The one thing that might save the world (and it is not the oppressor because the oppressor will not save the world) is the oppressed. They will save the world because they are just politically naive enough to believe in the higher ideals that the oppressor annouces and violates. They are just naive enough to actually believe in Christianity and actually believe in democracy, not realizing that their oppressor could not live by democracy or Christianity for 24 hours. And if he practiced either for 24 hours, that would be the end of his power. John Henrik Clarke

Marcus Garvey, has to be the greatest of all Pan Africanists. I chose him as
the greatest African of the twentieth century. I was going to name this page
understanding Marcus Garvey, for I believe that he was so misunderstood by
people who fought against him, and what he stood for and what his organization
accomplished. No man was capable of accomplishing anything near what he
accomplished in organizing African people worldwide after our enslavement and
after colonialism. He deserves more praise and recognition then has been given
to him by our people and by history. We have failed to study his famous book
Philosophy and Opinions which was the book that African nations used as their
road map for liberation and towards independence from colonialism.

Universal Negro Improvement Association...UNIA was the greatest mass movement
led by the grassroots people in history. At the time Marcus Garvey was a
believer in the principals of Booker T. Washington and felt that Booker was on
the right path, instead of W.E.B. Dubois philosophy of the Talented Tenth. What
Garvey did was meshing them both and created something that Dubois was jealous
of. Here was a man that didn't have the college degrees that DuBois had, and
was able to come to America and unite the masses of black people into the UNIA,
and over 6,000,000 more worldwide and Dubois wasn't able to do anything
here even with his degrees and the money and support of the NAACP. So when
people today talk about a Covenant with Black America I laugh, for you can't be
so narrow minded to not include all African people worldwide in your covenant.
This is where they're missing the boat. If we're not thinking globally then
we're destined to keep our current status.

This is why we're presenting Marcus Garvey to you, for we need to
re-examine what this Great Man had done and duplicate it today. Actually the
UNIA is still around today and can be found at www.unia-acl.org and
we all need to be members and supporting this famous organization. We need to
be working with any and all nations, organizations, people that are working for
the liberation and betterment of African people throughout the Diaspora. Black
People Party owns the website address www.blackcovenant.com and will present a site in the principals and
philosophy of Marcus Garvey and other Pan Africanists. This is what a black
covenant should be about first and foremost. We need to start looking at
ourselves as African's again and start claiming our culture and our beautiful
history. We need to stop looking at Africa as a negative
place and being African, as another negative.

Now is the time that we destroy the urban myths that our African brother's and
sisters still on the continent, sold us into slavery. We hear this lot and it
is ignorant and wrong, for you can't blame a whole continent for the wrongs of
a few. Today you look in our communities and we have the drug dealers who have
sold several souls and they would sell you today to the highest bidder, so what
have we metamorphosis from, and into? But, is that all of us? No just, some
misguided among us. So we need to get over it and make amends to each other for
this is really a divide and conquer tactic used by our oppressors to keep us
divided. "Africa for the African's" was
Garvey's great cry to the world. So let's honor his legacy and come together,
like our great elder wanted us to. So here are the words and wisdom of Marcus
Mosiah Garvey. Thank You!

Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey

HISTORY is the land-mark by which we are directed into the
true course of life. The history of a movement, the history of a nation, the
history of a race is the guide-post of that movements destiny, that nations
destiny, that races destiny. What you do to-day that is worthwhile inspires
others to act at some future time.

CHANCE has never yet satisfied the hope of a suffering people. Action,
self-reliance, the vision of self and the future have been the only means by
which the oppressed have seen and realized the light of their own freedom.

LIFE is that existence that is given to man to live for a purpose, to live to
his own satisfaction and pleasure, providing he forgets not the God who created
him and who expects a spiritual obedience and observation of the moral laws
that he has inspired. There is nothing in the world common to man, that man can
not do.

The ends you serve that are selfish will take you no further than yourself; but
the ends you serve that are for all, in common, will take you even into
eternity.

It is only the belief and the confidence we have in a God why man is able to
understand his own social institutions, and move and live like a rational human
being.

Take away the highest idealFAITH and CONFIDENCE IN A GODand mankind at large
is reduced to savagery and the race destroyed.

A race without authority and power is a race without respect.

CRITICISM is an opinion for good or ill, generally indulged in by the fellow
who knows more than any one else, yet the biggest fool. There is no criticism
that calls not forth yet another. The last critic is the biggest fool of all,
for the world starts and ends with him. He is the source of all knowledge, yet
knows nothing, for there is not a word one finds to use that there is not another
that hath the same meaning, then wherefore do we criticize?

FEAR is a state of nervousness fit for children and not men. When man fears a
creature like himself he offends God, in whose image and likeness he is
created. Man being created equal tears not man but God. To fear is to lose
control of ones nerves; ones willto flutter, like a dying fowl, losing
consciousness, yet, alive.

AMBITION is the desire to go forward and improve ones condition. It is a
burning flame that lights up the life of the individual and makes him see
himself in another state. To be ambitious is to be great in mind and soul. To
want that which is, worth while, and strive for it. To go on without looking:
back, reaching to that which gives satisfaction. To be humanly ambitious is to
take in the world which is the province of man; to be divinely ambitious is to
offend God by rivaling him in His infinite Majesty.

ADMIRATION is a form of appreciation that is sometimes mistaken for something
else. There may be something about you that suggests good fellowship when kept
at a distance, but in closer contact would not be tolerated, otherwise it would
be love.

RELIGION is ones opinion and belief in some ethical truth. To be a Christian
is to have the religion of Christ, and so to be a believer of Mohammed is to be
a Mohammedan but there are so many religions that every man seems to be a
religion unto himself. No two persons think alike, even if they outwardly
profess the same faith, so we have as many religions in Christianity as we hare
believers.

DEATH is the end of all life in the individual or the thing; if physical, the
crumbling of the body into dust from whence it came. He, who lives not
uprightly, dies completely in the crumbling of the physical body, but he who
lives well, transforms himself from that which is mortal, to immortal.

FAITHFULNESS is actuated by a state of heart and mind in the individual that
changes not. No one is wholly faithful to a cause or an object, except his
heart and mind remain firm without change or doubt. If ones attitude or
conduct changes toward an object, then one has lost in ones faithfulness. It
is a wholeness of belief overshadowing all suspicion, all doubt, admitting of
no question; to serve without regret or disgust, to obligate ones self to that
which is promised or expected, to keep to our word and do our duty well. There
are but few faithful people now-a-days.

PROHIBITION is to abstain from intoxicating liquor, as it makes us morbid and
sometimes drunk. But we get drunk every day, nevertheless, not so much by the
strength of what we sip from the cup, but that which we eat, the water we
drink, and the air we inhale, which at fermentation conspire at eventide to
make us so drunk and tired that we lose control of ourselves and fall asleep. Everybody
is a drunkard, and if we were to enforce real prohibition we should all be dead.

