[Cite as Swanson v. Swanson, 2012-Ohio-2059.]




                   Court of Appeals of Ohio
                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                             JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 97008


                                    KIRA SWANSON
                                                PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                 vs.

                                    ERIC SWANSON
                                                DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                         JUDGMENT:
                                          AFFIRMED

                                     Civil Appeal from the
                            Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                 Domestic Relations Division
                                    Case No. DR-297809

             BEFORE: Blackmon, A.J., Stewart, J., and Jones, J.
             RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:              May 10, 2012
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Mark A. Novak
988 Glenside Road
South Euclid, Ohio 44121


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Gregory J. Moore
Anne C. Fantelli
Stafford & Stafford Co., L.P.A.
55 Erieview Plaza, 5th Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44114


GUARDIAN AD LITEM

Lori A. Zocolo
Abel & Zocolo, L.P.A.
815 Superior Avenue
Suite 1915
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, A.J.:

       {¶1} Appellant Eric Swanson (“father”) appeals the domestic relations court’s

order requiring him to pay guardian ad litem (“GAL”) fees and assigns four errors for our

review. Appellee Kira Swanson (“mother”) filed a cross-appeal in which she assigns

three errors.1

       {¶2} After reviewing the record and pertinent law, we affirm the judgment of the

trial court. The apposite facts follow.

                                            Facts

       {¶3}      The Swansons divorced in September 2005. They have one child (DOB:

Oct. 1, 2001).      The divorce proceedings have been, and continue to be, highly

contentious. Initially, the mother was granted residential custody of the child with the

father having visitation rights. Several years later, custody was changed so that the

father was the residential parent because the parties’ volatile relationship resulted in them

being unable to communicate regarding their child’s needs. The mother appealed the

trial court’s judgment; we reversed the judgment and remanded the matter to the trial

court to conduct a new custody hearing because the mother was not given time to obtain

counsel prior to the hearing.             Swanson v. Swanson, 8th Dist. No. 90472,

2008-Ohio-4865.


       See appendix. We note that although the mother filed a cross-appeal from
       1

the father’s appeal in which she addressed his assigned errors, the GAL did not file
an appellate brief.
       {¶4}     On March 16, 2009, the parties entered into an agreed judgment entry

agreeing that the mother should be the legal custodian. However, the hostility between

the parties remained in spite of the agreement, resulting in the parties filing a multitude of

motions.

       {¶5} On September 2, 2010, the magistrate conducted a hearing on the GAL’s

motion for her fees that had been pending since 2008. The amount totaled $23,346.71.

These fees encompassed the time frame from December 2006, when the magistrate had

been appointed, until August 2010.          The mother appeared with counsel; the father,

however, appeared pro se as did the GAL. The GAL testified to the hostility between the

parties that resulted in constant litigation that required her to review motions, attend

hearings, and file motions on behalf of the child. The GAL testified that the mother was

willing to settle the payment of the fees as part of the March 16, 2009 agreed judgment

entry, but that the father refused to settle.

       {¶6} The magistrate issued a decision granting the GAL’s motion but did not

award the GAL the entire amount requested. The.court deducted $478 for unnecessarily

billed items, leaving a balance of $22,868.71. ($23,346.71 - 478 = $22,868.71) From

this amount the magistrate held each party responsible for 50 percent of the fees and

deducted from that amount, the amount each party had already paid to the magistrate. As

a result, the mother was ordered to pay $6,834.36, and the father was ordered to pay

$9,934.36. Both parties filed objections to the decision. On June 8, 2011, the trial court
overruled the objections of both parties and adopted the magistrate’s decision in its

entirety.

                          GAL Fees from 6/12/2007 - 3/4/2008

       {¶7} In his first assigned error, the father argues the trial court erred by awarding

$1,508 in fees to the GAL for the period of June 12, 2007 to March 4, 2008. He argues

that the GAL had no authority to perform her duties during this time because she was no

longer the appointed GAL. In support of this argument, he contends that the GAL had

informed him in an email on June 8, 2007, that she could not respond to his questions

because the case had been heard and submitted; therefore, she had “no status to do

anything.” He also points to the record in which an order of the court indicates the GAL

was reassigned to the case on March 4, 2008, which he argues shows the GAL was

removed at some prior time.

