            Case: 17-11529   Date Filed: 09/28/2017   Page: 1 of 11


                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                              No. 17-11529
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                        ________________________

                         Agency No. A088-471-309

TAO CHEN,

                                                                        Petitioner,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                      Respondent.

                        ________________________

                   Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                        Board of Immigration Appeals
                         ________________________

                             (September 28, 2017)

Before HULL, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Tao Chen petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA”) final order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his

application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the United
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Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). Chen’s application is based on the protest he

staged in front of a Chinese city government after he received unfair treatment in a

court case seeking relief for an injury he sustained in a traffic accident by a drunk

driver. On appeal, Chen argues that because he established past persecution, a

well-founded fear of future persecution, and it is more likely than not that he will

be tortured if he returns to China, the BIA erred in denying his petition for asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT relief. After thorough review, we deny the

petition.

      We review the BIA’s decision as the final judgment, unless the BIA

expressly adopted the IJ’s decision. Lyashchynska v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 676 F.3d

962, 966-67 (11th Cir. 2012). When the BIA explicitly agrees with the findings of

the IJ, we will review the decision of both the BIA and the IJ as to those issues.

Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 941, 948 (11th Cir. 2010). We do not engage

in fact-finding on appeal, nor do we weigh evidence that was not previously

considered below. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1278 (11th Cir. 2001).

      Factual determinations are reviewed under the substantial-evidence test,

which requires us to “view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the

agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.”

Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). The


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substantial evidence test is deferential and we may not “re-weigh the evidence”

from scratch. Mazariegos v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 241 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir.

2001). We “must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is supported by reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Najjar,

257 F.3d at 1283-84 (quotation omitted). In order to reverse administrative factual

findings, we must determine that the record “compels” reversal, not that it merely

supports a different conclusion. Farquharson v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 246 F.3d 1317,

1320 (11th Cir. 2001).

      The Attorney General has the authority to grant asylum to an alien who

meets the Immigration and Nationality Act’s (“INA”) definition of “refugee.” 8

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). A refugee is:

      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .
      and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling
      to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of
      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
      religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
      political opinion.

Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The applicant bears the burden of proving that he is a

refugee. Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). The applicant must present specific and credible

evidence demonstrating that he (1) was persecuted in the past based on one of the

protected grounds or (2) has a well-founded fear that he will be persecuted in the

future based on one of the protected grounds. Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d

1247, 1257 (11th Cir. 2006).
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      We have held that “persecution is an extreme concept, requiring more than a

few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, and that [m]ere

harassment does not amount to persecution.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401

F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotations omitted); see also Djonda v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 514 F.3d 1168, 1171 (11th Cir. 2008); Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

577 F.3d 1341, 1352-53 (11th Cir. 2009). Minor beatings and threats are not

enough to compel a finding of persecution. See Diallo v. U.S Att’y Gen., 596 F.3d

1329, 1333 (11th Cir. 2010); see also Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (holding that

three phone calls threatening the receiver with death if she did not stop her political

activities did not compel a finding of persecution).

      Fines or economic sanctions may constitute persecution if they cause a

“severe economic disadvantage” to the alien, considering his net worth, his sources

of income, and the condition of the local economy. Mu Ying Wu v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 745 F.3d 1140, 1156 (11th Cir. 2014).            To satisfy this standard, the

persecution must reduce the alien’s standard of living to an impoverished

existence. Id. In determining whether an alien has suffered past persecution, the

factfinder must consider the cumulative effects of the incidents. Delgado v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 487 F.3d 855, 861 (11th Cir. 2007).

      If the petitioner cannot demonstrate past persecution, he must demonstrate

that he has a well-founded fear of future persecution by showing that there is a


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reasonable possibility of his suffering persecution if he returned to his home

country. Mejia v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 498 F.3d 1253, 1256 (11th Cir. 2007). The fear

of persecution must be “subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.” Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. The subjective component is typically fulfilled by

credible testimony that the petitioner genuinely fears persecution, and the objective

component generally can be satisfied by establishing either past persecution or that

the petitioner has good reason to fear future persecution.        Id.     To show an

objectively reasonable fear of future persecution, the alien must present specific,

detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he will be singled out for

persecution on account of a protected ground. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d

1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005).

      An applicant for withholding of removal bears the burden of establishing

that it is “more likely than not” that he will be persecuted or tortured upon being

returned to his country.       Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232.       The standard for

withholding of removal is more stringent than for asylum, and if an applicant is

unable to prove his entitlement to asylum relief, he is generally precluded from

qualifying for withholding of removal. Id. at 1232-33.

      An applicant seeking protection under CAT must establish that it is more

likely than not that he would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of

removal. Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 369 F.3d 1239, 1242 (11th Cir.


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2004).   Additionally, the alien must demonstrate a likelihood that he will be

tortured with the acquiescence of the government, meaning that the government

was aware of the torture, yet breached its responsibility to intervene. Rodriguez

Morales v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d 884, 891 (11th Cir. 2007).

      Here, the BIA -- and to the extent of the BIA’s agreement, the IJ, see

Lyashchynska, 676 F.3d at 966-67; Ayala, 605 F.3d at 948 -- did not err in

determining that Chen failed to show that he qualified for asylum on the basis of

his political opinion. For starters, the detention and physical mistreatment in

Chen’s case is similar to that in several other cases where this Court has concluded

that the record did not compel a finding of past persecution. As this record shows,

Chen asserted that he was a normal worker in Tianjin City in China when he broke

a vertebra to the point of disability in a traffic accident caused by a drunk driver.

