Background
==========

Intensive care units are probably one of the most challenging and stressful places in a hospital in terms of anxiety and depression among family members of ICU patients.

Sizable amounts of quantitative and qualitative data regarding mental health symptoms are now available \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. In large observational studies conducted in France, for example, Pochard et al. \[[@B3]\] found that 69% of family members had anxiety and 35% experienced depression early in their relative's ICU stay, while 73% had anxiety and 35% had depression in the days preceding their relative's ICU discharge or death \[[@B4]\]. In a cohort of cancer patients' families, the prevalence of anxiety and depression was 71 and 50.3%, respectively \[[@B5]\]. These symptoms, as showed by Anderson et al. \[[@B6]\], diminish over time, but even at six months, 35% of families were still experiencing post-traumatic stress.

During the second half of the 20th century, for historical reasons, medical facilities and communication skills took different evolutionary paths in West and Central/East European countries. In Central and Eastern countries there was a steady increase in physician paternalism together with a decline in open communication between patients, families and medical staff \[[@B7]\]. Concomitantly, medical technologies progressed very slowly compared to Western countries.

The technological gap was closed rapidly in the early 1990s and after 1990, a patients' rights codex was created and legislation concerning informed consent was modified and upgraded accordingly \[[@B8],[@B9]\]. However, communication skills and interaction patterns between physicians and patients and/or relatives remained poorly analyzed in Central/East European countries and as such, any changes in these areas were difficult to evaluate.

As a consequence of the highly prevalent psychological distress (common in family members during a patients' ICU stay) there has been growing interest and effort toward addressing this problem in the ICU (mainly studied in Western Europe & America \[[@B10]-[@B12]\] and poorly investigated in Central Europe). Realization of the importance of understanding the current patient/family member/ICU environment in Central/East European countries (where potential gaps may exist between advances in therapeutics in the ICU and meeting communication/psychosocial needs among family members) was the main rationale for this study, which was conducted in two Central European countries.

The aim was three-fold: first, to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of ICU patients; second, to determine how well family member understood the condition/situation of the involved patient (through a structured interview); and third, to specify family members' needs and satisfaction (using a modified version of Molter's Critical Care Family Needs Inventory) \[[@B13]\].

Methods
=======

Study setting and study participants
------------------------------------

We created the DEPRESS study working group for participating in data collection for the DEPRESS study (DEPRession and anxiEty in family memberS of ICU patientS in the Czech and Slovak Republics) which involved total of 22 participating ICUs in 13 university centers and 9 community hospitals (the list of participants is detailed in the Acknowledgment section).

The study recruited patients and family members of patients hospitalized in an ICU for more than 48 hours, between May and September 2007.

We defined 'family members' as all individuals who visited the patient in the ICU. All family members that visited a patient during the study period were potential participants. They were informed that a study focusing on their needs was ongoing and that they could participate in the study. Each family member could participate once during the study period. Family members were informed that returning the questionnaire to the attending physician and agreeing to answer the questions about their understanding of the involved patient's condition, would constitute consent on their part.

The National Ethics Committee ruled that a returned questionnaire was sufficient to indicate consent (reference number 200703 S11P).

Study procedures and measures
-----------------------------

ICU characteristics: we documented the structure of each ICU, the existence of informational leaflets for family members, and whether the ICU had a written protocol for interacting with family members.

Patient characteristics: we registered each patients' age, gender, marital status, occupation (for adult patients), the Knaus chronic health status score \[[@B14]\], and reasons for ICU admission. We included two scores assessing the gravity of their condition: the highest TISS (TISS = Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System \[[@B15]\] and the APACHE II score (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score), the latter being calculated within 24 hrs of ICU admission \[[@B16]\]. Length of ICU stay and clinical condition at discharge (living or deceased) on the last day of the study period were also recorded.

Family members were invited to fill in three questionnaires (i-iii) and to participate in a structured interview with a physician (iv).

i\) The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a 14-item questionnaire (7 items for evaluation of anxiety, 7 for depression) with a cut-off scale of 10 \[[@B17]\] was used to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression.

ii\) To evaluate the ability of ICUs to meet family needs, we used a modified version of Molter's Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) \[[@B13]\].

iii\) Family members were asked (using a questionnaire with yes/no questions) whether they had received contradictory information, were receiving support from their general practitioner, would like help from a psychologist, if information from the ICU staff was timely and appropriate, and whether they would like or would have liked to receive more information about the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the involved patient.

iv\) Comprehension of information provided by staff was checked using a structured interview performed by a physician who asked each family member about their comprehension of the reason(s) for admission, main treatment options, and prognosis of the patient (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

As with most similar ICU studies, we started the data collection 48 hours after patient admission and the completion of questionnaires, and the interview took place between the third and the last day of the patient's ICU stay.

