§ 55. Geographic zones and natural areas
Geographic zones and natural areas
Geographic zones and natural areas. Geographic Zones - A natural
complexes, a wide zone extending in the latitudinal direction and change
each other from the equator to the poles. Geographical area differ
amount of heat, prevailing air masses and prevailing winds.
Geographical area called for appropriate climatic zones. On Earth
balls emit 13 geographical zones: equatorial, two subekvatorialnyh,
two tropical and two sub-tropical, two moderate, two subpolar (subarctic and
subantarktychnyy) and two polar (Arctic and Antarctic).
ratio of heat and moisture within the same geographical area determines its
division of natural areas.
Natural areas. Here for
dominate, the cold arctic air masses. The long polar night. Temperatures
low air: in winter to -30 0C in summer 5 0S. Snow
cover is held 300 days a year. Little rainfall - 300 mm per year. On
is shallow permafrost. It cools the soil,
prevent seepage of surface water and promotes waterlogging. Vegetation and
fauna is very poor.
Arctic desert zone includes islands
Arctic Ocean. Among the common plants, lichens, mosses, polar
Mack, kuripkova grass. Here, live reindeer, polar bear, polar fox,
lemming. Summer nesting gulls, chornodzobi goose.
Fig. Arctic desert
Tundra Zone wide strip
reaches the Arctic Ocean in Asia and in North
America. The winter is too severe, but a little warmer in summer. Temperature in July
equals 12 0S. tundra-wetland soils. Rainfall
increased to 400 mm. In tundra richer vegetation: along with
mosses and lichens growing sedge, cereals, cranberries, dwarf birch,
alder bushes. Plants stunted, stelyutsya land slope of
strong winds. Among the common animals reindeer, polar fox, lemming, white
partridge, white owl. Many Waterfowl
birds: geese, ducks, swans, loons.
Zone lisotundry summer
longer and warmer than the tundra. Among mosses grow birch, pine, spruce.
Taiga is inhabited by representatives: elk, brown bear, wolverine, rabbit-Bilyak,
protein from birds - grouse, hazel hen. In winter, residents here wandering the tundra -
reindeer and polar fox.
Area of coniferous forest (taiga) occupies the northern
part of the zone. There's a long cold winters and warm summers. January temperature
-24? -30 0C, July 1919 0C. The annual rainfall - 600
mm. Snow cover 200 days a year. Waterlogged area. Soils -
podzol and peat-swamp. Growing coniferous forests of spruce, pine, birch and is
aspen. A more diverse than in tundra fauna: elk, hare-Bilyak,
squirrel, wolf, fox, brown bear, lynx, wild weasel, ferret, please.
Zone of mixed forests located south of the zone
taiga. Soils there sod-podzol. In
forests combined coniferous and deciduous tree species: spruce, pine, birch, aspen,
oak, ash, linden, beech. They live moose, brown bear, roe deer, wolf, fox,
hare-Bilyak, hare. Many birds: woodpeckers, titmouse, siskin, black grouse, hazel hen.
Wide-area forest is
south of the zone of mixed forests. There's a cool summer (temperatures in July 1916 0C)
but warm winter (temperature of January 7 0C). Persistent snow cover is
formed. Rainfall is 800 mm per year. Soils brown wood. Grow
broadleaf forests of oak, beech, linden, maple, elm, ash and hornbeam. Usual
many animals: deer, wild boar, roe deer, badger, forest marten, hare,
protein. Birds common woodpecker, blue titmouse, finch.
The forest-steppe zone occupies a narrow strip and spread
south of the zone of mixed forests. It is, and forest and prairie vegetation.
Winter cold January temperature reaches -20 0C. Summer is warm with the July
temperatures 22 0C. Annual precipitation is 400 mm per year.
Fertile soils - forest gray, black. Therefore, the zone much plowed. Vegetable
cover - meadows and steppes, combined with the wide-forests. In the plains grow
tall grass - feather grass, typchak, tonkonih, timothy, buttercup. Animals: moose,
marten, wild cat, squirrel, gopher, and other large jerboa.
Steppe zone occupies the central part of the moderate
zone. The temperature in July is 24 0S, Jan. - -5? -12 0S.
Winter is very cold and long. Because of strong winds light snow.
The rainfall is 400 mm. Among the plants is dominated by feather grass,
typchak, zhytnyak, tonkonih, astragalus,
sage. Soils - black and chestnut. Animals - mostly rodents:
ferret, earth hare, jerboa, hamster. There steppe ferret, badgers and foxes.
Many steppe birds: bustard, partridge, skylark, steppe eagle.
Common prairie adder snake.
Zone semi-deserts temperate
formed in moderate sharply continental climate. There are hot summers (35 0C)
and cold winters with annual rainfall less than 200 mm. Because plant
cover is poor, very tenuous. Significant areas occupied by sand. There are growing
tonkonih, wormwood, soup, tamarisk bush, haloxylon. There are found antelope
(Saiga, dzeren), wild ass - Kulan, dvohorbyy Manhattan. Among rodents
common ferret, gerbil, jerboa. There are predators: foxes, Sand Cat, Sand
badger. Many lizards and snakes: udavchyk sandy, steppe viper, ETF and hyurza
cobra. Usually there is a tarantula spider, karakurt, scorpion.
