  The concept of low-carbon building is proposed to ameliorate the climate
change caused by environmental problems and realize carbon neutrality at the
building level in urban areas. In addition, renewable energy curtailment in the
power distribution system, as well as low efficiency due to independent
operation of traditional energy systems, has been addressed by the application
of integrated energy system (IES) to some extent. In this paper, we propose a
planning method for low-carbon building-level IES, in which electric vehicles
(EV) and the mode of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) are considered and further increase
the flexibility of low-carbon buildings. The proposed planning model optimize
the investment, operation costs and CO2 emission for building-level IES, so as
to achieve the maximum benefit of the construction of the low-carbon building
and help the realization of carbon neutrality. Moreover, we consider the
uncertainty of distributed renewable energy, multi-energy load fluctuation and
the random behavior of EV users, then formulating a two-stage stochastic
programming model with chance constraints, in which heuristic moment matching
scenario generation (HMMSG) and sample average approximation (SAA) method are
applied. In case study, a real IES commercial building in Shanghai, where
photovoltaic (PV), energy storage system (ESS), fuel cell (FC), EV, etc. are
included as planning options, is used as numerical example to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed planning method, with functions of ESS and EV in
IES are analyzed in detail in different operation scenarios.
