  In this paper, we consider pluractional markers in Kaqchikel, Karuk, and
Yurok. Like Balinese, each of these languages marks one type of pluractionality
via reduplication, and a different type of pluractionality via
non-reduplicative affixation. This paper serves as a proof-of-concept for
applying model-theoretic approaches to language as a lens that can help us to
recognize linguistic organization that is not apparent on the surface.
