In February 2020, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) initiated a practical exercise to analyse risk perceptions and trust towards public authorities in the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The process allows qualitative data collection and analysis in real time, based on social media posts and emails from the public. Its objective is to inform risk communication efforts on weekly basis. This process was developed in collaboration with a medical anthropologist and experts in risk communication and public health. The information can be used to help identify appropriate responses and communication strategies to COVID-19 related topics of public interest. This paper describes the methodology and the results of the first 3 weeks of the exercise.

Exploring COVID-19 subjective risk perceptions
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This approach uses qualitative data collection and analysis methods to explore the subjective COVID-19 risk perceptions of members of the public who request information from THL or comment on COVID-19 via THL's email or social media. The process takes an anthropological approach to explore the meanings of risk and the elements that steer the assessment of a risk situation. It uses a conceptual framework of subjective perception of risk, reflecting individual, societal and cultural contexts \[[@r1]\]. It also includes exploring the perceived trust \[[@r2]\] towards those who are communicating about COVID-19 in Finland.

The narrative data from email accounts and social media channels are forwarded daily to a data analyst. Thematic analysis is carried out weekly to systematise and recognise emerging themes by organising the narrative data according to the risk model, identifying codes and categories within each domain, followed by developing concepts based on data interpretation \[[@r3]\]. The concepts are developed into operational recommendations through the methodology of knowledge co-production. This methodology uses the knowledge of different disciplines to ensure that findings and resulting recommendations are seen as relevant \[[@r4]\], following best practices for public health and risk communication \[[@r5]\]. The process requires expertise in qualitative analysis and a robust system for retrieving social media data from various sources. Qualitative software can facilitate organising the data.

Risk perception concepts and risk communication recommendations
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The data presented in this paper is based on information collected during three consecutive weeks, between 3 and 25 February 2020. The narrative data was based on the 116 social media posts and emails from the public, and the findings related to five risk perception domains: catastrophic potential, probability of dying, reasons for exposure, the belief of being in control of the situation, and trust towards authorities (Table).

###### Risk perception and risk communication analytical framework, based on data collected from social media posts and emails from the public on coronavirus disease, Finland, 3--25 February 2020 (n = 116)

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  Data                                                                                                                                        Concepts                                                     Risk communication recommendations
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Risk perception domain: catastrophic potential                                                                                                                                                           

  Strong wording describing the epidemic, catastrophe, worldwide threat                                                                       Emotional response                                           Avoid downplaying strong feelings

  Beliefs that the epidemic is expanding tremendously                                                                                         Anticipation of growth of the epidemic                       Provide facts

  Beliefs that the epidemic is growing because no actions have been taken by authorities                                                      Belief that authorities lack interest in taking action       Express care and concern

  Lack of personal protective equipment such as masks, lack of guaranteed places in health facilities, food, medicine, respirators            Suspicion that authorities lack the ability to take action   Share facts of what is known about available resources

  Risk perception domain: probability of death                                                                                                                                                             

  A large number of people are likely to die; death is likely to persons who belong to risk groups                                            Death is uncontrollable, death is unpredictable              Emphasise known facts about mortality of COVID-19

  Death is inevitable if no action is taken by authorities                                                                                    Consequence of inaction by authorities                       Emphasise actions taken by authorities

  Risk perception domain: reasons for exposure                                                                                                                                                             

  Location of transmission: airports, and places with known confirmed cases;\                                                                 Localised epidemic;\                                         Humanise infected people by telling stories
  Mode of transmission: through contact with Chinese nationals, people coming from China, foreign patients and confirmed COVID-19 patients    stigmatising attitude towards foreign nationals              

  Location of transmission: public transportation linked with airports and foreign passengers                                                 Crowded places;\                                             Emphasise handwashing and cough etiquette as effective ways to prevent COVID-19
                                                                                                                                              stigmatising attitudes towards foreign nationals             

  Mode of transmission: people who have resided in foreign countries                                                                          Epidemic can be anywhere;\                                   Emphasise known facts about global situation
                                                                                                                                              people linked with foreign countries                         

