  A theoretical framework for protocooperative behavior in pelotons (groups of
cyclists) is proposed. A threshold between cooperative and free-riding
behaviors in pelotons is modeled, together comprising protocooperative behavior
(different from protocooperation). Protocooperative behavior is a function of:
1. two or more cyclists coupled by drafting benefit, 2. cyclists' current power
output or speed, and 3. cyclists' maximal sustainable outputs (MSO).
Characteristics of protocooperative behavior include: 1. relatively low speed
phase in which cyclists naturally pass each other and share highest-cost front
positions, and 2. free-riding phase in which cyclists maintain speeds of those
ahead, but cannot pass. Threshold for protocooperative behavior is equivalent
to coefficient of drafting d, below which cooperative behavior occurs; above
which free-riding occurs up to a second threshold when coupled cyclists
diverge. These behaviors are also hypothesized to emerge in other biological
systems involving energy savings mechanisms. Further, the tension between
intra-group cooperation and inter-group competition is consistent with
superorganism properties.
