  The idea that a genetically fixed behavior evolved from the once differential
learning ability of individuals that performed the behavior is known as the
Baldwin effect. A highly influential paper [Hinton G.E., Nowlan S.J., 1987. How
learning can guide evolution. Complex Syst. 1, 495-502] claimed that this
effect can be observed in silico, but here we argue that what was actually
shown is that the learning ability is easily selected for. Then we demonstrate
the Baldwin effect to happen in the in silico scenario by estimating the
probability and waiting times for the learned behavior to become innate.
Depending on parameter values, we find that learning can increase the chance of
fixation of the learned behavior by several orders of magnitude compared with
the non-learning situation.
