  We consider universes that are close to Friedmann-Robertson-Walker in the
sense that metric perturbations, their time derivatives and first spatial
derivatives are small, but second spatial derivatives are not constrained. We
show that if we in addition assume that the observer four-velocity is close to
its background value and close to the four-velocity which defines the
hypersurface of averaging, the redshift and the average expansion rate remain
close to the FRW case. However, this is not true for the angular diameter
distance. The four-velocity assumption implies certain conditions on second
derivatives of the metric and/or the matter content.
