  We present a comprehensive study of the 2D one-band Hubbard model applying
the spin rotation invariant slave-boson method. We utilize a spiral magnetic
mean field and fluctuations around a paramagnetic mean field to determine the
magnetic phase diagram and find the two approaches to be in good agreement.
Apart from the commensurate phases characterized by ordering wave vectors
$\boldsymbol Q = (\pi, \pi), (0, \pi)$, and $(0, 0)$ we find incommensurate
phases where the ordering wave vectors $\boldsymbol Q = (Q, Q)$, and $(Q, \pi)$
vary continuously with filling, interaction strength or temperature. The mean
field quantities magnetization and effective mass are found to change
discontinuously at the phase boundaries separating the $(Q, Q)$ and $(Q, \pi)$
phases, indicating a first order transition. The band structure and Fermi
surface is shown in selected cases. The dynamic spin and charge
susceptibilities as well as the structure factors are calculated and discussed,
including the emergence of collective modes of the zero sound and Mott
insulator type. The dynamical conductivity is calculated in dependence of
doping, interaction strength and temperature. Finally, a
temperature-interaction strength phase diagram is established.
