  In this study, we explore the influence of quark-antiquark confinement on the
deflection angle within the framework of nonlinear electrodynamic (NED) black
holes. To achieve this, we establish the appropriate optical spacetime metric
and subsequently determine the Gaussian optical curvature. Utilizing the
Gauss-Bonnet theorem, we investigate the impact of quark-antiquark confinement
on the deflection angle exhibited by NED black holes. Additionally, we delve
into the effects of a cold non-magnetized plasma medium and also axion-plasmon
on gravitational lensing. Our findings highlight the significance of the
axion-plasmon effect on the optical properties of NED black holes, particularly
its influence on gravitational lensing. This exploration is particularly
relevant in the context of the axion's potential role as a dark matter
candidate. The multifaceted interplay between quark-antiquark confinement,
nonlinear electrodynamics, and plasma dynamics provides a nuanced understanding
of gravitational lensing phenomena. These insights contribute to ongoing
research in dark matter studies and offer avenues for further theoretical and
observational investigations in astrophysics.
