  We recommend an intensive effort to survey and understand the obliquity
distribution of small close-in extrasolar planets over the coming decade. The
orbital obliquities of exoplanets--i.e., the relative orientation between the
planetary orbit and the stellar rotation--is a key tracer of how planets form
and migrate. While the orbital obliquities of smaller planets are poorly
explored today, a new generation of facilities coming online over the next
decade will make such observations possible en masse. Transit spectroscopic
observations with the extremely large telescopes will enable us to measure the
orbital obliquities of planets as small as $\sim2R_{\oplus}$ around a wide
variety of stars, opening a window into the orbital properties of the most
common types of planets. This effort will directly contribute to understanding
the formation and evolution of planetary systems, a key objective of the
National Academy of Sciences' Exoplanet Science Strategies report.
