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\pard\cf1\fs24 Combatants will control a video
tutorial shows biology talking about all the
healing his eulogy, lectures, and this is
going to be series of videos when we talk
about the system and in the nervous system
contain three. Five different video tutorials
start with the nervous system and only talk
about the membrane potential action potential
iron channels that helps to maintain, and
in potential and also see the synaptic transmission,
so let's talk about the this video. The structure
of the new loans and reflexive function. One
part of the cell of the new loan. If you look
at here closely vital you are to break down
your own to essential part. You see, one part
which is a part of the cell that receives
incoming signal buys another part generates
outgoing signal. The part that receives incoming
signal is then grants and are connected to
a cell body by the part that transmits that
signal outgoing signals is known as action,
the girls for our learning is to understand
the basic anatomical feature of neurone and
the function of each anatomical region and
also to understand the information flowing
nuance and the structural basis for communication
between the neurons are not only will see
the communication between two adjacent neurons,
but will also see the interaction of neurone
with muscle and introduction of neurone with
plans, so stay tuned and watch the video to
learn the stocks. The first thing I should
tell is the important feature of neurons that
the neurons can communicate because of the
unique anatomical design and because there
are excitable and sup + okay, they can communicate
the communication of neurons that we know
is based on three different types. The starlet
nitpicker colour sticker black neurons communicate
with each other, which is a neuron neuron
interaction. It communicates with muscle.
We call it neuromuscular junction and the
third one. Nuance will also control the release
of different proteins and secretary hormones
from glands nothing to action between the
neurons. If it's interacting with each other
is based on that then John Axon interactions
as I told this is the cell body and a section
of beet which is receiving the signal and
the money is Axon swags on a one-year loan
interacts with then John of other, and this
is the way they interact muscle. If you look
at sharing this picture to see the angel of
a neuron interacts with the action of the
other. Why if you look at the interaction
of neurone and muscle. You see, there is a
space between and muscle that the neuron interacts
with it. Similarly, in case of glands as well
three characteristic structural features.
They come in many different shapes and sizes.
In this module we examine the most common
are central nervous system and is an the multiple
could hear the typical structure of the new
law is consisting of three different part
cell body. This is the cell body of a new
plan to contain the new players and all the
other cellular components inside the cytosolic
sections. The second one is the basic team
ocean to ocean means through which they will
receive the signal and it is nothing but the
dendrites which are cytosolic extension of
the cell body and 1/3 one is a transmitting
portion that is nothing but the egg Axon,
which is a teen rope like structure coming
out of the cell body. Most new launch the
cell body or soma is located centrally multiple
similar process called dendrites, as we see
here they come from the soma forming a structure
resemblance of a branch of a tree that's why
if you look at neurons will also see this
kind of branching and the branch all the structures,
just like a tree and the teen rope like structure
going out from it. Holding it together. This
is a characteristic structure. The new structure
is related to its function as I told you earlier
as well. The structures are very important
is perspective of how the new law will properly
function. For example, if you look at the
features of the neuron and the functions.
For example, in price cell body and Axon over
the three things that we have among them dendrites.
These are the safety part and the branch dendrites
receive signals coming from the other cells
and send them so they will receive signal
and loosing them and channel them through
the cell body, and ultimately to the Axon,
so they actually gather the incoming signals.
The second one, which is a cell body's body
is required for maintaining all the structures
right. This is a receptive as well as integrative
region of the new is the main nutritional
source and metabolic location of the neuron,
because you. The structures are very thin
and that the extensions of cytosol. While
the ultimate power process and job should
be done inside the cell body onto it also
receives signal from the other cells and sends
them towards the Axon, so the work of cell
body and in right is similarly, working together
to gather the signal and translated towards
the Axon and the one the Axon teen rope like
structure coming out of the cell body transmitting
conductive region of the neuron that some
generate the action potential slowness action
potential so generous action potential signal
also called as nerve impulse probably heard
this name now imports and this impulses conducted
Axon added to be passed through the branching
of the Axon ultimately to the next new, so
this is now the neurons are linked with each
other. This is how they would work with teacher
direction of the flow of this of this nerve
impulse will see this as another feature for
the nerve impulse and the vulnerable system
is that it is direction. There should be a
specific direction of the flow incoming signals
are integrated into some region of the dendritic
cell as well as the inside the cell body and
then the action potential is conducted along
the Axon, which is this regions. The action
potential will be turned on and if you look
at the arrows. It will give an idea about
the directionality of the flow of the nerve
impulse in generates power from some point
generates its it's received actually from
the earlier neurone and then it gets transferred
through the din dendrites ultimately to the
cell body towards the Axon and actually carried
the next, so this will be the directionality
name of flow opposite to the direction goes
like dendrites and cell body, then Axon dendrites
collect the electrical signal cell body integrates
incoming signal and pass it to 6 on an action
passes the electrical signal to dendrites
to the another in the next cell. Ultimately
it will reach to the effect sense now. The
signals the end reach the endpoint of the
Axon for college tags on terminal policy exams
are also branched at the end of the axon terminal
and if you look at this axon terminal. This
axon terminal also interact with the nearby
at the next new launch in right. Okay, so
this regions where the axon terminal interacting
with the next receptor site is known as a
sign sourcing apps. So here are the dendrites
and the cell body provide a large surface
area for the communication with other neurons
signal from one neuron passed to this axon
and ultimately reaches to the next in right
of the next neuron and this is a region known
as the sign apps where all the process of
chemical transmission continues and this chemical
transmission is very important for responsible
activities in our body because you nerve controls
so many different activities control somewhat
of activities that is a movement of muscles
in our body and all the things required to
release of some chemical that in some cases,
hormones, in some cases some other transmitters
example acetal: or gamma-aminobutyric acid
glycine, which act as thus transmitter that
is a chemical signal nerve cell can understand
and the response accordingly thing I should
tell you about the neuron's eye is that the
land of the new those things badly Axon's
especially in the Axon ship a look at the
length of Axon said Barry is from time to
time. It was a cell body cannot be so much
bigger. It's kind of adjusted always, but
the length of the Axon can be huge in some
cases can be assured it was neurons are longer
cell is the tallest cells of our body. The
largest is not actually large but consider
longest extension of the cells of our body.
Because you know they can be assured and especially
weight of the neuron's short, we are calling
like the Axon's short short exam means is
just approximately lets say one or 22 mm can
be the length of her Axon, it communicates
only with the cells of their immediate vicinity
in the new has a cell body of 50 \'b5m in
diameter. For example, if you imagine 50 \'b5m
in diameter. Its action would be only about
1 mm long. Okay, my actions can be also very
long. For example, it can also be more than
greater than 1 m, so think about it and communicate
over the long distances. For example, the
axon of some spinal cord neurons that can
reach all the way to the muscles of the big
two. Just think about it, it's covering body
of a person is a hugely long neuron longest
axons are associated with a large cell bodies,
but still cell body is not elongated slot
extended normally the relation between the
cell body diameter and the length of the Axon,
but it's not like it's not like the cell body
also will be long now. The structure of Axon
a few things you'll will see their let's look
at a few things that the signals that are
sent out along. That's like each new loans
has a CD single Axon, which arise from a cell
body was easy. All the picture draws only
one Axon, there are multiple dendrites, but
Axon will be only one lakhs and can branch
from me. Axon collector's. That's what we
see at the end of each of the Axon to form
is not p.m., but also it can branch colic
collateral axons at the terminal ends and
cells can branch which we see the terminal
budding or branching, which are called as
axon terminal now the job of axons are mostly
to transmit that nerve impulse that needs
to transmit that chemical signalling throughout
this region. The throw the distance. At least
it's working like a wire if you think that
chemical that impulses as an electricity or
electric current thing that is axons are nothing
but wires actually they are behaving like
wires. If you look at the wire wire has a
metallic normally the core part of the wearer
is made with a metal either copper, mostly
(for the good wire outside that being sued
at that thing with quoting PVC coating or
something in solid acting so that our transmit
of the electric current works faster and better
way and also for the safety. The same thing
happens for an Axon, if you look at the Axon
will see few regions in the Axon, which are
very clear, but there are few regions with
something like coating going on continuous
coating, but isn't this continuous coating.
This coating is known as my linseed and is
seed is formed with a specific type of cells,
the court that Axon that ultimately give us
small nodes present in the middle is in the
small nodes only gaps in the middle through
which the impulse can transmit, so they don't
have to transmit them passed throughout the
naked Axon's kind of covered in different
regions known as my linseed and there is a
node formed this note which are formed or
known as node of Ranbir systems like there
is a wire which is covered, but still part
of the wireless open this is kind of the structure
of Axon now some of this axon. Though this
may not be true for all the axons, but there
are two types of axons, you'll see one time
of Axon will see the naked Axon, which are
normally don't have any type of all this coating
or buying seed; the non-marinated axon neurons,
but there are some with this myelin coating.
We call them violated Axon or my Ltd\par
is this myelin coating helps them to transmit
the signal faster compared to the naked Axon
said the Axon without any my linseed will
transmit the signal, but it will take more
time. If the neuron in the Axon contains my
linseed, it can transmit the signal very,
very fast as five, see here. This is kind
of the actual a complicated structure of the
neuron. This is the picture that I want you
to see the dendrites is further divided branch
just like a tree in the root of the tree.
Similarly, axons can also be branched, but
they are known as collateral axons that I
told you earlier you see here. This is one
example of Paul neuron see this as a cell
body and this is where all this coating and
initially crossed if you make a cross-section
of the contingency. The transfer of this nerve
impulse is nothing but action potential and
this potential is generated and maintained
you to opening and closing of iron channels
that are present in the membrane of this axon
iron channels should be present throughout
all this axon interaction is known my Ltd,
but if you smile it, then they don't need
to put all this action potential movement
in throughout the length of the axle only
need to put it to the node of the NBA. That
is the reason they have known of Ranbir, they
need less amount of those of membrane iron
channels which can open and close based on
different time that will help to propagate
the nerve impulse that is the reason Axon
is my Ltd it can transmit the signal faster
because simply the signal charms are simply
jumping from one node to the other known as
transmitting to the nodes only so many less
time it needs to propagate throughout the
length of the neuron which will be much time-consuming
talking about this. Nodes are marinated in
which they also have a specific type of cells
covering them, known as someone says it's
known as SCh W a 10 and sworn cells because
the Schwann cells are small compared to the
length of the Axon, it takes mainly of them
to select a single Axon. That's why it forms
the node of Ranbir, which is an essential
element to cause the transmit of the action
potential, and if you look at this picture,
it will give you an idea about how this once
and is in selecting its just like the wire
insulation. This is the central part of the
Axon, the naked Axon and this is the Schwann
cell that you are looking. This is the Schwann
cell Schwann cell is wrapping around that
Axon and you see the nucleus of the Schwann
cells were now this wrapping and will further
hold and tight rapid colic myelination, the
better marinated in Axon ease the better and
the faster that Axon can transmit nerve impulse
seizure frequency for the structures of the
sponsors and how they're interacting just
for the installation part and cell is kind
of wrapping this axon multiple times to form
and the nucleus is present at the top of all
this myelination okay and formation of this
nodes, which gives them enormous capability
and faster way of transmitting think our body
works very, very fast with some responses,
especially if you take a response against
heat. Place a you are walking barefoot and
accidentally put your feet are in some hot
region. We promptly left it up very fast response
for a normal force and the amount of fast
response is caused by this neurons and the
possibility due to this coating of the Schwann
cells and insulation and the myelination of
the neurons. So for summary what you've understood
till now that the new homes have restricted
and integrated regions. The dendrites and
the cell body which receiver and integrate
the incoming signals while the new homes also
have a conductive region that Axon generates
and transmits an outgoing signal axons vary
in length from one or 2 mm to even more than
1 m depending upon the purpose and in the
region of the distance. It needs to cover
through the body. Some axons are insulated
with my linseed. Now when they are insulated,
they can transmit the signal faster, so thanks
for watching this video. Stay tuned to the
next video so that you can understand about
the process of the transport of the signal
as well as action potential and iron channels.
