Introduction
============

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women, with over 23,000 patients diagnosed in Canada each year.[@b1-bcbcr-10-2016-053] The usual preoperative work-up for a suspected breast mass includes clinical breast and lymph node examination, mammography, breast ultrasound, and biopsy of the lesion in question. Following the pathologic confirmation, women with early-stage breast cancer are seen by their surgeon for a discussion regarding breast-conserving surgery versus mastectomy.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be a more sensitive preoperative staging technique for detecting invasive breast cancer than mammography and/or breast ultrasound.[@b2-bcbcr-10-2016-053] However, over the past few years, the introduction of preoperative breast MRI into the clinical setting has led to some controversy regarding its role in staging patients with early-stage breast cancer.

Young women (age less than or equal to 50 years) account for approximately 25% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers.[@b3-bcbcr-10-2016-053] These women tend to have breast cancers that are associated with a worse prognosis than their older counterparts, including higher local recurrence rates and worse overall survival.[@b4-bcbcr-10-2016-053],[@b5-bcbcr-10-2016-053] One potential explanation for this phenomenon is that younger women tend to have higher risk tumor features, including larger tumor size, higher tumor grade, and a higher incidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive disease.[@b6-bcbcr-10-2016-053] In addition, most breast cancers in young women are identified by patients themselves, and they tend to present at a more advanced stage than women over the age of 50 years.[@b4-bcbcr-10-2016-053] Young women also tend to have more fibroglandular breast tissue and a higher mammographic density, which makes it more difficult for mammography to differentiate normal breast tissue from a new breast cancer.[@b7-bcbcr-10-2016-053] Breast MRI may be able to better differentiate between dense breast tissue and actual breast cancers in young women compared to routine mammography and breast ultrasound based on the tumor enhancement characteristics.[@b8-bcbcr-10-2016-053]--[@b10-bcbcr-10-2016-053]

In this retrospective study, we studied young women with early-stage breast cancer who underwent a preoperative bilateral breast MRI and asked surgeons what type of surgery they would recommend before and after being shown the breast MRI results. We hypothesized that the preoperative breast MRI in young women aged ≤50 years would result in a significant change in surgical recommendations.

Methods
=======

A retrospective review of women aged ≤50 years with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer treated between November 2004 and March 2008 at the Juravinski Cancer Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, and the Henderson Hospital was performed. Patients were included for review if they had undergone a preoperative physical examination, preoperative mammogram, breast ultrasound, and bilateral breast MRI followed by definitive surgery. Patients were excluded if they had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, had preexisting breast implants, or if their tumor had been completely excised during the initial biopsy. The mammogram and breast ultrasound could have been performed at a community hospital or diagnostic center; however, the breast MRI had to have been performed at either St. Joseph's Hospital or the Henderson (now named Juravinski) Hospital.

Two breast cancer surgeons initially reviewed the reports of the preoperative physical examination, mammogram, and breast ultrasound and were asked which type of surgery they would recommend based on this information: a lumpectomy, a quandrantectomy (more extensive lumpectomy), or a mastectomy. Several weeks later, both surgeons were shown the patient's preoperative breast MRI report in addition to the same radiological reports as before and were again asked to select which type of surgery they would recommend using this new MRI information. Following this, two adjudicators reviewed each case in detail to determine if the preoperative breast MRI would have had a positive impact, a negative impact, or no impact ([Fig. 1](#f1-bcbcr-10-2016-053){ref-type="fig"}) on the surgical procedure chosen based on the following definitions.

Positive impact: breast MRI detected additional disease that was not found on physical examination, mammogram, or breast ultrasound and led to an appropriate change in surgical management.

Negative impact: breast MRI led the surgeon to recommend more extensive surgery, with less extensive disease actually found at pathology.

No impact: breast MRI findings coincided with other imaging tests and did not significantly alter surgical recommendations or outcomes.

