  The symport of lactose and H+ is an important physiological process in E.
coli, for it is closely related to cellular energy supply. In this paper, the
symport of H+ and lactose by E. coli LacY protein is computationally simulated
using a newly proposed cotransport model that takes the "leakage" phenomenon
(uncoupled sugar translocation) into account and also satisfies the static head
equilibrium condition. Then, we study the equilibrium properties of this
cotransport process including equilibrium solution and the time required to
reach equilibrium state, when varying the parameters of the initial state of
cotransport system. It can be found that in the presence of leakage, H+ and
lactose will reach their equilibrium state separately, but the intensity of
"leakage" has almost no effect on the equilibrium solution, while the stronger
leakage is, the shorter the time required for H+ and lactose to reach
equilibrium. For E. coli cells with different periplasm and cytoplasm volumes,
when cotransport is performed at constant initial particle concentration, the
time for cytoplasm pH to be stabilized increases monotonically with the
periplasm to cytoplasm volume ratio. For a certain E. coli cell, as it
continues to lose water and contract, the time for cytoplasm pH to be
stabilized by cotransport also increases monotonically when the cell survives.
The above phenomena and other findings in this paper may help us to not only
further validate or improve the model, but also deepen our understanding of the
cotransport process of E. coli LacY protein.