He said that when he sought relief for the accident in the Chinese legal system, he

received an unfair order and judgment because the driver bribed the police officers

and court officials to cover up the fact that he was drunk. Chen claimed that he

attempted to challenge the amount awarded to him in his civil lawsuit but was

unable to, and he then began to receive threatening phone calls from “unknown

persons.” In April 2006, his mother died of a heart attack because, he said, his

mother was angry about the accident and his “unfair treatment.” According to

Chen, he was only able to collect 30,000 RMB of the 70,000 RMB judgment; he


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ultimately sat in front of a government building in protest, police arrested him,

placed him in a cell, and interrogated him.          Chen detailed that during the

interrogation, one officer punched him in the face, causing his nose and mouth to

bleed, and another officer hit his arm, feet, legs and back with a baton. Chen then

was detained for four days. Upon his release, Chen paid a penalty -- though it is

unclear whether the penalty was 5,000 RMB or 35,000 RMB -- and was required

to submit to house arrest and report to the police station once a week.

      However, like the petitioner in Kazemzadeh, Chen offered no evidence

establishing the severity of his injuries. Notably, he did not testify that he required

medical treatment either while he was detained or upon his release, and

acknowledged that he did not experience any additional physical mistreatment

during the four days he was detained. Nor is there anything in this record that

comes close to the allegations we found insufficient in Kazemzadeh and Djonda.

See Kazemzadeh, 577 F.3d at 1352-53; Djonda, 514 F.3d at 1171. In light of this

case law, Chen’s claims of detention and physical mistreatment do not compel a

finding of past persecution.

      As for the threats Chen reported, we’ve consistently concluded that the

receipt of anonymous threatening phone calls, without more, does not compel a

finding of past persecution. See Silva, 448 F.3d at 1237-38. We’ve also held that

minor beatings and threats do not compel a finding of persecution. See Diallo, 596


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F.3d at 1333. As a result, even in combination with threatening phones calls,

Chen’s treatment does not compel a finding of past persecution. Nor did his

treatment, in combination with the economic harm he may have suffered, compel a

finding of past persecution. In order to rise to the level of persecution, we’ve said

that economic injury must cause “severe economic disadvantage,” considering the

alien’s net worth, other sources of income, and the conditions of the local

economy. Mu Ying Wu, 745 F.3d at 1156. Under this standard, the economic

injury “should reduce the alien ‘to an impoverished existence.’” Id. Chen offered

no evidence demonstrating how his economic injuries affected him, nor did he

suggest that his economic injuries reduced him “to an impoverished existence.” Id.

Accordingly, considering the cumulative effects of Chen’s claims, including the

threats he received, his detention and physical mistreatment, his economic injuries,

and the emotional injury he suffered from his mother’s death -- all of which the

BIA properly considered as a whole -- we cannot say the record compels a finding

that Chen’s mistreatment met the “extreme” threshold of persecution, and

substantial evidence supports the decision of the IJ and the BIA.

      Moreover, the record does not compel a finding, under our case law, that

Chen demonstrated a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a

protected ground.    According to Chen, he fears that he will be arrested and

persecuted in China because he opposed corruption by government officials. In


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support of his claim, Chen offers that the “public security people” regularly visit

his wife at his home in China, the “police often threaten her” and are still looking

for him. But he did not offer evidence from his wife or otherwise about how often

the visits occur, when the last visit occurred, or whether any action was taken to

carry out the threats. Rather, Chen has admitted that his wife and child have

continued living in China after he left and has provided no evidence that they have

been harmed in any way. As we’ve recognized, a claim of well-founded fear is

undercut when the alien has family living in the country or removal unharmed.

Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1259. There is also no evidence that the Chinese government has

actively sought to determine his location since he left his home.

      As for Chen’s testimony about corruption, he only addressed corruption

around his city, as opposed to other parts of China, and the 2012 Human Rights

Report noted that Chinese authorities prosecuted corruption. For example, in

2011, the government body charged with countering corruption, the Central

Commission for Discipline Inspection (“CCDI”), investigated 137,859 corruption-

related cases, and 142,893 people were disciplined. The Chinese Communist Party

expelled a former railroads minister for his involvement with corruption, and the

CCDI removed a deputy party secretary for suspected “serious discipline

violations.” Regulations also provide a mechanism for Chinese citizens to request

information from government agencies regarding corruption. What’s more, Chen


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offered no evidence of widespread persecution by the Chinese government of

individuals opposed to corruption, and in any event, nothing in the record indicates

that Chen is a major protestor or activist in the fight against corruption. On this

record, the evidence does not compel a finding that Chen will be singled out for

future persecution on account of his political opinion, see Forgue, 401 F.3d at

1286, and the BIA did not err in determining that he was not entitled to asylum.

See Farquharson, 246 F.3d at 1320; 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

      Finally, because Chen could not prove his entitlement to asylum relief, he

cannot meet the more stringent burden necessary to qualify for withholding or

removal. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232-33. Nor is Chen eligible for CAT relief.

Chen argued that if he returned to China he would be imprisoned, but did not

provide any evidence that he had been tortured while he was in China, or that he

would more likely than not be tortured if he returned, or even that the Chinese

authorities specifically target for torture individuals opposed to corruption by

government officials. We need not consider the Human Rights Report that Chen

appended to his brief because it was not presented to the agency, and the 2012

Human Rights Report stated that Chinese law prohibits the physical abuse of

detainees, confessions extracted through torture, and beating prisoners. See Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283-84. Accordingly, Chen did meet his burden of showing

that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured by the government or


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with the government’s consent upon removal to China, and substantial evidence

supports the IJ’s finding that Chen did not show eligibility for CAT relief. Reyes-

Sanchez, 369 F.3d at 1242.

      We affirm the denial of Chen’s application for asylum, withholding of

removal, and CAT relief.

      AFFIRMED.




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