The Development of Kansas Railroads
In Roman times: a major improvement in rolling resistance and a corresponding
increase in load carried (particularly in bad weather) was achieved by building
a stone-paved road on a deep foundation for hard-wheeled carts and chariots. The
paving had to be more than twice the width of the vehicles and was very laborious
and expensive to construct.
In the eighteenth-century: South
Wales tramways used a single flange on the "Plateway" short segments
of cast iron, usually mounted on stone blocks to keep plain-wheeled carts on
the track. A major problem was keeping the track clear of debris.
Single-Flanged iron wheels
running on the head of "I"
of iron rails held in gauge by wooden crossties rapidly proved to be a more
satisfactory system. The iron flange served as a self-cleaning, readily
crossed by roadways, relatively inexpensive, cushioned slightly by the wood’s
flexibility. It was soon found that mounting the wheels rigidly on a rotating
axle kept them in gauge better and made efficient bearing and lubrication possible.
One-car trains, as exemplified by the electric
interurban railway and the streetcars, proved relatively short-lived. The
‘iron horse" came as the first great transportation achievement of the
machine age. The early wood-burning locomotives with their big smokestacks
puffed and tooted across the countryside, pulling one or two cars. They
carried heavy loads faster, and over longer distances, than any other means
It was then feasible to hook railcars together
into trains, with important savings in cost. Combining railcars into a
train was important to increase the capacity of the narrow transportation corridors,
which was particularly important in providing needed mobility without wasting
vast areas of real estate.
In the nineteenth century: The early question was whether
or not the railroad idea would work. Cast iron rails sometimes broke under the
first impact from the weight of the new steam locomotive. Boilers blew up, and
huge costs were predicted for the tunnels, in the belief that trains could climb
only the slightest of grades. At what path of laying down the track was to be
taken when building the railroad. There were many obstructions in building the
railroad: mountains, hills, lakes, ponds, rivers, the nature like weather, animals
(buffalo and prairie dog) and not to mention the Indian attacks.
A railroad consists of two steel
rails that are held a fixed distance apart upon a roadbed. Guided and supported
by flanged steel wheels, and connected into trains, are propelled as the means
The machine used to move the trains
on the railroad tracks is called the locomotive.
The first was the steam locomotives that weighed from three to six tons,
and could pull only a few rail cars. Later in the nineteenth century the
electric locomotive was introduced to the railroads, being more powerful, faster
starting and with no smoke or exhaust gases.
Within a few years, tough wrought
iron rails became available. The timber crosstie proved not only cheaper that
the massive stone blocks originally planned as "permanent" supports
for the rails, but did a far better job of keeping the rails the right distance
apart. Experience proved that useful loads could be hauled over mountain ranges
on grades of more than 100 feet of rise per mile of track. The "pilot truck"
guided the locomotive around sharp curves, and workable designs were developed
for many auxiliary devices. The track switches, headlights and whistles were
designed to make the railroad a complete commercial enterprise, and safer.
The twentieth century: In
the building and expanding years it became clear that a railroad could be built
to go just about anywhere. With the wide-open choice, the real question
became one of economics: railroads should be built where there was, or reasonably
could be expected to be, enough demand for transportation to support the line
and pay back the cost of construction. Prosperity and people usually
followed rather than preceded the coming of the railroad, so faith and luck
were important too. The railroad network then began to grow on its own.
Once a line was in operation, the population grew more rapidly along it
then elsewhere. The types of services that trains perform are passenger,
road freight, and yard-switching service.
In practice, developing a logical
system of railroad trackage was not straightforward. Useful transportation is
a matter of moving something from where it is produced, to where it is needed.
Population and demand affected both ends of the trip for the trains. Needless
to say the first railroads had limited objects; they headed inland from established
ocean port cities to sources of raw materials and agricultural products. The
establishment of the diesel locomotive is its own traveling power plant; the
diesel engines supply power to the electric generators that direct current that
runs the motors, which turns the wheels. The diesel locomotives have a number
of advantages. These locomotives can make long runs without refueling or servicing,
can operate anywhere that there are rails, and weigh more than 300 tons.
On the basis of purely technical
reasons, locating a railroad line so that it can provide useful transportation
at minimum cost is a complicated business. Competitive, political and
even such emotional factors as civic pride, sheer optimism and especially greed
have often completely overwhelmed engineering considerations. Parallel
lines were built which really were not needed and now some have been abandoned.
With these factors, plus the effects
of governmental regulation, the rail system remains as a largely interconnected
network which can move goods in quantity from anywhere via a reasonably direct
route or routes. The railroad transformed the West from a wilderness to
a land of opportunity. That whistle from the train meant freedom, speed,
safety, commerce, and civilization. Go West young man, go West and grow
up with the country and many did just that.
While the total number of operating
railroads companies in the United States is far smaller than it once was, it
has remained relatively stable in recent years. There have been some mergers
in this part of the century, but we need to stay stable with railroads, because
with the current highway conditions of today travel will become more congested.
The railroads still make up the backbone of the transportation system
of the day. In the 1960’s the United States railroads owned about 28,000
diesel locomotives, 435 electric locomotives, 50 gas turbine locomotives, and
20 steam engine locomotive units.
The twenty-first century
and the future: A modern train may be
able to travel at speeds of over 300 miles per hour, which is much faster than
any vehicle is capable of traveling. There are far fewer train accidents
than vehicle crashes. As the number of vehicle-miles increase each year,
the number of fatalities and injuries also increase so consider travel by train
and use of the railroads to ship products. Even in today’s high-tech environment,
there is no substitute for the old-fashioned values, good will and the caring
attitudes for now and in the future from the railroads.
Other aspects of railroad development
is the use of concrete, plastic and other man-made materials for ties.
The Railroad, What It Is,
What It Does, Encarta 2000 Encyclopedia, and The World Book Encyclopedia