Speed and strength are integral components of fitness found in varying degrees in virtually all athletic movements. Simply put the combination of speed and strength is power. For many years, coaches and athletes have sought to improve power in order to enhance performance. Throughout this century and no doubt long before, jumping, bounding and hopping exercises have been used in various ways to enhance athletic performance. In recent years, this distinct method of training for power or explosiveness has been termed plyometrics. Whatever the origins of the word the term is used to describe the method of training that seeks to enhance the explosive reaction of the individual through powerful muscular contractions because of rapid eccentric contractions.
The maximum force that a muscle can develop is attained during a rapid eccentric contraction. However, it should be realised that muscles seldom perform one type of contraction in isolation during athletic movements. When a concentric contraction occurs (muscle shortens) immediately following an eccentric contraction (muscle lengthens) then the force generated can be dramatically increased.
If a muscle is stretched, much of the energy required to stretch it is lost as heat, but some of this energy can be stored by the elastic components of the muscle. This stored energy is available to the muscle only during a subsequent contraction. It is important to realise that this energy boost is lost if the eccentric contraction is not followed immediately by a concentric contraction. To express this greater force the muscle must contract within the shortest time possible. This whole process is frequently called the stretch shortening cycle and is the underlying mechanism of plyometric training.
Choose the method to fit the sport
The golden rule of any conditioning program is specificity. This means that the movement you perform in training should match, as closely as possible, the movements encountered during competition. If you are rugby player, practicing for the line out or a volleyball player interested in increasing vertical jump height, then drop jumping or box jumping may be the right exercise. However if you are a javelin thrower aiming for a more explosive launch, then upper body plyometrics is far more appropriate.
The following are examples of lower body and upper body plyometric exercises.
This exercise involves the athlete dropping (not jumping) to the ground from a raised platform or box, and then immediately jumping up. The drop down gives the pre-stretch to the leg muscles (eccentric phase) and the vigorous drive upwards the secondary concentric contraction phase. The exercise will be more effective the shorter the time the feet are in contact with the ground. The loading in this exercise is governed by the height of the drop that should be in the region of 30 to 110 cm (Bompa et.al, 2005). Drop jumping is a relatively high impact form of plyometric training and would normally be introduced after the athlete had become accustomed to lower impact alternatives, such as two-footed jumping on the spot.
The two key factors in drop jumping are a minimal contact time with the ground and the height achieved in the drive upwards. Schmidtbleicher (1992) says that a ground contact time of <0.25 seconds indicates a fast stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and to adjust the drop height to achieve this contact time. If contact mats are not available to measure the contact time then observe the athlete's feet. On landing the athlete should stay on the balls of the feet (mid-foot). If the heels come into contact with the ground then the drop height needs to be reduced. Start at a drop height of 30cm and increment the drop height in 15cm steps.
The Reactive Strength Index (RSI) was devised to measure the interaction of the contact time and height jumped in order to monitor the development of explosive power. RSI is calculated by dividing the height jumped (metres) by the contact time (seconds).
Comyns (2012) recommends the key coaching points for the drop jump are:
Focus on: JUMP FAST, JUMP HIGH
Bounding and hurdling
If forward motion is more the name of your game, try some bounding. This is a form of plyometric training, where over sized strides are used in the running action and extra time spent in the air. Two-legged bounds reduce the impact to be endured, but to increase the intensity one legged bounding, or hopping, can be used. Bounding upstairs is a useful way to work on both the vertical and horizontal aspects of the running action. Multiple jumps over a series of obstacles like hurdles are valuable drills for athletes training for sprinting or jumping events.
Examples of lower body plyometric exercises with intensity level:
Examples of lower body plyometric exercises are detailed on the Leg Plyometric page.
A variety of drills can be used to make the upper body more explosive:
Press ups & hand clap: Press-ups with a hand clap in between is a particularly vigorous way to condition the arms and chest. The pre-stretch takes place as the hands arrive back on the ground and the chest sinks, and this is followed quickly by the explosive upwards action. Once again, to get the best training effect keep the time in contact with the ground to a minimum.
Examples of upper body plyometric exercises are detailed on the Arm Plyometric page.
Planning a Plyometric Session
The choice of exercises within a session and their order should be planned. A session could:
An alternative session could be:
Plyometric drills and their intensity
A thorough warm up is essential prior to plyometric training. Attention should be given to jogging, stretching (dynamic), striding and general mobility especially about the joints involved in the planned plyometric session. A cool down should follow each session.
It is wise not to perform too many repetitions in any one session and since it is a quality session, with the emphasis on speed rather than endurance, split the work into sets with ample recovery in between. An experienced athlete conducting lower body plyometrics may conduct up to 150-200 contacts in a session - athletes new to plyometric work should start with low to medium intensity exercise with around 40 contacts per session e.g. 2 sets of 6 bunny hops is 12 contacts. Similar approach should be taken with upper body plyometrics.
The focus must always be on quality and not quantity.
Allow at least one minute of rest between each exercise repetition so as to allow the neuromuscular system to recover. Allow three days between plyometrics sessions when planning.
Where to do it and what to wear
For bounding exercises use surfaces such as grass or resilient surfaces. Avoid cement floors because there is no cushioning. Choose well-cushioned shoes that are stable and can absorb some of the inevitable impact. All athletes should undergo general orthopaedic screening before engaging in plyometric training. Particular attention should be given to structural or postural problems that are likely to predispose the athlete to injury.
Conditioning for plyometrics
Higher than normal forces are put on the musculo-skeletal system during plyometric exercises so it is important for the athlete to have a good sound base of general strength and endurance. Most experts state that a thorough grounding in weight training is essential before you start plyometrics. It has been suggested that an athlete be able to squat twice their body weight before attempting depth jumps. However, less intensive plyometric exercises can be incorporated into general circuit and weight training during the early stages of training to progressively condition the athlete. Simple plyometric drills such as skipping, hopping and bounding should be introduced first. More demanding exercises such as flying start single-leg hops and depth jumps should be limited to thoroughly conditioned athletes.
Some authors suggest that moderate jumps (low intensity) can be included in the athletic training of very young children (Lohman, 1989). However, great care needs to be exerted when prescribing any training procedures for preadolescent children. Because of the relatively immature bone structure in preadolescent and adolescent children the very great forces exerted during intensive depth jumps (high intensity) should be avoided (Smith, 1975).
Plyometric type exercises have been used successfully by many athletes as a method of training to enhance power. In order to realise the potential benefits of plyometric training the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) must be invoked. This requires careful attention to the technique used during the drill or exercise. The rate of stretch rather than the magnitude of stretch is of primary importance in plyometric training. In addition, the coupling time or ground contact time must be as short as possible. The challenge to you as coach or athlete is to select or create an exercise that is specific to the event and involves the correct muscular action. As long as you remember specificity and to ensure there is a pre-stretch first then the only limit is your imagination.
The reference for this page is:
The following Sports Coach pages should be read in conjunction with this page: