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Billy Bob Thornton directed Fire Walk with Me.
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" Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me is a 1992 horror film , directed by David Lynch and written by Lynch and Robert Engels . It is a prequel to the television series Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 91 ) , created by Mark Frost and Lynch , who were also executive producers . The film revolves around the investigation into the murder of Teresa Banks ( Pamela Gidley ) and the last seven days in the life of Laura Palmer ( Sheryl Lee ) , a popular high school student in the fictional Washington town of Twin Peaks . Most of the television cast returned for the film , with the notable exceptions of Lara Flynn Boyle , who declined to return as Laura 's best friend Donna Hayward ( she was replaced by Moira Kelly ) ; and Sherilyn Fenn , owing to scheduling conflicts . Kyle MacLachlan , who starred as Special Agent Dale Cooper in the TV series , was reluctant to return out of fear of getting typecast , so his presence in the film is smaller than originally planned . Fire Walk with Me was greeted at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival with booing and jeers from the audience , and initially received negative reviews in the United States . The film has been received more positively in subsequent years , however , with some viewing it as one of Lynch 's major works . The film fared poorly in the United States at the box office , although it was a commercial hit in Japan .",
" Billy Bob Thornton Billy Bob Thornton ( born August 4 , 1955 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , singer , songwriter , and musician . Thornton had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller One False Move , and came to international attention after writing , directing , and starring in the independent drama film Sling Blade ( 1996 ) , for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following Sling Blade , including Oliver Stone 's neo-noir U Turn ( 1997 ) , political drama Primary Colors ( 1998 ) , science fiction disaster film Armageddon ( 1998 ) , which was the highest-grossing film of that year , and the crime drama A Simple Plan ( 1998 ) , which earned him his third Academy Awards nomination . In the 2000s , Thornton achieved further success in starring dramas Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) , The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) , and Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) ; comedies Bandits ( 2001 ) , Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) , and Bad Santa ( 2003 ) ; and action films Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) and Faster ( 2010 ) . In 2014 , Thornton starred as Lorne Malvo in the first season of the anthology series Fargo , earning a nomination for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie at the Emmy Awards and won Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . In 2016 , he starred in an Amazon original series , Goliath about a washed up attorney with a great new case . Thornton has been vocal about his disrespect for celebrity culture , choosing to keep his life out of the public eye . However , the attention of the media has proven unavoidable in certain cases , his marriage to Angelina Jolie being a notable example . Thornton has appeared in at least one film per year nearly every year since 1991 . Thornton has written a variety of films , usually set in the Southern United States and mainly co-written with Tom Epperson , including A Family Thing ( 1996 ) and The Gift ( 2000 ) . After Sling Blade , he directed several other films , including Daddy and Them ( 2001 ) , All the Pretty Horses ( 2000 ) , and Jayne Mansfield 's Car ( 2012 ) . Thornton has received the President 's Award from the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , a Special Achievement Award from the National Board of Review , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He has also been nominated for an Emmy Award , four Golden Globes , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . In addition to film work , Thornton began a career as a singer-songwriter . He has released four solo albums and is the vocalist of the blues rock band The Boxmasters ."
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" Puss in Boots (2011 film) Puss in Boots is a 2011 American 3D computer-animated fantasy action comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It was directed by Chris Miller ( who directed Shrek the Third in 2007 ) and written by Brian Lynch and Tom Wheeler . It stars Antonio Banderas , Salma Hayek , Zach Galifianakis , Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris . The film was released in theaters on October 28 , 2011 in Digital 3D and IMAX 3D . Although the character of Puss in Boots originated in a European fairy tale in 1697 , the film is a spin-off prequel to the Shrek franchise . It follows the character Puss in Boots on his adventures before his first appearance in Shrek 2 in 2004 . Accompanied by his friends , Humpty Dumpty and Kitty Softpaws , Puss is pitted against Jack and Jill , two murderous outlaws in ownership of legendary magical beans which lead to great fortune . Puss in Boots grossed $ 554.9 million at the box office . It was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 84th Academy Awards . A television series , titled The Adventures of Puss in Boots , premiered on Netflix in 2015 . A sequel film , titled Puss in Boots 2 : Nine Lives & 40 Thieves , was scheduled to be released in 2018 , but it was removed from the schedule in early 2015 .",
" Bel Air Fire The Bel Air Fire was a disaster that began as a brush fire on November 5 , 1961 in the Bel Air community of Los Angeles . 484 homes were destroyed and 16,090 acres were burned . The fire was fueled by strong Santa Ana winds . Given the exclusive neighborhood 's location in Los Angeles , there were multiple celebrities directly affected by the fire . Actors Burt Lancaster , Joan Fontaine , and Zsa Zsa Gabor , comedian Joe E. Brown , Nobel laureate chemist Willard Libby and composer Lukas Foss all lost homes from the fire . Others that fought flames before they evacuated were then-former Vice President Richard Nixon , actor Robert Taylor , film producer Keith Daniels and singer Billy Vaughn ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Chris Evans (actor) worked on Before We Go.
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" Chris Evans (actor) Christopher Robert Evans ( born June 13 , 1981 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Evans is known for his superhero roles as the Marvel Comics characters Captain America in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and the Human Torch in Fantastic Four and its 2007 sequel . He began his career on the 2000 television series Opposite Sex , and has since appeared in a number of films , such as Not Another Teen Movie , Sunshine , Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Snowpiercer and Gifted . In 2014 , Evans made his directorial debut with the drama film Before We Go , in which he also starred ."
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" Chris Harrington (Home and Away) Christopher Eugene `` Chris '' Harrington is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away , played by Johnny Ruffo . The character made his first screen appearance on 1 April 2013 . He was introduced as the brother of Spencer Harrington ( Andrew Morley ) . Ruffo is a well-known professional singer and had previously auditioned for two other roles in the show . He was initially a guest character , but Ruffo was later promoted to the regular cast . With some personality traits resembling his own , Ruffo believed the character was especially written for him . Chris is characterised as a `` cheeky '' traveler who comes from a wealthy family . He is not academically gifted and prefers to spend his time trying to impress the show 's female characters . Ruffo requested that writers make his character `` more in-depth '' so he could show his emotional range . Producers also introduced a comedic pairing with long-running character Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) . His first relationship storyline revolves around Indi Walker ( Samara Weaving ) and they face relationship problems because of her ex-partner 's terminal illness and the arrival of Chris ' ex-girlfriend Robyn Sullivan ( Alexandra Park ) . He later goes onto share a romance with Denny Miller ( Jessica Grace Smith ) , which writers developed into a `` love-triangle '' plot and resulted in Denny choosing to be with Casey Braxton ( Lincoln Younes ) . Another romantic entanglement was devised for the character when he was coupled with Hannah Wilson ( Cassie Howarth ) . Other storylines include Chris ' need to look after his brother Spencer . Despite Chris ' attempts to help , Spencer causes a rift between them . The show also highlighted the dangers of eating wild mushrooms which resulted in Chris accidentally poisoning two fellow characters . In 2014 , Ruffo 's contribution to the show was recognised with a Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent nomination . On 27 April 2016 , it was announced Ruffo was to leave Home and Away and Chris made his final appearance on 22 September 2016 .",
" Christopher Smith (performer) Christopher Robin Smith ( born 1959 ) is an American actor , director and improviser , best known for his improv workshops and his handful of appearances on Whose Line Is It Anyway ? . Raised in Parma , Ohio and a Graduate of Valley Forge High School ( Class of 1977 ) , Chris began performing at an early age . Appearing in many productions throughout his high school years Chris also sang with the legendary Cleveland area Rock n ' roll revival group `` The Fabulous Brylcreams '' from 1975 through August 1978 . At this time he was attending Kenyon College and singing with the Kokosingers , an a cappella group that performed both locally and throughout the United States in addition to recording two albums . After graduating from Kenyon in 1981 with a degree in English , he moved to New York City to pursue an acting career . Smith , a graduate who part-studied at the University of Exeter in England , joined the Interplay improvisation troupe in New York City and later married its founder and director , Tamara Wilcox . The troupe gained good reviews and Smith , along with performing partner Jim Meskimen , was recruited to appear in two episodes of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? when the British improvisation show filmed a season in New York . Their performances were at the more astute and polished end of the improvisation scale , although their debut was completely overshadowed by the presence of Ryan Stiles , who would later become the show 's main star . Smith and Meskimen made one more appearance on Whose Line Is It Anyway ? in 1992 when the show returned to New York for a second run , and a year later , the Smiths moved to Los Angeles to begin a new improvisation group called the Really Spontaneous Theatre Company . Meskimen remains a member and the troupe continues to perform , despite the death of Tamara Wilcox-Smith in 1998 . After Meskimen failed an audition for Whose Line Is It Anyway ? when it moved permanently to the USA , Smith opted not to follow suit . He has since written numerous screenplays , short stories and books , but has restricted his appearances on stage and screen , preferring instead to coach young improvisers and write . In July 2010 and August 2011 , Chris returned to Parma Heights , Ohio to reunite with his former bandmates from the Fabulous Brylcreams to raise money for the Music Department at Valley Forge High School . Both concerts were a huge success , raising money to help offset the cost of participation in music programs at the high school ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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In the 2016 election, there were more than 40 million tweets about the election on Twitter.
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" Twitter Twitter ( -LSB- ˈtwɪtər -RSB- ) is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages , `` tweets '' , restricted to 140 characters . Registered users can post tweets , but those who are unregistered can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , SMS or a mobile device app . Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , United States , and has more than 25 offices around the world . Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams and launched in July . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as `` the SMS of the Internet '' . As of 2016 , Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users . On the day of the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news , with 40 million election-related tweets sent by 10 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) that day ."
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" Blue wall (politics) `` Blue wall '' is a term that has been used by some political analysts and pundits referring to the theory that in Presidential elections in the United States , the Democratic Party had , between the 1992 and 2012 presidential elections , established such an advantage in many , mostly contiguous ( hence `` wall '' ) , states that the electoral map made a Republican victory an uphill battle from the start . George W. Bush won the 2000 presidential election and the 2004 presidential election , but did so by winning states outside of the blue wall . The 2016 election showed this wall was not impregnable , when Republican candidate Donald Trump won 3 previously solidly Democratic states in the area referred to as the Rust Belt , as well as one electoral vote from a previously Democratic fourth state . The term `` blue wall '' and `` red wall '' refer to the colors associated with the Democratic and Republican Parties , respectively .",
" Popular vote (representative democracy) In representative democracy , the popular vote is the total number or percentage of votes received by a party , candidate or group of candidates , as opposed to the number of seats they win in the representative assembly or , as in the United States , in the Electoral College in a presidential election . There have been five presidential elections in which the person who became president received fewer popular votes than their opponent , the most recent being the 2016 presidential election ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Born This Way discusses the self-empowerment of the LGBT community.
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" Born This Way (song) `` Born This Way '' is a song by American singer Lady Gaga , and the lead single from her second studio album of the same name . Written by Gaga and Jeppe Laursen , who produced it along with Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow , the track was developed while Gaga was on the road with The Monster Ball Tour . Inspired by 1990s music which empowered women and the gay community , Gaga explained that `` Born This Way '' was her freedom song . She sang part of the chorus at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards in 2010 and announced the song as the lead single from the album , released on February 11 , 2011 . The record is backed by rumbling synth sounds , a humming bass and additional chorus percussion , with sole organ toward the end . The lyrics discuss the self-empowerment of minorities including the LGBT community as well as racial minorities , referring to `` cholas '' and `` orients '' , which drew criticism from Latino and Asian communities . Critics positively reviewed the song , calling it a `` club-ready anthem '' , though it faced criticism for having similarities with Madonna 's 1989 single `` Express Yourself '' . The song reached number one in over 25 countries and was her third single to top the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and the 1,000 th song in that chart 's history ( since 1958 ) to reach number one . `` Born This Way '' has sold 8.2 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time . Nick Knight directed the accompanying music video , which was inspired by surrealist painters like Salvador Dalí and Francis Bacon . Gaga is depicted as giving birth to a new race during a prologue . After a series of dance sequences , the video concludes with the view of a city populated by this race . Critics noted the video 's references to the work of Madonna , Michael Jackson , Björk , and the late fashion designer Alexander McQueen , as well as to Greek mythology and surrealism . Gaga performed the song at the 53rd Grammy Awards after coming out of an incubating vessel . It was also performed during the last leg of The Monster Ball Tour and on television shows such as Saturday Night Live , Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve and Good Morning America . The song was treated with different remixes , including a `` Country Road '' version recorded by Gaga herself and another by Indian production duo Salim-Sulaiman . Alice Cooper , Madonna , Katy Perry , Maria Aragon , and the cast of the TV series Glee have covered the song ."
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" Self-concept One 's self-concept ( also called self-construction , self-identity , self-perspective or self-structure ) is a collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance , gender identity , sexual identity , and racial identity . Generally , self-concept embodies the answer to `` Who am I ? '' . Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness , which refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is defined , consistent , and currently applicable to one 's attitudes and dispositions . Self-concept also differs from self-esteem : self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one 's self ( e.g. `` I am a fast runner '' ) , while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated ( e.g. `` I feel good about being a fast runner '' ) . Self-concept is made up of one 's self-schemas , and interacts with self-esteem , self-knowledge , and the social self to form the self as whole . It includes the past , present , and future selves , where future selves ( or possible selves ) represent individuals ' ideas of what they might become , what they would like to become , or what they are afraid of becoming . Possible selves may function as incentives for certain behavior . The perception people have about their past or future selves is related to the perception of their current selves . The temporal self-appraisal theory argues that people have a tendency to maintain a positive self-evaluation by distancing themselves from their negative self and paying more attention to their positive one . In addition , people have a tendency to perceive the past self less favorably ( e.g. `` I 'm better than I used to be '' ) and the future self more positively ( e.g. `` I will be better than I am now '' ) .",
" Identity formation Identity formation , also known as individuation , is the development of the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity ( known as personal continuity ) in a particular stage of life in which individual characteristics are possessed and by which a person is recognized or known ( such as the establishment of a reputation ) . This process defines individuals to others and themselves . Pieces of the person 's actual identity include a sense of continuity , a sense of uniqueness from others , and a sense of affiliation . Identity formation leads to a number of issues of personal identity and an identity where the individual has some sort of comprehension of themselves as a discrete and separate entity . This may be through individuation whereby the undifferentiated individual tends to become unique , or undergoes stages through which differentiated facets of a person 's life tend toward becoming a more indivisible whole . Identity is often described as finite and consisting of separate and distinct parts ( family , cultural , personal , professional , etc. ) , yet according to Parker J. Palmer , it is an ever evolving core within where our genetics ( biology ) , culture , loved ones , those we cared for , people who have harmed us and people we have harmed , the deeds done ( good and ill ) to self and others , experiences lived , and choices made come together to form who we are at this moment ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Eric Trump is the child of a man born on June 14.
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" Donald Trump Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current President of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , New York City , and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School . He then took charge of The Trump Organization , the real estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother , which he ran for 45 years until 2016 . During his real estate career , Trump built , renovated , and managed numerous office towers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Besides real estate , he started several side ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the branding of various products and properties , including Trump Entertainment Resorts , Trump Steaks , and Trump Vodka . He was the founder of Trump University . He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015 , and he produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television series on NBC , from 2004 to 2015 . His net worth was estimated to be $ 3.5 billion , making him the 544th richest person in the world . Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for political office in 1987 . He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000 , but withdrew his candidacy early on . In June 2015 , he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican primaries . His remaining opponents all suspended their campaigns by the end of May 2016 , and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate . Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false , generating much free media coverage . Trump won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton and commenced his presidency on January 20 , 2017 . He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency , the first without prior military or government service , and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote . His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist , protectionist , and nationalist .",
" Eric Trump Eric Frederick Trump ( born January 6 , 1984 ) is an American businessman , philanthropist , and former reality TV personality . He is the third child and second son of the President of the United States , Donald Trump , and Ivana Trump . Alongside his older brother Donald Trump Jr. , he serves as a trustee of The Trump Organization . A longtime executive vice president of the firm , Trump and his brother are running the company during their father 's administration . From 2007 to 2016 , he founded and led The Eric Trump Foundation , a charity that raised money for St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital ."
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" John Dukakis John Dukakis ( born John A. Chaffetz ; June 9 , 1958 ) is an American politician , entertainer , and music executive .",
" Elizabeth Christ Trump Elizabeth Christ Trump ( born Elisabeth Christ ; October 10 , 1880 -- June 6 , 1966 ) was a German-born American businesswoman and is considered the matriarch of the Trump family . She married Frederick Trump in 1902 . While raising their three children , the early death of her husband in 1918 required her to manage his properties in order to support her family . She founded the real estate development company Elizabeth Trump & Son with her son Fred . The company , now known as The Trump Organization , is currently owned by her grandson , Donald Trump , who is the 45th President of the United States . Her great-grandsons , Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump are running the family business as trustees during their father 's presidency ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Michael Keaton will have an acting role in the 2017 movie Spider-Man: Homecoming.
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" Michael Keaton Michael John Douglas ( born September 5 , 1951 ) , known professionally as Michael Keaton , is an American actor , producer and director . He first rose to fame for his comedic film roles in Night Shift ( 1982 ) , Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) , Johnny Dangerously ( 1984 ) and Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) , and he earned further acclaim for his dramatic portrayal of the title character in Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) . Since then , he has appeared in a variety of films ranging from dramas and romantic comedies to thriller and action films ; such as Clean and Sober ( 1988 ) , The Dream Team ( 1989 ) , Pacific Heights ( 1990 ) , Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) , My Life ( 1993 ) , The Paper ( 1994 ) , Multiplicity ( 1996 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Herbie : Fully Loaded ( 2005 ) , The Other Guys ( 2010 ) , Need for Speed ( 2014 ) , RoboCop ( 2014 ) , Spotlight ( 2015 ) and The Founder ( 2016 ) , and he has also provided voices for characters in animated films such as Cars ( 2006 ) , Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and Minions ( 2015 ) . In 2017 , Keaton will play the role of Marvel Comics supervillain the Vulture in Spider-Man : Homecoming . Keaton 's lead performance in Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Actor and Best Actor in a Comedy , and nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award , British Academy Film Award , and Academy Award for Best Actor . He previously received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for The Company ( 2007 ) . Keaton was awarded a Career Achievement Award from both the Hollywood Film Festival and Zurich Film Festivals . On January 18 , 2016 , he was named Officer of Order of Arts and Letters in France . He is also a visiting scholar at Carnegie Mellon University . </span>"
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" Spider-Man: Homecoming Spider-Man : Homecoming is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man . Co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing , it is intended to be the second reboot of the Spider-Man film franchise and the sixteenth film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Jon Watts , with a screenplay by Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers , and stars Tom Holland , Michael Keaton , Jon Favreau , Zendaya , Donald Glover , Tyne Daly , Marisa Tomei , and Robert Downey Jr. . In Spider-Man : Homecoming , Peter Parker tries to balance high school life with being the hero Spider-Man as he faces the Vulture . In February 2015 , Marvel Studios and Sony reached a deal to share the character rights of Spider-Man , integrating the character into the established MCU . The following June , Holland was cast as the title character , while Watts was hired to direct , followed shortly after by the casting of Tomei and the hiring of Daley and Goldstein to write the script . In April 2016 , the film 's title was revealed , along with additional castings including Downey . Principal photography began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia and continued in New York City before concluding in Berlin the following October . During filming , Watts , Christopher Ford , Chris McKenna , and Erik Sommers were revealed as additional screenwriters , and more cast members were confirmed . Spider-Man : Homecoming is scheduled to have its premiere in New York City on June 28 , 2017 , and be released on July 7 , 2017 , in the United States in 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D . A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 5 , 2019 .",
" One Good Cop One Good Cop is a 1991 American crime drama film written and directed by Heywood Gould and starring Michael Keaton , Rene Russo , Anthony LaPaglia and Benjamin Bratt . Keaton portrays New York City Police Department Detective Artie Lewis , who , with his wife Rita ( Russo ) , adopts his late partner 's ( LaPaglia ) children and loves them as their own . He also targets one of the criminals responsible for his partner 's death . He initially seeks justice for his adoptive children , but ultimately chooses retaliation by robbing his quarry to support his new family , endangering them and his career ."
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Cary Grant acted in the film The Philadelphia Story.
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" Cary Grant Cary Grant ( born Archibald Alec Leach ; January 18 , 1904 -- November 29 , 1986 ) was a British-American actor , known as one of classic Hollywood 's definitive leading men . He began a career in Hollywood in the early 1930s , and became known for his transatlantic accent , debonair demeanor , and light-hearted approach to acting and sense of comic timing . He became an American citizen in 1942 . Born in Horfield , Bristol , Grant became attracted to theatre at a young age , and began performing with a troupe known as `` The Penders '' from the age of six . After attending Bishop Road Primary School and Fairfield Grammar School in Bristol , he toured the country as a stage performer , and decided to stay in New York City after a performance there . He established a name for himself in vaudeville in the 1920s and toured the United States before moving to Hollywood in the early 1930s . He initially appeared in crime films or dramas such as Blonde Venus ( 1932 ) and She Done Him Wrong ( 1933 ) , but later gained renown for his appearances in romantic comedy and screwball comedy films such as The Awful Truth ( 1937 ) , Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) and The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) . Along with the later Arsenic and Old Lace ( 1944 ) and I Was a Male War Bride ( 1949 ) ; these films are frequently cited as among the all-time great comedy films . Having established himself as a major Hollywood star , he was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor , for Penny Serenade ( 1941 ) and None but the Lonely Heart ( 1944 ) . In the 1940s and 1950s , Grant forged a working relationship with the director Alfred Hitchcock , appearing in films such as Suspicion ( 1941 ) , Notorious ( 1946 ) , To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) and North by Northwest ( 1959 ) . Hitchcock admired Grant and considered him to have been the only actor that he had ever loved working with . Towards the end of his film career , Grant was praised by critics as a romantic leading man , and received five Golden Globe Award for Best Actor nominations , including Indiscreet ( 1958 ) with Ingrid Bergman , That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) with Doris Day , and Charade ( 1963 ) with Audrey Hepburn . He is remembered by critics for his unusually broad appeal , as a handsome , suave actor who did not take himself too seriously , possessing the ability to play with his own dignity in comedies without sacrificing it entirely . His comic timing and delivery made Grant what Premiere magazine considers to have been `` quite simply , the funniest actor cinema has ever produced '' . Grant was married five times ; three of his marriages were elopements with actresses -- Virginia Cherrill ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , Betsy Drake ( 1949 -- 1962 ) and Dyan Cannon ( 1965 -- 1968 ) . He has one daughter with Cannon , Jennifer Grant ( born 1966 ) . After his retirement from film acting in 1966 , Grant pursued numerous business interests , representing cosmetics firm Fabergé , and sitting on the board of MGM and others . He was presented with an Honorary Oscar by his friend Frank Sinatra at the 42nd Academy Awards in 1970 , and in 1981 , he was accorded the Kennedy Center Honors . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named Grant the second greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema , after Humphrey Bogart ."
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" The Talk of the Town (1942 film) The Talk of the Town is a 1942 American comedy/drama film directed by George Stevens , starring Cary Grant , Jean Arthur , and Ronald Colman , with a supporting cast featuring Edgar Buchanan and Glenda Farrell . The screenplay was adapted by Dale Van Every , Irwin Shaw , and Sidney Buchman from a story by Sidney Harmon . The picture was released by Columbia Pictures . This was the second time that Grant and Arthur were paired in a film , after Only Angels Have Wings ( 1939 ) . Though often considered a comedy , the film is really a social drama peppered with some humorous and some slapstick scenes . It is certainly one of the earliest examples of this , as most comedies do n't have such a strong , serious plot .",
" Houseboat (film) Houseboat is a 1958 Technicolor romantic comedy VistaVision film starring Cary Grant , Sophia Loren , Martha Hyer , Paul Petersen , Charles Herbert , and Mimi Gibson . The movie was directed by Melville Shavelson , who also directed the original version of Yours , Mine and Ours ( 1968 ) . The love theme `` Almost In Your Arms '' , sung by Sam Cooke and `` Bing ! Bang ! Bong ! '' , sung by Loren , were written by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ."
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Slovakia is a state.
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" Slovakia Slovakia ( listen ) , is a landlocked country in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west , Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49000 km2 and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century , they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra . In the 10th century , the territory was integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary , which itself became part of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Slovaks and Czechs established Czechoslovakia . A separate ( First ) Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) existed in World War II as a client state of Nazi Germany . In 1945 , Czechoslovakia was re-established under Communist rule as a Soviet satellite . In 1989 the Velvet Revolution ended authoritarian Communist rule in Czechoslovakia . Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia , sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce . Slovakia is a high-income advanced economy with a very high Human Development Index , a very high standard of living and performs favourably in measurements of civil liberties , press freedom , internet freedom , democratic governance and peacefulness . The country maintains a combination of market economy with a comprehensive social security system . Citizens of Slovakia are provided with universal health care , free education and one of the longest paid maternity leave in the OECD . The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009 . Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area , NATO , the United Nations , the OECD , the WTO , CERN , the OSCE , the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group . The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and 3rd fastest in eurozone . Its legal tender , the Euro , is the world 's 2nd most traded currency . Although regional income inequality is high , 90 % of citizens own their homes . In 2016 , Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories , ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world . Slovakia is the world 's largest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone and the 7th largest car producer in the European Union . The car industry represents 43 % of Slovakia 's industrial output , and a quarter of its exports ."
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" Oblast An oblast is a type of administrative division of Belarus , Bulgaria , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Ukraine , and the former Soviet Union and Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes . The term is analogous to `` state '' or `` province '' . Official terms in successor states of the Soviet Union differ , but some still use a cognate of the Russian term , e.g. voblast ( voblasts , voblasts , -LSB- ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ -RSB- ) is used for regions of Belarus , and oblys ( plural : oblystar ) for regions of Kazakhstan . The word `` oblast '' is a loanword in English , but it is , nevertheless , often translated as `` area '' , `` zone '' , `` province '' , or `` region '' . The last translation may lead to confusion , because `` raion '' may be used for other kinds of administrative subdivision , which may be translated as `` region '' or `` district '' , depending on the context .",
" Christian state A Christian state is a country that recognizes a form of Christianity as its official religion and often has a state church , which is a Christian denomination that supports the government and is supported by the government . Historically , the nations of Armenia , Aksum , Georgia , as well as the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire declared themselves as Christian states . Today , several nations officially identify themselves as Christian states and/or have state churches , including Costa Rica , Denmark , England , Greece , Iceland , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vatican City , and Zambia . A Christian state stands in contrast to a secular state , an atheist state , or another religious state , such as a Jewish state , or an Islamic state ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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A Wrinkle in Time movie was released in 2003.
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" A Wrinkle in Time A Wrinkle in Time is a science fantasy novel written by American writer Madeleine L'Engle , first published in 1963 , and in 1979 with illustrations by Leo and Diane Dillon . The book won a Newbery Medal , Sequoyah Book Award , and Lewis Carroll Shelf Award , and was runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award . It is the first book in L'Engle 's Time Quintet , which follows the Murry and O'Keefe families . The book was made into a film , A Wrinkle in Time , in 2003 , and another film , also called A Wrinkle in Time , is in production with a scheduled release of April 2018 . It has also been made into an opera , a graphic novel , and several plays ."
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" Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield is a 2003 South Korean war comedy film directed by Lee Joon-ik . Its plot is about the Battle of Hwangsanbeol between Baekje and Silla in the 7th century . The film was the 8th most attended film of 2003 with 2,835,000 tickets sold nationwide . Its popularity has spawned a sequel , titled Battlefield Heroes , which debuted in 2011 , and takes place in the subsequent Silla-Tang invasion of Goguryeo .",
" Feature film A feature film is a film ( also called a movie , motion picture or just film ) with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program . The notion of how long this should be has varied according to time and place . According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , the American Film Institute , and the British Film Institute , a feature film runs for 40 minutes or longer , while the Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer . The majority of feature films are between 70 and 210 minutes long . The Story of the Kelly Gang ( 1906 , Australia ) was the first dramatic feature film released ( running at approximately 60 minutes ) . An earlier The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight ( 1897 , U.S. ) is considered by some as the first documentary feature film ( running time is 100 minutes ) , however it is more accurately characterized as a sports program as it included the full unedited boxing match . The first feature-length adaptation was Les Misérables ( 1909 , U.S. ) . Other early feature films include The Inferno ( L'Inferno ) ( 1911 ) , Quo Vadis ? ( 1913 ) , Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) , Richard III ( 1912 ) , From the Manger to the Cross ( 1912 ) , and Cleopatra ( 1912 ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Comedian features Robert De Niro.
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" The Comedian (2016 film) The Comedian is a 2016 American comedy-drama film directed by Taylor Hackford and written by Lewis Friedman , Richard LaGravenese , Art Linson , and Jeff Ross . The film stars Robert De Niro , Leslie Mann , Danny DeVito , Edie Falco , Veronica Ferres , Charles Grodin , Cloris Leachman , Patti LuPone and Harvey Keitel . The film had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 11 , 2016 and was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Sony Pictures Classics . The film opened to negative reviews from critics ."
