The rapid economic growth in Malaysia has generated 0.5-0.8 kg waste
material/person/day and in rural areas the figure increased to 1.7 kg/person/day
(Kathirvale et al., 2003). The authors noted that plastics materials
constitute the largest component of waste material by weight at 18.9%,
apart from food and paper. The plastics waste materials comprised 3.2%
rigid plastics, 14% plastics film and 1.65% foam plastics. Most plastics
such as poly-olefins, a petroleum derivative, are not easily degradable.
This means that the plastics materials cannot be decomposed by bacteria
when buried or disposed at the dumping sites. Pocket Guide to Marine Debris
(2003) predicted that plastic bottles would take approximately 450 years
Biodegradable plastics materials such as polyactic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate
however, are too expensive to compete with petroleum based plastics. The
government has faced difficulties in finding suitable dumping sites as
well as outcry from the public whenever issues on the development of new
dumping sites were raised (Jamlus, 2004).
The British Plastics Federation (2003) categorized recycled plastics
as industrial scrap and post-use products. The former is derived from
manufacturing scrap while the latter is plastic products that have undergone
a full service life and later reclaimed for further use.
Plastics waste materials that are collected from industry sources that
comes under the sorted plastics categories were claimed to be better in
terms of quality than those collected from mixed material sources. It
is relatively easier to identify and control the cleanliness of materials
that are collected from the industry as compared to those from municipal
waste. Better grade recyclable plastics will ensure better quality for
the second grade plastics materials to be produced without the need for
sorting and cleaning processes. Sorted plastics materials can be obtained
from the industry or consumers that sort their own plastics waste materials.
The objective of this study is to determine the consumption and disposal
rate of plastic materials in plastic manufacturing companies and to identify
recycling trends in these companies as well as in recycling companies
in Malaysia. Results from the study would provide some insights into issues
related to the recycling pattern, supply and quality of recycled materials
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in Malaysia from February-April 2005 using the
survey method that was sent out to forty plastic manufacturing companies
and detailed case studies involving interviews in three plastics recycling
companies. The survey method was aimed at acquiring information related
to the consumption of plastics and recycled materials, plastics recycling
practices and issues in the plastics manufacturing companies while the
detailed case studies were used to gather details on recycling practices
in recycling companies. Respondents for the study were identified from
the directory of companies registered with the Malaysian Plastics Manufacturers
Association (MPMA Directory 2001/2002). Twenty plastics manufacturers
responded to the survey. Findings from the survey and detailed case studies
are reported in the following section.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Recycling of plastics in plastics manufacturing companies
Consumption rate of plastics according to resin types: With
regard to the type of resins consumed by the plastics manufacturers, results
from the survey (Fig. 1) indicated that ABS-28%, PP-27%,
PS-20%, other materials such nylon and acrylic 11%, PE-10% and PC-4% were
the main resins used. The results clearly indicated that polyolefin such
as polyethylene (10%) and polypropylene (27%) monopolised the plastics
industry in Malaysia. This finding is in line with the study by the Malaysian
Plastics Manufacturers Association (MPMA) that reports the consumption
of poly olefins as the highest, at 67.7%.
The consumption of the ABS resin is high (28%) since most of the respondents
are from the electrical and electronics sector; producing telephones,
computer casings and domestic appliances such as casings for food processors
and hand-held electrical items. PS is third in terms of consumption and
this finding conforms to the study conducted by MPMA (2004).
||Consumption rate for different types of plastics resin
per day of the respondent companies
||Consumption rate of plastics according to resin types
In terms of unit weight, the total amount of solid resins consumed per
day by the respondent companies is
46.8 ton day-1. The total consumption of polyolefin resins
can be as high as 17.4 ton day-1, which includes the use of
recycled resins. Table 1 shows the amount of resins
consumed per day by the respondent companies according to resin types.
Consumers of plastics according to industrial sectors: With regard
to the consumption of materials according to industrial sectors (Fig.
