  The available reference data for the mandible and mandibular growth consists
primarily of two-dimensional linear or angular measurements. The aim of this
study was to create the first open-source, three-dimensional statistical shape
model of the mandible that spans the complete growth period. Computed
tomography scans of 678 mandibles from children and young adults between 0 and
22 years old were included in the model. The mandibles were segmented using a
semi-automatic or automatic (artificial intelligence-based) segmentation
method. Point correspondence among the samples was achieved by rigid
registration, followed by non-rigid registration of a symmetrical template onto
each sample. The registration process was validated with adequate results.
Principal component analysis was used to gain insight in the variation within
the dataset and to investigate age-related changes and sexual dimorphism. The
presented growth model is accessible globally and free-of-charge for
scientists, physicians and forensic investigators for any kind of purpose
deemed suitable. The versatility of the model opens up new possibilities in the
fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery, forensic sciences or biological
anthropology. In clinical settings, the model may aid diagnostic
decision-making, treatment planning and treatment evaluation.
