  Toward robust malware detection, we explore the attack surface of existing
malware detection systems. We conduct root-cause analyses of the practical
binary-level black-box adversarial malware examples. Additionally, we uncover
the sensitivity of volatile features within the detection engines and exhibit
their exploitability. Highlighting volatile information channels within the
software, we introduce three software pre-processing steps to eliminate the
attack surface, namely, padding removal, software stripping, and inter-section
information resetting. Further, to counter the emerging section injection
attacks, we propose a graph-based section-dependent information extraction
scheme for software representation. The proposed scheme leverages aggregated
information within various sections in the software to enable robust malware
detection and mitigate adversarial settings. Our experimental results show that
traditional malware detection models are ineffective against adversarial
threats. However, the attack surface can be largely reduced by eliminating the
volatile information. Therefore, we propose simple-yet-effective methods to
mitigate the impacts of binary manipulation attacks. Overall, our graph-based
malware detection scheme can accurately detect malware with an area under the
curve score of 88.32\% and a score of 88.19% under a combination of binary
manipulation attacks, exhibiting the efficiency of our proposed scheme.
