  In this report, future performance demands of batteries for various vehicular
applications are modeled. Vehicles ranging in size from electric bikes to heavy
trucks are assessed using driving cycle data which allows key performance
parameters such as desired range (km), specific energy of the battery (Wh/Kg),
cycle life requirement and expected price per unit capacity (Euro/kWh) to be
calculated. These projected performance requirements are compared with the
outputs for three existing Li-ion batteries (namely (a) Kokam based high
specific energy source (b) A123 based high power energy source and (c) Winston
low cost system). The theoretical, current state of the art and projected
performance parameters for 'beyond Li-ion' technologies (Li-S and Li-O2) are
also compared to the modeled battery performance demands. The analysis
indicates that current battery technologies are unlikely to meet future
requirements in terms of required specific energies and will likely be too
costly. In comparison, fully realized beyond Li-ion alternatives may deliver
the required specific energy for the full range of vehicles examined. However,
scale-up of these systems is a daunting challenge and their successful
implementation will depend on improvements in terms of cycle life, electrode
and electrolyte stability, rate performance and development of practical
battery architectures.
