  An enhanced microgrid power flow (EMPF) is devised to incorporate
hierarchical control effects. The new contributions are threefold: 1) an
advanced-hierarchical-control-based Newton approach is established to
accurately assess power sharing and voltage regulation effects; 2) a modified
Jacobian matrix is derived to incorporate droop control and various secondary
control modes; and 3) the secondary adjustment is calculated on top of the
droop-control-based power flow results to ensure a robust Newton solution. Case
studies validate that EMPF is efficacious and efficient and can serve as a
powerful tool for microgrid operation and monitoring, especially for those
highly meshed microgrids in urban areas.
