  High resolution, pulse to pulse observation of the 2016 Vela glitch and its
relaxation provided an opportunity to probe the neutron star internal structure
and dynamics with unprecedented detail. We use the observations of this glitch
to infer superfluid characteristics in the framework of the vortex creep model.
The glitch rise time constraint of 12.6 seconds put stringent limits on the
angular momentum exchange between the crustal superfluid and the observed
crust. Together with the observed excess acceleration in the rotation rate as
compared to the post-glitch equilibrium value this discriminates crustal
superfluid-crust lattice and core superfluid-crustal normal matter coupling
time-scales. An evident decrease in the crustal rotation rate immediately
before the glitch is consistent with the formation of a new vortex trap zone
that initiates the large scale vortex unpinning avalanche. Formation of vortex
trap by a crust breaking quake induces short-lived magnetospheric changes. The
long term post-glitch spin-down rate evolution reveals the moments of inertia
and recoupling time-scales of the superfluid layers participating in the glitch
and leads to an estimation of the time to the next glitch which agrees with the
time interval between the 2016 and 2019 glitches. Our results are consistent
with theoretical estimates of effective neutron and proton masses in the
superfluid. We also constrain the vortex line-flux tube pinning energy per
intersection as 2 MeV.
