Pollutants in the air we breathe can be bad for our health. Babies in the womb and young children are especially vulnerable as their bodies are growing and developing. Urban air in particular is more polluted than in surrounding regions as street traffic is denser in cities; industry, bus depots, and sewage treatment plants are sited near residential areas; and typical urban living in apartment buildings spreads secondhand smoke easily to many non-smoking homes. Even fumes from heating fuels, cooking, and burning candles can build up indoors and be bad to breathe if apartments are not well ventilated. Partly as a result, far more city dwellers struggle with asthma than people who live in the suburbs or rural areas. It is important to know how to protect yourself and your family from air pollution. Fortunately, there is a lot you can do to reduce harmful exposures at home. There are also clean air campaigns you can join to help lower air pollution levels in your community.
What We Know About Air Pollution
A lot of urban air pollution comes from heavy traffic. Trucks and buses are the worst polluters as they use diesel fuel, not gasoline. Trucks and buses without new emission controls can put 50 times more pollution into the air than vehicles using gasoline. When diesel fuel burns, black carbon particles get into the air. The nose, throat, and lungs (upper respiratory system) can’t filter out black carbon particles because they are so small. These particles get deep into the lungs and can make breathing difficult. They can also worsen existing allergic and asthmatic conditions. Studies by the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health show that black carbon from street traffic comes indoors. Pollution-measuring machines placed in the homes of our study participants are finding nearly the same amount of black carbon inside homes as outside. This means that they, and their children, are breathing pollution from bus and truck traffic even indoors.
Pollution comes from inside homes, too. Our pollution measuring machines, which also monitor pollution from indoor sources, have found more tiny particles of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) indoors than outdoors. PAHs get into the air when fuel is burned. Common indoor sources are home heating fuels, tobacco smoke, cooking blackened foods, and burning candles and incense.
Some PAHs are known to increase the risk of asthma and cancer. The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health’s studies of mothers and newborns are showing that babies exposed to higher levels of PAHs in the womb are born with cell damage that could increase their risk for cancer.
The combination of PAHs and secondhand smoke increases health risks for children. The Center’s studies are also showing that exposure to PAHs mixed with secondhand smoke is harmful to children. All the babies in our study of mothers and newborns in Washington Heights, Harlem, and the South Bronx were exposed to PAHs in the womb. But children who were also exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher risk of health problems:
- Babies exposed to high levels of PAHs and secondhand smoke in the womb were born smaller than babies exposed to low levels. At the age of two, they also scored lower on tests of learning ability.
- Babies exposed to high levels of PAHs in the womb and secondhand smoke after birth coughed and wheezed more as one-year-olds and had more breathing problems and probable asthma diagnoses as two-year-olds than those with lower exposures.
What You Can Do Reduce PAHs at home
- Don’t smoke, and don’t let other people smoke near your children or in your home.
- Don’t burn, char, or blacken food.
- Use a kitchen fan while cooking.
- Limit the use of candles and incense in your home.
Follow healthy habits to lower your own and your children’s cancer risk
- Eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables every day.
- Exercise regularly.
- Avoid excessive weight gain.
- Avoid eating burned, charred, or blackened foods.
Join community efforts on behalf of cleaner air. Get involved with people in your neighborhood who are working to clean up the air. Community organizations coordinate effective clean air campaigns that are producing results. They are working to:
Reduce air pollution from trucks and buses.
- Allow fewer trucks and buses in residential neighborhoods.
- Require trucks and buses to be equipped with new emission controls.
- Prohibit trucks and buses from allowing their engines to idle when they stop for more than a few minutes.
Reduce air pollution from waste transfer stations and power plants.
- Monitor pollution sources closely, ascertaining that the most current pollution control devices are being used and that operations comply with code.
- Campaign to keep non-operational stations and plants closed.
- Work to keep new stations and plants from opening in or near residential areas. • Increase residents’ environmental health awareness.
Educate local residents about dangers to their health and to the environment.
- Teach local residents to advocate for themselves and their neighborhoods.
- Share knowledge of pollution sources and other relevant information with environmental and community groups citywide.
- Collaborate with researchers at area universities to help learn about the health effects of pollution.