  The quadratic complexity and weak length extrapolation of Transformers limits
their ability to scale to long sequences, and while sub-quadratic solutions
like linear attention and state space models exist, they empirically
underperform Transformers in pretraining efficiency and downstream task
accuracy. We introduce Megalodon, a neural architecture for efficient sequence
modeling with unlimited context length. Megalodon inherits the architecture of
Mega (exponential moving average with gated attention), and further introduces
multiple technical components to improve its capability and stability,
including complex exponential moving average (CEMA), timestep normalization
layer, normalized attention mechanism and pre-norm with two-hop residual
configuration. In a controlled head-to-head comparison with Llama2, Megalodon
achieves better efficiency than Transformer in the scale of 7 billion
parameters and 2 trillion training tokens. Megalodon reaches a training loss of
1.70, landing mid-way between Llama2-7B (1.75) and 13B (1.67). Code:
https://github.com/XuezheMax/megalodon
