John Mercer Langston
|John Mercer Langston|
|Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 4th district
September 23, 1890 - March 3, 1891
|Preceded by||Edward Carrington Venable|
|Succeeded by||James F. Epes|
December 14, 1829|
Louisa County, Virginia
|Died||November 15, 1897
|Spouse(s)||Caroline Matilda Wall|
|Profession||Attorney and educator|
John Mercer Langston (December 14, 1829 – November 15, 1897) was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, activist and politician. He was the first dean of the law school at Howard University and helped create the department. He was the first president of what is now Virginia State University, a historically black college.
Born a free black in Virginia to a former slave mother of mixed-race and an English planter father, in 1888 Langston was elected to the U.S. Congress as the first representative of color from Virginia. The first Black Congressman, Joseph Hayne Rainey of South Carolina, had been elected in 1870 during the Reconstruction era.
In the Jim Crow era of the later nineteenth century, Langston was one of only five African Americans elected to Congress from the South before the former Confederate states passed constitutions and electoral rules that essentially eliminated the black vote. After that, no African Americans would be elected from the South until 1973, after the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed to enforce constitutional rights. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the gerrymandered district lines that southern Democratic State legislatures had drawn to keep blacks from voting.
Langston's early career was based in Ohio where, with his brother Charles, he began his lifelong work for African-American freedom, education, equal rights and suffrage. In 1855 he was one of the first African-American people in the United States elected to public office when elected as a town clerk in Ohio. He was the younger brother of Charles Henry Langston, a fellow abolitionist; they were great-uncles of the renowned poet Langston Hughes.
Early life and education 
Langston was born free in 1829 in Louisa County, Virginia, the youngest of a daughter and three sons of Lucy Jane Langston, a freedwoman of mixed African and Native American descent, and Ralph Quarles, an English plantation owner, Quarles freed Lucy, a slave, and their daughter Maria in 1806, in the course of what was a relationship of more than 25 years. Their three sons were born free. His older brothers were Gideon and Charles Henry.
Lucy had three other children with another partner before she moved into the Great House and deepened her relationship with Quarles. Their three sons were born after her move. Of the older half-siblings, William Langston was most involved with Quarles' sons. He relocated with them to Chillicothe, Ohio (see below.)
Before his death, Ralph Quarles arranged for his Quaker friend William Gooch to be made guardian of his children. As requested by Quarles, after the parents both died in 1833 when John Langston was four, Gooch moved with the boys and their half-brother William Langston to Chillicothe, Ohio, in a free state. Quarles had reserved funds for their education. In 1835 the older brothers Gideon and Charles started at the preparatory school at Oberlin College, where they were the first African-American students to be admitted. Gideon looked much like his father and took his surname at the age of 21, and thereafter was known as Gideon Quarles.
The youngest Langston followed them, enrolling in the preparatory program at Oberlin College at the age of fourteen. John Langston earned a bachelor's degree in 1849 and a master's degree in theology in 1852 from Oberlin. Denied admission to law schools in New York and Ohio because of his race, Langston studied law (or "read law", as was a practice then) under attorney and Republican US congressman Philemon Bliss and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1854.
Marriage and family 
In 1854 Langston married Caroline Matilda Wall, who also graduated from Oberlin College. From North Carolina, she was the emancipated daughter of an enslaved mother and Colonel Stephen Wall, a wealthy white planter. The planter freed his mixed-race daughters Sara and Caroline, and sent them to Ohio to be raised in an affluent Quaker household. An intellectual partner of Langston, Caroline had five children with him, one of whom died in childhood.
Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, John Langston became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, with John acting as president and traveling to organize local units, and Charles' managing as executive secretary in Cleveland.
In 1863 when the government approved founding of the United States Colored Troops, John Langston was appointed to recruit African Americans to fight for the Union Army. He enlisted hundreds of men for duty in the Massachusetts Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth regiments, in addition to 800 for Ohio’s first black regiment. After the war, he was appointed inspector general for the Freedmen's Bureau, a Federal organization that assisted freed slaves and tried to oversee labor contracts; it also ran a bank and helped establish schools for freedmen and their children.
Even before the end of the war, Langston worked for issues of black suffrage and opportunity. He believed that black men's service had earned their right to vote, and that it was fundamental to their creating an equal place in society. In 1864 Langston chaired the committee whose agenda was ratified by the black National Convention: they called for abolition of slavery, support of racial unity and self-help, and equality before the law.
To accomplish this program, the convention founded the National Equal Rights League and elected Langston president. He served until 1868. Like the later National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the League was based in state and local organizations. Langston traveled widely to build support. "By war's end, nine state auxiliaries had been established; some twenty months later, Langston could boast of state leagues nearly everywhere." 