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" Lenny Henry Sir Lenworth George Henry , CBE ( born 29 August 1958 ) , known as Lenny Henry , is a British stand-up comedian , actor , singer , writer , and television presenter , known for co-founding charity Comic Relief , and presenting various television programmes , including the comedy Chef ! , and The Magicians for BBC One .",
" Patrick Marber Patrick Albert Crispin Marber ( born 19 September 1964 ) is an English comedian , playwright , director , puppeteer , actor , and screenwriter ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Liana Liberato was born ten years after the release of The Best of Me.
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" Liana Liberato Liana Daine Liberato ( born August 20 , 1995 ) is an American television and film actress . She played the younger version of the female lead in the 2014 film The Best of Me and starred in the 2010 films , Trust and The Last Sin Eater ."
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" Dua Lipa Dua Lipa ( -LSB- ˈduːə_ˈliːpə -RSB- -LSB- dua liːpa -RSB- ; born 22 August 1995 ) is an English singer , songwriter and model . Her musical career began at age 14 , when she began covering songs by artists such as Christina Aguilera and Nelly Furtado on YouTube . In 2015 , she was signed with Warner Bros. . Records , and released her first single soon after . In December 2016 , a documentary about Lipa was commissioned by The Fader magazine , titled See in Blue . In January 2017 , she won the EBBA Public Choice Award . Her self-titled debut studio album is scheduled to be released on 2 June 2017 .",
" Gabrielle Union Gabrielle Monique Union ( born October 29 , 1972 ) is an American actress . She began her career in 1990s , appearing on television sitcoms , before landing supporting roles in teen comedy films She 's All That and 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) . Her breakthrough role was in the 2000 teen comedy film Bring It On , after which she was female lead in the short-lived CBS medical drama series City of Angels later that year . Union is best known for her performances in the romantic comedy films The Brothers ( 2001 ) , Deliver Us from Eva ( 2003 ) , Daddy 's Little Girls ( 2007 ) , Think Like a Man ( 2012 ) and Think Like a Man Too ( 2014 ) . She also had starring roles in Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) , Cradle 2 the Grave ( 2003 ) , the critically acclaimed Neo Ned ( 2005 ) , Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) , and Top Five ( 2014 ) . In 2013 , Union began starring as lead character in the BET drama series Being Mary Jane , for which she has received critical acclaim and an NAACP Image Award . She co-starred in film The Birth of a Nation ( 2016 ) , and next appeared in Almost Christmas ( 2016 ) and Sleepless ( 2017 ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Snooki & Jwoww premiered on October 22, 2013.
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" Snooki & Jwoww Snooki & Jwoww ( sometimes rendered Snooki & JWOWW in print and online sources ) is an American reality television series on MTV starring Snooki and JWoww . It is the second of three spin-offs of Jersey Shore , on which both Polizzi and Farley previously gained fame as cast members . The series ran from June 21 , 2012 until February 4 , 2015 over four seasons . The series , which is executive produced by Jersey Shore producer SallyAnn Salsano of 495 Productions , is described by its stars as a modern-day Laverne & Shirley . The first season focuses on Polizzi and Farley living together in a former firehouse in Jersey City , New Jersey , though Polizzi 's pregnancy , which was confirmed during filming of the first season , led to a change in episode content and tone that would distance it from the party-oriented antics of its parent show . Filming began on the first season February 25 , 2012 , and lasted five weeks . A second season was confirmed on August 3 , 2012 , and premiered on January 8 , 2013 . On April 25 , 2013 , MTV renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on October 22 , 2013 . On April 24 , 2014 , the series was renewed for the fourth and final season , which premiered on November 5 , 2014 , and concluded on February 4 , 2015 ."
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" Big Time Rush Big Time Rush is an American television series that originally aired on Nickelodeon from November 28 , 2009 until July 25 , 2013 . It was created by Scott Fellows ( also the creator of Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide and Johnny Test and the head writer of The Fairly OddParents ) . It focuses on the Hollywood misadventures of four hockey players from Minnesota : Kendall Knight , James Diamond , Carlos Garcia , and Logan Mitchell , after they are selected to form a boy band .",
" Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) Beauty & the Beast is an American television series , very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS series of the same name , created by Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin that premiered October 11 , 2012 , on The CW . Kristin Kreuk and Jay Ryan star in the title roles alongside Austin Basis , Nina Lisandrello , Nicole Gale Anderson , Sendhil Ramamurthy , Max Brown , Brian J. White , Amber Skye Noyes , and Michael Roark ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Paradise is by Lamborghini.
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" Lana Del Rey Elizabeth Woolridge Grant ( born June 21 , 1985 ) , better known by her stage name Lana Del Rey , is an American singer , songwriter , and model . Her music has been noted for its cinematic style , its preoccupation with themes of tragic romance and melancholia , and its references to pop culture , particularly 1950s and 1960s Americana . Born and raised in New York , Del Rey embarked on a music career in 2005 and first received widespread attention in 2011 , when the music video for her single `` Video Games '' became a viral internet sensation . Del Rey received further recognition after her major-label debut Born to Die peaked at number two on the United States charts and was the fifth best-selling album of 2012 . A remix of its single `` Summertime Sadness '' , produced by Cedric Gervais , peaked at number six in the United States , and the Paradise EP followed that November , garnering Del Rey her first Grammy nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album . Three of the EP 's tracks were featured in her short film Tropico , which premiered in December 2013 . In 2014 , Del Rey released her third studio album , Ultraviolence ; it became her first number-one album in the United States . In 2015 , following a North American tour with Courtney Love and Grimes , Del Rey released her fourth studio album , Honeymoon . Both albums received positive critical response . Del Rey is set to release her fifth studio album , titled Lust for Life , on July 21 , 2017 .",
" Paradise (Lana Del Rey EP) Paradise is the third extended play ( EP ) and second major release by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey ; it was released on November 9 , 2012 by Universal Music . It is additionally packaged with the reissue of her second studio album Born to Die ( 2012 ) , titled Born to Die : The Paradise Edition . Del Rey enlisted collaborators including producers Rick Nowels , Justin Parker , and Rick Rubin . Upon its release , Paradise received generally favorable reviews from music critics . The extended play debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 67,000 copies . It also debuted at number 10 on the Canadian Albums Chart and peaked within the top-five of various other Billboard charts . Charting across Europe , the extended play became a top-ten hit in Flanders and Poland , charting within the top twenty in Wallonia and the Netherlands . The EP 's lead single was the ballad `` Ride '' which became a modest hit in the United States , Switzerland , Ireland , and France and reached the top ten in Russia . `` Blue Velvet '' , a cover of the popular 1950s track , and `` Burning Desire '' were released as promotional singles . Music videos for `` Ride '' , `` Blue Velvet '' , `` Bel Air '' , and `` Burning Desire '' were posted to Vevo and YouTube to help promote the EP . In December 2013 , Del Rey released the Anthony Mandler-directed Tropico , a short film that includes the songs `` Body Electric '' , `` Gods & Monsters '' , and `` Bel Air '' . That same month , an EP of the same name was made available for purchase on iTunes , containing the film along with the three aforementioned songs . In 2014 , the EP was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards ."
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" Paradise (Coldplay song) `` Paradise '' is a song by the British alternative rock band Coldplay . The song was released on 12 September 2011 as the second single from their fifth album , Mylo Xyloto . The song received its radio debut at 7:50 a.m. on The Chris Moyles Show ( BBC Radio 1 ) on 12 September 2011 . According to Coldplay 's official website , the single was not initially chart eligible in the United Kingdom , because it was available on iTunes as an `` instant grat '' ( immediate download ) when pre-ordering the album . Following the release of the album on 30 October 2011 , the song became chart eligible in the UK and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 14 , before taking the number 1 spot on its tenth week , becoming the band 's second number-one single after `` Viva la Vida '' in 2008 . The song was met with positive reviews , and was the best selling rock song of 2011 in the United Kingdom , selling 410,000 copies . On 30 November , the song was nominated for a Grammy Award , in the category Best Pop Duo/Group Performance . On 12 February 2012 , Coldplay performed `` Paradise '' live at the RE , along with `` Princess of China '' . At the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards on 6 September , the song won the award for Best Rock Video . Following the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs on CBC , the song was featured in a yearly finale montage on CBC recapping the Stanley Cup Playoffs as well as British and American television advertisements and trailers for the Academy Award winning film Life of Pi which was nominated for 11 Academy Awards .",
" Paradise (The Temptations song) `` Paradise '' is a 1962 single by The Temptations for the Gordy label . The single is notable for being The Temptations ' first charting single on the Billboard Pop charts . However , it was not their first on the Hot 100 ( that honor would go to the group 's later single , `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' ) , instead it charted at 22 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 charts ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Zooey Deschanel performed with Samantha Shelton in If All the Stars Were Pretty Babies.
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" If All the Stars Were Pretty Babies If All the Stars Were Pretty Babies was a cabaret act featuring American actresses Zooey Deschanel and Samantha Shelton . They performed around Los Angeles , California for a short time in the early 2000s . The name of the act was taken from the title of a song written in 1926 by Fred Fisher and Billy Rose . The band featured musical director Graham Jackson on piano , drummer Steve DeLollis , double bassist Gary Viggers , Brian Walsh on clarinet and saxophone , and George Dudley on saxophone and flute . Former members included Mami Arizono , Kat Edwards , and Jason Bernstein . One video sample of this cabaret act was posted on YouTube on May 13 , 2007 .",
" Zooey Deschanel Zooey Claire Deschanel ( -LSB- ˈzoʊi_ˌdeɪʃəˈnɛl -RSB- born January 17 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer-songwriter . She made her film debut in Mumford ( 1999 ) , followed by her supporting role in Cameron Crowe 's semi-autobiographical picture Almost Famous ( 2000 ) . Deschanel soon became known for her deadpan comedy roles in films such as The Good Girl ( 2002 ) , The New Guy ( 2002 ) , Elf ( 2003 ) , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) , Failure to Launch ( 2006 ) , Yes Man ( 2008 ) , and ( 500 ) Days of Summer ( 2009 ) . She also did dramatic turns in the films Manic ( 2001 ) , All the Real Girls ( 2003 ) , Winter Passing ( 2005 ) and Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ) . Since 2011 , she has played Jessica Day on the Fox sitcom New Girl , for which she has received an Emmy Award nomination and three Golden Globe Award nominations . For a few years starting in 2001 , Deschanel performed in the jazz cabaret act If All the Stars Were Pretty Babies with fellow actress Samantha Shelton . Besides singing , she plays keyboards , percussion , banjo , and ukulele . In 2006 , Deschanel teamed up with M. Ward to release a debut album , Volume One , under the name She & Him in March 2008 . They released a follow-up album , Volume Two , in March 2010 , with their Christmas album A Very She & Him Christmas being released in 2011 , Volume 3 in 2013 , and Classics in 2014 . She also received Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media nomination for her song `` So Long '' , which featured in the Winnie the Pooh soundtrack . Deschanel is also a co-founder of the female-focused website HelloGiggles , which was acquired by Time , Inc. in 2015 ."
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" Tina Fey Elizabeth Stamatina `` Tina '' Fey ( -LSB- feɪ -RSB- born May 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , and producer . She is known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1998 -- today ) , for her impression of former Alaska Governor and 2008 Vice-Presidential candidate Sarah Palin , and for creating acclaimed series 30 Rock ( 2006 -- 2013 ) and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 -- present ) . She is also well known for writing and co-starring in the film Mean Girls ( 2004 ) , as well as appearing in such films as Baby Mama ( 2008 ) , Date Night ( 2010 ) , Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago-based improvisational comedy group The Second City . She then joined SNL as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , known for her position as co-anchor in the Weekend Update segment . In 2004 , she co-starred in and wrote the screenplay for Mean Girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self-help book Queen Bees and Wannabes . After leaving SNL in 2006 , she created the television series 30 Rock for Broadway Video , a situation comedy loosely based on her experiences at SNL . In the series , Fey portrays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . In 2008 , she starred in the comedy film Baby Mama , alongside former SNL co-star Amy Poehler . Fey next appeared in the 2010 comedy film Date Night and the animated film Megamind . In 2015 , she created and produced the television series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , originally for NBC and eventually for Netflix . Her other films include Sisters and Whiskey Tango Foxtrot . Fey has received nine Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , five Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Writers Guild of America Awards . Her autobiography Bossypants topped The New York Times Best Seller list for five weeks . In 2008 , the Associated Press gave Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year award for her satirical portrayal of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in a guest appearance on SNL . In 2010 , Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor , becoming the youngest-ever recipient of the award . On January 13 , 2013 , Fey hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards with her long-time friend and fellow comedian , Amy Poehler , to critical acclaim . The duo hosted again the following two years , generating the highest ratings for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim .",
" Star vehicle In the motion picture industry , a star vehicle , or simply vehicle , is a film written or produced for a specific star , regardless of whether the motive is to further their career , or simply to profit from their current popularity . It is designed to optimally display that star 's particular talents or personal appeal . The term is also applied to stage plays and television programs . In some cases , a performer may produce their own star vehicle as self-promotion or a vanity project . Richard Dyer , who extensively studied the phenomenon of movie stars , in his book Stars ( 1979 ) defined the vehicle phenomenon as : Under the old studio system , vehicles were sometimes created for a promising young , inexperienced , or imported actor who had signed a long-term contract with a major studio . By showcasing that actor 's talents , the vehicle was an attempt to create another bankable star bound to the studio until their contract expired . Vehicles were created for rising or established stars as diverse as Fred Astaire , Joan Crawford , the Marx Brothers and Elvis Presley . In some cases , audiences could be depended on to buy tickets to a succession of a favorite star 's vehicles regardless of their plots or even their overall quality , as long as care was taken to present that star well . With the demise of the studio system , star vehicles are less common in the movie business , although they continue to appear occasionally ( e.g. Julia Roberts in Pretty Woman , The Rock 's The Scorpion King , or more recently Miley Cyrus ' The Last Song ) . They remain common in television , where sitcoms routinely function as vehicles for stand-up comedians . Welcome Back , Kotter , The Cosby Show , Roseanne , Seinfeld , Home Improvement , George Lopez , Everybody Loves Raymond , Everybody Hates Chris , and The Bernie Mac Show are some notable examples from the US . Musicals and music-themed films have commonly used the star vehicle format to capitalize on the popularity of their performer . Among the earliest examples is The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) , which drew on the popularity of Al Jolson . Elvis Presley was perhaps the most prolific star vehicle performer , featured in 25 films between 1956 and 1969 . While Presley 's films were a commercial success , they mostly failed to attract critical acclaim , being made primarily as a platform for his musical performances . On the other hand , Frank Sinatra is noted as a performer whose filmography strengthened his musical popularity and critical credibility . Although his first leading-role film , Meet Danny Wilson ( 1952 ) , was a bland star-vehicle platform , his acting career reached a turnaround in the non-musical From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) , from which he went on to make over 40 musical and non-musical films ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Selena Gomez is a singer.
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" Selena Gomez Selena Marie Gomez ( -LSB- səˈliːnə_məˈɹiː_ˈɡoʊmɛz -RSB- ; -LSB- seˈlena ˈɣomes -RSB- ; born July 22 , 1992 ) is an American actress and singer . Having appeared in the children 's television series Barney & Friends while growing up , she rose to fame playing the role of Alex Russo on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 2012 ) . In 2008 , she signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records and formed her band Selena Gomez & the Scene . The band released three studio albums and produced four top 30 singles by 2011 . Gomez also formed her own production company in 2008 , July Moon Productions ; she serves as an executive producer on the Netflix original series 13 Reasons Why , which released in March 2017 . Between 2009 and 2011 , Gomez starred in films such as Princess Protection Program , Ramona and Beezus , and Monte Carlo , and took on a more mature role in Spring Breakers ( 2013 ) . Gomez also took her singing career in a different direction , with the release of her first solo album Stars Dance ( 2013 ) ; the album debuted atop the Billboard 200 in the United States and included the top ten single `` Come & Get It . '' Gomez released a compilation album in 2014 as her fifth and final release through Hollywood Records , which was preceded by her second top ten single `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' , and signed a new recording contract with Interscope Records . In 2015 , she released her second solo album , Revival , which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , while the first three singles , `` Good for You , '' `` Same Old Love , '' and `` Hands to Myself , '' all topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart in the United States . Gomez has also starred in the films The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) , In Dubious Battle ( 2016 ) , and in the Hotel Transylvania films . Since the start of her singing career , she has gone on to sell over 7 million albums and 22 million singles worldwide , according to Billboard . Gomez has earned a number of awards and nominations for her work as an actress and singer , and has won a Billboard Women in Music award , an MTV Video Music Award , an American Music Award , and fifteen Teen Choice Awards . As of November 2016 , Gomez is the most-followed Instagram user in the world ."
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" Amor Prohibido (song) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( `` Forbidden Love '' ) is the title song of American Tejano singer Selena 's fourth studio album of the same name ( 1994 ) . Released as the lead single by EMI Latin on April 13 , 1994 , it was written by Selena , her brother and music producer A.B. Quintanilla , and Selena y Los Dinos backup vocalist Pete Astudillo . Selena wanted to record a song about her grandparents -- who fell in love despite their different social classes . `` Amor Prohibidos lyrical themes have been analyzed by authors , musicologists , and journalists , who found them relevant to issues facing the LGBT community . A popular interpretation compares it to Romeo and Juliet . The Tejano cumbia dance-pop song was acclaimed by music critics , who cited it as one of the singer 's most popular singles . It topped the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for nine consecutive weeks , her first number-one as a solo artist , and became the most successful US Latin single of 1994 . A duet version with Samo was posthumously released in 2012 , reaching number eight on the US Latin Pop Songs . `` Amor Prohibido '' received the Tejano Music Award for Single of the Year , and was Regional Mexican Song of the Year at the Lo Nuestro and Billboard Latin Music Awards . `` Amor Prohibido '' was the first Spanish-language song to receive a Broadcast Music Award in the pop field in 1996 . Many musicians have covered `` Amor Prohibido '' , including Mexican pop singer Thalía , glam rock band Moderatto , Finnish singer Meiju Suvas , American entertainers Jennifer Lopez and Keke Palmer , and Broadway singer Shoshana Bean .",
" Duet A duet is a musical composition for two performers in which the performers have equal importance to the piece , often a composition involving two singers or two pianists . It differs from a harmony , as the performers take turns performing a solo section rather than performing simultaneously . A piece performed by two pianists performing together on the same piano is a `` piano duet '' or `` piano four hands '' . A piece for two pianists performing together on separate pianos is a `` piano duo '' . `` Duet '' is also used as a verb for the act of performing a musical duet , or colloquially as a noun to refer to the performers of a duet . A musical ensemble with more than two solo instruments or voices is called trio , quartet , quintet , sextet , septet , octet , etc. ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Tina Fey never wrote for SNL.
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" Tina Fey Elizabeth Stamatina `` Tina '' Fey ( -LSB- feɪ -RSB- born May 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , and producer . She is known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1998 -- today ) , for her impression of former Alaska Governor and 2008 Vice-Presidential candidate Sarah Palin , and for creating acclaimed series 30 Rock ( 2006 -- 2013 ) and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 -- present ) . She is also well known for writing and co-starring in the film Mean Girls ( 2004 ) , as well as appearing in such films as Baby Mama ( 2008 ) , Date Night ( 2010 ) , Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago-based improvisational comedy group The Second City . She then joined SNL as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , known for her position as co-anchor in the Weekend Update segment . In 2004 , she co-starred in and wrote the screenplay for Mean Girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self-help book Queen Bees and Wannabes . After leaving SNL in 2006 , she created the television series 30 Rock for Broadway Video , a situation comedy loosely based on her experiences at SNL . In the series , Fey portrays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . In 2008 , she starred in the comedy film Baby Mama , alongside former SNL co-star Amy Poehler . Fey next appeared in the 2010 comedy film Date Night and the animated film Megamind . In 2015 , she created and produced the television series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , originally for NBC and eventually for Netflix . Her other films include Sisters and Whiskey Tango Foxtrot . Fey has received nine Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , five Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Writers Guild of America Awards . Her autobiography Bossypants topped The New York Times Best Seller list for five weeks . In 2008 , the Associated Press gave Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year award for her satirical portrayal of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in a guest appearance on SNL . In 2010 , Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor , becoming the youngest-ever recipient of the award . On January 13 , 2013 , Fey hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards with her long-time friend and fellow comedian , Amy Poehler , to critical acclaim . The duo hosted again the following two years , generating the highest ratings for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim ."
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" The Head and the Hair `` The Head and The Hair '' is the eleventh episode of the first season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by series creator Tina Fey and co-executive producer John Riggi . The director of this episode was Gail Mancuso . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on January 18 , 2007 . Guest stars in this episode include Katrina Bowden , Craig Castaldo , Peter Hermann , Brian McCann , John McEnroe , Maulik Pancholy , Keith Powell , and Lonny Ross . In the episode , two men , one a cerebral nerd ( McCann ) and the other a gorgeous hunk ( Hermann ) , capture the attention of Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) . Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) and Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) trade places for `` Bottom 's Up Day '' at the office and at the same time , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) enlists Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) and James `` Toofer '' Spurlock ( Powell ) to write his autobiography in one day . `` The Head and the Hair '' received generally positive reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , the episode was watched by 5.0 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2.4 rating/6 share among viewers in the 18 -- 49 demographic .",
" Sketch comedy Sketch comedy comprises a series of short comedy scenes or vignettes , called `` sketches '' , commonly between one and ten minutes long . Such sketches are performed by a group of comic actors or comedians , either on stage or through an audio or visual medium such as radio and television . Often sketches are first improvised by the actors and written down based on the outcome of these improv sessions ; however , such improvisation is not necessarily involved in sketch comedy . An individual comedy sketch is a brief scene or vignette of the type formerly used in vaudeville , and now used widely in comedy and variety shows , talk shows and some children 's television series ( such as Sesame Street ) . Sketch comedians routinely differentiate their product from a `` skit '' , maintaining that a skit is a ( single ) dramatized joke ( or `` bit '' ) while a sketch is a comedic exploration of a concept , character or situation ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Americans first aired on FX.
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" The Americans (2013 TV series) The Americans is an American television period drama series created and produced by former CIA officer Joe Weisberg . The series premiered in the United States on January 30 , 2013 on the cable network FX . Set in the early 1980s during the Cold War , The Americans is the story of Elizabeth ( Keri Russell ) and Philip Jennings ( Matthew Rhys ) , two Soviet KGB officers posing as an American married couple living in the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington , D.C. , with their children Paige ( Holly Taylor ) and Henry ( Keidrich Sellati ) and their neighbor Stan Beeman ( Noah Emmerich ) , an FBI agent working in counterintelligence . On May 25 , 2016 , FX set an end-date for the series by renewing it for a fifth and sixth season . The 10-episode sixth and final season is slated to air in 2018 ."
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" Martial Eagle (The Americans) `` Martial Eagle '' is the ninth episode of the second season of the American television drama series The Americans , and the 22nd overall episode of the series . It originally aired on FX in the United States on April 23 , 2014 .",
" In Control (The Americans) `` In Control '' is the fourth episode of the first season of the period drama television series The Americans . It originally aired on FX in the United States on February 20 , 2013 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Adventure Time is a Cartoon Network movie.
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" Adventure Time Adventure Time is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward for Cartoon Network . It follows the adventures of a boy named Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( John DiMaggio ) a dog with the magical power to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , where they interact with Princess Bubblegum ( Hynden Walch ) , the Ice King ( Tom Kenny ) , Marceline the Vampire Queen ( Olivia Olson ) , BMO ( Niki Yang ) , and others . The series is based on a 2007 short produced for Nicktoons and Frederator Studios ' animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . After the short became a viral hit on the Internet , Cartoon Network commissioned a full-length series , which previewed on March 11 , 2010 , and officially premiered on April 5 , 2010 . The series draws inspiration from a variety of sources , including the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons and video games . It is produced using hand-drawn animation ; action and dialogue for episodes are decided by storyboarding artists . Because each episode takes roughly eight to nine months to complete , multiple episodes are worked on concurrently . The cast members record their lines in group recordings , and the series regularly employs guest actors for minor and recurring characters . Each episode runs for about eleven minutes ; pairs of episodes are often telecast to fill half-hour program slots . Eight seasons of the program have aired , and a ninth and final season premiered on April 21 , 2017 . , a feature-length film is in development . Since its debut , Adventure Time has been a ratings success for Cartoon Network , with the highest-rated episodes having attracted over 3 million viewers . The show has received positive reviews from critics anddespite being aimed primarily at childrenhas developed a following among teenagers and adults . Adventure Time has won awards including : six Primetime Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , three Annie Awards , two British Academy Children 's Awards , a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award , a Pixel Award , and a Kerrang ! Award . The series has also been nominated for three Critics ' Choice Television Awards , two Annecy Festival Awards , a TCA Award , and a Sundance Film Festival Award , among others . Of the many comic book spin-offs based on the series , one received an Eisner Award and two Harvey Awards . The series has also inspired various clothing items and related merchandise , video games , and DVD compilations ."
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" Game Show Network Game Show Network ( GSN ) is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned as a joint venture between Sony Pictures Television ( owning a controlling 58 % interest ) and AT&T Entertainment Group ( holding a 42 % ownership stake ) . The channel 's programming is primarily dedicated to game shows , including reruns of classic game shows , along with new , first-run original and revived game shows . For a period in the mid-2000s , Game Show Network began branching out into `` games '' in general , including reality competition series and televised poker shows . As of February 2015 , approximately 79,471,000 American households ( 68.3 % of households with television ) receive GSN .",
" Regular Show Regular Show ( also known as Regular Show in Space during its eighth season ) is an American animated television series created by J. G. Quintel for Cartoon Network that premiered on September 6 , 2010 . The series revolved around the lives of two working-class friends , a blue jay named Mordecai and a raccoon named Rigbyboth employed as groundskeepers at a local park . Their regular attempts to slack off usually lead to surreal , extreme , and often supernatural misadventures . During these misadventures , they interacted with the show 's other main characters : Benson , Pops , Muscle Man , Hi-Five Ghost , Skips , Margaret and Eileen . Many of Regular Show characters were loosely based on those developed for Quintel 's student films at California Institute of the Arts : The Naïve Man from Lolliland and 2 in the AM PM . The former was one of the winners of the 2005 Nicktoons Film Festival and received international attention after being broadcast on Nicktoons Network . Quintel pitched Regular Show for Cartoon Network 's Cartoonstitute project , in which the network allowed young artists to create pilots with no notes , which would possibly be optioned as shows . The project was green-lit and it premiered on September 6 , 2010 . As of May 2013 , the program has been watched by approximately 2 to 2.5 million viewers each week . The series has received positive reviews from critics and has developed a following of all ages . Regular Show has been nominated for several awards , including two Annie Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards -- one of which it won for the episode `` Eggscellent '' ( season 3 , episode 18 ) . A film based on the series , titled Regular Show : The Movie '' , premiered in 2015 . After eight seasons and 261 episodes , the series concluded on January 16 , 2017 with the one-hour finale `` A Regular Epic Final Battle '' ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Doug Ducey worked.
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" Doug Ducey Douglas Anthony Ducey -LSB- ˈduːsi -RSB- ( born April 9 , 1964 ) is an American businessman and politician who is the 23rd and current governor of the U.S. State of Arizona . He is a member of the Republican Party , and was sworn in as governor on January 5 , 2015 . Prior to his governorship , he served as the state 's 42nd treasurer . He is also the first man to serve as Arizona Governor in over 17 years . Prior to serving in elected office , Ducey served as the CEO of Cold Stone Creamery before he and his business partner sold the company in 2007 . On November 4 , 2014 , Ducey won the election to become governor of the State of Arizona , the first open seat for governor in 12 years , succeeding Jan Brewer . Born in Toledo , Ohio , Ducey moved to Tempe , Arizona in 1982 where he attended Arizona State University . In addition to his involvement with Cold Stone Creamery , he also worked at a local Anheuser-Busch distributor during his time in college , and Procter & Gamble following his graduation with a degree in finance ."
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" Digital Compact Cassette The Digital Compact Cassette ( DCC ) is a magnetic tape sound recording format introduced by Philips and Matsushita in late 1992 and marketed as the successor to the standard analog Compact Cassette . It was also a direct competitor to Sony 's MiniDisc ( MD ) but neither format toppled the then ubiquitous analog cassette despite their technical superiority . Another competing format , the Digital Audio Tape ( DAT ) had by 1992 also failed to sell in large quantities ( although it was established in recording studios ) -- DCC was envisaged as a cheaper alternative to DAT . DCC shared a similar form factor to analog cassettes , and DCC recorders could play back either type of cassette . This backward compatibility allowed users to adopt digital recording without rendering their existing tape collections obsolete .",
" Development executive In film production , a development executive ( often called DE for short ) is a high-level position generally above a Creative Executive on the Studio Executive totem pole . Their duties include reading scripts and finding source material which can be turned into motion picture content ( feature films , television series , television movies ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Unapologetic is Rihanna's 2011 release, and her seventh studio album.
