“EMERGENCY ALERT: BALLISTIC MISSILE THREAT
INBOUND TO HAWAII. SEEK IMMEDIATE SHELTER.
THIS IS NOT A DRILL.”
This message from the Hawaii Emergency Management
Agency flooded the cell phones of locals in
Hawaii on January 13th 2018. Those listening
to the radio or watching TV were told:
“If you are indoors, stay indoors. If you
are outdoors, seek immediate shelter in a
building. Remain indoors well away from windows.
If you are driving, pull safely to the side
of the road and seek shelter in a building
or lay on the floor.”
Understandably, chaos ensued.
There were reports of hotels evacuating residents,
parents and children lying under mattresses
in bathtubs, and people stuck in traffic abandoning
their cars. Others ignored the advice to stay
indoors
Yet the seconds passed and there was no missile,
no explosion, no nuclear annihilation. 38
minutes after the initial emergency broadcast,
the following message came through:
“EMERGENCY ALERT: THERE IS NO MISSILE THREAT
OR DANGER TO THE STATE OF HAWAII. REPEAT.
FALSE ALARM”
The whole thing had been a mistake. Someone
had selected the wrong option during a routine
check, turning a test scenario in to a live
scenario.
But what if the alert was real?
The situation has played out in TV and movies
for years, but what will it actually be like
and what should you really do? Will a nuke
automatically obliterate your entire city?
Will the flash incinerate your retinas? Where
is the safest place to hide? Or should or
you simply “Duck & Cover”? (Audio song
from video)
I’m Stu, this is Debunked, where we sort
the truths from the myths and the facts from
the misconceptions.
Fortunately for most of humanity, nuclear
weapons have only ever been used in warfare
twice, back in 1945, when the US dropped atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan at
the end of World War Two.
The first bomb, that fell on Hiroshima, code
named Little Boy, exploded with the force
of between 12,000 and 15,000 tons of TNT,
and immediately wiped out an area of 13 square
kilometers. The fire ball it produced was
370 metres across, with a surface temperature
of 6,000C - that’s about the same as the
surface of the Sun.
The results of both bombs were catastrophic,
with an estimated 185,000 deaths as a result
of the attacks.
Perhaps the most miraculous story that came
out of the atomic bombings is that of Tsutomu
Yamaguchi, who saw a Bomber in the sky while
on a business trip in Hiroshima on August
6th 1945 when suddenly... “I THOUGHT THE
SUN HAD FALLEN FROM THE SKY”
He had just enough time to throw himself into
a ditch, and, even though he was just 3km
away from the centre of the blast, he survived,
albeit seriously burned, temporarily blind
and with burst eardrums.
He returned home, to Nagasaki, just in time
to live through the second atomic bomb three
days later. This time he was in an office
and, once again he somehow managed to survive,
in part thanks to a reinforced stairwell that
reduced the ferocity of the blast in the building.
I’ll leave it to you to decide whether he’s
the luckiest or unluckiest man in history.
Yet, while Mr. Yamaguchi is the only recognised
survivor of both attacks, a documentary made
in 2006 discovered a further 165 fellow citizens
who lived through both bombings. In fact,
despite the death and devastation, the vast
majority of people living in either city survived,
with approximately 71% of the population in
Hiroshima, and 76% in Nagasaki making it through
the attack. This should give us all hope that
should the unthinkable happen, we might just
make it out alive.
Now, some of you are probably thinking nukes
have come a long way since World War 2. And
you wouldn’t be wrong.
The most powerful nuclear weapon ever created,
the Tsar Bomba, was detonated by the USSR
in 1961. The blast it produced was 50 Megatonnes,
that’s more than 3,000 Hiroshimas, or 10
times the total munitions used in World War
Two. Even if you’d stood 100km away you’d
have got third degree burns.
Now, I’ve got some very bad news and some
slightly less bad news. The very bad is that
Russia is currently developing a 100 Megatonne
nuclear torpedo. That’s double a Tsar Bomba.
