  Kaluza first observed that the vacuum Einstein equations written in 5
dimensions (5D) reproduce exactly 4D general relativity and classical
electrodynamics, when derivatives of the 5D metric with respect to the 5th
coordinate are set to zero. The 15th component of the 5D metric is a 4D
long-range scalar field, and the 4D limit emerges as the scalar field goes to
one. Here we report new analysis, results, and force effects from the
long-range Kaluza scalar field. These considerations reveal a strong
electro-gravitic buoyancy force arising from a gravitational coupling between
the electric charge of a body and the scalar field around a planet. A new,
third characteristic lengthscale for the electro-gravitic fields of a body of
mass $M$ and charge $Q$ is identified, $\mu_0 Q^2/M$, to go along with the
Reissner-Nordstrom lengthscales, $GM/c^2$ and $Q\sqrt{G\mu_0 /c^2}$. At atomic
scales, 5D covariance of the source terms requires that the electric, scalar,
and gravitational forces all become proportional to electric charge. We discuss
these results relative to foundational work by Dicke on long range scalar
interactions and the Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory, including how
interaction with the scalar implies a variable rest mass, and the energetics of
the joint scalar-gravitational interaction. We discuss the problems of tuning
the only available free parameter, the invariant 5D length element of the
sources, to neutralize the scalar force and avoid the otherwise-large scalar
force predictions. We conclude that large classical forces are a testable
prediction of 5D general relativity sufficient to falsify the 5D hypothesis.
Yet the emergence of a new physical interaction lengthscale is suggestive of
further unexplored physics of the long range scalar field.