There is no strength but that which is destructive, because man has lost his
virtues, and only respects force, which he himself cannot counteract. This is
the day of racial activity, when each and every group of this great human
family must exercise its own initiative and influence in its own protection,
therefore, Negroes should be more determined today than they have ever been,
because the mighty forces of the world are operating against non-organized
groups of peoples, who are not ambitious enough to protect their own interests.

Wake up Ethiopia!
Wake up Africa! Let us work towards the one glorious end
of a free, redeemed and mighty nation. Let Africa be a
bright star among the constellation of nations. A mans bread and butter is
only insured when he works for it. The world has now reached the stage when
humanity is really at the parting of the ways. It is a question of MAN MIND
THYSELF.

The political readjustment of the world means that those who are not
sufficiently able, not sufficiently prepared, will be at the mercy of the
organized classes for another one or two hundred years.

The only protection against INJUSTICE in man is POWER Physical, financial and
scientific. The masses make the nation and the race. If the masses are
illiterate, that is the judgment passed on the race by those who
are critical of its existence.

The function of the Press is public service without prejudice or partiality, to
convey the truth as it is seen and understood with out favoritism or bias.

EDUCATION is the medium by which a people are prepared for the creation of
their own particular civilization, and the advancement and glory of their own
race.

NATIONHOOD is the only means by which modern civilization can completely
protect itself.
Independence of nationality,
independence of government, is the means of protecting not only the individual,
but the group. Nationhood is the highest ideal of all peoples. The evolutionary
scale that weighs nations and races, balances alike for all peoples; hence we
feel sure that some day the balance will register a change for the Negro. If we
are to believe the Divine injunction, we must realize that the time is coming
when every man and every race must return to its own vine and fig tree.

Let Africa be our guiding StarOUR STAR OF DESTINY. So
many of us find excuses to get out of the Negro Race, because we are led to
believe that the race is unworthythat it has not accomplished anything. Cowards
that we are! It is we who are unworthy, because we are not contributing to the
uplift and up-building of this noble race.

How dare any one tell us that Africa cannot he redeemed,
when we have 400,000,000 men and women with warm blood coursing through their
veins? The power that holds Africa is not divine. The
power that holds Africa is human, and it is recognized
that whatsoever man has done, man can do.

We of the Negro Race are moving from one state of organization to another, and
we shall so continue until we have thoroughly lifted ourselves into the
organization of GOVERNMENT. Be as proud of your race today as our fathers were
in the days of yore. We have a beautiful history, and we shall create another
in the future that will astonish the world.

WOMAN
What the night is to the day, is woman to man. The period of change that brings
us light out of darkness, darkness out of light, and semi-light out of darkness
are like the changes we find in woman day by day.
She makes one happy, then miserable. You are to her kind, then unkind.
Constant, yet inconstant. Thus we have
WOMAN. No real man can do without her.

LOVE
A happy but miserable state in which man finds himself from time to time;
sometimes he believes he is happy by then suddenly he finds how miserable he
is. It is all joy. it sweetens life, but it does not last. It comes and goes,
but when it is active, there is no greater virtue, because it makes one
supremely happy.
We cannot hold our love, but there is one love that never changeth or is
mistaken, and that is Gods. The longer we hold our love, the nearer we
approach like unto our Creator. The whole world is run on bluff. No race. no
nation, no man has any divine right to take advantage of others. Why allow the
other fellow to bluff you?

Every student of Political Science, every student of Economics knows that the
race can only be saved through a solid industrial foundation. That the race can
only be saved, through political
independence. Take away industry from a race; take away political freedom from
a race, and you have a group of slaves.

Peoples everywhere are traveling toward industrial opportunities and greater
political freedom. As a race oppressed, it is for us to prepare ourselves that
at any time the great change in industrial freedom and political liberty comes
about, we may be able to enter into the new era as partakers of the joys to be
inherited.

Lagging behind in the van of civilization will not prove our higher abilities.
Being subservient to the will and caprice of progressive races will not prove
anything superior in us. Being satisfied to drink of the dregs from the cup of
human progress will not demonstrate our fitness as a people to exist alongside
of others, but when of our own initiative we strike out to build industries,
governments, and ultimately empires, then and only then will we as a race prove
to our Creator and to man in general that we are fit to survive and capable of
shaping our own destiny.

The world ought to know that it could not keep 400,000,000 Negroes down forever.
There is always a turning point in the destiny of every race, every nation, of
all peoples, and we have come now to the turning point of the Negro, where we
have changed from the old cringing weakling, and transformed into full-grown
men, demanding our portion as MEN.

I am not one of those Christians who believe that the Bible can solve all the
problems of humanity. The Bible is good in its place, but we are men. We are
the creatures of God. We have sinned against Him; therefore it
takes more than the Bible to keep us in our places. Man is becoming so vile
that to-day we cannot afford to convert him with moral, ethical, physical
truths alone, but with that which is more effectiveimplements of destruction.

LEADERSHIP means everythingPAIN, BLOOD, DEATH.
To be prosperous in whatever we do is the sign of TRUE WEALTH. We may be
wealthy in not only having money, but in spirit and health. It is the most
helpful agency toward a self satisfying life. One lives, in an age like this,
nearer perfection by being wealthy than by being poor. To the contended soul,
wealth is the stepping stone to perfection; to the miser it is the nearest
avenue to hell. I would prefer to be honestly wealthy, than miserably poor.

To be free from temptation of other peoples property is to reflect the HONESTY
of our own souls. There are but few really honest people, in that between the
thought and the deed we make ourselves dishonest. The fellow, who steals, acts
dishonestly. We can steal in thought as well as in deed, therefore to be honest
is a virtue that but few indulge. To be honest is to be satisfied, having all,
wanting nothing. If you find yourself in such a state then you are honest, if
not the temptation of your soul is bound to make you dishonest. This applies to
the king and the peasant alike.

All peoples are struggling to blast a way through the industrial monopoly of
races and nations, but the Negro as a whole has failed to grasp its true
significance and seems to delight in filling only that place created for him by
the white man. The Negro who lives on the patronage of philanthropists is the
most dangerous member of our society, because he is willing to turn back the
clock of progress when his benefactors ask him so to do. No race in the world
is so just as to give others, for the asking, a square deal in things economic,
political and social.

Men who are in earnest are not afraid of consequences. No one knows when the
hour of Africas Redemption cometh. It is in the wind.
It is coming. One day, like a storm, it will be here. When that day comes all Africa
will stand together.

Any sane man, race or nation that desires freedom must first of all think in
terms of blood. Why, even the Heavenly Father tells us that without the
shedding of blood there can be no remission of sins? Then how in the name of
God, with history before us, do we expect to redeem Africa
without preparing ourselvessome of us to die. I pray God that we shall never
use our physical prowess to oppress the human race, but we will use our
strength, physically, morally and otherwise to preserve humanity and
civilization.

