                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                             )
MICHAEL S. ESCOBEDO,                         )
                                             )
               Plaintiff,                    )
                                             )
       v.                                    )       Civil Action No. 08-575 (RMC)
                                             )
THE HONORABLE PETE GREEN,                    )
Secretary of the Army,                       )
                                             )
               Defendant.                    )
                                             )


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

               Dr. Michael S. Escobedo’s request for correction of his military record arises from

his claim for damage to his boat and truck, allegedly caused by a storage facility under

government contract. Dr. Escobedo contended that the storage facility was responsible for the

damage and he submitted a claim asking for reimbursement from the Army. The storage facility

blamed Dr. Escobedo for the damage. After an investigation, the U.S. Army Criminal

Investigation Command found probable cause to charge Dr. Escobedo with fraud, attempted

larceny, and false official statement, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Criminal

Information Center (“NCIC”) placed his name in its records. Protesting his innocence, Dr.

Escobedo applied to the Army Board for Correction of Military Records (“ABCMR”), requesting

that his name and identifying information be removed from the NCIC records. ABCMR denied

his request. As a result, Dr. Escobedo brought this suit against the Secretary of the Army under

the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706(2), asserting that the ABCMR denial

was arbitrary and capricious. Having reviewed the record carefully, the Court cannot agree and
will grant the Secretary’s motion for summary judgment.

                                           I. FACTS

               Dr. Escobedo is a former Army Captain who served in the Army Reserve starting

in 1995 and then on active duty from July 1996 through January 1998. In June 1996, he attended

the U.S. Army Flight Surgeon primary course at Fort Rucker, Alabama. Prior to his attendance,

Lone Star Van Company (“Lone Star”) packed and stored his household goods, including his

boat. Lone Star was under contract with the government.

               On August 23, 1996, Dr. Escobedo and his friend, Keith Young, drove to the Lone

Star warehouse to retrieve the boat. Dr. Escobedo claims that he found his boat abutting a

concrete wall with a bent propeller and damage to the wheel castor, pin, and taillights. Compl.

¶ 23. Dr. Escobedo further alleges that Lone Star’s dock foreman, Dwight Tatum, attached the

boat trailer to the ball hitch on Dr. Escobedo’s truck. Id. ¶¶ 25-26. When Dr. Escobedo pulled

forward, the trailer came off the hitch and slammed into the back of the truck, damaging the

truck. Id. Dr. Escobedo submitted a damage claim to the Army’s “3 Corps” claims office. Id.

¶ 29. The 3 Corps claims office indicated that it would cover the damage to the boat, but that Dr.

Escobedo would have to file a claim with Lone Star’s insurance company for coverage of

damage to the truck. Id. ¶ 30; see also Administrative Record (“AR”) at 270-72 (because the

truck was not part of the shipment, Dr. Escobedo was required to seek coverage from the

warehouse’s insurance carrier).

               Lone Star denied responsibility for damage to the boat, asserting that Lone Star

employees had heard Dr. Escobedo say he had damaged the propeller on rocks in a lake but

planned to make a claim so that the Army would pay for it. Compl. ¶ 31. Lone Star further


                                               -2-
denied responsibility for damage to the truck, contending that a Lone Star employee assisted in

placing the trailer on the ball hitch, but that Dr. Escobedo handled the task of locking the hitch

without the assistance of any Lone Star employees. Id.; see also AR at 194 & 272.

               The Army’s Criminal Investigation Division conducted an investigation and

issued a Report of Investigation (“ROI”), concluding that probable cause existed to believe that

Dr. Escobedo had committed fraud, attempted larceny of government funds, and false official

statement with regard to the events of August 23, 1996 and his claim for damages. Id. ¶ 32;

accord AR at 169-260. The ROI included reports of three witness interviews, all of whom

asserted that Dr. Escobedo attached his boat to his truck. See AR at 189, 191, 194. Two of the

three asserted that they heard Dr. Escobedo say that he previously had damaged the propeller

passing over rocks in a lake and that he intended to file a claim to get the Army to pay for the

damage. Id. at 189 & 194. As a result of the investigation, the Criminal Investigation Division

“titled” him for the offenses, that is, the Division placed his name in the title block of a ROI. See

Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”), Ex. A (DoDI 5505.7, Titling and

Indexing Subjects of Criminal Investigations in the Department of Defense (Jan. 7, 2003)

(Enclosure 1 ¶ E1.1.8 defining “titling”)). His name was also indexed in the Defense Clearance

and Investigations Index (“DCII”). See DoDI 5507 ¶ 6.1 (all names of subjects of DoD criminal

investigations shall be listed in the DCII). Court martial charges were preferred against Dr.

