  Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are sources of energetic, highly variable fluxes of
gamma rays, which demonstrates that they are powerful particle accelerators.
Besides relativistic electrons, GRBs should also accelerate high-energy
hadrons, some of which could escape cooling to produce ultra-high energy cosmic
rays (UHECRs). Acceleration of high-energy hadrons in GRB blast waves will be
established if high-energy neutrinos produced through photopion interactions in
the blast wave are detected from GRBs. Limitations on the energy in nonthermal
hadrons and the number of expected neutrinos are imposed by the fluxes from
pair-photon cascades initiated in the same processes that produce neutrinos.
Only the most powerful bursts at fluence levels >~ 3e-4 erg/cm^2 offer a
realistic prospect for detection of >> TeV neutrinos. Detection of high-energy
neutrinos is likely if GRB blast waves have large baryon loads and Doppler
factors <~ 200. Cascade gamma rays will accompany neutrino production and might
already have been detected as anomalous emission components in the spectra of
some GRBs. Prospects for detection of GRBs in the Milky Way are also
considered.