If you like this video is it the like button
share this video with your friends and definitely
subscribe to my channel get more videos like
that. Thank we've been talking about the nervous
system and this is a series of videos when
you talk about the different stages of human
nervous system and in human nervous system
in the last video. We talked about are the
nerve anatomy and this video will be talking
about the iron channels, iron channels play
a very important role in generating and propagating
action potential, which we also call as the
nerve impulse took it so will understand the
nerve iron channels. First, then the latest
videos will talk about how this action potential
generated and how it's propagate okay. About
what iron channels, iron channels, control
the movement of clients across the neuron
membrane. This tiny anatomical structures
make neuron excitable, because a typical functionality
of neurons that we know of is transmitting
signal and transmitting nerve impulses from
one region to the other of our body and dusting
is only possible due to the constant opening
and closing of this iron channels that are
embedded in the membrane of Axon's goes for
the learning for this section is to understand
what iron channels are to learn where the
iron channels are located and to understand
how iron channels function and the different
types of iron channels based on their functionality
lets look at the iron channels that are present
channels are normally located in the cell
membranes of the nerves. Let me take a colour
first located in the cell membranes of the
nerve neurones. So, new homes, mostly design
channels in there and so if you know the anatomy
of a new loan which we talk in the last video,
you know that axons are the extension of cytosolic
domain, which helps to transfer the nerve
impulse to the nearby neuron or it can release
of neurotransmitters in the neuromuscular
junction. Now, if you recall the cell membrane
structure. Isolated by layer in which a large
protein molecules are embedded in the membrane.
There are integral proteins and there is a
transmembrane proteins the transmembrane protein.
This is the cell membrane and the job of a
transmembrane protein is to properly made
itself in that memory so totally embedded
to the membrane from both intracellular site
extracellular region sits connecting both
the regions together and those cells. Those
proteins they have sometimes can make channels
channels are small openings through which
molecules can go in and now so I'm channels,
control the movement of iron. The net flow
of clients that could be positively charged
iron or negatively charged. I am across the
membrane. This channels can be a different
type. This channels can be selective. That
means channel can control which type of iron
when my great and move for example, let's
say I am channel that only allows sodium to
pass, not any other. It will not allow potassium
to pass the same direction, because it's not
about the selectivity, but also the directionality
that plays important role with the iron is
going inside the cell, or going outside the
cell. It can also have passive or active either
of these two types. For example, in some cases
of iron channels are normally present and
the molecules can pass down their concentration
gradient. For example, it's the Sony this
is a sodium channel and sodium concentration
is high outside the cell and low inside the
cell. In that case, sodium will go down the
gradient from high to low through that channel
and that will not require any energy in some
case also iron channels require energy from
ATP hydrolysis for the transfer of clients
across the membrane for example, sodium, potassium
ATPase pump that actors are active iron transporter.
This can be regionally located that means
I'm channels location can be very important
role in case of for the nerve impulse and
transfer of the information is it can be located
in specific regions of the cell based on the
type of effect the cell needs to achieve this
channel can be functionally unique, according
to the functional unit nests, we can divide
them in many types. Some of them can be of
controlled channel for example, lying and
get a channel or voltage gated channel's activated
channel and the other type of channels can
be. Without the big day itself open channel,
so there is no gate to the channel. For example,
we see the sodium transport gate is where
its open molecules can pass aqua ponies are
the type which is not an iron channels, but
passes water across the membrane could hear
this all channels listed here are detailed
in this picture. Some of them are voltage-gated
some of them are league and gated some of
the mystery's activated so these are unique.
This is a type of unique channel when the
wind organism is undergoing any sort of stress.
The cell is witnessing any kind of stress
that will impact the channel to open and they
normally molecules can pass on handling and
get a channel will remain open. Where once
a specific chemical molecule either from extracellular
source or from intracellular source will bind
to the specific receptor region of the channel
that will make the channel to open up while
on the other hand, some voltage-gated channel
also works due to the change of the membrane
potential was channels opens up into the change
in the voltage in and out of the cell. So
these are the different features of iron channels
that were going to see. Let's look at the
selectivity of the iron channel. The channel
selectivity depends on many factors. Now the
feature of the selectivity is important because
this allow some minds to pass through and
prevent the passage of other irons. If you
look at this picture here will see two different
iron channels are listed and you see different
kinds are also listed sodium, potassium chlorine
chloride and A-. This is another big type
of channel for example, this iron channel
is selective to only sodium soap will only
allows sodium to pass unless it selected to
potassium, so it will only allow potassium
to pass, but will not allow a pass because
in this case is larger, so channel selectivity
depends on three different factors. First
is the charge of the iron that is whether
is a positive or negative charge. Second thing
is the size of the iron in the iron is much
bigger in size compared to the diameter of
the channel itself, it will not allow the
time to pass, but a bit smaller than it can
easily pass through the channel and third
one is how much water the cracks and holes
around. It is also provides an important role.
The types of iron channel based on our understanding
can be of two different type based on whether
they are always open or closed now, based
on that. We call it active channels and passive
channels channels at gated their open only
in some control, so the gate can only open
or close based on specific regulation and
control. If you look at here. This is one
example of the active channel, which is remain
closed. Normally, once the specific molecules
bind. They normally are signalling that allows
the channel to open if you look at this picture
will also show you the idea is an example
of voltage gated ion channel, it can be chemical
gated ion channel so you see this channel
normally contains a closure at the end that
will not allow the molecules to pass, but
once there is a change in membrane voltage
that says, suggesting potential of 70-70 millivolt,
it changes as Altavista -90 four example that
channel opens up and then it will come back
to 78, will close down is normally in the
situations are stores that also lets it back
to 90 and actually see open opens up such
example of voltage-gated channel while the
passive channels also called as a leak is
channels because the leaky channel means they
are always open. There is no matter whether
the reserve will to change our chemical signalling
they always open and all the molecules all
the irons feel free to migrate across this
channel such as this one. Now what different
types of channels that we talking about channels
that we talking about are of different type
voltage-gated ion channels in the voltage-gated
ion channels active channels they have gates
that can only open and close are you to specific
voltage. If you recall that the slightly more
positive irons are present on the outside
of the membrane and slightly more negative
irons are normally present inside the cell
membrane. This difference producer voltage.
We call it as a membrane potential fibroid.
This is the cell is slightly more positive
charge present outside slightly more negative
inside that is a normal resting membrane potential
that is approximately -70-year-old what happens
to the opening of due to the change of this
voltage by any means castle. So, for example,
say the difference producer voltage called
the membrane potential across the cell membrane.
When you is at rest is voltage-gated channels
are closed so nothing is going in and out.
The action potential. This voltage across
the membrane gets altered its modified from
the resting membrane potential, and that will
cause the voltage-gated channels to open there
is voltage-gated channel for sodium, there
is a voltage-gated channel for protection
and also normal are not voltage-gated channel
also for sodium and potassium. But here, when
the sodium voltage-gated channel opens membranes,
potential goals from -70 mV, which is resting
potential and to get less -11-90 mV and this
is the opposite iron. That's why moving in
world making the inside of the membrane more
positive so that this things in balance. Similarly,
so this is an example of the voltage gated
channel C normally disclose whenever the voltage
is changing, can be open. Similarly, if you
look at the potassium voltage-gated channel
when it's open the membrane potential goes
from the 13-year-old two more negative value
6-70. This is because a positive irons moving
outward making inside of the membrane more
negative action of the sodium and potassium
to channels are working opposite to each other
while opening of the sodium gated multichannel
of bring sodium inside the cell are to make
all the inside more positive charged, but
opening a potassium channel will cause protection
to flow out and restore the membrane potential
and make inside of the cell more negative.
The second type are chemically gated channels
are chemically gated channels controlled by
the chemical signalling molecules look at
one of this chemically gated channel to be
more clear to understand controlled by chemicals,
especially chemical means neurotransmitters,
because as we're talking about the new rooms
neurotransmitter example is sassy type: known
as a CH in this picture, right on, gamma-aminobutyric
acid. This is one so there are different types
of neurotransmitters that we know of IDE is
when the neurotransmitters bind to the chemically
gated channel as you see here in Seattle:
attaches to the specific acetylcholine binding
region of the channel because the channel
to open and by only permitting irons to flow
across the membrane, while if you look at
your same thing for the buyers, binding allows
the Garber channel associated channel to open
and that will allow the movement of some specific
science across the membrane. Now the functionality.
However, for the introduction of acetylcholine
and Garber are not the same function in a
different way. Acetylcholine is a type of
neurotransmitter. We call it our stimulatory
neurotransmitter while is known as easy victory
neurotransmitter, because the release of those
activity of Garber will cause all the process
or the whole process of nerve impulse to inhibit
and control the contraction of the muscle
policy and allows the contraction, because
the process of relaxation of the muscle and
in the signalling process, but still the mechanism
of iron channel opening is almost the same
talk about the location of iron channels as
we till now know that they can be perceived
chemically gated on voltage-gated, the regionally
located in the new and original location means
is simply throughout this throughout the axon
review. If you remember the last class. We
talked about that the action can be of different
type. It can be marinated or non-marinated
right so known for my attacks on the presence
of the iron channels will be a more frequent.
That is a low number of iron channels should
be found while non-marinated in case of fingers
of my ill see less number of iron channels.
