  We review and extend recent progress on the quantum description of
near-extremal black holes in the language of effective quantum field theory.
With black holes in Einstein-Maxwell theory as the main example, we derive the
Schwarzian low energy description of the AdS$_2$ region from a spacetime point
of view. We also give a concise formula for the symmetry breaking scale, we
relate rotation to supersymmetry, and we discuss quantum corrections to black
hole entropy.
