  The present review presents multiple techniques in which ocular assessments
may serve as a noninvasive approach for the early diagnoses of various
cognitive and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism
spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia (SZ), and major depressive disorder
(MDD). Real-time ocular responses are tightly associated with emotional and
cognitive processing within the central nervous system. Patterns seen in
saccades, pupillary responses, and blinking, as well as retinal
microvasculature and morphology visualized via office-based ophthalmic imaging,
are potential biomarkers for the screening and evaluation of cognitive and
psychiatric disorders. Additionally, rapid advances in artificial intelligence
(AI) present a growing opportunity to use machine-learning-based AI, especially
deep-learning neural networks, to shed new light on the field of cognitive
neuroscience, which may lead to novel evaluations and interventions via ocular
approaches for cognitive and psychiatric disorders.
