The Morganza Spillway or Morganza Control Structure is a flood-control structure in the U.S. state of Louisiana along the western bank of the Mississippi River at river mile 280, near Morganza in Pointe Coupee Parish. The spillway stands between the Mississippi and the Morganza Floodway, which leads to the Atchafalaya Basin and the Atchafalaya River in south-central Louisiana. Its purpose is to divert water from the Mississippi River during major flood events by flooding the Atchafalaya Basin, including the Atchafalaya River and the Atchafalaya Swamp. The spillway and adjacent levees also help prevent the Mississippi from changing its present course through the major port cities of Baton Rouge and New Orleans to a new course down the Atchafalaya River to the Gulf of Mexico. The Morganza Spillway, operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was opened during the 1973 and 2011 Mississippi River floods.
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was the most destructive river flood in the history of the United States, in large part due to the Mississippi River swelling to 80 miles (130 km) wide in spots. To prevent a repeat of the Great Flood of 1927, and better control river flooding in general, Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1928 to authorize the United States Army Corps of Engineers to build the Bonnet Carre Spillway (located 33 miles (53 km) above New Orleans and completed in 1931), the Birds Point floodway in Missouri, and the Morganza Floodway as part of the 1928 Mississippi River and Tributaries Project.
Construction of the levees that make up part of the Morganza Spillway began in the late 1930s. The Morganza Control Structure portion of the project was completed in 1954 and subsequently became incorporated into the Mississippi River Commission's 1956 project design flood, which added the Old River Control Structure (ORCS) in 1963 to the protections used to prevent Mississippi River flood. The Flood Control Act of 1965 provided further regulation over the Morganza Spillway's role in Mississippi River flood prevention. A concrete pit called a stilling basin was added at the Morganza Spillway in 1977 "to provide erosion protection after the velocity of water pouring through the open bays during a 1973 flood caused severe scouring of the land behind the bays."
Design and construction 
The Morganza Spillway, a 4,159-foot (1,268 m) controlled spillway using a set of flood gates to control the volume of water entering the Morganza Floodway from the Mississippi River, consists of a concrete weir, two sluice gates, seventeen scour indicators, and 125 gated openings which can allow up to 600,000 cubic feet per second (17,000 cubic metres per second) of water to be diverted from the Mississippi River into the Atchafalaya Basin during major floods. The project was completed in 1954.
The Corps of Engineers maintains the structures and, in times of flood, monitors their piers for scouring and stability. To lift and lower the flood gates, the Corps of Engineers maneuvers a movable crane along the spillway to the particular opening.
Operation during floods 
The land on both sides of the Morganza Control Structure is above normal river water levels, and usually dry. In order for water to reach the spillway, the Mississippi must first rise well above its flood stage, overtopping its banks. The Corps of Engineers considers opening the Morganza Spillway when the flow of the Mississippi at Red River Landing, Louisiana, is greater than 1,500,000 cu ft/s (42,000 m3/s) and rising.
Water from the Mississippi is normally diverted into the Atchafalaya Basin at only one place, the Old River Control Structure (ORCS), in use since 1963, where floodgates are routinely used to redirect the Mississippi's flow into the Atchafalaya River such that the volume of the two rivers is split 70%/30%, respectively, as measured at the latitude of Red River Landing. During the 1973 Mississippi flood, the ORCS was being damaged due to high flow rates, leading to the opening of the Morganza Spillway to help relieve this pressure. Subsequently, the nearby Old River Control Auxiliary Structure (ORCAS) was constructed, adding additional floodgates for use during major floods.
The Morganza Spillway, about 30 miles (48 km) downriver from ORCS and ORCAS, is designed for emergency use to divert additional water from the Mississippi River into the Morganza floodway, which merges downstream with the Atchafalaya floodway before entering the Gulf. Diversion of water from the Mississippi's main channel has the effect of lowering water level in the Mississippi downstream of the spillway, helping to relieve stress on levees and other flood control structures both upstream and down. Besides controlling flooding in a given event, the system is also designed to prevent the Mississippi River from permanently altering course down the Atchafalaya River, bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans.
