To understand the effects of interventionism
and find out what it is, we have to state
what capitalism and socialism in economic
terms are, because they are sometimes defined
in different ways.
Capitalism, or market economy, is an economic
system based on private ownership of factors
of production.
Man has the full right to own and dispose
of his property according to his own discretion
and preferences, until it doesn’t violate
the law.
In a market economy, in its most laissez-faire
form, the law is limited to protecting the
functioning of the market and its participants
from aggression.
The law thus protects the life and health
of the person and his or her property and
freedom to dispose of it.
In a market economy, man produces and engages
in trade with others.
He exchanges the value he has produced for
that created by others.
Since the value is subjective, each party
values the good it receives more than one
she gives away.
Hence, we say that voluntary exchange is always
beneficial for both parties, otherwise it
wouldn’t happen at all.
The market itself, as Ludwig von Mises describes
it in his work "Human Action: A Treatise on
Economics":
“is a process, actuated by the interplay
of the actions of the various individuals
cooperating under the division of labor.
The forces determining the-continually changing-state
of the market are the value judgments of these
individuals and their actions as directed
by these value judgments.
The state of the market at any instant is
the price structure, i.e., the totality of
the exchange ratios as established by the
interaction of those eager to buy and those
eager to sell.”
The market information system is a price system.
Only prices are able to objectify the dispersed,
incomplete, subjective knowledge of people,
which is only revealed in their actions.
We've already talked about the price formation
process in "Price Discovery" video.
Prices inform entrepreneurs what is to be
produced, where it is to be produced, in what
quantities and with what factors of production.
Entrepreneurs make their decision on the basis
of an economic calculation which is only possible
if market prices exist.
In order to succeed, the entrepreneur must
find a way to create maximum value for the
consumer with the least possible investment.
However, this doesn’t change the fact that
it is the consumers, through their choices,
who decide what is to be produced, as it is
their wishes that the producers must obey.
The need to separate roles for producers and
consumers is necessary for economic analysis,
but in reality people are both consumers and
producers and produce to meet each other's
needs.
Crucial part of a market economy is that production
and consumption are determined and regulated
by the market which is the result of peoples
actions.
Mises calls it "the nerve-center of the capitalist
system".
Capitalism can be contrasted with socialism
or a planned economy - a system in which the
factors of production are "socialized".
The economy is no longer subject to consumer
preferences.
In a socialist system, it is the central planners
who decide what is to be produced and how
to distribute consumer goods.
There is no market of factors of production
in socialism.
Where there is only one owner of the factors
of production, regardless of whether it is
the state or the collective, there is no market
exchange for them.
Therefore the market prices of these factors
are not determined and they doesn’t exist.
This in turn makes economic calculation impossible.
The problem of economic calculation in socialism
requires a separate discussion, so we will
devote a separate film to it.
Mises in his book "Interventionism: An Economic
Analysis" distinguishes two models of socialist
economy.
The first is Marxist or Soviet socialism.
Mises describes this system as purely bureaucratic.
The whole economy is managed in a bureaucratic
way, like the army.
Production come from higher positions, and
companies that are basically "government departments",
must produce what is imposed on them.
The second model of the socialist economy
is the national-socialist economy, which Mises
called the German system.
Mises tells us that the difference between
the national-socialist economy and soviet
socialism is that the former seemingly and
nominally, maintains private ownership of
the means of production, entrepreneurship,
and market exchange.
Entrepreneurs do the buying and selling, pay
the workers, contract debts, and pay interest
and amortization.
But they are entrepreneurs in name only.
The government tells these seeming entrepreneurs
what and how to produce, at what prices, and
from whom to buy, at what prices, and to whom
to sell.
The government decrees to whom and under what
terms the capitalists should entrust their
funds and where and at what wages laborers
should work.
Market exchange is but a sham.
As all prices, wages, and interest rates are
being fi xed by the authority, they are prices,
wages, and interest rates in appearance only;
in reality they are merely determinations
of quantity relations in authoritarian orders.
The authority, not the consumers, directs
production.
This is socialism with the outward appearance
of capitalism.
The labels of the capitalistic market economy
are retained, but they signify here something
entirely different from what they mean in
the true market economy.”
What is important for us, however, is that
in both types of socialism described above,
it is the government, not the market, that
determines production and consumption.
The fact that several companies will be nationalized
in a market economy doesn’t mean that we
are dealing with a socialist economy, just
as agreeing to a small amount of private initiative
in a socialist system does not yet mean a
transition to a market economy.
Mises writes: „If within a society based
on private ownership of the means of production
some of these means are publicly owned and
operated, this still does not make for a mixed
system which would combine socialism and private
property.
As long as only certain individual enterprises
are publicly owned, the remaining being privately
owned, the characteristics of the market economy
which determine economic activity remain essentially
unimpaired.
The publicly owned enterprises, too, as buyers
of raw materials, semi-finished goods, and
labor, and as sellers of goods and services,
must fi t into the mechanism of the market
economy; they are subject to the same laws
of the market”.
So how to distinguish when a market economy
ends, and a socialist economy begins?
That's exactly what Murray Rothbard asked
Mises which is described in the book „Making
economic sense”:
“One time I asked Professor von Mises, the
great expert on the economics of socialism,
at what point on this spectrum of statism
would he designate a country as “socialist”
or not.
At that time, I wasn’t sure that any definite
criterion existed
to make that sort of clear-cut judgment.
And so I was pleasantly surprised at the clarity
and decisiveness of Mises’s answer.
“A stock market,” he answered promptly.
A stock market is crucial to the existence
of capitalism and private property.
For it means that there is a functioning market
in the exchange of private titles to the means
of production.
There can be no genuine private ownership
of capital without a stock market: there can
be no true socialism if such a market is allowed
to exist.
So, as we can see, the boundary is the existence
of a stock exchange.
Let us note that in Polish People's Republic
there was no stock exchange.
In the USSR too.
There is no stock exchange in North Korea
until today.
In Nazi Germany the number of stock exchanges
was reduced from 21 to 9 to 1935, and by 1936
citizens were forbidden to buy foreign shares.
So, what is interventionism?
It is based on the fact that private ownership
of the means of production still exists, but
the state is actively involved in regulating
the economy through orders, bans, restrictions
or controls.
Mises calls interventionism "a hampered market
economy" or "domestic policy of governmental
interference with business".
The market exists, but its functioning is
disrupted in various ways.
What are these ways?
What are their effects?
Is interventionism a possible and sustainable
"third form of social interaction”?
Is there a so-called "third way", which combines
the advantages of capitalism and socialism
and is devoid of their disadvantages?
The answers to these questions will be sought
in future films.
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