  (Abridged) Neutrino interactions beyond the standard model may affect the
cosmological evolution and can be constrained through observations. We consider
the possibility that neutrinos possess secret scalar or pseudoscalar
interactions mediated by the Nambu-Goldstone boson of a still unknown
spontaneously broken global $U(1)$ symmetry, as in, e.g. , Majoron models. In
such scenarios, neutrinos still decouple at $T\simeq 1$ MeV, but become tightly
coupled again ('recouple') at later stages of the cosmological evolution. We
use available observations of CMB anisotropies, including Planck 2013 and the
joint BICEP2/Planck 2015 data, to derive constraints on the quantity
$\gamma_{\nu \nu}^4$, parameterizing the neutrino collision rate due to
(pseudo)scalar interactions. We consider both a minimal extension of the
standard $\Lambda$CDM model, and scenarios with extra relativistic species or
non-vanishing tensors. We find a typical constraint $\gamma_{\nu \nu}^4 <
0.9\times 10^{-27}$ (95% C.L.), implying an upper limit on the redshift
$z_{rec}$ of neutrino recoupling $< 8500$. In the framework of Majoron models,
the upper limit on $\gamma_{\nu \nu}$ roughly translates on a constraint $g <
8.2\times 10^{-7}$ on the Majoron-neutrino coupling constant $g$. In general,
the data show a weak ($\sim 1\sigma$) but intriguing preference for non-zero
values of $\gamma_{\nu \nu}^4$, with best fits in the range $\gamma_{\nu \nu}^4
= (0.15 - 0.35)\times 10^{-27}$, depending on the particular dataset. This is
more evident when either observations from ACT and SPT are included, or the
possibility of non-vanishing tensor modes is considered. In particular, for the
minimal model $\Lambda$CDM +$\gamma_{\nu \nu}$ and including the Planck 2013,
ACT and SPT data, we report $\gamma_{\nu \nu}^4=( 0.45^{+0.15}_{-0.38}
)\times10^{-27}$ ($200 < z_{rec} < 5700$) at 68% confidence level.
