  There is a discussion of the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic background
radiation and of how the first Doppler peak depends on the different
contributions to the vacuum energy density. An analytic calculation agrees well
with numerical studies and shows that the l-value of the peak depends almost
entirely on the geometry of the geodesics since recombination, and not
sensitively on the details of the photon-baryon accoustic waves prior to the
last scattering. This, and supernovae observations, suggest the cosmological
constant is not zero.