It should be noted that all patients in this study had previously undergone definitive surgical treatment for their breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively determine whether the preoperative breast MRI would have actually changed the surgical decision-making. Based on the final pathology results and preset definitions, it was then determined whether the preoperative breast MRI resulted in a positive, negative, or neutral change in the surgical recommendations (see [Fig. 1](#f1-bcbcr-10-2016-053){ref-type="fig"} for the CONSORT diagram).

Sample size
-----------

The primary outcome was the proportion of patients for which preoperative breast MRI would result in a change in surgical management. Based on the literature, we estimated conservatively that this proportion was expected to be approximately 20%. To have a 0.3 (30%) width in the 95% confidence interval of this estimate, 32 patients were required for this retrospective study. The confidence interval was estimated by the Clopper--Pearson method.[@b11-bcbcr-10-2016-053]

Mammography technique
---------------------

All patients had bilateral diagnostic mammogram and additional views as required available for review. Mammograms were obtained through our diagnostic imaging department and were performed using the full-field digital mammogram systems, 2000D unit (Senographe; GE Medical Systems). The images were read using a dedicated GE system Mammo-Viewer. Any mammograms performed outside the institution were also loaded onto the Mammo-Viewer workstation in DICOM format for review (Seno Advantage 2.2; GE Medical Systems).

MRI technique
-------------

Breast MRI acquisition was performed using a 1.5-T whole body system with a bilateral breast surface coil. Dynamic MRI measurements were performed before and after intravenous gadolinium 0.1 mmol/kg weight contrast. Breast MRI sequences included pre- and postgadolinium-enhanced contrast imaging. Postcontrast sequences were obtained within 60 seconds of injection followed by a total of five sequences at one minute intervals. The postimage processing included image subtraction, temporal enhancement curves for lesions, and maximum intensity projection images. Breast MRI result was interpreted by radiologists based on guidelines published by the American College of Radiology.[@b12-bcbcr-10-2016-053]

Physician involvement
---------------------

Three radiologists from St. Joseph's Hospital and the Henderson Hospital interpreted all preoperative breast MRI results of patients in this retrospective review. Two surgical oncologists (surgeon A and surgeon B) specializing primarily in breast cancer surgery participated in the study. Tissue processing and histopathology performed on all breast cancer specimens were evaluated by pathologists with expertise in breast cancer. The two adjudicators involved in this study included a medical oncologist and a clinical research coordinator, both with interests in breast cancer research.

Ethics
------

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Hamilton Health Sciences.

Results
=======

A total of 37 charts of young women with early-stage breast cancer who had undergone a mammogram, a breast ultrasound and a preoperative breast MRI were initially reviewed. Of the 37 reviewed patients, five patients were deemed to be ineligible for analysis as three patients had received neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer, one patient had breast implants, and one patient had her tumor excised completely during the breast biopsy. This left a total of 32 patients available for the analysis. The median age was 42 years with a range of 29--50 years, and the majority of patients (94%) were premenopausal. The histological subtypes of breast cancer included 91% (29/32) of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and 9% (3/32) of patients with invasive lobular carcinoma. Most of the patients had pathologic Stage I or II invasive breast cancer based on the tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging system (see [Table 1](#t1-bcbcr-10-2016-053){ref-type="table"}).

The addition of preoperative breast MRI would have resulted in a change in clinical management in 21/32 (66%) patients for surgeon A in 14/32 (44%) patients for surgeon B. The most common change in surgical recommendation was from lumpectomy or quadrantectomy to mastectomy due to more extensive disease identified on the preoperative breast MRI (see [Fig. 2](#f2-bcbcr-10-2016-053){ref-type="fig"}). Mastectomy rates were similar for both surgeons A and B after the breast MRI results were available.