       {¶8} Pursuant to Civ.R. 75(B)(2) and R.C. 3111.14, the court has the authority to

tax the costs of a GAL to the parties. A trial court’s appointment of a GAL and award of

fees must be upheld absent an abuse of discretion. Swanson v. Schoonover, 8th Dist.

Nos. 95213, 95517, and 95570, 2011-Ohio-2264, citing Gabriel v. Gabriel, 6th Dist. No.

L-08-1303, 2009-Ohio-1814, ¶ 15; Robbins v. Ginese, 93 Ohio App.3d 370, 638 N.E.2d

627 (8th Dist. 1994). A trial court is given considerable discretion in these matters.

Robbins at 372.

       {¶9} Our review of the record indicates that in spite of the GAL’s email response

on June 8, 2007, the record indicates that the GAL’s assignment did not end because the
case still had matters pending. In fact, the magistrate’s decision regarding custody was

issued four days later to which the parties filed objections.

       {¶10}    Moreover, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the GAL was

removed. In fact, the GAL testified that the former magistrate advised her to stay on the

case because the parties were continuing to litigate matters. Although there is an order

reappointing the GAL on March 4, 2008, it does not appear it was necessary given the

ongoing nature of the proceedings and the fact that no order was issued removing the

GAL. Here, the GAL, during the disputed time, was not addressing new issues, but was

continuing to represent the child regarding the parties’ ongoing custody dispute. The

record also does not show that the father made any formal objections to the GAL’s

continued representation during this time period.

       {¶11} The father also contends there was nothing for which the magistrate could

bill during this time frame. A review of the record indicates that during this period, the

magistrate issued a decision awarding legal custody to the father; objections were made

by both parties to the decision; and, the mother filed a motion for a new trial. After the

court adopted the magistrate’s decision, the father filed a motion to show cause why the

mother was not complying with the order. The mother also filed an emergency motion to

stay the court’s judgment until the appeal was determined. While the matter was pending

on appeal, the father filed a motion to show cause why the mother was not paying support

and the mother filed a motion to show cause why the father was not paying support. The

mother also filed a motion to modify parental rights and a motion to modify the location
of the exchange. The GAL had to review all of these documents. In addition, the GAL

also participated in several telephone conference calls with the school, the attorneys, and

the court. Thus, the GAL had performed work during this time frame in spite of the

father’s contention otherwise. Based on the evidence in the record, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion regarding the payment of fees incurred during this time period.

Accordingly, the father’s first assigned error is overruled.

                                Presentation of Witnesses

       {¶12} In his second assigned error, the father contends the trial court erred by not

allowing him to present witnesses at the GAL fee hearing.

       {¶13}    Trial courts have broad discretion in determining whether to admit or

exclude evidence. Huffman v. Hair Surgeon, Inc., 19 Ohio St.3d 83, 482 N.E.2d 1248

(1985). We conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to allow the

father to present witnesses regarding whether the GAL was representing the best interests

of the child.

       {¶14} The father failed to proffer the substance of the “excluded” testimony, thus

barring our review on appeal. Evid.R. 103(A)(2) requires an offer of proof to preserve

any error in excluding evidence. State v. Gilmore, 28 Ohio St.3d 190, 503 N.E.2d 147

(1986); State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, ¶ 113. If

the complaining party does not proffer the excluded evidence or the substance of that

evidence is not apparent from the questioning of the witness, any error arising from the

exclusion of that evidence is waived. Ellinger v. Ho, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-1079,
2010-Ohio-553, ¶ 34, citing Hilliard v. First Indus., L.P., 165 Ohio App.3d 335,

2005-Ohio-6469, 846 N.E.2d 559, ¶ 41 (10th Dist.); Mills v. Mills, 11th Dist. No.

2002-T-0102, 2003-Ohio-6676, at ¶ 49 (noting that an appellate court cannot conclude

that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to admit evidence, where the party who

offered the evidence fails to demonstrate what the additional evidence would show and its

potential effect on the matters at issue.)

       {¶15} Nonetheless, a review of the father’s trial brief indicates that he desired to

present witnesses to the fact that the GAL did not respond to his requests to observe the

child at school and in his home. This is irrelevant to determining the GAL’s fees

because his complaints have to do with issues for which the GAL did not bill him. In

fact, when the magistrate asked the father whether he had any other witnesses, he

responded, “not regarding the guardian fees.” The other issues he raised in his trial brief

did not require witnesses besides himself and the GAL. Accordingly, we overrule the

father’s second assigned error.

