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Mark Stoddard , Student at University of Pennsylvania at University of Pennsylvania
Figure 2 Clinics Scheduling Specialty Care Appointments for Children, According to Type of Insurance. Public insurance was reported by callers as the Illinois Medicaid–Children&apos;s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) umbrella program; private insurance was reported by callers as Blue Cross Blue Shield. Each of the 273 clinics was called twice (for a total of 546 calls) by the same caller, with only insurance coverage varying between the two calls: once reporting Medicaid–CHIP coverage and once reporting private coverage. Calls were made 1 month apart, and the order of the reported insurance status was randomly assigned. Asthma clinics included 38 allergy–immunology clinics and 6 pulmonary disease clinics.
Number Of Bypass Surgeries Among Medicare Beneficiaries And Number Of Hospitals Performing Bypass Surgeries, 1993–2004
1. TheUninsured
2. More and More Uninsured Americans 50Millions of Uninsured American 45 40 35 30 25 20 1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 Source: Himmelstein, Woolhandler & Carrasquilo. Tabulation from CPS & NHIS data
3. Uninsured Veterans Percent ofnon-elderly Veteranswith neither health insurancenor VA care Source: Woolhandler & Himmelstein. Analysis of Current Population Survey data.
4. Shrinking Private Insurance, 1960-2011Percent With Private Insurance 80% 70% 60% 50% 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011 Source: Himmelstein, & Woolhandler, Tabulation from CPS Data are not adjusted for minor changes in survey methodology
5. Shrinking Retiree Coverage Share of large firms offering retiree health benefits70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0% 1988 1995 2000 2005 2011 Source: Kaiser/HRET Employer Survey, 2011
6. Full Time Jobs Provide Little Protection for Hispanics Percent of non-elderly in families with a full-time worker who are uninsured Source: Commonwealth Fund, 3/2000
7. Chronically Ill Are Underinsured Any of the below: 11.4 Million / 15.6% 16.6% 11.9% 15.5% 19.3% 15.4% Percent with disease 16.1% and no insurance Millions of uninsured with disease Source: Wilper et al. Annals Internal Medicine 2008;149:170.
8. Lack of InsuranceKills 44,798 US Adults Annually Percent State Excess Deaths Uninsured California 23.9% 5,302 Texas 29.7% 4,675 Florida 26.0% 3,925 New York 17.5% 2,254 Georgia 23.6% 1,841 USA 15.3% 44,798 Source: Wilper et al. Am J Public Health 2009. State tabulations by author
9. Uninsured Children: Higher Inpatient MortalityAdjusted* mortality rate Source: Abdulah, et al. J Public Health, Oct. 29, 2009. *Adjusted for gender, race, age, location, hospital type, admission source
10. Medicaid Enrollment50%40%30%20%10% 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: Bureau of the Census
11. Many Specialists Won’t See Kids With MedicaidAppointments for Children % of Clinics Scheduling Bisgaier J, Rhodes KV. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2324-2333
12. Medicaid Improves Care An RCT in Oregon NBER Working Paper #17190, 2011
13. Suffering Among The Insured
14. Increasing Un- and Under- Insurance Insured Under-Insured Uninsured Commonwealth Fund, Sept. 8, 2011
15. Uninsured and Under-InsuredDelay Seeking Care for Heart Attacks Odds ratiofor delayed care* Source: JAMA April 15, 2010. 303:1392 *Adjusted for age, sex, race, clin. charact., hlth status, social/psych fx, urban/rural. Under-insured=had coverage but patient concerned about cost
16. Higher Medication Co-Pays = Worse Asthma Outcomes Children age 5-18 Source: JAMA 2012;307:1284
17. Breast Cancer Patients with Higher Copayments Less Likely to Take Aromatase InhibitorsOdds ratioforcontinuingAromataseInhibitor 90-Day Medication Copayment Source: J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2534
18. Medicare HMO Copayments Drive Less Office Visits, More HospitalizationsDifferencebetween plansthat did anddidn’t raisecopays Outpatient Hospital Hospital Visits Admissions Days Source: NEJM 2010;362:320 All figures are per 100 enrollees
19. Underinsurance = Poor Access + Financial Stress Source: Commonwealth Fund, Sept, 2011. *Skipped Rx, test, treatment, follow-up, or visit because of cost
20. Who Pays for Nursing Home Care? Source: NCHS – figures are projected 2013
21. Most of the Medically Bankrupt Had Coverage Insurance at Illness Onset Source: Himmelstein et al. Am J Med: August, 2009
22. Even Congressmen Aren’t Protected “Rep. Jackson and his wife have made the decision to sell their townhouse in Washington, DC to defray medical expenses Jackson has acquired for his depression and bipolar disorders.”
23. Planning for Retirement?Don’t Forget Health Care Costs “Medicare covers only 51% of health care services…. For a 65 year old couple retiring this year, the cost of health care in retirement will be $240,000.” New York Times. Wealth Matters