If one of those nuclear torpedos hit New York
city, then 8 million people would be killed.
However, the slightly less bad news is that
back in 2011, when the US government produced
a report looking at how authorities should
respond to a nuclear attack, and they weren’t
concentrating on such overpowered weapons.
Instead, their focus was on smaller, improvised
nuclear devices or INDs, the sort of device
likely to be used by a politcal or idealogical
organization and, thus, one people like us
are more likely to deal with.
As the report itself noted:
“A low-yield explosion from an IND is quite
different from Cold War strategic thermonuclear
detonation scenarios upon which much of our
current understanding and civil defense planning
are based”
Ultimately though, your chances of survival
boil down to two factors;
The yield of the bomb being detonated and
your proximity to Ground Zero.
And your immediate response to the attack.
Let’s examine each of these factors in turn.
The yield of a nuclear weapon is a reference
to the energy it releases, the bigger the
yield the more powerful the bomb, usually
given in kilotons or megatons of TNT. It’s
the yield of the bomb that will decide how
likely you are to die in an instant, or live
to see Mad Max become your new reality.
While we’re here, let’s take a moment
to dispel a common misconception about the
damage dealt by a powerful nuclear bomb. It’s
logical to assume that a bomb 1000 times more
powerful than another would do 1000 times
the damage, but this isn’t the case.
A bomb 1000 times as powerful as the one that
hit Hiroshima, would produce equally serious
blast damage over an area 130 times as large,
not 1000 times as large.
Of course, factors like weapon design, whether
it explodes on the surface or in the air,
the geography of the location or even just
the weather, can have an impact on the ultimate
outcome of the blast.
Looking back again at Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
even though the second bomb was more powerful,
the hills around Nagasaki helped absorb some
of the damage, leading to fewer casualties.
So, let’s take a look at the scenario considered
most likely - the detonation of a 10 kiltoton
nuclear device. For the sake of argument,
we’ll say ground zero is here, Centre Point
in London, and the bomb is detonated at surface
level.
The yellow circle is the fireball, which has
a radius of about 200m for our relatively
modest bomb. Remember, the surface temperature
of the fireball is similar to that of our
Sun and deeper inside that fireball, at the
point of detonation, the temperature is actually
millions of degrees Celsius. Needless to say,
getting caught within this area means an extremely
quick death.
The red circle is what I like to call - the
super shock wave. Here the pressure of the
blast is so great that most buildings are
destroyed, and while humans can physically
withstand the pressure, the hurricane-force
winds combined with flying debris mean almost
all people in this area are killed. For our
IND this is 470m from the centre of the explosion.
Moving further out, we see the extent of the
blue circle, which illustrates the medium
strength shock wave. You’re likely to find
most residential buildings have collapsed,
numerous fatalities and extensive injuries
amongst those who somehow managed to survive.
We’re now approaching almost 1 kilometer
from ground zero.
At 1.25km we’re reaching the limit of the
extreme radiation. Within this green circle,
people are absorbing doses of radiation 800
times greater than the average American is
exposed to in an entire year.
What this means in practice, is death rates
of between 50% to 90%, from radiation poisoning
leading to painful deaths lasting anywhere
from just a few hours to several weeks. Expect
to suffer from nausea and headaches to begin
with, followed by your hair falling out, bleeding
and increased chance of infection if you make
it beyond the first few days.
Then, finally, the orange circle, which extends
just over 1.4km from ground zero, shows the
thermal radiation produced 
by the blast. The heat is so intense that
third-degree burns are almost inevitable,
these can be fatal in themselves or require
amputation. Even beyond this area, first-
and second-degree burns are likely due to
the immense heat.
All told, an area of 6.2 square kilometers
would be have been decimated by the hypothetical
IND. Approximately 30,000 people would have
died with 75,000 more injured. Some estimates
of the death toll in such densely populated
areas are far more distressing, coming in
at 100,000.
