  The field of biomedical imaging has undergone a rapid growth in recent years,
mostly due to the implementation of ad-hoc designed experimental setups,
theoretical support methods and numerical reconstructions. Especially for
biological samples, the high number of scattering events occurring during the
photon propagation process limit the penetration depth and the possibility to
outperform direct imaging in thicker and not transparent samples. In this
thesis, we will examine theoretically and experimentally the scattering process
from two opposite points of view, focusing also on the continuous stimulus
offered by the will to tackle some specific challenges in the emerging optical
imaging science. Firstly, we will discuss the light propagation in diffusive
biological tissues considering the particular case of the presence of optically
transparent regions enclosed in a highly scattering environment. The correct
inclusion of this information, can ultimately lead to higher resolution
reconstruction, especially in neuroimaging. On the other hand, we will examine
the extreme case of the three-dimensional imaging of a totally hidden sample,
in which the phase has been scrambled by a random scattering layer. By making
use of appropriate numerical methods, we will prove how it is possible to
outperform such hidden reconstruction in a very efficient way, opening the path
toward the unexplored field of three-dimensional hidden imaging. Finally, we
will present how, the properties noticed while addressing these problems,
leaded us to the development of a novel alignment-free three-dimensional
tomographic technique that we refer to as Phase-Retrieved Tomography.
Ultimately, we used this technique for the study of the fluorescence
distribution in a three-dimensional spherical tumor model, the cancer cell
spheroid, one of the most important biological model for the study of such
disease.
