  The outstanding multidisciplinary applicability of nanomaterials has paved
the path for the rapid advancement of nanoscience during the last few decades.
Such technological progress subsequently results in an inevitable environmental
exposure of nanomaterials. Presently, nanomaterials are employed in an
extensive range of commercial products. Safe and sustainable incorporation of
nanomaterials in industrial products requires a profound and comprehensive
understanding of their potential toxicity. Among different nanomaterials,
carbon nanomaterials marked its notable superiority toward the development of
state-of-the-art nanotechnology due to the significant contribution of each of
the carbon allotropes with varied dimensionality. The zero-dimensional
fullerene, one-dimensional carbon nanotube, and two-dimensional graphene
possess an exclusive combination of distinctive properties that are utilized in
most of the nanotechnology-based products nowadays. However, potential risk
factors are associated with the production and the use of carbon nanomaterials.
Consequently, the number of studies regarding the assessment of the toxicity of
these nanomaterials has increased rapidly in the past decade. This chapter will
summarize the recent scientific efforts on the toxicity evaluation of different
carbon nanomaterials.
