  A numerical study of the crushing of circular aluminium tubes with and
without aluminium foam fillers has been carried out to investigate their
buckling behaviours under axial compression. A crushing mode classification
chart has been established for empty tubes. The influence of boundary
conditions on crushing mode has also been investigated. The effect of foam
filler on the crushing mode of tubes filled with foam was then examined. The
predicted results would assist the design of crashworthy tube components with
the preferred crushing mode with the maximum energy absorption.
