  As a demonstration that second-order nonlinear optical microscopy is a
powerful tool for rice grain science, we observed second-harmonic generation
(SHG) images of amylose-free glutinous rice and amylose-containing nonglutinous
rice grains. The images obtained from SHG microscopy and photographs of the
iodine-stained starch granules indicate that the distribution of starch types
in the embryo-facing endosperm region (EFR) depends on the type of rice and
suggests that glucose, maltose, or both are localized on the testa side of the
embryo. In the testa side of the embryo, crystallized glucose or maltose are
judged to be detected by SHG. These monosaccharides and disaccharides play an
important role, as they trigger energy in the initial stage of germination.
These results confirm SHG microscopy is a good method to monitor the
distribution of such sugars and amylopectin in the embryo and its neighboring
regions of rice grains.