24. High Deductible Insurance Are you sure Except for the you havehealthy and wealthy, enough quarters? it’sunwise.
25. Americans Lack Assets to Pay High DeductiblesMedian NetFinancialAssets Note: FPL = Federal Poverty Level Source: Jacobs & Claxton. Health Affairs 2008;W:214
26. High Deductible Plans Financial Suffering for the Chronically IllPercent offamilies withchronicconditions Source: Health Affairs 2011;30:322 Note: High Deductible = >$1000 Note: “Can’t pay basic bills” refers to inability to pay other bills due to medical costs
27. Higher Copayments = Kids Without CarePercentageof childrenwithoutphysicianvisit in year Source: Rand Experiment. Pediatrics 1985;75:942
28. High Deductible Health Plans: A $1,000 Pay Cut for WomenMedianHealthExpenditure(2006) Source: Woolhandler and Himmelstein – JGIM 6/07
29. RisingEconomicInequality
30. Change in Real Family Income 1979- 2011 Source: Bureau of the Census
31. Income of the Wealthiest 0.01% As Multiple of Average Income, 1920-2008700600500400300200100 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Includes capital gains Source: Piketty & Saez, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/tabfig2005prel.xls
32. Widening Gap in Life Expectancy Between High and Low EarnersRemainingLifeExpectancyfor MenTurning 60 Waldron. ORES, Social Security Admin, #108, 2007
33. Labor’s Share Of National Income Is Shrinking 65%Wages and 60%salaries aspercent of 55%nationalincome 50% 45% 40% 1929 1970 2011 Source: US Commerce Department – “National Income by Type of Income”
34. Number of People in Poverty 50 40Millions 30 20 10 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011 Source: Census Bureau
35. Child Poverty Rates Denmark Sweden France GermanyNetherlands UK Canada US 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Source: OECD 2011 Note: Figures are for 2009 or most recent available
36. Incarceration Rates Prisoners per 100,000 population Source: Walmsley – World Prison Population List, 9 th Ed.
37. Persistent RacialInequalities
38. Employment Discrimination White felons get more job offers than Blacks with clean records 30%Percentagecalled backfor interview 20% 10% 0 White Applicants Black Applicants Clean record Felony conviction Researcher sent well-groomed Black and White college students to apply for jobs All had identical resumes, except half listed a cocaine conviction Source: New York Times 3/20/2004
39. Wealth and Income:The White / Minority gap Source: Census Bureau and Pew Center, 2011
40. Excess Deaths Among African Americans 83,369 fewer would have died in 2000 if racial gap were eliminatedExcessAfricanAmericandeaths Source: Satcher et al. Health Affairs 2005;24:459
41. Causes of Black/White Disparity In Life Expectancy Source: MMWR 2001;50:780
42. Blacks Less Likely to Get Voice Preservation TherapyOdds ratiofor receivingradiationtherapy asinitialtreatmentamonglaryngealcancerpatients *Adjusted for age, year, sex, and tumor characteristics Source: Arch Otolaryng-Head and Neck Surg 2012;138:644
43. Black Enrollment in US Medical Schools 20%%Blacks in 1st Year Class 15% AAMC Goal 10% 5% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 Source: RWJ Fdn. 1987, AAMC, and JAMA Annual Medical Education Special Issue
44. Physicians/Population by Race/EthnicityPhysiciansper 1000population Data are for 2008 Source: AMA and Census Bureau
45. Immigrants Get Little CareHealth Care$ per capita *Adjusted for ethnicity, poverty, age, insurance status, patient/parent-reported health status Source: Mohanty et al. Am J Public Health 2005;95:1431
46. RationingAmidst aSurplus of Care
47. Unnecessary ProceduresPercent of Procedures Source: Commonwealth Fund. Quality of Healthcare in the U.S. Chartbook 2002
48. 22.5% of 111,707 Defibrillator ImplantsWere Not Evidence-Based Note: In-hospital death rate for non-evidence-based ICD implantation was 0.6%. Cost of ICD implant ~$25,000 Source: JAMA 2011;305:43
49. Fewer CABGs, but More Hospitals areCompeting to Perform This Lucrative Surgery Source: Lucas F L et al. Health Aff 2011;30:1569-1574
50. Most of the 301 New CABG Programs Opened Between 1993 and 2004 Were Duplicative New General Programs New General Programs New Specialty Programs New Specialty ProgramsDistance from existing programsDistance from existing programs Distance from existing programs Distance from existing programs Note: Cardiac services are lucrative, contributing 25-40% of hospitals’ net revenues Note: States with CON programs experienced less duplication Source: Health Affairs 2011;30:1569
51. Outcomes of New vs. OldHip/Knee Prosthetic Joints • 28% of newly-introduced prostheses worsened outcomes • 0% improved outcomes Note: Comparison is to prostheses that had been available for >5 years Source: J Bone Joint Surg 2011;suppl3(e):51-4. Data from Australian Orthopedic Assoc.
52. Growth of Physicians and Administrators 3000% 2500%Growth Since 1970 2000% 1500% 1000% 500% 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Physicians Administrators Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics; NCHS; Himmelstein/Woolhandler analysis of CPS
53. Rising Overhead of Malpractice Insurance Doctors Pay a Lot, Patients Get LittlePercent ofpremiumspaid topatients Source: National Association of Insurance Commissioners www.naic.org/documents/research_stats_medical_malpractice.pdf accessed 11/8/2012
