  We have detected 300 X-ray sources within the half-mass radius (2.79') of the
globular cluster 47 Tucanae in a deep (281 ks) Chandra exposure. We perform
photometry and simple spectral fitting for our detected sources, and construct
luminosity functions, X-ray color-magnitude and color-color diagrams.
Eighty-seven X-ray sources show variability on timescales from hours to years.
Thirty-one of the new X-ray sources are identified with chromospherically
active binaries from the catalogs of Albrow et al. The radial distributions of
detected sources imply roughly 70 are background sources of some kind. Most
source spectra are well-fit by thermal plasma models, except for quiescent
low-mass X-ray binaries (qLMXBs, containing accreting neutron stars) and
millisecond pulsars (MSPs). We identify three new candidate qLMXBs with
relatively low X-ray luminosities. One of the brightest cataclysmic variables
(CVs, X10) shows evidence (a 4.7 hour period pulsation and strong soft X-ray
emission) for a magnetically dominated accretion flow as in AM Her systems.
Most of the bright CVs require intrinsic N_H columns of order 10^{21} cm^-2,
suggesting a possible DQ Her nature. A group of X-ray sources associated with
bright (sub)giant stars also requires intrinsic absorption. By comparing the
X-ray colors, luminosities, variability, and quality of spectral fits of the
detected MSPs to those of unidentified sources, we estimate that a total of
\~25-30 MSPs exist in 47 Tuc (<60 at 95% confidence), regardless of their radio
beaming fraction. We estimate that the total number of neutron stars in 47 Tuc
is of order 300, reducing the discrepancy between theoretical neutron star
retention rates and observed neutron star populations in globular clusters.
(Abstract truncated.)
