  Three local bifurcations in DC-DC converters are reviewed. They are
period-doubling bifurcation, saddle-node bifurcation, and Neimark bifurcation.
A general sampled-data model is employed to study the types of loss of
stability of the nominal (periodic) solution and their connection with local
bifurcations. More accurate prediction of instability and bifurcation than
using the averaging approach is obtained. Examples of bifurcations associated
with instabilities in DC-DC converters are given.
