Why have college education programs in prison--proven statistically
to have a positive impact on recidivism--all but disappeared, asks
Marlene Martin, national director of the Campaign to End the Death Penalty.
June 2, 2009
THE 1960s were turbulent years; social change was in the air. Jim
Crow segregation was dismantled, and the civil rights movement
brought questions of racial and social justice into every
household--and also into every prison. As people sought to change
society on the outside, so did prisoners on the inside.
The Attica prison uprising is the best-known and most dramatic
attempt by prisoners to change their conditions for the better.
In 1971, the prisoners took over Attica, calling for both political
and practical changes. Their demands included allowing prisoners to
be politically active and free to adhere to any religion. Practical
demands included the ability of prisoners to see a doctor if they
were ill, the allotment of more than one toilet roll a month, and
more access to education and true rehabilitative programs.
While the Attica uprising was put down by state police, the cry for
prison reform was heard. Prior to Attica, prison educational programs
were paltry. But because of the uprising and the continued organizing
of prisoners afterward, these programs expanded dramatically.
Before 1965, only a handful of educational programs existed in
prisons, and none granted degrees. By 1982, college prison
educational programs were offered in 350 prisons across the country.
In 1965, Congress passed legislation allowing prisoners to apply for
Pell grants to pay for their education. The total amount of Pell
grants awarded to prisoners was 0.1 percent of the total given under
the Pell grant program. But it was enough to sustain college
education programs in 90 percent of states.
The value of secondary education programs in prison has been proven
time and time again by studies. It is borne out most dramatically in
statistics on recidivism. As a report compiled by Daniel Karpowiz and
Max Kenner, titled "Education as crime prevention; the case for
reinstating Pell Grant Eligibility," finds, "Postsecondary education
is the most successful and cost-effective method of preventing crime."
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GIVEN THESE positive outcomes, you would think that support for
prison education programs would go on growing. Instead, in 1994,
President Bill Clinton signed legislation denying Pell grant money
for prisoners' education. Immediately, programs began to shut down;
they are now all but gone. (A few have made a comeback recently, but
largely on a voluntary basis.)
Why would the federal government cut back on programs that clearly work?
This question cannot be answered without taking into account the
shift that has taken place in prison policy since the early 1970s.
With the retreat of the movements of the 1960s, the government's
approach to prisons and prisoners was pulled in a more conservative
direction, like other social policies. The idea that it should be a
concern of society to help prisoners better themselves disappeared;
instead, prison became a place where people were thrown away to pay
for their crimes.
As Paul Wright, a former prisoner, author and the editor of Prison
Legal News, explained, "There has been a political decision made by
legislators and the executive branch--they want a permanent underclass.
"These things don't happen on their own. They need help from above,
and prison and education is a perfect example. Every study that's
been done on the subject of prison education going back at least 80
years, and probably before, shows that the more education people in
prison get, the lower the recidivism rates."
But lawmakers' policy decisions show, as Wright says, that
"legislators don't want to reduce recidivism rates, they don't want
to make our communities safer."
And because secondary education is a commodity in the U.S., unlike
most industrialized countries, Wright says legislators will ask why
prisoners should get a college education for free when everybody else
has to pay for it. "And that's a good question," he says. "Why can't
people who aren't in prison get a free education--which in most
industrialized capitalist countries is deemed a right of citizenship?"
Wright contends that the lack of educational programs for prisoners
is just one example showing the real direction of current prison policies.
"Setting prisons in rural areas far from the urban centers that
generate most prisoners; cutting off contacts with the community and
family support networks; denying contacts with families through
exorbitant prices for phone calls; draconian visiting policies--these
are things you would do if your goal is to create an alienated,
isolated non-functional underclass of people who cannot ever be
reintegrated into society," he says. "And that's what we have in this country."
The tough-on-crime era of the 1970s and after ushered in a host of
measures that supported the framework of a harsher, more punitive
approach to prisoners. One example was the return of the death
penalty in mid-1970s, after a brief moratorium imposed by the Supreme Court.
The same attitude continued with the introduction of
life-without-parole sentences, which now exist in every state except
Alaska. Mandatory minimum sentencing, three-strikes-and-you're-out
sentencing laws, juveniles being tried as adults--all of these were
part of the trend.
Amid all this, the defunding of education program for prisoners was a
less noticed, but related, change.
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BRINGING BACK college educational programs for prisoners and making
money available for them is only one piece of many to address our
broken criminal justice system. For example, mental health care and
substance abuse programs are desperately needed.
So in the fight for more and better programs, and in challenging the
death penalty and other harsh punishments, we should also be arguing
for a more humane approach overall to our prison work--and not fall
into any false ideas that more cops or longer and harsher sentences
are going to make us safe. As Angela Davis says, "We have to move
from a society that is grounded in vengeance to a society that is
grounded in justice."
Society offers very little to those in prison, and even less when
prisoners get out. For example, Darrell Cannon--a victim of the
Chicago police torturers operating under Jon Burge, who spent 24
years locked up in prison, nine of them in solitary confinement, for
a crime he didn't commit--was offered no help at all when he was
finally freed. He explains that former prisoners are set up to fail.
"I'll be honest," he says, "the temptation is there. You know,
flipping hamburgers for minimum wage--how am I supposed to take care
of my family on that? So the temptation is there to go back to the
gang life. But I am determined to resist that temptation."
Of course, because of racism, it is that much harder for African
Americans who have been to prison to make it on the outside. Studies
show that a white person with a criminal record is more likely to be
hired for a job than an African American without a record.
Today, there's small crack presenting itself on the criminal justice
front. Sen. Jim Webb has introduced legislation to form a commission
to review the entire broken criminal justice system.
Webb's commission would look at wrong-headed policies that have
resulted in the U.S. having the largest prison population in the
world--including unfair sentencing policies, the incidence of mental
illness in prison, and the lack of programs to help inmates re-enter society.
This is a welcome change in the previously united attitude of
legislators, who have for far too long gone along with a criminal
justice system that has destroyed countless lives.
There are other indications that change is afoot--from the abolition
of the death penalty in New Mexico earlier this year, to Rep. Maxine
Waters proposal to do away with mandatory minimums, to the reform of
the decades-old Rockefeller Drug Laws in New York.
Some of the impetus for these changes undoubtedly comes from the
budget crisis. States and the federal governments are desperate to
cut expensive programs, and that's exactly what our prison-industrial
complex has become.
But they are also an indication of an emerging progressive attitude
in the Obama era--one that is beginning to question the "vengeance"
approach to prison, not only because it is so costly, but also
because it is so dramatically unfair, ineffective and racist.
What will be decisive in the coming period is whether or not we are
able to mobilize our forces to press for these and other needed changes.
We have more than enough studies documenting the horrible conditions
that exist in today's prisons. In 2003, for example, a Human Rights
Watch report said that U.S. prisons have become a repository for the
mentally ill. As many as 300,000 prisoners are mentally ill and lack
treatment; they are abused by staff and confined in filthy cells.
We don't need more studies. We need change. And we need an organized
voice of concerned people, working in conjunction with prisoners, to
push for these changes publicly.
Like the Attica uprising and the civil rights movement showed us,
this kind of organizing works. That's why the Campaign to End the
Death Penalty aims to work with prisoners and their family members to
not only build a movement that can challenge the death penalty, but
one that can also push for more progressive changes in prison.