Statistical analysis
--------------------

Single real variables were described via sample, median and range (min-max). Data involving single binary variables were treated as belonging to a binomial distribution with unknown event probabilities; point estimates and confidence intervals were calculated. Event occurrences in two disjoined groups were investigated using an odds ratio related to logistic regression; point estimates and confidence intervals were calculated. A probability of p = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relationships between patients and family members were investigated as pairs (patient, family member). First, we performed an univariate analysis of our findings to assess the factors associated with anxiety and depression; followed by a stepwise multivariate forward-backward logistic regression to assess the effects of variables on anxiety and depression separately, as measured by the estimated odds ratio. Anxiety or depression (defined as a subscale score \>10) was the dependent variable. Independent variables were the patient, family and ICU characteristics. Analysis was performed using MATLAB Statistics Toolbox (Mathworks Inc).

Results
=======

Twenty two ICUs (250 beds) participated in the study and interview report forms and questionnaires, completed by 405 family members, were analyzed. Twenty-one family members declined to participate in the study (reasons not documented).

Characteristics of the 22 ICUs
------------------------------

Seventeen ICUs (78%) were adult and five (22%) were pediatric. All ICUs had a median of three senior physicians (range 1 -- 10), a median of one resident (range 0 -- 5), a nurse-to-patient ratio of 1.5 (range 0.75 -- 2.5) and a median of 11.5 beds (range 5 -- 21). The median time for daily visits was 3 hours (range 2 -- 24). Ten ICUs (45.5%) had a specific or suitable room for ICU staff meetings with family members. In 11 ICUs (50%) family members received an information leaflet but only 1 ICU (4.5%) had a written protocol for interacting with family members.

The characteristics of patients and family members participating in the study are summarized in Table  [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. The prevalence of anxiety and of depression in family members was 72.8% and 53.6%, respectively (Table  [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression are presented in Table  [3](#T3){ref-type="table"} (univariate logistic regression model) and Table  [4](#T4){ref-type="table"} (multivariate logistic regression model).

###### 

Characteristics of patients (n = 293) and family members (n = 405)

  **Patient**                                                      **Count (%) or median \[range\]**
  --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  Age                                                                        39 \[0--87\]
  Female gender                                                               112 (38.9)
  Living alone                                                                 38 (19.7)
  Unemployed                                                                   53 (26.4)
  Primary admission to ICU                                                    108 (37.2)
  Secondary admission to ICU                                                  180 (62.1)
  Knaus score                                                                 1 \[1--4\]
  Highest TISS score                                                         49 \[15--80\]
  APACHE II within first 24 hours                                            20 \[2--42\]
  Length of stay \[days\]                                                    13 \[3--242\]
  Status at discharge (died)                                                   28 (9.9)
   - Adult patients (died)                                                     26 (13.8)
   - Pediatric patients (died)                                                  2 (2.1)
  **Family member**                                                                 
  Age                                                                       41.5 \[16--87\]
  Female gender                                                               289 (71.5)
  Relationship to the patient                                                       
   Spouse                                                                      92 (22.8)
   Parents                                                                     194 (48)
   Siblings                                                                    62 (15.3)
   Other                                                                       30 (7.4)
   Not relative FM                                                               4 (1)
  Time of transport to the hospital \[min\]                                 40 \[10--440\]
  Desired number of visits                                                    7 \[2--8\]
  Wanted more information about diagnosis                                      212 (52)
  Wanted more information about treatment                                      214 (53)
  Wanted more information about prognosis                                      226 (56)
  Receiving contradictory information                                          70 (17.4)
  Length of staff contacts \[min\]                                           10 \[1--60\]
  Wanted help from psychologist                                               110 (27.7)
  Not helped by general practitioner                                          258 (64.8)
  Ignoring specific role of health care professionals                          51 (12.6)
  Suitable duration of meeting with ICU staff \[min\]                        10 \[1--60\]
  CCFNI score                                                                20 \[14--36\]
  Failure to understand (diagnosis AND treatment AND prognosis)               248 (61.9)

