  This paper presents a detailed study of the Internet censorship in India. We
consolidated a list of potentially blocked websites from various public sources
to assess censorship mechanisms used by nine major ISPs. To begin with, we
demonstrate that existing censorship detection tools like OONI are grossly
inaccurate. We thus developed various techniques and heuristics to correctly
assess censorship and study the underlying mechanism involved in these ISPs. At
every step we corroborated our finding manually to test the efficacy of our
approach, a step largely ignored by others. We fortify our findings by
adjudging the coverage and consistency of censorship infrastructure, broadly in
terms of average number of network paths and requested domains the
infrastructure surveils. Our results indicate a clear disparity among the ISPs,
on how they install censorship infrastructure. For instance, in Idea network we
observed the censorious middleboxes on over 90% of our tested intra-AS paths
whereas for Vodafone, it is as low as 2.5%. We conclude our research by
devising our own novel anti-censorship strategies, that does not depend on
third party tools (like proxies, Tor and VPNs etc.). We managed to anti-censor
all blocked websites in all ISPs under test.