In 1868 Langston moved to Washington, D.C. to establish and serve as dean of Howard University's law school; it was the first black law school in the country. Appointed acting president of the school in 1872, and vice president of the school, Langston worked to establish strong academic standards. He also hoped to create the kind of open environment he had known at Oberlin College. Langston was passed over for the permanent position of president of Howard University School of Law by a committee that refused to disclose the reason.
During 1870, Langston assisted Republican Senator Charles Sumner from Massachusetts with drafting the Civil Rights Bill that would later become the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The 43rd Congress of the United States passed the bill in February 1875 and it was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.
President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Langston a member of the Board of Health of the District of Columbia. In 1877 President Hayes appointed Langston as U.S. Minister to Haiti; he also served as chargé d'affaires to the Dominican Republic.
In 1885 Langston returned to the US and Virginia, where he was named the first president of Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, a historically black college (HBCU) at Petersburg. There he also began to build a political base.
In 1888, Langston was urged to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives by fellow Republicans, both black and white. Leaders of the biracial Readjuster Party, which had held political power in Virginia from 1879–1883, did not support his candidacy. Langston ran as a Republican and lost to his Democratic opponent. He contested the results of the election because of voter intimidation and fraud.
After 18 months, the Congressional committee declared Langston the winner, and he took his seat in the US Congress. He served for the remaining six months of the term, but lost his bid for reelection as Democrats regained control of Virginia. Langston was the first black person elected to Congress from Virginia, and he was the last for another century. In a period of increasing disfranchisement of blacks in the South, he was one of five African Americans in Congress during the Jim Crow era of the last decade of the nineteenth century. Two were elected from South Carolina and two from North Carolina. After them, no African Americans would be elected from the South until 1972, after passage of federal civil rights legislation enforcing constitutional rights for all citizens.
See also 
- List of African American firsts
- Henry Plummer Cheatham
- Thomas E. Miller
- George Washington Murray
- George Henry White
Books by Langston 
- From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol; Or, the First and Only Negro Representative in Congress From the Old Dominion. American Publishing Company. 1894.
- Freedom and Citizenship: Selected Lectures of Hon. John Mercer Langston, Washington D.C.: William H. Darby Publishers 1883; Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing Company, 2007.
- Cheek, William Francis and Aimee Lee. John Mercer Langston and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1829-65. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
- Wagner, Jean, Black poets of the United States: from Paul Laurence Dunbar to Langston Hughes, University of Illinois Press, 1973, ISBN 0-252-00341-1
- William Cheek, "A Negro Runs for Congress: John Mercer Langston and the Virginia Campaign of 1888", Journal of Negro History, 52 (Jan 1967)
- W. Cheek, "John Mercer Langston: Black Protest Leader and Abolitionist", Civil War History 16 (Mar 1970)
- William Cheek and Aimee Lee Cheek, "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in Leon F. Litwack and August Meier, eds., Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois, 1991, pp.110-114, 118
- Cheek, William Francis and Aimee Lee. John Mercer Langston and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1829-65, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989, pp.11-12
- Philip Sheldon Foner, Robert J. Branham (1997). Lift every voice: African American oratory, 1787-1900. University Alabama Press. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-0-8173-0906-0.
- Quarles was the descendant of the 17th-century English poet Francis Quarles, Wagner (1973), p. 386
- Frederick J. Blue, No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics, Louisiana State University Press, 2006, p. 66
- Richard B. Sheridan, "Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas", Kansas State History, Winter 1999, accessed 15 Dec 2008
- J. Clay Smith, Jr., Thurgood Marshall (1999). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-8122-1685-1.
- "John Mercer Langston (1829-1897)", Oberlin College, accessed 15 Dec 2008
- "John Mercer Langston", Black Past, accessed 15 Dec 2008
- John Mercer Langston, Representative, 1890–1891, Republican from Virginia, Black Americans in Congress series, retrieved November 12, 2012
- Stanley Turkel (2009). Heroes of the American Reconstruction: Profiles of Sixteen Educators, Politicians and Activists. McFarland. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7864-4250-8.
- Linda C. Tillman (2008). The Sage handbook of African American education. Sage Publications. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4129-3743-6.
- "The Negroes’ Temporary Farewell: Jim Crow and the Exclusion of African Americans from Congress, 1887–1929", Black Americans in Congress, US Congress, accessed 5 June 2012
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Mercer Langston|
- "John Mercer Langston", Congressional Biography
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1891). "article name needed". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
- Langston Biography Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007
- "John Mercer Langston", Oberlin College biography
- John Mercer Langston Speeches, Oberlin College speech collection
- Kevin Merida, "The 'Obama Before Obama', Washington Post, June 7, 2008
- "Biography of John Mercer Langston" including youthful photograph, AfricanAmericans.com
- Langston High School Continuation Program in Arlington, Virginia
Edward Carrington Venable
|Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 4th congressional district
September 23, 1890 - March 3, 1891
James F. Epes