54. Malpractice Is 2% of Healthcare Costs Dollars(billions) Source: Health Affairs 2010;29:1569
55. ACOs: A Rerun of the HMOExperience?
56. Why the ACO/HMO Concept Resonates• Lots of redundant high tech facilities and useless, even harmful interventions• Neglect of primary care, public health, prevention, mental health• Lack of teamwork• Quality problems that need system solutions• Inadequate public accountability
57. HMO-ACO Logic
58. Profit-Driven ACO’s:A Cautionary Tale from Medicare HMOs
59. Can Seniors Make Informed HMO Choices? Proportion with knowledge of how HMOs workNote: Reading levelneeded to understandinsurance policydescriptions = college Source: AARP Survey – Health Affairs 1998;17(6):181 EBRI Notes 10/2006
60. Medicare Enrollees Choose Poorly Among Drug Plans <16% enrolled in economically optimal Part D plan*Note: EconomicallyOptimal = Plan thatminimized costs. Analysis based upon 2008 data Source: NBER 18166 – June, 2012
61. “I just hope that when your mother is as old as I amyou’ll be able to help her figure out Medicare Part D”
62. Private Medicare Advantage Plans’ High Overhead Overheadper enrollee 2008 Source: US House Committee on Energy and Commerce. December, 2009
63. Despite Medicare’s lower overhead, Enrollment ofMedicare Patients In Private Plans Has Grown
64. Medicare HMO Enrollment 14Medicare HMO enrollment (Millions) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012 Source: CMS
65. A Few Sick People Account for Most Health DollarsPercent of Top 2 deciles Top 2 decilestotal health account for account forspendingaccounted for 78.3%by decile Decile of Privately Insured Source: MEPS Data, from Thorpe and Reinhart
66. Medicare HMOs: The Healthy Go In, The Sick Go Out Inpatient costs as Highpercentage medical Healthier needs of FFS patients join when they Medicare leave Source: NEJM 1997;337:169
67. The Achilles Heel of Risk Adjustment, and hence ACOs and P4P: Up-Coding By maximizing the number of coded diagnoses and comorbidities, hospitals, doctors and HMOs/ACOs can make their outcomes look better, and when payment is risk adjusted, make more money.
68. The Science of Making Patients Look Sicker on Paper Up-CodingNo Extra Severity Payment Equivalent but Extra CreditAcute Kidney Insufficiency Acute Renal FailureMg = 1.6 HypomagnesemiaDelirium EncephalopathyAnemia 20 to GI Bleed Anemia 20 to Acute Blood LossMalnourished Moderately MalnourishedCOPD Exacerbation Acute Respiratory DecompensationPolysubstance Abuse Continuing Polysubstance Abuse
69. Medicare’s Attempt toRisk- Adjust HMO Payment
70. Risk Adjustment Increased Medicare HMO Overpayment $4,000 OverpaymentsOverpayment due toto HMOs per $3,000 Cherry PickingMedicareEnrollee $2,000 Congress- mandated overpayments $1,000 0 Payments Same plus 70 adjusted for age, diagnoses sex, and ESRD adjusted Actual impact of 2004 change in Risk Adjustment formula Source: NBER Working Paper 16799, April 2011
71. How Could a Medicare HMO Profit on CHF Patients?• A CHF diagnosis increases the HMO’s capitation rate by 41%• Among Fee-for-Service Medicare enrollees with CHF: • The costliest 5% averaged > $37,000/year • The least costly 5% averaged $115/year• Universal echocardiogram screening would label many asymptomatic seniors as having CHF Source: MedPAC data for 2008
72. Patients in High-Cost Regions Are Labeled with More Diagnoses Percent increase in number of diagnosesover 7 years High-cost providers ferret out more diagnoses and gain from risk adjustment *Patient moved to region with lower average Medicare cost/intensity **Patient moved to region with higher average Medicare cost/intensity Source: Song Y et al. NEJM 2010;363:45
73. VA Subsidizes Medicare HMOs Medicare pays the plan, VA delivers the care, nobody pays the VA $3 billionAnnualuncompensated cost to VA ofcare for $2 billionMedicare HMOenrollees $1 billion 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Note: VA cost for Medicare HMO patients’ care = 10% of VA budget in 2009 Source: Trivedi et al. JAMA 2012;308:67
74. Medicare Overpays HMOs Overpayments Total $283 Billion Since 1985 $40Medicare $30HMOoverpayments as $20compared toFFS costs forsimilar $10patients($Billion) 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012 VA Cherry Picking Legislated PNHP Report 10/2012 based on data from MedPAC, Commonwealth Fund, Trivedi et al. VA = Cost of VA uncompensated care provided to Medicare HMO enrollees Legislated = Congressionally-mandated excess payments to Medicare HMOs
75. Failure of Medicare HMO Risk Adjustment
76. Profit-Driven Up-coding MakesAccurate Risk Adjustment Impossible High cost providers inflate both reimbursement and quality scores by making patients look sicker on paper
77. Risk Adjustment Increased Medicare HMO Overpayment 25%Annual 20%Increase 3637% 15% 10% 2254% 5% 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Medicare Private Insurance National Health Accounts – Historical Series, Table 16
78. Predicting the Impact of ACOs• Track record of HMOs• Results of Medicare’s Physician Group Practice Demonstration, 2005-2010• Evidence on tools ACOs likely to use:  Prevention and Disease Management  “Care Coordination”  Report Cards and P4P schemes  Electronic Medical Records
79. High Risk HMO PatientsFared Poorly in the RAND Experiment HMO Free Fee-For-Service Source: RAND Health Insurance Experiment, Lancet 1988;1:1017 Note: High Risk = 20% of population with lowest income + highest medical risk
80. Depressed Patients:Fee-For-Service vs. Managed Care Primary Care Patients Patients Seeing Psychiatrist # of Functional Limitations Fee-For-Service Managed Care Source: Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA 1989; 262:3298 Arch Gen Psych 1993; 50:517
81. Investor-Owned HMOsProvide Lower Quality of Care Source: Himmelstein, Woolhandler & Wolfe. JAMA 1999; 282:159
82. For-Profit Medicare HMOs:Worse Quality Rheumatoid Arthritis CarePercent ofRA patients whoreceived a DMARD DMARD = Disease Modifying Agent Receipt of DMARD is a HEDIS measure Source: JAMA 2011;305:480
