           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Zachary Kreschollek,               :
                  Petitioner       :
                                   :          No. 297 C.D. 2018
           v.                      :
                                   :          Argued: November 13, 2018
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board :
(Commodore Maintenance Corp.),     :
                Respondent         :



BEFORE:      HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
             HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
             HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge


OPINION BY
JUDGE McCULLOUGH                                         FILED: January 7, 2019


             Zachary Kreschollek (Claimant) petitions for review of the February 14,
2018 order of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board) affirming the
decision of the workers’ compensation judge (WCJ) denying and dismissing
Claimant’s claim petition for lack of jurisdiction.


                            Facts and Procedural History
             The underlying facts of this case are not in dispute. The Benjamin
Franklin Bridge spans the Delaware River and connects the cities of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania and Camden, New Jersey. The Benjamin Franklin Bridge is owned by
the Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA), which in turn was created via a compact
between Pennsylvania and New Jersey.1 Pursuant to this compact, both Pennsylvania
and New Jersey are recognized as joint owners of the bridge. The DRPA serves as a
regional transportation agency that oversees four bridges that span the Delaware
River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey, including the Benjamin Franklin
Bridge.2 In mid-2014, the DRPA began work on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge
PATCO Track Rehabilitation Project (Project).3
                Claimant resides in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and works as an
apprentice industrial painter. Commodore Maintenance Corp. (Employer) is a New
York corporation that was hired as a subcontractor to do painting and lead abatement
work on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge as part of the Project. Employer reached out
to local union halls in Pennsylvania and New Jersey for laborers.                   As long as
individuals had proper credentials and could pass a drug test, they were hired by
Employer. Claimant’s local union hall advised him and other members to report to
the job site and complete the necessary paperwork and drug test. Claimant did so and
was hired by Employer the next day.
                Claimant worked on both the Pennsylvania and New Jersey sides of the
bridge. On September 3, 2014, Claimant was working on both sides of the bridge.
His primary job duty that day was as a vacuumer. Claimant explained that after other
employees sandblasted old material off the steel bridge supports, he would follow

       1
         This joint compact is memorialized via statute at section 1 of the Act of June 12, 1931,
P.L. 575, as amended, 36 P.S. §3503.

       2
           The other bridges include the Walt Whitman, Commodore Barry, and Betsy Ross Bridges.

       3
         PATCO refers to the Port Authority Transit Corporation, which is also owned by the
DRPA and runs a rapid transit system between Philadelphia and Camden. The transit system
crosses the Delaware River on tracks that are part of the bridge system. The Project included
replacing the entire track system on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, replacing railroad systems, and
performing structural rehabilitation/maintenance.

                                                2
along and vacuum up the sand and material that accumulated below. While working
on the ground underneath the PATCO rail line on the New Jersey side of the bridge
that day, Claimant was accidentally struck on the back of his left arm by a blast of
sand. Claimant instinctively attempted to dive out of the way of the stream of sand.
As he tried to escape the blast, Claimant broke his fall with his right hand, which
caused his wrist to snap back. Claimant immediately advised his supervisor that he
was injured and sought medical treatment.
             Employer accepted a workers’ compensation claim in New Jersey and
paid benefits to Claimant according to New Jersey law. In fact, Claimant was paid
temporary total disability benefits under New Jersey law from September 3, 2014,
through February 8, 2016.       Approximately two months later, on April 6, 2016,
Claimant filed a claim petition in Pennsylvania for the same incident seeking ongoing
disability benefits.    Specifically, Claimant alleged injuries to his “right upper
extremity, right arm, right wrist, and right hand.” (Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 2a.)
Claimant acknowledged that Employer had accepted his claim and paid benefits
under New Jersey law. Employer filed an answer raising, inter alia, a jurisdictional
defense, since Claimant was injured in New Jersey, not Pennsylvania. The WCJ
bifurcated the case to first address this jurisdictional question.
             At a hearing before the WCJ on May 12, 2016, Claimant testified as to
the nature of his job and the incident that led to his injuries, as described above.
Claimant submitted photographs of the area in which he was injured, which showed a
fenced-in area with signs attached to the fencing stating “NO TRESPASSING BY
ORDER OF THE DELAWARE RIVER PORT AUTHORITY.”                          (R.R. at 79a.)
Claimant also submitted correspondence from AIG, Employer’s workers’
compensation insurance carrier, dated February 12, 2016, reflecting the payment of
temporary total disability benefits from September 3, 2014, through February 8,