Escobedo. Compl. ¶ 44. On advice of counsel, Dr. Escobedo submitted a request for discharge

in lieu of trial by court martial so that he could avoid the loss of his medical license. Id. ¶ 45.

The Army approved the request and discharged Dr. Escobedo Under Other Than Honorable

Conditions, In Lieu of Trial by Court Martial, effective January 13, 1998. Id. ¶ 46.


                                                  -3-
               Subsequently, Dr. Escobedo submitted an application to the Army Discharge

Review Board, requesting that the discharge characterization be upgraded to Honorable. Id. ¶ 47.

On October 21, 2005, the Review Board granted the application. Id. ¶ 48; see also AR at 63-72.

The characterization of the discharge was changed to Honorable, Miscellaneous/General

Reasons. AR at 70-71. The Review Board explained:

               The Board does not condone the applicant’s misconduct; however,
               it determined that the discharge is inequitable. The applicant’s
               misconduct was mitigated by service of sufficient length and merit
               to warrant an upgrade of the discharge being reviewed.
               Accordingly, the Board voted to grant relief in the form of an
               upgrade of characterization of service to fully honorable and in a
               change to the narrative for discharge to Miscellaneous/General
               Reasons.

AR at 69. On December 1, 2005, the Secretary adopted the findings of the Review Board.

Compl. ¶ 50; AR at 59-62.

               Dr. Escobedo submitted an application to the ABCMR,1 requesting that his name

and identifying information be removed from the ROI, in which he was titled with the larceny,

false statement, and false claim offenses, and from the DCII. On March 8, 2007, ABCMR

denied the request. AR at 3-9. ABCMR found that there was insufficient evidence to support

Dr. Escobedo’s claim that there was no probable cause to title Dr. Escobedo for the offenses for

which he was charged. Id. at 8. Further, ABCMR explained that titling only requires credible

information that an offense may have been committed and that the only way to administratively

remove a titling action from the ROI and the DCII is to show either mistaken identity or a



       1
         Pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(1), the Secretary of a military department may correct a
military record to correct an error or remove injustice. The ABCMR was established by the
Secretary of the Army to carry out this function.

                                               -4-
complete lack of credible evidence in support of the initial titling determination. Id. ABCMR

concluded that Dr. Escobedo failed to meet this standard. Id.2

               Dr. Escobedo filed this lawsuit, alleging that he was wrongfully titled for these

offenses based on witness statements that were biased and contradictory. Compl. ¶¶ 66 & 68.

Because no crime was ever proved and because the Review Board amended his discharge to

Honorable (for Miscellaneous/General Reasons), Dr. Escobedo asserts that ABCMR was

arbitrary and capricious in denying his request to remove his name and identifying information

from the ROI and the DCII. Id. ¶ 68. The parties have filed cross motions for summary

judgment.3

                                    II. LEGAL STANDARDS

               A.      Summary Judgment

               Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment must be granted

when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together

with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

322 (1986); Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Moreover, summary

judgment is properly granted against a party that “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish


       2
      Dr. Escobedo also petitioned the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command requesting
amendment of the ROI; the petition was denied. Compl. ¶¶ 51-53; AR at 10.
       3
         In his Complaint, Dr. Escobedo also asserted a Fifth Amendment claim. See Compl. ¶¶ 72-
78 (alleging that the ABCMR violated Dr. Escobedo’s due process rights). He abandoned this claim,
however, by failing to raise it in his motion for summary judgment or in response to the Secretary’s
motion.

                                                 -5-
the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the

burden of proof at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. To determine which facts are “material,” a

court must look to the substantive law on which each claim rests. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. A

“genuine issue” is one whose resolution could establish an element of a claim or defense and,

therefore, affect the outcome of the action. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. In ruling on a motion for

summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor

and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.

               B. Administrative Procedure Act

               The APA requires a reviewing court to set aside an agency action that is

“arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 706(2)(A); Tourus Records, Inc. v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 259 F.3d 731, 736 (D.C. Cir.

2001). In making this inquiry, the reviewing court must consider whether the agency’s decision

was based on consideration of relevant factors and whether there was a clear error of judgment.

Marsh v. Oregon Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378 (1989). At a minimum, the agency

must have considered relevant data and articulated an explanation establishing a “rational

connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Bowen v. Am. Hosp. Ass’n, 476 U.S.

610, 626 (1986); see also Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 988 F.2d 186, 197 (D.C.

Cir. 1993) (“The requirement that agency action not be arbitrary or capricious includes a

requirement that the agency adequately explain its result.”). An agency action may be arbitrary

or capricious if the agency (1) relied on factors which Congress did not intend it to consider; (2)

entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem; or (3) offered an explanation for

its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency or is so implausible that it could


                                                 -6-
not be ascribed to a difference in view or agency expertise. Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S. v.

