  We consider unitary and weakly coupled theories of gravity that extend
Einstein gravity and reduce to it asymptotically at large distances. Our
discussion is restricted to such theories that, similarly to Einstein gravity,
contain black holes as semiclassical states in a range of scales. We show that,
at a given scale, the entropy of these black holes has to be larger than the
number of elementary light species in the theory. Our bound follows from the
observation that the black hole entropy has to be larger than the product of
its mass and horizon radius (in units of Planck's constant divided by the speed
of light) and the fact that, for any semiclassical black hole, this product has
to be larger than the number of light species. For theories that obey our
assumptions, the bound resolves the "species problem": the tension between the
geometric, species-independent nature of black hole entropy and the
proportionality of ordinary thermodynamic entropy to the number of species. We
then show that, when black holes in Einstein's theory are compared to those in
the extended theories at a fixed value of mass, the entropy of the Einstein
black holes will always be minimal. Similar considerations are also applied to
the entropy density of black branes in anti-de Sitter space.
