  The particle and radiation environment in cis-lunar space is becoming
increasingly important as more hardware and human assets occupy various orbits
around the Earth and space exploration efforts turn to the Moon and beyond.
Since 2020, the total number of satellites in orbit has approximately doubled,
highlighting the growing dependence on space-based resources. Through NASA's
upcoming Artemis missions, humans will spend more time in cis-lunar space than
ever before supported by the expansive infrastructure required for extended
missions to the Moon, including a surface habitat, a communications network,
and the Lunar Gateway. This paper focuses on galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and
solar energetic particles (SEPs) that create a dynamic and varying radiation
environment within these regions. GCRs are particles of hundreds of MeV/nucleon
(MeV/n) and above generated in highly energetic astrophysical environments in
the Milky Way Galaxy, such as supernovae and pulsars, and beyond. These
particles impinge isotropically on the heliosphere and are filtered down to 1
AU, experiencing modulation in energy and intensity on multiple timescales,
from hours to decades, due to the solar magnetic cycle and other transient
phenomena. SEPs are particles with energies up to thousands of MeV/n that are
accelerated in eruptive events on the Sun and flood the inner heliosphere
causing sudden and drastic increases in the particle environment on timescales
of minutes to days. This paper highlights a current and prospective future gap
in energetic particle measurements in the hundreds of MeV/n. We recommend key
observations near Earth to act as a baseline as well as distributed
measurements in the heliosphere, magnetosphere, and lunar surface to improve
the scientific understanding of these particle populations and sources.
