  Let A be a central simple algebra with involution sigma of first or second
kind. Let v be a valuation on the sigma-fixed part F of Z(A). A sigma-special
v-gauge g on A is a kind of value function on A extending v on F, such that
g(sigma(x) x) = 2g(x) for all x in A. It is shown (under certain restrictions
if the residue characteristic is 2) that if v is Henselian, then there is a
sigma-special v-gauge g if and only if sigma is anisotropic, and g is unique.
If v is not Henselian, it is shown that there is a sigma-special v-gauge g if
and only if sigma remains anisotropic after scalar extension from F to the
Henselization of F re v; when this occurs, g is the unique sigma-invariant
v-gauge on A.
