  The outbreak of viruses have necessitated contact tracing and infection
tracking methods. Despite various efforts, there is currently no standard
scheme for the tracing and tracking. Many nations of the world have therefore,
developed their own ways where carriers of disease could be tracked and their
contacts traced. These are generalized methods developed either in a
distributed manner giving citizens control of their identity or in a
centralised manner where a health authority gathers data on those who are
carriers. This paper outlines some of the most significant approaches that have
been established for contact tracing around the world. A comprehensive review
on the key enabling methods used to realise the infrastructure around these
infection tracking and contact tracing methods is also presented and
recommendations are made for the most effective way to develop such a practice.
