Water can reach and recharge a groundwater aquifer various ways. Precipitation can percolate directly into the aquifer; water from streams and runoff can percolate into the aquifer; water from irrigating crops can percolate deep into the soil; and water from melting snowpack and from mountain streams can flow into the valley below and then percolate into the aquifer. Credit: David Stonestrom, U.S. Geological Survey

By 2050 climate change will increase the groundwater deficit even more for four economically important aquifers in the western U.S., reports a University of Arizona-led team of scientists.

The new report is the first to integrate scientists' knowledge about groundwater in the U.S. West with scientific models that show how climate change will affect the region.

"We wanted to know, 'What are the expectations for increases and decreases in groundwater as we go forward in this century?'" said lead author Thomas Meixner, a UA professor and associate department head of hydrology and water resources. "In the West, 40 percent of the water comes directly from groundwater."

Climate models predict that in general, wet regions will become wetter and dry regions will become drier. The Southwest is expected to become drier and hotter.

"Aquifers in the southern tier of the West are all expected to see slight-to-significant decreases in recharge as the climate warms," Meixner said.

Groundwater is already being withdrawn from the aquifers of California's Central Valley, the central and southern portions of the High Plains and Arizona's San Pedro faster than the groundwater is being recharged.

Climate change will make the groundwater deficits worse in those aquifers, the researchers report.

The orange lines delineate the eight groundwater aquifers in the western US that a University of Arizona-led research team studied to examine how climate change will affect groundwater in the western US. Credit: University of Arizona department of hydrology

For the Death Valley and Wasatch Front aquifers, the effect of climate change on the balance between usage and recharge isn't so predictable.

In contrast, western aquifers at about the latitude of Boulder, Colorado and further north are likely to be recharged faster than people withdraw the water, the team reports. The northern aquifers the researchers studied are the northern High Plains, the Spokane Valley, the Williston Basin and the Columbia plateau.

"In the long term, pumping has to equal recharge. You can get there through slow social adjustment. You could slowly decrease water withdrawal by conservation and efficiency," Meixner said. "Or you can hit bottom and have farm abandonment and dry wells."

"It's a social decision as to who gets the water," Meixner said. "The southern regions of the western U.S. must be prepared to adapt to a much drier future."

The team's research article, "Implications of projected climate change for groundwater recharge in the western United States," is now online and is scheduled for publication in the March issue of the Journal of Hydrology. UA Associate Professor of Atmospheric Sciences Christopher Castro is a co-author. A list of all seventeen authors is at the bottom of this release.

The report is an outgrowth of a workshop held at the U.S. Geological Survey's John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis. The National Science Foundation and USGS funded the workshop.

Irrigation in the Amargosa Desert on the California/Nevada border uses water from the Death Valley Regional Aquifer. Credit: David Stonestrom, U.S. Geological Survey

To synthesize existing knowledge and predict how climate change would affect western groundwater, Meixner gathered 16 experts in climate change and in hydrology of the western U.S.

Predictions at the major river basin or several-state level can be useful for developing water policy, the team wrote. However, the team found predictions from existing studies were either at a global scale or at the local level, not at the regional level.

To create regional-scale predications, the scientists synthesized existing studies and applied current knowledge of recharge processes. The team studied eight economically important western aquifers for which studies about their groundwater recharge budgets existed. In addition, models of how climate change would affect recharge were available for four of the aquifers.

To compare all eight aquifers, the team developed a uniform classification scheme for the components of groundwater recharge. The scientists identified four different components of groundwater recharge: diffuse, focused, irrigation and mountain system.

Some types of recharge are more easily affected by human behavior and water policy than others. Human decision-making can easily affect irrigation recharge, water that percolates deep into the soil from irrigating crops, and focused recharge, water that reaches the groundwater from streams or runoff.

In contrast, human behavior has a much smaller effect on diffuse and mountain-systems recharge. Diffuse recharge comes from the precipitation that falls on a specific spot and then percolates down into the groundwater.

Much of the mountain-systems recharge comes from snowpack, Meixner said. As the snow melts, the water fills mountain streams which end up in the flatlands below. Snowmelt can also percolate into the soil and eventually reach the valley below as the water moves downhill through the bedrock underlying the mountains.

The San Pedro aquifer in southeastern Arizona is one example of an aquifer where the human use of groundwater will increasingly outstrip recharge as the climate warms, the researchers report. Much of the San Pedro's current recharge comes from mountain-system recharge, which the scientists expect will dwindle as more precipitation falls in the mountains as rain rather than snow and as the region dries.

When more groundwater is pumped than is replaced by recharge, rivers can be sucked dry, as happened to the Santa Cruz River in Tucson, Meixner said. Once the Santa Cruz flowed year-round; now in Tucson the river has water only after heavy rains.

"What you would expect to see is that climate change will exacerbate problems in the Southwest on the recharge end," Meixner said.

"Our study reveals that the western U.S. needs to redouble efforts to manage water resources to maximize benefits to individuals and society," he said. "We can't be wasting water."

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More information: Thomas Meixner et al. Implications of projected climate change for groundwater recharge in the western United States, Journal of Hydrology (2016). Thomas Meixner et al. Implications of projected climate change for groundwater recharge in the western United States,(2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.027