  This paper envisions a revolutionary AIOS-Agent ecosystem, where Large
Language Model (LLM) serves as the (Artificial) Intelligent Operating System
(IOS, or AIOS)--an operating system "with soul". Upon this foundation, a
diverse range of LLM-based AI Agent Applications (Agents, or AAPs) are
developed, enriching the AIOS-Agent ecosystem and signaling a paradigm shift
from the traditional OS-APP ecosystem. We envision that LLM's impact will not
be limited to the AI application level, instead, it will in turn revolutionize
the design and implementation of computer system, architecture, software, and
programming language, featured by several main concepts: LLM as OS
(system-level), Agents as Applications (application-level), Natural Language as
Programming Interface (user-level), and Tools as Devices/Libraries
(hardware/middleware-level). We begin by introducing the architecture of
traditional OS. Then we formalize a conceptual framework for AIOS through "LLM
as OS (LLMOS)", drawing analogies between AIOS and traditional OS: LLM is
likened to OS kernel, context window to memory, external storage to file
system, hardware tools to peripheral devices, software tools to programming
libraries, and user prompts to user commands. Subsequently, we introduce the
new AIOS-Agent Ecosystem, where users can easily program Agent Applications
(AAPs) using natural language, democratizing the development of software, which
is different from the traditional OS-APP ecosystem. Following this, we explore
the diverse scope of Agent Applications. We delve into both single-agent and
multi-agent systems, as well as human-agent interaction. Lastly, drawing on the
insights from traditional OS-APP ecosystem, we propose a roadmap for the
evolution of the AIOS-Agent ecosystem. This roadmap is designed to guide the
future research and development, suggesting systematic progresses of AIOS and
its Agent applications.
