  Understanding the complex interplay between the brain and a dynamic
environment necessitates the continuous generation and updating of expectations
for forthcoming events and their corresponding sensory and motor responses.
This study investigates the interconnectivity patterns associated with time
perception in predictable and unpredictable conditions. EEG signals were
obtained from an existing database, encompassing an experiment conducted on
healthy participants subjected to two conditions: predictable and
unpredictable, across various time delays. Functional connectivity between
brain regions was estimated using the phase lag index method, allowing for the
identification of differences in time perception between conditions.
Comparative analysis revealed significant variations, particularly in the
gamma, beta, and theta frequency bands, with more pronounced differences
observed in the predictable condition. Subsequent exploration of the
dissimilarities within each delay demonstrated significant differences across
all delays. Notably, the unpredictable condition exhibited increased
connectivity within the alpha band during the 400-ms delay, specifically
between occipital and temporal regions, with higher mean connectivity compared
to the predictable condition. In the delta band, distinct connectivity patterns
emerged, involving connections between central and frontal regions across
different delays. Notably, heightened connectivity between central and
prefrontal regions was observed during the 83-ms delay. The right hemisphere of
the prefrontal cortex played a pivotal role in time perception. Furthermore, a
decline in connectivity across the delta, theta, and beta bands was observed
during the longest delay (800 ms) in both conditions, relative to other delays.