Water that passes the Morganza Spillway first enters the Morganza Floodway, which extends from the spillway at the Mississippi River south to the East Atchafalaya River levee. The floodway, 20 miles (32 km) long and 5 miles (8.0 km) wide, includes a stilling basin, an approach channel, an outlet channel, and two guide levees. From there, diverted water enters the Atchafalaya River Basin Floodway near Krotz Springs, Louisiana, and continues to the Gulf of Mexico.
In an extreme flood event, a major release of water from the Morganza Spillway into the Morganza Floodway and Atchafalaya Basin inundates not only the floodways themselves (between their levees), but extensive additional areas of southern Louisiana throughout the Atchafalaya Basin. In such an event, the water level of the Mississippi, high enough to overtop the Spillway, would already be flooding some areas in the Basin downstream of the spillway, due to increased flow through the ORCS and the ORCAS, as well as possible overtopping of levees near the spillway. This flooding, plus any additional water from a Morganza Spillway release, together determine the total extent of flooding throughout the Atchafalaya Basin during a major Mississippi River flood.
At risk in the Atchafalaya Basin are Morgan City (population 13,500), various smaller populated places, many farms, thousands of oil and gas wells, and considerable swampland. Inhabitants know that the region is a natural floodplain, and the Corps of Engineers issues written notices annually to all interests reminding them of the possibility that it might open the spillway and flood the area. Any decision to open the spillway must be carefully planned to give ample warning and protect life and property. Part of that planning process includes the Corps' preparation of maps known as "inundation scenarios" so that interested parties can discuss how much water, if any, should be allowed through the spillway.Empty citation (help)
During both moderate and severe floods of the Mississippi, the Bonnet Carré Spillway can also be opened to help protect New Orleans, many parts of which are below sea level. The Bonnet Carré Spillway, built after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, is located well downstream of Morganza, where the Mississippi River approaches Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans. The Corps uses Bonnet Carré to divert floodwaters into the lake in order to protect the levees near New Orleans.
Integrity of the Morganza Spillway, the Old River Control Structure, and nearby levees is essential to prevent the Mississippi from diverting its main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin; see "Risk of major course change in the Lower Mississippi River" for further discussion.
Flood events and the Morganza Spillway 
Since its completion in 1954, the Morganza Spillway has been opened twice (in 1973 and 2011), and considered for opening during four other major floods of the Lower Mississippi River.
First opening of gates (1973) 
On April 17, 1973, in order to lower the water level of the Mississippi River and relieve pressure on the Old River Control Structure, the Corps of Engineers opened 42 of the 125 steel gates of the Morganza Spillway for the first time since its completion, allowing about half of its maximum designed flowrate to pass from the Mississippi into the Atchafalaya Basin. The spillway received minor scouring and slight damage to the stilling basin, and substantial flooding occurred in the Atchafalaya Basin. After the 1973 flood, the structure was restored to its original condition.
Gates left closed in floods of 1983, 1993, 1997, and 2008 
The issue of opening the gates to keep the Mississippi in its current place was next raised in May 1983. Although the gates were not opened, Louisiana Highway 1 running across the spillway was closed, and the Corps of Engineers built a 12-foot (3.7 m) ring dike and put a blanket of earth across a section of the spillway to contain water pouring underneath it.
During the Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood in 1993, officials decided to leave the gates of the Morganza Floodway closed.
In March 1997, the river water flow at Baton Rouge reached 10,600,000 US gal (1,420,000 cu ft) (40,000 m3) per second. However, the flow rate never reached the threshold of 11,200,000 US gal (1,500,000 cu ft) (42,000 m3) per second for opening Morganza, and residents of Sicily Island, Louisiana, became angry that the spillway was not opened to prevent flooding in their homes.
In March–April 2008, officials considered but declined to open the spillway gates. While the spillway gates remained closed then, flooding still occurred in part of the Morganza floodway when the Mississippi River crested higher than levees near the spillway. Local residents and National Guard troops attempted to add height to the permanent levee by building a supplemental sandbag levee on top of it. However, additional rainfall raised the flood crest higher than even the supplemental sandbags, sending floodwaters over these levees into 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) of cropland located within the floodway.
