  Backdoor attacks have been well-studied in visible light object detection
(VLOD) in recent years. However, VLOD can not effectively work in dark and
temperature-sensitive scenarios. Instead, thermal infrared object detection
(TIOD) is the most accessible and practical in such environments. In this
paper, our team is the first to investigate the security vulnerabilities
associated with TIOD in the context of backdoor attacks, spanning both the
digital and physical realms. We introduce two novel types of backdoor attacks
on TIOD, each offering unique capabilities: Object-affecting Attack and
Range-affecting Attack. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of key factors
influencing trigger design, which include temperature, size, material, and
concealment. These factors, especially temperature, significantly impact the
efficacy of backdoor attacks on TIOD. A thorough understanding of these factors
will serve as a foundation for designing physical triggers and temperature
controlling experiments. Our study includes extensive experiments conducted in
both digital and physical environments. In the digital realm, we evaluate our
approach using benchmark datasets for TIOD, achieving an Attack Success Rate
(ASR) of up to 98.21%. In the physical realm, we test our approach in two
real-world settings: a traffic intersection and a parking lot, using a thermal
infrared camera. Here, we attain an ASR of up to 98.38%.
