  Recently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has attracted considerable
interest as one of the 5G-enabling techniques. However, users with better
channel conditions in downlink communications intrinsically benefits from NOMA
thanks to successive decoding, judicious designs are required to guarantee user
fairness. In this paper, a two-user downlink NOMA system over fading channels
is considered. For delay-tolerant transmission, the average sum-rate is
maximized subject to both average and peak power constraints as well as a
minimum average user rate constraint. The optimal resource allocation is
obtained using Lagrangian dual decomposition under full channel state
information at the transmitter (CSIT), while an effective power allocation
policy under partial CSIT is also developed based on analytical results. In
parallel, for delay-limited transmission, the sum of delay-limited throughput
(DLT) is maximized subject to a maximum allowable user outage constraint under
full CSIT, and the analysis for the sum of DLT is also performed under partial
CSIT. Furthermore, an optimal orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme is also
studied as a benchmark to prove the superiority of NOMA over OMA under full
CSIT. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by simulations via
different trade-offs for the average sum-rate (sum-DLT) versus the minimum
(maximum) average user rate (outage) requirement.