For over three hundred years the white man has been our oppressor, and he
naturally is not going to liberate us to the higher freedomthe truer
libertythe truer Democracy. We have to liberate ourselves.
Every man has a right to his own opinion. Every race has a right to its own
action; therefore let no man persuade you against your will, let no other race
influence, you against your own.

The greatest weapon used against the Negro is DISORGANIZATION:
If you have no confidence in self you are twice defeated is the race of life.
With confidence you have won even before you. have started. At no time within
the last five hundred years can one point to a single instance of the Negro as
a race of haters.

Point me to a weak nation and I will show you a people oppressed, abused, taken
advantage of by others.
Show me a weak race and I will show you a people reduced to serfdom, peonage
and slavery.
Show me a well organized nation, and I will show you a people and a nation
respected by the world.
The battles of the future, whether they
be physical or mental. Will be fought on scientific lines, and the race that is able to produce the
highest scientific development, is the race that will ultimately rule.

Let us prepare TODAY. For the TOMORROWS in the lives of the nations will be so
eventful that Negroes everywhere will be called upon to play their part in the
survival of the fittest human group.

Let us in shaping our own Destiny, set before us the qualities of human
JUSTICE, LOVE, CHARITY, MERCY AND EQUITY. Upon such foundation let us build a
race, and I feel that the God who is Divine, the Almighty Creator of the world,
shall forever bless this race of ours, and who to tell that we shall not teach
men the way to life, liberty and true human happiness?

Day by day we hear the cry of AFRICA FOR THE AFRICANS. This cry has become a
positive, determined one. It is a cry that is raised simultaneously the world
over, because of the universal oppression that affects the Negro.

All of us may not live to see the higher accomplishment of an African Empireso
strong and powerful, as to compel the respect of mankind, but we in our
life-time can so work and act as to make the dream a possibility within another
generation.

PROPAGANDA
We are living in a civilization that is highly developed. We are living in a
world that is scientifically arranged in which everything done by those who
control is done through system; proper arrangement, proper organization, and
among some of the organized methods used to control the world is the thing
known and called PROPAGANDA. Propaganda has done more to defeat the good
intentions of races and nations than even open warfare. Propaganda is a method
or medium used by organized peoples to convert others against their will. We of
the Negro race are suffering more than any other race in the world from
propaganda Propaganda to destroy our hopes, our ambitions and our confidence
in self.

SLAVERY
Slavery is a condition imposed upon individuals or races not sufficiently able
to protect or defend themselves, and so long as a race or people expose
themselves to the danger of being weak, no one can tell when they will be
reduced to slavery. When a man is a slave he has no liberty of action; no
freedom of will, he is bound and controlled by the will and act of others; is
of the individual, so of the race. Slavery is not a condition confined to any
one age or race of people. Slavery has been since man in the different
distribution of himself, scattered here, there and everywhere, has grown and
developed, wherein one race will become strong and the other race remains weak.
The strong race has always reduced the weak to slavery. It has been so in ages
past, it is so now in certain parts of the world, and will be so until the end
of time.
The great British nation was once a race of slaves. In their own country they
were not respected because the Romans went there, brutalized and captured them,
took them over to Rome and kept
them in slavery. They were not respected in Rome
because they were regarded as a slave race. But the Briton did not always
remain a slave. As a freed man he went back to his country (Britain)
and built up a civilization of his own, and by his self-reliance and initiative
he forced the respect of mankind and maintains it until today.

FORCE
The powers opposed to Negro progress will not be influenced in the slightest by
mere verbal protests on our part. They realize only too welt that protests of
this kind contain nothing but the breath expended in making them. They also
realize that their success in enslaving and dominating the darker portion of
humanity was due solely to the element of FORCE employed (in the majority of
cases this was accomplished by force of arms.) Pressure of course may assert
itself in other forms, but in the last analysis whatever influence is brought
to bear against the powers opposed to Negro progress must contain the element
of FORCE in order to accomplish its purpose, since it is apparent that this is
the only element they recognize.

EDUCATION
To be learned in all that is worth while knowing. Not to be crammed with the
subject matter of the book or the philosophy of the class room, but to store
away in your head such facts as you need for the daily application of life, so
that you may the better in all things understand your fellowmen, and interpret
your relationship to your Creator. You can be educated in soul, vision and
feeling, as well as in mind. To see your enemy and know him is a part of the
complete education of man; to spiritually regulate ones self is an other form
of the higher education that fits man for a nobler place in life, and still, to
approach your brother by the feeling of your own humanity, is an education that
softens the ills of the world and makes us kind indeed.
Many a man was educated outside the school room. It is something you let out,
not completely take in. You are part of it, for it is natural; it is dormant
simply because you will not develop it, but God creates every man with it knowingly
or unknowingly to him who possesses itthats the difference. Develop yours and
you become as great and full of knowledge as the other fellow without even
entering the class room.

MISCEGENATION
Some of the men of the Negro race aggravate the race question because they
force the white man to conclude that to educate a black man, to give him
opportunities, is but to fit him to be a competitor for the hand of his woman;
hence the eternal race question. But not all black men are willing to commit race
suicide and to abhor their race for the companionship of another. There are
hundreds of millions of us black men who are proud of our skins and to us the
African Empire will not be a Utopia, neither will it be dangerous nor fail to
serve our best interests, because we realize that like the leopard we cannot
change our skins. The men of the highest morals, highest character and noblest
pride are to be found among the masses of the Negro race who love their women
with as much devotion as white men love theirs.

PREJUDICE
Prejudice of the white race against the black race is not so much because of
color as of condition; because as a race, to them, we have accomplished
nothing; we have built no nation, no government; because we are dependent for
our economic and political existence. You can never curb the prejudice of the
one race or nation against the other by law. It must be regulated by ones own
feeling, ones own will, and if ones feeling and will rebel against you no law
in the world can curb it. Prejudice can be actuated by different reasons.
Sometimes the reason is economic, and sometimes political. You can only
obstruct it by progress and force.

RADICALISM
Radical is a label that is always applied to people who endeavoring to get
freedom. Jesus Christ was the greatest radical the world ever saw. He came and
saw a world of sin and his program was to inspire it with spiritual feeling. He
was therefore a radical .George Washington
was dubbed a radical when he took up
his sword to fight his way to liberty in America
one hundred and forty years ago. All men who call themselves reformers are
perforce radicals. They cannot be anything else, because they are revolting
against the conditions that exist. Conditions as they exist reveal a
conservative state, and if you desire to change these conditions you must be a
radical. I am, therefore, satisfied to be the same kind of radical, if through
radicalism I can free Africa..

GOVERNMENT
Government is not infallible. Government is only an executive control, a centralized
authority for the purpose of expressing the will of the people. Before you have
a government you must have the people. Without the people there can be no
government. The government must be, therefore, an expression of the will of the
people.

