July 1, 2009 By Blake Harris
Photo: Agents discovered this tunnel in Nogales, Arizona. It ended up on the Mexican side of the U.S. Mexico border. Five drug trafficking suspects were arrested and the tunnel destroyed.
We've been hearing about technology securing the US border for years. Yet the degree that technology is actually safeguarding the country (and especially the local communities along the border) is an open question. In recent years, for instance, criminals of all descriptions have been digging tunnels along the U.S. Mexican border at a fast and furious pace. U.S. border patrol agents discover a new one almost every month.
While most tunnels are used to move drugs or people, they could also be used to move in weapons and explosives for a terrorist attack. Tunnels are a serious challenge for border patrol agents because they can begin and end almost anywhere. Their entrances and exits are often hidden inside old warehouses or under trees. And if old ones are discovered, new ones are quickly started by the criminal enterprises that have come to rely on this method for smuggling drugs and people.
So far, not a single tunnel has ever been discovered by US border patrol agents using technology. "All of them have been found by accident or human intelligence," explained Ed Turner, a project manager with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) in a news release issued yesterday.
According to the Science and Technology Directorate, new technology is desperately needed to battle these secret burrows. So in partnership with Lockheed Martin, DHS S&T has launched the Tunnel Detection Project as part of the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA), a distinct office within S&T set up to think out-of-the-box.
The idea they are pursuing is the use of sophisticated ground penetrating radar to rapidly detect the presence of tunnels and to plug them as fast as the criminals can dig them.
Initially, S&T explored the possibility of an unmanned aircraft equipped with radar technology that would fly along the border searching for tunnels. While this concept remains a goal, Department scientists and agents realize that most of the existing tunnels run through large urban centers where they are difficult to spot from satellite imagery. In addition, the airborne radar's radio frequency signals pose privacy concerns if they cross into someone's home.
Photo: An early prototype of S&T's ground penetrating radar on display at a demonstration this spring. Engineers tested the technology in a giant sandbox to simulate conditions along the southern U.S. border. (DHS S&T)
The new design technology is to place the radar antennas in a trailer that will be towed by a Border Patrol truck. The antennas shoot a signal directly into the ground and use it to construct a multi-colored picture of the earth. Tunnels show up as red, yellow, and aquamarine dots against a blue background. Border patrols agents would see these images on a monitor mounted inside their truck.
Ground penetrating radar is a promising technology because it is already used by civil engineers to reconstruct underground images. These engineers, however, are usually only interested in detecting cables or pipes that may be a few meters beneath the earth. S&T must find tunnels that often run much deeper. To find these, the radar uses much lower frequencies that penetrate the ground much better, and a sophisticated new imaging technology that can display clear pictures of deep tunnels.
The Lockheed Martin team showed off an early scale model prototype this spring, mimicking the Southern U.S. border with large box filled with sand and rocks, and using pipes as tunnels.
Next, they will send the technology to the Southwest this summer, where it will be tested against the rigors of the real life border. Separating tunnels from rocks, plants, and other objects along the ground or buried shallowly will be a key test.
"We want to develop something that can be used with high reliability so you'll find tunnels and not other things in the ground," said Turner.
This Digital Communities white paper highlights discussions with IT officials in four counties that have adopted shared services models. Our aim was to learn about the obstacles these governments have faced when it comes to shared services and what it takes to overcome those roadblocks. We also spoke with several members of the IT industry who have thought long and hard about these issues. The paper offers some best practices for shared government-to-government services, but also points out challenges that government and industry still must overcome before this model gains widespread adoption.