Impact of preoperative breast MRI
---------------------------------

Using the definitions of impact described in the "Methods" section, the two adjudicators determined that breast MRI led to a positive impact on surgical management in 14/32 (44%) patients, no impact in 14/32 (44%) patients, and a negative impact in 4/32 (12%) patients (see [Fig. 3](#f3-bcbcr-10-2016-053){ref-type="fig"}). For cases where preoperative breast MRI had a positive impact on surgical management, the most common scenario was that breast MRI detected additional disease not seen on mammography or breast ultrasound, which was confirmed at pathology following the surgery. In these cases, the preoperative breast MRI led the surgeon to appropriately recommend more aggressive breast cancer surgery. We found that 28% (surgeon A) and 47% (surgeon B) of patients in our study had their surgical recommendation changed from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy after being shown the preoperative breast MRI.

In total, 12/32 patients were found to have additional disease found on breast MRI and confirmed at pathology in the ipsilateral breast with 2/32 patients in the contralateral breast. Images from a patient who underwent preoperative breast MRI and was found to have a contralateral breast cancer and more extensive disease in the ipsilateral breast compared to the initial mammogram are shown in [Figure 4](#f4-bcbcr-10-2016-053){ref-type="fig"}.

In cases where there was felt to be no significant impact of breast MRI, the findings on MRI were very similar to mammography and breast ultrasound and did not alter the surgical recommendations. In cases where preoperative breast MRI actually had a detrimental effect on the surgical recommendations, breast MRI found additional enhancing lesions not seen on mammography or breast ultrasound, and these were ultimately found to be benign at final pathology (see [Table 2](#t2-bcbcr-10-2016-053){ref-type="table"}). More aggressive surgery was recommended based on the findings of the breast MRI; however, this would not have been necessary in these cases.

Ipsilateral breast biopsies
---------------------------

None of the patients in this study underwent additional ipsilateral MRI-guided breast biopsies in this study.

Contralateral breast biopsies
-----------------------------

A total of 4/32 patients had a suspicious contralateral breast abnormality detected on bilateral breast MRI. This led to a biopsy of the contralateral breast in each case; however, of the four patients, only two patients were found to have a contralateral breast cancer. Bilateral breast MRI detected contralateral breast cancer in 2/32 (6%) patients that were not detected by conventional imaging.

Discussion
==========

This study confirms our original hypothesis that preoperative bilateral breast MRI in young women with breast cancer alters surgical management in a significant proportion of patients. This finding is in agreement with several other retrospective and prospective studies evaluating the use of preoperative breast MRI in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer;[@b13-bcbcr-10-2016-053]--[@b19-bcbcr-10-2016-053] however, this is one of the first studies to specifically evaluate a younger patient population.

Houssami et al[@b20-bcbcr-10-2016-053] have previously published a systematic review and a meta-analysis including 2160 women from 19 studies evaluating the accuracy and surgical impact of preoperative breast MRI on breast cancer patients of all ages. In this study, the proportion of patients undergoing a change in surgical management from breast-conserving surgery to modified radical mastectomy was 11.3% (95% confidence interval, 6.8--18.3). The median age of patients in each study included in the meta-analysis ranged from 49 to 60 years, with the majority of patients being over the age of 50 years. Additional tumor foci in the ipsilateral breast were found in 11%--31% of patients, and contralateral breast cancers were identified in 3%--6% of patients.[@b20-bcbcr-10-2016-053]

Despite the apparent benefits of performing preoperative breast MRI, there are also several potential limitations that should be considered. While breast MRI has been shown to be highly sensitive (\>90%) in the detection of invasive breast cancer, its relatively low specificity (72%) can lead to diagnostic ambiguity in the preoperative setting.[@b8-bcbcr-10-2016-053],[@b21-bcbcr-10-2016-053],[@b22-bcbcr-10-2016-053] Abnormalities detected on preoperative breast MRI that are not detected on mammogram or breast ultrasound often need to be biopsied prior to surgery. One recent prospective study found that up to 10% of patients having a preoperative breast MRI will undergo a breast biopsy for benign disease.[@b23-bcbcr-10-2016-053] Preoperative breast MRI and biopsies of additional lesions not found on routine preoperative mammography can result in delays to definitive breast cancer surgery. In addition, breast MRI is a costly diagnostic technique and a limited resource. It has been suggested that preoperative breast MRI might be leading the surgeons to perform more extensive breast cancer operations without any improvement in overall survival and no proven benefit in reducing the positive margin or local recurrence rates.[@b24-bcbcr-10-2016-053]

