  Final-state kinematic imbalances are measured in mesonless production of
$\nu_\mu + A \to \mu^- + p + X$ in the MINERvA tracker. Initial- and
final-state nuclear effects are probed using the direction of the $\mu^-$-p
transverse momentum imbalance and the initial-state momentum of the struck
neutron. Differential cross sections are compared to predictions based on
current approaches to medium modeling. These models under-predict the cross
section at intermediate intranuclear momentum transfers that generally exceed
the Fermi momenta. As neutrino interaction models need to correctly incorporate
the effect of the nucleus in order to predict neutrino energy resolution in
oscillation experiments, this result points to a region of phase space where
additional cross section strength is needed in current models, and demonstrates
a new technique that would be suitable for use in fine grained liquid argon
detectors where the effect of the nucleus may be even larger.