                                             3
2016. AIG noted in this correspondence that Claimant was no longer eligible for
benefits under New Jersey law as his treating doctor “had placed [Claimant] at
Maximum Medical Improvement as of 02/08/2016.” (R.R. at 85a.)
             Christopher McGuinness, Employer’s Managing Director, testified on
Employer’s behalf at a hearing before the WCJ on August 16, 2016. McGuinness
testified that Employer is a construction firm that primarily does concrete highway
maintenance, bridge maintenance, bridge painting, and repair work in New York and
New Jersey. While he started with Employer in 2015, after Claimant’s work injury,
he stated that he was familiar with the Benjamin Franklin Bridge Project because it
was still ongoing when he started and he ultimately became project manager from
April 2015 until the Project’s completion in January 2016. McGuinness described
Employer’s duties as stripping/blasting the paint off existing and new structural steel
repairs and applying new coatings. He confirmed that Employer, which only does
union work, originally reached out to local union halls in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey for workers for the bridge project.
             McGuinness explained the process for hiring workers for the bridge
project. As long as potential workers were in good standing in their respective unions
and had the proper Occupational and Safety Health Administration certificates, he
noted that their names were submitted to the DRPA and they underwent a two- to
three-hour training session relating to working on a bridge.       After that training
seminar and drug testing, the individuals could start working. McGuinness also
explained that each morning, the job site or what is called the “shakeup site” was set
up in Camden, New Jersey, which was where new employees filled out tax forms and
where hired employees reported each day. (R.R. at 70a.) Finally, he noted that
Employer has no offices, garages, or equipment sites in Pennsylvania. On cross-
examination, McGuinness stated that the shakeup site was within a DRPA fenced-in

                                             4
area in Camden, about 100 yards from the bridge.                  He also acknowledged that
Claimant could have worked on the Pennsylvania side of the bridge over the course
of his employment.
                By decision and order dated December 5, 2016, the WCJ denied and
dismissed Claimant’s claim petition. The WCJ concluded that Claimant’s September
3, 2014 injuries did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Workers’
Compensation Act (Act).4 The WCJ disagreed with “Claimant’s representation that a
contract of hire was finalized in Pennsylvania,” when the evidence revealed that
Employer merely reached out to local union halls for workers and Claimant only
needed to show up to work with the proper credentials and pass a drug test to be
hired. (WCJ Finding of Fact No. 9.) Although Claimant was a Pennsylvania resident
and actually performed some work on the Pennsylvania side of the bridge, the WCJ
specifically found that “there [was] no dispute that at the time the injury occurred
[Claimant] was not on a bridge, and was not off the ground, but rather, it happened
when his feet were planted firmly on the ground in the state of New Jersey.” (WCJ
Finding of Fact No. 10.) Finally, the WCJ found as follows:

                Section 305.2[5] of the Workers’ Compensation Act does
                not apply because no contract was entered into in
                Pennsylvania, only a referral made by a union hall, and
                Claimant would have to show that the work contracted for
                was not principally located in any other state. The purpose
                of this catch-all is to protect a claimant where no state will
                assume jurisdiction. However, in the case at bar, Claimant

       4
           Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §§1-1041.4 – 2501-2708.

       5
         Added by the Act of December 5, 1974, P.L. 782, as amended, 77 P.S. §411.2. Section
305.2 of the Act addresses injuries sustained outside of Pennsylvania and the requirements for
compensability under the Act. However, Claimant concedes in his brief that this section is not
applicable here. See Claimant’s brief at 14, n.4.



                                                 5
              has been paid benefits in accordance with New Jersey law,
              so he is not facing any such prejudice.
(WCJ Finding of Fact No. 11.)
              Claimant appealed to the Board, but the Board affirmed.                  The Board
stated that there was no need to address the issue of ownership of the Benjamin
Franklin Bridge because Claimant was on the ground in New Jersey, not on the
bridge itself, at the time he was injured. Further, the Board agreed with the WCJ that
section 305.2 of the Act was inapplicable in this case.