It is a non-marinated with more number of
iron channels gated few regions are already
blocked by the Swans cells and only includes
a brand way that the region where the iron
channels are located. The passive channels
are located in the cell membrane all over
the new rooms is at the passive channels were
looking, which are not open, which are closed
present all over the membrane while chemically
gated iron channels are responsible for they
are present on the dendrites. This is a region
where the present are and they also present
in the cell body. Some part in the cell body.
The cell membrane of the cell body and voltage
gated channels are the channels that are found
in the axon and especially the axon hillock
that is at the end of the axon that is the
position of all those channels as it is everywhere.
Passive is all over the place, chemically
gated channel, then write cell body voltage-gated
axon. This is the way some for summary, but
we can look. We already see three types of
iron channels based on the functionality.
The first one is the passive channels which
are responsible for the resting membrane potential
example of such passive channel is that they
don't contain any get it in the sodium channel,
potassium channel on chloride channel second
one, chemically gated iron channels chemically
gated channels are responsible for sign up
to potential and incoming signals to the neuron.
That's why they present in the dendrites as
well as in the cell body. The much required
for the incoming of the signal and this passive
channels are mostly required for maintaining
is maintenance of the membrane potential.
The third time voltage-gated channels particular
channels are responsible for generation and
propagation of action potential, the outgoing
signals of the new, so they are required for
a induction and propagation of action potential,
and that's why the present in the axon, because
axon is responsible for conducting and transferring
all those impulses nearby neurons are the
functions of all the three types of iron channels
look at the summary what we can say that we've
learned that integral membrane proteins containing
what it imports from channels through which
irons can do some iron channels called passive
onlooker channels which are always open some
iron channels have gates that open and close
permitting irons to pass through them. Only
under certain conditions and regionally located
iron channels are responsible for the resting
membrane potential synaptic potential and
the generation and propagation of action potential
women talking about the nervous system of
human body and were looking at the physiological
aspects of the neuron, we saw the anatomy
of the neuron and we also saw different iron
channels that are present across the neuron.
I don't the last video that the channels play
a vital role in maintaining the membrane potential
that is a voltage across the cell membrane
of the cell. Now all the cells, especially
if you look at for the new rooms. They have
the resting membrane potential that is the
baseline of membrane potential to maintain
now's cause science to move across the cell
membrane like a normal yarn is moved from
the high concentration to the low concentration
gradient concentration change movement of
iron is also married that creates this voltage
across the membrane for example, if I try
to. This is the cell membrane inside and outside
and net flow of Saudi Mayan outside the cell
should be positive charged outside the membrane
\f1\endash in a slightly negative charged
inside the membrane's type of modification
to take place potential is called the membrane
potential that is formed into the distribution
of the science which is the result of the
net movement based on the gradient of the
irons across the number five. Normally, if
you look at this new nerve cells will find
out that this is a slightly positive charged
outside the membrane and slightly negative
charged inside the membrane toward cytosol.
In exchange, there is the electric potential
formed across the membrane and that is normally
belonging to -70 millivolt is known as the
resting membrane potential question is how
this resting on an potential is established
as I told you it's due to the opening and
closing of iron channels, but obviously we
need to go into the details of how iron channels
open and close to put this -70 mV membrane
potential question to you is how the cell
maintaining this -70 mV of membrane potential
to things that we need to learn because we
know that in order, when there is edition
of an potential that allows information to
flow from one neuron to neuron that this membrane
potential is altered, exchanged 4-70 mV can
be changed -90 minute that will also allow
the membrane potential change in the committee
involving transferring the northern parts
look at the process goes for our learning
of this chapter is to know the relative concentration
of irons inside and outside the cell to recognise
that cells have selective permeability of
irons and to understand equilibrium potential
for \endash to understand that sodium and
potassium determine control and start the
resting on potential and also to understand
the role of sodium, potassium ATPase pump
that maintains the resting on an potential
look at each of this process. Start with how
the men and potential origin and in the first
place. And secondly, how to maintain the membrane
potential to understand membrane potential.
The first thing we need to know is about the
iron concentration and the selective permeability
of the cell membrane. The first understand
is that she iron concentration across the
cell membrane. This change concentration actually
drives the movement net movement of irons.
If you recall earlier we talked about the
intracellular concentration of sodium, potassium
and chloride differs from the concentration
of designs that are present outside the cell.
The concentration if you look at here in this
picture, this is inside or outside, so my
cited in this picture. The intracellular side
of the cell normally contain the concentration
of the positive irons high, it is balanced
by high concentration of negatively charged
proteins or other irons negatively charged
proteins can be bigger one, or it can be announced
like to ride is balanced in the Spanish extracellular
fluid decide that the positive sodium and
his high, it is balanced by high concentration
of negative chloride irons. So what is more
inside this sort is more outside the cell
this distribution of irons unbalanced by irons
and players that alters the membrane potential,
but that helps to maintain the iron gradient
across the memory. It is also very important
stuff side of this gradient change also need
to understand important fact that he is the
cell membranes, teacher of selective permeability
are not soluble in the lipid bilayers, so
they cannot easily diffuse to the membrane.
They need to channels or helper proteins that
will allow them to pass and move if has channels
for a particular iron, we sate permeable to
the client. Since most cells are unable to
some clients but not others. What is called
as selective permeability IN one channel that
the sodium channel will allow Sony in the
past but not potassium to pass right so contains
more sodium channels will help to move and
migrate sodium across the membrane. The cell
lacking sodium channels will not be able to
do so. That is a selective permeability is
permeable to potash and many cells in the
body selectively permeable only potash, it's
a must have an ability to potassium and sodium.
Normally, to maintain the resting membrane
potential excitable cells are unable to potash
and the cell is excitable that is should be
very much able to potash and slightly permeable
to sodium can you selectively permeable to
potassium. So in the selectively permeable
to both potash and sodium and chloride irons
as we saw earlier in the picture to see the
gradient of all this unsolicited, while sodium
more outside less inside Russian more inside
less outside chloride, more outside less inside
impermeable negatively charged proteins or
other large and irons found inside them. Designs
are too large to pass, that is another way
of selecting this picture actually depicts
a selective community very well lipid soluble
molecules can easily diffuse to the lipid
bilayers without any issue. They don't need
any extra help for any other carrier channel
proteins to present but not soluble molecules
are prevented. Normally, to diffuse to the
lipid bilayers, but not lipid molecule can
also pass through the membrane have a membrane
channel that is the importance of a membrane
channel protein talked about the membrane
channel protein. The last video. So if you
don't know about channel proteins, I should
strongly recommend you to go and watch that
video so that you get much idea about this
video move to the fact that the permeability
depends depends on the number of iron channels
that are present and especially the two important
facts. The per negative cell is particularly
dependent first one is the number of channels
for that I am so ability can be increased
by increasing the number of iron channels
that are present in a membrane for example,
if you are looking at the permeability of
the potash mine and the cell increase the
potash mine channel in the membrane that cells
will be more permeable to the net movement
of potash and it easily right in the second
thing. The second important factor is the
ease with which the irons can move through
the channels is small compared to the size
of iron channel goes to easily, but if it's
a larger one trapped and not about the ease
because there are two types of iron channels.
One is passing, which we are looking beside
don't have any gate and's act team iron channels
contains gate that needs to be opened so that
the irons can move all these factors control
the movement of irons across the membrane
can be changed rapidly when they're located,
or by any means of getting for example, they
can be voltage-gated or they can be league
and gated Austria's response channels. The
parameter of a cell for a given iron increases
when gated channels for that irons open this
is the mechanism used for the nervous system
to produce rapid change in the membrane permeability
is transferred the signal from one neuron
to the net then needs to alter the resting
and an potential and it generates what is
known as action and potential action potential
is generated so fast and only way possible
to open all those gated channels, especially
the sodium, especially the voltage's which
are present throughout the Ranks of Look at
the Process of the Resting and an Potential
Induction, How It Starts. The First Thing
We Talked Here Is about the Change in the
Membrane Permeability Have the Membrane Permeable
to Be Changed with the First Important Stage
for the Generation of Memory and Potential
Is the Even Known As Potash and Diffusion.
Let Me Change the Colour. Once Again, Otherwise
Should Take a Dark Colour). The First Event,
We Can Say Is the Potash and Diffusion Diffuses
down Its Concentration Gradient from the Cell
outside. We Know That Cell Contains More Potassium
inside and Less Sodium inside. So, If You
Look at Here with Studying New Rules. But
before We Talk about How Irons Move across
the Neural Cell Membranes, Let's Talk about
the Simpler Cell, One That Is Permeable to
Only 19 of the Sense of Body like the Simple
Cell Known Excitable Cell. When We Understand
You Will Learn How the Neurones and the Function
Because They Have a Different Speciality of
This Cell Is Selectively Permeable to Only
Potash Talking about This so Selectively Permeable
to Only Potash Is Only Potash and Can Move
out Any Nothing Else Scores Irons to Potassium
Will Diffuse Townies Concentration Gradient
from the Area Where the Concentration of Potassium
Is High to the Area Where the Petition Concentration
Is Low. Now, Normally Petition Concentration
Is High inside the Cell, Low outside the Cell
so That the Reason Potash from the Cell outside
It Will Diffuse out Concentration Gradient
Act As a Chemical Force That Pushes Potash
and Out Of the Cell. If You Look at Here Indicate
the Direction of the Chemical Force, Which
Is Known Excitable Cell Receives Is Normally
a Simple Movement of It. So If This Is the
Cell Looking at Anything Thing That This Blue
Coloured Is the Potash and We Can Say That
This Will Move Our Diffuse out of the Cell.
This Is the Unit Now This Event. There Are
Some Cheesy Events Associated Diffusion of
This Potash Amount of the Cell Creates an
Electrical Potential across the Cell Membrane.
You Know Why It Is Potassium Is a Positively
Charged Movement of All This Potash Mines
outside the Cell Cause a Net Positive Charge
outside the Membrane and a Net Negative Charge
inside the Cell of Cytosolic Region, so This
Separation of Charge Creates an Electrical
Potential across the Cell Membrane, Which
Is Also Provided by This Picture Is Mostly
Negative Side in Close Proximity of the Self
Cytosol and Very Positive Charge Are Surrounding
the Cell outside Electrical Potential. We
Start Opposing the Diffusion of Potash and
Out Of the Cell. Because Once This Process
Orca and Sooner Petition Concentration Will
Be Higher outside the Cell Should Be inside
the Light Think of This Idea That the People
to Sale in a Bath of Extracellular Fluid and
What Potash and Diffuse out As Potential Diffuses
out an Electrical Potential Begins to Develop
Its Opposite Charges Attract Each Other. The
Developing Electrical Potential Begins to
Pull Potassium Act inside the Cell Is Very
High Now outside and Very Low Insights, Again
Based on the Same Rule Petition Will Tend
to Flow inside the Cell. This Process Will
Continue to Continue to Go Right up There
with That of the Width of the, Which Represent
the Strength of Electrical Forces That Were
Looking Continues to Diffuse Townies Concentration
Gradient. The Developing Electrical Potential
of Force Start in Cree's Continue to Diffuse
out until the Electrical Potential Is Equal
but Opposite to the Force from the Concentration
Gradient to Force Act on Potash and Together.