According to Irwin Redlener, director of the
National Center for Disaster Preparedness
at Columbia University,
even at 13 kilometers there’s between a
10 to 20% chance of dying instantly from a
10 kiloton device.
Let’s take a quick look at scenario 2, what
would have happened if the Tsar Bomba had
been detonated at the same place in London.
Unsurprisingly, a bomb 5,000 times more powerful
produces annihilation, with over 4.5 million
estimated fatalities and 3 million injured.
The thermal radiation from the fireball even
gets close to Oxford and Cambridge.
It’s probably best not to think what those
doomsday torpedoes the Russians are currently
working on could do.
Regardless of how powerful the bomb is, if
you get caught in this area your chances of
survival are going to take a significant hit,
with them reaching rock bottom if you happen
to be unlucky enough to find yourself close
to the fireball at ground zero.
To make matters worse, we haven’t even looked
at the effects of nuclear fallout yet, but
fear not, because this is where knowing what
to do in the first hour of a nuclear attack
might just mean the difference between life
and death.
Right, so now it’s time to look at the second
factor that will determine your chances of
survival, how you respond to
the attack.
According to Jeff Schlegelmilch, deputy director
of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness
at Columbia University.
“If you see a nuclear flash, the first thing
to do is get behind a barrier in case the
shock wave comes” - Jeff Schlegelmilch.
Bear in mind, the shockwave is travelling
at hundreds of kilometres an hour, so you
won’t have long to find cover.
When Yamaguchi took shelter in a nearby ditch
however the shock wave lifted him up off of
the ground spun him around like a tornado
and threw him in to a nearby field. Radiation
safety specialist, Brooke Buddemeier, recommends
sheltering behind something that is structurally
sound.
"When I think of where I would go for protection
from prompt effects, and from the blast wave
in particular, I think of the same kinds of
things that we do for tornadoes," "Be in an
area where if there's a dramatic jolt, things
aren't going to fall on you,"
- BROOKE BUDDEMEIER | RADIATION SAFETY SPECIALIST
| LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB
If you do manage to survive the shockwave,
things, sadly, don’t get much easy. It’s
now a real race against time.
Essentially, when the bomb goes off the explosion
creates an immense amount of dust and debris,
which combines with the radioactive products
that result from the nuclear reaction at the
heart of the bomb. This radioactive dirt is
drawn upward into the sky by the intense heat,
this is where you’ll usually see that distinctive
mushroom cloud. However, as those radioactive
particles cool they make their way back to
the ground and that Fallout means trouble
for you.
“You will have some time to take action
to keep you and your family safe. The biggest
thing, get inside, stay inside, and stay tuned.”
- Brooke Buddemeier, Radiation Safety Specialist,
Lawrence Livermore National Lab
The likelihood is that you’ll have somewhere
between 10 to 20 minutes to find shelter To
make matters worse, you might also be blind
- turns out explosions that are basically
miniature suns are a bit overwhelming for
your eyesight. Fortunately, according to the
Department of Homeland Security’s website,
this lack of vision should only last about
a minute. Unfortunately, if the attack happens
at night and you’re out in the dark, the
blindness might last up to 35 minutes. For
the sake of argument we’ll say our hypothetical
situation takes place during the day, since
not being blind makes it a lot easier to find
shelter.
I’m also going to assume that you haven’t
been preparing for the end of the world and
built your own state-of-the-art fallout shelter.
It’s a pretty safe assumption, even at the
height of the Cold War, when nuclear obliteration
haunted everyone’s lives, less than 2% of
Americans ever actually bothered to build
a bomb shelter or create a safe space in their
basement.
Although that assumption doesn’t apply to
Switzerland, which has built around 250,000
shelters - enough to accommodate it’s entire
population.
But for the rest of us, there’s a good chance
you don’t have a spare bunker lying around,
so where should you go?