                                           Discussion
              On appeal to this Court,6 Claimant argues that the Board erred as a
matter of law in affirming the WCJ’s decision that his claim falls outside the
jurisdiction of the Act. More specifically, Claimant argues that both Pennsylvania
and New Jersey jointly own the bridge and any adjacent land and structures, and,
hence, any injury on the joint territory occurs in both Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
              Generally, “in a claim proceeding, the employee bears the burden of
establishing a right to compensation and of proving all necessary elements to support
an award, including the burden to establish the duration and extent of disability.”
Pennsylvania Uninsured Employers Guaranty Fund v. Workers’ Compensation
Appeal Board (Bonner & Fitzgerald), 85 A.3d 1109, 1114-15 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).
However, this appears to be an issue of first impression for the Court, i.e., whether



       6
         Our scope of review is limited to determining whether the findings of fact are supported by
substantial evidence, whether an error of law has been committed, or whether constitutional rights
have been violated. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa.C.S. §704; Meadow
Lakes Apartments v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Spencer), 894 A.2d 214, 216 n.3 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2006).



                                                 6
Pennsylvania’s joint ownership of property conveys jurisdiction over a workers’
compensation claim under the Act.
                                    Joint Compact
              We begin with the joint compact entered into between Pennsylvania and
New Jersey. This compact established the Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission,
which, by supplemental agreement in 1951, was renamed the DRPA. Article I of the
Compact describes the public purposes for which the DRPA was created, including,
inter alia:

                 (a) The operation and maintenance of the bridge, owned
                 jointly by the two States, across the Delaware River
                 between the City of Philadelphia in the Commonwealth
                 of Pennsylvania and the City of Camden in the State of
                 New Jersey, including its approaches, and the making of
                 additions and improvements thereto.

                 (b) The effectuation, establishment, construction,
                 acquisition, operation and maintenance of railroad or
                 other facilities for the transportation of passengers
                 across any bridge or tunnel owned or controlled by the
                 commission, including extensions of such railroad or
                 other facilities necessary for efficient operation in the
                 Port District.

                                            ...

                 (j) The establishment, maintenance, rehabilitation,
                 construction and operation of a rapid transit system for
                 the transportation of passengers, express, mail, and
                 baggage, or any of them, between points in New Jersey
                 within the Port District and points in Pennsylvania
                 within the Port District, and intermediate points.
See Article I(a), (b), and (j) of the Compact; 36 P.S. §3503. Further, the terms
“bridge” and “tunnel” are defined together under the compact as follows:

              “Bridge” and “tunnel” shall include such approach
              highways and interests in real property necessary therefor in

                                           7
            the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania or the State of New
            Jersey as may be determined by the commission to be
            necessary to facilitate the flow of traffic in the vicinity of a
            bridge or tunnel or to connect a bridge or tunnel with the
            highway system or other traffic facilities in said
            Commonwealth or said State . . . .
Article XIII of the Compact.
            However, as Employer correctly notes in its brief, the Compact does not
make any reference to jurisdiction for purposes of workers’ compensation claims, let
alone confer jurisdiction to Pennsylvania authorities under the Act for injuries
occurring in New Jersey. In this regard, there is no dispute that Claimant was not
injured on the bridge itself or on a highway or road leading to the bridge. Rather,
Claimant was injured while working underneath the bridge and standing on the
ground in New Jersey. Section 101 of the Act addresses the application of the Act
and explicitly states that the Act “shall apply to all injuries occurring within this
Commonwealth.” 77 P.S. §1 (emphasis added). Claimant’s injuries simply did not
occur in this Commonwealth.


                               Section 305.2 of the Act
            Section 101 further provides that the Act shall apply “extraterritorially
as provided by section 305.2.” However, section 305.2 of the Act only applies to
injuries sustained in very limited circumstances, including where:

            (1) His employment is principally localized in this State, or

            (2) He is working under a contract of hire made in this State
                in employment not principally localized in any state, or

            (3) He is working under a contract of hire made in this State
                in employment principally localized in another state
                whose workmen’s compensation law is not applicable to
                his employer, or


                                           8
               (4) He is working under a contract of hire made in this State
                   for employment outside the United States and Canada.

