  Increasing attention is being given to the modeling and simulation of traffic
flow and crowd movement, two phenomena that both deal with interactions between
pedestrians and cars in many situations. In particular, crowd simulation is
important for understanding mobility and transportation patterns. In this
paper, we propose an emotion-based crowd simulation model integrating physical
strength consumption. Inspired by the theory of "the devoted actor," the
movements of each individual in our model are determined by modeling the
influence of physical strength consumption and the emotion of panic. In
particular, human physical strength consumption is computed using a
physics-based numerical method. Inspired by the James-Lange theory, panic
levels are estimated by means of an enhanced emotional contagion model that
leverages the inherent relationship between physical strength consumption and
panic. To the best of our knowledge, our model is the first method integrating
physical strength consumption into an emotion-based crowd simulation model by
exploiting the relationship between physical strength consumption and emotion.
We highlight the performance on different scenarios and compare the resulting
behaviors with real-world video sequences. Our approach can reliably predict
changes in physical strength consumption and panic levels of individuals in an
emergency situation.
