  Why do nations produce scientific research? This is a fundamental problem in
the field of social studies of science. The paper confronts this question here
by showing vital determinants of science to explain the sources of social power
and wealth creation by nations. Firstly, this study suggests a new general
definition of science and scientific research that synthetizes previous
concepts and endeavors to extend them: Science discovers the root causes of
phenomena to explain and predict them in a context of adaptation of life to new
economic and social bases, whereas scientific research is a systematic process,
applying methods of scientific inquiry, to solve consequential problems, to
satisfy human wants, to take advantage of important opportunities and/or to
cope with environmental threats. In particular, science and scientific research
are driven by an organized social effort that inevitably reflect the concerns
and interests of nations to achieve advances and discoveries that are spread to
the rest of humankind. This study reveals that scientific research is produced
for social and economic interests of nations (power, wealth creation,
technological superiority, etc.), rather than philosophical inquiries. A main
implication of this study is that the immense growth of science in modern
society is not only due to activity of scientists but rather to general social
efforts of nations to take advantage of important opportunities and/or to cope
with environmental threats, such as war. Empirical evidence endeavors to
support the sources of scientific research for nations, described here.
Finally, relationships between R&D investment and productivity, and research
policy implications are discussed.