77 P.S. §411.2(a)(1)-(4) As noted above, Claimant concedes in his brief that this
section is not applicable here. Nevertheless, Claimant cites to the rationale for
section 305.2 discussed by this Court in Lesco Restoration v. Workers’ Compensation
Appeal Board (Mitchell), 861 A.2d 1002 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004), appeal denied, 885
A.2d 44 (Pa. 2005), as highlighting why he is seeking benefits under the Act after
initially proceeding under New Jersey law.7 In Lesco, we stated as follows:

               The apparent purpose of subsection (b)(2) is to accomplish
               the very result that occurred in this case - to provide a
               claimant who is receiving or has received workers’
               compensation benefits from another jurisdiction with the
               right to file a petition under the Act for the same period
               covered by the other jurisdiction’s benefits with the right to
               recover the more generous benefits available in
               Pennsylvania. Reading this provision, there is little doubt
               that, had Claimant, a resident of Pennsylvania, been injured
               in New Jersey, he would be entitled to the relief the Board
               here approved.




       7
          In Lesco, we affirmed an order of the Board that affirmed a WCJ’s order granting a
claimant’s claim petition. In that case, the claimant sustained injuries while working in New Jersey
on January 21, 2000. The claimant received benefits under New Jersey law until May 2002, when,
under that state’s law, he was no longer entitled to the same. Shortly thereafter, the claimant filed a
claim petition under the Act essentially seeking benefits for the same work accident. The WCJ
awarded benefits to the claimant, less credit for the payments made by the employer under New
Jersey law, and the Board affirmed. The discussion of section 305.2 of the Act related to its
interplay with section 322 of the Act, 77 P.S. §677, which precludes a claimant from receiving
compensation under the Act at the same time he is receiving workers’ compensation from the
federal government or any other state. The employer in Lesco argued that section 322 of the Act
precluded the claimant from receiving benefits in Pennsylvania. Ultimately, in light of the
legislative intent manifest in section 305.2 and because section 322 did not foreclose a claimant’s
right to receipt of benefits under the Act subsequent to the termination of another jurisdiction’s
award, we concluded that the Board did not err in affirming the WCJ’s decision.

                                                  9
Id. at 1004. Additionally, in Lesco, we noted the “manifested legislative intent in
section 305.2 to provide the maximum award for the entire period of injury, despite
the grant of benefits by another jurisdiction.” Id. at 1005 (emphasis in original).
However, the fact remains that the General Assembly intended section 305.2 to
operate as an exception to the general rule that the Act only applies to injuries
occurring within this Commonwealth and to apply only in limited circumstances, i.e.,
if a claimant meets one of the four prerequisites noted above, which Claimant
admittedly does not meet in this case. Hence, given the undisputed facts of this case,
the rationale underlying section 305.2 and discussed in Lesco does not support
Claimant’s argument here.


                           Court of Common Pleas Decisions
              Moreover, we note that Claimant relies on several decisions from the
Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County relating to the concurrent jurisdiction
of Pennsylvania and New Jersey over the DRPA property.8 However, aside from the
fact these cases are not binding on this Court, each case is factually distinguishable
from the present case in that each involved a motor vehicle accident occurring on the
span of either the Benjamin Franklin or Walt Whitman Bridges and the propriety of a
suit initiated in this Commonwealth related to said accidents. As noted above,
Claimant was not injured on the bridge itself. Additionally, none of these cases
involved claims for work-related injuries under the Act.




       8
         These cases included Haq v. Novak, 83 Pa. D. & C.4th 79 (2006), Domenick v. Sigler, 23
Pa. D. & C.3d 765 (1982), and Shulman, Inc. v. Perskie, 24 Pa. D. & C.2d 118 (1960).



                                              10
                                       Conclusion
             Because Claimant sustained his injuries while standing on the ground in
New Jersey, the Board did not err as a matter of law in affirming the WCJ’s decision
that his claim falls outside the jurisdiction of the Act.




                                             ________________________________
                                             PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge




                                            11
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Zachary Kreschollek,               :
                  Petitioner       :
                                   :      No. 297 C.D. 2018
           v.                      :
                                   :
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board :
(Commodore Maintenance Corp.),     :
                Respondent         :




                                   ORDER


            AND NOW, this 7th day of January, 2019, the order of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board, dated February 14, 2018, is hereby affirmed.



                                        ________________________________
                                        PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