###### 

Prevalence of anxiety and/or depression in family members (N = 400)

                **Count**                   **Spouses**     **Family members except spouses**   **All family members**
  -------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------
                 Anxiety                        77                         217                           294
             83.7 \[74--91\]              70.5 \[65--76\]            73.5 \[68--78\]           
                Depression                      64                         153                           217
             69.6 \[59--79\]              49.7 \[43--56\]            54.3 \[49--60\]           
   At least one (anxiety or depression)         81                         234                           315
             88.0 \[78--94\]               76 \[70--81\]             78.8 \[74--83\]           
      Both (anxiety and depression)             60                         136                           196
                                           65 \[54--75\]             44.2 \[38--50\]               49.0 \[43--54\]

CI, confidence interval.

###### 

Factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression in family members in a an univariate logistic regression model

                                                 **Odds ratio (95%CI)**           **Odds ratio (95%CI)**
  ----------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------
  **Patient related**                                                                         
  Living with/in a family                     1.87 (1.15--3.04); p = 0.012                  NS
  Knaus score                                 0.78 (0.66--0.92) p = 0.003                   NS
  TISS score                                 1.010 (1.002--1.020) p = 0.017   1.008 (1.0004--1.016) p = 0.038
  **Family related**                                                                          
  Age                                                      NS                 1.021 (1.006--1.036) p = 0.005
  Gender (male)                               0.63 (0.39--0.99) p = 0.047                   NS
  Relation (NON spouse/parent/child)          0.68 (0.57--0.82) p = 0.0001     0.71 (0.60--0.85) p = 0.0002
  Number of visits/week                       1.28 (1.10--1.49) p = 0.001                   NS
  Desired number of visits                    1.16 (1.05--1.29) p = 0.005       1.13 (1.02--1.24) p = 0.018
  Wanted more information about disease       1.62 (1.04--2.52) p = 0.032       1.64 (1.11--2.44) p = 0.014
  Wanted more information about treatment                  NS                   1.93 (1.30--2.87) p = 0.001
  Wanted more information about prognosis     1.77 (1.14--2.76) p = 0.011       1.90 (1.28--2.84) p = 0.002
  Wanted help from psychologist               2.66 (1.53--4.62) p = 0.0005     2.43 (1.55--3.81) p = 0.0001
  **Health care professional related**                                                        
  Duration of the information provided        0.95 (0.92--0.98) p = 0.001                   NS

###### 

Factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression in family members in a multivariate logistic regression model

                                                  **Odds ratio (95%CI)**            **Odds ratio (95%CI)**
  ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------------------------
  **Patient related**                                                                          
  Age                                                       NS                  0.99 (0.98--0.998); *p = 0.01*
  Living with/in a family                     1.97 (1.15--3.27); *p* = 0.009                  NS
  Knauses                                     0.77 (0.65--0.91); *p = 0.002*                  NS
  TISS max                                    1.0147 (1.01--1.02); *p = 002*    1.02 (1.01--1.03); *p = 0.002*
  **Family related**                                                                           
  Age                                                       NS                  1.02 (1.01--1.04); *p = 0.002*
  Relation (NON spouse, NON parent/child)      0.69 (0.57--0.83); *p = 001*     0.74 (0.62--0.89); *p = 0.001*
  Time for transport to the hospital         0.996 (0.992--0.9994); *p = 002*                 NS
  Desire number of visits                     123 (0.16--1.44); *p = 0.008*                   NS
  Wanted more information about prognosis                   NS                  1.86 (1.22--2.85); *p = 0.004*
  Wanted help from psychologist               2.51 (1.41--445); *p = 0.002*     2.16 (1.35--3.45); *p = 0.001*
  **Caregiver related**                                                                        
  Duration of the information provided        0.95 (0.92--098); *p = 0.001*                   NS

Anxiety was associated with three patient-related characteristics (living with/in the family, TISS max, Knaus score), four family-related factors (relation other than spouse/parent/child, driving time to the hospital, desired number of visits, desire for psychological support) and one health care professional-related factor (length of ICU staff/family member interactions related to patient information).