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" Unapologetic Unapologetic is the seventh studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna . It was released on November 19 , 2012 , by Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records . It was recorded between June and November 2012 , during promotion of her sixth album , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . As executive producer , Rihanna enlisted previous collaborators The-Dream , David Guetta , Chase & Status , and StarGate to work alongside new collaborators such as Parker Ighile , Mike Will Made-It , and Labrinth . Unapologetic is mainly a pop , dubstep and R&B album that incorporates elements of hip hop , EDM and reggae in its production , similar to the sound of her previous albums Talk That Talk and Rated R ( 2009 ) . Unapologetic received generally mixed reviews from critics , with some reviewers describing its music as interesting , while others criticized its lyrical content and rushed nature . The album won a Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 2014 ceremony . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 238,000 copies , becoming Rihanna 's first number one album on the chart and best-selling debut week of her career . The album also became the singer 's third , fourth , and fifth consecutive number one album in the United Kingdom , Norway , and Switzerland , respectively . As of December 2014 , Unapologetic has sold over four million copies worldwide . The album produced seven singles including the international hits `` Diamonds '' and `` Stay '' . The former peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 where it became Rihanna 's twelfth number one song , tying her with Madonna and The Supremes for fourth most number one songs in the history of the chart . Prior to its release , Rihanna promoted the album with the 777 Tour which consisted of a seven-date promotional tour in which she performed seven concerts each in a different city in North America and Europe in seven days . To further promote Unapologetic , Rihanna embarked on her fourth worldwide tour entitled the Diamonds World Tour ."
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" Fool in Love `` Fool in Love '' is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna , from the deluxe edition of her sixth studio album Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . The song was written by Ester Dean , Lukasz Gottwald , Henry Walter . Production was helmed by Lukasz Gottwald , Cirkut and Dean . Musically , `` Fool in Love '' is a rhapsodic ballad , and instrumentation consists of acoustic and electric guitars , synthesizers and drums . The lyrics revolve around Rihanna being the protagonist , and how she has met a relatively good man who her parents do not approve of , but requests that they accept her decision to be with him due to their love for each other , despite familial concerns . It received comparisons to Queen `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' and Britney Spears `` Criminal '' . The song 's composition , production and vocal performance was acclaimed by music critics , however , some criticized its lyrics . Upon the release of Talk That Talk , `` Fool in Love '' debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 70 , with digital sales of 6,536 downloads . It also charted on the UK R&B Chart at number 35 and on the UK Singles Chart at number 123 .",
" The Dutchess The Dutchess is the debut studio album by American singer Fergie . It was released on September 23 , 2006 through A&M Records and the will.i.am Music Group as her first solo album since the break from her band The Black Eyed Peas . The album was recorded between The Black Eyed Peas ' tour in 2005 , and the songs were written throughout the last eight years that preceded its release . While developing the album , Fergie wanted to create an autobiographical album that would be more intimate between her and the listener . By doing so , the album experiments with different music genres , including pop , hip hop , R&B , reggae , punk rock and soul . Lyrically , The Dutchess has themes about love and critics , while also dealing with her drug abuse and addiction . Upon its release , The Dutchess received mixed reviews from music critics , with many praising its production , calling it one of the most eclectic and adventurous albums of 2006 , but some criticized the album 's lyrical content and believed the material was not strong for her voice . It became a commercial success , reaching number two on the US Billboard 200 and spending ninety-four weeks inside the chart , while also topping the Australian Albums Chart and becoming a worldwide success , reaching platinum status in over eight countries . It has sold over five million copies in the United States and over nine million copies worldwide . The album produced five top five singles in the United States , including three number-one hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 , `` London Bridge '' , `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' , and `` Glamorous '' , as well as the number two single `` Fergalicious '' and the number five single `` Clumsy '' . All five of the aforementioned singles have sold over two million digital downloads each in the United States , thus setting a new record in the digital era for the most multi-platinum singles from one album . Fergie held this record until 2012 , when Katy Perry achieved six multi-platinum singles with her album Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Maya Rudolph appeared in the film Grown Ups.
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" Maya Rudolph Maya Khabira Rudolph ( born July 27 , 1972 ) is an American actress , comedian , and singer . After becoming a member of The Groundlings improv troupe in the late 1990s , Rudolph joined the NBC television series Saturday Night Live , on which she was a cast member from 2000 to 2007 . She then ventured into film , appearing in 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) and A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) . Since leaving Saturday Night Live , Rudolph has appeared in Grown Ups ( 2010 ) , Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) , Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) and Sisters ( 2015 ) . She has also lent her voice to the animated films Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) and Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) . In addition to her film appearances , Rudolph also starred as Ava Alexander on the NBC sitcom Up All Night from 2011 to 2012 , and co-hosted her own variety show Maya & Marty ."
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" Sin City (film) Sin City ( also known as Frank Miller 's Sin City ) is a 2005 American neo-noir crime anthology film written , produced , and directed by Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez . It is based on Miller 's graphic novel of the same name . Much of the film is based on the first , third and fourth books in Miller 's original comic series . The Hard Goodbye is about a man who embarks on a brutal rampage in search of his one-time sweetheart 's killer , killing anyone , even the police , that gets in his way of finding and killing her murderer . The Big Fat Kill focuses on an everyman getting caught in a street war between a group of prostitutes and a group of mercenaries , the police and the mob . That Yellow Bastard follows an aging police officer who protects a young woman from a grotesquely disfigured serial killer . The intro and outro of the film are based on the short story `` The Customer is Always Right '' , which is collected in Booze , Broads & Bullets , the sixth book in the comic series . The film stars an ensemble cast led by Jessica Alba , Benicio del Toro , Brittany Murphy , Clive Owen , Mickey Rourke , Bruce Willis , and Elijah Wood , and featuring Alexis Bledel , Michael Clarke Duncan , Rosario Dawson , Carla Gugino , Rutger Hauer , Jaime King , Michael Madsen , and Nick Stahl , among others . Sin City opened to wide critical and commercial success , gathering particular recognition for the film 's unique color processing , which rendered most of the film in black and white but retained or added coloring for selected objects . The film was screened at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival in competition and won the Technical Grand Prize for the film 's `` visual shaping '' .",
" Some Like It Hot Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American romantic comedy film set in 1929 , directed and produced by Billy Wilder , starring Marilyn Monroe , Tony Curtis , and Jack Lemmon . The supporting cast includes George Raft , Pat O'Brien , Joe E. Brown , Joan Shawlee , and Nehemiah Persoff . The plot is based on a screenplay by Billy Wilder and Michael Logan from the French film Fanfare of Love . The film is about two musicians who dress in drag in order to escape from mafia gangsters whom they witnessed commit a crime inspired by the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre . The film was produced in black and white , even though color films were increasing in popularity . Some Like It Hot opened to largely positive reviews and is today considered to be one of the greatest film comedies of all time . It was voted as the top comedy film by the American Film Institute on their list on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs poll in 2000 . The film is also notable for featuring cross dressing , and for playing with the idea of homosexuality , which led to it being produced without approval from the Motion Picture Production Code . The code had been gradually weakening in its scope during the early 1950s , due to increasing social tolerance for previously taboo topics in film , but it was still officially enforced . The overwhelming success of Some Like It Hot was a final nail in the coffin for the Hays Code ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Twilight Saga has at least two installments.
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" The Twilight Saga (film series) The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer . The films star Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner . The series has grossed over $ 3.3 billion in worldwide receipts and consists , to date , of five motion pictures . The first installment , Twilight , was released on November 21 , 2008 . The second installment , New Moon , followed on November 20 , 2009 , breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history , grossing an estimated $ 72.7 million . The third installment , Eclipse , was released on June 30 , 2010 , and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . The series was in development since 2004 at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation of Twilight that differed significantly from the novel was written . Three years later , Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the film . After Twilight grossed $ 35.7 million on its opening day , Summit Entertainment announced they would begin production on New Moon ; they had acquired the rights to the remaining novels earlier that same month . A two-part adaptation of Breaking Dawn began shooting in November 2010 with release dates of November 18 , 2011 , and November 16 , 2012 , respectively ."
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" Twilight Twilight is the illumination of the Earth 's lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon . Twilight is produced by sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere , illuminating the lower atmosphere so that the surface of the Earth is neither completely lit nor completely dark . The word twilight is also used to denote the periods of time when this illumination occurs . The further the Sun is below the horizon , the dimmer the twilight ( other things such as atmospheric conditions being equal ) . When the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon , the twilight 's brightness is nearly zero , and evening twilight becomes nighttime . When the Sun again reaches 18 degrees below the horizon , nighttime becomes morning twilight . Owing to its distinctive quality , primarily the absence of shadows and the appearance of objects silhouetted against the bright sky , twilight has long been popular with photographers , who refer to it as ` sweet light ' , and painters , who refer to it as the blue hour , after the French expression , l'heure bleue . Twilight should not be confused with auroras , which can have a similar appearance in the night sky at high latitudes . By analogy with evening twilight , the word twilight is also sometimes used metaphorically , to imply that something is losing strength and approaching its end . For example , very old people may be said to be `` in the twilight of their lives '' . The collateral adjective for twilight is crepuscular which is sometimes applied to insects , fish , and mammals that are most active during that time .",
" Happy ending A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the protagonists , their sidekicks , and almost everyone except the villains . In storylines where the protagonists are in physical danger , a happy ending mainly consists in their surviving and successfully concluding their quest or mission . Where there is no physical danger , a happy ending may be lovers consummating their love despite various factors which may have thwarted it . A considerable number of storylines combine both situations . In Steven Spielberg 's version of `` War of the Worlds '' , the happy ending consists of three distinct elements : The protagonists all survive the countless perils of their journey ; humanity as a whole survives the alien invasion ; and the protagonist father regains the respect of his estranged children . The plot is so constructed that all three are needed for the audience 's feeling of satisfaction in the end . A happy ending is epitomized in the standard fairy tale ending phrase , `` happily ever after '' or `` and they lived happily ever after '' . ( One Thousand and One Nights has the more restrained formula `` they lived happily until there came to them the One who Destroys all Happiness '' ( i.e. Death ) ; likewise , the Russian versions of fairy tales typically end with `` they lived long and happily , and died together on the same day '' . ) Satisfactory happy endings are happy for the reader as well , in that the characters he or she sympathizes with are rewarded . However , this can also serve as an open path for a possible sequel . For example , in the 1977 film Star Wars , Luke Skywalker defeats the Galactic Empire by destroying the Death Star ; however , the story 's happy ending has consequences that follow in The Empire Strikes Back . The concept of a permanent happy ending is specifically brought up in the Stephen King fantasy/fairy tale novel The Eyes of the Dragon which has a standard good ending for the genre , but simply states that `` there were good days and bad days '' afterwards ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Ocean's Eight will be released in 2018.
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" Ocean's Eight Ocean 's Eight ( stylized as Ocean 's 8 ) is an upcoming American heist comedy film directed by Gary Ross from a script by Ross and co-writer Olivia Milch . It is both a sequel and an all-female spin-off of the Ocean 's Trilogy , and will be released on June 8 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. . Pictures . Principal photography on the film began on October 25 , 2016 , in New York City ."
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" Ocean's Trilogy The Ocean 's Trilogy is a series of three comedy heist films , released from 2001 to 2007 , directed by Steven Soderbergh and produced by Jerry Weintraub for Warner Bros. . The first of the films , Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) was a remake of the 1960 film of the same name and was followed , due to an immense commercial success , by sequels Ocean 's Twelve ( 2004 ) and Ocean 's Thirteen ( 2007 ) . The films combine well-known elements from heist films and con artist films , presented in a slick and cool style , with a notable absence of violence and gunplay , and an emphasis on humor and lightheartedness .",
" The Nines The Nines ( stylized as The NIN9S ) is a 2007 science fiction psychological thriller film written and directed by John August and starring Ryan Reynolds , Hope Davis , Melissa McCarthy , and Elle Fanning . The film debuted at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival , and made $ 63,165 in the U.S. box office through October 11 , 2007 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Adjustment Bureau is loosely based on a short story by Philip K. Dick.
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" The Adjustment Bureau The Adjustment Bureau is a 2011 American science fiction thriller film loosely based on the Philip K. Dick short story , `` Adjustment Team '' . The film was written and directed by George Nolfi , produced by Chris Moore and stars Matt Damon and Emily Blunt . The cast also includes Anthony Mackie , John Slattery , Michael Kelly , and Terence Stamp . The film tells the story of a young man who discovers that what appear to be chance events in his life are controlled by a technologically advanced intelligence network . After an event not planned by these controllers occurs -- a romantic encounter with a young dancer -- he struggles against their manipulation despite their promise of a great future for him . The film was released on April 3 , 2011 . It was premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre on February 14 , 2011 , and received positive reviews from critics , who praised Damon 's performance and his chemistry with Blunt . It grossed $ 127 million against a production budget of $ 50 million ."
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" Psychological thriller Psychological thriller is a thriller story which emphasizes the unstable psychological states of its characters . In terms of classification , the category is a subgenre of the broader ranging thriller category , with similarities to Gothic and detective fiction in the sense of sometimes having a `` dissolving sense of reality '' , moral ambiguity , and complex and tortured relationships between obsessive and pathological characters . Psychological thrillers often incorporate elements of or overlap with mystery , drama , action and horror ( particularly psychological horror ) . They are usually books or films .",
" A Scanner Darkly A Scanner Darkly is a BSFA Award-winning 1977 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick . The semi-autobiographical story is set in a dystopian Orange County , California , in the then-future of June 1994 , and includes an extensive portrayal of drug culture and drug use ( both recreational and abusive ) . The novel is one of Dick 's best-known works and served as the basis for a 2006 film of the same name , directed by Richard Linklater ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Into the Woods received a nomination.
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" Into the Woods (film) Into the Woods is a 2014 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall , and adapted to the screen by James Lapine from his and Stephen Sondheim 's Broadway musical of the same name . A Walt Disney Pictures production , it features an ensemble cast that includes Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Billy Magnussen , and Johnny Depp . Inspired by the Grimm Brothers ' fairy tales of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , `` Cinderella '' , `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' , and `` Rapunzel '' , the film is a fantasy genre centered on a childless couple , who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch . Ultimately , the characters are forced to rectify the consequences of their actions . After several unsuccessful attempts by other studios and producers to adapt the musical to film , Disney announced in 2012 that it was producing an adaptation , with Marshall directing and John DeLuca serving as producer . Principal photography commenced in September 2013 , and took place entirely in the United Kingdom , including at Shepperton Studios in London . Into the Woods held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8 , 2014 , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25 , 2014 . The film was commercially successful and received generally positive reviews , receiving praise for its acting performances and production merits , but was criticized for its lighter tone compared to the source material and the changes made for the translation . It grossed $ 213 million worldwide . Into the Woods received three Academy Award nominations at the 87th Academy Awards , including a Best Supporting Actress nomination for Streep , as well as three Golden Globe Award nominations , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy ."
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" The Onion Field (film) The Onion Field is a 1979 American crime drama film directed by Harold Becker and written by Joseph Wambaugh , based on his 1973 true crime novel of the same title . The film stars John Savage , James Woods , Franklyn Seales and Ted Danson in his film debut . Woods ' performance as Greg Powell was the film 's most widely praised element , earning the actor a Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award and his first Golden Globe nomination .",
" Night Moves (1975 film) Night Moves '' ' is a 1975 American mystery/thriller film directed by Arthur Penn. . It stars Gene Hackman , Jennifer Warren , Susan Clark , and features early career appearances by Melanie Griffith and James Woods . Hackman was nominated for the BAFTA Award for his portrayal of Harry Moseby , a private investigator . The film has been called `` a seminal modern noir work from the 1970s '' , which refers to its relationship with the film noir tradition of detective films . The original screenplay is by Scottish writer Alan Sharp . Although Night Moves was not considered particularly successful at the time of its release , it has attracted viewers and significant critical attention following its videotape and DVD releases . In 2010 , Manohla Dargis described it as `` the great , despairing Night Moves '' ( 1975 ) , with Gene Hackman as a private detective who ends up circling the abyss , a no-exit comment on the post-1968 , post-Watergate times . ''"
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Twilight Saga's second installment was not New Moon.
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" The Twilight Saga (film series) The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer . The films star Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner . The series has grossed over $ 3.3 billion in worldwide receipts and consists , to date , of five motion pictures . The first installment , Twilight , was released on November 21 , 2008 . The second installment , New Moon , followed on November 20 , 2009 , breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history , grossing an estimated $ 72.7 million . The third installment , Eclipse , was released on June 30 , 2010 , and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . The series was in development since 2004 at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation of Twilight that differed significantly from the novel was written . Three years later , Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the film . After Twilight grossed $ 35.7 million on its opening day , Summit Entertainment announced they would begin production on New Moon ; they had acquired the rights to the remaining novels earlier that same month . A two-part adaptation of Breaking Dawn began shooting in November 2010 with release dates of November 18 , 2011 , and November 16 , 2012 , respectively .",
" Twilight (2008 film) Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's popular novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan ( a teenage girl ) and Edward Cullen ( a vampire ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires . The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon . Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US$ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year ."
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" Nikki Reed Nicole Houston Reed ( born May 17 , 1988 ) is an American actress , screenwriter , singer-songwriter , and model known to the general public for her portrayal of vampire Rosalie Hale in The Twilight Saga ( 2008 -- 2012 ) . She became known in 2003 , after the release of the film Thirteen , directed by Catherine Hardwicke , for which she was credited with Hardwicke as a co-writer of the screenplay , and in which she played a lead role . The film earned Reed an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance , as well as several nominations .",
" Fifty Shades Darker (film) Fifty Shades Darker is a 2017 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard , based on E. L. James ' novel of the same name . The second film in the Fifty Shades film series , it is the sequel to the 2015 film Fifty Shades of Grey . The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey , respectively , with Eric Johnson , Eloise Mumford , Bella Heathcote , Rita Ora , Luke Grimes , Victor Rasuk , Kim Basinger and Marcia Gay Harden in supporting roles . Principal photography on Fifty Shades Darker and its sequel Fifty Shades Freed began on February 9 , 2016 , in Paris and Vancouver . It was released in the United States on February 10 , 2017 . The film received negative reviews , with criticism aimed at its screenplay , acting and narrative . It nearly $ 380 million worldwide against its $ 55 million budget , making it the seventh highest-grossing film of 2017 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Lionel Messi won awards by record voting margins.
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" Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés `` Leo '' Messi ( -LSB- ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi -RSB- ; born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as the greatest of all time , Messi is the only player in history to win five FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , four of which he won consecutively , and the first to win three European Golden Shoes . He has won 29 trophies with Barcelona , including eight La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles , and five Copas del Rey . Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga ( 349 ) , a La Liga season ( 50 ) and a club football season in Europe ( 73 ) , as well as those for most assists made in La Liga ( 137 ) and the Copa América ( 11 ) . He has scored over 500 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency as a child . At age 13 , he relocated to Spain to join Barcelona , who agreed to pay for his medical treatment . After a fast progression through Barcelona 's youth academy , Messi made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . Despite being injury-prone during his early career , he established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , finishing 2007 as a finalist for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award , a feat he repeated the following year . His first uninterrupted campaign came in the 2008 -- 09 season , during which he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football . At 22 years old , Messi won the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award by record voting margins . Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive FIFA Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . His personal best campaign to date was the 2011 -- 12 season , in which he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all-time top scorer in official competitions in March 2012 . He again struggled with injury during the following two seasons , twice finishing second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , his perceived career rival . Messi regained his best form during the 2014 -- 15 campaign , breaking the all-time goalscoring records in both La Liga and the Champions League in November 2014 , and led Barcelona to a historic second treble . An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all-time leading goalscorer . At youth level , he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe , and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . His style of play as a diminutive , left-footed dribbler drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona , who declared the teenager his successor . After making his senior debut in August 2005 , Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition , and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América , where he was named young player of the tournament . As the squad 's captain from August 2011 , he led Argentina to three consecutive finals : the 2014 World Cup , for which he won the Golden Ball , and the 2015 and 2016 Copas América ."
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" Messi–Ronaldo rivalry The Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry is a supposed association football rivalry between Argentine forward Lionel Messi and Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo . Having won a combined nine FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , both Messi and Ronaldo are widely regarded as the two best players of their generation , as well as being among the best of all time in the sport . Both players have scored in two UEFA Champions League finals , have regularly broken the 50 goal barrier in a single season , and have scored over 500 goals each in their careers for club and country . They are also the only two players to score seven UEFA Champions League hat-tricks . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to establish who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to past global sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Björn Borg -- John McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry in Formula One motor racing . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . In response to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented ; `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . When asked which he preferred , then FIFA president Sepp Blatter commented that Messi will `` always get a lot of votes because he plays well and scores goals '' before saying that Ronaldo `` is like a commander on the field of play . This is the other side of football and it 's good to have commanders on the field . They do n't have the same attitude and that gives life to football . One has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other but that does n't matter . I ca n't say who is the best . I like both of them , but I prefer Messi . '' At club level , with Messi and Ronaldo representing rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's most popular regular-season club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . Off the field , they are the face of two rival sportswear manufacturers , Messi of Adidas and Ronaldo of Nike , which are also the respective kit suppliers of their national teams and the opposite for their clubs . The two highest paid players in football , Ronaldo and Messi are among the world 's best paid sports stars : in combined income from salaries , bonuses and off-field earnings in 2016 , Ronaldo was first earning $ 88 million , and Messi was second with $ 81.4 million . They have the two biggest social media followings in the world among sportspeople with a combined 200 million Facebook fans by July 2016 .",
" FIFA The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA -LSB- ˈfiːfə -RSB- `` International Federation of Association Football '' ) is the international governing body of association football , futsal , and beach soccer . FIFA is responsible for the organization of football 's major international tournaments , notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women 's World Cup which commenced in 1991 . FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , the Netherlands , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland . Headquartered in Zürich , its membership now comprises 211 national associations . Member countries must each also be members of one of the six regional confederations into which the world is divided : Africa , Asia , Europe , North & Central America and the Caribbean , Oceania , and South America . Although FIFA does not control the rules of football ( that being the responsibility of the International Football Association Board ) , it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion , which generate revenue from sponsorship . In 2013 , FIFA had revenues of over 1.3 billion U.S. dollars , for a net profit of 72 million , and had cash reserves of over 1.4 billion U.S. dollars . Reports by investigative journalists have linked FIFA leadership with corruption , bribery , and vote-rigging related to the election of FIFA President Sepp Blatter and the organization 's decision to award the 2018 and 2022 World Cups to Russia and Qatar , respectively . These allegations led to the indictments of nine high-ranking FIFA officials and five corporate executives by the U.S. Department of Justice on charges including racketeering , wire fraud , and money laundering . On 27 May 2015 , several of these officials were arrested by Swiss authorities , who were launching a simultaneous but separate criminal investigation into how the organization awarded the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . Those among these officials who were also indicted in the U.S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well . Many officials were suspended by FIFA 's ethics committee including Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini . In early 2017 reports became public about FIFA president Gianni Infantino attempting to prevent the re-elections of both chairmen of the ethics committee , Cornel Borbély and Hans-Joachim Eckert , during the FIFA congress in May 2017 . On May 9th , 2017 , following Infantino 's proposal , FIFA Council decided not to renew the mandates of Borbély and Eckert . Together with the chairmen , eleven of 13 committee members were removed ."
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All tumors indicate cancer.
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" Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Not all tumors are cancerous ; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body . Possible signs and symptoms include a lump , abnormal bleeding , prolonged cough , unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements . While these symptoms may indicate cancer , they may have other causes . Over 100 types of cancers affect humans . Tobacco use is the cause of about 22 % of cancer deaths . Another 10 % is due to obesity , poor diet , lack of physical activity , and excessive drinking of alcohol . Other factors include certain infections , exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants . In the developing world nearly 20 % of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B , hepatitis C and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . These factors act , at least partly , by changing the genes of a cell . Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops . Approximately 5 -- 10 % of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person 's parents . Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests . It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy . Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking , maintaining a healthy weight , not drinking too much alcohol , eating plenty of vegetables , fruits and whole grains , vaccination against certain infectious diseases , not eating too much processed and red meat , and avoiding too much sunlight exposure . Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer . The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial . Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy , surgery , chemotherapy , and targeted therapy . Pain and symptom management are an important part of care . Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease . The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment . In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80 % . For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66 % . In 2015 about 90.5 million people had cancer . About 14.1 million new cases occur a year ( not including skin cancer other than melanoma ) . It caused about 8.8 million deaths ( 15.7 % ) of human deaths . The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer , prostate cancer , colorectal cancer and stomach cancer . In females , the most common types are breast cancer , colorectal cancer , lung cancer and cervical cancer . If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40 % of cases . In children , acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often . In 2012 , about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer . The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries . Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world . The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $ 1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010 ."
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" Liver cancer Liver cancer , also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer , is cancer that starts in the liver . Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver , known as liver metastasis , is more common than that which starts in the liver . Symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the rib cage , swelling of the abdomen , yellowish skin , easy bruising , weight loss , and weakness . The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis B , hepatitis C , or alcohol . Other causes include aflatoxin , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , and liver flukes . The most common types are hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) , which makes up 80 % of cases , and cholangiocarcinoma . Less common types include mucinous cystic neoplasm and intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm . The diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsy . Preventive efforts include immunization against hepatitis B and treating those infected with hepatitis B or C. Screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease . Treatment options may include surgery , targeted therapy , and radiation therapy . In certain cases ablation therapy , embolization therapy , or liver transplantation may be used . Small lumps in the liver may be simply closely followed . Primary liver cancer is globally the sixth most frequent cancer ( 6 % ) and the second leading cause of death from cancer ( 9 % ) . In 2012 it occurred in 782,000 people and in 2015 resulted in 810,500 deaths . In 2015 , 263,000 deaths from liver cancer were due to hepatitis B , 167,000 to hepatitis C , and 245,000 to alcohol . Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common , including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa . Males are more often affected with HCC than females . Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old . Five-year survival rates are 18 % in the United States . The word `` hepatic '' is from the Greek hêpar , meaning `` liver . ''",
" Neoplasm Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of tissue , which if it forms a mass , is commonly referred to as a tumour or tumor . This abnormal growth ( neoplasia ) usually but not always forms a mass . ICD-10 classifies neoplasms into four main groups : benign neoplasms , in situ neoplasms , malignant neoplasms , and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior . Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as cancers and are the focus of oncology . Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue , as neoplasia , cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth , such as metaplasia or dysplasia . However , metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia . The word is from Ancient Greek νέος - neo `` new '' and πλάσμα plasma `` formation , creation '' ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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BYD Auto only manufacturers apple cider.
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" BYD Auto BYD Auto Co. , Ltd. is a Chinese automobile manufacturer based in Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , and a wholly owned subsidiary of BYD Company . It was founded in 2003 , following BYD Company 's acquisition of Tsinchuan Automobile Company in 2002 . Its principal activity is the design , development , manufacture and distribution of passenger cars and buses sold under the BYD brand . It also has a 50:50 joint venture with Daimler AG , Shenzhen BYD Daimler New Technology Co. , Ltd. , which develops and manufactures luxury electric cars sold under the Denza brand . BYD Auto sold a total of 506,189 passenger cars in China in 2013 , making it the tenth-largest selling brand and the largest selling Chinese brand . In 2015 , BYD Auto was the best selling global electric vehicle brand , ahead of General Motors and Nissan . For a second year running , BYD was the world 's top selling plug-in electric car manufacturer with over 100,000 units delivered in 2016 , followed by Tesla , Inc. . In October 2016 , BYD Auto became the all-time second largest global plug-in car manufacturer after the Renault-Nissan Alliance ."
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" Motor vehicle A motor vehicle is a self-propelled road vehicle and off-road vehicle , commonly wheeled , that does not operate on rails , such as trains or trams and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers , or passengers and property . The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor , usually by an internal combustion engine , or an electric motor , or some combination of the two , such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids . For legal purposes motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including cars , buses , motorcycles , off-road vehicles , light trucks and regular trucks . These classifications vary according to the legal codes of each country . ISO 3833:1977 is the standard for road vehicles types , terms and definitions . Generally to avoid requiring handicapped persons from having to possess an operator 's license to use one , or requiring tags and insurance , powered wheelchairs will be specifically excluded by law from being considered motor vehicles . As of 2010 there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment . Global vehicle ownership per capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1000 people . The United States has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world , with 239.8 million in 2010 . Vehicle ownership per capita in the US is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 people . The People 's Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world , with slightly more than 78 million vehicles and since 2009 became the world 's largest new car market . In 2011 , a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built , led by China , with 18.4 million motor vehicles manufactured .",
" British Leyland British Leyland was an automotive engineering and manufacturing conglomerate formed in the United Kingdom in 1968 as British Leyland Motor Corporation Ltd ( BLMC ) , following the merger of Leyland Motors and British Motor Holdings . It was partly nationalised in 1975 , when the UK government created a holding company called British Leyland , later BL , in 1978 . It incorporated much of the British-owned motor vehicle industry , which constituted 40 percent of the UK car market , with roots going back to 1895 . Despite containing profitable marques such as Jaguar , Rover and Land Rover , as well as the best-selling Mini , British Leyland had a troubled history . In 1986 it was renamed as the Rover Group , later to become MG Rover Group , which went into administration in 2005 , bringing mass car production by British-owned manufacturers to an end . MG and the Austin , Morris and Wolseley marques became part of China 's SAIC , with whom MG Rover attempted to merge prior to administration . Today , MINI , Jaguar Land Rover and Leyland Trucks ( now owned by BMW Group , TATA and Paccar , respectively ) are the three most prominent former parts of British Leyland which are still active in the automotive industry , with SAIC-owned MG Motor continuing a small presence at the Longbridge site . Certain other related ex-BL businesses , such as Unipart , continue to operate independently ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Michelle Williams starred in a film.