2) the electrical and electronics sectors lead at 39%, followed by
automotive 26%, domestic 19%, packaging 10%, building and construction
and agricultural sectors, each contributing 3%. MPMA has
identified the packaging sector as the largest consumer of plastics material.
The packaging sector manufactures product using the extrusion method such
as film extrusion to produce plastic bags and blow moulding to produce
bottles etc. A majority of the respondents in this study use the injection
moulding process for their products.
The injection moulding process uses less material as compared to the
extrusion method since the extrusion method is a continuous process (Abidin,
2005). In the UK, packaging represents the largest single sector in plastics
use; that accounts for 35% of UK plastics consumption (Waste online, 2006).
Consumption of virgin resin versus recycled resin: All the respondents
use thermoplastic materials, enabling them to reprocess or recycle the
materials. Injection moulding is the main process in most of the respondents.
||Consumption (in %) of plastics according to industrial
From the total of 46.8 ton day-1 plastics materials consumed
by the respondents, 19% are of the second grade material or recycled materials
that have been mixed with virgin resin. The other 81% used virgin resin.
Some manufacturers mixed less than 10% of the recycled materials into
the virgin resin. According to the British Plastics Federation (2003)
almost all moulding companies recycle their own plastic waste in-house.
From the survey, it was found that 7 companies emphasised quality in their
end products while saving on cost. 3 out of the 7 companies do not use
recycled materials at all due to the need to produce high precision products
as specified by the customer. Some companies use more than 50% of mixed
recycled material in most cases for the manufacture of domestic products
that do not require high quality or accuracy.
According to MPMA (2004) the total consumption of virgin plastics increases
from 1.42 million metric tonne in 2003 to 1.53 million metric tonne in
2004. About 40% of the virgin plastic is imported due to the absence of
the required grade and type in the local market.
Sources of plastics materials in the industry: Out of the 20 respondents,
80% used recycled materials. Many companies recycled their own materials
in view of cost savings. Twenty percent of the companies that used recycled
materials recycle their products in-house as well getting the supply from
external recycling companies that are appointed on a contract basis. The
recycled products are generally defects or those that do not comply with
the specified quality standards. The British Plastics Federation (2003)
refers to these scrap materials as industrial scrap that results from
the start up and shut down periods of the processing machinery, from out
of specification products and from quality control samples.
Outsourcing of the recycled materials is necessary when its capacity
to support production requirements is low.
||Sources of plastics materials for the plastics manufacturers
Ten percent of the companies that use recycled material do not recycle
their waste materials, instead they outsourced from recycling companies.
None of the recycled materials are imported perhaps due to the availability
of supply from the local recycling companies.
It has been noted that in developing countries, the scope for plastics
recycling is growing as the amount of plastics being consumed increases
(Recycling of Plastics, 2006). Figure 3 depicts the
various sources of plastics materials. The other 20% of the respondents
who did not use recycled materials did so due to requirements for high
quality products. Waste materials from these companies are sold as scrap
through quotations or to contractual buyers.
Consumption of recycled plastics according to industry size: In
Malaysia, the industry is classified according to sizes based on the following
category: small sized- full time employee less than 50, annual sales less
than RM10 million; medium size-full time employee 50-150 and annual sales
between RM10 million-RM25 million; large size- employee more than 150
and annual sales more than RM25 million. Findings from the study indicated
that the medium-sized industry consumed the most recycled material, at
4 ton day-1 (43%) compared to the large industry at 2.9 tonne/day
(40%) and small industry at 1.9 ton day-1 (17%).
Rate of disposal of plastics materials: Findings from the study
indicated that plastics materials are disposed at a rate of 2.943 kg day-1,
an approximation of 5% from the daily consumption of plastics material.
This finding is in agreement with the results obtained by Rossbach (1979)
Recycling of plastics materials in plastics recycling companies: The
findings discussed in this section were obtained from detailed case studies
conducted in three plastics recycling companies (industrial partners).