This Forces Are Called As Electrochemical
Gradients, Let's Look at the Process Is Twofold
That We Are Talking about That Controls the
Movement of Potash and One Is a Concentration
Gradient or Chemical Force That Cost Potential
to Diffuse Out Of the Cell, and the Second
One Is the Electrical Potential Electrical
Force. This Electrical Potential Origins after
the Net Movement of Production out on the
Net Change of the Membrane Potential, and
That Is the Potash and in Side the Cell and
Is Chemical and Electrical Forces on Potash
and an Equal and Opposite. There Will Be No
Net Movement of Potash and Act Clause. The
Cell Membrane, so We Can Say That Petition
Here Is the Equilibrium so No Net Movement
Them. The Amount of Production Moves outside
the Same Amount Is Coming Back inside the
Force Allow Them to Move outside Is the Concentration
Gradient and the Force That Will Bring It
Back. Electrical Potential or Electrical Force
the Equilibrium Potential of the Potash and
What Will See Potential across the Cell Membrane
Is Called the Membrane Potential That Is What
Is Known As the Membrane Potential That Keeps
the Membrane in a Specific Ship Them Potential
Is Measured in Millivolts Simple Voltage so
Emitted Millivolt, Because the inside of the
Cell Is Negative, the Membrane Potential Is
Also Negative Negative Value Response for
Differences Differently. For Example, As We've
Seen a Simple Known Excitable Cell Has a Concentration
of 150 MM 150 MM Potassium inside This and
This Is outside and Find Potassium Only outside
at This Concentration Is the Chemical and
Electrical Forces on Petitions Are Equal and
Opposite When the Membrane Potential Is Balanced
at 90 Millivolt -90 Milliwatts, Because It's
Ultimately Negative. The Spatial Membrane
Potential. The Potassium Is That Equilibrium.
This Is Known As the Equilibrium and It's
Known As the Equilibrium Potential for Protection.
Only for This Example for a Known Excitable
Cell and for Only Potash and the Same Thing
Can Happen Also for Sodium Same Thing. We
Can Also Look for Any Other Irons, but for
the Known Excitable Cell, but That Is Excitable
That Case, the Situations Will Change and
Then We'll See What What Is the Main Thing
See the Electrochemical Gradient for Sodium
and How This Thing Works/Look at the Neurones
of Permeable to More Than One since Potassium
Will Also Know That It Is Also Sodium Is Also
Permeable to. Let's See How the Membrane Potential
Success Difference from the Membrane Potential
in Simple Cells That Are Only Permeable to
Potash, so New Loans Are Not Generating Electrical
Signals, We Said That They Are at Its Rest
Are Not Generating Any Single but Still Maintaining
the Membrane Potential Right Resting Your
Answer Very Permeable to Potash and Listing
Neurones Permeability Is That This Is the
Permeable to Hire Very Able to Petition Only
Slightly Permeable to Sodium Also Permeable
to Chloride, but since It Contributes Little
to the Resting on an Potential Should Not
Consider Chloride in This Purpose Will Only
Consider Our to Talk about Potassium and Sodium.
So We Have Observed That the Movement of Potash
Mines across the Membrane Is a Very Permeable
Cell Membrane. Now's Example. Examine the
Process of Movement of Sodium. So Look at
This Picture You See the Arrows Are Also Similarly
Distributed and the Width of the Arrow Provides
the Degree of This Potential in the Movement.
The Relative Strength of the Chemical Force,
so That the Potash and Diffuse Out Of the
Cell Charge Separation Develops the Charge
Separation Is Positive outside Negative inside
the Potash, We Saw That since Opposite Charges
Attract Each Other. The Chemical Potential
Resulting from the Charge Separation and Also
We Know That the Petition Are Seriously Closing
Back and See That the Width of the Again Representing
the Degree of the Screen Relative Strength
of the Electrical Force Force from the Concentration
Gradient and the Electrical Potential. The
Combined to Produce a Large Electrochemical
Gradient for Sodium. So What Happens for the
Sodium. Let's Look at It. Normally, the Potash
and It Was of the Cell Charge Separation Develops
Producing a Net Negative Charge inside the
Cells Net Negative Net Positive Charge outside
the Cell You Very Permeable to Potential so
They Net Negative Charge inside Their Membrane
since Opposite Charges Attract Each Other.
Here, the Electrical Potential Resulting from
the Charge Separation Act As a Force to Pull
Also Not Potash, but Also Sodium inside the
Simple Difference That We See in Case of Neurons
in the Cell Is Only with the Potassium and
Only Potash and Should Flow. But Now We Know
That Not Only Potassium, but Lot of Sodium
Is Also Present outside and We Know That Sodium
Concentration Is More outside so Will Also
Flow in, along with Potassium inside the Cell,
and, the Width of the Arrow Representing the
Relative Strength of the Electrochemical Gradients
within Electrochemical Gradient Is Very High
for Both Sodium and Potassium That Will Rush
the Sodium and Potassium in inside the Cell
Gradient Drives the Sodium Think of the Resting
Membrane Potential Caused by Both Potassium
and Sodium Movement, Then What Will Find out
the Rest of the Membrane Potential Is Called
As the Resting Membrane Potential Permeable
Only to Potash and Existing and Potential
Would Be Normally 9-19 Just like Any Other
Normal Cells. However, the Resting Potential
Here Also Slightly Permeable to Sodium and
the Electrochemical Gradient That We Saw for
Sodium. It Also Verify That Will Move the
Sodium Also inside the Cell. The Resting and
Potential Results from the Movement of Both
Sodium and Potassium Ions and Both of Them
Are Positively Charged Ions Right, so the
Potential Here Will Be Positive Than -90 Because
Now Not Only Potassium Is Moving in, but Also
Sodium Is Moving Right\'85 And Resting on
an Potential 4-90 2-70 Millivolt Site Could
Hear in 
Experiments If You Look Normally in Case of
Cells, Which Is Only Permeable to Potash Should
Be -90 MV, but If It's in Nerve Cell That
Case, While the Electrochemical Gradient.
It's Pushing Potassium, Not Only People, Potassium,
It Will Also Push Sodium That Will Change
the Resting on an Potential from -90 MV -70
Millivolt. That 
Is How This Resting Membrane Potential with
Origin. It Question Maintenance of This Resting
on Potential You See Here Is Noted That This
Potash. It's Literally Large Net Diffusion
of Potash out and There, Taking It in Not
Only Potassium at Sony Is Also Taking inside
of the Cell's Economic Slight Modification.
Some Say in Case of Nerve Cells. The Potassium
Leaks out the Neurones and Sodium Leaks in
This Is How to Maintain the Resting Membrane
Potential. Always When the Resting on an Potential
Is Not Equal to the Potash and Equilibrium
Potential. The Forces Acting on Potassium
Are No Longer Equal to the Opposite Because
You See -70 MV Efficiency at -17-year-old
the Chemical Force Pushing Potassium Out Of
the Cell Potassium Out Of the Saddle Is Greater,
Much Greater Than the Electrical Force Pulling
Potassium in Electric Potential Gradient Right
Now for Some Potentially Small, but the Neurones
Is Very Permeable to Potash Is a Still Small
Amount of Potential Moves Continuously Out
Of the New, but 17-year-old the Same Situation,
but for Some Sodium Is Very Large for Some
Sodium Is Very Large, but the New Is Only
Slight Unable to Sodium As a Result, a Small
Amount of Sodium Moves Continuously to the
Small Amount, but Continuously inside so at
7-70 MV. The Resting on Potential If You Look
at the Resting Potential of -70 in the Scenario
of Both Potassium and Sodium. In What They're
Doing, You Will Find out the Potassium Leaks
out a Little Bit. And Similarly, Sodium Leaks
inside the Neurones in Little Bit behind It
Is the Permeability of Potassium and Sodium.
Because Production Is Forcing inside Because
of the Electrical Building the Large Electrical
and Sodium Insight into the Large Electrical
Gradient in the Potassium Is Moving outside
the Higher Permeability the Same Thing Listed
Here How Maintaining the Membrane Potential
Is Generated That Is -70 MV Generated at Once
with Each Once Reaches This -17, Delivered
Due to This Change in the Gradients As Well
As Electric Potential. There Is Always an
Eight Slow Movement of Potassium, out of the
Cell and Slow Movement of Sodium in Side of
the Cell and This Is How the Balance of the
Membrane Potential, but While the Need to
Generate Any Action Potential Utilises Different
Types of Data Channels Voltage-Gated Channels
Change the Voltage-Gated Channels and Modify
It Opens up for Specific Iron Only and That
Will Rapidly Change the Membrane Potential
in the South Action Potential, Actually. Origins
Will Talk about the Action Potential in Much
Details in the Next Video, but for Now This
Should Know That the Last Part of This Process
Is the Must Compensate for the Potassium and
Sodium Leak and How They Compensate for the
Potassium and Sodium Link and That Is Compensated
Due to the Redistribution of Sodium and Potassium
across the Membrane Are Normally Just As a
Board That Begins to Leak. We Eventually Sink
Will Eventually Feel to Its Function Science
Leak Continues and That Is the Consideration
Gradients of Sodium and Potassium Decrees
As a Concentration Gradient Decrees the Membrane
Potential Moves Towards Zero. So When No Longer
Any Chemical or Electrical Forces to Move
Violence across the Membrane. The New Cannot
Send or Receive an Electrical Signal, It Needs
to Communicate so the Captain Can Keep Boat
Afloat by Simply Say Building Water out Fast
As It Can Serve As Far As the Water Enters
the Nuance Can Prevent the Potassium and Sodium
Gradients from Running down by Transporting
Potassium Back into the Cell and Sodium Back
out of the Cells to Remember the Things to
Prevent This to Prevent the Sleek Leakage,
Hawaiian, so the Cell Needs to This Needs
to Transport Potassium inside the Cell, and
Sodium out Side. But the Question Is, We Know
That This Is a Game Is the Concentration Gradient
Normally Are the Concentration Gradient Favours
the Opposite Directionality. So How Can Still
Manage to Do That. The Answer for That Is
That Sale Utilises Specific Iron Transporter
Known As Sodium, Potassium and Sodium, Potassium
Is Also Known As Sodium, Potassium ATPase
Pump. This Is a Pump Which Utilises Energy
from ATP Hydrolysis Help to Maintain This
-70 MV of Nerve Membrane Potential for Neurones
and Also Helps in Maintaining the Net Integrity
and the Concentration of Clients across the
Membrane so That the Whole Process of Membrane
Potential Continues the Job of This Sodium,
Potassium Pump Is Simply to Normally See.