Second opening of gates (2011) 
The 2011 Mississippi River floods began to become serious in April. In response, the Corp first analyzed the flooding, and then opened the spillway in a controlled manner. The Corps studied four flooding scenarios, all of which assumed the Bonnet Carré Spillway would be concurrently operating at full capacity (100%).
- Scenario 1: Open the Morganza Spillway to half (50%) of its maximum capacity, which would divert 300,000 cubic feet per second (8,500 m3/s) of water.
- Scenario 1a: Open the Morganza Spillway to one-quarter (25%) of its maximum capacity, which would divert 150,000 cubic feet per second (4,200 m3/s) of water.
- Scenario 2: Do not open the Morganza Spillway, and keep the Old River Control Structure at its routine operating level of only 30% of the Mississippi's flow; no additional water would be diverted
- Scenario 3: Do not open the Morganza Spillway, and open the ORCS somewhat more, which would divert an extra 150,000 cubic feet per second (4,200 m3/s) of water.
Following this analysis, which showed that extensive flooding was expected in the Atchafalaya Basin regardless of the choice made regarding the Morganza Spillway, the Corps decided to start the 2011 diversion by opening the spillway a bit less than described in scenario 1a (21%, not 25%)
The Governor of Louisiana, Bobby Jindal, had meanwhile sent a letter on May 4, 2011, to Robert Gates, the United States Secretary of Defense, requesting that the National Guard be deployed under Title 32 of the United States Code status to respond to record water levels in Louisiana, where there was "a significant probability that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [would] open the Morganza Spillway for the first time since 1973."
The second opening of the Morganza Spillway began with the lifting of a single floodgate on May 14, 2011. Diversion of 125,000 cubic feet per second (3,500 m3/s) of water from the Mississippi River to the Atchafalaya Basin was planned during this event, with the structure operating at about 21% of its capacity. This diversion was deemed necessary to protect levees and prevent major flooding in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, with the tradeoff of creating possibly severe flooding in the Atchafalaya Basin.
By May 18, 2011, a total of 17 gates (the largest number for the 2011 event) had been opened by the Corps of Engineers. The Corps estimated the flow rate at 114,000 cu ft/s (3,200 m3/s). However, on May 25, new estimates from the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS) described a much higher rate of 172,000 cu ft/s (4,900 m3/s), resulting in the closure of 3 bays by May 26, and additional closures by May 29, bringing the total to 11 bays with an estimated diversion rate of 120,000 cu ft/s (3,400 m3/s). The Corps continued to evaluate the flow and close additional bays as appropriate. By June 6, the number of open gates had been reduced to seven, and by June 8, only two gates were still open. All bays were closed on July 7, 2011.
The Corps had estimated that it would take opening one-fourth of the spillway’s 125 bays — or 31 bays — to control the flow of the river through Baton Rouge in response to a forecast crest of 45 feet (14 m) anticipated on Tuesday, May 17, 2011, which must remain below 1,500,000 cu ft/s (42,000 m3/s) of water per second through Baton Rouge to ensure the integrity of the levee system. Since Morganza never operated above 172,000 cu ft/s (4,900 m3/s), the flooding in the Atchafalaya Basin was considerably lower than had been anticipated during the initial estimates of 300,000 cu ft/s (8,500 m3/s). By May 29, the Corps had also opened 330 of the 360 bays of the Bonnet Carré Spillway located near New Orleans.
For other images of the Morganza Control Structure in operation during the 2011 flood, see the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Flickr page.
See also 
- West Atchafalaya Floodway
- The "Atchafalaya" section of the book The Control of Nature by John McPhee. ISBN 0-374-12890-1.
- "Morganza Floodway". US Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
- "Louisiana OLD RIVER CONTROL STRUCTURE and Mississippi river flood protection". America's Wetland Resource Center. Loyola University's Center for Environmental Communication (LUCEC).
- Weeks, John A. "Morganza Floodway". Retrieved 2011-05-08.
- "Will the Mississippi River change its course in 2011 to the red line?". Mappingsupport. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
- Matt Scallansection=Metro (March 16, 2008). "Corps does dry run for river flooding. Drill gets agencies to work together.". The Times-Picayune. p. 1.