There is little debate that preoperative breast MRI leads to an increased detection of additional foci of occult cancer in the ipsilateral breast. However, there is a general lack of evidence demonstrating that it leads to improvements in either short- or long-term clinical outcomes, such as reoperation rate, local recurrence, or overall survival.[@b24-bcbcr-10-2016-053] To date, the Comparative Effectiveness of MRI in Breast Cancer trial is the only randomized controlled trial that has compared outcomes in patients receiving preoperative breast MRI with those who did not.[@b25-bcbcr-10-2016-053] This trial found no difference in the primary endpoint of re-excision rates, and disease-free survival was similar in both study arms with three years of follow-up.[@b25-bcbcr-10-2016-053] However, longer follow-up will be necessary before making any definitive conclusions regarding the effect of preoperative breast MRI on local recurrence rate and other long-term outcomes. Another randomized controlled trial, MRI mammography of nonpalpable breast tumors examined whether MRI in addition to mammography and/or ultrasound would reduce the number of surgical procedures or core needle biopsies in patients with suspicious breast lesions. This study had a sample size of 418 patients and found that the addition of breast MRI to routine clinical care in patients with nonpalpable breast cancer was paradoxically associated with an increased re-excision rate due to the positive resection margins following breast-conserving surgery.[@b24-bcbcr-10-2016-053] The authors concluded that breast MRI should not be used in the routine preoperative work-up of women with early-stage nonpalpable breast cancer.[@b24-bcbcr-10-2016-053] This study, however, included women who were both pre- and postmenopausal.

Previously published data suggest that preoperative breast MRI increases the mastectomy rate by approximately 15%--20% in patients of all ages.[@b20-bcbcr-10-2016-053],[@b26-bcbcr-10-2016-053] Our study suggests that this rate could be even higher in younger patients. Although only two breast cancer surgeons took part in our small retrospective study, 28% and 47% of patients in our study had their surgical recommendation changed from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy, which is significantly higher than what was originally anticipated. The percentage of patients whose surgical recommendation was changed from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy was higher in our retrospective study evaluating younger women with breast cancer compared to other studies that focused mainly on women over the age of 50 years. However, our finding at this stage is hypothesis generating, and we hope to study this further in a prospective study of preoperative breast MRI in younger women. From a biological plausibility perspective, it does seem logical that breast MRI might have more of an impact in younger women with dense breast tissue compared to postmenopausal women who are more likely to have less dense breast tissue. Mammography is clearly beneficial in women over the age of 50 years, and it is quite possible that breast MRI might be able to identify more occult foci of disease in a younger patient with dense breasts than mammography and breast ultrasound.

A retrospective study by Godinez et al[@b27-bcbcr-10-2016-053] evaluated the role of breast MRI in 79 women with early-stage breast cancer to determine the likelihood of finding additional disease in the same or other quadrants of the breast. The median age of patients in this study was 48 years. Of the 79 women in this study, 28 women were 40 years of age or younger. In these patients, the likelihood of finding additional disease in the breast was 50%, and 14.3% of these patients had disease in a separate quadrant of the breast compared to the original primary tumor. Another retrospective study by Petrillo et al[@b28-bcbcr-10-2016-053] evaluated the role of preoperative breast MRI in 246 women less than 40 years of age. They found that patients who underwent a preoperative breast MRI had a 15% higher mastectomy rate compared to the patients who underwent conventional imaging alone (53% MRI group versus 38% non-MRI group). These studies are intriguing and suggest that further studies are warranted in premenopausal women regarding the role of preoperative breast MRI compared to conventional imaging alone. Our study has several limitations that need to be considered. Our sample size was small, and only two surgeons were included in our study. In addition, there could have been recall bias where surgeons participating in the study may have recalled their previous surgical recommendation in a particular patient based on the physical examination and radiological reports provided. Another limitation is the retrospective nature of our study that would prevent us from making causal inferences about the impact of preoperative breast MRI in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer on surgical decision-making. Instead, the results must be interpreted more as hypothesis generating.