This Is upon the Combined with Both Sodium
As Well As Potash Mine. It Can Also Interact
with ATP's of Two Molecules of Sodium Wines
to Miracles of Sodium Wines to Those Specific
Sodium Binding Site and Then It Will Also
Interact with ATP and Then ATP Hydrolysis,
Because the Transported to Open up at Three
Sodium's Are Attached Not to. It Will Open
up Than the Sodium Is a Transported out When
Potassium Will Interact and the Release of
the Phosphate Group from the Pump Because
under the Structural Shift That Allows the
Petition to Flow in so Deep Attachment Because
the Structural Shift That Was a Sodium to
Move out in the Second One Months, Potassium
Attached CDs Are Year Is the Potassium and
Sodium Is Denoted with This RAID One Months.
Potassium Is Attached to Go under One Other
Structural Shift the Phosphate Group Is Released
and That Because the Movement of Potassium
inside so the Sodium, Potassium ATPase Pump
Balances Are the Concentration of Sodium and
Potassium across the Membrane and We Shift
Our Concentration, Says Potassium and Concentration
Is Higher inside the Cell, and Sodium Is Higher
outside the Cell That so They Likely to Maintain,
so That in a Sense How the Membrane Potential
Is Generated and Maintained Knife Look at
the Summary, the Concentration of Sodium and
Chloride Ions Are High outside the Cell in
the Extracellular Fluid and the Concentration
of Potassium and All Can Is a High inside
the Cell. The Permeability of the Cell for
Times Depending on the Number of Type of Iron
Channels in the Cell Membrane Electrical and
Chemical Forces for a Particular Iron Combines
to Become a Single Force That Electrochemical
Gradient Which Cause the Movement of Clients
across the Cell Membrane. In Simple Excitable
Cells, Non-Excitable Cells. For Example, the
Membrane Potential Depends Only on Potassium
Potash and Comes to Equilibrium When the Membrane
Potential for the Cell Becomes -90 MW. The
Resulting in Potentially Neurones Depend on
the Distribution of Sodium As Well As Potash
across the Cell Membrane and the Resting on
Potential in the Neurones Are Commonly around
-70 Minute Millivolt. The Sodium, Potassium
Pump Is Essential for Maintaining the Resting
Membrane Potential in the Neurones so That
It Balances As the Resting on Potential Keeps
-70 MV Range We've Been Talking about the
Human Lectures Are Talking about the Neurones
and the Nervous System of Body Talked about
the Neuron Anatomy and We Also Talked about
the Resting Membrane Potential, and How the
Cell Maintains Resting Membrane Potential
in This Video I'll Tell You Exactly How the
Nerve Cells Communicate with Each Other through
the Process of Generating Nerve Impulse. So
the Question Is, What Is That Nerve Impulse
Already Heard This Name Are Couple of Time.
So What Is Nerve Impulse and How This Nerve
Impulses Generated and How Is Propagated Nerve
Impulses. Nothing but the Change in the Membrane
Voltage. Normally All the Cells They Have
a Change in the Current inside and outside
of the Cell Membrane. Usually It's Slightly
Negative inside the Cell, and Slightly Positive
outside the Cell. We Call It As Resting Membrane
Potential, but This Resting on Potential Gets
Altered Due to the Opening Inclusion of Certain
Iron Channels That Are Present in the Cell
Membrane Due to the Modification. This Resting
on Potential Is Also Altered and Then We Call
As Action Potential New Is Communicate over
Long Distances by Generating and Sending Electrical
Signals. These Are Known As Action Potential
or Nerve Impulse Goes for All Learning Is
to Understand That the Rapid Changes in Permeability
of the Neuron Membrane Produce the Action
Potential to Recognise That Altering Voltage-Gated
Ion Channels Change Membrane Permeability
to Understand That the Movement of Sodium
and Potassium Ions during the Action Potential
and to Examine the Refractory Periods. What
We Mean by Refractory Period and to Also Learn
about the Conduction Velocity and What Are
the Factors. This Conduction Velocity of the
Non-Impossibility Rely on This Talk about
the Overview of the Action Potential Action
Potential Is a Large Change in the Membrane
Potential, Resting Value, Which Is a Increase
of Neuron Is -17-year-old to Peek about Last
30 Millivolts and Then Jewelry Come Back to
-17-year-old Again the Action Potential Results
from Rapid Change in the Permeability of the
Neurones Membrane for Two Different One Is
Sodium in the Witness Potash to Changes As
the Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Open and Close
to Some Earlier Video regarding Iron Channels.
I Talked There about the Different Types of
Iron Channels. There Are Voltage-Gated League
and Dated and Also There Are Passive and Channels,
Passive Channels Are Always Open. But This
Voltage-Gated League and Get Rid of Stress
Activated Ion Channels Are Open Only for Certain
Amount of Work. For Example, Voltage-Gated
Sodium Channel and Voltage-Gated Potassium
Channel Wind Will Open in There Is a Sudden
Change in the Membrane Potential, and That
Is Exactly What Happens in Case of the Generation
of Action Potential. If You Think the Same
Thing for Synaptic Transmission, We Will See
That There Is a Importance of Chemical Activated
Chemical Gated Ion Channels That Plays a Vital
Role for the Synaptic Transmission of the
Transmission of the Nerve Impulse between
Two Adjacent New Homes Now in the Following
Slides, We Are Going to Talk about Sequential
Stages of This Action Potential Here. Also
See the Different Stages of the Action Potential.
I Listed Are the Stages Based on the Occurrence
Action Potential of the Phenomena Known As
Action Potential of the Nerve Impulse. It
Starts from the Junction Where the Cell Body
of the Neuron Is Connected to the Action,
Known As the Axon Hilla and Then It Continues
to Propagate the Axon Terminal so Actually
Propagates throughout the Axon Thing Is Channels
Are Embedded throughout the Maximum, so Those
Channels Are Open and Closed so the Action
Potential Continues to the Sequential Events
of the Action Potential Follows As This. The
First One in the Application of Adequate Amount
of Stimulus That Will Change the Resting Membrane
Potential. The Second Event in the People
Organisation Event Is Nothing but a Sodium
Influx That Means the Rapid Movement of Sodium
inside This Neuron and This Depolarisation
Even Goes by the Same Way When There Is a
Rapid Movement of Sodium. The Charge Which
Supposed to Be Minus Is Going to Be Positive
Step Is Known As the Repolarisation When,
As the Membrane Gives the Polarised All Those
Positively Charged Potassium Is Start Moving
outside Because the Potash and Reflux. Then
It See Repolarisation Take Place so As the
Sequential Ranges at Different Stages or As
We Go on from Axon Hilla Poured the Axon Terminal
Ill See the Sequential Event Continues throughout
the Segment of the Membrane As You See It
for the First Segment Because Depolarisation
First and the Second Stage Is Repolarisation
in That Specific Region, but the Region after
That Because Depolarisation Is on the Next
Stage, You'll See Repolarisation Here. The
First Step Is a Hyper- Polarisation. Why,
Because of the Influx of More and More Potassium,
Iron Stair Again, There Should Be Hyper- Polarisation
Events Look at How the Signal Is Propagated,
You'll See It Clearly That the Emails of Continuously
Occurring in a Segmented Fashion throughout
the Axon Hyper- Polarisation Is Conducted.
It Is Coming Back to the Resting State Using
Sodium, Potassium Pump. It Balances Everything
out in Case of May, Resting Membrane Potential.
Also, We Saw That the Sodium, Potassium Pump
Balances the Resting Membrane Potential Again
Restores Everything Back so That the Process
and Start from Again. And Those Neurones Can
Also Start Transmitting the Signal Is That
This Is a Graphical Representation of the
Events That Are Linked with Each Other and
Look at Here Starts with Several Different
Phases in the Main Phases out There Resting
State Where There Is No Change. Second Is
the Depolarisation State Heard Is the Repolarisation
State Report Is Again Another Hyper- Polarisation
State: As Undershoot Hyper- Polarisation Y-Axis
Is the Membrane Potential Value, While Going
Depolarisation Potential Value Gets Altered
in a Positive Value Ripple Edition Means Going
Back to Negative Again and Hyper- Polarisation
Is Further Negative Seen Membrane Isolation
That Gives You the Idea That the Membrane
Potential Is Going to Negative in the Name
Depolarisation. That Is the Membrane Potential
Is Going to Positive That so Will See throughout
the Sequential Events and How This Thing Works.
Look at the First Process and the First Step
That Is a Resting State Action Potential Begins
at the Axon Hilla, I Told You Earlier in the
Axon Hilla in the Region Where the Action
Is Interacting with the Cell Body Doesn't
Junction of Cell Body with the Action Action
Potential Begins When the Signal from the
Dendrites and Cell Body. They Start Migrating
and Reach This Axon Hilla until and Unless
They Reach the Axon Hilla Signalling May Not
Start and This Movement of Signal Because
the Membrane Potential Is There to Become
More Positive. This Is Known As the Depolarisation
and This Is Where the Process Will Actually
Picking/Look in the Process of How Depolarisation
Offers the Axon Hilla Will See That There
Is a Slight Positive Charge inside the Cells
Start to Generate Due to the Movement of Sodium
inside the Actual Event of Depolarisation.
The Net Movement of Sodium Ions inside the
Cell. This to See This Graph throughout This
Course Are Complete PowerPoint Show All Those
Events Are Listed in the Bottom and Also the
Major Events for All Resting State, Sony and
Potassium Channels Are Always like Voltage
Sensitive Centre Sensitivities Are Always
Open the Passion to Maintain a Resting Membrane
Potential. If You Want to Learn about How
Still Managed to Maintain a Resting Membrane
Potential of -17-year-old, I Recommend You
to Watch My Video on Resting When Potential
Stage of Depolarisation. The Major Event in
the Net Movement of Sodium inside the Cell,
While the Sodium Pump or the Sony Mind Channels
Open Actually Looks to Polarise the Voltage-Gated
Channels for Sodium Opens the Rapidly Increasing
the Movements of Permeability of the Sodium
inside the Cell. Normally, the Sodium Channels
Are Closed, but Whenever the Axon Is to Polarise
This Are Known As the Voltage-Gated Sodium
Channels and People Session of the Axon Hilla
Slightly Positively Charged Generated over
Because This Voltage-Gated Channel to Open
Once the Channels Open Sodium Can Flow inside
the Cells of the outside and inside Look at
Here in This Sequential Stages and after A
Few Hours after Few Minutes, Not Actually
Our Soaring for A Few Seconds, Even a and
the Sodium Start Entering inside. Then Again,
the Sodium Channel Can Be Closed, so This
Is the Stage of Depolarisation Question Is
How Long This Process Will Continue Because
We Need to Prevent This Process. After Some
Time, Otherwise Are Can Create Problems. Read
More Sodium Stop the Flow inside State Because
the Potential to Change Rapidly Prevented
and How to Go Back to the Cycle of Repolarisation
and at the End. Now for That Normally Here
Is That This Facial in the Stimulus to the
Axon Is Great Enough. The New Depolarisation
by about 15 MV and Reaches a Point That Is
Known As the Threshold That Is That the Addition
of 15-year-old, At Least in the Deep Is Not
Enough to Change the Women Potential 15-year-old.