83. Investor-Owned Medicaid HMOs:Higher Administrative Costs, Lower Quality Note: Publicly Traded = Publicly traded Medicaid-only plans Source: McCue. Commonwealth Fund, June, 2011
84. US Healthcare Physician Gag Clause“Each physician mustbe supportive of thephilosophy and conceptof U.S. Healthcare.” “Physician shall agree not to take any action or make any communication which undermines or could undermine the confidence of enrollees, potential enrollees, their employers, their unions, or the public in U.S. Healthcare or the quality of U.S. Healthcare coverage.” “Physician shall keep the Proprietary Information (payment rates, utilization review procedures, etc.) and This Agreement strictly confidential.” Source: US Healthcare 1994 Physician Contract
85. Doctors Urged to Shun the Sick Letter to faculty from University of California Irvine Hospital Chief “[We can] no longer tolerate patients with complex and expensive-to-treat conditions being encouraged to transfer to our group.” Source: Modern Healthcare 9/21/95:172
86. HMO CEO’s 2011 PayDavid Cordani Mark Bertolini Allen Wise Cigna Aetna Coventry $19.1 $10.6 $13.0 Million Million MillionSteve Hemsley Michael McCallister Angela Braly United HC Humana Wellpoint $13.4 $7.3 $13.3 Million Million Million Source: AFL/CIO CEO Pay database
87. HMO Overhead, 2012 SEC Filings/Reports to Shareholders. Data for Q1 or Q2 Calculated as 100% – Medical Loss Ratio Note Medicare/Medicaid enrollees included in some figures
88. Spinning the Research FindingsOn ACO Costs
89. The HeadlineOn Massachusetts ACO Results “Overall, participation in the contract over two years led to savings of 2.8% (1.9% in year 1 and 3.3% in year 2). Source: Song et al. Health Affairs 2012;31:1885
90. But Buried in the Text “Our findings do not imply that overall spending fell. . . .[because] ten of the eleven organizations [earned] a budgetsurplus payment. . . .“All organizations earned a 2010 quality bonus, and mostreceived infrastructure support.“This result makes it likely that total Blue Cross Blue Shieldpayments to groups in 2010 exceeded medical savings.” Source: Song et al. Health Affairs 2012;31:1885
91. Medicare’s PGP/ACO Demo. Project: Gaming, But No Savings“The model for the ACO program… has been tested inthe PGP Demonstration Project…“Diagnosis coding changes the PGP sites initiated…produced apparent savings that resulted in sharedsavings payments to some of the demonstration sites,but not actually fewer dollars spent ” Berenson RA. Am J. Managed Care, 2010; 16:721-726.
92. JAMA Analysis of ACO Demonstration Omitted the Bonuses Paid to ACOsAverageannual $1,296 $1,230 $1,206 $1,230increase inMedicarepayment/beneficiary FFS Payments Bonuses *LVCs=incident stroke, MI, hip fracture, colon cancer Source: Colla et al. JAMA 2012;308:1015
93. ACOs = Medical Practices Owned by Corporate Oligopolies
94. For-Profit HMOs Increasingly Dominant 75%% of HMO Enrollment as For-Profit 50% 25% 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 Source: Interstudy
95. Half of Americans Live WherePopulation Is Too Low for Competition A town’s only hospital will not compete with itself Highlighted areas are health markets with populations greater than 360,000 Source: Kronick R et al. N Engl J Med 1993;328:148-152.
96. Insurers Morphing into ACOs: Purchases of Clinics and Practices, 2011Source: Business Insurance, 1/15/12
97. More Doctors Are Hospital EmployeesPercent ofnewly hiredphysiciansemployed byhospitals Source: Medscape July 9, 2012
98. Fees Rise When Hospitals Buy PracticesMedicarepayment Source: Wall Street Journal. Aug. 27, 2012
99. ACO Cost-Cutting Armamentarium• Prevention• Disease management• “Care Coordination” • Consolidation • Gate-keeping • Utilization Review• Electronic medical records• Report cards and P-4-P
100. Prevention Saves Lives, But Not Money“Although some preventive “It’s a nice thing to think,services do save money, the and it seems like it shouldvast majority reviewed in the be true, but I don’t know ofhealth economics literature any evidence that preventivedo not.” care actually saves money.” Cohen JT et al, Gruber J, quoted in NEJM, 2008;358:661-663 “Free lunch on health? Think again,” NY Times, August 8, 2007: C 2.
101. Chronic Disease Management, Randomized Controlled Trial No Savings at 14 of 15 Sites Change intotal Medicare expenditures, intervention vs. control group 15 Independent Sites Source: JAMA 2009;301:603
102. EMR: No Savings on Diagnostic TestsOdds ratio oftest ordering, 1.7MDs with 1.4electronic 1.2access toresult vs noelectronicaccess Source: McCormick, Bor, Woolhandler, Himmelstein. Health Affairs 2012;31:488
103. Hospitals That Got Federal HIT Bonuses Raised ED Billings: EMRs Facilitate Upcoding 50% +47%Annual increasein claims coded 40%at the highest Hospitals receivinglevels 30% incentives for electronic recordkeeping +32% 20% Other hospitals 10% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: NY Times 9/21/12
104. EMRs Have No Impact On Mortality, Cost, or Efficiency30-day Adjusted Death Rate Observed/Expected Cost No impact on No impact death rates on cost Comprehensive EMR Basic EMR No EMR Data from 3,049 hospitals Source: DesRoches, C et al. Health Affairs 29, No. 4 (2010):639-646.
105. Medical Homes and Enhanced Primary Care Do Not Require ACOsMedical Homes” that integrate more nurses,social workers etc. into primary care and cutphysicians’ panel size may improve care andreduce ED and inpatient utilization, possiblyenough to offset the additional personnel costs. This intervention does not require recycling the HMO experiment.
106. Assumptions Implicit in“Pay for Performance” (“P4P”)
107. P4P Assumption #1Performance Can Be Accurately Ascertained The variance attributable to an individual doctor can be clearly identified (as opposed to his or her patients and the circumstances surrounding the work), and will not and cannot be gamed.
108. Quality Scores Tell More About Patients than PhysiciansHarvard physicians with poorer/minority patients score low Patient characteristics in panels of high- and low-scoring physicians Source: Hong C et al. JAMA 9/8/2010. 304:10;1107.