- Man v. Nature, National Geographic, May 2001 Accessed June 14, 2008
- Paul Rioux (May 15, 2011). "Corps Opens Morganza. Water unleashed into Atchafalaya Basin.". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved May 15, 2011. Unknown parameter
- Matt Scallan (April 2, 2008). "Corps slogs through test run at spillway. Opening this year appears unlikely.". The Times-Picayune. p. 1. Retrieved May 15, 2011. Unknown parameter
- Steven Ward (April 28, 2008). "Mississippi projects shield human lives. Levees just part of flood control.". The Advocate (Louisiana). p. A1. Retrieved May 15, 2011. Unknown parameter
- Mike Hasten (May 6, 2011). "That water is on its way". Alexandria Daily Town Talk. p. A1. Retrieved May 15, 2011. Unknown parameter
- Minor v. United States, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (No. 94-30493) (January 17, 1995).
- "Mississippi River at Red River Landing (01120)". United States Army Corps of Engineers. May 7, 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
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- Schliefstein, Mark. "Morganza Spillway might be opened to ease swollen Mississippi River (May 8, 2011, revised May 9, 2011)". The Times-Picayune (New Orleans). Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- Morganza Spillway expected to open soon, The News Star: May 9, 2011, Mike Hasten
- Gov. Jindal Asks Army Corps to Release Map Outlining Impact of Possible Opening of Morganza Spillway, Says State Continues to Prepare for Flooding, Baton Rouge Today: May 6, 2011.
- Vastag, Brian, and Lisa Rein (May 12, 2011 (Pages A1 & A6)). "Trading one deluge for another? As panic rises with the Mississippi, engineers consider flooding farms to protect two La. cities". The Washington Post.
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- Daniels, Ronald Joel (2006). On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 44.
- "Corps Releases Inundation Map". News Release. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- "Engineers Open Steel Gate of Morganza Spillway". New York Times. April 18, 1973. p. 93.
- Amy Wold (March 27, 2008). "Community effort helps farmers. Levee built to protect land from flooding.". The Advocate (Louisiana). p. B1. Retrieved May 15, 2011. Unknown parameter
- Julia Cass (May 27, 1983). "Along The Levee, The River Is Rising". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A1. Unknown parameter
- United Press International (June 7, 1983). "Cold Grips Midwest As More Floods Swamp Texas, Salt Lake City". Miami Herald. p. A4. Unknown parameter
- "The Flood Of 1993". The Times-Picayune. July 10, 1993. p. B6. Unknown parameter
- Chris Gray (March 21, 1997). "Shipping Perilous, B.R. Levees Threatened". The Times-Picayune. p. A1. Unknown parameter
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- Mark Schleifstein And Joan Treadway (March 22, 1997). "Using Morganza Endangers Business, Homes, Wildlife". The Times-Picayune. p. A1. Unknown parameter
- Rhonda Bell (March 23, 1997). "River Still Making Trouble Corps Snares Spillway Boater". The Times-Picayune. p. A1. Unknown parameter
- Melissa Sellers (April 6, 2008). "Gov. Jindal Holds Press Conference To Give Update On Rising Waters & Parishes In State Of Emergency With GOHSEP, Officials". US State News. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
- M. Hasten (April 7, 2008). "State, federal officials bracing for continued high water". The Times (Shreveport). p. B05. Unknown parameter
- "The Mississippi River". United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2011-05-09. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- Morganza Floodway opens to divert Mississippi River away from Baton Rouge, New Orleans | NOLA.com
- "Governor Jindal Sends Letter To Dept. Of Defense Requesting National Guard". States News Service (released by the office of the governor of Louisiana). May 4, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
- The Watchers - US 2011 Great Flood: Morganza spillway about to open
- "Corps begins to close bays on Morganza Floodway". US Army Corps of Engineers, Team New Orleans. May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
- "Morganza Floodway Opening Pace: 2011". US Army Corps of Engineers, Team New Orleans. May 29, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
- WAFB: Only 7 Bays Remain Open at Morganze Spillway
- KENNEDY, KATIE (15 May 2011). "Planning for high water". The Advocate. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
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