EVOLUTION AND THE RESULT
Evolution brings us changes that sometimes make us fail to recognize ourselves
even after a lapse of centuries. When the great white race of today had no civilization
of its own, when white men lived in caves and were counted as savages, this
race of ours boasted of a wonderful civilization on the Banks of the Nile.
It may sound good for some Negroes to say that they were born here or there,
and they do not intend to go anywhere else but where they saw the light of day.
But let me say to you men, the world is small and humanity in the many and
various race groups, is growing larger every day.

A race that was ten millions fifty years ago is today sixty millions. A race
that was thirty millions fifty years ago is today ninety millions; how many
will they be tomorrow and the world is not growing larger?
What will happen through the multiplication of all these various race groups,
of those who are in power, of those who are strong, those who have at their
command the forces of nature, through which they can exploit the weak and
ultimately exterminate them? What will happen to you, the weak and unprepared,
when the strong becomes more numerous even though the world remains at its
present size? Ah, if you will but think down the future and compare the
possibilities of that future with the happenings of the past you will come to
the conclusion that there is no other salvation for the Negro but through a
free and independent Africa.

Whilst geographically speaking the world has ever been in its natural divisions
as we know it, and see it, yet, politically speaking, the world has changed,
and is still changing. Yesterday we had the Roman Empire,
we had the Grecian Empire, we had even before the Carthaginian, the Assyrian
and the Babylonian empires. What has become of them? They have gone into the
oblivion of the past, because of human progress, because of the development of
certain races as against the stagnation of others; but even yesterday we also
had the great German Empire; we had the Russian Empire; we had the Empire of
Austria and Hungary.
Where are they now? They too, are traveling toward the oblivion of the past.
Today we have the great French Empire, the British Empire
and other great commonwealths. Will they stand Ah, methinks not, because evolution
and human progress bring changes, and in the changes no man can tell what will
happen tomorrow as against what exists today. Therefore, I say to the four
hundred million Negroes of the world, prepare yourselves for the higher life,
the life of liberty, industrially, educationally, socially and politically.

POVERTY
A hellish state, to be in. It is no
virtue. It is a crime. To be poor, is to be hungry without possible hope of
food; to be sick without hope of medicine; to be tired and sleepy without a
place to lay ones head; to be naked without the hope of clothing; to be
despised and comfortless. To be poor is to be a fit subject for crime and hell.
The hungry man steals bread and thereby breaks the eighth commandment; by his
state he breaks all the laws of God and man and becomes an outcast. In thought
and deed he covets his goods; comfortless as he is he seeks his neighbors
wife; to him there is no other course but sin and death. That is the way of
poverty. No one wants to be poor.

POWER
Power is the only argument that satisfies man. Except the individual, the race
or the nation has POWER that is exclusive, it mean that that individual, race
or nation will be bound by the will of the other who possesses this great
qualification. It is the physical and pugilistic power of Harry Wills that
makes white men afraid to fight him. It was the industrial and scientific power
of the Teutonic race that kept it for years as dictator of the economic and
scientific policies of Europe. It is the naval and
political power of Great Britain
that keeps her mistress of the seas. It is the commercial and financial power
of the United States of America
that makes her the greatest banker in the world. Hence it is advisable for the
Negro to get power of every kind. POWER in education, science, industry, politics and higher
government. That kind of power that will stand out signally, so that other races and nations can see, and
if they will not see, then FEEL. Man is not satisfied or moved by prayers
or petitions, but every man is moved by that power of authority which forces
him to do even against his wilL

UNIVERSAL SUSPICION
Humanity everywhere is struggling toward political freedom and economic
opportunity. In this struggle we are confronted with the rivalry of the keenest
minds of the age; each race and nation seeking to present its best to the
world. So much is expected of each by the different rivals, that it becomes
impossible to reach an amicable settlement and to establish universal
confidence. It can be plainly seen that no one race or nation trusts the other.
There is a UNIVERSAL SUSPICION that hovers over the conduct of every great
leader representative of his race or nation. It is this suspicion that limited
the Washington Four pact Treaty; it is this suspicion that caused the failure
of the Genoa Conference; it is this suspicion that is going to wreck ultimately
many of the nations and empires of today, thereby throwing into obscurity many
of the races that now dominate the affairs of men. We as a race are called upon
to play our part, and we must do it well.
In the spread of this universal suspicion that causes nation to distrust
nation, and race to distrust race, we also have our distrust which makes it
impossible for us to believe in anyone else but ourselves.

DISSERTATION ON MAN
Man is the individual who is able to shape his own character, master his own
will, direct his own life and shape his own ends. When God breathed into the
nostrils of man the breath of life, made him a living soul, and bestowed upon
him the authority of Lord of Creation, He never intended that that individual
should descend to the level of a peon, a serf, or a slave, but that he should
be always man in the fullest possession of his senses, and with the truest
knowledge of himself. But how changed has man become since creations We find
him today divided into different classesthe helpless imbecile, the dependent
slave, the servant and the master. These different classes God never created.
He created MAN. But this individual has so retrograded, as to make it
impossible to find hima real man.

As far as the Negro race is concerned, we can find but few real men to measure
up to the higher purpose of the creation, and because of this lack of manhood
in the race, we have stagnated for centuries and now find ourselves at the foot
of the great human ladder. After the creation, and after man was given
possession of the world, the Creator relinquished all authority to his lord,
except that which was spiritual. All that authority which meant the regulation
of human affairs, human society, and human happiness was given to man by the
Creator, and man, therefore, became master of his own destiny, and architect of
his own fate.

In process of time we find that only a certain type of man has been able to
make good in Gods creation. We find them building nations, governments and
empires, as also great monuments of commerce, industry and education (these men
realizing the power given them exerted every bit of it to their own good and to
their posteritys) while, on the other hand, 400,000,000 Negroes who claim the
common Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man, have fallen back so
completely, as to make us today the serfs and slaves of those who fully know
themselves and have taken control of the world, which was given to all in
common by the Creator. I desire to impress upon the 400,000,000 members of my
race that our failings in the past, present and of the future will be through
our failures to know ourselves and to realize the true functions of man on this
mundane sphere.

RACE ASSIMILATION
Some Negro leaders have advanced the belief that in another few year, The white
people will make up their minds to assimilate their black populations; thereby
sinking all racial prejudice in the welcoming of the black race into the social
companionship of the white. Such leaders further believe that by the
amalgamation of black and white, a new type will spring up, and that type will
become the American and West Indian of the future.

This belief is preposterous. I believe that white men should be white, yellow
men should be yellow, and black men should be black in the great panorama of
races, until each and every race by its own initiative lifts itself up to the
common standard of humanity, as to compel the respect and appreciation of all,
and so make it possible for each one to stretch out the hand of welcome without
being able to be prejudiced against the other because of any inferior and
unfortunate condition.