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" Michelle Williams (actress) Michelle Ingrid Williams ( born September 9 , 1980 ) is an American actress . She began her career with television guest appearances , and made her feature film debut in Lassie ( 1994 ) , which earned her a Youth in Film nomination . She gained wider recognition for her role as Jen Lindley on the The WB series Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2003 . Williams received critical acclaim for the role of Alma , wife of Ennis Del Mar , in Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) , for which she won a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award and was nominated for the SAG Award , BAFTA Award , Golden Globe , and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She followed this with films such as Martin Scorsese 's Shutter Island ( 2010 ) . Her work in Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) garnered her nominations for the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . She won a Golden Globe and an Independent Spirit Award for her portrayal of Marilyn Monroe in My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) , which also garnered her BAFTA , SAG , and Academy Award nominations . In 2016 , she received wide acclaim for her performance in the drama Manchester by the Sea , earning her nominations from the BAFTA , SAG , and Academy Award ceremonies . On Broadway , Williams appeared in a revival of the musical Cabaret in 2014 and a revival of the play Blackbird in 2016 . She received a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play nomination for the latter ."
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" Michelle Williams (singer) Tenitra Michelle Williams ( born July 23 , 1980 ) is an American recording artist , record producer , songwriter , and actress . Williams rose to fame in the 2000s as a member of R&B girl group Destiny 's Child , one of the best-selling female groups of all time with over 60 million records , of which more than 35 million copies sold with the trio lineup with Williams . In 1999 , after the dismissals of group members LaTavia Roberson and LeToya Luckett , Williams was the oldest member to join the group , at the age of 20 . During their hiatus , she released her debut solo album Heart to Yours ( 2002 ) which topped the US gospel album chart and became the best-selling gospel release of the year . Also in 2002 , Billboard , named her the fifth Top Gospel Artist of the year and she received a MOBO Award for `` Best Gospel Act '' . and garnered her three Grammy nominations for her work on the album including for Best Gospel Album . Following this she released Do You Know ( 2004 ) which gained her a nomination for `` Best Gospel Act '' at the 2004 MOBO Awards . After Destiny 's Child 's disbanded in 2004 , Williams released her first pop album , Unexpected ( 2008 ) , which spawned the internationally charting single `` We Break the Dawn '' and the US Dance number-one `` The Greatest '' . Her fourth studio album , Journey to Freedom ( 2014 ) , received positive reviews and became her highest-charting album in the US ; preceded by lead single `` If We Had Your Eyes '' which reached the US Adult R&B top 20 and the Soul Train-nominated `` Say Yes '' , which charted internationally and topped the US Hot Gospel Songs chart for seven weeks . Journey to Freedom was nominated for Outstanding Gospel Album ( Traditional or Contemporary ) at the 46th NAACP Image Awards and earned Williams four nominations at the 30th annual Stellar Awards , winning Music Video of the Year for `` Say Yes '' . In 2015 , Williams sang for U.S. President Barack Obama & First Lady Michelle Obama at the White House . Williams has found success as a television , Broadway and West End theatre actress , gaining a nomination for `` Best Lead Female -- Equity '' in 2008 at the 18th Annual NAACP Theatre Awards . Making her acting debut on Broadway in Aida ( 2003 ) , she has since starred in the sitcom series Half & Half ( 2006 ) and the musical productions ; The Color Purple ( 2007 ) , Chicago ( 2009 -- 10 ) , What My Husband Does n't Know ( 2011 ) and Fela ! ( 2013 ) . Furthermore , she was a featured judge on MTV 's Top Pop Group , a contestant in series 8 of Strictly Come Dancing and co-stars alongside Deitrick Haddon in the Oxygen reality television series Fix My Choir . She has earned several awards and accolades including a Grammy Award and star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame with Destiny 's Child ; a solo MOBO Award and Stellar Award .",
" The Story of Us (film) The Story of Us is a 1999 American romantic comedy drama film directed by Rob Reiner , and starring Bruce Willis and Michelle Pfeiffer as a couple married for 15 years . The depiction of the marriage through a series of non-linear flashbacks is reminiscent of Two for the Road ( 1967 ) starring Albert Finney and Audrey Hepburn , while the `` interview '' segments featuring characters addressing the camera directly as a therapist are reminiscent of Reiner 's previous film When Harry Met Sally ... ( 1989 ) starring Billy Crystal and Meg Ryan ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Samsung Life Insurance is part of a larger whole.
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" Samsung Life Insurance Samsung Life Insurance ( Korean : 삼성생명보험 , ) is a South Korean multinational insurance company headquartered in Seoul , South Korea , and a subsidiary of the Samsung Group . It is the largest insurance company in South Korea and a Fortune Global 500 company . Samsung Life 's principal products include life , health insurance and annuities . Samsung Life was a private company from its foundation in 1957 until it went public in May 2010 . The IPO was the largest in South Korean history and made Samsung Life one of the country 's most valuable companies measured by market capitalization . Its headquarters are situated across from Namdaemun , a historic gate located in the heart of Seoul ."
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" Annuity An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals . Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings account , monthly home mortgage payments , monthly insurance payments and pension payments . Annuities can be classified by the frequency of payment dates . The payments ( deposits ) may be made weekly , monthly , quarterly , yearly , or at any other regular interval of time . An annuity which provides for payments for the remainder of a person 's lifetime is a life annuity .",
" Hyundai Hyundai Group ( ; -LSB- ˈhjʌndɛ -RSB- ) is a multinational chaebol ( conglomerate ) headquartered in Seoul , South Korea . It was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as a construction firm and Chung was directly in control of the company until his death in 2001 . Following the 1997 East Asian financial crisis and Chung 's death , Hyundai underwent a major restructuring and break-up , which reduced the Hyundai Group 's business to encompass only container shipping services , the manufacturing of elevators , and tourism . Today , most companies bearing the name Hyundai are not legally connected to Hyundai Group . They include Hyundai Motor Group , Hyundai Department Store Group , Hyundai Heavy Industries Group and Hyundai Development Company . However , most of the former subsidiaries of the Hyundai conglomerate continue to be run by relatives of Chung . If these companies were considered as forming a single broad family business , then it would remain the largest company in South Korea with enormous economic and political power in the country ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Bill Cosby was a comedian who did stand-up.
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" Bill Cosby William Henry Cosby Jr. ( born July 12 , 1937 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , and author . His start in stand-up comedy began at the hungry i in San Francisco and was followed by his landing a starring role in the 1960s television show I Spy . He was also a regular on the children 's television series The Electric Company during the show 's first two seasons . Using the Fat Albert character developed during his stand-up routines , Cosby created , produced , and hosted the animated comedy television series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids , a show that ran from 1972 to 1985 , centering on a group of young friends growing up in an urban area . Throughout the 1970s , Cosby starred in a number of films , and he occasionally returned to film later in his career . After attending Temple University in the 1960s , he received his bachelor 's degree there in 1971 . In 1973 , he received a master 's degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst , and in 1976 , he earned his Doctor of Education degree , also from UMass . His dissertation discussed the use of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids as a teaching tool in elementary schools . Beginning in the 1980s , Cosby produced and starred in a television sitcom , The Cosby Show , which aired from 1984 to 1992 and was rated as the number one show in America for five years , 1984 through 1989 . The sitcom highlighted the experiences and growth of an affluent African-American family . Cosby produced the Cosby Show spin-off sitcom A Different World , which aired from 1987 to 1993 , starred in The Cosby Mysteries from 1994 to 1995 , starred in the sitcom Cosby from 1996 to 2000 ; and hosted Kids Say the Darndest Things for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 . Cosby has been the subject of sexual assault allegations , the earliest of which date back decades but becoming highly publicized since about 2014 . He has been accused by 51 women of rape , drug facilitated sexual assault , sexual battery , child sexual abuse , and sexual misconduct , with the earliest alleged incidents taking place in the mid-1960s and the most recent in 2008 . He has denied the allegations . Numerous related lawsuits against Cosby are pending ; and although most of the acts alleged by his accusers fall outside the statutes of limitations for criminal legal proceedings , one notable case has been ruled actionable , and he has been charged with three felony counts of aggravated indecent assault in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania . He surrendered to authorities on December 30 , 2015 , and was released on $ 1 million bail . Cosby is scheduled to go on trial on or before June 5 , 2017 ."
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" Bill Cosby sexual assault allegations American comedian Bill Cosby has been the subject of publicized sexual assault allegations . With the earliest incidents allegedly taking place in the mid-1960s , Cosby has been accused by over 60 women of either rape , drug facilitated sexual assault , sexual battery , child sexual abuse , and/or sexual misconduct . Earlier sexual assault allegations against Cosby became more public after an October 2014 comedy routine by comedian Hannibal Buress alluding to Cosby 's covert sexual misbehavior went viral , and many additional claims were made after that date . The dates of the alleged incidents span from 1965 to 2008 across 10 U.S. states and one Canadian province . Cosby has maintained his innocence and repeatedly denied the allegations . In November 2014 , in response to a question about the allegations , Cosby said : `` I do n't talk about it . '' Cosby has declined to publicly discuss the accusations in past interviews . However , he told Florida Today , `` people should n't have to go through that and should n't answer to innuendos . '' In May 2015 he said , `` I have been in this business 52 years and I 've never seen anything like this . Reality is a situation and I ca n't speak . '' In the wake of the allegations , numerous organizations have severed ties with the comedian , and previously awarded honors and titles have been revoked . Reruns of The Cosby Show and other shows featuring Cosby have also been pulled from syndication by many organizations . Twenty-five colleges and universities have rescinded his honorary degrees . In an attempt to explain the backlash against Cosby , Adweek reporter Jason Lynch noted that the `` media landscape has changed considerably -- and has now been joined by the far-less-forgiving social media arena . '' Most of the alleged acts fall outside the statutes of limitations for criminal legal proceedings , but criminal charges have been filed against Cosby in one case and numerous civil lawsuits have been brought against him . As of November 2015 , eight related civil lawsuits are active against Cosby , including two that also target Cosby 's lawyer and one that also implicates his wife and manager Camille Cosby . Gloria Allred is representing 33 of the alleged victims . In July 2015 , some of the court records from Andrea Constand 's 2005 civil lawsuit against Cosby were unsealed and released to the public . The full transcript of his deposition was also released to the media by a court reporting service . In his testimony , Cosby admitted to casual sex , involving recreational use of the sedative-hypnotic methaqualone ( Quaaludes ) , with a series of young women , and acknowledged that his dispensing the prescription drug was illegal . On December 30 , 2015 , three Class II Felony charges of aggravated indecent assault were filed against Cosby in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , based on allegations by Constand concerning incidents in January 2004 .",
" Comedian A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience by making them laugh . This might be through jokes or amusing situations , or acting foolish ( as in slapstick ) or employing prop comedy . A comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comedian . A popular saying , variously quoted but generally attributed to Ed Wynn , is , `` A comic says funny things ; a comedian says things funny '' , which draws a distinction between how much of the comedy can be attributed to verbal content and how much to acting and persona . Since the 1980s , a new wave of comedy , called alternative comedy , has grown in popularity with its more offbeat and experimental style . This normally involves more experiential , or observational reporting , e.g. Alexei Sayle , Daniel Tosh , Louis C.K. and Malcolm Hardee . As far as content is concerned , comedians such as Tommy Tiernan , Des Bishop , and Joan Rivers draw on their background to poke fun at themselves , while others such as Jon Stewart , and Ben Elton have very strong political and cultural undertones . Many comics achieve a cult following while touring famous comedy hubs such as the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal , the Edinburgh Fringe , and Melbourne Comedy Festival in Australia . Often a comic 's career advances significantly when they win a notable comedy award , such as the Edinburgh Comedy Award ( formerly the Perrier comedy award ) . Comics sometimes foray into other areas of entertainment , such as film and television , where they become more widely known ; e.g. , Eddie Izzard or Ricky Gervais . However , a comic 's stand-up success does not guarantee a film 's critical or box office success ."
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Aishwarya Rai appeared in a film of Tamil cinema.
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" Kandukondain Kandukondain Kandukondain Kandukondain ( I have seen , I have seen ) is a 2000 Indian Tamil romance film , an adaptation of Jane Austen 's novel Sense and Sensibility . Directed and co-written by Rajiv Menon , the film features an ensemble cast of Mammootty , Ajith Kumar , Tabu , Aishwarya Rai , and Abbas . Veteran actors Srividya , Raghuvaran and Manivannan also play other supporting roles . The highly successful soundtrack was scored by A. R. Rahman , while Ravi K. Chandran was the film 's cinematographer . The film opened to Indian audiences , after several delays , on 5 May 2000 gaining positive reviews and box office success . Kandukondain Kandukondain was dubbed and released in Telugu as Priyuraalu Pilichindi , and the producers released subtitled versions worldwide . The film went on to feature in international film festivals and gain notable awards . Additionally , Shankar Mahadevan won the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song `` Enna Solla Pogirai '' in the film .",
" Aishwarya Rai Aishwarya Rai ( born 1 November 1973 ) , also known by her married name Aishwarya Rai Bachchan , is an Indian actress , model and the winner of the Miss World 1994 pageant . Through her successful acting career , she has established herself as one of the most popular and influential celebrities in India . Rai has received numerous awards and accolades , including two Filmfare Awards from eleven nominations , and she was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 . She has often been called `` the most beautiful woman in the world '' . While in college , Rai did a few modelling jobs . Following appearances in several television commercials , she entered the Miss India pageant , in which she placed second . She was then crowned Miss World 1994 , after which she began receiving offers to act in film . She made her acting debut in Mani Ratnam 's 1997 Tamil film Iruvar and had her first Hindi film release in Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya that same year . Her first commercial success was the Tamil romantic drama Jeans ( 1998 ) , following which she achieved wider success and won two Best Actress awards at Filmfare for her performances in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) and Devdas ( 2002 ) . Rai garnered critical appreciation for portraying a passionate artist in the Tamil romance Kandukondain Kandukondain ( 2000 ) , Tagore 's heroine , Binodini , in the Bengali film Chokher Bali ( 2003 ) , a depressed woman in the drama Raincoat ( 2004 ) , Kiranjit Ahluwalia in the British drama film Provoked ( 2006 ) , as a nurse in the drama Guzaarish ( 2010 ) and as a justise-seeking sister in the biographical drama Sarbjit ( 2015 ) . Rai 's greatest commercial successes have been the romance Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) , the adventure film Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) , the historical romance Jodhaa Akbar ( 2008 ) , the science fiction film Enthiran ( 2010 ) , and the romantic drama Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) . Rai married actor Abhishek Bachchan in 2007 with whom she has one daughter . Her off-screen roles include duties as a brand ambassador for several charity organisations and campaigns . She is a Goodwill Ambassador for the Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS ( UNAIDS ) . In 2003 , she was the first Indian actress to be a jury member at the Cannes Film Festival ."
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" Boys (2003 film) Boys is a 2003 Indian Tamil coming-of-age film directed by S. Shankar . It stars newcomers Siddarth , Genelia , Bharath , Nakul , Manikandan and Sai Srinivas Thaman in the lead roles . The score and soundtrack are composed by A. R. Rahman . Boys was simultaneously released in Telugu as well with the same title . The story centers on six youngsters , who experience the downfalls of teenage life . The film conveys a message about the importance of a good education and career over other distractions , such as romance and sex . Despite all of its lead characters being debutantes , the film was the second most expensive South Indian film produced at that time , only behind Shankar 's own 1998 film Jeans .",
" Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film) Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum ( read as `` Alibabavum Narpadhu Thirudargalum '' ; Alibaba and the Forty Thieves ) is a 1956 Indian Tamil-language fantasy swashbuckler film directed and produced by T. R. Sundaram under his production banner Modern Theatres . The film features M. G. Ramachandran and Bhanumathi Ramakrishna in the lead roles , with K. Sarangkapani , P. S. Veerappa , K. A. Thangavelu , M. N. Rajam , Sushila , Vidhyavathi , and M. G. Chakrapani in supporting roles . It tells the story of Alibaba , a poor woodcutter , who becomes wealthy after finding a secret cave which contains various treasures and antiques . He resolves to keep his source of wealth a secret to lead a peaceful life . Whether he keeps it a secret and protects the treasure from falling into the wrong hands forms the rest of the story . Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was shot in Gevacolor and is notable for being the first Tamil and South Indian full-length colour film . It is based on the story `` Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves '' from One Thousand and One Nights . It is also the second Tamil film adaptation of that story , after the 1941 film of the same name . Filming took place mainly at Mysore and Yercaud . The original soundtrack and score were composed by Susarla Dakshinamurthi , and re-used many songs from the 1954 Hindi film Alibaba Aur 40 Chor . It was also the final film of Ramachandran 's three-film contract with Modern Theatres . Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was released on 14 January 1956 during the festive occasion of Thai Pongal . It received positive reviews and became a success at the box office which was largely attributed to it being the first full-length colour film in South India . The songs also attained popularity . The film was later dubbed in Telugu as Ali Baba 40 Dongalu ."
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Stanley Kubrick has a career as a director.
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" Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick ( -LSB- ˈkuːbrɪk -RSB- July 26 , 1928 -- March 7 , 1999 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , producer , cinematographer , editor , and photographer . He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history . His films , which are mostly adaptations of novels or short stories , cover a wide range of genres , and are noted for their realism , dark humor , unique cinematography , extensive set designs , and evocative use of music . Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx , New York City , and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945 . Although he only received average grades , Kubrick displayed a keen interest in literature , photography , and film from a young age , and taught himself all aspects of film production and directing after graduating from high school . After working as a photographer for Look magazine in the late 1940s and early 1950s , he began making short films on a shoestring budget , and made his first major Hollywood film , The Killing , for United Artists in 1956 . This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas , the war picture Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) and the historical epic Spartacus ( 1960 ) . His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew , and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks ( 1961 ) , though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself . Creative differences arising from his work with Douglas and the film studios , a dislike of Hollywood , and a growing concern about crime in America prompted Kubrick to move to the United Kingdom in 1961 , where he spent most of the remainder of his life and career . His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire , which he shared with his wife Christiane , became his workplace , where he did his writing , research , editing , and management of production details . This allowed him to have almost complete artistic control over his films , but with the rare advantage of having financial support from major Hollywood studios . His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers , Lolita ( 1962 ) and Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) . A demanding perfectionist , Kubrick assumed control over most aspects of the filmmaking process , from direction and writing to editing , and took painstaking care with researching his films and staging scenes , working in close coordination with his actors and other collaborators . He often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie , which resulted in many conflicts with his casts . Despite the resulting notoriety among actors , many of Kubrick 's films broke new ground in cinematography . The scientific realism and innovative special effects of 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) were without precedent in the history of cinema , and the film earned him his only personal Oscar , for Best Visual Effects . Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation 's `` big bang '' , and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made . For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA , to film scenes under natural candlelight . With The Shining ( 1980 ) , he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots . While many of Kubrick 's films were controversial and initially received mixed reviews upon release -- particularly A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) , which Kubrick pulled from circulation in the UK following a mass media frenzy -- most were nominated for Oscars , Golden Globes , or BAFTA Awards , and underwent critical reevaluations . His last film , Eyes Wide Shut , was completed shortly before his death in 1999 at the age of 70 .",
" Spartacus (film) Spartacus is a 1960 American epic historical drama film directed by Stanley Kubrick . The screenplay by Dalton Trumbo was based on the novel Spartacus by Howard Fast . It was inspired by the life story of the leader of a slave revolt in antiquity , Spartacus , and the events of the Third Servile War . The film starred Kirk Douglas as Spartacus , Laurence Olivier as the Roman general and politician Marcus Licinius Crassus , Peter Ustinov , who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , as slave trader Lentulus Batiatus , John Gavin as Julius Caesar , Jean Simmons as Varinia , Charles Laughton as Sempronius Gracchus and Tony Curtis as Antoninus . The film won four Academy Awards in all . Douglas , whose Bryna Productions company was producing the film , removed original director Anthony Mann after the first week of shooting . Kubrick , with whom Douglas had worked before , was brought on board to take over direction . It is the only film directed by Kubrick where he did not have complete artistic control . Screenwriter Dalton Trumbo was blacklisted at the time as one of the Hollywood Ten . Douglas publicly announced that Trumbo was the screenwriter of Spartacus , and President-elect John F. Kennedy crossed American Legion picket lines to view the film , helping to end blacklisting . The author of the novel on which it is based , Howard Fast , was also blacklisted , and originally had to self-publish it . The film became the biggest moneymaker in Universal Studios ' history , until it was surpassed by Airport ( 1970 ) ."
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" Screenwriting Screenwriting , also called scriptwriting , is the art and craft of writing scripts for mass media such as feature films , television productions or video games . It is frequently a freelance profession . Screenwriters are responsible for researching the story , developing the narrative , writing the screenplay , and delivering it , in the required format , to development executives . Screenwriters therefore have great influence over the creative direction and emotional impact of the screenplay and , arguably , of the finished film . They either pitch original ideas to producers in the hope that they will be optioned or sold , or screenwriters are commissioned by a producer to create a screenplay from a concept , true story , existing screen work or literary work , such as a novel , poem , play , comic book or short story .",
" Box office bomb In the motion picture industry , a `` box office bomb '' or `` box office flop '' is a film that is considered highly unsuccessful or unprofitable during its theatrical run , often following significant hype regarding its cost , production , or marketing efforts . Generally , any film for which the production and marketing costs exceed the combined revenue recovered after release is considered to have `` bombed '' . Gauging the financial success of a film is difficult , and because there is no reliable definition , what makes a box-office bomb can be very subjective . Not all films that fail to earn back their estimated costs during their theatrical runs are bombs , and the label is generally applied to films that miss earnings projections by a wide margin , particularly when they are very expensive to produce , and sometimes in conjunction with middling or poor reviews ( though critical reception has an imperfect connection to box office performance ) ."
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Egypt is a country in Africa.
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" Egypt Egypt ( -LSB- ˈiːdʒɪpt -RSB- ; مِصر , مَصر , Kimi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country , emerging as one of the world 's first nation states in the tenth millennium BC . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide . Egypt 's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and at times assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman , and European . One of the earliest centres of Christianity , Egypt was Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . With over 92 million inhabitants , Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world , the third-most populous in Africa ( after Nigeria and Ethiopia ) , and the fifteenth-most populous in the world . The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River , an area of about 40000 km2 , where the only arable land is found . The large regions of the Sahara desert , which constitute most of Egypt 's territory , are sparsely inhabited . About half of Egypt 's residents live in urban areas , with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo , Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta . Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power , with significant cultural , political , and military influence in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world . Egypt 's economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East , and is projected to become one of the largest in the 21st century . Egypt is a member of the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , Arab League , African Union , and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ."
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" President A president is the leader of a state ( or `` country '' ) or a division thereof , typically a republic , a democracy , or a dictatorship . `` President '' today is a common title for the heads of state of most republics , whether presidential republics , semi-presidential republics or parliamentary republics . Etymologically , a president is one who presides ( from Latin prae - `` before '' + sedere `` to sit '' ; giving the term praeses ) .",
" Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world . The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south . Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed . The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity ."
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Rainn Wilson began acting at the University of Washington.
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" Rainn Wilson Rainn Dietrich Wilson -LSB- reɪn_ˈdiːtrɪk_ˈwɪlsən -RSB- ( born January 20 , 1966 ) is an American actor , comedian , writer , director , and producer . He is best known for his role as Dwight Schrute on the American version of the television comedy The Office . A native of Seattle , Washington , Wilson began acting in college at the University of Washington , and later worked in theatre in New York City after graduating in 1986 . Wilson made his film debut in Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , followed by supporting parts in Almost Famous ( 2000 ) , Steven Soderbergh 's Full Frontal ( 2002 ) , and House of 1000 Corpses ( 2003 ) . He also had a recurring part as Arthur Martin in the HBO series Six Feet Under from 2001 to 2006 . Wilson was cast as Dwight Schrute in The Office in 2005 , a role which he would play until the show 's conclusion in 2013 . Other film credits include a lead roles in the comedies The Rocker ( 2008 ) and Super ( 2010 ) , and supporting roles in the horror films Cooties ( 2014 ) and The Boy ( 2015 ) . In addition to acting , Wilson published an autobiography , The Bassoon King , in November 2015 , and also co-founded the digital media company SoulPancake in 2008 ."
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" Washington & Jefferson College Washington & Jefferson College , also known as W & J College or W&J , is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania , in the United States , which is 30 mi south of Pittsburgh . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies and colleges , with Canonsburg Academy , later Jefferson College , located in Canonsburg and Washington Academy , later Washington College , in Washington . These two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The 60 acre campus , located in Washington , Pennsylvania , has more than 40 buildings , with the oldest dating to 1793 . While the college has historically had a difficult relationship with the city of Washington , including clashes over college expansion and finances , recent efforts have been made to improve those relations . The college 's academic emphasis is on the liberal arts and the sciences , with a focus on preparing students for graduate and professional schools . Campus activities include various religious , political , and general interest clubs , as well as academic and professional-themed organizations . The college has a strong history of competing literary societies , dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges . Students operate a college radio station , a campus newspaper , and a literary journal . The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III . The football team has been particularly successful over its history , even competing in the 1922 Rose Bowl . A large majority of students participate in intramural athletics . Nearly all students live on campus and roughly one third are members of fraternities or sororities . A number of noteworthy alumni have attended the college or its predecessor institutions , including James G. Blaine , William Holmes McGuffey , Joseph Ruggles Wilson the father of President Woodrow Wilson , and Pete Henry .",
" University of Wyoming The University of Wyoming is a land-grant university located in Laramie , Wyoming , situated on Wyoming 's high Laramie Plains , at an elevation of 7,220 feet ( 2194 m ) , between the Laramie and Snowy Range mountains . It is known as UW ( often pronounced `` U-Dub '' ) to people close to the university . The university was founded in March 1886 , four years before the territory was admitted as the 44th state , and opened in September 1887 . The University of Wyoming is unusual in that its location within the state is written into the state 's constitution . The university also offers outreach education in communities throughout Wyoming and online . The University of Wyoming consists of seven colleges : agriculture and natural resources , arts and sciences , business , education , engineering and applied sciences , health sciences , and law . The university offers over 190 undergraduate , graduate and certificate programs including Doctor of Pharmacy and Juris Doctor . The University of Wyoming was featured in the 2011 Princeton Review Best 373 Colleges . In addition to on-campus classes in Laramie , the university 's Outreach School offers more than 41 degree , certificate and endorsement programs to distance learners across the state and beyond . These programs are delivered through the use of technology , such as online and video conferencing classes . The Outreach School has nine regional centers across the state , with several on community college campuses , to give Wyoming residents access to a university education without relocating to Laramie ."
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Jack Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in the history of the Academy Awards.
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" Jack Nicholson John Joseph `` Jack '' Nicholson ( born April 22 , 1937 ) is an American actor and filmmaker , who has performed for over 60 years . Nicholson is known for playing a wide range of starring or supporting roles , including satirical comedy , romance and dark portrayals of antiheroes and psychopathic characters . In many of his films , he has played the `` eternal outsider , the sardonic drifter , '' someone who rebels against the social structure . Nicholson 's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy 's history . Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice , one for the drama One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) and the other for the romantic comedy As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) . He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) . Nicholson is one of three male actors to win three Academy Awards . Nicholson is one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s ; the other is Michael Caine . He has won six Golden Globe Awards , and received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2001 . In 1994 , he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institute 's Life Achievement Award . Other films in which he has starred include the road movie Easy Rider ( 1969 ) , the drama Five Easy Pieces ( 1970 ) , the comedy-drama film The Last Detail ( 1973 ) , the neo-noir mystery film Chinatown ( 1974 ) , the drama The Passenger ( 1975 ) , and the epic film Reds ( 1981 ) . He played Jack Torrance in Stanley Kubrick 's horror film The Shining ( 1980 ) , the Joker in Tim Burton 's superhero film Batman ( 1989 ) , and Frank Costello in Martin Scorsese 's neo-noir crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) . Other films include the legal drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , the Sean Penn-directed mystery film The Pledge ( 2001 ) , and the comedy-drama About Schmidt ( 2002 ) ."
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" The Cider House Rules (film) The Cider House Rules is a 1999 American drama film directed by Lasse Hallström , based on John Irving 's novel of the same name . The film won two Academy Awards , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture , along with four other nominations at the 72nd Academy Awards . Irving documented his involvement in bringing the novel to the screen in his book , My Movie Business . Irving won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , while Michael Caine won his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor .",
" Tommy (1975 film) Tommy is a 1975 British musical fantasy drama film based upon The Who 's 1969 rock opera album Tommy about a seemingly disabled boy who becomes a religious pinball champion . Directed by Ken Russell , the film featured a star-studded ensemble cast , including the band members themselves ( most notably , lead singer Roger Daltrey , who plays the title role ) , Ann-Margret , Oliver Reed , Eric Clapton , Tina Turner , Elton John , Arthur Brown , and Jack Nicholson . Ann-Margret received a Golden Globe Award for her performance , and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Pete Townshend was also nominated for an Oscar for his work in scoring and adapting the music for the film . The film was shown at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival , but was not entered into the main competition . In 1975 , the film won the award for Rock Movie of the Year in the First Annual Rock Music Awards ."
