  In this paper we show that a small amount of bit stream features can be used
to accurately estimate the energy consumption of state-of-the-art software and
hardware accelerated decoder implementations for four different video codecs.
By testing the estimation performance on HEVC, H.264, H.263, and VP9 we show
that the proposed model can be used for any hybrid video codec. We test our
approach on a high amount of different test sequences to prove the general
validity. We show that less than 20 features are sufficient to obtain mean
estimation errors that are smaller than 8%. Finally, an example will show the
performance trade-offs in terms of rate, distortion, and decoding energy for
all tested codecs.