109. Hospitals Scoring Higher on Leapfrog Quality Measures Have No Lower Mortality Safe Practice Score Quartile Note: Analyses of high risk patients, those >65, and other leapfrog measures yielded same results Source: JAMA 2009;301:1341
110. P4P Assumption #2 Individual Variation Is Caused by Variation in Motivation
111. P4P Assumption #3 Financial Incentives Will Add to Intrinsic Motivation If financial incentives undermine intrinsic motivation they may actually worsen performance.
112. P4P Can Dissociate People From Their Work“I do not think it’s true that the way to get better doctoring and betternursing is to put money on the table in front of doctors and nurses. Ithink thats a fundamental misunderstanding of human motivation.“I think people respond to joy and work and love and achievement andlearning and appreciation and gratitude - and a sense of a job welldone. I think that it feels good to be a doctor and better to be a betterdoctor.“When we begin to attach dollar amounts to throughputs and toindividual pay we are playing with fire. The first and most importanteffect of that may be to begin to dissociate people from their work.” Source: Health Affairs 1/12/2005 Don Berwick, M.D.
113. Money Undermines Altruism A Randomized Controlled Trial in Blood BankingPercentresponding toa call for blooddonation Source: Upton WE. Altruisim, Attribution, and Intrinsic Motivation in the Recruitment of Blood Donors
114. Medicare’s Premier Demonstration: A P4P Failure at 252 Hospitals Worse 5-year outcomes show no effect on mortality Change from baselinein 30-day mortality Better Note: P4P failed even among poor performers at baseline Source: NEJM march 28, 2012
115. P4P Among UK Primary Care Doctors• Multiple quality parameters were documented using a computerized medical record and summed in a point system.• Virtually all practices achieved most of the quality points within one year of implementation• Generated a much welcomed 25% increase in GP incomes Source: NEJM 7/23/2009:368
116. P4P: Scores on Whatever You Pay for Improves, but…“The [British P4P] scheme accelerated improvements inquality for 2 of 3 chronic conditions in the short term.“However, once targets were reached, the improvement . . .slowed, and the quality of care declined for 2 conditions thathad not been linked to incentives.” Source: NEJM 7/23/2009:368
117. High P4P Scores, But No Improvement In HTN Outcomes in UK 20%Composite 16%end point ofall-cause 12%mortalityand adverseHTN-related 8%outcomes 4% 0 Jan Jun Oct Mar Jul 2001 2001 2003 2005 2006 Note: HTN-related adverse outcomes = MI, CVA, kidney failure, CHF Source: Serumaga. BMJ 2011;342:d108
118. A $75 Million RCT of P4P in New York City Schools• 200 high-needs New York City schools employing more than 20,000 teachers.• Incentives of up to $3,000 per teacher• Based on students’ test scores, graduation and attendance rates, and learning environment surveys. Source: Fryer RG. Teacher incentives and student achievement: evidence from New York City public schools. NBER Working Paper No 16850. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March, 2011.
119. P4P for Teachers Lowered Test Scores Results of an RCT .10 .05Change inbaseline vs 0controls(Standard -.05deviations) -.10 -.15 -.20 Elementary Elementary Middle School Middle School Math Reading Math Reading One Year Three Years Source: Fryer RG. Teacher incentives and student achievement: evidence from New York City public schools. NBER Working Paper No 16850. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March, 2011.
120. High P4P Scores, But No Real Improvement in Hypertension in the UK 200 160Systolic 120blood 80pressure 40 0 120 100Diastolic 80blood 60pressure 40 20 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Quarter Blood pressure in mmHG Source: Serumaga. BMJ 2011;342:d108
121. Cochrane Review of “Paying for Performance” “We found no evidence that financial incentivescan improve patient outcomes.” July 6, 2011 Flodgren et al. “An overview of reviews evaluating the effectiveness of financial incentives in changing healthcare professional behaviors and patient outcomes.
122. ACOs and P4PImplementation Without Evidence• P4P is official Medicare policy, widely adopted by private payers • No RCTs showing improved outcomes. • No improvement in largest demonstration project. • Concern about negative side effects.• ACOs are the newest health policy panacea • No RCTs • No savings in largest demonstration project. • Disturbing HMO experience. Implementing everywhere interventions – which have been proven nowhere – risks failure on a colossal scale
123. ACOs and HMOs: Faith-Based Solutions• Capitation as magic bullet• Consolidation among providers cuts costs• Prevention, care management & EMR/computers save money• Risk adjustment can overcome gaming (up-coding of diagnoses)• P-4-P encourages global quality
124. Investor-Owned Care:Inflated Costs,Inferior Quality
125. Extent of For-Profit Ownership For-Profit Firms’ Share of Total Revenue *Data are for share of establishments Source: Commerce Department, Service Annual Survey 2009 Health Af 2012;31:1286
126. For-Profit Hospitals’Death Rates Are 2% Higher Favors Favors for-profit not-for-profit hospitals hospitals Relative risk and 95% CI Relative risk of hospital mortality for adult patients in private for- profit hospitals relative to private not-for-profit hospitals Source: CMAJ Devereaux et al. 166 (11): 1399.
127. For-Profit Hospitals Cost 19% More Lower payments Higher payments at PFP Hospitals at PFP Hospitals PFP/PNFP Payments Ratio (95% CI) Relative payments for care at private for-profit (PFP) and private not-for-profit (PNFP) hospitals Source: CMAJ Devereaux et al. 170 (12): 1817.