Further prospective studies evaluating the role of preoperative breast MRI specifically in younger patients with breast cancer are recommended. Targeting this younger patient population is more likely to define a specific subgroup of patients who could benefit from such imaging prior to undergoing breast cancer surgery.

This work has been presented in part at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (Mukherjee et al 2008, abstract \# 1406).

**ACADEMIC EDITOR:** Goberdhan P. Dimri, Editor in Chief

**PEER REVIEW:** Five peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. Reviewers' reports totaled 747 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor.

**FUNDING:** Authors disclose no external funding sources.

**COMPETING INTERESTS:** Authors disclose no potential conflicts of interest.

Paper subject to independent expert single-blind peer review. All editorial decisions made by independent academic editor. Upon submission manuscript was subject to anti-plagiarism scanning. Prior to publication all authors have given signed confirmation of agreement to article publication and compliance with all applicable ethical and legal requirements, including the accuracy of author and contributor information, disclosure of competing interests and funding sources, compliance with ethical requirements relating to human and animal study participants, and compliance with any copyright requirements of third parties. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Provenance: the authors were invited to submit this paper.

**Author Contributions**

Conceived and designed the experiments: SDM, NH. Analyzed the data: SDM, SC. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: SDM, SC. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: SDM, NH, PJL, KD, TM, SC, and JS. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: SDM, NH, PJL, KD, TM, SC, and JS. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: SDM, NH, PJL, KD, TM, SC, and JS. Made critical revisions and approved final version: SDM, NH, PJL, KD, TM, SC, and JS. All authors reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.

![CONSORT diagram.](bcbcr-10-2016-053f1){#f1-bcbcr-10-2016-053}

![Change in surgical recommendations following access to breast MRI reports.\
**Abbreviations:** L, lumpectomy; Q, quandrantectomy; M, mastectomy.](bcbcr-10-2016-053f2){#f2-bcbcr-10-2016-053}

![Impact of preoperative breast MRI on surgical management.](bcbcr-10-2016-053f3){#f3-bcbcr-10-2016-053}

![Contrast-enhanced preoperative breast MRI in a 36-year-old patient with bilateral breast cancers. Breast MRI shows more extensive multifocal disease in the left breast on two minutes subtracted postcontrast axial imaging compared to initial mammogram (not shown here). There is also contralateral disease in the right breast (arrow), which was detected only by breast MRI and not on mammogram or ultrasound. All findings were confirmed with pathology following definitive surgery.](bcbcr-10-2016-053f4){#f4-bcbcr-10-2016-053}

###### 

Baseline characteristics of cohort (*N* = 32).

  ---------------------------------------------------------
  Total number of eligible patients   32
  ----------------------------------- ---------------------
  Median age (years)                  42 (SD = 5.4)\
                                      (range 29--50)

  Pre-menopausal                      30 (94%)

  Post-menopausal                     2 (6)

  Histology                           

   Invasive ductal carcinoma          29 (91%)

   Infiltrating lobular carcinoma     3 (9%)

  Tumor nottingham grade              I = 6 (19%)

  II = 15 (47%)                       

  III = 11 (34%)                      

  Tumor stage (TNM stage)             I

  II                                  

  III                                 

  IV                                  

  Estrogen receptor status            Positive---25 (78%)

  Negative---7 (22%)                  

  Progesterone receptor status        Positive---24 (75%)

  Negative---8 (25%)                  

  Her2/neu status                     Positive---4 (13%)

  Negative---28 (87%)                 
  ---------------------------------------------------------

###### 

Radiologic and pathologic findings of individual cases with impact of breast MRI on surgical management (no impact, positive impact, and negative impact).

