Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Vieques, Puerto Rico
In 1811, Don Salvador Melendez , then governor of Puerto Rico, sent military commander Juan Rosello to begin what later became the take-over of Vieques by the people of Puerto Rico.
By the second part of the 19th century, Vieques received thousands of Black immigrants who came to help with the sugar cane plantations. Some of them came as slaves, and some came on their own to earn extra money. Most of them came from the nearby islands of St. Thomas, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Croix and many other Caribbean nations. Ever since, Black people have formed an important and essential part of Vieques' society.
During the 1940s the United States military purchased 60% of the land area of Vieques including farms and sugar plantations from locals, who in turn were left with no employment options and many were forced to emigrate to mainland Puerto Rico and to St. Croix to look for homes and jobs. After that, the United States military used Vieques as testing grounds for bombs, missiles, and other weapons.
There have been some non-proven claims that these tests are the cause of Vieques' high cancer rate. The World Socialist Website (WSWS), an opponent of US military and foreign policy, reports that "Over a third of the island's population of 9,000 are now suffering from a range of cancers and other serious illnesses."  WSWS links these cases of illness to the US Navy's target practice on Vieques. The cancer rate is reportedly about 25% higher on Vieques than on the main portion of Puerto Rico. Supporters of the US military and its use of the island as a bombing range naturally contest these claims.
In March, 1999, Vieques native David Sanes was killed by a bomb dropped by a military jet during bombing exercises. A civilian employee of the Navy, Sanes was on duty at a military Observation Point when two bombs fell 1½ miles (2½ kilometres) away from their designated target; one of them fell 300 feet (100 metres) away from Sanes and exploded, killing him instantly.  Ever since, Puerto Ricans from all over mainland Puerto Rico as well as from the United States travelled to Vieques to protest the bombings and testings, by illegally introducing themselves on the bombing grounds and camping there. People from all over Latin America joined the struggle, which became known as the Navy-Vieques protests. Many celebrities, including the political leader Ruben Berrios, singers Danny Rivera and Ricky Martin, boxer Félix Trinidad, Mexican actor Edward James Olmos and Guatemala's Nobel Prize winner Rigoberta Menchu have protested. Pope John Paul II said that he wanted peace for Vieques. And many hundreds of Puerto Ricans served time in jail for illegally entering the bombing grounds.
In 1999, then-Governor Pedro Rosselló began talks with the U.S. government to try to look for a solution to the problem, and in 2001, Governor Sila María Calderón signed a treaty with President George W. Bush that guaranteed the military's leaving of the island in May of 2003.
Young Milivi Adams, a Vieques native who was a cancer patient, became the protester's symbol child in their quest to liberate the island of the bombings. On the morning of November 17, 2002, she died.
Vieques' small airport is the hub of Vieques Air Link, which flies to Fajardo and San Juan in mainland Puerto Rico as well as St. Croix in the US Virgin Islands from there. Several other small airline companies currently serve this airport.
On May 1, 2003, the military commenced their moving out of Vieques, in an event that was covered by the international media. At 12:01 AM EST of that day, a street party erupted all over Vieques, many of Vieques' citizens celebrating the military's move out of the island. Exuberant celebrants destroyed $750,000 of facilities turned over to the local government by the U.S. Navy.
Ever since that disturbance, things have been tranquil on the island and there have been no more violent protests. The Navy gave $40 million in direct funds which are now being used to improve the infrastructure of the island. Tourism is increasing and Vieques is rapidly becoming a popular tourist destination. The lands previously owned by the Navy have been turned over to the U.S. National Fish & Wildlife Service for management. The immediate bombing range area on the eastern tip of the island suffers from severe contamination but the remaining areas are mostly open to the public, including many beautiful undeveloped beaches which were closed during the recent protests.
Two of the unique features of Vieques, shared with the now over-developed La Parguera bay in South Puerto Rico, is the presence of two pristine phosphorescent bays.
- Explore Vieques, Puerto Rico - Traveler's Guide that includes a brief Introduction to Vieques, Historical Points of Interest, Photos of the island, Life in Vieques Today, Lodging and a Free Quarterly Vieques E-Zine.
- Vieques- Comprehensive Travel guide - with Forum
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