The white man of America
will not, to any organized extent, assimilate the Negro, because in so doing,
he feels that he will be committing racial suicide. This he is not prepared to
do. It is true he illegitimately carries on a system of assimilation; but such
assimilation, as practiced, is one that he is not prepared to support because
he becomes prejudiced against his own offspring, if that offspring is the
product of black and white; hence, to the white man the question of racial
differences is eternal. So long as Negroes occupy an inferior position among
the races and nations of the world, just so long will others be prejudiced
against them, because it will be profitable for them to keep up their system of
superiority. But when the Negro by his own initiative lifts himself from his
low state to the highest human standard he will be in a position to stop
begging and praying, and demand a place that no individual, race or nation will
be able to deny him.

CHRISTIANITY
A form of religion practiced by the millions, but as misunderstood, and unreal
to the majority as gravitation is to the untutored savage. We profess to live
in the atmosphere of Christianity, yet our acts are as barbarous as if we never
knew Christ. He taught us to love, yet we hate; to forgive, yet we revenge; to
be merciful, yet we condemn and punish, and still we are Christians.

If hell is what we are taught it is, then there will be more Christians there
than days in all creation. To be a true Christian one must be like Christ and
practice Christianity, not as the Bishop does, but as he says, for if our lives
were to be patterned after the other fellows all of us, Bishop, Priest and
Layman would ultimately meet around the furnace of hell, and none of us,
because of our sins, would see salvation.

God placed man on earth as the lord of Creation. The elementsall nature are at
his commandit is for him to harness them subdue them and use them. Edison
harnessed electricity. Today the world reflects the brilliancy of his grand
illumination. Stephenson, through experiments, has given us the use of the
steam engine, and today the railroad train flies across the country at a speed
of sixty miles an hour.
Marconi conquered the currents of the air and today we have Wireless telegraphy
that flashes news across the continents with a rapidity never yet known to man.
All this reveals to us that man is the supreme lord of creation, that in man
lies the power of mastery, a mastery of self, a mastery of all things created,
bowing only to the Almighty Architect in those things that are spiritual, in
those things that are divine.

TRAITORS
In the fight to reach the top the oppressed have always been encumbered by the
traitors of their own race, made up of those of little faith and those who are
generally susceptible to bribery for the selling out of the rights of their own
people. As Negroes, we are not entirely free of such an encumbrance. To be
outspoken, I believe we are more encumbered in this way than any other race in
the world, because of the lack of training and preparation for fitting us for
our place in the world among nations and races. The traitor of other races is
generally confined to the mediocre or irresponsible individual, but,
unfortunately, the traitors among the Negro race are generally to be found
among the men highest placed in education and society, the fellows who call
themselves leaders.

For us to examine ourselves thoroughly as a people we will find that we have
more traitors than leaders, because nearly everyone who essays to lead the race
at this time does so by first establishing himself as the pet of some
philanthropist of another race, to whom he will go and debase his race in the
worst form, humiliate his own manhood, and thereby win the sympathy of the
great benefactor, who will dictate to him what he should do in the leadership
of the Negro race. It is generally You must go out and teach your people to be
meek and humble; tell them to be good servants, loyal and obedient to their
masters. If you will teach them such a doctrine you can always depend on me to
give you $1,000 a year or $5,000 a year for the support of yourself, the
newspaper or the institution you represent.

I will always recommend you to my friends as a good fellow who is all right,
With this advice and prospect of patronage the average Negro leader goes out to
lead the unfortunate mass. These leaders tell us how good Mr. So and So is, how
many good friends we have in the opposite race, and that if we leave everything
to them all will work out well. This is the kind of leadership we have been
having for the last fifty years. It is nothing else but treachery and treason
of the worst kind. The man who will compromise the attitude of his country is a
traitor, and even so the man who will compromise the rights of his race can be
classified in no other way than that of a traitor also. Not until we settle
down as four hundred million people and let the men who have placed themselves
in the lead of us realize that we are disgusted and dissatisfied, and that we
shall have a leadership of our own and stick by it when we get it, will we be
able to lift ourselves from this mire of degradation to the heights of
prosperity, human liberty and human appreciation.

MAN KNOW THYSELF
For man to know himself is for him to feel that for him there is no human
master. For him Nature is his servant, and whatsoever he wills in Nature, that
shall be his reward. If he wills to be a pigmy, a serf or a slave, that shall
he be. If he wills to be a real man in possession of the things common to man,
then he shall be his own sovereign. When man fails to grasp his authority he
sinks to the level of the lower animals, and whatsoever the real man bids him
do, even as if it were of the lower animals, that much shall he do. If he says
go. He goes. If he says come, he comes. By this command he performs the
functions of life even as by a similar command the mule, the horse, the cow, perform
the will of their masters.

For the last four hundred years the Negro has been in the position of being
commanded even as the lower animals are controlled. Our race has been without a
will; without a purpose of its own, for all this length of time. Because of
that we have developed few men who are able to understand the strenuousness of
the age in which we live. Where can we find in this race of ours real men? Men
of character, men of purpose, men of
confidence, men of faith, men who really know themselves? I have come across so
many weaklings who profess to be leaders, and in the test I have found them but
the slaves of a nobler class. They perform the will of their masters without
question.

To me, a man has no master but God. Man in his authority is a sovereign lord.
As for the individual man, so of the
individual race. This feeling makes man so courageous, so bold, as to make it
impossible for his brother to intrude upon his rights. So few of us can
understand what it takes to make a manthe man who will never say die; the man
who will never give up; the man who will never depend upon others to do for him
what he ought to do for himself; the man who will not blame God, who will not
Love Nature, who will not blame Fate for his condition; but the man who will go
out and make conditions to suit himself. Oh, how disgusting life becomes when
on every hand you hear people (who bear your image, who bear your resemblance)
telling you that they cannot make it, that Fate is against them, that they
cannot get a chance. If 400,000,000 Negroes can only get to know themselves, to
know that in them is a sovereign power, is an authority that is absolute, then
in the next twenty-four hours we would have a new race, we would have a nation,
an empire,  resurrected, not from the will of others to see us rise,but from
our own determination to rise, irrespective of what the world thinks.

An Appeal To The Soul of White America

Surely the soul of liberal, philanthropic, liberty-loving, white America
is not dead. It is true that the glamour of materialism has, to a great degree,
.destroyed the innocence and purity of the national conscience, but, still,
beyond our politics, beyond our soulless industrialism, there is a deep feeling
of human sympathy that touches the soul of white America,
upon which the unfortunate and sorrowful can always depend for sympathy, help
and action. It is to that feeling that I appeal for four hundred million
Negroes of the world, and fifteen millions of America
in particular.