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  PATIENT AGE                                                            MAMMOGRAM                                                             BREAST ULTRASOUND                                                  PREOPERATIVE BREAST MRI                                                    PATHOLOGY                                                   IMPACT OF MRI
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------
  36                                                                     5.0 cm                                                                Multiple cysts largest 1.9 cm                                      1.6 cm with multiple enhancing nodules, overall extent 7.7 cm              2.5 cm                                                      No impact

  1.1 cm query fibroadenoma                                              10.0 cm fibrocystic area                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

  29                                                                     2.0 cm                                                                2.0 cm                                                             1.9 cm                                                                     2.0 cm                                                      No impact

  40                                                                     2.5 cm                                                                2.8 cm with calcifications                                         1.9 cm mass with multiple enhancing nodules, overall extent 3.8 cm         1.3 cm                                                      No impact

  1.0 cm cluster of microcalcifications                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  41                                                                     Nil                                                                   0.9 cm                                                             1.2 cm                                                                     1.3 cm                                                      No impact

  43                                                                     Small spiculated density                                              0.9 cm                                                             1.0 cm                                                                     1.4 cm                                                      No impact

  45                                                                     2.0 cm                                                                2.1 cm                                                             2.9 cm                                                                     2.7 cm                                                      No impact

  1.0 cm nodular enhancement (query benign)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

  45                                                                     Nodularity and architectural distortion                               2.0 cm                                                             2.0 cm                                                                     2.1 cm                                                      No impact

  43                                                                     Architectural distortion                                              1.2 cm                                                             1.9 cm                                                                     4.0 cm                                                      No impact

  33                                                                     1.5 cm                                                                1.7 cm                                                             1.5 cm                                                                     1.5 cm                                                      No impact

  43                                                                     Calcifications                                                        0.9 cm                                                             1.8 cm with 1.5 cm extension of DCIS                                       1.5 cm                                                      No impact

  45                                                                     Calcifications                                                        1.7 cm                                                             1.8 cm                                                                     1.4 cm                                                      No impact

  0.6 cm                                                                 1.0 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  49                                                                     Microcalcifications                                                   1.5 cm with additional 2.0 cm cystic lesion with tumor extension   1.4 cm                                                                     0.6 cm                                                      No impact

  CONTRALATERAL lesion identified                                        3.0 cm DCIS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

  CONTRALATERAL---benign                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  38                                                                     2.5 cm                                                                2.5 cm                                                             3.6 cm                                                                     3.5 cm                                                      No impact

  46                                                                     1.3 cm                                                                1.3 cm                                                             1.6 cm                                                                     2.0 cm                                                      No impact

  35                                                                     0.8 cm                                                                0.9 cm                                                             Multiple enhancing nodules from 9--1 o'clock, largest 0.9 mm, multifocal   3.0 cm                                                      Positive

  0.8 cm                                                                 1.5 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  0.4 cm                                                                 2.5 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  41                                                                     2.5 cm                                                                3.1 cm                                                             2.0 cm                                                                     2.0 cm                                                      Positive

  1.7 cm                                                                 0.3 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  Additional area 3.8 cm with differential diagnosis of DCIS             Approx. 3.0 cm to 4.0 cm of DCIS including 20 foci of microinvasion                                                                                                                                                                                                             

  30                                                                     Extensive calcifications                                              1.8 cm                                                             2.7 cm                                                                     2.2 cm                                                      Positive

