  In studies of educational production functions or intergenerational mobility,
it is common to transform the key variables into percentile ranks. Yet, it
remains unclear what the regression coefficient estimates with ranks of the
outcome or the treatment. In this paper, we derive effective causal estimands
for a broad class of commonly-used regression methods, including the ordinary
least squares (OLS), two-stage least squares (2SLS), difference-in-differences
(DiD), and regression discontinuity designs (RDD). Specifically, we introduce a
novel primitive causal estimand, the Rank Average Treatment Effect (rank-ATE),
and prove that it serves as the building block of the effective estimands of
all the aforementioned econometrics methods. For 2SLS, DiD, and RDD, we show
that direct applications to outcome ranks identify parameters that are
difficult to interpret. To address this issue, we develop alternative methods
to identify more interpretable causal parameters.