  Risk perception domain: belief of controllability                                                                                                                                                        

  Government can control the situation though restriction and making financial resources available                                            No perceived control over the epidemic                       Emphasise handwashing and cough etiquette as effective ways to prevent COVID-19

  Trust in the authorities                                                                                                                                                                                 

  Information content: information is hidden, differs from other countries, too optimistic                                                    Unreliable information                                       Repeat information and provide an explanation (reason)

  Actions of authorities are slow, no travel restrictions, no guaranteed places in health facilities, no isolation, no airport surveillance   Insufficient restrictions                                    Communicate actions
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Catastrophic potential
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The analysis identified four concepts linked to catastrophic potential: 'emotional response', 'anticipation of growth of the epidemic', 'belief that authorities are not interested in taking action' and 'suspicion that authorities are not able to take action'. Lack of knowledge generated further uncertainty that also increased perceptions of catastrophic potential. Accordingly, risk communication recommendations included avoiding downplaying strong emotions, providing factual information, expressing concern and care and sharing facts about available resources for pandemic planning.

Probability of death
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The analysis identified two different concepts increasing the perception of the probability of death during the COVID-19 epidemic. 'Death' was described as 'uncontrollable' and perceived as 'likely' since authorities were perceived as having taken insufficient actions to protect the public. Risk communication recommendations included emphasising known facts about case fatality ratios in different age groups and about actions taken by authorities.

Reasons for exposure
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Reasons for exposure to COVID-19 were believed to be 'contact with infected persons', 'people coming from abroad' or 'foreign nationals'. The concepts linked with types of exposures included 'stigmatising attitudes towards foreign nationals' and 'individuals who have resided in or travelled to foreign countries'. Communication recommendations included humanising individuals with COVID-19 by personalising a risk story that generates empathy among the public.

Controllability beliefs
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The findings showed that there was a lack of the belief that a person can individually control the spread of the epidemic and instead there was a strong belief that authorities can do that. Risk communication recommendations included emphasising what individuals can do to avoid spreading the infection such as hand hygiene, cough etiquette and avoiding touching eyes, nose and mouth.

Trust
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The analysis identified that trust in authorities was discussed through 'distrust of information provided' and 'actions taken by the authorities'. Risk communication recommendations included repeating and explaining information given earlier to the public, and communicating the actions taken.

Discussion
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This qualitative data collection provided evidence-based recommendations for risk communication purposes. It proved to be a practical and participatory way to develop messages that can be used during the epidemic. This is critical as risk communication programmes must produce trustworthy and relevant information during emergencies to inform people about risk, influence behavioural change, and encourage participation in decision making about emergency measures. Communication must be meaningful and understood by those receiving it \[[@r6]-[@r9]\].

Knowing which risk perceptions influence a complex phenomenon, affected by multiple psychological, societal and cultural factors that are changing in place and time \[[@r1],[@r10]-[@r12]\], is central for pandemic preparedness and planning. These risk perceptions guide individuals' judgments and evaluations of threats, and can limit public compliance with and response to information communicated by authorities. Risk communication should be based on a sound understanding of the factors underlying risk perception, risk attitudes and trust towards communicating authorities \[[@r5],[@r12],[@r13]\].

This exercise focused on context specific explanations of risk in which the subjective meaning of risk is central. Accordingly, qualitative methods were considered appropriate to understand and explore the meaning behind risk perceptions. In the future, these perceptions could also be quantified through scaling and survey techniques to assess, for example, if trust towards authorities is growing or decreasing.

People who contact health authorities during an emergency are often highly emotional and have strong opinions \[[@r9]\]. Therefore, they do not represent the risk perceptions of the general public in Finland. The strengths of this exercise are its ability to produce culturally competent and context-specific risk communication messages that are readily available for risk communicators during the COVID-19 response.

The authors would like to thank Riia Järvenpää and Jonas Sivelä from the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare for reviewing an earlier version of the paper.

**Funding:** This study was funded by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare.

**Conflict of interest:** None declared.

**Authors' contributions:** All authors have been involved in concept development and co-production of the risk communication recommendations. AL analysed the data and wrote the draft. All authors have commented on the draft and approved the final version.

[^1]: **Correspondence:** Anna-Leena Lohiniva (<anna-leena.lohiniva@thl.fi>)