Zone tverdolystyhevergreen forests and shrubs lies in the subtropical zone and has
subtropical climate with hot and dry summers and warm wet winters. Summer
dominated continental tropical air is set dry, hot weather.
The temperature in July is 27 0C, January temperature - 10 0S.
Precipitation falls of 500 mm per year. Soils
brown, brown wood. Vegetation dominated evergreen forest and
Trees, consisting of an evergreen oak, pine and cedar, strawberry
tree oil, juniper. But the prevailing shrubs.
Zone variable-wet monsoon forests occupies the eastern
mainland and stretching across several geographic zones. Climate has
significant seasonal differences. Winter is dry and cool (temperature January 8 0C)
summers are warm and humid. Frequent showers. The rainfall, as temperature,
increases from north to south from 500 mm to 1500 mm per year. Soils -
zhovtozemy and chervonozemy. Platyphyllous growing evergreen and deciduous forests
(Oak, beech, maple, ash, linden, walnut, pine, spruce, fir). In subtropical
species grow cypress, tulip tree, camphoric tree. However, the subtropical
Forests in this zone largely destroyed and the land under cultivation. It grows rice,
cotton, tea bush, tobacco, mulberry, citrus. In remnants are found
monkeys, lemurs, bamboo panda bear, black bear, Himalayan,
raccoon dog, wild boar. Many birds - pheasants, parrots, hen, partridge.
On the banks of lakes and rivers are inhabited herons, pelicans, ducks, geese and cranes.
У area and semi-
lying in the tropical zone, within a year rule dry tropical continental
air. The result is a high temperature and a handful of
precipitation. This led to widespread desertification. Wilderness has exceptional
drought. The rainfall there exceeds 200 mm per year. Summer is
hot (temperature in July is 33 0 C). Winter heat (temperature
January 1916 0 С). Soils -
sirozemy. Huge expanses of quicksand or covered with gravel. In plants, as
them very little to grow up wormwood sand, camel thorn, perekoty-field.
Grows in the oases of date palms, coffee tree, acacia. Animals deserts -
gazelle, antelope, jackal, striped hyena, fox Fenech,
jerboa. Sometimes occurs almost destroyed ostrich. Many snakes (cobra,
adder hyurza) and lizards.
phenomenon in the tropical belt is a hot dry wind hurricane - sandstorm that
accompanied by a sandy storm. Arabs call him the "breath of death." When he
blowing, the air temperature rises to 50 0C and relative
sometimes humidity decreases to 0%. Under these conditions, increases sharply
evaporation from the body. Then begins severe headache and may
come death. Disaster ago traveler whose simoom overrun on the road.
zones typical seasonal changes of air masses. Summer
displacement due to pressure zones in latitude subekvatorialni come
Wet and a hot equatorial air
mass in winter - hot and dry tropical air masses. So hot in summer and
wet, as the equatorial belt, and hot and dry in winter as in tropical
zone. Such a climate is called continuously variable hot and humid.
Zone shroud - a plain covered with grass, with individual
groups of trees and forests in river valleys. Where rains lasts 9 months
and the annual rainfall reaches 1000 mm, cereals (elephant grass and bearded)
rising to 3-5 m height. Soils - red. Where humid
reduced to 3 months and annual rainfall is 800 mm, the grass becomes
lower - up to 1m. Under such conditions, baobab and acacia grow. Where humid
lasts no more than 2 months, and the annual rainfall is 300 mm,
vegetation form a prickly bushes and acacia. There are also
date palm and palm songs. Wildlife rich savannas, especially in Africa:
antelopes, giraffes, zebras, buffalo, elephants, hippos, rhinos. Among the predators
common lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas. Many monkeys. The largest bird -
African ostrich. Since termites and insects common tsetse fly.
Equatorial geographic zone stretches
narrow strip on both sides of the equator. The climate there is always hot and always humid.
The temperature during the year is 25 0S. rainfall to 2000
Equatorial humid forest zone impressive species richness and density
vegetation. The forests alone
trees comprising 3000 species. Trees four to five tiers,
Fighting a light. Soils - red and yellow. Animals living mainly in
trees and river banks. This - monkeys, pygmy hippo, Okapi. The largest
predator is the leopard. Very common snakes, most of which are poisonous. In
equatorial forests of many valuable species of trees - black or ebony,
mahogany, bamboo, rubber plant.
Fig. Humid equatorial forest
Vysotna explain. The mountains also
natural areas is a change with changes in temperature and
rainfall, but not in a horizontal direction and vertically. For example, in Alps distinguish seven high zones. In the first Low zone to a height of 800 m grow
oak forests on brown forest soil. Moderate mountain zone to a height of 1200 m are beech forests
mountain brown forest soils. In top
middle mountain zone to
1800 m altitude coniferous forests growing on spruce, larch, pine mountain
podzolic soils. Subalpine
zone to a height of 2000 m are crookedand mountain pine, rhododendron and vysokotrav'ya. To
altitude 2800 m common Alpine vysokotravni bows. High - dominates zone rocks and
stony placers, which has little vegetation. In the top waist -
Questions and Tasks
1. What geographical area is called?
2. What are the natural features distinguish
3. What geographical area were formed on Earth
4. What natural zone are distinguished in the Arctic and
5. Why temperate zone features a variety of
6. Describe the natural area of tropical zone.
7. Explain why the equatorial belt rule
lush vegetation and abundant animal life?
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