  Surgical masks have played a crucial role in healthcare facilities to protect
against respiratory and infectious diseases, particularly during the COVID-19
pandemic. However, the synthetic fibers, mainly made of polypropylene, used in
their production may adversely affect the environment and human health. Recent
studies have confirmed the presence of microplastics and fibers in human lungs
and have related these synthetic particles with the occurrence of pulmonary
ground glass nodules. Using a piston system to simulate human breathing, this
study investigates the role of surgical masks as a direct source of inhalation
of microplastics. Results reveal the release of particles of sizes ranging from
nanometers (300 nm) to millimeters (~2 mm) during normal breathing conditions,
raising concerns about the potential health risks. Notably, large visible
particles (> 1 mm) were observed to be ejected from masks with limited wear
after only a few breathing cycles. Given the widespread use of masks by
healthcare workers and the potential future need for mask usage by the general
population during seasonal infectious diseases or new pandemics, developing
face masks using safe materials for both users and the environment is
imperative.