Factors associated with symptoms of depression included two patient-related characteristics (age, TISS score max) and three family-related characteristics (relation other than spouse/parent/child, desire for more information about the prognosis, desire for psychological support).

### Patient related characteristics associated with symptoms of anxiety/depression

The age of the patient was inversely associated with a lower depression rate among family members. The fact that the patient was living with/in the family was associated with higher anxiety but did not influence depressive symptoms. Lower Knaus scores protected from anxiety manifestations and signs of severity of the patient's condition measured using TISS scores clearly increased both anxiety and depression.

### Family related characteristics associated with symptoms of anxiety/depression

The age of the family members was positively correlated with symptoms of depression. The degree of paternity affected anxiety and depression, i.e. more distant relationships (relation = NON spouse and NON parent/child) minimized the effect. Driving time to the hospital was inversely correlated with levels of anxiety, while the number of visits desired by family members was directly related to anxiety. Family members that wanted more information about the prognosis experienced more symptoms of depression. Desire for psychological support correlated with both anxiety and depression symptoms.

### Health care professional-related characteristics associated with symptoms of anxiety/depression

Longer periods of communication with ICU staff were directly related to decreased anxiety.

A median of 20 points (range 14 -- 36), on the modified version of Molter's Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI), was found for family members. Interestingly, family members with symptoms of depression reported higher levels of satisfaction (in terms of CCFNI questions, e.g. quality of communication with ICU staff, perceived quality of care, etc.) than those without depression (p = 0.002).

Seventy family members (17.4%) reported receiving contradictory information; 51 (12.6%) did not know the specific role of each health care professional; 110 (27.4%) wanted help from a psychologist; and 258 (64.8%) were not receiving assistance from their general practitioner. Family members reported that a median of 10 minutes (range 1 -- 60) would be a suitable amount of time for family member/ICU staff communication.

A total of 248 family members (61.2%) didn't understand the patient's diagnosis, main features of treatment, and/or the prognosis. Significantly better overall comprehension was found among family members of pediatric patients (OR 1.688, CI (1.17 -- 2.32), p = 0.008). No differences in anxiety or depression were found between family members of pediatric and adult ICU patients.

Discussion and conclusions
==========================

The symptoms of anxiety among families of ICU patients are known to reach up to 75% in many countries in the world \[[@B3],[@B5]\]. Our study differs from previously published data in other countries and the differences could reflect historical patterns in Central and East European countries in the second half of the 20th century: e.g. a preference for personal oral communication combined with a mistrust of written information, limited family member/ICU staff communication and depression being unexpectedly linked with higher reported satisfaction of family members.

Our first remarkable finding was that time dedicated to concise communication between health professionals and patients/relatives was perceived as being short. The FAMIREA investigators report 16 minutes as the median clocked time for providing information to families \[[@B18]\]. In our study, family members estimated the duration of physician communication to be less than 10 minutes. Furthermore, the length of information provided to family members was identified as the only health care professional-related factor linked to a lower incidence of symptoms of anxiety. Family members clearly preferred an extended educational style interview over receiving written information. This finding seems to mirror findings in a study focused on informed consent in the Czech Republic that reflected "an unquestioning willingness, of a significant proportion of citizens, to accept, in cases of illness, all decisions made by doctors during the course of treatment" \[[@B19]\].

Second, we found a higher prevalence of symptoms of depression, compared to the FAMIREA study (54% in our study vs. 35% in the French study \[[@B3]\]. Contrary to what might be expected, family members with symptoms of depression reported higher levels of satisfaction in terms of scoring on the modified CCFNI questionnaire (quality of medical care, understanding of provided information, staff member professionalism, patient visiting hours, quality of waiting rooms, and explanations regarding treatment and equipment) than those without depression (Figure  [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). To our knowledge, this paradoxical finding does not have any parallel in the literature and is difficult to interpret. Why do family members report being more satisfied, while, at the same time, having higher scores related to symptoms of depression? We hypothesize that family members with symptoms of depression appreciate any information that helps them deal with emotionally traumatic situations. It probably does not provide appropriate assistance in coming to terms with grief or unfavorable information, but families may consider expressing any dissatisfaction as inappropriate in the context of the deep-rooted principle of free-of-charge medical care. Another hypothesis could be that their dissatisfaction was delayed, appearing only after discharge of the patient from the ICU.

