  Ploughing phenomena occurring during precise machining processes affect the
formation of surface finish and progress of tool wear. Therefore, this study
presents an evaluation of ploughing phenomenon by studying the ploughing forces
in tool flank face workpiece interface during precise ball end milling of AISI
L6 alloy steel. Developed original model of ploughing forces involved the
effect of minimum uncut chip thickness hmin and ploughing volume during
ball-end milling. Estimated ploughing forces are sensitive to variations of
surface inclinations and progressing tool wear. Moreover, intense growth of
ploughing force during milling with worn tool is affected by irregular and
non-circular profile of worn cutting edge below the stagnant point, and by the
appearance of attrition and micro-grooves on tool flank face.
