  Faraday's Law of induction is often stated as "a change in magnetic flux
causes an EMF"; or, more cautiously, "a change in magnetic flux is associated
with an EMF"; It is as well that the more cautious form exists, because the
first "causes" form is incompatible with the usual expression $V = - \partial_t
\Phi$. This is not, however, to deny the causality as reasonably inferred from
experimental observation - it is the equation for Faraday's Law of induction
which does not represent the claimed cause-and-effect relationship. Here I
investigate a selection of different approaches, trying to see how an
explicitly causal mathematical equation, which attempts to encapsulate the "a
change in magnetic flux causes ..." idea, might arise.