There is no real white man in America,
who does not desire a solution of the Negro problem. Each thoughtful citizen
has probably his own idea of how the vexed question of races should be settled.
To some the Negro could be gotten rid of by wholesale butchery, by lynching, by
economic starvation, by a return to slavery, and legalized oppression, while
others would have the problem solved by seeing the race all herded together and
kept somewhere among themselves; but a fewthose in whom they have an
interestshould be allowed to live around as the wards of a mistaken
philanthropy; yet, none so generous as to desire to see the Negro elevated to a
standard of real progress and prosperity, welded into a homogeneous whole,
creating of themselves a mighty nation, with proper systems of government,
civilization and culture, to mark them admissible to the fraternities of
nations and races without any disadvantage.

I do not desire to offend the finer feelings and sensibilities of those white
friends of the race who really believe that they are kind and considerate to us
as a people; but I feel it my duty to make a real appeal to conscience and not
to belief. Conscience is solid, convicting and permanently demonstrative;
belief is only a matter of opinion, changeable by superior reasoning. Once the
belief was that it was fit and proper to hold the Negro as a slave and in this
the bishop, priest and layman agreed. Later on, they changed their belief or
opinion, but at all times, the conscience of certain people dictated to them
that it was wrong and inhuman to hold human beings as slaves. It is to such a
conscience in white America
that I am addressing myself.
Negroes are human beingsthe peculiar and strange opinions of writers,
ethnologists, philosophers, scientists and anthropologists notwithstanding.
They have feelings, souls, passions, ambitions, desires, just as other men,
hence they must be considered.

Has white America
really considered the Negro in the light of permanent human progress? The
answer is NO.
Men and women of the white race, do you know what is going to happen if you do
not think and act now? One of two things, You are either going to deceive and
keep the Negro in your midst until you have perfectly completed your wonderful
American civilization with its progress of art, science, industry and politics,
and then, jealous of your own success and achievements in those directions, and
with the greater jealousy of seeing your race pure and unmixed, cast him off to
die in the whirlpool of economic starvation, thus getting rid of another race
that was not intelligent enough to live, or, you simply mean by the largeness
of your hearts to assimilate fifteen million Negroes into the social fraternity
of an American race, that will neither be white nor black! Dont be alarmed! We
must prevent both consequences. No real race loving white man wants to destroy
the purity of his race, and no real Negro conscious of himself, wants to die,
hence there is room for an understanding, and an adjustment. And that is just
what we seek.

Let white and black stop deceiving themselves. Let the white race stop thinking
that all black men are dogs and not to be considered as human beings. Let
foolish Negro agitators and so- called reformers, encouraged by deceptive or
unthinking white associates, stop preaching and advocating the doctrine of
social equality, meaning thereby the social intermingling of both races,
intermarriages, and general social co-relationship. The two extremes will get
us nowhere, other than breeding hate, and encouraging discord, which will
eventually end disastrously to the weaker race.

Some Negroes, in the quest of position and honor, have been admitted to the
full enjoyment of their constitutional rights. Thus we have some of our men
filling high and responsible government positions, others, on their own
account, have established themselves in the professions, commerce and industry.
This, the casual onlooker, and even the men themselves, will say carries a
guarantee and hope of social equality, and permanent racial progress. But this
is the mistake. There is no progress of the Negro in America
that is permanent, so long as we have with us the monster evilprejudice.

Prejudice we shall always have bet black and white, so long as the latter
believes that the former is intruding upon their rights. So long as white
laborers believe that black laborers are taking and holding their jobs, so long
as white artisans believe that black artisans are performing the work that they
should do; so long as white men and women believe that black men and women are
filling the positions that they covet; so long as white political leaders and
statesmen believe that black politicians and statesmen are seeking the same
positions in the nations government; so long as white men believe that black
men want to associate with, and marry white women, then we will ever have
prejudice, and not only prejudice, but riots, lynching, burnings, and God to
tell what next will follow!

It is this danger that drives me mad. It must be prevented. We cannot allow
white and black to drift along unthinkingly toward this great gulf and danger
that is nationally ahead of us. It is because of this that I speak, and now call
upon the soul of great white America
to help. It is no use putting off. The work must be done, and it must be
started now. Some people have misunderstood me. Some dont want to understand
me. But I must explain myself for the good of the world and humanity.

Those of the Negro race who preach social equality, and who are working for an
American race that will, in complexion, be neither white nor black, have tried
to misinterpret me to the white public, and create prejudice against my work.
The white public, not stopping to analyze and question the motive behind
criticisms and attacks, aimed against new leaders and their movements, condemn
without even giving a chance to the criticized, to be heard. Those of my own
race who oppose me because I refuse to endorse their program of social
arrogance and social equality, gloat over the fact that by their
misrepresentation and underhand methods, they were able to have me convicted
and imprisoned for crime which they calculate will so discredit me as to
destroy the movement that I represent, in opposition to their program of a new
American race; but we will not now consider the opposition to a program or a
movement, but state the facts as they are, and let deep soiled white America
pass its own judgment.

In another one hundred years white America
will have doubled its population; in another two hundred years it will have
trebled itself. The keen student must realize that the centuries ahead will
bring us an over-crowded country; opportunities, as the population grows
larger, will be fewer; the competition for bread between the people of their
own class will become keener, and so much more so will there be no room for two
competitive races, the one strong, and the other weak. To imagine Negroes as
district attorneys, judges, senators, congressmen, assemblymen, aldermen,
government clerks and officials, artisans and laborers at work, while millions
of white men starve, is to have before you the bloody picture of wholesale mob
violence that I fear, and against which I am working.

No preaching, no praying, no presidential edict will control the passion of
hungry unreasoning men of prejudice when the hour comes. It will not come, I
pray, in our generation, but it is of the future that I think and for which I
work. A generation of ambitious Negro men and women, out from the best
colleges, universities and institutions, capable of filling the highest and
best positions in the nation, in industry, commerce, society and politics! Can
you keep them back? If you do so they will agitate and throw your constitution
in your faces. Can you stand before civilization and deny the truth of your
constitution? What are you going to do then? You who are just will open the
door of opportunity and say to all and sundry,

Enter in. But, ladies and gentlemen, what about the mob, that starving crowd
of your own race? Will they stand by, suffer and starve, and allow an opposite,
competitive race to prosper in the midst of their distress? If you can conjure
these things up in your mind, then you have the vision of the race problem of
the future in America.

There is but one solution, and that is to provide an outlet for Negro energy,
ambition, and passion, away from the attractions of white opportunity and
surround the race with opportunities of its own. If this is not done, and if
the foundation for same is not laid now, then the consequence will be sorrowful
for the weaker race, and disgraceful to our ideals of justice, and shocking to
our civilization. The Negro must have a country and a nation of his own. If you
laugh at the idea, then you are selfish and wicked, for you and your children
do not intend that the Negro shall discommode you in yours. If you do not want
him to have a country and a nation of his own; if you do not intend to give him
equal opportunities in yours. then it is plain to see that you mean that he
must die, even as the Indian, to make room for your generations.