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There is a valley in California.
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" Central Valley (California) The Central Valley is a large , flat valley that dominates the geographical center of the U.S. state of California . It is 40 to wide and stretches approximately 450 mi from north-northwest to south-southeast , inland from and parallel to the Pacific Ocean coast . It covers approximately 18000 mi2 , about 11 % of California 's total land area ( or about the size of Denmark ) . Bounded by the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Coast Ranges to the west , it is California 's single most productive agricultural region and one of the most productive in the world , providing more than half of the fruits , vegetables and nuts grown in the United States . More than 7 million acres ( 28,000 km2 ) of the valley are irrigated via an extensive system of reservoirs and canals . The valley also has many major cities , including the state capital Sacramento ; as well as Redding , Stockton , Modesto , Fresno and Bakersfield . The Central Valley watershed comprises 60000 mi2 , or over a third of California . Its three main drainage systems are the Sacramento Valley in the north , which receives well over 20 in of rain annually ; the drier San Joaquin Valley in the south , and the Tulare Basin and its semi-arid desert climate at the southernmost end . The Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems drain their respective valleys and meet to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta , a large expanse of interconnected canals , stream beds , sloughs , marshes and peat islands . The delta empties into the San Francisco Bay , and then ultimately flows into the Pacific . The waters of the Tulare Basin essentially never flow to the ocean ( with the exception of Kings River waters diverted northward for irrigation ) , though they are connected by man-made canals to the San Joaquin and could drain there again naturally if they were ever to rise high enough . The valley encompasses all or parts of 18 Northern California counties : Butte , Colusa , Glenn , El Dorado , Fresno , Kings , Madera , Merced , Placer , San Joaquin , Sacramento , Shasta , Stanislaus , Sutter , Tehama , Tulare , Yuba , Yolo , and the Southern California county of Kern .",
" California California ( -LSB- kælᵻˈfɔːrnjə , _ - ni.ə -RSB- , ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area . Located on the western ( Pacific Ocean ) coast of the U.S. , California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon , Nevada , and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California . The state capital is Sacramento . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second largest after New York City . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and fifth-most populous urban regions , respectively . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . California 's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east ; and from the redwood -- Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast . The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center . Though California is well-known for its warm Mediterranean climate , the large size of the state means it can vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north , to arid desert in the interior , as well as snowy alpine in the mountains . What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War . The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California , and admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes , with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom . If it were a country , California would be the 6th largest economy in the world and the 35th most populous . It is also regarded as a global trendsetter in both popular culture and politics , and is the origin of the film industry , the hippie counterculture , the Internet , and the personal computer , among others . Fifty-eight percent of the state 's economy is centered on finance , government , real estate services , technology , and professional , scientific and technical business services . The San Francisco Bay Area has the nation 's highest median household income by metropolitan area , and is the headquarters of three of the world 's largest 40 firms by revenue , Chevron , Apple , and McKesson . Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the state 's economy , California 's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state ."
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" County (United States) In the United States , an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county , which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority . The term `` county '' is used in 48 U.S. states , while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes and boroughs respectively . Most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas . Others have no further divisions , or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county . Some municipalities are in multiple counties ; New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs . The U.S. federal government uses the term `` county equivalent '' to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties . Louisiana parishes ; the organized boroughs of Alaska ; the District of Columbia ; and the independent cities of the states of Virginia , Maryland , Missouri , and Nevada are equivalent to counties for administrative purposes . Alaska 's Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are statistically equivalent to counties . As of 2013 , the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties and county equivalents . The number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas . Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut , where county governments have been abolished but the entities remain for administrative or statistical purposes . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties . The county with the largest population , Los Angeles County ( 10,170,292 ) , and the county with the largest land area ( San Bernardino County ) border each other in Southern California ( however four Boroughs in Alaska are larger in area than San Bernardino ) .",
" Santa Barbara, California Santa Barbara ( Spanish for `` Saint Barbara '' ) is the county seat of Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the `` American Riviera '' . As of 2014 , the city had an estimated population of 91,196 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria while the contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35 % of local employment . Education in particular is well represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , as does Amtrak . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles to the southeast and San Francisco to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas . Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary are located approximately 20 mi offshore ."
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The University of Haifa is located in Istanbul which is 57 miles away from Haifa.
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" Haifa Haifa ( -LSB- χei̯ˈfa , ˈχai̯fa -RSB- حيفا ) , is the third-largest city in the State of Israel , with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area , the second - or third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel . It is also home to the Bahá ' í World Centre , a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baha'i pilgrims . Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel , the settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years . The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam , a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age ( 14th century BCE ) . In the 3rd century CE , Haifa was known as a dye-making center . Over the centuries , the city has changed hands : being conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians , Persians , Hasmoneans , Romans , Byzantines , Arabs , Crusaders , Ottomans , British , and the Israelis . Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 , the Haifa Municipality has governed the city . , the city is a major seaport located on Israel 's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 km2 . It lies about 90 km north of Tel Aviv and is the major regional center of northern Israel . According to researcher J. Kis-Lev Haifa is considered a relative haven for coexistence between Jews and Arabs . Two respected academic institutions , the University of Haifa and the Technion , are located in Haifa , in addition to the largest k-12 school in Israel , the Hebrew Reali School . The city plays an important role in Israel 's economy . It is home to Matam , one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country ; Haifa also owns the only underground rapid transit system located in Israel , known as The Carmelit . Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry , petroleum refining and chemical processing . Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan ."
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" Safed Safed ( Tsfat , Ashkenazi : Tzfas , Biblical : Ṣ ` fath ; صفد , Ṣafad ) is a city in the Northern District of Israel . Located at an elevation of 900 m , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and in Israel . Due to its high elevation , Safed experiences warm summers and cold , often snowy , winters . Since the 16th century , Safed has been considered one of Judaism 's Four Holy Cities , along with Jerusalem , Hebron and Tiberias ; since that time , the city has remained a center of Kabbalah , also known as Jewish mysticism . Due to its mild climate and scenic views , Safed is a popular holiday resort frequented by Israelis and foreign visitors . In it had a population of .",
" Herzliya Herzliya ( -LSB- hɜrtsə ` liːjə -RSB- -LSB- hɛʁtsɛliˈja -RSB- هرتسيليا -LSB- hɪrtsiːlja -RSB- ) is an affluent city in the central coast of Israel , at the Northern part of the Tel Aviv District known for its robust start-up and entrepreneurial culture . In it had a population of . Named after Theodor Herzl , the founder of modern Zionism , Herzliya covers an area of 21.6 km ² . At its western municipal boundaries is Herzliya Pituah , one of Israel 's most affluent neighborhoods and home to numerous Embassies , as well as prominent Israeli business people ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Star Trek references can be found within popular culture.
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" Star Trek Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series , simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC . It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise , a space exploration vessel , built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century . The Star Trek canon of the franchise includes The Original Series , an animated series , four spin-off television series , its film franchise and an upcoming television series scheduled to debut in 2017 . In creating Star Trek , Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels , the satirical book Gulliver 's Travels , and by works of western genre such as the television series Wagon Train . These adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek : The Animated Series and six feature films . Four spin-off television series were eventually produced : Star Trek : The Next Generation followed the crew of a new starship Enterprise set a century after the original series ; Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager set contemporaneously with The Next Generation ; and Star Trek : Enterprise set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel . The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films . In 2009 , the film franchise underwent a `` reboot '' set in an alternate timeline , or `` Kelvin Timeline '' , entitled simply Star Trek . This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the original show ; their adventures were continued in the sequel film , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . The thirteenth film feature and sequel , Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , was released to coincide with the franchise 's 50th anniversary . A new Star Trek TV series , entitled Star Trek : Discovery , is set to premiere on the digital platform CBS All Access . Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades . Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers . The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games , figurines , novels , toys , and comics . Star Trek had a themed attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008 . At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world . The series has its own full-fledged constructed language , Klingon . Several parodies have been made of Star Trek . In addition , viewers have produced several fan productions . As of July 2016 , the franchise had generated $ 10 billion in revenue , making Star Trek one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time . Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction . The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances . The Original Series included one of television 's first multiracial casts . Star Trek references may be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park ."
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" Culture Culture ( -LSB- ˈkʌltʃər -RSB- ) is the social behavior and norms found in human societies . Culture is a central concept in anthropology , encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies . Some aspects of human behavior , such as language , social practices such as kinship and marriage , expressive forms such as art , music , dance , ritual , and religion , and technologies such as tool usage , cooking , shelter , and clothing are said to be cultural universals , found in all human societies . The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture , such as technology , architecture and art , whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization ( including practices of political organization and social institutions ) , mythology , philosophy , literature ( both written and oral ) , and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society . In the humanities , one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in the arts , sciences , education , or manners . The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies . Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture , popular culture , or folk culture of the lower classes , distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital . In common parlance , culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification , clothing or jewelry . Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century . Some schools of philosophy , such as Marxism and critical theory , have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness , and such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies . In the wider social sciences , the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life , as humans create the conditions for physical survival , and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions . When used as a count noun , `` a culture '' is the set of customs , traditions , and values of a society or community , such as an ethnic group or nation . In this sense , multiculturalism values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet . Sometimes `` culture '' is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society , a subculture ( e.g. `` bro culture '' ) , or a counterculture . Within cultural anthropology , the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures can not easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture .",
" Classical elements in popular culture Classical elements have been frequently used in pop culture in genres such as fantasy , literature , film , humor , television , video games , comic books , toys and even music . Typically a character or characters are linked to one or more of the four classical elements ( air , water , earth and fire ) common to most ancient philosophies ( particularly the Greek , Hindu , Buddhist and Japanese traditions ) , either through special powers granted , ability to mimic the element , or other means . Sometimes a fifth element is included , such as aether ( also known as Quintessence ) , void , as was the case in the movie The Fifth Element , something else altogether . The sixth and final element is called Nether related to death and the dark which is the opposing force of Aether/Quintessence itself which are about life and light . This actually makes up a total six elements of nature-Water , Fire , Earth , Air , Quintessence/Aether , and Nether - though mostly only the four elements are used or shown ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Katie Stevens acted in an ABC series.
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" Katie Stevens Katherine Mari `` Katie '' Stevens ( born December 8 , 1992 ) is an American actress and singer best known for finishing in eighth place on the ninth season of American Idol and starring as Karma Ashcroft in the MTV series Faking It ."
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" Camp (TV series) Camp is an American-Australian comedy-drama television series that follows the antics of a group of campers and counselors at a lakeside summer camp named Little Otter Family Camp , run by director Mackenzie ` Mack ' Granger played by Rachel Griffiths . The series was created by Liz Heldens and Peter Elkoff . Camp aired on NBC for one season from July 10 through September 11 , 2013 . On October 1 , 2013 , NBC cancelled Camp after one season .",
" Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time in Wonderland is an American fantasy-drama series that aired on ABC from October 10 , 2013 to April 3 , 2014 . It was created by Edward Kitsis , Adam Horowitz , Zack Estrin , and Jane Espenson for ABC Studios . The program is a spin-off of the prior ABC series Once Upon a Time and aired on ABC at 8:00 pm Eastern/7 :00 pm Central on Thursday nights in the 2013 -- 14 television season beginning October 10 , 2013 . The series is based around the Lewis Carroll novels Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass but with a different twist from the other adaptations and takes place in the same universe as Once Upon a Time in present-day Wonderland , with flashbacks to pre-Dark Curse Wonderland . As such , it follows the same setting as the parent series , including the use of Disney - and Lost-related allusions . In addition , the series features occasional crossover events with Once Upon a Time that involves connections with the characters that are trapped in Storybrooke , Maine . On March 27 , 2014 , it was revealed that the series would be ending after one season , with the series finale airing on April 3 , 2014 . On April 1 , 2014 , it was reported that Michael Socha was in talks to reprise his role as Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts as a series regular in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time . On April 20 , 2014 , it was confirmed that Michael Socha would become a regular for the fourth season of the parent series ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Borrelia afzelii is infectious.
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" Coinfection In parasitology , coinfection -LSB- ˌkoʊɪnˈfɛkʃən -RSB- is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species . In virology , coinfection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles . An example is the coinfection of liver cells with Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis D virus , which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection . Global prevalence or incidence of coinfection among humans is unknown , but it is thought to be commonplace , sometimes more common than single infection . Coinfection with helminths affects around 800 million people worldwide . Coinfection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can interact within the host . The net effect of coinfection on human health is thought to be negative . Interactions can have either positive or negative effects on other parasites . Under positive parasite interactions , disease transmission and progression are enhanced and this is also known as syndemism . Negative parasite interactions include microbial interference when one bacterial species suppresses the virulence or colonisation of other bacteria , such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppressing pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus colony formation . The general patterns of ecological interactions between parasite species are unknown , even among common coinfections such as those between sexually transmitted infections . However , network analysis of a food web of coinfection in humans suggests that there is greater potential for interactions via shared food sources than via the immune system . A globally common coinfection involves tuberculosis and HIV . In some countries , up to 80 % of tuberculosis patients are also HIV-positive . The potential for dynamics of these two infectious diseases to be linked has been known for decades . Other common examples of coinfections are AIDS , which involves coinfection of end-stage HIV with opportunistic parasites and polymicrobial infections like Lyme disease with other diseases .",
" Borrelia afzelii Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates . Among 30 Borrelia known species , it is one of four which are likely to infect humans causing a variant of Lyme disease . Coinfection by this Borrelia species with one or more pathogens can occur , carried by the vector , which appears to be in most cases the tick ."
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" Endemic (epidemiology) In epidemiology , an infection is said to be endemic ( from Greek ἐν en `` in , within '' and δῆμος demos `` people '' ) in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs . For example , chickenpox is endemic ( steady state ) in the UK , but malaria is not . Every year , there are a few cases of malaria reported in the UK , but these do not lead to sustained transmission in the population due to the lack of a suitable vector ( mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles ) . While it might be common to say that AIDS is `` endemic '' in Africa , meaning found in an area , this is a use of the word in its etymological not epidemiological form . AIDS cases in Africa are increasing , so the disease is not in an endemic steady state . It is correct to call the spread of AIDS in Africa an epidemic . For an infection that relies on person-to-person transmission to be endemic , each person who becomes infected with the disease must pass it on to one other person on average . Assuming a completely susceptible population , that means that the basic reproduction number ( R0 ) of the infection must equal 1 . In a population with some immune individuals , the basic reproduction number multiplied by the proportion of susceptible individuals in the population ( S ) must be 1 . This takes account of the probability of each individual to whom the disease may be transmitted being susceptible to it , effectively discounting the immune sector of the population . So , for a disease to be in an endemic steady state it is : In this way , the infection neither dies out nor does the number of infected people increase exponentially but the infection is said to be in an endemic steady state . An infection that starts as an epidemic will eventually either die out ( with the possibility of it resurging in a theoretically predictable cyclical manner ) or reach the endemic steady state , depending on a number of factors , including the virulence of the disease and its mode of transmission . If a disease is in endemic steady state in a population , the relation above allows us to estimate the R0 ( an important parameter ) of a particular infection . This in turn can be fed into the mathematical model of an epidemic .",
" Epidemic An epidemic ( from Greek ἐπί epi `` upon or above '' and δῆμος demos `` people '' ) is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time , usually two weeks or less . For example , in meningococcal infections , an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic . Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population ( e.g. increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species ) , a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population ( by movement of pathogen or host ) . Generally , an epidemic occurs when host immunity to either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded . An epidemic may be restricted to one location ; however , if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people , it may be termed a pandemic . The declaration of an epidemic usually requires a good understanding of a baseline rate of incidence ; epidemics for certain diseases , such as influenza , are defined as reaching some defined increase in incidence above this baseline . A few cases of a very rare disease may be classified as an epidemic , while many cases of a common disease ( such as the common cold ) would not ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Sindh is far from Rajasthan.
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" Sindh Sindh -LSB- sɪnd -RSB- ( سنڌ ; -LSB- ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan , in the southeast of the country . Historically home to the Sindhi people , it is also locally known as the Mehran . It was formerly known as Sind until 1956 . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh 's climate is noted for hot summers and mild winters . The provincial capital of Sindh is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , Karachi . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy with Karachi being its capital that hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports -- Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruit , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption other parts of the country . Sindh is also the centre of Pakistan 's pharmaceutical industry . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) . and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population . Karachi and other urban centres of Sindh have seen ethnic tensions between the native Sindhis and the Muhajirs boil over into violence on several occasions . Sindh is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites - the Historical Monuments at Makli , and the Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro ."
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" Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran , on the west by northeastern Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula , and on the east by India . Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea and the Persian Sea . Its total area is 3862000 km2 and its maximum depth is 4652 m . The Gulf of Aden is in the southwest , connecting the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb , and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest , connecting it to the Persian Gulf . The Arabian Sea has been crossed by important marine trade routes since the third or second millennium BCE . Major seaports include Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai , the Port of Karachi and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan and the Port of Salalah in Oman . Other important ports include in India , Kandla Port , and Mormugao in Goa . The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra ( Yemen ) , Masirah Island ( Oman ) , Astola Island ( Pakistan ) and Andrott ( India ) .",
" Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh ( MP ) ( -LSB- ˈmɑːdjə_prəˈdɛʃ -RSB- , , meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal and other large cities are Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Indore . Nicknamed the `` heart of India '' due to its geographical location in India , Madhya Pradesh is the second-largest state in the country by area . With over 75 million inhabitants , it is the fifth-largest state in India by population . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Its total area is 308,252 km ² . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made a separate state . In recent years , the state 's GDP growth has been above the national average . Rich in mineral resources , MP has the largest reserves of diamond and copper in India . More than 30 % of its area is under forest cover . Its tourism industry has seen considerable growth , with the state topping the National Tourism Awards in 2010 -- 11 ."
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Love & Mercy (film) stars American actor Paul Giamatti.
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" Love & Mercy (film) Love & Mercy ( stylized as love & mercy ) is a 2014 American biographical drama film directed and co-produced by Bill Pohlad , co-produced by Claire Rudnick-Polstein and John Wells and written by Michael Alan Lerner and Oren Moverman . The film , deriving its title from the 1988 song by Wilson , focuses on musician-songwriter Brian Wilson , co-founder of the Beach Boys , during the 1960s and 1980s , presenting the film in a nonlinear narrative . Paul Dano and John Cusack star as the young and middle-aged Wilson , respectively , with Elizabeth Banks as Wilson 's second wife Melinda Ledbetter , and Paul Giamatti as Wilson 's psychotherapist Dr. Eugene Landy . The film premiered in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2014 and was released by Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions on June 5 , 2015 . It grossed $ 28.6 million over a $ 10 million budget , a moderate commercial success , and received critical acclaim from reviewers , lauded for its unorthodox style , original score by Atticus Ross , Dano 's performance as Wilson in the 1960s , and scenes that closely recreated Wilson 's advanced studio recording methods during the making of Pet Sounds ( 1966 ) . Wilson -- who had little involvement during development -- praised the film for being `` very factual . '' It was nominated for two Golden Globes : Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture ( Paul Dano ) and Best Original Song ( `` One Kind of Love '' ) ."
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" Paul Giamatti Paul Edward Valentine Giamatti ( -LSB- dʒiəˈmɑːti -RSB- born June 6 , 1967 ) is an American character actor and producer . He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film Cinderella Man and is also known for his roles in the films Private Parts , Sideways , American Splendor , The Illusionist , Cold Souls , Barney 's Version , Big Fat Liar , Love & Mercy , Straight Outta Compton , San Andreas and Win Win , as well as the miniseries John Adams and Downton Abbey . He has won two Golden Globe Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award and four Screen Actors Guild Awards . He currently stars in the Showtime TV series Billions , which has aired for two seasons and has been renewed for a third .",
" Cinderella Man Cinderella Man is a 2005 American drama film by Ron Howard , titled after the nickname of heavyweight boxing champion James J. Braddock and inspired by his life story . The film was produced by Howard , Penny Marshall , and Brian Grazer . Damon Runyon is credited for giving Braddock this nickname . Russell Crowe , Renée Zellweger and Paul Giamatti star ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Roger Federer was named a knight to the Queen.
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" Roger Federer Roger Federer ( born 8 August 1981 ) is a Swiss professional tennis player . Many players and analysts have called him the greatest male tennis player of all time . Federer turned professional in 1998 and was continuously ranked in the top 10 from October 2002 to November 2016 . He is currently ranked world No. 5 by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . Federer has won 18 Grand Slam singles titles , the most in history for a male tennis player , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a record 237 consecutive weeks and a record total of 302 weeks . In majors , Federer has won seven Wimbledon titles , five Australian Open titles , five US Open titles and one French Open title . He is among the eight men to capture a career Grand Slam . He has reached a record 28 men 's singles Grand Slam finals , including 10 in a row from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships to the 2007 US Open . Federer 's ATP tournament records include winning a record six ATP World Tour Finals and playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments . He also won the Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and the Olympic silver medal in singles at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games . Representing Switzerland , he was a part of the 2014 winning Davis Cup team . He was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years from 2005 to 2008 ."
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" Billie Jean King Billie Jean King ( née Moffitt ; born November 22 , 1943 ) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player . King won 39 Grand Slam titles : 12 in singles , 16 in women 's doubles , and 11 in mixed doubles . King won the singles title at the inaugural WTA Tour Championships . King often represented the United States in the Federation Cup and the Wightman Cup . She was a member of the victorious United States team in seven Federation Cups and nine Wightman Cups . For three years , King was the United States ' captain in the Federation Cup . King is an advocate for gender equality and has long been a pioneer for equality and social justice . In 1973 , at age 29 , she won the Battle of the Sexes tennis match against the 55-year-old Bobby Riggs , and was the founder of the Women 's Tennis Association , World TeamTennis ( with former husband Larry King ) , and the Women 's Sports Foundation . Regarded by many in the sport as one of the greatest tennis players of all time , King was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987 . The Fed Cup Award of Excellence was bestowed on King in 2010 . In 1972 , King was the joint winner , with John Wooden , of the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year award and was one of the Time Persons of the Year in 1975 . King has also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year lifetime achievement award . King was inducted into the National Women 's Hall of Fame in 1990 , and in 2006 , the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City was renamed the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center .",
" Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath ) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725 . The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight , which involved bathing ( as a symbol of purification ) as one of its elements . The knights so created were known as `` Knights of the Bath '' . George I `` erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order '' . He did not ( as is commonly believed ) revive the Order of the Bath , since it had never previously existed as an Order , in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred . The Order consists of the Sovereign ( currently Queen Elizabeth II ) , the Great Master ( currently The Prince of Wales ) , and three Classes of members : Knight Grand Cross ( GCB ) or Dame Grand Cross ( GCB ) Knight Commander ( KCB ) or Dame Commander ( DCB ) Companion ( CB ) Members belong to either the Civil or the Military Division . Prior to 1815 , the order had only a single class , Knight Companion ( KB ) , which no longer exists . Recipients of the Order are now usually senior military officers or senior civil servants . Commonwealth citizens who are not subjects of the Queen and foreign nationals may be made Honorary Members . The Order of the Bath is the fourth-most senior of the British Orders of Chivalry , after The Most Noble Order of the Garter , The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick ( dormant ) ."
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Homeland is an American television spy thriller based on the British spy movie Casino Royale.
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" Homeland (TV series) Homeland is an American spy thriller television series developed by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa based on the Israeli series Prisoners of War ( Original title חטופים Hatufim , literally `` Abductees '' ) , which was created by Gideon Raff . The series stars Claire Danes as Carrie Mathison , a Central Intelligence Agency officer with bipolar disorder , and Damian Lewis as Nicholas Brody , a U.S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper . Mathison had come to believe that Brody , who was held captive by al-Qaeda as a prisoner of war , was `` turned '' by the enemy and poses a threat to the United States . The series is broadcast in the U.S. on the cable channel Showtime , and is produced by Fox 21 Television Studios ( formerly Fox 21 ) . It premiered on October 2 , 2011 . The first episode was made available online , more than two weeks before the television broadcast , with viewers having to complete game tasks to gain access . On October 22 , 2013 , Showtime renewed Homeland for a fourth season , which premiered on October 5 , 2014 . On November 10 , 2014 , Showtime renewed the series for a 12-episode fifth season that premiered on October 4 , 2015 . On December 9 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . The sixth season debuted on January 15 , 2017 . The series has also been renewed for a seventh and eighth season ; the eighth is planned to be the series ' final season by the creators . The series has received generally positive reviews , and has won several awards , including the 2012 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series , and the 2011 and 2012 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama , as well as the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Damian Lewis and Claire Danes , respectively ."
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" The Weekend (Homeland) `` The Weekend '' is the seventh episode of the first season of the American psychological thriller series Homeland . It originally aired on Showtime in the United States on November 13 , 2011 . The episode was written by Meredith Stiehm and directed by Michael Cuesta . It features series regulars Claire Danes , Damian Lewis , Morena Baccarin , David Harewood , Diego Klattenhoff , Jackson Pace , Morgan Saylor , and Mandy Patinkin . Homeland centers around Carrie Mathison ( Danes ) , a CIA agent who is convinced that Nicholas Brody ( Lewis ) , a recently rescued American Marine , has been turned by al-Qaeda . In `` The Weekend '' , Carrie and Brody further complicate their relationship when they head to the countryside for the weekend . Jessica ( Baccarin ) , Brody 's wife , and Mike ( Klattenhoff ) face the fallout of the truth about their relationship . Meanwhile , Saul ( Patinkin ) catches Aileen on the run to Mexico . `` The Weekend '' was first broadcast on November 13 , 2011 , and was watched by 1.42 million households in the United States . The episode was widely praised by critics .",
" James Rebhorn James Robert Rebhorn ( September 1 , 1948 -- March 21 , 2014 ) was an American character actor who appeared in over 100 films , television series , and plays . At the time of his death , he had recurring roles in the current series White Collar and Homeland . He also appeared in films such as Scent of a Woman , Carlito 's Way , Independence Day , My Cousin Vinny , and Meet the Parents ."
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Grand Ole Pry hosted Rascal Flatts.
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" Grand Ole Opry The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville , Tennessee , which was founded on November 28 , 1925 , by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio `` barn dance '' on WSM . Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment ( a division of Ryman Hospitality Properties , Inc. ) , it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history , albeit not the longest-running one on a radio network . Dedicated to honoring country music and its history , the Opry showcases a mix of famous singers and contemporary chart-toppers performing country , bluegrass , folk , gospel , and comedic performances and skits . It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and Internet listeners . The Opry 's current primary slogan is `` The Show that Made Country Music Famous '' . Other slogans include `` Home of American Music '' and `` Country 's Most Famous Stage '' . In the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours ; and WSM , broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts , made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states . In 1939 , it debuted nationally on NBC Radio . The Opry moved to a permanent home , the Ryman Auditorium , in 1943 . As it developed in importance , so did the city of Nashville , which became America 's `` country music capital '' . The Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city/county line signs on all major roadways . The signs read `` Music City | Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County | Home of the Grand Ole Opry '' . Membership in the Opry remains one of country music 's crowning achievements . Such country music legends as Hank Williams , Patsy Cline , Marty Robbins , Roy Acuff , the Carter family , Bill Monroe , Ernest Tubb , Kitty Wells and Minnie Pearl became regulars on the Opry 's stage . In recent decades , the Opry has hosted such contemporary country stars as Dolly Parton , Alan Jackson , Garth Brooks , Reba McEntire , Josh Turner , Carrie Underwood , Brad Paisley , Rascal Flatts , Dierks Bentley , Kacey Musgraves , Blake Shelton and the Dixie Chicks . Since 1974 , the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville , with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999 . Performances have been sporadically televised in addition to the radio programs ."
