Sunday 19 May
Giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama)
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Giant Australian cuttlefish fact file
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Giant Australian cuttlefish description
The giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama) is the world’s largest cuttlefish, and, like many other cephalopods, it is able to camouflage itself exceptionally well. By changing its skin colour and texture, the giant Australian cuttlefish can convincingly disguise itself against its surrounding environment almost instantaneously (4). Cephalopods, which literally means ‘head-footed’, are a class of marine molluscs which, along with cuttlefish, includes squid, octopuses and nautiluses. Unlike other molluscs, cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, where blood is contained in vessels, and a highly developed nervous system with a large brain (4) (5).
The giant Australian cuttlefish has eight arms and two extended tentacles, which are used for mating and catching prey, as well as to transform and camouflage the shape of the body (6). The giant Australian cuttlefish is reddish brown, with white bars and spots on the arms and the mantle, and pale fins (4).
All cephalopods, and in particular cuttlefish species, have large, highly-developed eyes, and can detect very low light levels, vital in detecting prey and avoiding predation at night (4) (5). Cephalopods are widely considered to be the most intelligent group of invertebrates,with one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of any invertebrate (7) (8).
- Also known as
- Australian giant cuttlefish, giant cuttlefish.
- Seiche géante Australienne.
- Sepia gigante Australiana. Top
The Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts Species Profile and Threats Database - Giant cuttlefish:
BBC Wildlife Finder - Giant cuttlefish:
- In the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non-target species.
- A group of marine molluscs with grasping tentacles and either an internal or external shell. Includes squids, octopuses, cuttlefish and nautiloids.
- Diverse group of animals with jointed limbs and a hard external skeleton, characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles (mouthparts used for handling and processing food) and two pairs of maxillae (appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles). Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, woodlice and barnacles.
- Relating to the back or top side of an animal.
- Animals with no backbone, such as insects, crustaceans, worms, molluscs, spiders, cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) and echinoderms.
- In molluscs, a fold of skin that encloses a space known as the mantle cavity, which contains the gills. The mantle is responsible for the secretion of the shell.
- A diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following: a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth (the radula), a shell covering the upper surface of the body, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. Includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid.
- The production or depositing of eggs in water.
- An area occupied and defended by an animal, a pair of animals or a group.
IUCN Red List (August, 2012)
- Hall, H.C. and Hanlon, K.R. (2002) Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Marine Biology, 140: 533-545.
The Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts Species Profile and Threats Database - Giant cuttlefish (August, 2011)
- Reid, A., Jereb, P. and Roper, C.F.E. (2005) Cuttlefishes. In: Jereb, P. and Roper, C.F.E. (Eds.) Cephalopods of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cephalopod Species Known to Date, Volume 1: Chambered Nautiluses and Sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
- Lindgren, A.R., Giribet, G. and Nishiguchi, M.K. (2004) A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca). Cladistics, 20: 454-486.
NOVA - Anatomy of a cuttlefish (August, 2011)
- Karson, M.A., Boal, J.G. and Hanlon, R.T. (2003) Experimental evidence for spatial learning in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117: 149-155.
- Mather, J.A. (2008) To boldly go where no mollusc has gone before: Personality, play, thinking, and consciousness in cephalopods American Malacological Bulletin, 24: 51-58.
- Aitken, J.P., O’Dor, R.K. and Jackson, G.D. (2005) The secret life of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Cephalopoda): Behaviour and energetics in nature revealed through radio acoustic positioning and telemetry (RAPT). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 320: 77-91.
- Bone, Q., Brown E.R. and Travers, G. (1994) On the respiratory flow in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 194: 153-165.
- Chiao, C.-C. and Hanlon, R. T. (2001) Cuttlefish camouflage: visual perception of size, contrast and number of white squares on artificial substrata initiates disruptive coloration. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204: 2119-2125.
The University of Adelaide: Marine Biology - Cuttlefish (August, 2011)
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Giant Australian cuttlefish biology
The giant Australian cuttlefish spends a lot of time resting, allowing it to channel more energy into growth, which has been dubbed the ‘live-fast-die-young cephalopod philosophy’ (9). Like all cephalopods, the giant Australian cuttlefish is an active predator, using its excellent camouflage to stalk fishes, crabs and other crustaceans (3) (4).
Thousands of individual giant Australian cuttlefish aggregate every winter to spawn, peaking in May to June, with the number of males outnumbering the females by up to 11:1 (2) (4). During courtship, the male will perform spectacular displays to attract a female, in which bands of colour pass rapidly along the body (4). Males tend to establish territories around the best egg laying sites (3). As larger, aggressive males will often guard females entering their territory, small males, known as ‘sneaker males’, may adopt female colourings to avoid the larger males and achieve a mating (4).
The eggs of the giant Australian cuttlefish are lemon-shaped. Laid in crevices, the eggs hatch after 3 to 5 months (4).
The mantle cavity, a feature common to all molluscs, has adapted to help the giant Australian cuttlefish avoid predation. Water can be rapidly sucked in and ejected from the mantle, and is directed using a moveable ‘funnel’ to create a form of ‘jet propulsion’ which enables the giant Australian cuttlefish to swiftly escape from predators (10). Like many species of squid and octopus, the giant Australian cuttlefish is also able to protect itself by squirting ink, which obstructs the predators view or acts as a diversion. There is also evidence that the ink may block the scent of the cuttlefish, thereby providing protection from predators which hunt by smell (6).
Most species of cuttlefish are able to quickly change the colour and texture of the skin, allowing them to adopt similar shapes, colours and textures to the surrounding environment, such as rocks on the sea-bed. This is also the same technique employed when achieving sneaky matings or luring in prey (11).Top
Giant Australian cuttlefish range
The giant Australian cuttlefish is found exclusively around the southern coast of Australia and Tanzania, leading to its alternative common name of the ‘giant Australian cuttlefish’ (3).Top
Giant Australian cuttlefish habitatTop
Giant Australian cuttlefish status
The giant Australian cuttlefish is classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Giant Australian cuttlefish threats
The giant Australian cuttlefish is collected as bycatch in trawl fisheries, although relatively low numbers are caught (3). This species is also caught for human consumption and as bait for snapper fishes. Few details on the quantities and origins of catches of the giant Australian cuttlefish are available, and so it is difficult to quantify the effects of this on population numbers (4).
The giant Australian cuttlefish reproduces once in its short lifespan. This means that a decline in one generation will have profound effects on population numbers, as seen in the mid-1990s when mating aggregations of the giant Australian cuttlefish were actively targeted by fisheries (12).Top
Giant Australian cuttlefish conservation
After population numbers began to decline in the 1990s, a ban on fishing was introduced resulting in the recovery and subsequent rise of giant Australian cuttlefish populations (12).
Proposals have been made to protect the Whyalla breeding aggregation site in South Australia as a marine sanctuary (3). Being such an interesting and charismatic animal, there is a degree of public support for the conservation of the giant Australian cuttlefish.Top
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Find out more about the giant Australian cuttlefish and its conservation:
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