  Spectral-line displacements away from the wavelengths naively expected from
the Doppler shift caused by stellar radial motion may originate as convective
shifts (correlated velocity and brightness patterns in the photosphere), as
gravitational redshifts, or perhaps be induced by wave motions. Absolute
lineshifts, in the past studied only for the Sun, are now accessible also for
other stars thanks to astrometric determination of stellar radial motion, and
spectrometers with accurate wavelength calibration.
  Comparisons between spectroscopic apparent radial velocities and
astrometrically determined radial motions reveal greater spectral blueshifts in
F-type stars than in the Sun (as theoretically expected from their more
vigorous convection), further increasing in A-type stars (possibly due to
atmospheric shockwaves).
  An important near-future development to enable a further analysis of stellar
surface structure will be the study of wavelength variations across spatially
resolved stellar disks, e.g., the center-to-limb wavelength changes along a
stellar diameter, and their spatially resolved time variability.
