Britain is to urge Arab countries to train the disorganised Libyan rebels, and so strengthen their position on the battlefield before negotiations on a ceasefire, senior British defence sources have indicated.
The sources said they were also looking at hiring private security companies, some of which draw on former SAS members, to aid the rebels. These private soldiers could be paid by Arab countries to train the unstructured rebel army.
In what is seen in effect as the second phase of the battle to oust Muammar Gaddafi, it is now being acknowledged that the disorganised Libyan rebels are not going to make headway on their own. Nato member countries are looking at requesting Arab countries, such as Qatar or the United Arab Emirates, to train the rebels, or to fund the training. Qatar and the UAE are already involved in the Nato-led no-fly zone.
Some cabinet sources said that another Arab country that might be willing to train the rebels is Jordan. They are thought to have the best-trained officers, and are possibly the best army in the region, one Cabinet source said. The training of the Libyan rebels might take as long as month to turn them into an effective force capable of holding ground, and organise flanking manoeuvres. A source said: "They're not advancing, they're just driving up the road, and when they see guns drawn they turn round and go back again."
The British decision to find ways to train and equip the rebels is a further sign of the determination of the coalition administration to drive out Gaddafi. It is argued that the training, if requested by the rebels, would not be in breach of the UN resolution as it would be covered by the mandate allowing "all means necessary" to protect the civilians from attacks by Gaddafi.
With the Libyan rebels angered at what they regard as the reluctance of Nato to adopt a more aggressive bombing campaign, British sources insist the war simply cannot be won from the air and British troops will not be used on the ground.
The British sources estimate that the number of rebel forces with a proper military background, even with defections from Gaddafi's army, is only in the high hundreds to low thousands.
At some stage a genuine ceasefire will be inevitable, so it is a question of whether it happens when the military advantage lies with Gaddafi or the rebels, the sources said. At present, the advantage is finely balanced, but with rebels unable to hold ground gained.
In recent days they have been trained to dig slit trenches to create simple defensive perimeters. There is a frustration that the rebels advance 20 miles up the road, and then retreat as soon as they face Libyan government firepower. One aim is to help them launch outflanking manoeuvres leapfrogging up the coastal towns.
It is being argued that there is a parallel with the Northern Alliance's toppling of the Taliban in 2001 when there was open US air assistance, Northern Alliance activity on the ground, and CIA-backed special forces providing logistics support.
Britain and the US have both said in the last week that they believe it is legal to arm the rebels under the terms of the UN resolution, but it is claimed that arming the rebels if they are not properly trained has drawbacks.
The foreign secretary, William Hague, announced on Monday that the government's national security council had agreed to meet the urgent need of the interim transitional national council in Benghazi for telecommunications equipment. Some of that equipment will allow the rebels to communicate with one another without being intercepted by Gaddafi.
Britain is also looking at how it can improve close air support from the ground so that it will be easier for British Tornado planes and Typhoons to identify Gaddafi military assets in civilian areas. This kind of air support would have to be undertaken by professionals.
The rebel military's chief of staff, Abdel-Fattah Younis, complained yesterday that Nato's bureaucratic procedures mean that it can take eight hours for the alliance to respond to a request for air support. He said that Nato could have lifted the siege of the western Libyan city of Misrata weeks ago if it had wanted to. "The people will die and this crime will be on the face of the international community for ever. What is Nato doing?" he said.
Nato spokeswoman Carmen Romero dismissed the criticism, saying the number of air strikes is increasing every day while Misrata remains a priority of the air campaign.
She said the alliance flew 137 missions on Monday, 186 on Tuesday, and had planned 198 for Wednesday.
Rear Admiral Russell Harding, Nato's deputy commander of operations in Libya, also said: "Libya must be 800 miles wide and in all that airspace we are dominating, so perhaps, and I am not criticising anyone, in one or two areas, if they don't hear us or see us, I can understand how that might lead to a lack of confidence."
Britain said it was moving four Typhoon jets from policing the no-fly zone to ground-attack roles after criticism from rebels that Nato forces were failing to protect Misrata. British sources also said they are closely monitoring Gaddafi's mustard gas stocks. They have knowledge of their location, partly to ensure that Nato air strikes do not hit the stocks, releasing gas.
The MoD said last night: "We have not decided to arm or train the opposition forces, although as the prime minister has said our view is that the UN resolution does not necessarily rule out the provision of assistance in certain circumstances."
Gaddafi has appealed to Barack Obama to halt the Nato operation to protect opponents of his regime. In a letter, Gaddafi urged Obama to stop what he called an "unjust war against a small people of a developing country".
A US official confirmed that the US thinks the rambling three-page letter is authentic. Gaddafi addressed Obama as "our son" in the letter, and says he hopes Obama will win re-election in 2012.
A  (German) in flight. These are among the aircraft being used by the United Kingdom to help enforce the multinational Libyan no-fly zone. 
Britain has raised the idea of using private security firms as part of efforts to bolster military support for Libyan rebels. Defence officials speaking to '''' have floated the idea as Western powers examine ways to turn the tide of the rebels' stuttering campaign against forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi. 

The sources also urged Arab countries to fund training for the rebels, whose inferior weaponry and organisation is widely agreed to have allowed pro-Gaddafi forces to check the insurgency's recent gains.

The call to deploy private security contractors comes as the Afghan government has announced plans to phase out such operators over the next 12 months. The image of such firms has been severely tarnished by repeated revelations of abuse by the U.S. firm , subsequently renamed Xe Services. Blackwater executives and employees have faced civil lawsuits, criminal charges and Congressional investigations related to accusations of bribery and murder in Iraq and Afghanistan. 

The collapse of numerous investigations related to several alleged incidents has raised questions about the legal accountability of firms operating in war zones on behalf of Western governments.

The suggested training of rebels and deployment of contractors appears to confirm Western powers' determination to end Gaddafi's grip on power. 

Yesterday's report in The Guardian interprets the move as the start of a new phase in the three-week-old NATO-led intervention in Libya, and a tacit admission by Western nations that the rebels are struggling to make ground despite NATO air support. 

Britain's focus on Arab participation in funding and training the rebels reflects a will on Western powers' part to foster Arab ownership of the intervention, perceived as being crucial to building the legitimacy of the West's support to Libyan rebels.

According to The Guardian, Western military strategy is now turning to cementing the rebels' territorial gains before the negotiation of a ceasefire with the Gaddafi regime.

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