  2.0 cm (plus smaller nodules)                                          1.5 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  0.6 cm                                                                 0.8 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  0.9 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  46                                                                     Microcalcifications                                                   1.8 cm                                                             3.0 cm with nodular enhancement extending 3.0 cm                           5.5 cm                                                      Positive

  Also 2.6 cm shadow                                                     0.1 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  37                                                                     Asymmetric density                                                    1.3 cm                                                             1.3 cm                                                                     1.1 cm                                                      Positive

  1.2 cm                                                                 1.1 cm                                                                0.8 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                    

                                                                         2.0 cm suspicious for DCIS                                            With DCIS between                                                                                                                                                                                         

  42                                                                     4.5 cm                                                                4.5 cm                                                             3.6 cm                                                                     3.5 cm                                                      Positive

  2.5 cm                                                                 2.5 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  2.2 cm                                                                 2.1 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  0.6 cm                                                                 8.1 overall extent                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

  42                                                                     2.5 cm                                                                1.8 cm                                                             4.0 cm                                                                     4.6 cm                                                      Positive

  7.6 cm DCIS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

  36                                                                     3.0 cm cluster of microcalcifications                                 Nil                                                                2.7 cm                                                                     5.0 cm\                                                     Positive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             CONTRALATERAL---0.8 cm                                      

  1.2 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  0.9 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  Overall extent 8.2 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

  Also CONTRALATERAL 1.0 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

  39                                                                     2.7 cm with additional nodules query multifocal                       2.7 cm                                                             4.4 cm with small enhancing nodules                                        4.4 cm                                                      Positive

  49                                                                     Nodule deep to nipple                                                 1.0 cm                                                             Multicentric with 3 nodules                                                2.9                                                         Positive

  1.0 cm                                                                 4 cm and 5 cm additional areas of suspicious nodular enhancement      0.8                                                                                                                                                                                                       

  0.5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

  0.2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

  46                                                                     Cluster of microcalcifications                                        1.0 cm                                                             1.5 cm                                                                     1.6 cm                                                      Positive

  7.0 cm of nodular enhancement                                          0.3 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  0.02 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

  CONTRALATERAL 1.8 cm                                                   CONTRALATERAL---benign                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  41                                                                     Spiculated poorly defined area                                        1.7 cm                                                             2.5 cm with linear band of DCIS                                            2.5 cm                                                      Positive

  50                                                                     Asymmetrical soft tissue density                                      1.0 cm                                                             2.6 cm additional small nodules largest 0.7 cm                             2.0                                                         Positive

  0.7 cm                                                                 CONTRALATERAL                                                         CONTRALATERAL---1.4 cm                                                                                                                                                                                    

  1.0 cm spiculated mass                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  50                                                                     Stellate density with another density with less distortion seen       1.2 cm                                                             1.1 cm                                                                     2.6 cm\                                                     Positive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Additional fibroadenomatoid nodule involved by lobular ca   

  0.4 cm hypoechoic shadowing                                            0.7 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  0.8 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  Overall extension 3.0 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

  37                                                                     Nil                                                                   3.0 cm                                                             3 lesions with over all extent 4.4 cm: cm                                  1.4 cm                                                      Negative

  0.6 cm                                                                 0.6 cm DCIS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

  0.9 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  Additional 0.8 cm lesion                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

  37                                                                     Nil                                                                   2.7 cm fibroadenoma                                                2.4 cm                                                                     2.7 cm                                                      Negative

  Query extension along posterolateral margin                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

  47                                                                     Microcalcifications with several nodules                              2.5 cm with calcifications                                         3.3 cm with multiple small enhancing nodules---query DCIS                  2.1 cm                                                      Negative

  CONTRALATERAL                                                          CONTRALATERAL---benign                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  0.9 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  36                                                                     Dense fibroglandular parenchyma                                       2.2 cm                                                             2.8 cm                                                                     3.0 cm                                                      Negative

  Additional 6.2 cm irregular foci enhancement with nodules query DCIS   1.0 cm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

  No DCIS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
