  Gas-liquid-solid multiphase systems are ubiquitous in engineering
applications, e.g. inkjet printing, spray drying and coating. Developing a
numerical framework for modelling these multiphase systems is of great
significance. An improved, resolved CFD-DEM framework is developed to model the
multiphase free surface flow with and without evaporation. An improved
capillary force model is developed to compute the capillary interactions for
partially floating particles at a free surface. Two well-known benchmark cases,
namely drag coefficient calculation and the single sphere settling, are
conducted to validate the resolved CFD-DEM model. It turns out that the
resolved CFD-DEM model developed in this paper can accurately calculate the
fluid-solid interactions and predict the trajectory of solid particles
interacting with the liquid phase. Numerical demonstrations, namely two
particles moving along a free surface when the liquid phase evaporates, and
particle transport and accumulations inside an evaporating sessile droplet show
the performance of the resolved model.