Normally the Process of Sodium Movement Will
Not Happen at This Threshold in Action Potential
Is Generated Weak Stimuli That Do Not Meet
the Threshold Will Not Produce Any Action
Potential Action Potential Always Have the
Same Amplitude and the Same Duration 55 Mmol
per Looking Normally Is -70 Would Collect
the Change of 15,000,015 MV and He Was -50.
5 MV That Is the Membrane Potential in the
Polarise Threshold That Allows the Action
Potential to Start Otherwise Action Potential
Will Never Start the Stimulus, but It's Very
Low. That Is Not Causing the Membrane Potential
to Be -55 MV, It Will Not Allow the Action
Potential Begins, Sodium Start Flowing inside.
Now We Have Process. That but What We Know
Is That the Sony Employee inside Work As a
Positive Feedback Loop to Get the Feedback
Loop Is Going on This Rising Phase of Membrane
Potential from -55 to +30 or 35 Millivolts
Very Rapid Change Due to the Movement of Sodium
inside the Cell Is Rising Phase. What We Know
Is That the Deep Triggers the Sodium Channel
to Open That Allow Sodium to Enter inside
the Cell, Right and Is When the Sodium Start
Entering That Will Help Move Depolarisation
and More Sodium Channels Open More Sodium
Start Entering inside the Positive Feedback
You Caused by the Depolarisation Is Self Need
to Do Something Right. So How Self Interrupt
This Positive Feedback Loop to Wales Actually
Interrupt This a Positive Feedback Loop One
Is the Interaction of the Voltage-Gated Sodium
Channels and Second Opening of the Voltage-Gated
Potassium Channel, so We Activate the Voltage-Gated
Sodium Channel Because We Activate This Channel.
If You Block It and There Is No Way. Sodium
Is Going to Flow inside. That Is One Thing
We Can Do Things Else Can Do Is Open a Channel
Which Allows Positively Charged Iron to Flow
outside the Cell to Balance the Situation
Because Right Now in This Is inside the Services
outside the Cell. Sodium Is Going in the Positively
Charges Building up inside the Cell. If We
Can Open up a Channel That We Push a Positive
Wire outside Netzer's Potassium That Can Balance
the Membrane Potential. That's What Are We
Trying to Do Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
Have Two Gates Sensitive Date That Opens As
the Cell Is the Polarised the Second Time
Sensitive Interaction Date on Activation Date
That Stops the Movement of Sodium for the
Channel after a Specific Time, so There Is
Two Different Blocks, Not Voltage Sensitive
Channel, but It Will If You Look at the Sodium
Channels Troika Are Two Different Channels
and Voltage-Gated and Time Sensitive. I Think
the Last Line. We Talked about in the Last
One Slide. We Talked about That Here. You
See, These Are the Two Different Gate Voltage
Sensitive, Get Another One Is the Time Sensitive
Get so Here Is the Voltage Sensitive Data
Is Not Working Due to Any Means We Can Simply
Alter and It Will Always Work's Fails Time
Sensitive Gate When You Are with a Certain
Time. Anyway, That Channel Is Going to Be
Stopped Right Is Resting Membrane Potential.
The Voltage Sensitive Gate Is Closed As a
New Deep Is Voltage-Gated or Voltage Sensitive
Gate Start to Open Takes Time. After the Channel
Open Seating Activates Is Normally the Channel
Will Be Closed. Normally, the Sodium Channel
Will Be Closed in the Change in Voltage, It
Opens up after Certain Time Is Going to Be
Closed Again That Is the Way to Prevent a
Positive Feedback to Do Also the Rapid Movement
of Protection Out Of the Cell. Right so What
Happens after That. The Second State in the
Repolarisation and This Phase. What We See
That the Potassium Channel Start to Open up
for the Potash and Start Queueing outside
the Top Two Different Possibilities. Either
Dosing of the Sodium Channel or Opening of
the Potash of the Potash Channels Will Also
Work Every Single Time to Make the Membrane
Free Polarise and Re-Shifting the Membrane
Potential Back so See the Production Is Leaving
the Cell Voltage-Gated Potassium Start Open
Sodium Channels Normally Take Sodium Is out
in Then after Some Time This Potassium Channels
Start Open Sodium Channel Can Be Closed a
Potash and Start Queueing outside Restores
the Membrane Potential for a While Now with
Less Sodium Moving into the Cell and More
Potash and Moving out the Cell Membrane Potential
Becomes More Negative and Moving Towards the
Resting Membrane Potential Isn't the Next
Step. The Step Four Is Known in the Hyper-
Polarisation in You Launch the Slow Voltage-Gated
Potassium Channels Remain Open after the Sale
Has People Because the Voltage-Gated Channel.
Whatever We Know There Are Times I Voltage-Gated
As Low As Fast Voltage-Gated and Slow Voltage-Gated
Remains Open and Close in Response to Voltage
Very, Very Fast but Slow Channels Open and
Close, Very Slowly so It Takes More Time to
Remain to Close Right, It Remains Open for
a Long Time, so Not Case of the Neurons. They
Have the Slow Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel
That Remains Open for a Long Period of Time
Nine's Potassium Continues to Open a Continues
to Move out. Sorry Move Out Of the Cell and
Production Moving Out Of the Cells That Cause
the Membrane Potential to Become More Negative
Than Resting Membrane Potential Stance with
-17-year-old Reaches -55 Voltage Threshold
Because the Polarisation of +13-year-old Then
Again, Movement of Production Amount Because
the Realisation in That Case It Will Cause
Again a Balanced with Some Sort of Membrane
Potential in 19 Movement of Production out
Side the Cell Cause It to Reach the Negative.
So It Goes Further Negative Membrane Potential
Hyper- Orkut See the Detailed Activity of
All Those Men and How That Thing Is Maintained
over the Stance with the Rest Depolarisation
Initiation of the Repolarisation Repolarisation
Hyper- Organisation Hyper- Polarisation Is
Due to the Production of a Seen Some Kind
of Deep in the Middle Back to the Resting
Membrane Potential That Is -70 Million Would
Potentially Can See the Sodium Production
Both the Channels Are Closed. Nothing As of
Now, They Can Open and Close the Passive Channels
Can Open and Close Depending upon Whether
the Seller Needs to Maintain Its Resting Membrane
Potential or Not, but Actually This Is Not
of Major or Big Event Going on There. In the
Second Stage of the Depolarisation Sodium
Channels Open Net Movement of Sodium inside
Potassium Channels Remain Closed Mission Statement
Vision of Repolarisation You See Spot Start
to Open While Sodium Channel Start. The Initial
Stage. You See, so Start to Close Its Nondisclosure
of the Sodium Channel Is Caused by Many Different
Phenomena That We Talked Earlier in Potential
Channels Are Now Open Because the Channel
Production Will Flow outside of the Cell and
Causing Membrane Potential to Become Negative
and Final High Realisation Stage Where You
See All the Sodium Channels Are Closed All
Those Channels in the Ways Are Closed and
Then Potassium Channels of Them Are Open,
Which Are Slow, Voltage-Gated Channels All
This Things. If You See All Those Phenomena
in the Drama, You Will See This in the Resting
State. The Second Step Here in the Depolarisation
State. This Is That the Peak Organisation
of Repolarisation. This Is the Step Number
Four, When the Graph Is Falling down Again.
The Repolarisation Stage and Is Falling below
the Membrane Potential That Is -70 Million
Would Can Work like -19 Report. This Is Hyper-
Organisation State Shift Back to the Resting
Membrane Potential Potential See a Spike like
a Graph at the Craft and Avon Impulse That
We See in Will Continue from the HELOC through
the Axon Axon Terminal in This Process Will
Go on to Important Understanding of You Want
to Talk about. This Is about Absolute Refectory.
Take the Factory. Factory. The Situation of
the Time Duration Is Giving the Nerve Impulse
When Stimulated in Your Own. It Cannot Initiate
Second November Process Is Transmitting a
Signal, but Specific Timeframe at Nine Point
Still in the New Millennium with Stimulus,
It Cannot Transfer the Imports That Is the
Refractory Periods to Reflect the Opinion
That No Year Is Absolute Refectory. What Is
Absolutely Refractory Period Is When the Membrane
Cannot Produce Another Action Potential Because
the Sodium Channels Are Inactivated for a
While, Just after the New Has Generated an
Action Potential Generate Another One May
Channels Are Inactive and Will Not Open No
Matter What Voltage Is Applied to the Membrane.
Most Potassium Channels Are Open. This Period
Is Known As Absolute Refectory. And Peak Situation
of the Time, This Time from This Point Here.
This Point Is Known As Absolute Refectory.
The Cannot Generate an Action Potential Because
the Sodium Cannot Move through the Inactive
Channels and Because Potassium Continues to
Move out to the Open Voltage-Gated Channels,
Balancing the Actual Resting Membrane Potential
Type Is the Refectory. This Happens When Potassium
Channels Are Open, Making It Harder to the
Threshold. This Happens after the Absolute
Refectory. This Helped Action Potential, but
Only the Rise to a Volume Positive Than the
Normal Threshold Pressure That the Here We
Are Seeing the Normal Threshold Is Much below
This Part Belonging from This Point to This
Point Is the Time of Relative Refectory. This
to Be Deep -sized Positive Membrane Potential
Than the Normal Threshold to Open up the Sodium
Channels to Be Positive Feedback Loop in the
Process of Action Potential Propagation Can
Continue Right Absolute and Relative Literary
Periods Are Important Because They Determine
How Fast Neurons Can Generate Action Potential
from Person to Person from Different Age Differences
and Also the Different Neural Diseases and
the Things Barry Is Propagated along the Axon
by the Same Ultimate Thing in the Final Thing
I Want to Talk about Action Potential Is Generated
in Axon Hillock in His Book and the Axle throughout
the Region of the Axle Membrane or Channels
Opening and Closing in Axon Hillock. Once
They Do the Same Thing. Some Part Next the
Same Thing. After That, Then Thinking of That,
There Segmented Fashion Violated As Using
the Myelin Seed of the New Rules in Action
Potential Can Transform Only between the Road
Nodes of Runway Gives the Process of Impulse
Transmission Very, Very Fast. While It's Not
Impulse Transmission Will Not Be That Fast
Because the Need to Travel throughout This
Axon and the Length of the Axle Right Positive
Charge the Flows along the Axon People Are
Rising at Different Areas of the Membrane
Which Reach the Threshold and Generate Action
Potential and Action Potential Move along
the Axon like a Wave of the Polarisation Travelling
across This Whole Axon from the Cell Body
to Talk about. He Is What Features That Control
the Process of This Conduction Velocity of
the Speed with Which an Action Potential Is
Propagated Depends on Me Two Things. One Is
the of the Axon Increases the Internal Resistance
to Flow the Charge Decreases and Action Potential
from Troubles. Very, Very Passed, so the More
the Diameter of That Sony Is the Pastor the
Transfer of the Signal Is in the Second Thing
How Well Is Insulated with the Myelin. We
Talked about the Myelin Interactions Are Areas
of Installation Interrupted by Areas of Beer
and Songs All the Nodes of Anglia, Because.