128. Quality Measures for MI, CHF, Pneumonia: For Profit Hospitals Are Worst; VA is BestOdds ratioof meetingcompositequality measures(Higher = Better) Source: Arch Int Med 2006;166:2511
129. Low Quality HospitalsMore Likely to be For-Profit For-Profit Non-Profit / Government Source: Health Affairs 2011;30:1904. Quality rating based on Medicare’s Hospital Compare data
130. For-Profit Hospitals’ Quality Lowest More Nurses = Higher Quality RatingPercent ofpatients givinghospital highestquality rating Source: NEJM 10/31/2008
131. Higher Death Rates When Nurse Staffing Is InadequateHazard ratioper shift ofpatientexposure Source: NEJM 2011;364:1037
132. Tenet (AKA “NME”)• 1985-1993: Recurrent criminal activity. Bribing state officials, kickbacks for referrals, and kidnapping psychiatric patients• 1994-1995: Pays $379M Federal fine for insurance fraud/kickbacks. Pays more than $200M in private settlements.• CEO Richard Esmer retires with annual pension of $822,670 plus lump sum payment of $2.6M• 1995: New CEO J. Barbakow appointed• 2002-2003: FBI raids Tenet hospital re: unnecessary heart surgery + Medicare fraud• 2003: Barbakow forced out (total compensation = $400M)• 2003-2004: Pays $449M for unneeded heart surgery settlement• 2006: Pays $215M + $900M for Medicare outlier fraud + $80M for improperly deducting previous fines from taxes Mod Hlthcr 3/29/85,4/26/85, 9/6/93, 7/4/94, 11/4/02, 1/16/06, 11/27/06; NYT 10/22/91, 7/31/94, 11/1/02, 6/30/06; USA Today 8/26/02
133. For-Profit Dialysis Clinics’ Death Rates Are 9% HigherRelativeRisk (RR) ofmortality inhemodialysis patients Source: Devereaux P. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2449-2457.
134. During era when more EPO = more profit For-Profit Dialysis Facilities Overdosed Patients with EPO 50,000Weekly EPOunits for patients 40,000with HCT <33% 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Non-Profit For-Profit Hospital-Based Note: Higher EPO dose associated with higher CV death rate Similar pattern was observed among patients with HCT.33% Source: JAMA 2007;297:1667
135. Quality Better atNon-Profit Nursing Homes 1 4 0 1 A meta-analysis including 0 every published 0 study 0 0 Results favor for-profits Results favor non-profits Most studies with non-significant results also favored non-profits Parenthetic numbers = N Source: BMJ 2009;33:B2732
136. For-Profit Nursing Homes: More Inappropriate Feeding TubesRate of feedingtubes inpatients withadvancedcognitiveimpairment Note: Adjusted odds ratio for for-profits = 1.09 Source: JAMA 2003;290:73
137. Drug Companies’ Cost Structure Marketing and Manufacturing Admin 27% 35% Profits (After Taxes) R&D 18% 13% Source: Health Affairs 2001;20(5):136
138. 2012 Fraud/Civil Fines Against Drug Firms Source: NYT 7/3/2012; Fiscal Times 8/31/2012
139. Drug Firms’ Fraud: Pay the Ticket, Keep on Speeding “In April [2010], AstraZeneca became the fourth major drug company in three years to settle a government investigation with a hefty payment…“$520 million for what federal officials described as an array ofillegal promotions of antipsychotics for children, the elderly,veterans and prisoners.“Still, the payment amounted to just 2.4 percent of the $21.6billion AstraZeneca made on Seroquel sales from 1997 to 2009.” New York Times – 10/3/10
140. Mandate Model for Reform:Keeping Private Insurers In Charge
141. The Lancet Put It On Their Cover“The health-care reform processexposes how corporate influencerenders the US Government incapableof making policy on the basis ofevidence and the public interest.” Source: Lancet Dec 5, 2009. Cover of vol. 374.
142. “Mandate” Model for Reform 1. Expanded Medicaid-like program • Free for poor • Subsidies for low income • Buy-in without subsidy for others 1. Employer mandate +/- individuals 2. Managed Care / Care Management
143. Crimes and Punishments in Massachusetts
144. Massachusetts:Requires 70% Actuarial Value Coverage • Premium: $5,616 annually • Deductible: $2000 annually • Co-insurance: 20% after deductible is reached for next $15,000 of care Example shown is a 56 year-old male with annual income over $32,000
145. Massachusetts Health Reform:Little Impact on Medical Bankruptcy Source: Himmelstein, Thorne, Woolhandler. Am J Med 2011;124:224
146. Massachusetts’ Reform: More Bureaucrats, No More CaregiversChange inhealthemployment,2005/06 to2008/09 Source: Staiger DO et al. NEJM 2011:e24(1)
147. Federal Taxpayers Paid for MA’s Reform Source: Boston Globe 6/26/2011:A9 (From Executive Office of Administration and Finance)
148. Impact of ACA on the Uninsured
149. Example of an ACA Calculation
150. Impact of Health Reform On: The Under-Insured• If you like your current coverage, you can keep it.• If you don’t like your current job-based coverage, you have to keep it.• Policies are required to cover at least 60% of expected health costs, e.g., $2,000 deductible + 20% co-insurance for next $15,000 of care.
