Published online 14 July 2010 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2010.354
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Find in Saudi Arabia sheds light on primate lineage.
Front and side views of the skull of Saadanius hijazensis , an early primate that has ape and monkey characteristics. Zalmout, Is S. et al, Nature
The rust-coloured plateau above Mecca in Saudi Arabia may soon attract pilgrims of palaeontology. The hills, which overlook the Red Sea, have disgorged the 29–28-million-year-old partial skull fossil of an early primate that possesses features both of apes and monkeys. The skull could help palaeontologists to answer questions about the life of primates in a period that until now has provided few fossils.
When he caught sight of the skull during an expedition in search of ancient whale fossils last year, Iyad Zalmout wondered whether it belonged to a monkey or an ape. "It turns out it's not an ape, it's not a monkey, it's something intermediate," says Zalmout, a palaeontologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and an author of a paper published in Nature today1.
The primate, dubbed Saadanius hijazensis, shares characteristics with Propliopithecoidea, an ancestor of apes and monkeys which existed more than 30 million years ago, as well as with more recent primates found to have lived from 23 million years ago. Saadanius lacks the advanced sinuses of the modern apes and monkeys that are collectively called catarrhines, but has a bony ear tube that was not yet fully developed in the Propliopithecoidea (see Nature's video).
"This fossil is really key because it has that bony tube," says Erik Seiffert, an anatomist at Stony Brook University in New York. Comparison of the tube and other features, such as the teeth and the position of the eye sockets on the partial skull, with those of other primates could help palaeontologists to reconstruct the branches of the catarrhine family tree, between 30 and about 23 million years ago, says Seiffert.
Monkey puzzle
Zalmout and his colleagues say that Saadanius could help assess "competing hypotheses" about how the shape of catarrhine skulls changed over time. One argument, made by palaeontologists who use only fossils as evidence of how unknown intermediate species might have looked, is that catarrhines developed long faces early on. Others examine the shape of living species such as gibbons, which are rounder-faced, for clues, and conclude that the long faces developed later. "This evidence very clearly supports the palaeontological view," says Seiffert.
Eric Delson, a palaeontologist from the Lehman College of the City University of New York, has written papers supporting later development2. He warns that relying entirely on fossils is hazardous: Fossils only reflect part of the diversity of a group of animals. The length of a fossil primate face can also be distorted over time by geological pressure, making it hard to learn the true shape of the species from only a few examples.
However, the analyses that Delson and others3 performed in the 1970s and 1980s, mostly of living catarrhines, took place before the discovery of intermediate fossils such as Victoriapithecus and Saadanius, which Delson says "will spur a number of people to re-think these things and gives us the only piece of solid data for this time period and phylogenetic position".
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Delson, Seiffert and Zalmout all agree that they would like to find more Saadanius bones to learn more about the ancient primate, including how it moved around the mangrove environment in which it lived. "It would be interesting to know whether these primates were beginning to come down from the trees, and to know something about what they were eating," says Delson.
The Saadanius team has estimated the age of the fossil at 29–28 million years old, on the basis of the known ages of other fossils found nearby. The date correlates roughly with their interpretation of its position in the family tree. Yet it "should still be treated as preliminary", says Seiffert, until follow-up studies using palaeomagnetism can confirm the age of the rocks in which the fossil rested.
Zalmout is confident that preservation of the site by Saudi officials, who want to promote fossil tourism, will enable him to answer these questions and others on his return visits. "In my experience, if you find one primate there should be more there. This will be important to see the whole story about fauna in Arabia and Africa."
'''', a new species of fossil primate closely related to  and . 

Researchers have unearthed a new fossil  that they think may be closely related to the common ancestor of  and , collectively known as  primates. Paleontologist Iyad Zalmout of the  discovered the new species, '''' near  in ; the discovery gives new insights into .

The specimen, a partial skull, dates to the , approximately 29 to 28 million years ago, and exhibits puncture wounds from a large predator that may have killed it.  ''Saadanius'' is thought to have been a tree-dweller and lived at a time when the  had not yet split away from the African continent, forming the .  The discovery may help resolve the dating of the split between Old World monkeys and apes.   have traditionally dated the divergence to between 25 and 23 million years ago, based on early fossils of the two groups.  Genetic studies, however, date it to between 30 to 35 million years ago.

Although ''Saadanius'' shares some features with living catarrhine primates, such as a bony ear tube, called an , it also possesses other features more common in the fossils of primitive or  catarrhines, from which Old World monkeys and apes did not evolve.  These basal features include a longer face and the lack of a .