If You Look at the Same Structure near the
Seeds and Some Parts Are Only Blank the Nodes
of The Charge Flows across the Membrane. The
Impulse and Jumping \endash and Putting Jumping
and Skipping Areas, the Pastor Wright Axon
Typically Conducts Action Potential Faster
Than on My Limited Action in the of the Same
Diameter. If Is Having a More Diameter Myelin
That Will Be Perfect for the past Transfer
of Action Potential along the Axle's Look
at the Summary of What You Understood the
Potential Is All on Nonevent That Can Travel
for Long Distance Because It Is Negatively
Normally Regenerate Electrical Signals across
the Membrane throughout the Axle with Equalised
to Threshold and Action Potential Is Generated
Voltage-Gated Channels Open, Thereby Increasing
Permeability of the Neuron 1st to Sodium and
Potassium Rapidly on It Produces the Rising
Phase of the Action Potential Movement of
Sodium Slows the Movement of Production Increases
the Membrane Potential in Prices Action Potential.
The New Cannot Generate Another Action Potential
during the Absolute Refectory. Another Action
Potential. Only the Strongest Stimuli Arrive
at the Axon Hillock That Myelination of an
Action Determining Its Conducting Velocity
Conduction Cells Are the Summary of What You
Understood through This Women Talking about
the Nervous System of Human Body. Actually,
We Are More Interested about How Neuron Functions.
We Talked about Neuron Structure Talked about
the Resting and Then Potentially Neuron Talked
about How Action Potential Is Generated in
Your Own Action Potential Is What We Call
at As the Nerve Impulse. The Transfer from
One Neuron to the Next Gets along the Axon
of a New Video, We Will Be Seen How Exactly
One New Is Contacting the Next Neuronal Interaction
and Not See the New Interaction, but so We
Will Look at How New Homes Are Interacting
with Issues like Muscle Quality of the Neuromuscular
Junction New Neuron Interaction between Two
Adjacent and It Can Interaction with Me to
Muscle Is Neuromuscular Junction in Interaction
with Different Clans That Will Regulate the
Secretion from Those Is so Learning of This
Topic Is to Understand the Detailed Mechanism
of Neurotransmitter Release Decryption and
Winding Postsynaptic Receptors to Learn That
the Action of Neurotransmitters Depend on
the Type of Receptor on the Post Synaptic
Cell and to Review the Location and Function
of This Neurotransmitters Transmission Involves
the Release of This Neurotransmitters from
the Synaptic Cell Host Synaptic Cell Because
Here We Are Looking at the Interaction between
Two Neurons Neuron One and 2 One Secrets Certain
Chemical Factors Known As New Transmitters
Was Released in 21 Point to the Host Synaptic
Neuron Those New Rooms and Loans Will Be Stimulated.
There Will Be Stimulated by the Activity of
This Means This Whole Process of Neurotransmitter
Release Is Transmitted to Sources from the
Receptor and Is from the Junction between
the Screening Room Known As Sign Take Care
the Region between Two Adjacent Neuron Interaction
of Works like This. No New Loans Have a Cell
Body Dendrites Are Attached to It, and Then
It Has the Axon and Being the Branches and
a Next Neuron Begins with the Writes so This
Junction of New Neuron Interaction Goes with
Axon to Dent on Interaction's Look at This
Structure of This New Junction and Synaptic
Cleft Process of Interaction Will Go on in
the Synaptic Cleft and Will Also See How This
Whole Process Works Sequentially View of the
Process That We Looking at Events of the Synaptic
Transmission Sign Transmission. If You Look
at This Picture. This Sign at Synaptic Cell
This in the Post Sign Synaptic Cell and between
the Two Clipped Sine of This Dorsal Visual
Experience and the Bicycle Neurotransmitters
and They Have Different Functions to Play
Two Types of This Neurotransmitters Are Available.
One Type Is Known As Excitatory Neurotransmitter
in the Type Is Victory Neurotransmitter except
Neurotransmitter Allows the Next Neuron to
Be Excited at the Individually Won Because
the Next Neuron to Be Convicted of Its Functionality.
So What Happens Here Is the Action Potential
Continues to Generate from the Axon Hillock
through the Axon It Reaches the Axon Terminal
and This Is What We Call at Other Axon Terminal
and This Is the Region Where All Those Physical
Pain Neurotransmitters Fuse with the Axon
Terminal Membrane That Because the Neurotransmitter
Release to the Sign up to Cleft Released This
Neurotransmitters Can Interact and Wine with
the Neurotransmitter Receptor on the Surface
of the Synaptic Membrane of the Cell Because
the Ultimate Effect Even That We Looking Here
Simply Start with the Action Potential Generation,
and It Reaches the Axon Terminal Second in
the Channel Opens Had Once Channel Start to
Flow That Form the Reuse of Those Neurotransmitters
by the Vesicle Fusion to the Membrane Metres
Crosses the Signups, Which Is between the
Two Axon and in Room Then Bind to the Neuronal
Receptors That Triggers the Signal in the
Postsynaptic Neuron Sequentially Went the
Whole Process of Synaptic Transmission of
the Stages and Details. We Start with the
Process When It Offers Presynaptic Cell and
the Process Here Is Neurotransmitter Release
Right Happens There Action Potential in the
Axon Terminal Because Voltage-Gated Channels
to Open up Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Open Because of Action Potential Action Potential
Cause Calcium Channels to Open up This Opening
of Calcium Channels Shale Flow inside the
Cell Presynaptic Cell Because All Vesicles
Filled with Neurotransmitter to Be Fused to
the Membrane Vesicles Really Is a Fixed Amount
of Neurotransmitters into the Synaptic Cleft
through the Synaptic Cleft Will Reach the
Receptor Bind to Receptors on the Surface
of Synaptic Cell Nokia Channels. The Binding
of This Receptor Opens up the Voltage Chemically
Dated Will Remain Open As Long As the Neurotransmitter
Is Bound to the Receptor and Am Not Sensitive
to Any Changes in the Membrane Potential of
the Membrane Potential in the Chemical to
the Receptor. We Remain Open (Movement through
the Chemically Gated Channels May Polarise
Polarise the New Change Can People. I Is a
Hyper- Polarise the Postsynaptic Cell of Postsynaptic
New There Different Events and Effects That
We Can See the Second Step of Customer Postsynaptic
Cell That Is Known in the Receptor Binding
When the New Transmitters Released Transmitters
Will Bind to the Receptor on the Surface of
the Postsynaptic New Channels Will Open This
and Channels Are Also Close to Normal without
This Chemical Neurotransmitters Are Just Neurotransmitters
Are Attached to This Receptor Remains Open
This Receptor Because Other Types of Clients
to Flow in, or out That Can Be Sodium and
Potassium Are in Else See Attachment of This
Purple Coloured Neurotransmitter to the Receptor
It Because the Protection to Flow out and
Sodium to Flow in Right Channels Will Remain
Open As Long As the Neurotransmitter in Three
Main Actors Receptor and Not Sensitive to
Any Changes in the Membrane Potential and
Potential Exchange till This Will Function
Based on the Attachment of Neurotransmitter
Only Sign of the Current Movement through
the Chemically Gated Channels May Be Arise
or Will Arise a Hyper- Polarise This New Rooms
Example That We Seen This Picture Explains
the Whole Process of How It Can Be Polarise
or Polarise the Channels Open Transfer the
Positively Charged Ions across Can Change
the Membrane by the Polarisation of Part of
the Synaptic Transmission Edition of Synaptic
Transmission, Because Spouses Should Have
and Transmission Is When the Transmitter Dissociates
from the Receptor When the Transmitters Attached
to the Receptor Name. This Channel Is Always
Open. But When, the Neurotransmitters Are
Released Closed. In the Neurotransmitter Is
Pumped Back into the Presynaptic from Turning
and into the Nearby Glial Cells in the Neurotransmitter
Glutamate Being Pumped Back into the Compost
Presynaptic Neuron Again in Some Cases, You
See the Neurotransmitter Is Broken down by
Enzymes Pumped Away so They Can Be Degraded,
They Can Push Back from Where They Are Released
Is an Example of This Process. When the in
the Process Is Done, the Neurotransmitter
Is Broken down Products Are Transported into
the Presynaptic Terminal Used to Synthesise
the Neurotransmitter Again Break Them down
after the War Breakdown Copies and Shifted
to Presynaptic Neuron's in Can Take All Those
Big down Content of the Neurotransmitter Synthesise
Neurotransmitters, Which Has Been Returned
to the Terminal Is Packaged into the Vesicles
for Storage and Subsequent Release in the
Future Which Transmitters Returned to the
Terminal Is Specific for Each Neurotransmitter
and Can Be Selectively Affected by Different
Drugs and Drug Targeting Approach for a Range
of Drug Targeting Drug Development Thing Response
from the Postsynaptic Cell Attachment of the
Neurotransmitter in the Mechanism of Synaptic
Transmission Sequential Stages Were Talking
about That Consequence, Sign up to the Activity
of Neurotransmitters and Binding of Neurotransmitters
That Is the Goal That You Don't Need to Achieve
Success Depends on Which Transmitters Is Involved
with the Singh Neurotransmitters That We Looking
Receptors for Each Neurotransmitters Present
on the Surface of This Postsynaptic Neuron
This Receptor Activates a Different Set of
Iron Channels. Some of the Receptors Activate
Sodium Channel Some of Them Activate Potassium
Channel, Which Channel Opens the Response
Marries Groups of Receptors in Mainly Find
Find out If We Can Find One Chick Coolie Analogy
Receptor and the Money Is Receptor Different
Type of Receptors Types of Receptors Will
See the Excitatory Receptors.\par
Receptor in This Passage Coolie Has Neurotransmitter
Associated Receptors Multiple Types of Receptors
for Each of the Neurotransmitter Associated
with Activity or Activation of Different Iron
Channels in the Cell. Activate Sometimes Sodium
Channel in Some Case, the Neurotransmitter
Connected with the Production Groups of This
Receptors Associated to the ACh One of the
Receptor Receptor Money Is Equity Bind ACh
Only G Receptor Bind ACh on and the Group
That Is Present Bind to the Chemical Coating
and Is There That Can Bind to Most Carrying,
Scanning This Messy That the Ethical Polling
Receptors Bind within Muscadine and Is Also
Example of Muscadine Receptor of Is Also See
a New Coating Receptor Receptor Found in the
New Muscular Junction for Example, When the
New Owner Is Interacting with Muscle and the
Neurotransmitter Regulates the Contraction
and Relaxation of the Most Simply Likely to
Open Iron Channels Producing a past Excitatory
Most Synaptic Potential past Activity Is Going
on There Excitatory Nicotinic Receptors, Skeletal
Muscle to Contract That You Can for Example,
You're Walking Suddenly Your Food Is Some
Are Attached to All except in Touch with Very
Hot Plate of Something Lay Your Hands to Whatever
Extent That Thinking the Hot Plates Opening
of Its Closing down, so Did the Muscle Contraction.
