  We propose in this article a brief description of the work, over almost a
decade, resulting from a collaboration between mathematicians and biologists
from four different research laboratories, identifiable as the co-authors of
the articles whose results are described here, and implicitely co-authors of
this article, under the signature of Camille No\^us. This modeling work is part
of population genetics, of which we give a definition below. It is therefore
essentially at the interface between mathematical tools, more particularly
probabilistic ones, and biological data, more specifically genetic ones.