Why should the Negro die? Has he not served America
and the world? Has he not borne the burden of civilization in this Western
world for three hundred years? Has he not contributed of his best to America?
Surely all this stands to his credit. But there will not be enough room and the
one answer is find a place. We have found a place; it is Africa,
and as black men for three centuries have helped white men build America,
surely generous and grateful white men will help black men build Africa.

And why shouldnt Africa and America
travel down the ages as protectors of human rights and guardians of democracy?
Why shouldnt black men help white men secure and establish universal peace? We
can only have peace when we are just to all man kind; and for that peace, and
for the reign of universal love, I now appeal to the soul of white America.
Let the Negroes have a government of their own. Dont encourage them to believe
that they will become social equals and leaders of the whites in America,
without first on their own account proving to the world that they are capable
of evolving a civilization of their own. The white race can best help the Negro
by telling him the truth and not by flattering him into believing that he is as
good as any white man without first proving the racial, national, constructive
metal of which he is made.

Stop flattering the Negro about social equality, and tell him to go to work and
build for himself. Help him in the direction of doing for himself, and let him
know that self-progress brings its own reward. I appeal to the considerate and
thoughtful conscience of white America
not to condemn the cry of the Universal Negro Improvement Association for a
nation in Africa for Negroes, but to give us a chance to
explain ourselves to the world. White America is too big. And when informed and
touched, too liberal, to turn down the
cry of the awakened Negro for a place in the sun.

Declaration of Rights of The Negro Peoples of The World

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF THE NEGRO PEOPLES
OF THE WORLD
Drafted and adopted at Convention held in New York,
1920, over which Marcus Garvey presided as Chairman, and at which he was
elected Provisional President of Africa.

(Preamble)
Be it Resolved, That the Negro people of the world, through their chosen
representatives in convention assembled in Liberty Hall, in the City of New
York and United States of America, from August 1 to August 31, in the year of
our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and twenty, protest against the wrongs and
injustices they are suffering at the hands of their white brethren, and state
what they deem their fair and just rights, as well as the treatment they
propose to demand of all men in the future.

We complain:
I. That nowhere in the world, with few exceptions, are black men accorded
equal treatment with white men, although in the same situation and
circumstances, but, on the contrary, are discriminated against and denied the
common rights due to human beings for no other reason than their race and
color. We are not willingly accepted as guests in the public hotels and inns
of the world for no other reason than our race and color.

II. In certain parts of the United States of America our race is denied the
right of public trial accorded to other races when accused of crime, but are
lynched and burned by mobs, and such brutal and inhuman treatment is even practiced
upon our women.

III. That European nations have parceled out among themselves and taken
possession of nearly all of the continent of Africa, and
the natives are compelled to surrender their lands to aliens and are treated in
most instances like slaves.

IV. In the southern portion of the United States of America, although citizens
under the Federal Constitution, and in some states almost equal to the whites
in population and are qualified land owners and taxpayers, we are,
nevertheless, denied all voice in the making and administration of the laws and
are taxed without representation by the state governments, and at the same time
compelled to do military service in defense of the country.

V. On the public conveyances and common carriers in the Southern portion of
the United States we are jim-crowed and compelled to accept separate and
inferior accommodations and made to pay the same fare charged for first-class
accommodations, and our families are often humiliated and insulted by drunken
white men who habitually pass through the jim-crow cars going to the smoking
car.

VI. The physicians of our race are denied the right to attend their
patients while in the public hospitals of the cities and states where they
reside in certain parts of the United States.
Our children are forced to attend inferior separate schools for shorter terms
than white children, and the public school funds are unequally divided between
the white and colored schools.

VII. We are discriminated against and denied an equal chance to earn wages for
the support of our families, and in many instances are refused admission into
labor unions, and nearly everywhere are paid smaller wages than white men.

VIII. In Civil Service and departmental offices we are everywhere
discriminated against and made to feel that to be a black man in Europe,
America and the West Indies is equivalent to being an outcast and a leper among
the races of men, no matter what the character and attainments of the black man
may be.

IX. In the British and other West Indian Islands and colonies, Negroes are
secretly and cunningly discriminated against, and denied those fuller rights in
government to which white citizens are appointed, nominated and elected.

X. That our people in those parts are forced to work for lower wages than the
average standard of white men and are kept in conditions repugnant to good
civilized tastes and customs.

XI. That the many acts of injustice against members of our race before the
courts of law in the respective islands and colonies are of such nature as to
create disgust and disrespect for the white mans sense of justice.

XII. Against all such inhuman, unchristian and uncivilized treatment we here
and now emphatically protest, and invoke the condemnation of all mankind. In
order to encourage our race all over the world stimulate it to a higher and
grander destiny, we demand and insist on the following Declaration of Rights

1. Be it known to all men that whereas, all men are created equal and entitled
to the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and because of
this We, the duly elected representatives of the Negro peoples of the world,
invoking the aid of the just and Almighty God do declare all men women and
children of our blood throughout the world free citizens, and do claim them as
free citizens of Africa, the Motherland of all Negroes.

2. That we believe in the supreme authority of our race in all things racial;
that all things are created and given to man as a common possession; that there
should be an equitable distribution and apportionment of all such things, and
in consideration of the fact that as a race we are now deprived of those things
that are morally and legally ours, we believe it right that all such things
should be acquired and held by whatsoever means possible.

3. That we believe the Negro, like any other race, should be governed by the
ethics of civilization, and, therefore, should not be deprived of any of those
rights or privileges common to other human beings.

4. We declare that Negroes, whosesoever they form a community among
themselves, should be given the right to elect their own representatives to
represent them in legislatures, courts of law, or such institutions as may
exercise control over that particular community.

5. We assert that the Negro is entitled to even-handed justice before all
courts of law and equity in whatever country he may be found, and when this is
denied him on account of his race or color such denial is an insult to the race
as a whole and should be resented by the entire body of Negroes.

6. We declare it unfair and prejudicial to the rights of Negroes in
communities where they exist in considerable numbers to be tried by a judge and
jury composed entirely of an alien race, but in all such cases members of our
race are entitled to representation on the jury.

7. We believe that any law or practice that tends to deprive any African of
his land or the privileges of free citizenship within his country is unjust and
immoral, and no native should respect any such law or practice.

8. We declare taxation without representation unjust and tyrannous, and there
should be no obligation on the part of the Negro to obey the levy of a tax by
any law-making body from which he is excluded and denied representation on
account of his race and color.

9. We believe that any law especially directed against the Negro to his
detriment and singling him out because of his race or color is unfair and
immoral, and should not be respected.

10. We believe all men entitled to common human respect, and that our race
should in no way tolerate any insults that may be interpreted to mean
disrespect to our color.

11. We deprecate the use of the term nigger as applied to Negroes, and
demand that the word Negro be written with a capital N.

12. We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself
against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color.

13. We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro
people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for
the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatic; we also demand Africa
for the Africans at home and abroad.

14. We believe in the inherent right of the Negro to possess himself of
Africa, and that his possession of same shall not be regarded as an
infringement on any claim or purchase made by any race or nation.

