पदार्थ प्रौद्योगिकी की समय रेखा


ईसा पूर्व 
 29,000–25,000 BC - प्रथम सिरैमिक (ceramic) का आगमन/प्रचलन
 तीसरी सहस्राब्दी ईसा पूर्व - ताँबा (Copper) का धातुकर्म (metallurgy) का आविष्कार; तांबे का प्रयोग आभूषणों के लिये होने लगा।
 दूसरी सहस्राब्दी ईसा पूर्व (2nd millennium BC) - काँसा (Bronze) का प्रयोग शस्त्र एवं ढाल (armour) के लिये किया जाने लगा। 
 प्रथम सहस्राब्दी ईसा पूर्व (1st millennium BC) - चीन् एवं मिश्र में Pewter का उपयोग आरम्भ
 सोलहवीं शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व (16th century BC) - The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy
 13th century BC - Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly
 10th century BC - Glass production begins in ancient Near East
 3rd century BC - Wootz steel, the first crucible steel, is invented in ancient India
 50s BC - Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia 
 20s BC - Roman architect Vitruvius describes low-water-content method for mixing concrete

प्रथम सहस्राब्दी (1st millennium) 
 200s - Steel making widely used in Han Dynasty China
 4th century - Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel
 700s - Porcelain is invented in Tang Dynasty China
 8th century - Geber (Jabir) invents artificial pearls and describes the purification of greasy or discoloured pearls, and the first recipes for the dying and artificial colouring of gemstones and pearls
 8th century - Lustreware is invented by Geber in Iraq
 8th century - Geber describes the first recipes for the manufacture of glue from cheese
 8th century - The streets of Baghdad are the first to be paved with tar, derived from petroleum through destructive distillation
 700s - Tin-glazing of ceramics invented by Arabic chemists and potters in Basra, Iraq
 9th century - Stonepaste ceramics invented in Iraq
 10th century - Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) states he and his Muslim predecessors (Calid, Geber and al-Kindi) invented the following derivative and artificial materials: lead(II) oxide (PbO), red lead (Pb3O4), tin(II) oxide (Isfidaj), copper acetate (Zaniar), copper(II) oxide (CuO), lead sulfide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, iron rust, iron acetate, Daws (a contituent of steel), cinnabar (HgS), arsenic trioxide (As2O3), alkali (al-Qili), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), and Qalimiya (anything that separates from metals during their purification)

द्वितीय सहस्राब्दी (2nd millennium) 
 11th century - Damascus steel developed in the Middle East
 1448 - Johann Gutenberg develops type metal alloy
 1450s - Cristallo, a clear soda-based glass is invented by Angelo Barovier
 1540 - Vannoccio Biringuccio publishes first systematic book on metallurgy
 1556 - Georg Agricola's influential book on metallurgy
 1590 - Glass lenses are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in microscopes and telescopes

18वीं शताब्दी 
 1738 - William Champion patents a process for the production of metallic zinc by distillation from calamine and charcoal
 1740 - Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible steel technique
 1779 - Bry Higgins issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for use as an exterior plaster
 1799 - Alessandro Volta makes a copper/zinc acid battery

19वीं शताब्दी 
 1821 - Thomas Johann Seebeck invents the thermocouple
 1824 - Patent issued to Joseph Aspin for Portland cement
 1825 - Hans Christian Ørsted produces metallic aluminium
 1839 - Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber
 1839 - Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot invent silver-based photographic processes
 1855 - Bessemer process for mass production of steel patented
 1861 - James Clerk Maxwell demonstrates color photography
 1883 - Charles Fritts makes the first solar cells using selenium waffles.

20वीं शताब्दी 
 1902 - Auguste Verneuil develops the Verneuil process for making synthetic rubies
 1909 - Leo Baekeland presents the Bakelite hard thermosetting plastic
 1911 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers Superconductivity
 1912 - Harry Brearley invents stainless steel
 1916 - Jan Czochralski invents a method for growing single crystals of metals
 1924 - Corning Incorporated scientists invent Pyrex, a glass with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion
 1931 - Julius Nieuwland develops the synthetic rubber called neoprene (see also: E.K. Bolton, Wallace Carothers)
 1931 - Wallace Carothers develops nylon
 1938 - Roy Plunkett discovers the process for making poly-tetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon
 1939 - Robert W. Cahn confirmed the existence of dislocations (line defects whose movement under stress allows metals to deform plastically), explaining the discrepancy between the very high predicted resistance to plasticity of perfect metal crystals, compared to the much smaller measured values of actual pure metal crystals. 
 1947 - First germanium point-contact transistor invented
 1947 - First commercial application of a piezoelectric ceramic: barium titanate used as a phonograph needle
 1951 - Individual atoms seen for the first time using the Field ion microscope
 1953 - Karl Ziegler discovers metallic catalysts which greatly improve the strength of polyethylene polymers
 1954 - 6% efficiency silicon solar cells made at Bell Laboratories
 1954 - invention of AOD refining (Argon Oxygen Decarburization)
 1959 - Pilkington Brothers patent the float glass process
 1962 - SQUID superconducting quantum interference device invented
 1968 - Liquid crystal display developed by RCA
 1970 - Silica optical fibers grown by Corning Incorporated
 1980 - development of duplex stainless steels which resist oxidation in chlorides

इन्हें भी देखें 
 आविष्कार और आविष्कारक
 पदार्थ विज्ञान (Materials science)

सन्दर्भ 

श्रेणी:पदार्थ