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983); see also County of Los Angeles v.

Shalala, 192 F.3d 1005, 1021 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“Where the agency has failed to provide a

reasoned explanation, or where the record belies the agency’s conclusion, [the court] must undo

its action.”).

                 As the Supreme Court has explained, “the scope of review under the ‘arbitrary

and capricious’ standard is narrow and a court is not to substitute its judgment for that of the

agency.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43. Rather, the agency action under review is

“entitled to a presumption of regularity.” Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S.

402, 415 (1971), abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977).

                 A court must apply an unusually deferential standard when reviewing an action of

the ABCMR. Piersall v. Winter, 435 F.3d 319, 324 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Military boards are

entitled to even greater deference than civilian administrative agencies. Labin v. Harvey, Civ.

No. 05-315, 2006 WL 949884, *5 (D.D.C. Apr. 10, 2006). Such substantial deference “is

calculated to ensure that the courts do not become a forum for appeals by every soldier

dissatisfied with his or her ratings, a result that would destabilize military command and take the

judiciary far afield of its areas of competence.” Cone v. Caldera, 223 F.3d 789, 793 (D.C. Cir.

2000). An ABCMR decision is not arbitrary and capricious if the decision “minimally contains

a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Frizelle v. Slater, 111 F.3d

172, 176 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

                 A plaintiff must overcome a strong presumption that the military administrators

discharged their duties correctly, lawfully, and in good faith. Frizelle, 111 F.3d at 177. To rebut


                                                 -7-
this presumption, “the plaintiff has the burden of showing ‘by cogent and clearly convincing

evidence’ that the decision was the result of a material legal error or injustice.” Doyle v.

England, 193 F. Supp. 2d 202, 207 (D.D.C. 2002).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

               The National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 directed the Secretary of

Defense to establish a process for expunging the name and identifying information of any

individual who was subject to a criminal investigation from the official report and central index

in any case in which it is determined that the entry was made contrary to Department of Defense

(“DoD”) requirements. Pub. L. 106-398, 1154 Stat. 1654 § 552 (Oct. 30, 2000). As a result,

DoD revised its regulations by promulgating DoD Instruction 5505.7, which provides: “The

DoD standard that shall be applied when titling and indexing subjects of criminal investigations

is a determination that credible information exists indicating that the subject committed a

criminal offense.” DoDI 5505.7 ¶ 6.3. Generally, once the subject of an investigation has been

titled and indexed, even if it is later found that the individual did not commit the offense, the

individual’s name remains in the DCII. Id. ¶ 6.6. There are two exceptions to this rule:

Identifying information about the subject of a criminal investigation shall be removed from the

title block of a report of investigation and the DCII (1) in the case of mistaken identity, i.e., the

wrong person’s name was placed in the ROI or the DCII, or (2) “if it is later determined a

mistake was made at the time the titling and/or indexing occurred in that credible information

indicating that the subject committed a crime did not exist.” Id. ¶¶ 6.6.1 & 6.6.2

               The DoD Instruction 5505.7 further provides that “[w]hen reviewing the

appropriateness of a titling/indexing decision, the reviewing official shall consider the


                                                  -8-
investigative information available at the time the initial titling/indexing decision was made to

determine whether the decision was made in accordance with the standard stated in paragraph

6.3,” i.e., the credible information standard. Id. ¶ 6.9. “Credible information” is defined as

“information disclosed or obtained by an investigator that, considering the source and nature of

the information and the totality of the circumstances, is sufficiently believable to lead a trained

investigator to presume that the fact or facts in question are true.” Id., Enclosure 1 ¶ E1.1.1.

               To determine whether to remove Dr. Escobedo’s name and identifying

information from the ROI and the DCII, ABCMR applied the “credible information” standard set

forth in DoD Instruction 5505.7 and found that there was credible evidence to title and index Dr.

Escobedo for the criminal offenses. AR at 3-9. Dr. Escobedo contends that ABCMR should

have applied the probable cause standard as set forth in an Army Regulation and not the credible

information standard set out in DoD Instruction 5505.7. Army Regulation 195-2 provides:

               [Criminal Investigation Division “CID”] reports of investigation
               are exempt from the amendment provisions of the Privacy Act . . . .
               Request for amendment will be considered only under the
               provisions of this regulation. Requests to amend CID reports of
               investigation will be granted only if the individual submits new,
               relevant, and material facts that are determined to warrant revision
               of the report. The burden of proof to substantiate the request is
               upon the individual. Requests to delete a person’s name from the
               title block will be granted if it is determined that probable cause
               does not exist to believe that the individual committed the offense
               for which titled as a subject.