This Things Happen 
Muscarinic Receptors for Political Energy
Muscarinic Receptor Known As a Scurries Muscarinic
Receptor Found in Central the System. Most
of the Time, and Most Gans of the Parasympathetic
Branch of the Nervous System Directly in Those
Difference between the Two Situation Polling
and Act Directly, Which Is Very past Activity
and the Situation Were Ethical Going to Attack
an Act Independent Are Indirectly, Which Is
Very Slow Activity of Two Different Excitatory
Inhibitory. Those Things Are Required in the
Central Nervous System and Sometimes to Influence
or Sometimes to Inhibit the Response to His
Excitatory at This Muscarinic Receptor and
New Homes to File an Action Potential Muscle
Cells Contract Muscle Cell Contract with Little
Slow, but Type of MCH Receptor Is Also Found
in the Central Nervous System As Well As in
the Heart Here in the Field, Ethical, Going
at and Producing a Slow Emission of the Postsynaptic
Cell Mission Effect Decreases the Heart Rate.
This Muscarinic Receptor and Causing New Homes
to Hyper- Polarise and the Heart to Slow down
the Action in Mainly Excitatory or Inhibited
Depends on Receptors Present on the Postsynaptic
Cell Type of Nicotinic Receptor Is Always
Excited I Was Very past, but Binding Poor
Muscarinic Receptor Chances, Receptor Binding
Will Excite That Happens in Most of the Cases
of Smooth Muscle Contraction. Some Case Binding
of Ethical Polling to This Muscarinic Receptor
and Because the Heart Rate to Slow down the
Hyper- Polarisation. Okay (Receptors Neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine of Receptors Form Neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine. One Is Receptor Beta Type
of Receptors. Each Family Members Is Given
Different and There Are Identified by Letter
and Number One for the Beatles Beta One and
Two Zeek Play Analogy Receptor Talked about
Nicotinic Muscarinic Adrenergic Receptor,
so Nicotinic Muscarinic Part of Receptor,
but This Is a Completely Different Type and
Receptors Are Found in the Central Nervous
System, and More Importantly on the Contents
of the Sympathetic Nervous System, nor Epinephrine
at All for One, If You Case of All for One
Directly for One Receptor and Because Excitation
Are Crosses and Indirect Always a Slow Right
These Coffee Muscles to Contract Receptors
Are Located Mostly in the Blood Vessels As
We Seen This Picture, Which Supply the Scheme,
Mucus and Abdominal Is Excited Alpha-1 Receptors,
so It Excites Slow Excitation Also Told You
That I'd Be Dominant in Two Beta One Type
Is Another Receptor Playing Beta One Receptor
That Is Mostly in the Heart, the Producers
Excitation and in This Case It Will Allow
the Heart of a Heart Rate Increase Also Slow
Excitation and Is Excited Displays, but Slow.
One Is When Combines Likely to Beta Receptors
and Also Produce Slow Emission, Now in Beta
One of the Receptors Men and Required Us to
Norepinephrine Was Slow Excitation, but Norepinephrine
Is Attached to the Peter to It Because Low
Emission. This Type of Interaction of nor
Epinephrine to Be Tough to Receptor Produces
Low Emissions That Cause the Muscle to Dilate
Mostly Located on the Respiratory Airways
Vessels and Skeletal Muscle and Heart of the
Other Effector Organs of the Sympathetic System
nor Beta-2 Receptors and As a Result, the
Action of the Norepinephrine May Be Excitatory
and Inhibitory Based on Which Type of Receptor
Binding, We Can Say for All. This Type of
Neurotransmitter Bunch of Neurotransmitter
and the Associated Receptors Are Found in
Receptors Are Found in Different Regions in
Different Organs and Tissues of the Body Will
React Is Denoted by the Receptor Where the
Neurotransmitter and Binding Assay Transmitter
Can Cause Excitatory Effect Depending upon
the Valiant of Receptor Binding Is to Form
Both Ethical Polling Transmitter and Norepinephrine
Is a New Prospect Location and Function of
the Neurotransmitters Norepinephrine, and
We Found out That the Central System Central
Nervous System and Effector Organs of the
Nervous System See Neurotransmitters of the
Nervous System Is Also Very Important Right
Looking to the Central System to Learn the
Functions of These and Other Neurotransmitters,
but What Are Working There System like Skeletal
Muscle, Smooth Muscle Glands of the Things
Are Regulated by the ACh and Norepinephrine
Nervous System Neurotransmitters Are Working
in the Peripheral Nervous System Will See
the System Really/Skeletal Muscles Would Be
in a Sea Age, Which Is Nothing One and Check
Nicotinic Receptors Stunting This Nicotinic
Receptors ACh on Skeletal Muscle and Somatic
Neurones Clearly Fast and Excitatory Binaries
ACh Because They Only Have Only Nicotinic
Receptors to Is in the Sympathetic Chain in
the Loop Neuron Chain. The Pre-Is Also Called
Energy Sector on Your Own in Both the Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Chain of Them Have the
Same MCH Receptors That the Action of Ethical
Polling on Your Own Is Fast and Excitatory
Neurons. It's Always Excitatory Always Passed
for Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Also
Is Different in so Also Tom Carries in a Series,
but Carry SEH, so They Will Also Have a Fast
Response the Systematic Cells Are Somatic
Neurones Connected to the Effector Organs
like Skeletal Muscle While This Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Part of the Autonomous
Nervous System. If You See Their Link with
Muscle Cardiac Muscle and 
the Next One Sympathetic Is Norepinephrine
to Go Back Sympathetic and Unique Neuron Is
Norepinephrine and and Energy. These Ethical
Polling There: Norepinephrine Acting Directly
on the Effector Organs of the Autonomous Nervous
System Slow, Sometimes Excited and Sometimes
a Limited but It Completely Depends on Which
Receptors Found on the Surface of the Effector
Organs like Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle or Gland so They Can, Excite,
Depending upon Which Receptor Is Provided
on the Surface, and Especially Which Receptors
Provided in the Postsynaptic New Excitatory
Neurotransmitter in the CNS Case and Sent
the System. The Most Common and Most Excitatory
Neurotransmitter Glutamate, Simply Write It
CLU Directly on the Island Channels That Permeates
the Passage of Both Sodium and Potassium Movement
That Produce the past Excitatory Synaptic
Potential in the Mail Excitatory Transmitter
in the Central Nervous System Is, Gamma-Aminobutyric
Acid Glycine Binding to the Receptors Which
Directly Opens Channel Which Company Is the
Mechanism or to Terminate Action Channel Will
Transfer Negatively Charged Charged Ions across
the Membrane. It Was Inhibitory Synaptic Potential
Infant System's past Actions Because and Controlling
All Our Smooth Muscles Is Always Not past.
We Don't Require Those Things Were Pastoralists,
Simple Modification. Sometimes You Also Need
Slow Modification, but Instead As with past
Actions That Glutamate As a Positively Positively
Influencing Neurotransmitter in Glycine As
a Negatively Influencing Neurotransmitter
Versus \f0\'80Action Difference between the
and Activation of the Neurotransmitters Signalling
of the Transmitter Is Important for the Second
Moto Coordination and Communication and Higher
Functionalities in the Sensorimotor Coordination,
Communication Have Functions. For Example,
Rapid Synaptic Signalling Is Essential for
Coordinating Sensory Output and Input Data,
Sensory Input. The Motor Output, Especially
Athletic Performances That Helps You to Do
This Job for Graphic Signalling Is Essential
for Speech and Other Form of Communication
and Important for Playing Music and It Was
Rapid Synaptic Signal and Is on the Paper
Autonomous Nervous System Act Indirectly Activations
Frain As: Tony Central Nervous System Neurotransmitter
Produced a State Changes in the Central Nervous
System Example, in the Change from the Sleep
State of the Extent That Is One Thing and
That Needs to Be Done Is That Is Known As
the Wakefulness or Arousal and Slowly Not
That Rapidly Fast and Learning and Memory
of the Action of Indirect Neurotransmitter
to Explain the Changes in Synaptic Activity
Transmitters Can Modulate Neurones and Ultimately
Changing the Channel Function and Producing
New and Different Types of an Is Important
for Learning and Memory and Activities Associated
with Memorising Something That Is Not an Epic
Task. It Will Build up Slowly, but so Sense
Are the Things That We Want to Talk about
Summary of What We Learn so Far That the New
Transmitter's Release from Vesicles in the
Presynaptic Cell and Binds to the Receptor
of the Postsynaptic Cell Mission Ends When
the Neurotransmitter Dissociates from Its
Receptor. There of Neurotransmitters on the
Postsynaptic Cell Depends on the Receptor,
Not the Neurotransmitter Molecule Receptor
Response Will Also Sometimes Responses Inhibitory.
Sometimes It Is Excited Norepinephrine Are
the Most Important Neurotransmitters in the
Nervous System While Glutamate and Glycine
of the Most Important Neurotransmitters in
the Central Nervous System As Excitatory Neurotransmitter
in CNS Glycine Work As the Neurotransmitter
in the CNS and Synaptic Activity Is Serve
Different Functions Activities Required for
the Athletic Performances Is Also Required
for the Communication Skills and Other Higher
Functions and Sensorimotor Coordination While
the Flow Activity Required for the Learning
and Memory Essence Is the Gist about This
Topic. I Hope You Understand the Video Subscribe
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}