These companies are Bumiputera-owned companies that are categorized as
small scale industries (full time employees <50 and annual sales <RM10
Recycling process: The main processes involved in recycling in
the industrial partners are presented as follows:
||Acquisition of plastics waste material
||Manual sorting by trained operators. Sorting can be based on:
||Resin type: PE, PP, PS, ABS etc.
||Material grade: blow moulding grade, film grade, injection moulding
||Colour of material: material is of the original colour or has been
mixed with other colours
||Cleanliness level of the materials: clean materials or materials
that are mixed with dirt and impurities.
||Cleaning of materials depending on the level of cleanliness.
Cleaning is normally done by spraying or soaking in liquid detergent.
||Drying using a spin dryer of high speed and a tumble dryer.
||Meshing of materials by grinding
||Pelletising by melting meshed material using extruder. The molten
plastic will be pushed out via a moulding the form of continuous strips.
These strips will be passed through a cooling tank prior to drawing
into a cutting machine forming granules known as pellets.
||Weighing and packaging. The weight of each packaging is 25 kilogram.
Not all materials that are obtained from the industry will undergo the
pelletising process especially materials from the injection moulding process
Materials that are purchased directly from local producers of resin will
be cleansed, packaged and eventually marketed. Generally, materials that
are obtained from the local suppliers do not require classification since
the material specification can be obtained directly from the suppliers.
The process flow for plastic recycling in the industrial partners is presented
in Fig. 4.
Sources of recycled plastics: From the case studies, it was observed
that recycled materials might be obtained from several sources as outlined
in the following:
||Waste material from the plastics manufacturing industry
i.e., products that are disposed due to defects or other quality reasons.
These materials are obtained directly from the industry based on contracts
or from traders of recycled materials.
||Waste materials that are imported from countries such as Germany
||Waste materials collected from dumping sites that can be purchased
from traders of recycled materials. These materials have undergone
the selection and classification process.
||Materials from local producers such as Petlin, Titan and Polyethylene
Malaysia, which do not comply with specifications. These materials
can be obtained through contracts.
Material grade and quality: The price of the recycled material
is generally classified according to the grade and quality of the recycled
materials as follows:
||Colour-materials that are produced from their original
colour will be priced higher compared to those of mixed colours. Materials
of a single colour will be priced higher than those that have been
mixed with other colours. Materials of mixed colours will be produced
in black colour.
||Shape-Materials that underwent pelletising will be priced higher
compared to materials that are meshed. With regard to quality, products
that are developed from pellet recycled materials will give products
of better quality. This is supported by the results of Baltz (1992).
||Processing type grade-materials from the blowing grade has a higher
price compared to materials from the injection moulding grade.
||Level of material cleanliness- the cleanliness of materials obtained
from dumping sites is lower compared to materials from the industry.
Hence a higher price for materials from the industry is bid.
||Price of virgin resin in the market- the price of virgin resin is
dependent upon type. The increase in price of virgin resins has led
to the high demand for recycled materials.
||Nature of the material- materials that are obtained directly from
the producers of plastics resins are of a higher value since the materials
are virgin resins that was earlier rejected due to failure in complying
||Process flow for plastic recycling in the industrial
In Malaysia, one of the prime movers for the expansion of the plastics
industry is the plastic recycling companies. Findings from the study indicated
that 19% of the plastics materials used are recycled materials and their
supplies are either from in-house or local recycling companies. This study
found that 20% of the manufacturing companies recycled their own materials
as well as hiring external recycling companies to mesh their products
into flake-forms. The material flow pattern within the plastics manufacturing
company enables the re-use of materials of the same grade. Ten percent
of the manufacturing companies purchased second grade materials in the
form of pellets or flakes. Three possible reasons were cited i) the lack
of facilities for recycling, ii) high demand for recycled materials causing
manufacturers to be incapable of recycling their own material, or iii)
the need to develop products of a higher quality by using second grade
materials that has been pelletized; pellets are deemed better than meshed