![Family members' satisfaction related to symptoms of depression.](1471-244X-14-21-1){#F1}

Third, we observed that information leaflets distributed to family members were not linked to a lower incidence of anxiety/depression, which is in contrast to some previously published data \[[@B20],[@B21]\]. The failure to be influenced by leaflets may suggest that many people still, perhaps subconsciously, distrust official written information.

All three above-mentioned points confirm that the relationship between patients and medical staff is changing much slower than medical technology. A genuine respect for patient autonomy combined with clear and honest communication with their relatives, recognized as cornerstones of a high-quality intensive care \[[@B22],[@B23]\], are still at the periphery of medical staff attention in post-totalitarian countries; additionally, families are not offered sufficient opportunities to express emotions, voice concerns, and have questions answered.

Thus screening and appropriate referral becomes a critical step in mitigating these negative effects on the physical, mental and social functioning of family members.

Our study has several limitations. The collected data only reflect the circumstances in two Central European countries and thus should not be generalized. The selection of family members and patients was open to the discretion of the attending physician. This could potentially represent a selection bias in some centers. Additionally, we did not evaluate possible reasons for refusal of family members to participate in the study. And we also did not do family member follow-ups after discharge/death to assess the time course of the symptoms of anxiety and depression.

In conclusion, in our settings we identified limited family member/ICU staff communication as frequently associated with a higher incidence of symptoms of anxiety. This factor is potentially amenable to improvement and may serve as a target for proactive intervention.

Abbreviations
=============

(APACHE II): Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score II score; (ICU): Intensive care unit; (FM): Family members; (HADS): Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; (CCFNI): Molter's Critical Care Family Needs Inventory; (TISS): Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System.

Competing interests
===================

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors\' contributions
=======================

KR, JK and VC made substantial conceptual contributions to the design of the study, analysis of sources, and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. JK was involved in data analysis and statistical assessment. JS provided a critical revision of the manuscript regarding important intellectual content. KR and VC supplied important and relevant data from family members. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Pre-publication history
=======================

The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:

<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/14/21/prepub>

Supplementary Material
======================

###### Additional file 1

Comprehension assessment.

###### 

Click here for file

Acknowledgements
================

Supported by MH CZ - DRO (UHHK, 00179906) and by the Czech Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, by the Czech Society of Intensive Care Medicine Czech Republic.

We would like to thank members of the DEPRESS study working group for participating in data collection for the DEPRESS study (DEPRession and anxiEty in family memberS of ICU patientS in the Czech and Slovak Republics): Daniel Blažek, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Motol, Praha; Lucie Burianová, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Brno Bohunice, Brno; Judita Čapková, MD, Lekárská fakulta Univerzity P. J. Šafárika a Fakultní nemocnice L. Pasteura, Košice; Ivan Herold, MD, Oblastní nemocnice Mladá Boleslav; Michal Hladík, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Ostrava; Ivan Chytra, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Plzeň; Jana Kalousová, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Motol, Praha;LudmilaKesslerová, MD, Městská nemocnice Litoměřice; Eva Krajíčková, MD, Sdružené zdravotnické zařízení Krnov; Pavel Kunčák, MD, Nemocnice Svitavy; Renata Pařízková, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Hradec Králové; Petr Píza, MD, Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny, Praha; Daniel Prchal, MD, Nemocnice Ústí nad Orlicí; Renata Švehláková, MD, Krajská nemocnice Tomáše Bati Zlín; IvanaTrnková, Fakultní nemocnice Královské Vinohrady, Praha; René Urbanec, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Ostrava; ZdeněkVeleba, MD, Nemocnice Jihlava; Václav Vobruba, MD, Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice, Praha; Pavel Vojtovič, MD, Fakultní nemocnice Motol, Praha; Jana Votypková, MD, Nemocnice Třebíč; Václav Zvoníček, MD, Fakultní nemocnice u Svaté Anny Brno; IvanaZýková, MD, Krajská nemocnice Liberec.

The authors thank Thomas Secrest for revision of the English version of this article

We would like to thank Elie Azoulay and Frederic Pochard for kindly providing the questionnaires used in our study. Kateřina Rusinová would also like to add a personal note of thanks to Elie Azoulay and Frederic Pochard, whose professionalism and dedication provided a guiding example and the inspiration to address these complex and difficult issues in the Czech Republic.