151. Public Money,Private Control
152. US Public Spending per Capita Exceeds Total Spending in Other Nations2010 healthcare spending per capita Our Public Spending Exceeds Everyone Elses’ Total Spending Data are for 2010 Sources: OECD 2012; Health Affairs 2002 21(4)88
153. The U.S. Trails Other Nations
154. Growth in Total Health Expenditure $8,000 $7,000Percapita $6,000spend $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Source: OECD 2010, doi: 10.1787/data-00350-en Accessed Feb. 14, 2011
155. Cost and Access Problems Among Sicker Adults U.S. Access Is Worse 50%Percent 40%ReportingProblems 30%(AmongSicker 20%Adults) 10% 0 UK France Canada Austral. N. Zeal. USA Hard to Pay Med Bills Cost Was Access Problem Source: Health Affairs 2011;30:2437
156. Life ExpectancyYears Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
157. Potential Years of Life Lost Per 100 People for All CausesYears Note: Data are for 2009 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2011
158. US Now Worst on Preventable Deaths France Australia Italy Japan Sweden Norway AustriaNetherlands Finland Germany Greece IrelandNew Zealand Denmark UK US 0 200 400 600 800 100 1200 Age adjusted deaths/100,000 from potentially preventable causes 1997/1998 2006/2007 Source: Health Affairs 2008;27(1):58 and on-line 9/12/11
159. Infant MortalityDeaths in First Year of Life Per 1,000 Live Births Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
160. Maternal MortalityDeaths per 100,000 Live Births Note: Data are for 2009 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2011
161. Smoking PrevalencePercent of population over age 15 who smoke daily Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
162. Percent ElderlyPercent of population over age 64 Note: Data are for 2011 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
163. Hospital Inpatient Days per Capita Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
164. Physician Visits per Capita Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
165. Nurses per 1,000 Population Note: Data are for 2009 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2011
166. Hip Replacements per 1,000 Population Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
167. US Renal Failure Patients Are Less Likely to Get TransplantsPercentof ESRDPatients withFunctioningTransplant Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Source: OECD, 2012
168. Acute MI Outcomes In-Hospital 30-Day Case-Fatality RateDeathsper 100patients Note: Short LOS may cause understatement of US in-hospital fatality rate Source: OECD, 2012
169. Hemorrhagic Stroke Mortality In-Hospital 30-Day Case-Fatality RateDeathsper 100patients Note: Short LOS may cause understatement of US in-hospital fatality rate Data is age/sex standardized Source: OECD, 2012
170. Out-of-Pocket PaymentsDollarsperCapita Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent year available Figures adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity Source: OECD, 2012
171. Recession Caused More in USA to Cut Care Than in Other NationsNet change inuse of routinemedical caresince start ofeconomiccrisis Based on survey of 5,437 individuals Source: Lusardi, Schneider & Tufano. NBER Working Paper 15843, March 2010
172. Clinical Medicine Articles1992-2002 per Thousand Population Source: Lancet 2004;363:250
173. Insurance OverheadDollarsperCapita Note: Data are for 2010 or most recent available Figures adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity Source: OECD, 2012
174. USA Physicians Have the Best Access to TechnologyPercent ofphysicianssaying accessto latestmedicalequipment is amajor problem Source: Health Affairs 2001;20(3):236
175. Canada’s National HealthInsurance Program
176. Minimum Standards for Canada’s Provincial Programs1.Universal coverage that does not impeded, either directly or indirectly, whether by charges or otherwise, reasonable access.2.Portability of benefits from province to province3.Coverage for all medically necessary services4.Publicly administered, non-profit program
177. Less People in Quebec with Serious Symptoms Went Without a Physician Visit After NHPPercent of peoplewith serioussymptoms notseeing a physician Source: NEJM 1973;289:1174
178. % of People with an Unmet Health Need Canadians and US Insured Are Similar Source: Joint Canada/US Survey of Health, 2002-03. CDC and Statistics Canada
179. Waiting Times for Doctor Appointments Boston and CanadaMean waittime inweeks fornon-urgentvisit *US Ortho figure represents semi-urgent request for visit Sources: Canadian Medical Association 2007 National Physician Survey. Merritt Hawkins 2009 Survey
180. Mental Health Treatment, US & Canada Severely Ill in Canada Get More CarePercentreceivingtreatment Source: Health Affairs May/June, 2003:128
181. Quality of Care Slightly Better in Canada Than US Meta-Analysis of Patients Treated for Same Illnesses High Low Quality Quality Studies Studies Results Results Mixed or favored US favored Canada equivocal results US studies included mostly insured patients Source: Guyatt et al, Open Medicine, April 19, 2007
182. Infant Mortality 30Deaths per1,000 LiveBirths 20 First province First province implements NHP implements NHP 10 USA Canada 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2009 Sources: Statistics Canada, Canadian Institute for Health Information, National Center for Health Statistics
183. Canadians’ Life Expectancy Growing Faster than Americans’ 80 75Lifeexpectancyat birth 70 65 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 Canada USA Sources: StatCan & NCHS
184. Health Costs as % of GDP 17% Canada’s Canada’s 15% NHP NHP USA USAHealth Enacted Enactedcosts % 13%of GDP NHP Fully NHP Fully “Uniquely 11% Implemented Implemented American” 9% Canada Canada 7% 5% 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Institute for Health Info, and NCHS/Commerce Dept.
