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Clean water and cholera vaccination in Haiti: Two stories from NPR's Richard Knox
Submitted by CHAN on April 14, 2012 - 08:15
Water In The Time Of Cholera: Haiti's Most Urgent Health Problem
By Richard Knox, NPR, April 12, 2012 (See the original posting of this story on NPR for numerous source links.)
In the teeming city of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, millions of people have no reliable water supply. Many of the underground pipes that did exist were ruptured by the 2010 earthquake. Many public water kiosks are dry. So life for most people is a constant struggle for water. And now that cholera has invaded Haiti, safe drinking water has become Haiti's most urgent public health problem.
Contaminated water is the main cause of cholera, which has sickened 530,000 Haitians since late 2010 and killed more than 7,000.
In Port-au-Prince, street vendors sell water in plastic baggies for a few pennies. Much of the city's water supply is trucked in by commercial vendors or a dwindling number of nongovernmental organizations that took on the task after the quake. On one busy street corner, just outside one of the city's biggest slums, people with plastic buckets jostle to get to a length of garden hose that snakes out of a hole in the pavement -- a source of free water.
A young woman named Marlene Lucien controls the hose. A self-appointed keeper of the peace, she tries to prevent fights from breaking out. Is it safe water? "We are used to it," someone replies. "It's the water we use every day." But another person waiting in line says she does worry about cholera. "We are scared of it because it can kill you within hours," she says. But she has no choice; she has to drink whatever water she can get.
Haiti has never had the kind of water systems that developed nations take for granted. Chalk it up to decades of dysfunctional governments and unreliable international aid. (As Cholera Surges In Haiti, Aid Withers Away, by Richard Knox, NPR, July 15, 2011 ). Whatever the reasons, it's never happened.
In the countryside, clean water is even harder to come by. In the tiny rice-growing village of Ballange, 50 miles north of Port-au-Prince, people have taken their water from the Artibonite River for generations. "They spent many years drinking it and they had never been sick," says Absolue Culberte, a community leader. Then, 18 months ago, things changed. "Suddenly, [people] started being sick," Culburte says. "They were scared because they didn't know what was going on."
Cholera had entered the Artibonite River, Haiti's longest, 60 miles upstream -- most likely from a leaky latrine at a United Nations camp for peacekeeping troops, who carried it from Nepal. Many people in Ballange got sick, and some died. Now, cholera is entrenched in the environment. With the coming of the spring rains, cholera cases are beginning to climb again in the Artibonite Valley.
But this spring, there's reason to hope it will skip over Ballange. That's because the village has a brand-new water treatment system. A U.S.-based charity called Water Missions International installed it, along with systems in a couple of dozen other villages. Two big tanks provide plenty of clean water for about 3,000 people. The system cost about $25,000.
Ballange is a bright spot in Haiti's quest for clean water. But a few miles upriver, in a village called Ote Dibison, there's a grimmer reality. Another international aid group put in a similar water purifier in 2009. But it broke down just before the cholera outbreak. Silencier Bonhomme, a member of the local water committee, says all it would take to fix the system is a couple of new batteries and a new pipe. But when villagers tried to reach the aid group, they didn't get a response. "We don't have anyone who can fix it," Bonhomme says. "People now are using water from the river, and they get sick. We're getting close to two years since it broke down."
Other villages have the same problem. Water purifiers were put in, but they broke down, and villagers weren't able to fix them.
A hundred miles southwest there's an even bigger failure, in a seaside area called Petite Riviere des Nippes on Haiti's long, westward-pointing peninsula. Nine years ago, the Haitian government built an elaborate water system there. It was designed to pump water from a pristine, protected stream to a hilltop reservoir and distribute it through pipes to the area. It was a big project, costing several hundred thousand dollars. A red government sign called it "a public treasure." But it hasn't functioned in more than two years. The pump failed. A truck reportedly drove over a pipe and crushed it. Local authorities couldn't scrape up the money to get it repaired. And it's unclear when the national government plans to fix it.
"It's a tragedy," says Kenny Rae of OxfamAmerica, "particularly in the middle of a cholera outbreak, when people have to now use water they take from the river. We've tested it. It's very, very contaminated."
So Oxfam is trying a simple, low-tech solution to provide clean water. The NGO is installing what they call "chlorine boxes" ? green metal poles with dispensers on top. With a quick tap, it squirts just the right amount of chlorine to disinfect a 5-gallon bucket of water. Soon there will be 90 chlorine boxes scattered around the surrounding villages, which get their water from sometimes-contaminated streams. "The cost of chlorine is very low," Rae says. "A $100 tub will cover all dispensers for six months."
When NPR visited, the hillside hamlet of Font de Liane was buzzing with excitement as a group of men dug holes and mixed cement to install two chlorine boxes. "We were thirsty for something like this," says Jacob Labote, a schoolteacher who is chairman of the local water committee. "I believe that everybody will be using it."
Vaccination Against Cholera Finally Begins In Haiti
After myriad delays and setback, health workers in Haiti are beginning to vaccinate against cholera.
