U.S. To Lay Off 500,000 In Iraq
By Warren Vieth
Los Angeles Times
05 June, 2003
U.S. reconstruction officials will soon hand out pink slips to nearly half a million Iraqi military and civilian personnel, exacerbating an unemployment crisis that experts say could slow the pace of postwar reconstruction.
The layoffs will mean the loss of a government paycheck for roughly 1 in 10 Iraqi workers. The Bush administration hopes to soften the blow by making cash "termination payments" to members of Saddam Hussein's armed forces, Information Ministry employees and other government workers whose services are no longer wanted. The amount of the payments had not been announced.
Officials of the U.S.-led reconstruction effort acknowledged that the dismissal of so many people will magnify the economic misfortune of a country where a majority of the population depends on food rations; an estimated 30% of the labor force works for the government; and unemployment, as best anyone can tell, already exceeds 20%. The layoffs will be the latest blow to the once-thriving trading nation, already reduced to Third World subsistence levels by nearly three decades of authoritarian rule, international sanctions and intermittent war.
"We are fully aware of the difficulties that have been created," Iraq civilian administrator L. Paul Bremer III said Monday. "The purpose of our policy is not to punish people. We are looking for ways that those who did not have a prominent role or an active role in [Hussein's now-outlawed] Baath Party can find employment."
Several economists, investors and business owners familiar with conditions in Iraq said the effect of the mass firings could be more severe than Bremer and other officials of the Pentagon-run Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance are anticipating.
"It will be catastrophic for the Iraqi economy," said Humam Shamaa, senior professor of finance and economics at Baghdad University. "There will be a depression. It is a contraction to the reconstruction."
"You cannot bar salaries from some sectors of the economy and expect it to function," said London economic consultant Salah Shaikhly, who used to run Iraq's central bank, Bureau of Statistics and Overseas Development Ministry. "Lay them off and you have half a million people on your back."
One of those permanently losing her job is Nidaa Abaas, who was supervising 12 people in the Information Ministry's satellite broadcasting department before the war. Abaas, 45, said her husband is also out of work. A son is attending college, and three girls live at home. The family depended on her monthly salary of 30,000 dinars  about $23 at Saturday's exchange rate  as well as United Nations food supplements and the extra money she made baking flat bread at home.
Abaas wants coalition authorities to reconsider their layoff decision. If they don't? "I will cry, and pray that God hurts the Americans."
Saad Hamdani, who headed the foreign affairs branch of the ministry's international department, said he learned only 10 days ago that 5,200 jobs in the agency, including his, would be permanently eliminated.
"Where will those people be working? Where will they go? To the grave? To the street to live?" asked Hamdani, 52.
Bremer said Monday that the coalition was attempting to provide new jobs as best it could. He said thousands of former enlisted men would be hired to serve in the Iraqi Corps, which will replace Hussein's army. He cited a $70-million community action program administered by his office that is hiring Iraqis to clean up their neighborhoods and build public facilities.
The goal, Bremer said, is to create "an economy that has real jobs with real wages for millions of citizens who need and deserve them. This will take time."
For now, even trying to calculate the effect of the layoffs is a challenge. Iraq's economy became highly distorted under Hussein.
The best available estimates suggest that Iraq, a nation of 24 million people, has a public and private work force of about 5 million. Of those, an estimated 1.5 million were receiving a paycheck from the government before the war. About 1 million were civil servants, from technocrats to teachers. The remaining 500,000 were officers and soldiers in the armed forces.
Coalition officials said the number of military personnel affected by the layoffs is believed to be about 400,000, but they acknowledged that some advisors have told them the figure could be as high as 680,000.
Perhaps 100,000 soldiers will be absorbed into the new army, officials said. The rest will have to fend for themselves.
Iraq's defense and information ministries are being dissolved. In other agencies, varying numbers of senior Baath Party loyalists are being shown the door.
Most government employees have families. The average family size is five, so more than 2 million Iraqis are expected to suffer a direct income loss as a result of the layoffs, coalition officials acknowledged.
"You're talking about hundreds of thousands of people without pay," said Bathsheba Crocker, co-director of the Post-Conflict Reconstruction Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank. "It's just going to add to the already heavy burden of all the people who are dependent on the government for their basic resources."
The amount of the severance payments is still under discussion, officials said. But the word on the street is that they will be about the same size as the $20 and $30 cash handouts dispensed to government employees in lieu of salaries in April and May.
Although the affected workers represent roughly 10% of Iraq's work force, the effect of the layoffs will not be as severe as if 1 in 10 Americans lost their jobs, experts said. That's because government workers in Iraq were grossly underpaid. Most took second jobs or found other ways to supplement their incomes, and they relied on U.N. aid to help feed their families.
Still, the economic fallout will be extensive, and the political recoil could be substantial, experts said.
Shamaa, the Baghdad University economist, said the situation calls for the kind of fiscal pump-priming endorsed by early-20th century economist John Maynard Keynes, who argued that governments should spend public funds aggressively to ward off recessions.
Instead of distributing baskets of food and $20 bills, Shamaa said, the coalition should forget about commodity handouts and boost the monthly cash payments to $50, $100 or whatever the bank account will bear, to stimulate demand for goods and services and get the economy growing again.
The money should come from the confiscated assets of Hussein and his cronies and future Iraqi oil revenue, Shamaa said, not from taxpayers of the United States or other coalition countries.
Lt. General Peter Chiarelli, the No. 2 ranking US general in Iraq, has made the assertion that providing jobs for the Iraqi people is key to ending the insurgency and stabilizing the country.

In a video teleconference with reporters at the Pentagon he said, "by creating jobs and opportunity, the Iraqi government would take away a major source of support for violent movements -- aimless, underemployed, young men who would otherwise rather be gainfully employed and supporting their families, but are laying IEDs, shooting RPGs and fighting Iraqi security forces and the coalition because they lack alternatives…. In areas where unemployment is the highest, as I go out and talk to people in those areas, and they tell me the one thing that you can do to lower the number of insurgencies is find jobs for the people. And we're committed to help both the Iraqi government and the PRTs as they go about the business of doing exactly that."

The General also said that the insurgents were taking advantage of political disputes within the Iraqi leadership as they are attempting to form an inclusive government.

Chiarelli's assertion is similar to a claim made by Lt. General John R. Vines in 2005 that insurgents often attack US forces out of a desire to earn money instead of ideology. Simple tasks, such as placing a bomb or mine, are often done in exchange for amounts as little as $100 to $150.

The estimated unemployment rate in Iraq for 2005 was 25-30%. 

Opponents of the Bush administration's handling of the war say that Iraq's unemployment crisis is partially a result of decisions made by the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 to disband the Iraqi army and purge the Iraqi civil service of high-ranking members of the Baath Party. Both of these moves led to an estimated 500,000 Iraqis losing their jobs, about one out of every ten Iraqi workers at the time.