  Human-AI interaction in text production increases complexity in authorship.
In two empirical studies (n1 = 30 & n2 = 96), we investigate authorship and
ownership in human-AI collaboration for personalized language generation. We
show an AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users do not consider themselves the owners and
authors of AI-generated text but refrain from publicly declaring AI authorship.
Personalization of AI-generated texts did not impact the AI Ghostwriter Effect,
and higher levels of participants' influence on texts increased their sense of
ownership. Participants were more likely to attribute ownership to supposedly
human ghostwriters than AI ghostwriters, resulting in a higher
ownership-authorship discrepancy for human ghostwriters. Rationalizations for
authorship in AI ghostwriters and human ghostwriters were similar. We discuss
how our findings relate to psychological ownership and human-AI interaction to
lay the foundations for adapting authorship frameworks and user interfaces in
AI in text-generation tasks.
