  Galaxies in the early universe appear to have grown too big too fast,
assembling into massive, monolithic objects more rapidly than anticipated in
the hierarchical $\Lambda$CDM structure formation paradigm. The available data
are consistent with there being a population of massive galaxies that form
early ($z \gtrsim 10$) and follow an approximately exponential star formation
history with a short ($\lesssim 1$ Gyr) e-folding timescale on the way to
becoming massive ($M_* \approx 10^{11}\;\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$) galaxies by $z =
0$, consistent with the traditional picture for the evolution of giant
elliptical galaxies. Observations of the kinematics of spiral galaxies as a
function of redshift similarly show that massive disks and their scaling
relations were in place at early times, indicating a genuine effect in mass
that cannot be explained as a quirk of luminosity evolution. That massive
galaxies could form by $z = 10$ was explicitly predicted in advance by MOND. We
discuss some further predictions of MOND, such as the early emergence of
clusters of galaxies and the cosmic web.
