electron systems can exhibit
many interesting quantum phenomena. The QHE may be exhibited by a 2D electron
system when placed under a strong magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of
the system. These conditions allow for Landau quantization, or the
discretization of available energies of the electrons affected by the magnetic
field. These energy values, determined by solving the Schr\"odinger equation,
are known as Landau levels. During the course of a QHE measurement, one defines
the Hall resistance Rxy as the measured voltage, perpendicular to the direction
of the applied current, divided by that same current. The characteristic
longitudinal resistivity \r{ho}xx goes to zero as Rxy approaches a quantized
value (nominally called a plateau).
