  The recent advances in deep learning (DL) have been accelerated by access to
large-scale data and compute. These large-scale resources have been used to
train progressively larger models which are resource intensive in terms of
compute, data, energy, and carbon emissions. These costs are becoming a new
type of entry barrier to researchers and practitioners with limited access to
resources at such scale, particularly in the Global South. In this work, we
take a comprehensive look at the landscape of existing DL models for vision
tasks and demonstrate their usefulness in settings where resources are limited.
To account for the resource consumption of DL models, we introduce a novel
measure to estimate the performance per resource unit, which we call the PePR
score. Using a diverse family of 131 unique DL architectures (spanning 1M to
130M trainable parameters) and three medical image datasets, we capture trends
about the performance-resource trade-offs. In applications like medical image
analysis, we argue that small-scale, specialized models are better than
striving for large-scale models. Furthermore, we show that using pretrained
models can significantly reduce the computational resources and data required.
We hope this work will encourage the community to focus on improving AI equity
by developing methods and models with smaller resource footprints.
