  The development of quantum computing technologies builds on the unique
features of quantum physics while borrowing familiar principles from the design
of conventional devices. We introduce the fundamental concepts required for
designing and operating quantum computing devices by reviewing state of the art
efforts to fabricate and demonstrate quantum gates and qubits. We summarize the
near-term challenges for devices based on semiconducting, superconducting, and
trapped ion technologies with an emphasis on design tools as well as methods of
verification and validation. We then discuss the generation and synthesis of
quantum circuits for higher-order logic that can be carried out using quantum
computing devices.
