  Is the accelerating expansion of the Universe true, inferred through
observations of distant supernovae, and is the implied existence of an enormous
amount of anti-gravitational dark energy material driving the accelerating
expansion of the universe also true? To be physically useful these propositions
must be falsifiable; that is, subject to observational tests that could render
them false, and both fail when viscous, diffusive, astro-biological and
turbulence effects are included in the interpretation of observations. A more
plausible explanation of negative stresses producing the big bang is turbulence
at Planck temperatures. Inflation results from gluon viscous stresses at the
strong force transition. Anti-gravitational (dark energy) turbulence stresses
are powerful but only temporary. No permanent dark energy is needed. At the
plasma-gas transition, viscous stresses cause fragmentation of plasma
proto-galaxies into dark matter clumps of primordial gas planets, each of which
falsifies dark-energy cold-dark-matter cosmologies. Clumps of these planets
form all stars, and explain the alleged accelerating expansion of the universe
as a systematic dimming error of Supernovae Ia by light scattered in the hot
turbulent atmospheres of evaporated planets surrounding central white dwarf
stars.
