  Let $G$ be a nontrivial connected and vertex-colored graph. A subset $X$ of
the vertex set of $G$ is called rainbow if any two vertices in $X$ have
distinct colors. The graph $G$ is called \emph{rainbow vertex-disconnected} if
for any two vertices $x$ and $y$ of $G$, there exists a vertex subset $S$ of
$G$ such that when $x$ and $y$ are nonadjacent, $S$ is rainbow and $x$ and $y$
belong to different components of $G-S$; whereas when $x$ and $y$ are adjacent,
$S+x$ or $S+y$ is rainbow and $x$ and $y$ belong to different components of
$(G-xy)-S$. For a connected graph $G$, the \emph{rainbow vertex-disconnection
number} of $G$, denoted by $rvd(G)$, is the minimum number of colors that are
needed to make $G$ rainbow vertex-disconnected.
  In this paper, we characterize all graphs of order $n$ with rainbow
vertex-disconnection number $k$ for $k\in\{1,2,n\}$, and determine the rainbow
vertex-disconnection numbers of some special graphs. Moreover, we study the
extremal problems on the number of edges of a connected graph $G$ with order
$n$ and $rvd(G)=k$ for given integers $k$ and $n$ with $1\leq k\leq n$.