                                     Magistrate Recusal

       {¶16} In his third assigned error, the father contends the magistrate should have

recused when, as head of the domestic relations court’s GAL program, the magistrate was

aware that he could be a potential witness.

       {¶17} “A trial judge is presumed not to be biased or prejudiced, and the party

alleging bias or prejudice must set forth evidence to overcome the presumption of

integrity.” Corradi v. Emmco Corp., 8th Dist. No. 67407, 1996 WL 65822 (Feb. 15,
1996), citing State v. Wagner, 80 Ohio App.3d 88, 93, 608 N.E.2d 852 (12th Dist. 1992).

Here, there was no evidence that the magistrate was biased. As we stated above, the

magistrate did not improperly prevent the father from presenting evidence pertinent to the

issues before the magistrate. Although the magistrate would not allow the father to

present evidence of a telephone conversation the magistrate had with the father’s prior

counsel, the evidence was excluded based on hearsay.

      {¶18}      Additionally, the father did not attempt to introduce the telephone

conversation the magistrate had with counsel until well into the hearing.         As the

magistrate concluded:

      You could have [called me as a witness] if you had notified this court
      early on that I was going to be a witness. And then I would have had
      to recuse myself, and then you would have had an opportunity to call
      myself [sic] as a witness.

      Having gone this far in the case, I would have some problems getting on
      the witness stand without demanding a mistrial, and then shipping
      everything down to [another magistrate] at some point. Tr. 51-52.

      {¶19}    If the father was aware he would have to call the magistrate as a witness,

he should have filed an affidavit of bias and prejudice pursuant to R.C. 2701.03 prior to

the hearing so advising the magistrate of the specific evidence he would be introducing.

We note the father did file an affidavit of bias and prejudice against the magistrate in

February 2010 (seven months prior to the hearing), but he did not explicitly reference the

telephone call. Instead, he vaguely stated that he would be presenting evidence that was

directly provided by the magistrate, but does not detail what that evidence entailed. He

also asked for the recusal because the magistrate was the head of the guardian ad litem
department; therefore, he could not be neutral regarding the determination of the fees.

Based on the ambiguous nature of the motion, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

by denying the father’s earlier motion for the magistrate to recuse.

       {¶20} The father’s witness list included the name of his former counsel; however,

this was not sufficient to apprise the magistrate that the father was going to attempt to

include a conversation the magistrate had with former counsel.           Accordingly, we

conclude the father’s third assigned error is overruled.

                             GAL Fees for Motion to Quash

       {¶21}     In his fourth assigned error, the father contends the court abused its

discretion by awarding GAL fees for the GAL’s motions to quash documents that the

father was legally entitled to possess.

       {¶22} The GAL filed motions to quash the father’s subpoenas to the child’s

school and psychologist.      The father argues that because the GAL’s motions were

denied, she should not be entitled to bill for those motions. However, although the GAL

was ultimately unsuccessful in quashing the subpoenas, there was no evidence that GAL

was not seeking to protect the interests of the child in filing the motions, which is what

she is paid to do. It would be illogical to conclude that GALs can only be paid for work

they have done on successful motions, when they are in fact trying to protect the interests

of the child. As the magistrate concluded:

       It may have been overly cautious and she may have been overly zealous

       in an attempt to protect her ward, but neither Magistrate Hall nor the
       undersigned can find any basis to conclude that her actions were

       outside the bounds of what was expected of her as the child’s guardian.

        Magistrate’s decision, February 17, 2011, at 6.

       {¶23}   Moreover, the father failed to cross-examine the GAL at the hearing

regarding her motives in filing the motions; therefore, there is no evidence the GAL had

an ulterior motive.    Accordingly, we conclude the father’s fourth assigned error is

overruled.

                        KIRA SWANSON’S CROSS-APPEAL

                      Denial of Objections to Magistrate’s Report

       {¶24} In her first cross-assigned error, the mother argues the trial court erred by

overruling her objections and adopting the magistrate’s decision in total.

       {¶25} The mother argues that the magistrate had stated at the hearing that a

decision regarding the GAL fees would not be issued until the pending motions regarding

the parties’ financial matters were heard and determined. She claims the magistrate then

proceeded to award the fees prior to the financial matters being determined.   The mother

does not detail what financial matters were pending, but a review of the record shows the

mother had a motion to modify support and motions for attorney fees pending. Although

the GAL did issue the decision prior to these issues being determined, on March 18, 2011,

prior to the court adopting the magistrate’s opinion, the mother voluntarily dismissed her

motion to modify support and motions for attorney fees. Therefore, no prejudice resulted

from the magistrate issuing the decision prior to the support and attorney fees being
determined because by the time the court adopted the magistrate’s decision, all financial

matters had been resolved.

