  The microwave cavity perturbation method is often used to determine material
parameters (electric permittivity and magnetic permeability) at high
frequencies and it relies on measurement of the resonator parameters. We
present a method to determine the $Q$-factor and resonance frequency of
microwave resonators which is conceptually simple but provides a sensitivity
for these parameters which overcomes those of existing methods by an order of
magnitude. The microwave resonator is placed in a feedback resonator setup,
where the output of an amplifier is connected to its own input with the
resonator as a band pass filter. After reaching steady-state oscillation, the
feedback circuit is disrupted by a fast microwave switch and the transient
signal, which emanates from the resonator, is detected using down-conversion.
The Fourier transform of the resulting time-dependent signal yields directly
the resonance profile of the resonator. Albeit the method is highly accurate,
this comes with a conceptual simplicity, ease of implementation and lower
circuit cost. We compare existing methods for this type of measurement to
explain the sensitivity of the present technique and we also make a prediction
for the ultimate sensitivity for the resonator $Q$ and $f_0$ determination.
