  With rising cyberattack frequency and range, Quantum Computing companies,
institutions and research groups may become targets of nation-state actors,
cybercriminals and hacktivists for sabotage, espionage and fiscal motivations
as the Quantum computing race intensifies. Quantum applications have expanded
into commercial, classical information systems and services approaching the
necessity to protect their networks, software, hardware and data from digital
attacks. This paper discusses the status quo of quantum computing technologies
and the quantum threat associated with it. We proceed to outline threat vectors
for quantum computing systems and the respective defensive measures,
mitigations and best practices to defend against the rapidly evolving threat
landscape. We subsequently propose recommendations on how to proactively reduce
the cyberattack surface through threat intelligence and by ensuring security by
design of quantum software and hardware components.