         {¶26} The mother argues that the magistrate should not have relied on a prior

magistrate’s decision from June 2007 that was subsequently overruled by the court of

appeals.    We agree that reliance on opinions that were later reversed is prohibited.

However, in the instant case, the matters the magistrate quoted from the prior magistrate’s

report were issues regarding the contentious nature of the parties’ divorce.             The

contentious nature of the proceedings is readily apparent from the record; therefore, we

cannot conclude that the mother was prejudiced by the magistrate’s references to the prior

order.

         {¶27}   The mother also argues that the magistrate erred by dividing the fees

equally. She contends the evidence indicated that the father was the cause of the GAL

fees being incurred due to his constant objections and filing of motions. Although this

may be true for the time frame after the March 17, 2009 agreed judgment entry, the time

prior indicates that both parties filed numerous motions and that the father’s multiple

motions to show cause were filed for the mother’s failure to abide by the visitation orders.

 Under these circumstances, where both parties throughout the proceedings continued

filing motions regarding the custody, visitation, and care of the child, the court did not err

in concluding the parties should both equally share the cost of the GAL’s fees.

Accordingly, the mother’s first cross-assigned error is overruled.

                                Failure to Perfect Service
       {¶28}    In her second cross-assigned error, the mother argues that because she

was not served with the September 23, 2008 motion for GAL fees, the court did not have

personal jurisdiction to enter judgment against her.

       {¶29} The mother waived any objection to the alleged failure of service regarding

the motion for GAL fees by voluntarily appearing before the court and participating at the

hearing. See Maryhew v. Yova, 11 Ohio St.3d 154, 156, 464 N.E.2d 538 (1984) (holding

that in the absence of proper service of process, personal jurisdiction may still be obtained

through the voluntary appearance of a party).           Accordingly, the mother’s second

cross-assigned error is overruled.

                             Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶30} In her third cross-assigned error, the mother argues the magistrate’s decision

was against the manifest weight of the evidence because it relied on the prior magistrate

hearing that was reversed on appeal. Because we addressed this issue in the mother’s

first assigned error, it is moot and need not be addressed.              App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

Accordingly, the mother’s third cross-assigned error is overruled.

       {¶31}     Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that the parties share equally the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into

execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE

MELODY J. STEWART, J., and
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., CONCUR


                                     APPENDIX

Assignments of Error

      I. The domestic relations court (court) abused its discretion when it
      awarded fees to the guardian ad litem (GAL) * * * for the period of
      June 12, 2007 through March 4, 2008 because the GAL did not have
      authority to act as GAL during that period, and there was no
      understanding between the parties that she had such authority.

      II. The court abused its discretion by refusing to permit defendant to
      present witnesses on the issue of whether the GAL properly
      represented the minor child’s best interests because the quality of the
      GAL’s performance is obviously relevant to the reasonableness of her
      fees.

      III. The court abused its discretion when the magistrate * * * failed to
      recuse himself from the matter when it was clear that his role as head
      of the court’s guardian ad litem program made him a potential witness
      in the case and presented a conflict of interest with his role as neutral
      magistrate in the hearing.

      IV. The court abused its discretion in awarding the GAL fees for
      motions to quash which were not authorized, seeking to quash
      subpoenas issued by the appellant’s then counsel for information to
      which he was already legally entitled to under existing court orders and
      also under applicable sections of the Ohio Revised Code.
Cross-assignments of Error:

      I. The trial court erred and/or abused its discretion by overruling
      appellee/cross-appellant’s objections and adopting the magistrate’s
      decision in toto.

      II. The trial court/magistrate abused its/his discretion and/or erred
      under Ohio law in ruling on the guardian’s motion for guardian ad
      litem fees; by issuing orders without proper jurisdiction; and the trial
      court’s judgment entry is void ab initio as it relates to Kira Swanson.

      III. The trial court’s/magistrate’s decision is against the manifest
      weight of the evidence, as the evidence or findings which it/he attempts
      to revive are not supported by the evidence presented at trial on
      September 2, 2010.
