South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg has released his first detailed health care plan on Thursday, designed to expand coverage, lower costs and offer Medicare “for all who want it” while stopping short of the single-payer Medicare-for-all overhaul preferred by Bernie Sanders.

In this presidential primary, center-left candidates like Buttigieg have been obliged to explain how they would expand US health care if they aren’t willing to endorse the Medicare-for-all plan supported by Sanders and Elizabeth Warren, which would set up a single government insurance plan to cover every American.

Buttigieg’s agenda shares some of the same ideas that former Vice President Joe Biden supports. He aims to achieve universal coverage through the introduction of a public option and more subsidies for private insurance, building off the existing system instead of razing it to the ground as a single-payer plan would.

Buttigieg is emphasizing choice — thus “Medicare for all who want it,” his spin on Sanders’s “Medicare for all” slogan — in laying out an agenda that allows employer-sponsored and individual private insurance to remain but gives all Americans the option of joining a government health program.

“The problem, Senator Sanders, with that damn bill that you wrote, and that Senator Warren backs is that it doesn’t trust the American people,” Buttigieg said at last week’s debate. “I trust you to choose what makes the most sense for you, not my way or the highway.”

Buttigieg would create an optional government insurance plan into which uninsured people would be automatically enrolled and people with employer-sponsored insurance would be permitted to join. He also wants to expand federal subsidies for private insurance purchased on the Obamacare marketplaces, making them more generous and lifting the income eligibility cap that currently leaves many middle-class families cut off from federal assistance. He covers other ground as well, proposing a fix for surprise medical bills and an out-of-pocket spending cap for Medicare beneficiaries.

The plan is more modest than what the most progressive candidates and voters support, which would be a single-payer system similar to Canada and Taiwan. For many people, their health care would still look the same (for good and ill), but they would now have the choice of joining a Medicare-like plan if they wanted to.

The Buttigieg plan is still ambitious and it very much reflects the leftward shift of the Democratic mainstream: The more moderate candidates aren’t willing to scrap private coverage entirely, but they are still pushing for a much larger government role in providing health care to Americans.

Pete Buttigieg’s health care agenda, explained

The Buttigieg plan tries to achieve universal coverage — through automatic enrollment, the establishment of a public health insurance plan, and the expansion of federal assistance for people to purchase health insurance — while maintaining a market where private insurers and the government would compete for consumers’ business.

Here are the most important pillars of the proposal:

The creation of a public health insurance plan. The “Medicare for all who want it” part of the mayor’s plan is a public health insurance program. The uninsured would be automatically enrolled in the public plan, starting with people who should be eligible for Medicaid expansion but lives in states that refused to expand eligibility under Obamacare. People with employer-sponsored insurance, about half of Americans, would have the option to buy into the government plan. The government plan would cover the same essential health benefits as private plans sold under Obamacare, though the details are left vague on what patients would pay out of pocket.

The “Medicare for all who want it” part of the mayor’s plan is a public health insurance program. The uninsured would be automatically enrolled in the public plan, starting with people who should be eligible for Medicaid expansion but lives in states that refused to expand eligibility under Obamacare. People with employer-sponsored insurance, about half of Americans, would have the option to buy into the government plan. The government plan would cover the same essential health benefits as private plans sold under Obamacare, though the details are left vague on what patients would pay out of pocket. The expansion of federal insurance subsidies. Right now, people whose income is above 400 percent of the federal poverty level are ineligible for any public assistance to buy health insurance on their own. Enrollment has been falling for this group because premiums for individual plans increased significantly in Obamacare’s first few years (though it has flattened out more recently). Under Buttigieg’s plan, anyone would be eligible for tax credits for premiums and nobody would pay more than 8.5 percent of their income for an insurance plan, public or private.

Buttigieg extends his scope beyond expanding coverage for the under-65 population with a handful of other notable provisions aimed at lowering costs for consumers. His plan:

Places a limit on out-of-pocket costs for the traditional Medicare program. No such cap currently exists, leaving some seniors on the hook for thousands of dollars to cover their medical care. The campaign is not saying for now what the out-of-pocket limit would be.

Stops surprise billing by introducing a new requirement that all services received at an in-network facility be billed at the in-network rates. That prevents the possibility that a patient who goes to an in-network hospital could be treated by an out-of-network doctor and wind up with a large bill.

Caps the price providers can charge insurers for out-of-network care at twice Medicare rates, which the Buttigieg campaign says should lower premiums.

Some Democrats are trying to find a balance between the center and the left

There are essentially three health care positions for the Democrats running for president in 2020: 1) the ones who want to blow up the whole system for universal single-payer, 2) the ones who worry about the disruption of a single-payer system and its ensuing political fallout, and 3) those who try to split the difference, speaking instead to values like universal coverage. Buttigieg falls in the last camp.

Sanders and Warren firmly state their support for Medicare-for-all, a single-payer system that would put every American on a government insurance plan. The more moderate Democrats have warned of the potential for political backlash if private health insurance is phased out and taxes are raised to cover a substantial increase in government spending. Buttigieg in particular has picked up the “Medicare for all who want it” slogan.

The idea, first exemplified in the Medicare for America bill and now reflected in Buttigieg’s agenda, is that any American would be allowed to buy into a government-run insurance plan. Biden, currently leading the polls, has also backed a public option anyone can buy into. (One important distinction among them: Medicare for America allows employers to choose to send their workers to the public plan; Biden and Buttigieg’s plans do not allow an employer buy-in.)

The employer-sponsored insurance that currently covers half of Americans, which would be eliminated under the Sanders Medicare-for-all bill, would remain if the employers and employees so choose. But it would now face competition from the government plan.

Buttigieg has framed his plan as a pathway to true Medicare-for-all. He has expressed a hope that Americans would choose the government plan over the “corporate” option — but he keeps emphasizing the need for a choice.

“We don’t have to stand up here speculating about whether the public option will be better or Medicare-for-all will be better than corporate options. We’ll put it to the test,” he said. “That’s the concept of Medicare for all that want it. If people like me are right, then the public alternative is going to be not only more comprehensive but more affordable than corporate options around there. We’ll see Americans walk away from the corporate options into that Medicare option and it will become Medicare-for-all.”

Polling indicates most of the American people are generally happy with their current coverage. But they are also frustrated with out-of-pocket costs, which have been steadily rising. The moderate plans would seek to reduce what people pay out of pocket for health care; Sanders’s single-payer plan almost eliminates them entirely.

For single-payer supporters, any halfway point still leaves for-profit insurance companies operating and doesn’t offer the same level of financial security (because there would still be out-of-pocket payments) that their plan, proposing medical care free at the point of service, does.

Buttigieg clearly views Medicare-for-all as a step too far, but he still wants to propose a substantial change for a system that the Democratic Party views as fundamentally broken.