185. US Medicare Coverage Much Worse than Canada’sPercent ofseniors’totalmedicalexpensescovered Note: Not comparable to figures for employer coverage because of high LTC needs in elderly Source: EBRI and Himmelstein/Woolhandler analysis of Health Canada data
186. Cost Control in a Parallel Universe Growth in Medicare Spending Per Senior Source: Himmelstein & Woolhandler Arch Intern Med, December, 2012
187. How Has Canada Controlled Costs?• Lower administrative costs via single payer - 16.7% of total health spending vs. 31.0% in the U.S.• Lump-sum, global budgets for hospitals• Stringent controls on capital spending for new buildings and expensive new equipment• Single buyer purchasing reins in drug/device prices• Low litigation and malpractice costs• Emphasis on primary care• Exclusion of private insurers - private plans overcharged U.S. Medicare by $34 billion in 2012 Source: Himmelstein & Woolhandler Arch Intern Med, December, 2012
188. Hospital Billing and AdministrationDollars percapita, 2011 Source: Woolhandler/Himmelstein/Campbell NEJM 2003;349:769 (updated 2012)
189. Physicians’ Billing and Office ExpensesDollars percapita, 2011 Source: Woolhandler/Himmelstein/Campbell NEJM 2003;349:769 (updated 2012)
190. Overall Administrative CostsDollars percapita, 2011 Source: Woolhandler/Himmelstein/Campbell NEJM 2003;349:769 (updated 2012)
191. Difference in Health Spending Per capita data. Sources: Woolhandler/Himmelstein/Campbell NEJM 2003;349:769 (updated 2012). NCHS and CIHI
192. Aortic Aneurysm Repair CostsOverhead Accounts for Most of the Difference $13,432 $8,647 Note: Hospital costs only; outcomes were equivalent Source: Brox et al. Arch Intern Med 2003;153:2500
193. Few Canadians Seek Care in the US• 40% of US ambulatory facilities near border treated no Canadians last year; another 40% <1/month• Michigan + New York + Washington hospitals treated a total of 909 Canadians/year (only 17% of them elective).• Of “America’s Best Hospitals”, only one reported treating more than 60 Canadians/year.• In a survey of 18,000 Canadians, 90 had received any medical care in the US last year – only 20 had gone to the US seeking care. Surveys of US ambulatory providers near the border, hospital discharges, and Canadian citizens Source: Health Affairs 2002;21(3):19
194. Few Canadian Physicians EmigrateNet loss(numbermovingabroad –numberreturning) A negative number indicates that more physicians returned from abroad then moved abroad Source: Canadian Institute for Health Information
195. Canadian Physicians’ Incomes Specialty 2009/10 Income Family Medicine $248,716 Internal Med $354,490 Reduced Pediatrics $263,545 administrative burdens Psychiatry $203,152 in practice, saving Dermatology $391,686 Reduced$60-80,000 per MD OB-GYN $429,954 malpractice General Surgery $404,847 expense (cost of future care not Thoracic Surgery $528,266 needed in payments) Ophthalmology $551,666 All Physicians $293,472 Source: Canadian Institute for Health Information
196. Canadian Malpractice Insurance Costs Other Specialty Ontario* Quebec ProvincesFP/GP/Psych $648 $1,373 $1,152 Cardiology $1,428 $2,747 $1,728 Anesthesia $4,896 $7,377 $3,552Neurosurgery $4,896 $31,575 $23,256OB-GYN$4896 $4,896 $36,140 $14,292 *Ontario reimburses physicians for premiums about 1986 level Source: Canadian Medical Protective Association www.cmpa-acpm.ca
197. Applicants per Medical School Place Source: AAMC and Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada
198. What’s OK in Canada?Compared to the USA…•Life expectancy 2 years longer•Infant deaths 25% lower•Universal comprehensive coverage•More physician visits, hospital care; less bureaucracy•Quality of care equivalent to insured Americans’•Free choice of doctor and hospital•Health spending half of USA level
199. What’s the Matter in Canada?• The wealthy lobby for private funding and tax cuts; they resent subsidizing care for others.• Result: government funding cuts (e.g., 30% of hospital beds closed during the 1990s) causing dissatisfaction and waits for care.• USA and Canadian firms seek profit opportunities in health care privatization• Conservative foes of public services own many Canadian newspapers• Misleading waiting list surveys by right wing Fraser Institute
200. Americans Want NHI“Would you favor the currenthealth insurance system… or auniversal coverage program likeMedicare that is government runand financed by taxpayers?” Source: ABC News Poll; USA Today; Kaiser Survey 9/06
201. The Rising Popularity Of National Health Insurance “Who should provide coverage?” 1979 2009Government Private Government Private 40% Enterprise 59% Enterprise 48% 32% Don’t Don’t Know Know 12% 9% Source: CBS News / New York Times Poll, Feb. 1, 2009
202. The Rising US Popularity of National Health Insurance “Who should provide coverage?” Source: CBS News / New York Times Poll, Feb. 1, 2009
203. Growing Physician Support for NHI 59% of physicians support NHI Surveys of random samples of US physicians Source: Carroll and Ackerman. Ann Int Med 2008;148:566
204. Massachusetts Doctors Favor Single Payer Source: Massachusetts Medical Society Survey October 2010
205. More Health Economists Favor Single Payer 50% 40%Percentagreeingthe US 30%shouldadopt… 20% 10% 0 Canada-Style Employer Refundable Reform Mandate Tax Credit Source: J Hlth Policy Politics & Law 2008;33:707
206. A National HealthProgram for the USA
207. National Health Insurance• Universal – covers everyone• Comprehensive – all needed care, no co-pays• Single, public payer – simplified reimbursement• No investor-owned HMOs, hospitals, etc.• Improved health planning• Public accountability for quality and cost, but minimal bureaucracy Proposal of the Physicians Working Group for Single Payer NHI JAMA 2003;290:798
208. Funding for the NHP Revenue Sources Recipients of Money Medicare and Medicaid Medicare and Medicaid Hospital Operating Costs Hospital Operating Costs Hospital Capital Costs Hospital Capital CostsState /Local GovernmentsState /Local Governments NHP NHP HMOs HMOs Employers Employers Fund Fund Fee-for-Service Physicians Fee-for-Service PhysiciansPrivate Insurance RevenuesPrivate Insurance Revenues Home Care Agencies Home Care Agencies New Taxes New Taxes Long-Term Care Long-Term Care Source: NEJM 1989;320:102
209. Hospital Payment Under an NHP Himmelstein and Woolhandler. NEJM 1989;320:102
210. Three Options for Physician andAmbulatory Care Payment Under the NHP Source: Himmelstein and Woolhandler. NEJM 1989;320:102
211. America Can Do This.
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