  Nontrivial topological structures of non-Abelian gauge fields were discovered
in the 1970's. Instanton solutions, describing vacuum tunneling through
topological barriers, have fermionic zero modes which are at the origin of
$^\prime$t Hooft effective Lagrangian. In the 1980's instanton ensembles have
been used to explain chiral symmetry breaking. In the 1990's a large set of
numerical simulations were performed deriving Euclidean correlation functions.
The special role of scalar diquarks in nucleons, and color superconductivity in
dense quark matter have been elucidated.
  In these lectures, we discuss further developments of physics related to
gauge topology. We show that the instanton-antiinstanton "streamline"
configurations describe "sphaleron transitions" in high energy collisions,
which result in production of hadronic clusters with nontrivial
topological/chiral charges. (They are not yet observed, but discussions of
dedicated experiments at LHC and RHIC are ongoing.)
  Another new direction is instanton effects in hadronic spectroscopy, both in
the rest frame and on the light front. We will discuss their role in central
and spin-dependent potentials, formfactors and antiquark nuclear "sea".
Finally, we summarize the advances in the semiclassical theory of
deconfinement, and chiral phase transitions at finite temperature, in QCD and
in some of its "deformed" versions.
