  Online misinformation poses a global risk with significant real-world
consequences. To combat misinformation, current research relies on
professionals like journalists and fact-checkers for annotating and debunking
misinformation, and develops automated machine learning methods for detecting
misinformation. Complementary to these approaches, recent research has
increasingly concentrated on utilizing the power of ordinary social media
users, a.k.a. "crowd", who act as eyes-on-the-ground proactively questioning
and countering misinformation. Notably, recent studies show that 96% of
counter-misinformation responses originate from them. Acknowledging their
prominent role, we present the first systematic and comprehensive survey of
research papers that actively leverage the crowds to combat misinformation.
  We first identify 88 papers related to crowd-based efforts, following a
meticulous annotation process adhering to the PRISMA framework. We then present
key statistics related to misinformation, counter-misinformation, and crowd
input in different formats and topics. Upon holistic analysis of the papers, we
introduce a novel taxonomy of the roles played by the crowds: (i)annotators who
actively identify misinformation; (ii)evaluators who assess
counter-misinformation effectiveness; (iii)creators who create
counter-misinformation. This taxonomy explores the crowd's capabilities in
misinformation detection, identifies prerequisites for effective
counter-misinformation, and analyzes crowd-generated counter-misinformation.
Then, we delve into (i)distinguishing individual, collaborative, and
machine-assisted labeling for annotators; (ii)analyzing the effectiveness of
counter-misinformation through surveys, interviews, and in-lab experiments for
evaluators; and (iii)characterizing creation patterns and creator profiles for
creators. Finally, we outline potential future research in this field.