15. We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by
open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and
inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on
record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of
the vast continent of our forefathers.

16. We believe all men should live in peace one with the other, but when races
and nations provoke the ire of other races and nations by attempting to
infringe upon their rights, war becomes inevitable, and the attempt in any way
to free ones self or protect ones rights or heritage becomes justifiable.

17. Whereas, the lynching, by burning, hanging or any other means, of human
beings is a barbarous practice, and a shame and disgrace to civilization, we
therefore declare any country guilty of such atrocities outside the pale of
civilization.

18. We protest against the atrocious crime of whipping, flogging and
overworking of the native tribes of Africa and Negroes
everywhere. These are methods that should be abolished, and all means should be
taken to prevent a continuance of such brutal practices.

19. We protest against the atrocious practice of shaving the heads of
Africans, especially of African women or individuals of Negro blood, when
placed in prison as a punishment for crime by an alien race.

20. We protest against segregated districts, separate public conveyances,
industrial discrimination, lynching and limitations of political privileges of
any Negro citizen in any part of the world on account of race, color or creed,
and will exert our full influence and power against all such.

21. We protest against any punishment inflicted upon a Negro with severity, as
against lighter punishment inflicted upon another of an alien race for like
offense, as an act of prejudice and injustice, and should be resented by the
entire race.

22. We protest against the system of education in any country where Negroes
are denied the same privileges and advantages as other races.

23. We declare it inhuman and unfair to boycott Negroes from industries and
labor in any part of the world.

24. We believe in the doctrine of the freedom of the press, and we therefore
emphatically protest against the suppression of Negro newspapers and
periodicals in various parts of the world, and call upon Negroes
everywhere to employ all available means to prevent such suppression.

25. We further demand free speech universally for all men.

26. We hereby protest against the publication of scandalous and inflammatory
articles by an alien press tending to create racial strife and the exhibition
of picture films showing the Negro as a cannibal.

27. We believe in the self-determination of all peoples.

28. We declare for the freedom of religious worship.

29. With the help of Almighty God, we declare ourselves the sworn protectors
of the honor and virtue of our women and children, and pledge our lives for
their protection and defense everywhere and under all circumstances from wrongs
and outrages.

30. We demand the right of unlimited and unprejudiced education for ourselves
and our posterity forever.

31. We declare that the teaching in any school by alien teachers to our boys
and girls, that the alien race is superior to the Negro race, is an insult to
the Negro people of the world.

32. Where Negroes form a part of the citizenry of any country, and pass the
civil service examination of such country, we declare them entitled to the same
consideration as other citizens as to appointments in such civil service.

33. We vigorously protest against the increasingly unfair and unjust treatment
accorded Negro travelers on land and sea by the agents and employees of
railroad and steamship companies and insist that for equal fare we receive
equal privileges with travelers of other races.

34. We declare it unjust for any country, State or nation to enact laws
tending to hinder and obstruct the free immigration of Negroes on account of
their race and color.

35. That the right of the Negro to travel unmolested through out the world be
not abridged by any person or persons, and all Negroes are called upon to give
aid to a fellow Negro when thus molested.

36. We declare that all Negroes are entitled to the same right to travel over
the world as other men.

37. We hereby demand that the governments of the world recognize our leader
and his representatives chosen by the race to look after the welfare of our
people under such governments.

38. We demand complete control of our social institutions without interference
by any alien race or races.

39. That the colors, Red, Black and Green, be the colors of the Negro race.

40. Resolved, That the anthem Ethiopia,
Thou Land of Our Fathers, etc., shall be the anthem of the Negro race.
The Universal Ethiopian Anthem (Poem by Burrell and Ford.)
I
Ethiopia, thou land of our fathers,
Thou land where the gods loved to be,
As storm cloud at night suddenly gathers
Our armies come rushing to thee.
We must in the fight be victorious
When swords are thrust outward to gleam;
For us will the victry be glorious
When led by the red, black and green.
Chorus
Advance, advance to victory,
Let Africa be free;
Advance to meet the foe
With the might
Of the red, the black and the green.
II
Ethiopia, the tyrants falling,
Who smote thee upon thy knees,
And thy children are lustily calling
From over the distant seas.
Jehovah, the Great One has heard us,
Has noted our sighs and our tears,
With His spirit of Love he has stirred us
To be One through the coming years.
CHORUSAdvance, advance, etc.
III
O Jehovah, thou God of the ages
Grant unto our sons that lead
The wisdom Thou gave to Thy sages
When Israel was sore in need.
Thy voice thro the dim past has spoken,
Ethiopia shall
stretch forth her hand,
By Thee shall all fetters be broken,
And Heavn bless our dear fatherland.
CHORUSAdvance, advance, etc.

41. We believe that any limited liberty which deprives one of the complete
rights and prerogatives of full citizenship is but a modified form of slavery.

42. We declare it an injustice to our people and a serious impediment to the
health of the race to deny to competent licensed Negro physicians the right to
practise in the public hospitals of the communities in which they reside, for
no other reason than their race and color.

43. We call upon the various governments of the world to accept and
acknowledge Negro representatives who shall be sent to the said governments to
represent the general welfare of the Negro peoples of the world.

44. We deplore and protest against the practice of confining juvenile
prisoners in prisons with adults, and we recommend that such youthful prisoners
be taught gainful trades under humane supervision.

45. Be it further resolved, that we as a race of people declare the League
of Nations null and void as far as the Negro is concerned, in that
it seeks to deprive Negroes of their liberty.

46. We demand of all men to do unto us as we would do unto them, in the name
of justice; and we cheerfully accord to all men all the rights we claim herein
for ourselves.

47. We declare that no Negro shall engage himself in battle for an alien race
without first obtaining the consent of the leader of the Negro people of the
world, except in a matter of national self-defense.

48. We protest against the practice of drafting Negroes and sending them to
war with alien forces without proper training, and demand in all cases that
Negro soldiers be given the same training as the aliens.

49. We demand that instructions given Negro children in schools include the
subject of Negro History, to their benefit.

50. We demand a free and unfettered commercial intercourse with all the Negro
people of the world.

51. We declare for the absolute freedom of the seas for all peoples.

52. We demand that our duly accredited representatives be given proper
recognition in all leagues, conferences, conventions or courts of international
arbitration wherever human rights are discussed.

53. We proclaim the 31st day of August of each year to be an international
holiday to be observed by all Negroes.

54. We want all men to know we shall maintain and contend for the freedom and
equality of every man, woman and child of our race, with our lives, our
fortunes and our sacred honor.

These rights we believe to be justly ours and proper for the protection of the
Negro race at large, and because of this belief we, on behalf of the four
hundred million Negroes of the world, do pledge herein the sacred blood of the
race in defense, and we hereby subscribe our names as a guarantee of the truth fullness
and faithfulness hereof in the presence of Almighty God, on the 13th day of
August, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twenty