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" Minnie Pearl Sarah Ophelia Colley Cannon ( October 25 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1996 ) , known professionally as Minnie Pearl , was an American country comedian who appeared at the Grand Ole Opry for more than 50 years ( from 1940 to 1991 ) and on the television show Hee Haw from 1969 to 1991 .",
" The Geezinslaw Brothers The Geezinslaw Brothers , also known as The Geezinslaws , is an Austin , Texas-based country music comedy duo consisting of Sammy Allred and Dewayne `` Son '' Smith . They have been performing for more than 50 years and released numerous recordings over a 40 + year span from 1963 to 2005 . The group started as The Geezinslaw Brothers in the 1950s . They once opened for Elvis Presley and were regulars on the Louisiana Hayride radio show . In 1961 , Arthur Godfrey invited them on his show , giving the duo their big break . They landed a record deal with Columbia Records and released their debut album The Kooky World of the Geezinslaw Brothers in 1963 . They moved to New York City and changed record labels to Capitol Records , where they recorded four more albums between 1966 and 1969 . The duo made the country Top 100 three times during their stint with Capitol , but never cracked the Top 40 . The Geezinslaw Brothers made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and Jackie Gleason Show and toured with Roger Miller and Perry Como . They became regulars on Ralph Emery 's radio program Pop ! Goes the Country . In 1986 , they appeared on Nashville Now , another show hosted by Ralph Emery . The Geezinslaw Brothers released only one album each decade in the 1970s and 1980s . In 1979 , they released an album for Willie Nelson 's Short Lived Lone Star Label titled `` If You Think I 'm Crazy Now ... '' In 1989 , the band , now calling themselves just The Geezinslaws , released a self-titled album on the Step One label . In 1993 , the group received the National Association of Record Merchandisers `` Indie Best Seller Award '' for their recording , Feelin ' Good , Gittin ' Up , Gittin ' Down . This album also gave them their first chart single in over two decades with `` Help , I `` m White and I Ca n't Get Down . '' The group has appeared on Austin City Limits three times . The Austin Music Awards inducted The Geezinslaws into its Hall of Fame for 2005 . The Geezinslaws latest release , Eclectic Horsemen ( 2005 ) , has guest performances by Willie Nelson , Kinky Friedman and Kelly Willis . Sammy Allred also worked in radio on and off for over forty years , much of the time as a radio personality on KVET in Austin . He is a member of the Texas Radio Hall of Fame and won the Country Music Association Personality of the Year Award in 2006 and 2007 and the Billboard Personality of the Year Award in 1971 and 1997 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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O. J. Simpson was sentenced to 33 years in prison.
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" O. J. Simpson Orenthal James `` O. J. '' Simpson ( born July 9 , 1947 ) , nicknamed The Juice , is a former American football running back , broadcaster , actor , and convicted armed robber and kidnapper . Simpson attended the University of Southern California ( USC ) , where he played college football for the USC Trojans and won the Heisman Trophy in 1968 . He played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a running back for 11 seasons , with the Buffalo Bills from 1969 to 1977 and with the San Francisco 49ers from 1978 to 1979 . In 1973 , he became the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season ; holding the record for the single season yards-per-game average , which stands at 143.1 . He is the only player to ever rush for over 2,000 yards in the 14-game regular season NFL format . Simpson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985 . After retiring from football , he began new careers in acting and football broadcasting . In 1995 , Simpson was acquitted of the 1994 murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman after a lengthy and internationally publicised trial . The families of the victims filed a civil suit against him , and in 1997 a civil court awarded a $ 33.5 million judgment against Simpson for the victims ' wrongful deaths . In 2007 , Simpson was arrested in Las Vegas , Nevada , and charged with felonies including armed robbery and kidnapping . In 2008 , he was convicted and sentenced to 33 years imprisonment , with a minimum of nine years without parole . He is serving his sentence at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock , Nevada ."
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" Sentence (law) A sentence is a decree of punishment . In law , a sentence forms the final explicit act of a judge-ruled process , and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function . The sentence can generally involve a decree of imprisonment , a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted of a crime . Those imprisoned for multiple crimes will serve a consecutive sentence ( in which the period of imprisonment equals the sum of all the sentences served sequentially , or one after the next ) , a concurrent sentence ( in which the period of imprisonment equals the length of the longest sentence where the sentences are all served together at the same time ) , or somewhere in between , sometimes subject to a cap . Additional sentences include : Intermediate or those served on the weekend ( usually Fri-Sun ) , Determinate or a specific set amount of time ( 90 days ) or Indeterminate which are those that have a minimum and maximum time ( 90 to 120 days ) . If a sentence gets reduced to a less harsh punishment , then the sentence is said to have been `` mitigated '' or `` commuted '' . Rarely ( depending on circumstances ) murder charges are `` mitigated '' and reduced to manslaughter charges . However , in certain legal systems , a defendant may be punished beyond the terms of the sentence , e.g. social stigma , loss of governmental benefits , or , collectively , the collateral consequences of criminal charges . Statutes often specify the range of penalties that may be imposed for various offenses , and sentencing guidelines sometimes regulate what punishment within those ranges can be imposed given a certain set of offense and offender characteristics . However , in some jurisdictions , prosecutors have great influence over the punishments actually handed down , by virtue of their discretion to decide what offenses to charge the offender with and what facts they will seek to prove or to ask the defendant to stipulate to in a plea agreement . It has been argued that legislators have an incentive to enact tougher sentences than even they would like to see applied to the typical defendant , since they recognize that the blame for an inadequate sentencing range to handle a particular egregious crime would fall upon legislators , but the blame for excessive punishments would fall upon prosecutors . Sentencing law sometimes includes `` cliffs '' that result in much stiffer penalties when certain facts apply . For instance , an armed career criminal or habitual offender law may subject a defendant to a significant increase in his sentence if he commits a third offense of a certain kind . This makes it difficult for fine gradations in punishments to be achieved .",
" Parole Parole is a temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period , originating from the French parole #French ( `` voice '' , `` spoken words '' ) . The term became associated during the Middle Ages with the release of prisoners who gave their word . This differs greatly from amnesty or commutation of sentence in that parolees are still considered to be serving their sentences , and may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole . Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law , refraining from drug and alcohol use , avoiding contact with the parolee 's victims , obtaining employment , and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer . A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds . Some justice systems , such as the United States federal system , place defendants on supervised release after serving their entire prison sentence ; this is not the same as parole . In Colorado , parole is an additional punishment after the entire prison sentence is served , called `` mandatory parole '' , per § 18-1 .3 -401 ( 1 ) ( a ) ( V ) ( B ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Alex Rodriguez has 696 home runs and 500 RBI.
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" Alex Rodriguez Alexander Emmanuel Rodriguez ( born July 27 , 1975 ) , nicknamed `` A-Rod '' , is a Dominican-American former professional baseball shortstop and third baseman . He played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Seattle Mariners , Texas Rangers , and New York Yankees . Rodriguez was one of the sport 's most highly touted prospects and is considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time . During his 22-year career , Rodriguez has amassed a .297 batting average , 696 home runs , over 2,000 runs batted in ( RBI ) , over 2,000 runs scored , and over 3,000 hits . He is a 14-time All-Star and has won three American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Awards , ten Silver Slugger Awards , and two Gold Glove Awards . Rodríguez is the career record holder for grand slams with 25 . However , he has led a highly controversial career due to signing two of the most lucrative sports contracts in history while incurring criticism from the media for his behavior and use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs . The Mariners selected Rodriguez first overall in the 1993 MLB draft , and he debuted in the major leagues the following year at the age of 18 . In 1996 , he became the Mariners ' starting shortstop and finished second in voting for the AL MVP Award . Rodriguez 's combination of power , speed , and defense made him a cornerstone of the franchise , but he left the team via free agency after the 2000 season to join the Rangers . The 10-year , $ 252 million contract he signed was the richest in baseball history . He played at a high level in his three years with Texas , highlighted by his first AL MVP Award win in 2003 , but the team failed to make the playoffs during his tenure . Prior to the 2004 season , Rodriguez was traded to the Yankees , for whom he converted to a third baseman due to incumbent shortstop Derek Jeter . In his first four seasons with New York , he was twice more named AL MVP . After opting out of his contract following the 2007 season , Rodriguez signed a new 10-year , $ 275 million deal with the Yankees , extending his record for the sport 's most lucrative contract . He became the youngest player ever to hit 500 home runs , reaching the milestone in 2007 . He won his first World Series in 2009 , which was the first year of the new Yankee Stadium . The following year , he became the career leader in home runs by a player of Hispanic descent . In recent years , Rodriguez has been hampered by hip and knee injuries , which have caused him to exclusively become a designated hitter . He played his final game as a Yankee on August 12 , 2016 . In February 2009 , after previously denying use of performance-enhancing drugs , including during a 2007 interview with Katie Couric on 60 Minutes , Rodriguez admitted to using steroids , saying he used them from 2001 to 2003 when playing for Rangers due to `` an enormous amount of pressure '' to perform . While recovering from a hip injury in 2013 , Rodriguez made headlines by feuding with team management over his rehabilitation and for having allegedly obtained performance-enhancing drugs as part of the Biogenesis baseball scandal . In August 2013 , MLB suspended him 211 games for his involvement in the scandal , but he was allowed to play while appealing the punishment . Had the original suspension been upheld , it would have been the longest non-lifetime suspension in Major League Baseball history . After an arbitration hearing , the suspension was reduced to 162 games , keeping him off the field for the entire 2014 season ."
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" 3,000 hit club In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 3,000 hit club is the group of batters who have collected 3,000 or more regular-season hits in their careers . Cap Anson was the first to join the club on July 18 , 1897 , although his precise career hit total is unclear . Two players -- Nap Lajoie and Honus Wagner -- reached 3,000 hits during the 1914 season . Ty Cobb became the club 's fourth member in 1921 and became the first player in MLB history to reach 4,000 hits in 1927 , ultimately finishing his career with more than 4,100 . Cobb , also MLB 's all-time career batting average leader , remained the MLB hit leader until September 11 , 1985 , when Pete Rose collected his 4,192 nd hit . Rose , the current record holder , finished his career with 4,256 hits , an achievement that on its own would have qualified him for the Hall of Fame had Major League Baseball not banned him for life due to Rose 's having gambled on games as a manager . Roberto Clemente 's career ended with precisely 3,000 hits , reaching the mark in the last at bat of his career . Ichiro Suzuki is the most recent player to reach the milestone , achieving the feat on August 7 , 2016 . In total , 30 players have reached the 3,000 hit mark in MLB history . Of these , 15 were right-handed batters , 13 were left-handed , and two were switch hitters , meaning they could bat from either side of the plate . Ten of these players have played for only one major league team . Five players -- Hank Aaron , Willie Mays , Eddie Murray , Rafael Palmeiro , and Alex Rodriguez -- are also members of the 500 home run club . At .367 , Cobb holds the highest career batting average among club members , while Cal Ripken Jr. holds the lowest at .276 . Rodriguez , Derek Jeter , and Wade Boggs are the only players to hit a home run for their 3,000 th hit and Paul Molitor and Suzuki are the only players to hit a triple for their 3,000 th ; all others hit a single or double . Craig Biggio was thrown out at second base attempting to stretch his 3,000 th hit , a single , into a double . Biggio and Jeter are the only players to join the club in a game where they had five hits ; Jeter reached base safely in all of his at bats . Baseball writer Josh Pahigian wrote that membership in the club has been `` long considered the greatest measure of superior bat handling . '' Reaching 3,000 hits is often described as a guarantee of eventual entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame . All eligible club members , with the exception of Palmeiro , have been elected to the Hall , and since 1962 all club members who have been inducted were elected on the first ballot , except for Biggio . Rose is ineligible for the Hall of Fame because he was permanently banned from baseball in 1989 . After four years on the ballot , Palmeiro failed to be named on 5 % of ballots in 2014 and his name will be off the ballot for future elections . The only active player on this list is Suzuki . Adrián Beltré is currently only 58 hits away from 3,000 .",
" Edgar Martínez Award The Edgar Martínez Outstanding Designated Hitter Award , commonly referred to as the Edgar Martínez Award and originally known as the Outstanding Designated Hitter Award , has been presented annually to the most outstanding designated hitter ( DH ) in the American League ( AL ) in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) since 1973 . The award is voted on by club beat reporters , broadcasters and AL public relations departments . All players with a minimum of 100 at bats at DH are eligible . It was given annually by members of the Associated Press who are beat writers , broadcasters , and public relations directors . The Associated Press discontinued the award in 2000 , but it was picked up by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , which has administered it since . In September 2004 , at Safeco Field ceremonies in honor of Edgar Martínez , Commissioner Bud Selig announced that the award would be renamed for the five-time recipient ( 1995 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 ) . In an 18-year career with the Seattle Mariners , primarily as a designated hitter , Martínez batted .312 , with 309 career home runs and 1,261 runs batted in . David Ortiz has won the award eight times , more than any other player ( 2003 -- 2007 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) . Other repeat winners of the award include Martinez himself ( five times ) , three-time winner Hal McRae ( 1976 , 1980 , and 1982 ) and two-time winners Willie Horton ( 1975 and 1979 ) , Greg Luzinski ( 1981 and 1983 ) , Don Baylor ( 1985 and 1986 ) , Harold Baines ( 1987 and 1988 ) , Dave Parker ( 1989 and 1990 ) , and Paul Molitor ( 1993 and 1996 ) . Boston Red Sox players have won the most Edgar Martínez Awards with eleven ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Inferno (2016 film) is in the same series as The Maltese Falcon.
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" Inferno (2016 film) Inferno is a 2016 American mystery adventure thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by David Koepp , based on the 2013 novel of the same name by Dan Brown . The film is the sequel to The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons , and is the third installment in the Robert Langdon film series . It stars Tom Hanks , reprising his role as Robert Langdon , alongside Felicity Jones , Omar Sy , Sidse Babett Knudsen , Ben Foster and Irrfan Khan . Together with the previous film , it remains Hanks ' only live-action sequel . Filming began on April 27 , 2015 in Venice , Italy , and wrapped on July 21 , 2015 in Budapest . The film premiered in Florence on October 9 , 2016 and was released in the United States on October 28 , 2016 in 2D and IMAX formats . The film received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $ 220 million against a production budget of $ 75 million ."
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" Xanadu (film) Xanadu is a 1980 American romantic musical fantasy film written by Richard Christian Danus and Marc Reid Rubel and directed by Robert Greenwald . The title is a reference to the nightclub in the film , which takes its name from Xanadu , the summer capital of Kublai Khan 's Yuan Dynasty in China . This city appears in Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , a poem that is quoted in the film . The film 's plot was inspired by 1947 's Down to Earth . Xanadu stars Olivia Newton-John , Michael Beck , and Gene Kelly , and features music by Newton-John , Electric Light Orchestra ( ELO ) , Cliff Richard , and The Tubes . The film also features animation by Don Bluth . A box office flop , Xanadu earned mixed to negative critical reviews and was an inspiration for the creation of the Golden Raspberry Awards to memorialize the worst films of the year . Despite the lacklustre performance of the film , the soundtrack album became a huge commercial success around the world , and was certified double platinum in the United States . The song `` Magic '' was a U.S. number one hit for Newton-John , and the title track ( by Newton-John and ELO ) reached number one in the UK and several other countries around the world .",
" Monster Trucks (film) Monster Trucks is a 2016 American action-comedy film produced by Paramount Animation , Nickelodeon Movies and Disruption Entertainment for Paramount Pictures . It was directed by Chris Wedge and written by Jonathan Aibel , Glenn Berger , Derek Connolly and Matthew Robinson . The film stars Lucas Till , Jane Levy , Amy Ryan , Rob Lowe , Danny Glover , Barry Pepper and Holt McCallany , and follows a high schooler who finds an escaped monster living in his truck . Principal photography of the film began on April 4 , 2014 , in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada . It was released by Paramount Pictures in France on December 21 , 2016 and in the United States on January 13 , 2017 , and received mixed reviews from critics . Monster Trucks grossed $ 64 million worldwide against its $ 125 million budget , leading Forbes and The Los Angeles Times to label it as a box office bomb ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Usain Bolt held the 100 meter dash record.
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" 100 metres The 100 metres , or 100-metre dash , is a sprint race in track and field competitions . The shortest common outdoor running distance , it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics . It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women . The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is often named `` the fastest runner in the world . '' The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983 . Jamaicans Usain Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce are the reigning world champions , Bolt and Elaine Thompson are the Olympic champions in the men 's and women 's 100 metres , respectively . On an outdoor 400 metres running track , the 100 m is run on the home straight , with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race . Runners begin in the starting blocks and the race begins when an official fires the starter 's pistol . Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50 -- 60 m . Their speed then slows towards the finish line . The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men 's performances , while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race . The current men 's world record is 9.58 seconds , set by Jamaica 's Usain Bolt in 2009 , while the women 's world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken . The 100 m ( 109.361 yards ) emerged from the metrication of the 100 yards ( 91.44 m ) , a now defunct distance originally contested in English-speaking countries . The event is largely held outdoors as few indoor facilities have a 100 m straight . US athletes have won the men 's Olympic 100 metres title more times than any other country , 16 out of the 28 times that it has been run . US women have also dominated the event winning 9 out of 21 times .",
" Usain Bolt Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( -LSB- ˈjuːseɪn -RSB- born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican sprinter . He is the first person to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory . He also holds the world record as a part of the 4 × 100 metres relay . He is the reigning world and Olympic champion in these three events . Due to his unprecedented dominance and achievements in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time . An eight-time Olympic gold medalist , Bolt won the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at three consecutive Olympic Games , although he subsequently lost one of the gold medals ( as well as the world record set therein ) nine years after the fact due to teammate Nesta Carter 's disqualification for doping offences . He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times . Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) , a feat referred to as the `` triple double . '' An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition . Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 -- the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 . Bolt 's most successful event is the 200 m , with three Olympic and four World titles . The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m ; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals ( including 2007 World Championship silver ) and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event . His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname `` Lightning Bolt '' , and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year , Track & Field Athlete of the Year , and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year ( four times ) . Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships ."
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" Sport of athletics Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations and its member federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships . The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής ( athlētēs , `` combatant in public games '' ) from ἆθλον ( athlon , `` prize '' ) or ἆθλος ( athlos , `` competition '' ) . Initially , the term was used to describe athletic contests in general -- i.e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats . In the 19th century , the term athletics acquired a more narrow definition in Europe and came to describe sports involving competitive running , walking , jumping and throwing . This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom and most of the areas of the former British Empire . Furthermore , foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning . In much of North America , athletics is synonymous with sports in general , maintaining a more historic usage of the term . The word `` athletics '' is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region . Track and field is preferred , and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events , including racewalking and marathon running ( although cross country running is typically considered as a separate sport ) .",
" 10-second barrier The 10-second barrier is a term used in track and field athletics , which refers to the physical and psychological barrier of completing the men 's 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds . The achievement was traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a world-class sprinter . Its significance has become less important since the late 1990s , as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Gorillaz is a German live band.
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" Virtual band In music , a virtual band ( also called a virtual group , cartoon group , or cartoon band ) is any group whose members are not corporeal musicians , but animated characters . Although it mostly deals with fiction , the band itself does n't fall under that category , as they exist outside a television and film universe . The music is recorded ( and , in the case of concerts , performed ) by human musicians and producers , while any media related to the virtual band , including albums , video clips and the visual component of stage performances , feature the animated line-up ; in many cases ( including all five of the Gorillaz albums , Gorillaz , Demon Days , Plastic Beach , The Fall , and Humanz ) , the virtual band members have been credited as the writers and performers of the songs . Live performances can become rather complex , requiring perfect synchronization between the visual and audio components of the show . The term virtual band was popularised with The Archies in 1968 , though the concept of the virtual band was first demonstrated by Alvin and the Chipmunks in 1958 , when their creator , Ross Bagdasarian , accelerated recordings of his own voice to achieve the ` chipmunk voice ' . There have since been numerous virtual bands that have recorded material , including , but not restricted to , The Archies , Dethklok , Freen in Green , Skeleton Staff , and Mistula . Each group has used different animation and recording techniques to achieve their desired effect , the most common being computer animation , traditional animation , and vocal mixing and manipulation . In recent years , the term has also come to be used for music groups who collaborate using the Internet , no longer requiring the members to be present in the same place .",
" Gorillaz Gorillaz are an English virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett . The band consists of four animated members : 2-D ( lead vocals , keyboards ) , Murdoc Niccals ( bass guitar ) , Noodle ( guitar , keyboards ) and Russel Hobbs ( drums and percussion ) . These members are fictional and are not personas of any `` real life '' musicians involved in the project . Their fictional universe is explored through the band 's website and music videos , as well as a number of other media , such as short cartoons . In reality , Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor , and the music is often a collaboration between various musicians . Writers and critics have described their music as alternative rock , Britpop , trip hop , hip hop , electronica , indie , dub , reggae and pop . The band 's 2001 debut album Gorillaz sold over seven million copies and earned them an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band . It was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2001 , but the nomination was later withdrawn at the band 's request . Their second studio album Demon Days ( 2005 ) went five times platinum in the UK and double platinum in the US . The band has won other awards , including one Grammy Award , two MTV Video Music Awards , an NME Award , three MTV Europe Music Awards , and have been nominated for nine Brit Awards . The band 's third studio album , Plastic Beach , was released in March 2010 . Their fourth studio album called The Fall was released in December 2010 as a free download for fan club members , then in April 2011 as a physical release . After a six-year hiatus , Gorillaz announced their fifth studio album Humanz , which was released on 28 April 2017 ."
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" Member of parliament A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .",
" Hit record For the online collaborative production company , see hitRECord A hit record is an audio recording , usually in the form of a single or album , that sells a large number of copies or otherwise becomes broadly popular or well-known , through airplay , club play , inclusion in a film or stage play soundtrack , causing it to have `` hit '' ( appeared on ) one of the popular chart listings . Despite the current dominance of a few record companies worldwide , for reasons of cultural , political , and linguistic differences , few songs achieve broad international airplay and sales . Most hits are only so in the country of their release , or at most , in countries sharing a language , like English , Portuguese , or Modern Standard Arabic , and to a lesser extent , French and Spanish . The following is a compilation of Wikipedia hit record lists from around the world . Most of the lists ignore or underreport hits from older decades , when sales of all recordings were much lower ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Octopuses can not jet quickly through the water.
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" Octopus The octopus ( -LSB- ˈɒktpəs -RSB- or ~ -LSB- əpʊs -RSB- ) is a soft-bodied , eight-armed mollusc of the order Octopoda . The order is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids , cuttlefish and nautiloids . Like other cephalopods , the octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beak , with its mouth at the centre point of the arms . The soft body , with its lack of internal or external skeleton , can rapidly alter its shape , appearance and colour , enabling the octopus to squeeze through small gaps . The mantle cavity is used both for respiration and for locomotion , by expelling a jet of water . Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight , and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates . Octopuses inhabit various regions of the ocean , including coral reefs , pelagic waters , and the seabed ; some occur in the intertidal zone and others at abyssal depths . Most species grow fast , mature early and are short-lived . During breeding , the male uses a specially adapted arm to deliver a bundle of sperm directly into the female 's mantle cavity , after which he goes into a decline . The female deposits fertilised eggs in a den and cares for them until they hatch , after which she also dies . Octopuses have numerous strategies for to defend themselves against predators , including the expulsion of ink , the use of camouflage and deimatic displays , their ability to jet quickly through the water , and their ability to hide . They trail their eight arms behind them as they swim . All octopuses are venomous , but only one group , the blue-ringed octopuses , is known to be deadly to humans . Around 300 species are recognised . Octopuses appear in mythology as sea monsters like the Kraken of Norway and the Akkorokamui of the Ainu , and probably the Gorgon of ancient Greece . A battle with an octopus appears in Victor Hugo 's book Toilers of the Sea , inspiring other works such as Ian Fleming 's Octopussy . Octopuses appear in Japanese erotic art , shunga . They are eaten by humans in many parts of the world , especially the Mediterranean and the Asian seas ."
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" Animal locomotion Animal locomotion , in ethology , is any of a variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another . Some modes of locomotion are ( initially ) self-propelled , e.g. , running , swimming , jumping , flying , hopping , soaring and gliding . There are also many animal species that depend on their environment for transportation , a type of mobility called passive locomotion , e.g. , sailing ( some jellyfish ) , kiting ( spiders ) and rolling ( some beetles and spiders ) . Animals move for a variety of reasons , such as to find food , a mate , a suitable microhabitat , or to escape predators . For many animals , the ability to move is essential for survival and , as a result , natural selection has shaped the locomotion methods and mechanisms used by moving organisms . For example , migratory animals that travel vast distances ( such as the Arctic tern ) typically have a locomotion mechanism that costs very little energy per unit distance , whereas non-migratory animals that must frequently move quickly to escape predators are likely to have energetically costly , but very fast , locomotion . The anatomical structures that animals use for movement , including cilia , legs , wings , arms , fins , or tails , in various modes and through various media are sometimes referred to as locomotory organs or locomotory structures .",
" Tsunami A tsunami ( from 津波 , `` harbour wave '' ; English pronunciation : -LSB- tsuːˈnɑːmi -RSB- ) or tidal wave , also known as a seismic sea wave , is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water , generally in an ocean or a large lake . Earthquakes , volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions ( including detonations of underwater nuclear devices ) , landslides , glacier calvings , meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami . Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind , or tides which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun , a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water . Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves , because their wavelength is far longer . Rather than appearing as a breaking wave , a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide , and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves , although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature . Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours , arriving in a so-called `` internal wave train '' . Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events . Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas , their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins ; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean . Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late-5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War , that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes , but the understanding of a tsunami 's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown . Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do ; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans ; and also to forecast how tsunami waves interact with specific shorelines ."
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John II of Portugal was known by another name.
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" John II of Portugal John II ( Portuguese : João II , -LSB- ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ -RSB- ; 3 March 1455 -- 25 October 1495 ) , the Perfect Prince ( o Príncipe Perfeito ) , was the king of Portugal and the Algarves in 1477/1481 -- 1495 . He is known for re-establishing the power of the Portuguese throne , reinvigorating the Portuguese economy , and renewing his country 's exploration of Africa and the Orient ."
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" Freire Freire / Freyre is a word used in the Portuguese and Galician languages to define the occupational name for a friar , or a nickname for a pious person or someone employed at a monastery . The word is derived from Latin frater , which means brother . In the eleventh century religious associations of horsemen were founded , called the Military Orders , whose members , in the language of the Church , were called fratres , and each frater ( m ) . This word entered the everyday language which meant fraternized Knight by the Military Orders , and , as circumstances of time and place , the Portuguese territory had evolved phonetically similar forms of the form `` Frei '' hence the name Freire of these knights , and how `` Brother '' was used as a prepositional name to qualify the proper name of the Knights . Among the French knights who came from France , accompanied D. Raymond and D. Henry , who were the soldiers ' `` Freire , the family of former Galicia , which joined the Andrade , almost at the beginning , joining later for new wedlock so many times that is difficult to distinguish one from the another . These unions created one family , that of Freire de Andrade , who came to Portugal in the Middle Ages . Some use both names together , others only to Andrade or just Freire , and this , as it were the weapons were a ( Coat of nobility ) with the band , open mouthed serpent heads ( Encyclopedia Portuguese and Brazilian ) . The kingdom of Leon , a region that today corresponds to the extreme northern Spain , was divided into duchies , where he was part of that kingdom the Duchy of Portu-Callis and the duchy of Galicia . `` Two French noblemen , D. Raymond , son of Count Henry of Burgundy and his cousin , offered to Alfonso VI , King of Leon to fight in the war against the Moors , perhaps in return for services rendered by war Afonso VI married his legitimate daughter , Urraca with Raymond and his illegitimate daughter , Dona Teresa to Henry . Raymond received the government of Galicia and Henry Duchy of Portu-Callis '' ( A. Souto Maior , History of Brazil , page 17 ) . Portu-Callis was to become in 1143 the Kingdom of Portugal ruled by Henry ( The conqueror ) recognised by the kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of León through the teaty of Zamora in 1143 . In 1179 Pope Alexander III r recognized Portugal as an independent nation and vassal of the church through the bull Manifestis Probatum . Order of Avis - the creation date of this Order is unknown , but , like their counterparts , will have started by an association of riders in order to fight the Muslims , by mid-twelfth century . During the reign of Afonso Henriques ( Henry ) there was a military order with the name Freire of Évora , integrated into the Order of Calatrava of Castile , the king donated of several castles exposed to the attacks of the Moors . In 1211 , D. Afonso II donated to these Freires the place of Avis which later came to be established as the order of Avis . In the initiation ritual they professed the following oath : `` I come before God and before the Freires '' ... Implying that this magic initiation ritual , occurred in the Castillo de Los Templar ( this castle that belonged to the Order of Freires ) in the town of Ponferrada in Galicia ( photo ) . The Andrades took advantage of this family ´ s prestige and titles using the Freire coat of arms since the Andrades did not belong to any order of chivalry . In turn the Freires tapped into a new source of wealth , it was a mutually beneficial alliance Members of the Freire family gave rise powerful noblemen in Portugal during the time of the reconquista . King Pedro I entrusted his son John who later became D. João I ( John I ) King of Portugal , to Don Nuno Freire de Andrade the master of the Order of Christ which was the converted Order of the Temple by King Pedro ´ s farther King Dinis I of Portugal since the Templars had been extinct by Papal bull in 1318 . Although an exception was made of the Templar ´ s holdings in the Kingdoms of Aragon , Castile , Portugal and Mallorca in other kingdoms throughout Europe such as France and England the Templar ´ s property was transferred to the Hospitallers . In the event , the three kings principally concerned -- Edward II of England , James II of Aragon and above all Philip IV of France-though they publicly agreed to the Pope ´ s plans for the Temple ´ s riches , all ensured that a portion remained in their hands and or the hands of their vassals . In the case of Portugal with King Dinis I this was no different although in this case the Templars were merely converted to the Order of Christ in 1318 , some of the vassals to gain recognition with this were precisely the Freires . Again in this case there was an exception regarding the other kingdoms since they were already part of the Templars and the Hospitallers . The Freire family continued to have an important part in the Order of Christ all the way to the beginning of the 20th century in Portugal until this country became a Republic . The Freires endured for 700 years in close ties to the Portuguese and European nobility such as the Austrians , French and Germans . The Freire Coat of arms is recognised to be one of the oldest unchanged European Coat of Arms it is also used under the name Freire de Andrade although the arms belong to the Freire . Some of the known descendants of this aristocratic family are Count Luis Filipe de Almeida Augusto Hamelberg Freire currently living in the central highlands of Portugal in a town founded by the Hospitallers called Oliveira do Hospital most of their ancestors are from this region , but he has also lived in Angola-Luanda , UK-London , South Africa-Johannesburg and France-Tours . The tiny city of Oliveira do Hospital was founded by the Hospitallers , had previously been occupied by the Romans and before them by Neolithic men . All family members have chosen not to use their titles of nobility since living under a Republican political system in Portugal . The family now live anonymously as common people with without the influence wealth or power of their ancestors much of their wealth was usurped or spread out through ex colonies which were also lost along with the independence of those colonies such as Brazil and Angola . Freire / Freyre is also a surname , and may refer to : People Count/Baron Luis Filipe De Almeida Augusto Freire ( born ; 1970 ) Alejandro Freire ( b. 1974 ) , Venezuelan baseball player Carlos do Amaral Freire , Brazilian scholar and linguist Francisco José Freire ( 1719 -- 1773 ) , Portuguese historian and philologist José Freire Falcão ( 1925 - ) , Brazilian cardinal of the Catholic Church Laura Espido Freire ( b. 1974 ) , Spanish writer Junqueira Freire ( 1832 -- 1855 ) , Brazilian poet and Benedictine monk Manuel Freire ( b. 1942 ) , Portuguese singer and composer Manuel Alberto Freire Andrade Armijo ( c.1765-c .1834 ) , Spanish cavalry officer and general Nelson Freire ( b. 1944 ) , Brazilian classical pianist Óscar Freire ( b. 1976 ) , Spanish bicycle racer Paulo Freire ( 1921 -- 1997 ) , Brazilian educator Ramón Freire ( 1787 -- 1851 ) , President of Chile Roberto Freire ( b. 1942 ) , Brazilian politician Roberto Freire ( 1927 -- 2008 ) , Brazilian psychiatrist and writer Willamy Freire ( born 1987 ) , Brazilian mixed martial arts fighter Other uses Freire , Chilean commune and town in Cautín Province , Araucanía Region Freire Muniz River , river of Espírito Santo state in eastern Brazil Freire 's sooty barbthroat , hummingbird sub-species in the family Trochilidae",
" Peter II of Portugal Dom Pedro II ( 26 April 1648 -- 9 December 1706 ) , nicknamed `` the Pacific '' , was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1683 until his death , previously serving as regent for his brother King Afonso VI from 1668 until his own accession . He was the fifth and last child of King John IV and his wife Queen Luisa de Guzmán ."
