  The solar wind electric sail (E-sail) is a planned in-space propulsion device
that uses the natural solar wind momentum flux for spacecraft propulsion with
the help of long, charged, centrifugally stretched tethers. The problem of
accurately predicting the E-sail thrust is still somewhat open, however, due to
a possible electron population trapped by the tether. Here we develop a new
type of particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation for predicting E-sail thrust. In the
new simulation, electrons are modelled as a fluid, hence resembling hydrid
simulation, but in contrast to normal hybrid simulation, the Poisson equation
is used as in normal PIC to calculate the self-consistent electrostatic field.
For electron-repulsive parts of the potential, the Boltzmann relation is used.
For electron-attractive parts of the potential we employ a power law which
contains a parameter that can be used to control the number of trapped
electrons. We perform a set of runs varying the parameter and select the one
with the smallest number of trapped electrons which still behaves in a
physically meaningful way in the sense of producing not more than one solar
wind ion deflection shock upstream of the tether. By this prescription we
obtain thrust per tether length values that are in line with earlier estimates,
although somewhat smaller. We conclude that the Boltzmann PIC simulation is a
new tool for simulating the E-sail thrust. This tool enables us to calculate
solutions rapidly and allows to easily study different scenarios for trapped
electrons.