Def.’s Mem., Ex. C Army Reg. 195-2 ¶ 4-4 (effective Oct. 30, 1985).

               DoD Instruction 5505.7 was promulgated on January 3, 2003; it supercedes Army

Regulation 195-2, effective October 30, 1985. When a service regulation conflicts with a



                                                 -9-
Department of Defense regulation, the service regulation must give way. Casey v. United States,

8 Cl. Ct. 234, 239 (Fed. Cl. 1985); see also Simmons v. Brown, 497 F. Supp. 173, 178 (D. Md.

1980) (regulations of the branches of service must be in accord with DoD regulations); cf. Holz v.

Westphal, 217 F. Supp. 2d 50, 52-53 (D.D.C. 2002) (recognizing, but not resolving, the conflict

between DoD’s credible information standard and Army’s probable cause standard).4 Thus, the

ABCMR properly applied the credible information standard under DoD Instruction 5505.7.

               Dr. Escobedo further complains that the ABCMR acted arbitrarily by failing to

consider the fact that the Review Board found that his discharge was inequitable and amended its

characterization to “Honorable.” But the ABCMR did examine the Review Board’s findings. In

doing so, it noted that the Review Board agreed to modify Dr. Escobedo’s discharge based on

length and merit of service, expressly stating that it did “not condone [Dr. Escobedo’s]

misconduct.” AR at 8. As a result, the ABCMR properly determined that the Review Board’s

findings provided insufficient support for the relief Dr. Escobedo requested. Id.

               Also, Dr. Escobedo argues that the ABCMR failed to explain its decision

adequately, summarily finding that he had failed to demonstrate a complete lack of credible

evidence. This is not the case. ABCMR rendered a decision that explained the credible

information standard, indicated that it had reviewed the ROI and witness testimony, and noted

that Dr. Escobedo had not shown a complete lack of credible evidence to support the titling

decision. AR at 3-9. The ABCMR decision is not arbitrary and capricious as it “contains a

rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Frizelle, 111 F.3d at 176.


       4
         Dr. Escobedo further proposes that DoD regulations provide a due process standard that is
a “floor” and that the Army may adopt regulations providing additional due process protections. Dr.
Escobedo cites no support for this proposition.

                                               -10-
               Finally, Dr. Escobedo asserts that the ABCMR erred by failing to consider

evidence consisting of contradictory testimony, the alleged bias of Lone Star employees, and an

initial inventory form showing that the boat’s propeller was “dented” when it was initially stored,

and thus not “bent.” None of the evidence that Dr. Escobedo points to demonstrates that a

“mistake was made at the time the titling and/or indexing occurred in that credible information

indicating that the subject committed a crime did not exist.” DoDI 5507.5 ¶¶ 6.6.1 & 6.6.2.

There was credible information supporting the decision to title Dr. Escobedo for the offenses,

information that, “considering the source and nature of the information and the totality of the

circumstances, [was] sufficiently believable to lead a trained investigator to presume that the fact

or facts in question [were] true.” Id., Enclosure 1 ¶ E1.1.1. The three witness interviews

included in the ROI all indicated that Dr. Escobedo himself attached his boat to his truck. See

AR at 189, 191, 194. Two of the three witnesses asserted that they had heard Dr. Escobedo say

that he previously had damaged the propeller passing over rocks in a lake and that he intended to

file a claim to get the Army to pay for the damage. Id. at 189 & 194. One witness testified that

the intake inventory form stated that the propeller was “dented,” and that this could well have

meant the same thing as “bent.” AR at 275. The investigating officer considered all the evidence

in making the charging recommendation, including the statement of one witness who reported

that most storage facilities deny responsibility even when they do damage property. Id. at 272.

Dr. Escobedo has not shown by cogent and clear evidence that the ABCMR decision was a result

of material legal error or injustice. See Doyle, 193 F. Supp. 2d at 207. He has not overcome the

strong presumption that the ABCMR discharged its duties correctly, lawfully, and in good faith.

Frizelle, 111 F.3d at 177.


                                                -11-
                                     IV. CONCLUSION

              This Court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the ABCMR. Because the

ABCMR decision was properly based on the credible information standard and the ABCMR

provided a reasoned explanation of its decision, based on some credible evidence, the Secretary’s

Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. # 6] will be granted and Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary

Judgment [Dkt. # 9] will be denied. A memorializing order accompanies this Memorandum

Opinion.




Date: March 19, 2009                                         /s/
                                                ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                                United States District Judge




                                              -12-