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Denis Leary is an Australian exclusively.
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" Denis Leary Denis Colin Leary ( born August 18 , 1957 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , singer and comedian . Leary was the star and co-creator of Rescue Me , which ended its seventh and final season on September 7 , 2011 . He has starred in many films including playing Captain George Stacy in Marc Webb 's film , The Amazing Spider-Man , Cleveland Browns Head Coach Vince Penn in Ivan Reitman 's film , Draft Day , and as the voice of Francis in A Bug 's Life and Diego in the Ice Age franchise . From 2015 to 2016 , Leary wrote and starred in the comedy series , Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll on FX ."
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" The Ashes The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia . The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the Test series . The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper , The Sporting Times , immediately after Australia 's 1882 victory at The Oval , their first Test win on English soil . The obituary stated that English cricket had died , and `` the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia '' . The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the 1882 -- 83 series played in Australia , before which the English captain Ivo Bligh had vowed to `` regain those ashes '' . The English media therefore dubbed the tour the quest to regain the Ashes . After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour , a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of Melbourne women including Florence Morphy , whom Bligh married within a year . The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden bail , and were humorously described as `` the ashes of Australian cricket '' . It is not clear whether that `` tiny silver urn '' is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the MCC by Bligh 's widow after his death in 1927 . The urn has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series , having been a personal gift to Bligh . However , replicas of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series . Since the 1998 -- 99 Ashes series , a Waterford Crystal representation of the Ashes urn ( called the Ashes Trophy ) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series . Irrespective of which side holds the tournament , the urn remains in the MCC Museum at Lord 's ; it has however been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions : as part of the Australian Bicentenary celebrations in 1988 , and to accompany the Ashes series in 2006 -- 07 . An Ashes series is traditionally of five Tests , hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every four years . , England holds the Ashes , having won three of the five Tests in the 2015 Ashes series . Australia and England have won 32 series each and five series have been drawn .",
" Comedian A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience by making them laugh . This might be through jokes or amusing situations , or acting foolish ( as in slapstick ) or employing prop comedy . A comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comedian . A popular saying , variously quoted but generally attributed to Ed Wynn , is , `` A comic says funny things ; a comedian says things funny '' , which draws a distinction between how much of the comedy can be attributed to verbal content and how much to acting and persona . Since the 1980s , a new wave of comedy , called alternative comedy , has grown in popularity with its more offbeat and experimental style . This normally involves more experiential , or observational reporting , e.g. Alexei Sayle , Daniel Tosh , Louis C.K. and Malcolm Hardee . As far as content is concerned , comedians such as Tommy Tiernan , Des Bishop , and Joan Rivers draw on their background to poke fun at themselves , while others such as Jon Stewart , and Ben Elton have very strong political and cultural undertones . Many comics achieve a cult following while touring famous comedy hubs such as the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal , the Edinburgh Fringe , and Melbourne Comedy Festival in Australia . Often a comic 's career advances significantly when they win a notable comedy award , such as the Edinburgh Comedy Award ( formerly the Perrier comedy award ) . Comics sometimes foray into other areas of entertainment , such as film and television , where they become more widely known ; e.g. , Eddie Izzard or Ricky Gervais . However , a comic 's stand-up success does not guarantee a film 's critical or box office success ."
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Chester Bennington began his own musical group.
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" Chester Bennington Chester Charles Bennington ( born March 20 , 1976 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter and actor . He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock bands Linkin Park , Dead by Sunrise , and live rock cover band Bucket of Weenies . He was originally the lead vocalist for Sean Dowdell And His Friends ? and Grey Daze . Bennington was the lead vocalist for Stone Temple Pilots from 2013 to 2015 . Bennington became known as a vocalist with Linkin Park 's debut album , Hybrid Theory , in 2000 , which was a massive commercial success . The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA in 2005 , making it the best-selling debut album of the decade , as well as one of the few albums to ever hit that many sales . Linkin Park 's following studio albums , Meteora ( 2003 ) , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , Living Things ( 2012 ) , and The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , continued the band 's success . Bennington formed his own band , Dead by Sunrise , as a side project in 2005 . The band 's debut album , Out of Ashes , was released on October 13 , 2009 . He worked on new material with Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the EP High Rise on October 8 , 2013 via their own record label , Play Pen . Bennington has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader ( No. 46 ) ."
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" Hellyeah Hellyeah is an American heavy metal supergroup , consisting of Mudvayne vocalist Chad Gray , former Nothingface guitarist Tom Maxwell , bass player Kyle Sanders , guitarist Christian Brady and former Pantera and Damageplan drummer Vinnie Paul . The idea to form a supergroup originated in 2000 on the Tattoo the Earth tour , although plans were constantly put on hold due to scheduling conflicts . The summer of 2006 allowed the band to take the project seriously and record its first album . Recorded at Chasin ' Jason studio in Dimebag Darrell 's backyard , a self-titled album was completed in roughly one month . Released on April 10 , 2007 , the album entered the Billboard 200 at number 9 , selling 45,000 copies . AllMusic reviewer William Ruhlmann stated the album is `` a competent example of its genre '' awarding the album three and a half stars .",
" ABBA ABBA ( -LSB- ² abːa -RSB- ) were a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm in 1972 by members Agnetha Fältskog , Björn Ulvaeus , Benny Andersson , and Anni-Frid Lyngstad . They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music , topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982 . ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 at The Dome in Brighton , UK , giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest , and are the most successful group to ever take part in the competition . ABBA 's record sales figure is uncertain and various estimates range from over 380 to over 500 million sold records . This makes them one of the best-selling music artists of all time , and the best-selling band of all time originating in continental Europe . ABBA were the first group from a non-English-speaking country to achieve consistent success in the charts of English-speaking countries , including the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , and the United States . They have a joint record eight consecutive number-one albums in the UK . The group also enjoyed significant success in Hispanic American markets , and recorded a collection of their hit songs in Spanish . During the band 's active years , Fältskog & Ulvaeus and Lyngstad & Andersson were married . At the height of their popularity , both relationships were suffering strain which ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Ulvaeus -- Fältskog marriage in 1979 and the Andersson -- Lyngstad marriage in 1981 . These relationship changes were reflected in the group 's music , with later compositions featuring more introspective and dark lyrics in contrast to their usual pure-pop sound . After ABBA disbanded in December 1982 , Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage , while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers with mixed success . ABBA 's music declined in popularity until the purchase of ABBAs catalogue and record company Polar by Polygram in 1989 enabled the groundwork to be laid for an international re-issue of all their original material and a new Greatest Hits ( ABBA Gold ) collection in September 1992 which became a worldwide smash . Several films , notably Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) and The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1994 ) , further revived public interest in the group and the spawning of several tribute bands . In 1999 , ABBA 's music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia ! that toured worldwide . A film of the same name , released in 2008 , became the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom that year . ABBA were honoured at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005 , when their hit `` Waterloo '' was chosen as the best song in the competition 's history . The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010 . In 2015 , their song `` Dancing Queen '' was inducted into the Recording Academy 's Grammy Hall of Fame ."
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Rogue appears in Canadian comic books.
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" Rogue (comics) Rogue is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with the X-Men . The character debuted in Avengers Annual # 10 ( November 1981 ) as a villain , but then soon after she joined the X-Men . Rogue is part of a subspecies of humans called mutants , who are born with superhuman abilities . Rogue has the involuntary ability to absorb and sometimes also remove the memories , physical strength , and superpowers of anyone she touches . Therefore , Rogue considers her powers to be a curse . For most of her life , she limited her physical contact with others , including her on-off love interest , Gambit . However , after many years , Rogue finally gained full control over her mutant ability . Hailing from the fictional Caldecott County , Mississippi , Rogue is the X-Men 's self-described southern belle . A runaway , she was adopted by Mystique of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants and grew up as a villain . After Rogue permanently absorbs Ms. Marvel 's psyche and Kree powers , she reforms and turns to the X-Men , fearing for her sanity . Rogue 's real name and early history were not revealed until nearly 20 years after her introduction . Until the back story provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing Rogue series , which began in September 2004 , Rogue 's background was only hinted at . Her name was revealed as Anna Marie , although her surname is still unknown . She has sometimes adopted the name Raven , which is the first name of her foster mother Mystique . Rogue has been one of the most prominent members of the X-Men since the 1980s . She was # 5 on IGN 's Top 25 X-Men list for 2006 , # 4 on their Top Ten X-Babes list for 2006 , # 3 on Marvel 's list of Top 10 Toughest Females for 2009 and was given title of # 1 X-Man on CBR 's Top 50 X-Men of All Time for 2008 . She was ranked tenth in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Rogue has been featured in most of the X-Men animated series , and various video games . In the X-Men film series , she is portrayed by Anna Paquin . Her visual cue is often the white streak that runs through her hair ."
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" Rogue (TV series) Rogue is a police drama television series starring Thandie Newton . Though set in Northern California , the series is filmed in Vancouver . A Canadian-British co-production , the series was co-commissioned by DirecTV 's Audience network , and the Canadian premium services The Movie Network and Movie Central . The series ' ten-episode second season aired from May 28 through July 30 , 2014 . On August 12 , 2014 , DirecTV renewed the series for 20 additional episodes . On August 1 , 2016 Rogue was renewed for a fourth and final season by Audience , which premiered March 22 , 2017 .",
" Trade paperback (comics) In comics , a trade paperback ( often shortened to TPB , TP , or trade ) is a collection of stories originally published in comic books , reprinted in book format , usually capturing one story arc from a single title or a series of stories with a connected story arc or common theme from one or more titles . Although trade paperback is actually a publishing term that refers to any book with a flexible cardstock cover which is larger than the standard mass market paperback format , comics fans unfamiliar with that meaning have come to use the term to refer to the type of material traditionally sold in comics shops in that format : collected editions of previously serialized stories . The term graphic novel is sometimes used interchangeably , but some people maintain that the terms are distinct , with the difference being that the latter term refers to a square-bound printing with largely original material . Traditionally , a trade paperback will reproduce the stories at the same size as they were originally presented in comic book format . However , certain trades have been published in a smaller , `` digest-sized '' format , similar in size to a paperback novel . Other works ( usually material likely to sell well ) are published in a larger-than-original hardcover format . They are also floppy and soft . Many comics collections are published in hardcover ( or in both formats ) . The bulk of this article applies to both paperback and hardcover collections . In the comics industry , the term `` trade paperback market '' can be casually used to refer to the market for any collection , regardless of actual cover ."
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Pluto has gravity.
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" Planets beyond Neptune Following the discovery of the planet Neptune in 1846 , there was considerable speculation that another planet might exist beyond its orbit . The search began in the mid-19th century and culminated at the start of the 20th with Percival Lowell 's quest for Planet X. Lowell proposed the Planet X hypothesis to explain apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the giant planets , particularly Uranus and Neptune , speculating that the gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to account for the irregularities . Clyde Tombaugh 's discovery of Pluto in 1930 appeared to validate Lowell 's hypothesis , and Pluto was officially named the ninth planet . In 1978 , Pluto was conclusively determined to be too small for its gravity to affect the giant planets , resulting in a brief search for a tenth planet . The search was largely abandoned in the early 1990s , when a study of measurements made by the Voyager 2 spacecraft found that the irregularities observed in Uranus 's orbit were due to a slight overestimation of Neptune 's mass . After 1992 , the discovery of numerous small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet , or whether it and its neighbours should , like the asteroids , be given their own separate classification . Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets , in 2006 the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as dwarf planets , leaving Neptune the farthest known planet in the Solar System . While the astronomical community widely agrees that Planet X , as originally envisioned , does not exist , the concept of an as-yet-unobserved planet has been revived by a number of astronomers to explain other anomalies observed in the outer Solar System . As of March 2014 , observations with the WISE telescope have ruled out the possibility of a Saturn-sized object ( 95 Earth mass ) out to 10,000 AU , and a Jupiter-sized ( ~ 318 Earth mass ) or larger object out to 26,000 AU . In 2014 , based on similarities of the orbits of a group of recently discovered extreme trans-Neptunian objects , astronomers hypothesized the existence of a super-Earth planet , 2 to 15 times the mass of the Earth and beyond 200 AU with possibly a high inclined orbit at some 1500 AU . In 2016 further work showed this unknown distant planet is likely on an inclined , eccentric orbit that goes no closer than about 200 AU and no further than about 1600 AU from the Sun . The orbit is predicted to be anti-aligned to the clustered extreme trans-Neptunian objects . Because Pluto is no longer considered a planet by the International Astronomical Union , this new hypothetical object has become known as Planet Nine .",
" Pluto Pluto ( minor-planet designation : 134340 Pluto ) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt , a ring of bodies beyond Neptune . It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered . Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun . After 1992 , its planethood was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt . In 2005 , Eris , a dwarf planet in the scattered disc which is 27 % more massive than Pluto , was discovered . This led the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) to define the term `` planet '' formally in 2006 , during their 26th General Assembly . That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet . Pluto is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun . It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris . Like other Kuiper belt objects , Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small -- about one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume . It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU ( 4.4 -- 7.4 billion km ) from the Sun . This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune , but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding . Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance ( 39.5 AU ) . Pluto has five known moons : Charon ( the largest , with a diameter just over half that of Pluto ) , Styx , Nix , Kerberos , and Hydra . Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body . On July 14 , 2015 , the New Horizons spacecraft became the first spacecraft to fly by Pluto . During its brief flyby , New Horizons made detailed measurements and observations of Pluto and its moons . In September 2016 , astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins , organic macromolecules that may be ingredients for the emergence of life , and produced from methane , nitrogen and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred about 19,000 km to the orbiting moon ."
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" Gravitational compression Gravitational compression is a phenomenon in which gravity , acting on the mass of an object , compresses it , reducing its size and increases the object 's density . At the center of a planet or star , gravitational compression produces heat by the Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism . This is the mechanism that explains how Jupiter continues to radiate heat produced by its gravitational compression . The most common reference to gravitational compression is stellar evolution . The Sun and other main-sequence stars are produced by the initial gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud . Assuming the mass of the material is large enough , gravitational compression reduces the size of the core , increasing its temperature until hydrogen fusion can begin . This hydrogen-to-helium fusion reaction releases energy that balances the inward gravitational pressure and the star becomes stable for millions of years . No further gravitational compression occurs until the hydrogen is nearly used up , reducing the thermal pressure of the fusion reaction . At the end of the Sun 's life , gravitational compression will turn it into a white dwarf . At the other end of the scale are massive stars . These stars burn their fuel very quickly , ending their lives as supernovae . After which further gravitational compression will produce either a neutron star or a black hole from the remnants . For planets and moons , equilibrium is reached when the compression is balanced by a pressure gradient . This is due to gravity . This pressure gradient is in the opposite direction due to the strength of the material , at which point gravitational compression ceases .",
" Surface gravity The surface gravity , g , of an astronomical or other object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface . The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration due to gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object 's surface and which , in order not to disturb the system , has negligible mass . Surface gravity is measured in units of acceleration , which , in the SI system , are meters per second squared . It may also be expressed as a multiple of the Earth 's standard surface gravity , g = 9.80665 m/s2 . In astrophysics , the surface gravity may be expressed as log g , which is obtained by first expressing the gravity in cgs units , where the unit of acceleration is centimeters per second squared , and then taking the base-10 logarithm . Therefore , the surface gravity of Earth could be expressed in cgs units as 980.665 cm/s2 , with a base-10 logarithm ( log g ) of 2.992 . The surface gravity of a white dwarf is very high , and of a neutron star even more . The neutron star 's compactness gives it a surface gravity of up to 7 m/s2 with typical values of order 1012 m/s2 ( that is more than 1011 times that of Earth ) . One measure of such immense gravity is the fact that neutron stars have an escape velocity of around 100,000 km/s , about a third of the speed of light ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Mickey Mantle was given a nickname.
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" Mickey Mantle Mickey Charles Mantle ( October 20 , 1931 -- August 13 , 1995 ) , nicknamed The Commerce Comet and The Mick , was an American professional baseball player . Mantle played his entire Major League Baseball ( MLB ) career with the New York Yankees as a center fielder and first baseman , from 1951 through 1968 . Mantle was one of the best players and sluggers , and is regarded by many as the greatest switch hitter in baseball history . Mantle was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999 . Mantle was arguably the greatest offensive threat of any center fielder in baseball history . He has the highest career OPS + of any center fielder and he had the highest stolen base percentage in history at the time of his retirement . In addition , compared to the four other center fielders on the all-century team , he had the lowest career rate of grounding into double plays ( by far ) and he had the highest World Series on-base percentage and World Series slugging percentage . He also had an excellent 0.984 fielding percentage when playing center field . Mantle was noted for his ability to hit for both average and power , especially tape measure home runs . He hit 536 MLB career home runs , batted .300 or more ten times , and is the career leader ( tied with Jim Thome ) in walk-off home runs , with a combined thirteen , twelve in the regular season and one in the postseason . Mantle won the Triple Crown in 1956 , leading the major leagues in batting average , home runs , and runs batted in ( RBI ) ; he later wrote a book about his best year in baseball . He was an All-Star for 16 seasons , playing in 16 of the 20 All-Star Games that were played . He was an American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) three times and a Gold Glove winner once . Mantle appeared in 12 World Series including seven championships , and holds World Series records for the most home runs ( 18 ) , RBIs ( 40 ) , extra-base hits ( 26 ) , runs ( 42 ) , walks ( 43 ) , and total bases ( 123 ) ."
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" Clark Griffith Clark Calvin Griffith ( November 20 , 1869 -- October 27 , 1955 ) , nicknamed `` The Old Fox '' , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher , manager and team owner . He began his MLB playing career with the St. Louis Browns ( 1891 ) , Boston Reds ( 1891 ) , and Chicago Colts/Orphans ( 1893 -- 1900 ) . He then served as player-manager for the Chicago White Stockings ( 1901 -- 1902 ) and New York Highlanders ( 1903 -- 1907 ) . He retired as a player after the 1907 season , remaining manager of the Highlanders in 1908 . He managed the Cincinnati Reds ( 1909 -- 1911 ) and Washington Senators ( 1912 -- 1920 ) , making some appearances as a player with both teams . He owned the Senators from 1920 until his death in 1955 . Sometimes known for being a thrifty executive , Griffith is also remembered for attracting talented players from the National League to play for the Senators when the American League was in its infancy . Griffith was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .",
" List of baseball nicknames Baseball nicknames have become an integral part of the sport 's culture : `` In no sport are nicknames more pervasive than baseball . '' This is a list of nicknames of Major League Baseball teams and players . It includes a complete list of nicknames of players in the Baseball Hall of Fame , a list of nicknames of current players , nicknames of popular players who have played for each major league team , and lists of nicknames grouped into particular categories ( e.g. , ethnic nicknames , personality trait nicknames etc. ) . It also includes a list of nicknames of current Major League teams . Sports journalists , broadcasters and fans commonly refer to teams by a wide variety of nicknames . Many of the names are so established that newspapers routinely use the names in headlines ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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A quarry is where excavation of sand occurs.
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" Quarry A quarry is a place from which dimension stone , rock , construction aggregate , riprap , sand , gravel , or slate has been excavated from the ground . A quarry is the same thing as an open-pit mine from which minerals are extracted . The only non-trivial difference between the two is that open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries . The word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone , such as Bath stone ."
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" Crushed stone Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate , typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers . It is distinct from gravel which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion , and typically has a more rounded shape .",
" Survey (archaeology) In archaeology , survey or field survey is a type of field research by which archaeologists ( often landscape archaeologists ) search for archaeological sites and collect information about the location , distribution and organization of past human cultures across a large area ( e.g. typically in excess of one hectare , and often in excess of many km2 ) . Archaeologists conduct surveys to search for particular archaeological sites or kinds of sites , to detect patterns in the distribution of material culture over regions , to make generalizations or test hypotheses about past cultures , and to assess the risks that development projects will have adverse impacts on archaeological heritage . The surveys may be : ( a ) intrusive or non-intrusive , depending on the needs of the survey team ( and the risk of destroying archaeological evidence if intrusive methods are used ) and ; ( b ) extensive or intensive , depending on the types of research questions being asked of the landscape in question . Surveys can be a practical way to decide whether or not to carry out an excavation ( as a way of recording the basic details of a possible site ) , but may also be ends in themselves , as they produce important information about past human activities in a regional context . A common role of a field survey is in assessment of the potential archaeological significance of places where development is proposed . This is usually connected to construction work and road building . The assessment determines whether the area of development impact is likely to contain significant archaeological resources and makes recommendations as to whether the archaeological remains can be avoided or an excavation is necessary before development work can commence . Archaeologists use a variety of tools when carrying out surveys , including GIS , GPS , remote sensing , geophysical survey and aerial photography ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Steven Tyler is an American governor.
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" Steven Tyler Steven Tyler ( born Steven Victor Tallarico ; March 26 , 1948 ) is an American singer-songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , and former television music competition judge , best known as the lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith , in which he also plays the harmonica , and occasional piano and percussion . He is known as the `` Demon of Screamin ' '' due to his high screams and his wide vocal range . He is also known for his on-stage acrobatics . During his high-energy performances , Tyler usually dresses in bright , colorful outfits with his trademark scarves hanging from his microphone stand . In the 1970s , Tyler rose to prominence as the lead singer of Aerosmith , which released such milestone hard rock albums as Toys in the Attic and Rocks , along with a string of hit singles , including `` Dream On '' , `` Sweet Emotion '' and `` Walk This Way '' . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , Tyler had a heavy drug and alcohol addiction and the band 's popularity waned . Tyler and bandmate Joe Perry became known as the `` Toxic Twins '' due to their drug abuse . In 1986 , Tyler completed drug rehabilitation and Aerosmith rose to prominence again when Tyler and Perry joined Run -- D.M.C. for a re-make of the classic Aerosmith song `` Walk This Way '' , which became a Top 5 hit . Aerosmith subsequently launched a remarkable comeback with the multi-platinum albums Permanent Vacation , Pump , Get a Grip and Nine Lives , which produced a combined thirteen Top 40 singles and won the band numerous awards . During this time , the band embarked on their longest and most extensive concert tours , promoted their singles with conceptual music videos and made notable appearances in television , film and video games . In the wake of this success , Tyler emerged as one of the most enduring rock icons . Since the late 1980s , he has embarked on several solo endeavors including guest appearances on other artists ' music ( working with artists as diverse as Alice Cooper , Mötley Crüe , Santana , Pink and Keith Anderson ) , film and TV roles ( including as a judge on American Idol and several cameo and guest appearances in other programs and films ) , authoring a bestselling book and solo work ( including the Top 40 hit single '' ( It ) Feels So Good '' in 2011 ) . While tension with his Aerosmith bandmates boiled in 2009 and 2010 after he fell off the stage at a concert , had a relapse with prescription drugs ( which he successfully received treatment for in 2009 ) , and signed on to American Idol without telling his bandmates , Tyler has continued to record music and perform with Aerosmith , after more than 46 years in the band . In May 2015 , Tyler released the country single `` Love Is Your Name '' , followed by the second single `` Red , White & You '' in January 2016 ; his debut solo album , We 're All Somebody from Somewhere , was released on July 15 , 2016 . Tyler is included among Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest Singers . He was ranked third on Hit Parader 's Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time . In 2001 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Aerosmith and in 2013 , Tyler and his songwriting partner Joe Perry received the ASCAP Founders Award and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame ."
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" State legislature (United States) A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states . The formal name varies from state to state . In 25 states , the legislature is simply called the Legislature , or the State Legislature , while in 19 states , the legislature is called the General Assembly . In Massachusetts and New Hampshire , the legislature is called the General Court , while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the Legislative Assembly .",
" State constitution (United States) In the United States , each state has its own constitution . Usually , they are longer than the 8,500-word federal Constitution and are more detailed regarding the day-to-day relationships between government and the people . The shortest is the Constitution of Vermont , adopted in 1793 and currently 8,295 words long . The longest is Alabama 's sixth and current constitution , ratified in 1901 , about 345,000 words long . Both the federal and state constitutions are organic texts : they are the fundamental blueprints for the legal and political organizations of the United States and the states , respectively . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , part of the Bill of Rights , provides that `` The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Guarantee Clause of Article 4 of the Constitution states that `` The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government . '' These two provisions indicate states did not surrender their wide latitude to adopt a constitution , the fundamental documents of state law , when the U.S. Constitution was adopted . Typically state constitutions address a wide array of issues deemed by the states to be of sufficient importance to be included in the constitution rather than in an ordinary statute . Often modeled after the federal Constitution , they outline the structure of the state government and typically establish a bill of rights , an executive branch headed by a governor ( and often one or more other officials , such as a lieutenant governor and state attorney general ) , a state legislature , and state courts , including a state supreme court ( a few states have two high courts , one for civil cases , the other for criminal cases ) . Additionally , many other provisions may be included . Many state constitutions , unlike the federal constitution , also begin with an invocation of God . Some states allow amendments to the Constitution by initiative . Many states have had several constitutions over the course of their history . The organized territories of the United States also have constitutions or organic acts of their own , if they have an organized government through an Organic Act passed by the federal Congress . These constitutions are subject to congressional approval and oversight , which is not the case with state constitutions . If territories wish to enter the Union ( that is , to attain statehood ) , they seek an enabling act from Congress and must draft an acceptable state constitution as a prerequisite to statehood . __ TOC __"
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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England takes its name from Angles, a Germanic tribe that settled there.
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" England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law -- the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world -- developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there are uplands in the north ( for example , the mountainous Lake District , and the Pennines ) and in the southwest ( for example , Dartmoor and the Cotswolds ) . The capital is London , which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union.According to the European Statistical Agency , London is the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU , a measure of metropolitan area which comprises a city 's urban core as well as its surrounding commuting zone . London 's municipal population is also the largest in the EU . England 's population of over 53 million comprises 84 % of the population of the United Kingdom , largely concentrated around London , the South East , and conurbations in the Midlands , the North West , the North East , and Yorkshire , which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century . The Kingdom of England -- which after 1535 included Wales -- ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707 , when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year , resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . In 1801 , Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ."
