  The widespread adoption of blockchain technology has amplified the spectrum
of potential threats to its integrity and security. The ongoing quest to
exploit vulnerabilities emphasizes how critical it is to expand on current
research initiatives. Thus, using a methodology based on discrete blockchain
layers, our survey study aims to broaden the existing body of knowledge by
thoroughly discussing both new and known attack vectors inside the blockchain
ecosystem. This survey proposes a novel classification of blockchain attacks
and an in-depth investigation of blockchain data security. In particular, the
paper provides a thorough discussion of the attack techniques and
vulnerabilities that are specific to each tier, along with a detailed look at
mitigating techniques. We reveal the deep dynamics of these security concerns
by closely investigating the fundamental causes of attacks at various
blockchain tiers. We clarify mitigation methods for known vulnerabilities and
offer new information on recently developed attack vectors. We also discuss the
implications of quantum computing in blockchain and the weaknesses in the
current technology that can be exploited in the future. Our study advances the
field of blockchain security and privacy research while also contributing to
our understanding of blockchain vulnerabilities and attacks. This survey paper
is a useful tool for readers who want to learn more about the intricacies of
blockchain security. It also invites researchers to help strengthen blockchain
privacy and security, paving the way for further developments in this dynamic
and ever-evolving field.
