  Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) represents a pivotal challenge within the
Ethereum ecosystem; it impacts the fairness, security, and efficiency of both
Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) networks. MEV arises when miners or validators
manipulate transaction ordering to extract additional value, often at the
expense of other network participants. This not only affects user experience by
introducing unpredictability and potential financial losses but also threatens
the underlying principles of decentralization and trust. Given the growing
complexity of blockchain applications, particularly with the increase of
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols, addressing MEV is crucial. This paper
presents a comprehensive survey of MEV mitigation techniques as applied to both
Ethereums L1 and various L2 solutions. We provide a novel categorization of
mitigation strategies; we also describe the challenges, ranging from
transaction sequencing and cryptographic methods to reconfiguring decentralized
applications (DApps) to reduce front-running opportunities. We investigate
their effectiveness, implementation challenges, and impact on network
performance. By synthesizing current research, real-world applications, and
emerging trends, this paper aims to provide a detailed roadmap for researchers,
developers, and policymakers to understand and combat MEV in an evolving
blockchain landscape.