By Richard Knox, NPR, April 12, 2012
Today, 50,000 people living in the slums of Port-au-Prince will start to get immunized against the disease. This weekend, another 50,000 villagers in the low rice-growing areas of the Artibonite River valley will get their first doses of an oral cholera vaccine. It's a pilot project that will involve only 1 percent of Haiti's population. The aim is to show that it's possible to give the required two doses over a two-week period to desperately poor and hard-to-reach people.
If it works, the plan is to convince the Haitian government, deep-pocketed donors and international health agencies to support a much bigger campaign to vaccinate millions of Haitians at highest risk of cholera.
Dr. Paul Farmer of Partners in Health, which is organizing the rural arm of the project, says he's already working on that more ambitious goal. "What I would hope for Haiti and for the Congo and other places with cholera," Farmer told Shots, "is that it's just a matter of political will and investment to ramp up vaccine production and build a global stockpile."
The Indian producer of Shanchol, the vaccine being used in Haiti, makes it only when agencies put in orders. So the pilot project in Haiti, which is using 200,000 doses at a cost of around $400,000, is using up almost all the current world supply of the vaccine.
Dr. Jean William Pape, who heads a Haitian group called GHESKIO that's doing the Port-au-Prince part of the current campaign, thinks vaccine could blunt the impact of cholera in Haiti in the near term. "If we give this vaccine every three years to the at-risk population, we will see that the curve of those who are infected with cholera will decrease year after year," Pape told NPR. "I think that's what we should aim for."
It's been a long and twisted path toward what vaccination proponents consider an obvious response to one of the biggest cholera epidemics on record. Over the past 18 months, 530,000 Haitians have suffered from the fast-moving disease. Tens of thousands have been hospitalized. More than 7,000 have died. Not until this week did cholera vaccination get the green light from Haiti's Ministry of Public Health and Population, after weeks of internal wrangling over the ethics of the project.
The health minister, Dr. Florence Duperval Guillaume, approved the project last December. The previous Haitian government opposed cholera vaccination. Insiders say that's largely because influential agencies such as the Pan American Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention signaled their opposition. "The general culture around cholera vaccination in public health agencies has been that it's not a good idea. It's too complicated. It's too hard. It's costly," says Dr. Louise Ivers of Partners in Health. "That the Haitians can't even get measles coverage to be high enough. There's a kind of apathy about introducing another vaccine into such a place.
"Then there's the philosophical notion – an ideological argument that you shouldn't be trying to vaccinate against cholera when really the solution is water and sanitation," Ivers said in an interview.
Vaccine advocates agree, but say cholera won't wait for improvements in water and sanitation. Eight million Haitians lack potable water or proper sanitation, says GHESKIO's Pape. "So what are you going to do?" he asks. "In the best conditions, with the best government, it's not going to be done in five years. So you need this vaccine."
Over the past half-year, PAHO and the CDC have changed their stance to "cautious approval," as one of the involved parties puts it. Dr. John Vertefeuille, the CDC's country director in Haiti, told NPR that the vaccination pilot project " will provide an important piece of information around the feasibility and acceptability of the vaccine." He pointed out that "cholera vaccine's never been used in an ongoing outbreak situation with cholera." Vertefeuille added that CDC's focus remains on improving water, sanitation, people's hygiene practices and medical services to care for cholera victims.
Another important development was the World Health Organization's approval of the Shanchol vaccine last November as safe and effective. Shanchol is cheaper than the other cholera vaccine, called Dukoral, and it's easier to administer.
But changing attitudes at the international level didn't mean smooth sailing for the project within Haiti. In early March, a Haitian radio station raised ethical questions about the project, charging that it was an "experiment" on the Haitian people that had not won approval by a national ethics committee. That report apparently reflected charges made by a website that Haitians were to be used "as guinea pigs in a cholera vaccine trial."
The broadcast caught Haitian health officials by surprise. It also awakened the interest of the ethics panel, which had not yet acted upon a proposal submitted by Partners in Health and GHESKIO last year, before the WHO had approved Shanchol. At the request of the health ministry, the groups hastily submitted updated proposals. But it wasn't until this week — six weeks beyond the hoped-for vaccination start date — that the ethics committee gave its approval.
That delay has caused a lot of anxiety. For one thing, Haiti's spring rainy season has begun — a time when flooding spreads cholera germs around, often directly into people's homes, and increases the contamination of drinking water. Second, the delay has pushed the cholera vaccination campaign up against a long-planned national campaign to vaccinate children against measles, rubella, polio, rotavirus, Hemophilus influenzae and pneumonia.
Cholera vaccine is not supposed to be given at the same time as polio vaccine in children under 10. So that has forced Partners in Health and GHESKIO to defer cholera vaccination in 9-and-under children until after they've received polio vaccine, and then to track them down and give them the cholera vaccine.
Meanwhile, the Haitian government's support for the project seems firm. "This vaccine will be able to give us good protection," Dr. Gabriel Timothe, director-general of the health ministry, said in announcing approval of the project on Wednesday. He added that the project "will enable us to evaluate the operational cost" of cholera vaccination. But the long-term objective, Timothe said, is "to eliminate the presence of cholera on the island of Hispaniola." And that will take massive investment in clean water and good sanitation.