First off, don’t stay in your car. The metal
doors and glass windows are going to be way
too thin to protect you from gamma radiation.
Mobile homes won’t offer adequate shelter
either.
Instead, try to find a basement or a larger
multistory building, remembering the key factor
is putting as many thick layers between you
and the fallout. We’re talking concrete
or brick here, so nice-looking glass skyscrapers
or homes built of wood and plaster aren’t
your best bets. If you want to block out 99%
of radiation you need to shelter behind 12.5
centimetres of steel, 40cm of brick or 60cm
of packed earth. If you’re in a city with
a subway system, heading deep inside would
also offer a decent level of protection.
Assuming you’ve made it inside somewhere
above ground, avoid the top floors, all the
fallout is going to settle on the roof. and
the whole point of going inside is to stay
as far away as possible from those pesky dust
particles that are emitting dangerous levels
of gamma radiation, which could lead to radiation
poisoning. Instead get to the center of the
building. If there’s time try to close off
areas where fallout might enter - doors, fireplaces,
air conditioners, windows - then do it.
Okay, let’s look at a slightly different
scenario, one where things didn’t quite
go so smoothly. This time we’ve abandoned
our car and sprinted to the nearest sturdy-looking
building, but fallout might be starting to
land around you. If you think it is, the best
thing to do is cover your nose and mouth with
a rag, and close your eyes.
Stumbling around like this won’t be easy,
so in this example, it’s taken 15 minutes
to actually get inside.
CHARACTER TRIPS OVER, AND THEN MAKES IT INSIDE
A BUILDING.
Did any of that fall out land on you? Is it
in your hair or on your clothes? It might
be, which means you’re at risk of getting
acute radiation poisoning. I don’t want
to sound like too much of a pessimist, but
a bad sign at this stage is if you’ve already
started vomiting. Since your gut is highly
sensitive to radiation, puking is a sign you’ve
absorbed a pretty heavy dose of the bad stuff
and the prognosis is probably death.
If you haven’t started hurling everywhere,
there’s plenty of things you can do to get
rid of any fallout that might be on you. Carefully
remove your outer layer of clothing - this
can remove 90% of radioactive material - put
it in a plastic bag and leave it somewhere
far out of the way. Take your time, whipping
your kit off too quickly might shake free
any radioactive dust and that’s not going
to help anyone.
A shower would also be quite handy, by all
means treat yourself to some soap and shampoo
to help wash yourself off but avoid using
conditioner. It’ll bind radioactive particles
to your hair. I’m afraid your vibrant and
glossy hairstyle is one of the many casualties
of a nuclear disaster. Even if there’s no
shower, wash your face, hands and any body
parts that were uncovered using a sink, damp
cloth or wet wipe. Again, the key is using
plenty of water and taking your time - the
last thing you want to do is scratch yourself
and allow radioactive material to get into
your skin.
By now, it’s likely that an hour has passed,
which means that the radioactive fallout outside
has already decayed by 50%. Within the first
24 hours it will have given up 80% of its
energy, going up to 99% after two weeks - but
remember, if the radiation was high enough
to begin with, that 1% could still be dangerous
so staying indoors for as long as possible
significantly reduces your chances of contamination.
According to the US State Department,
“The importance of sheltering in place,
preferably inside a sealed room, for at least
the first 48 hours after a nuclear detonation
cannot be over-emphasized”.
US State Department
If you can, wait for government agencies to
send help and listen out for their instructions
before vacating your safe spot.
If you are worried about Kim Jong-Un going
nuclear, a homemade IND, or your virtual assistant
becoming self-aware and starting World War
III, then you might be interested in preparing
a Basic Emergency Supply Kit.
According to FEMA here are the items you’ll
need. Chances are though, you’re not going
to be carrying this with you when disaster
strikes, so just remember this get inside,
stay inside, and stay tuned and you
might just make it.
