From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Classification and external resources|
Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
Types of endocrine disease 
Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:
- Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
- Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
- Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands
Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.
List of endocrine diseases 
Adrenal disorders 
- Adrenal hormone excess
Glucose homeostasis disorders 
- Diabetes mellitus
Thyroid disorders 
- Thyroid cancer
- Thyroid hormone resistance
Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease 
- Parathyroid gland disorders
Pituitary gland disorders 
Posterior pituitary 
Anterior pituitary 
- Pituitary tumors
Sex hormone disorders 
- Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders
- Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)
Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere 
See also separate organs 
- Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes
- Incidentaloma - an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging, often of endocrine glands
Endocrine emergencies 
In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.
Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization). It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.
See also 
- List of MeSH codes (C19)
- ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases
- List of ICD-9 codes 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
- "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
- "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
- Savage, M W; P Mah, A Weetman, and J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474.
- Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (2006 Dec). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma.". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 35 (4): 699–724, viii. PMID 17127142.
- Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis.". Case reports in medicine: 596185. PMID 21209735. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
- Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (1988 Aug). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency.". Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 123 (8): 956–9. PMID 2899426.
- Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.
- Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (2008 Jun). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy.". Journal of the American College of Surgeons 206 (3): 1106–15. PMID 18501807.
- Endocrine system diseases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- MedlinePlus Overview endocrinediseases
- Overview at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy