  The transition of second-generation quantum technologies from a research
topic to a topic of industrial relevance has led to a growing number of quantum
companies and companies that are exploring quantum technologies. Examples would
include a start-up building a quantum key distribution device, a large company
working on integrating a quantum sensing core into a product, or a company
providing quantum computing consultancy. They all face different challenges and
needs in terms of building their quantum workforce and training in quantum
concepts, technologies and how to derive value from them.
  With the study documented in this paper, we aim to identify these needs and
provide a picture of the industry's requirements in terms of workforce
development and (external) training and materials. We discuss, for example, the
shortage of engineers and jobs relevant to the quantum industry, the challenge
of getting people interested in quantum, and the need for training at different
levels and in different formats - from awareness raising and self-learning
materials to university courses in quantum systems engineering. The findings
are based on 34 semi-structured interviews with industry representatives and a
follow-up questionnaire to validate some of the issues raised in the
interviews. These results have influenced activities in EU projects, including
an update of the European Competence Framework for Quantum Technologies.