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" Danelaw The Danelaw ( also known as the Danelagh ; Old English : Dena lagunema ; Danelagen ) , as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons . Danelaw contrasts West Saxon law and Mercian law . The term is first recorded in the early eleventh century as Dena lage . Modern historians have extended the term to a geographical designation . The areas that constituted the Danelaw lie in northern and eastern England . The Danelaw originated from the Viking expansion of the 9th century AD , although the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century AD . With the increase in population and productivity in Scandinavia , Viking warriors , having sought treasure and glory in the nearby British Isles , `` proceeded to plough and support themselves '' , in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 876 . Danelaw can describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between the West-Saxon king , Alfred the Great , and the Danish warlord , Guthrum , written following Guthrum 's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878 . In 886 , the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum was formalised , defining the boundaries of their kingdoms , with provisions for peaceful relations between the English and the Vikings . The language spoken in England was also affected by this clash of cultures with the emergence of Anglo-Norse dialects . The Danelaw roughly comprised 14 shires : York , Nottingham , Derby , Lincoln , Essex , Cambridge , Suffolk , Norfolk , Northampton , Huntingdon , Bedford , Hertford , Middlesex and Buckingham .",
" Borough A borough is an administrative division in various English-speaking countries . In principle , the term borough designates a self-governing walled town , although in practice , official use of the term varies widely . The word borough derives from common Proto-Germanic '' * burgz '' , meaning `` fort '' : compare with bury , burgh and brough ( England ) , burgh ( Scotland ) , Burg ( Germany ) , borg ( Scandinavia ) , burcht ( Dutch ) , boarch ( West Frisian ) , and the Germanic borrowing present in neighbouring Indo-european languages such as borgo ( Italian ) , bourg ( French ) , burgo ( Spanish and Portuguese ) , burg ( Romanian ) , purg ( Kajkavian ) and durg ( Hindi ) and arg ( Persian ) . The incidence of these words as suffixes to place names ( for example , Aldeburgh , Bamburgh , Tilbury , Tilburg , Strasbourg ( Strossburi in the local dialect ) , Luxembourg , Edinburgh , Grundisburgh , Hamburg , Gothenburg ) usually indicates that they were once fortified settlements . In the Middle Ages , boroughs were settlements in England that were granted some self-government ; burghs were the Scottish equivalent . In medieval England , boroughs were also entitled to elect members of parliament . The use of the word borough probably derives from the burghal system of Alfred the Great . Alfred set up a system of defensive strong points ( Burhs ) ; in order to maintain these settlements , he granted them a degree of autonomy . After the Norman Conquest , when certain towns were granted self-governance , the concept of the burh/borough seems to have been reused to mean a self-governing settlement . The concept of the borough has been used repeatedly ( and often differently ) throughout the world . Often , a borough is a single town with its own local government . However , in some cities it is a subdivision of the city ( for example , New York City , London , and Montreal ) . In such cases , the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city 's local government , or no powers at all . In other places , such as the U.S. state of Alaska , borough designates a whole region ; Alaska 's largest borough , the North Slope Borough , is comparable in area to the entire United Kingdom , although its population is less than that of Swanage on England 's south coast with around 9,600 inhabitants . In Australia , a borough was once a self-governing small town , but this designation has all but vanished , except for the only remaining borough in the country , which is the Borough of Queenscliffe . Boroughs as administrative units are to be found in Ireland and the United Kingdom , more specifically in England and Northern Ireland . Boroughs also exist in the Canadian province of Quebec and formerly in Ontario , in some states of the United States , in Israel , formerly in New Zealand and only one left in Australia ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The second season of Sonny with a Chance continued a year later on April 19, 2011.
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" Sonny with a Chance Sonny with a Chance is an American sitcom created by Steve Marmel which aired for two seasons on Disney Channel from February 8 , 2009 to January 2 , 2011 . The series follows the experiences of teenager Sonny Munroe , portrayed by Demi Lovato , who becomes the newest accepted cast member of her favorite live comedy television show , So Random ! . The series debuted on February 8 , 2009 , in the United States . This is the first Disney Channel Original Series to be shot and aired in high-definition from the beginning . Like most of Disney Channel 's sitcoms , it is shot on tape but uses a `` filmized '' appearance . The second season , some scenes are shot on location . The series is one of the three Disney Channel Original Series to feature a show-within-a-show , along with The Famous Jett Jackson and Shake It Up . On June 1 , 2009 , TV Guide reported that Disney Channel had renewed Sonny with a Chance for a second season , with Gary Marsh saying `` Sonny was a hit right out of the gate '' . The second season premiered on March 14 , 2010 to 6.3 million viewers , and was reportedly cancelled over a year later on April 19 , 2011 following Lovato 's official departure announcement and Disney Channel 's decision to rebrand the series . Disney Channel originally renewed the series for a third season on November 12 , 2010 , but Lovato 's role was at an uncertainty at the time after she checked into treatment two weeks prior . No word on whether Lovato would return to her role had been said , and production on the season carried out as planned in January 2011 without Lovato , focusing on the So Random ! aspect rather than behind the scenes . An official name change to So Random ! was announced on April 4 , 2011 , and later that month Lovato announced that she would not be returning to her role as Sonny Munroe , putting an end to Sonny with a Chance . So Random ! premiered on Disney Channel on June 5 , 2011 to an audience of 4.1 million viewers , but ratings soon dropped and the series was cancelled after a 26-episode first season ."
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" Reed Between the Lines Reed Between the Lines is an American television family sitcom that premiered on October 11 , 2011 , on BET . The series was renewed for a second season on April 12 , 2011 . It was later announced in August 2012 that Tracee Ellis Ross would not return for the second season and three new cast members ( Charlie Robinson , Michole White , and Tony Rock ) would be joining the cast . On September 12 , 2013 , it was revealed that Reed Between the Lines had been canceled and that Young Man on Campus would not be green-lit to series . Malcolm Jamal-Warner confirmed in December 2013 that the second season will not air despite the network completing production on an entire second season in late 2012 . Centric has picked up the series for a second season which premiered on September 18 , 2015 .",
" Mid-season replacement In American and Canadian television , a mid-season replacement is a television series that premieres in the second half of the traditional television season , usually between January and May . Mid-season replacements usually take place after a show that was in the fall schedule was canceled or put on hiatus , outside factors such as an actor 's family emergency or personal illness led to a delay in the program 's debut , a program was purposefully scheduled for mid-season , or a program had a shortened season for some other reason which resulted in a time slot that needed filling . A few shows in American television history have been perennial mid-season replacements ; American Idol , for example , from its second season onward , aired from January to May each year , to great ratings success . An older , related concept is the summer replacement , which debuts between May and August , when a network 's marquee programs go on hiatus . Summer replacements tend to be lower-profile shows with either low budgets or minimal prospects for renewal ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Venus and Earth have a similar proximity to the Sun.
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" Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 , bright enough to cast shadows at night and , though rare , occasionally be visible in broad daylight . Because Venus orbits within Earth 's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° . Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism . As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC . As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions ."
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" Mercury (planet) Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System . Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System . It is named after the Roman deity Mercury , the messenger to the gods . Like Venus , Mercury orbits the Sun within Earth 's orbit as an inferior planet , so it can only be seen visually in the morning or the evening sky , and never exceeds 28 ° away from the Sun . Also , like Venus and the Moon , the planet displays the complete range of phases as it moves around its orbit relative to Earth . Seen from Earth , this cycle of phases reoccurs approximately every 116 days , the so-called synodic period . Although Mercury can appear as a bright star-like object when viewed from Earth , its proximity to the Sun often makes it more difficult to see than Venus . Mercury is tidally or gravitationally locked with the Sun in a 3:2 resonance , and rotates in a way that is unique in the Solar System . As seen relative to the fixed stars , it rotates on its axis exactly three times for every two revolutions it makes around the Sun . As seen from the Sun , in a frame of reference that rotates with the orbital motion , it appears to rotate only once every two Mercurian years . An observer on Mercury would therefore see only one day every two years . Mercury 's axis has the smallest tilt of any of the Solar System 's planets ( about degree ) , and its orbital eccentricity is the largest of all known planets in the Solar System . At aphelion , Mercury is about 1.5 times as far from the Sun as it is at perihelion . Mercury 's surface appears heavily cratered and is similar in appearance to the Moon 's , indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years . Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat , it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System , ranging from 100 K at night to 700 K during the day across the equatorial regions . The polar regions are constantly below 180 K . The planet has no known natural satellites . Two spacecraft have visited Mercury : flew by in 1974 and 1975 ; and MESSENGER , launched in 2004 , orbited Mercury over 4,000 times in four years before exhausting its fuel and crashing into the planet 's surface on April 30 , 2015 .",
" Moon The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth , being Earth 's only permanent natural satellite . It is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System , and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits ( its primary ) . Following Jupiter 's satellite Io , the Moon is second-densest satellite among those whose densities are known . The average distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384400 km , or 1.28 light-seconds . The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago , not long after Earth . There are several hypotheses for its origin ; the most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body called Theia . The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth , always showing the same face , with its near side marked by dark volcanic maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters . It is the second-brightest regularly visible celestial object in Earth 's sky , after the Sun , as measured by illuminance on Earth 's surface . Its surface is actually dark , although compared to the night sky it appears very bright , with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt . Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have made the Moon an important cultural influence since ancient times on language , calendars , art , and mythology . The Moon 's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides , body tides , and the slight lengthening of the day . The Moon 's current orbital distance is about thirty times the diameter of Earth , with its apparent size in the sky almost the same as that of the Sun , resulting in the Moon covering the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipse . This matching of apparent visual size will not continue in the far future . The Moon 's linear distance from Earth is currently increasing at a rate of 3.82 ± per year , but this rate is not constant . The Soviet Union 's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with uncrewed spacecraft in 1959 ; the United States ' NASA Apollo program achieved the only crewed missions to date , beginning with the first crewed lunar orbiting mission by Apollo 8 in 1968 , and six crewed lunar landings between 1969 and 1972 , with the first being Apollo 11 . These missions returned over 380 kg of lunar rocks , which have been used to develop a geological understanding of the Moon 's origin , the formation of its internal structure , and its subsequent history . Since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972 , the Moon has been visited only by uncrewed spacecraft ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Hubert Humphrey was the Majority Whip for the Democrats.
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" Hubert Humphrey Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. ( May 27 , 1911January 13 , 1978 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1969 . Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate , representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978 . He was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election , losing to the Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon . Born in Wallace , South Dakota in 1911 , Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota before earning his pharmacist license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in 1931 . He helped run his father 's pharmacy until 1937 when he returned to academia , graduating with a master 's degree from Louisiana State University in 1940 , where he was a political science instructor . He returned to Minnesota during World War II and became a supervisor for the Works Progress Administration . He was then appointed state director of the Minnesota war service program before becoming the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission . In 1943 , Humphrey became a professor of Political Science at Macalester College and ran a failed campaign for mayor of Minneapolis . Humphrey helped found the Minnesota Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party ( DFL ) in 1944 , and in 1945 , became the DFL candidate for mayor of Minneapolis for a second time , winning with 61 % of the vote . Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948 , he was reelected and became the co-founder of the liberal anti-communist group Americans for Democratic Action in 1947 . Humphrey was elected to the Senate in 1948 , the year his proposal of ending racial segregation was included in the party platform at the Democratic National Convention , where he gave one of his most notable speeches on the convention floor , suggesting the Democratic Party `` walk into the sunshine of human rights . '' He served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964 and was the Democratic Majority Whip from 1961 to 1964 . During his tenure , Humphrey was the lead author of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , introduced the first initiative to create the Peace Corps , sponsored the clause of the McCarran Act to threaten concentration camps for ` subversives ' , proposed making Communist Party membership a felony and chaired the Select Committee on Disarmament . Humphrey ran for two failed Presidential campaigns in the 1952 and 1960 Democratic primaries . After Lyndon B. Johnson inherited the presidency after John F. Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963 , he chose Humphrey to be his running mate in 1964 against Republican Barry Goldwater and the Democratic ticket was elected in a landslide in 1964 . After Johnson made the surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection in March 1968 , Humphrey launched his campaign for the presidency the following month . Humphrey 's main Democratic challengers were anti-Vietnam War Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy . Humphrey , who was loyal to the Johnson administration 's policies on the Vietnam War as Vice President , saw opposition from many within his own party and avoided the primaries to focus on receiving the delegates of non-primary states at the Democratic Convention . Humphrey 's delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination , choosing Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate . With the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and the assassination of Robert Kennedy that year , and heightened opposition to the Vietnam War , the convention saw major protests which later proved costly to Humphrey 's campaign . On November 5 , 1968 , Humphrey lost to former Vice President Richard Nixon in the general election . Humphrey then returned to teaching in Minnesota before returning to the Senate in 1971 . He became the first Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate and served until his death in 1978 . Humphrey died of bladder cancer at his home in Waverly , Minnesota , and is buried at the Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis . He was succeeded by his wife of 41 years Muriel Humphrey as interim Senator for Minnesota ."
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" Southern Democrats Southern Democrats are members of the U.S. Democratic Party who reside in the American South . In the 19th century , Southern Democrats comprised whites in the South who believed in Jeffersonian democracy . In the 1850s they defended slavery in the United States , and promoted its expansion into the West against northern Free Soil opposition . The United States presidential election of 1860 formalized the split , and brought war . After Reconstruction ended in the late 1870s they controlled all the Southern states and disenfranchised blacks ( who were Republicans ) . The `` Solid South '' gave nearly all its electoral votes to Democrats in presidential elections . Republicans seldom were elected to office outside some Appalachian mountain districts and a few heavily German-American counties of Texas . The monopoly that the Democratic Party held over most of the South first showed major signs of breaking apart in 1948 , when many Southern Democrats , dissatisfied with the policies of desegregation enacted during the administration of Democratic President Harry Truman , created the States Rights Democratic Party , which nominated South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond for president and Mississippi Governor Fielding L. Wright for vice president . The `` Dixiecrats '' managed to win many Southern states , but collapsed as a party soon after the election . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson , a Democrat from the Southern state of Texas , led many Southern Democrats to vote for Goldwater at the national level . In the ensuing years , the increasing conservatism of the Republican Party compared to the liberalism of the Democratic Party led many more conservative white Democrats in the South to vote Republican . Many continued to vote for Democrats at the state and local levels for years after . By the start of the 21st century , Republicans had gained a solid advantage over Democrats at all levels of politics in most Southern states .",
" United States presidential election in New York, 1968 The 1968 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 5 , 1968 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1968 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty three electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President . New York was won by incumbent Democratic Vice President Hubert Humphrey , who was running against former Republican Vice President Richard Nixon . Hubert Humphrey ran with Maine Senator Edmund Muskie for Vice President , and Nixon ran with Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew . Alabama Governor George Wallace ran a strong third-party insurgent campaign as a Southern populist with his American Independent Party . Humphrey took 49.76 % of the vote to Nixon 's 44.30 % , a victory margin of 5.46 % . Wallace , a mostly Southern-oriented candidate , came in a distant third with 5.29 % . New York weighed in for this election as 7 % more Democratic than the national average . The presidential election of 1968 was a very multi-partisan election for New York , with almost 6 % of the electorate voting for Third Parties . In typical form for the time , the highly populated centers of New York City , Buffalo , and Albany , voted Democratic , while the smaller counties in New York turned out for Nixon as the Republican candidate . Despite Nixon winning a strong majority of the state 's counties , Humphrey 's dominant performance in massively populated New York City provided him with his statewide victory , receiving 60.6 % of the vote in the 5 boroughs to Nixon 's 33.9 % , a 26.7 % Democratic victory margin in the City of New York amounting to a raw vote advantage for Humphrey of 695,722 votes , providing all of Humphrey 's 370,538 statewide vote advantage . Humphrey won the election in New York with a strong 5 point margin . The election results in New York represent a trend in the national mentality towards progressive politics , resulting from nationwide emergence of the hippie counterculture , the King assassination riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , numerous demonstrations in opposition to the Vietnam War , and the violent confrontation between police and protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago . Humphrey was seen by many as promising to continue the reformist legacy of President Johnson , and this garnered him much support by liberal voters across America . Nationwide , the election of 1968 was very contentious across the United States . Nixon , running on a largely socially conservative agenda , was able to attain victory nationwide with less than 1 % popular lead on Humphrey , while the ( traditionally for the time ) Democratic stronghold of the Deep South turned out en masse for their own George Wallace , who was spearheading the new American Independent Party , which was able to gain more than 5 % in the State of New York , despite being so far from its base ."
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The Coen brothers were the executive producers of Fargo.
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" Fargo (TV series) Fargo is an American black comedy -- crime drama anthology television series created and primarily written by Noah Hawley . The show is inspired by the 1996 film of the same name written and directed by the Coen brothers , who serve as executive producers on the series alongside Hawley . It premiered on April 15 , 2014 , on FX . The series follows an anthology format , with each season set in a different era with a different story , cast , and set of characters ; however , each season shares a common chronology with the original film . The first season , set in 2006 and starring Billy Bob Thornton , Allison Tolman , Colin Hanks , and Martin Freeman , was met with critical acclaim . It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Miniseries , Outstanding Directing and Outstanding Casting , and received fifteen additional nominations including Outstanding Writing , another Outstanding Directing nomination , and acting nominations for all four leads . It also won the Golden Globe Awards for Best Miniseries or Television Film and Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film for Thornton . The second season , set in 1979 and starring Kirsten Dunst , Patrick Wilson , Jesse Plemons , Jean Smart , and Ted Danson , was met with even greater acclaim . It received three Golden Globe nominations , along with several Emmy nominations including Outstanding Miniseries and acting nominations for Dunst , Plemons , Smart , and Bokeem Woodbine . The third season , set in 2010 and starring Ewan McGregor , Carrie Coon , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Goran Bogdan and David Thewlis premiered on April 19 , 2017 ."
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" Jeff Dowd Jeff Dowd ( born November 20 , 1949 ) is an American film producer and political activist best known as a member of the `` Seattle Seven , '' who went to jail ( briefly , for contempt of court ) following a violent protest against the Vietnam war . He later moved to Los Angeles and became an independent movie producer and promoter , producing such films as Zebrahead . He met the Coen Brothers while they were promoting their first film , Blood Simple . He is the basis for one of their most popular characters , Jeffrey `` The Dude '' Lebowski from The Big Lebowski . In 2011 , Dowd was the subject of an 18-minute documentary-short directed by Jeff Feuerzeig and broadcast on the USA Network as part of its `` Character '' series .",
" Animal House National Lampoon 's Animal House is a 1978 American comedy film from Universal Pictures . It was produced by Ivan Reitman and Matty Simmons , directed by John Landis , and stars John Belushi , Tim Matheson , John Vernon , Verna Bloom , Thomas Hulce , and Donald Sutherland . The film , a direct spin-off from National Lampoon , is about a misfit group of fraternity members who challenge the authority of the dean of Faber College . The screenplay was adapted by Douglas Kenney , Chris Miller , and Harold Ramis from stories written by Miller and published in National Lampoon . The stories were based on Ramis 's experience in the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity at Washington University in St. Louis , as well as Miller 's Alpha Delta Phi experiences at Ivy League Dartmouth College in New Hampshire , and producer Reitman 's Delta Upsilon experiences at McMaster University in Hamilton , Ontario . Of the younger lead actors , only the 28-year-old Belushi was an established star , but even he had not yet appeared in a film , having gained fame mainly from his Saturday Night Live television appearances , which was starting its third season in autumn 1977 . Several of the actors who were cast as college students , including Hulce , Karen Allen , and Kevin Bacon , were just beginning their film careers , although Matheson had appeared as one of the vigilante cops in the second Dirty Harry film , Magnum Force , released in 1973 . Upon its initial release , Animal House received generally mixed reviews from critics , but Time and Roger Ebert proclaimed it one of the year 's best . Filmed for only $ 2.8 million , it is one of the most profitable movies in history , garnering an estimated gross of more than $ 141 million in the form of theatrical rentals and home video , not including merchandising . The film , along with 1977 's The Kentucky Fried Movie , also directed by Landis , was largely responsible for defining and launching the gross out film genre , which became one of Hollywood 's staples . , it was considered by many fans and critics as one of the greatest comedy films ever made . In 2001 the United States Library of Congress deemed Animal House `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . It was No. 1 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' . It was No. 36 on AFI 's `` 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' list of the 100 best American comedies . In 2008 Empire magazine selected it as one of `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . ''"
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All the Pretty Horses is an American romance film.
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" All the Pretty Horses (film) All the Pretty Horses is a 2000 American romance western film produced and directed by Billy Bob Thornton , and based on Cormac McCarthy 's novel of the same name . Starring Matt Damon and Penélope Cruz , the film was released on Christmas Day 2000 to mostly negative reviews . It grossed $ 18 million worldwide , against a $ 57 million budget ."
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" Dolly Parton Dolly Rebecca Parton Dean ( born January 19 , 1946 ) , professionally known as Dolly Parton , is an American singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer , actress , author , businesswoman , and philanthropist , known primarily for her work in country music . After achieving success as a songwriter for others , Dolly Parton made her album debut in 1967 , with her album Hello , I 'm Dolly . With steady success during the remainder of the 1960s ( both as a solo artist and with a series of duet albums with Porter Wagoner ) , her sales and chart peak came during the 1970s and continuing into the 1980s ; Parton 's subsequent albums in the later part of the 1990s were lower in sales . However , in the new millennium , Parton achieved commercial success again and has released albums on independent labels since 2000 , including albums on her own label , Dolly Records . Parton is the most honored female country performer of all time . Achieving 25 Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified Gold , Platinum , and Multi-Platinum awards , she has had 25 songs reach No. 1 on the Billboard country music charts , a record for a female artist ( tied with Reba McEntire ) . She has 41 career top 10 country albums , a record for any artist , and she has 110 career charted singles over the past 40 years . All-inclusive sales of singles , albums , hits collections , and digital downloads during her career have topped 100 million worldwide . She has garnered nine Grammy Awards , two Academy Award nominations , ten Country Music Association Awards , seven Academy of Country Music Awards , three American Music Awards , and is one of only seven female artists to win the Country Music Association 's Entertainer of the Year Award . Parton has received 47 Grammy nominations . In 1999 , Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame . She has composed over 3,000 songs , notably `` I Will Always Love You '' ( a two-time U.S. country chart-topper for Parton , as well as an international pop hit for Whitney Houston ) , `` Jolene '' , `` Coat of Many Colors '' , and `` 9 to 5 '' . She is also one of the few to have received at least one nomination from the Academy Awards , Grammy Awards , Tony Awards , and Emmy Awards . As an actress , she starred in films such as 9 to 5 , The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , Rhinestone , and Steel Magnolias .",
" Kiss Me Goodbye (film) Kiss Me Goodbye is a 1982 American romantic comedy film directed by Robert Mulligan and starring Sally Field , James Caan and Jeff Bridges . It is a remake of Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands ( Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos in Portuguese ) , a 1976 Brazilian film starring Sonia Braga based on the book of the same name by Jorge Amado . Field was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy/Musical for her performance , but Caan later said that he hated this film , as he did several films in which he appeared either just to keep working or for the money . In a 1991 interview , Caan claimed that making Kiss Me Goodbye was one of the most unpleasant experiences of his life , and that as a consequence , he did not make another film for five years ."
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Minions was produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy and written by Brian Lynch.
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" Minions (film) Minions is a 2015 American computer-animated comedy film , serving as a spin-off/prequel to the Despicable Me franchise . Produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures , it was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda , written by Brian Lynch , and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy . The film stars the voices of Coffin ( as the Minions , including : Kevin , Stuart and Bob ) , Sandra Bullock , Jon Hamm , Michael Keaton , Allison Janney , Steve Coogan and Jennifer Saunders with the narration provided by Geoffrey Rush . It was first foreshadowed in the end credits of Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) , where Kevin , Stuart and Bob , three of the Minions , are seen auditioning for the film . Minions had its premiere on June 11 , 2015 , in Leicester Square , London , and went into general release in the United States on July 10 , 2015 . Critical response was mixed : some critics praised the comedic aspects of the film and the performances of Bullock and Hamm , while also felt that the title characters were not able to carry the film on their own , and that the villains were flatly characterized . The film has grossed over $ 1.1 billion worldwide ( outgrossing each of the Despicable Me films ) , making it the thirteenth highest-grossing film of all time , the second highest-grossing animated film and the highest-grossing non-Disney animated film . A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 3 , 2020 ."
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" Minions (video game) Minions is a free Flash-based browser game created by Paul Preece and David Scott , who are the founders of the Casual Collective and developers of Desktop Tower Defense and Flash Element TD , respectively . The game has been featured by gaming reviewer The Escapist for winning an award at the Game Developer 's Conference in San Francisco . As of 2011 , the game has been played millions of times at Kongregate.com It is based on the Warcraft III mod Defense of the Ancients .",
" Monsters University Monsters University is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It was directed by Dan Scanlon and produced by Kori Rae , with John Lasseter , Pete Docter , Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich as executive producers . It is the fourteenth feature film produced by Pixar and is a prequel to 2001 's Monsters , Inc. , marking the first time Pixar has made a prequel film . Disney , as the rights holder , had plans for a sequel to Monsters , Inc. since 2005 . Following disagreements with Pixar , Disney tasked its Circle 7 Animation unit to make the film . An early draft of the film was developed ; however , Disney 's purchase of Pixar in early 2006 led to the cancellation of Circle 7 's version of the film . A Pixar-made sequel was confirmed in 2010 , and in 2011 , it was confirmed that the film would instead be a prequel titled Monsters University . Monsters University tells the story of two monsters , Mike and Sulley , and their time studying at college , where they start off as rivals , but slowly become best friends . John Goodman , Billy Crystal , Steve Buscemi , Bob Peterson , and John Ratzenberger reprise their roles as James P. Sullivan , Mike Wazowski , Randall Boggs , Roz , and the Abominable Snowman , respectively . Bonnie Hunt , who played Ms. Flint in the first film , voices Mike 's grade school teacher Ms. Karen Graves . The music for the film is composed by Randy Newman , marking his seventh collaboration with Pixar . Monsters University premiered on June 5 , 2013 , at the BFI Southbank in London , United Kingdom and was released on June 21 , 2013 , in the United States . It was accompanied in theaters by a short film , The Blue Umbrella , directed by Saschka Unseld . The film grossed $ 744 million against its estimated budget of $ 200 million . An animated short film titled Party Central , which takes place shortly after the events of Monsters University , premiered in Fall 2013 ."
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Tezaab is a movie in Hindi.
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" Tezaab Tezaab ( translation : Acid ) , released on 11 November 1988 , is an Indian action romantic Hindi movie starring Anil Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit in lead roles . The film gave actress Madhuri Dixit her first big break , making her an overnight star . It reaffirmed Anil Kapoor 's star status , after a successful Mr India ( 1987 ) . The film was produced and directed by N. Chandra . The music is by Laxmikant-Pyarelal . Tezaab is known for the song `` Ek Do Teen , '' , `` kehdo ke tum ho meri '' . which was a chart success . It ran in theatres for more than 50 weeks becoming a golden jubilee , and it was the highest blockbuster at the box office for the year 1988 in Bollywood . With Tezaab , N Chandra scored a box office hat-trick with his previous hits Ankush ( 1986 ) and Pratighaat ( 1987 ) . Tezaab was critically acclaimed and garnered four Filmfare Awards from twelve nominations . Anil Kapoor won his first Best Actor award and Madhuri Dixit garnered her first ever nomination for Best Actress . The film was remade in Telugu as Two Town Rowdy with Daggubati Venkatesh . The plot is loosely based on the commercially failed Hollywood movie Streets of Fire ( 1984 ) directed by Walter Hill ."
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" Tehzeeb (2003 film) Tehzeeb ( English : Etiquette ) is a 2003 Indian Bollywood film directed by Khalid Mohammed . It premiered on 21 November 2003 . The film stars Shabana Azmi , Urmila Matondkar , Diya Mirza , Arjun Rampal and Rishi Kapoor in a special appearance . Urmila and Shabana were praised for their roles . It was inspired by Ingmar Bergman 's Swedish drama-Autumn Sonata ( 1978 ) , and was dedicated to the director of the film .",
" Tere Naam Tere Naam ( In your name ) is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film . It is directed by Satish Kaushik and written by Bala and Jainendra Jain , starring Salman Khan and Bhoomika Chawla in her Hindi film debut . The film is a remake of Bala 's own directional venture , Tamil film Sethu ( 1999 ) . The film was based on a real life incident of a friend of Bala 's , who had fallen in love , lost his mind and ended up at a mental asylum . Tere Naam was released on 15 August 2003 . Khan was highly praised for his portrayal of Radhe Mohan and the role is widely considered to be his finest performance till date . Tere Naam was nominated for a total of 24 Awards , winning 7 of them , including 8 Filmfare Award nominations . In 2011 Kaushik announced a sequel to Tere Naam , thus he is currently working on the script ."
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Bam Margera is a stunt performer.
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" Bam Margera Brandon Cole `` Bam '' Margera ( -LSB- mɑrˈdʒɛərə -RSB- or ; born September 28 , 1979 ) is an American professional skateboarder , stunt performer , and television personality . He came to prominence after appearing in MTV 's Jackass crew . He has since appeared in MTV 's Viva La Bam and Bam 's Unholy Union , all three Jackass movies , and Haggard and Minghags , both of which he co-wrote and directed ."
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" Ryan Dunn Ryan Matthew Dunn ( June 11 , 1977 -- June 20 , 2011 ) was an American stunt performer , television personality , comedian , actor , writer and musician . He was a founding member of the Jackass and Viva La Bam crew . Dunn rose to fame as a member of the CKY Crew along with long-time friend Bam Margera for their extreme stunts and pranks recorded on camera which led to the rise of MTV 's Jackass and its three later feature films , which have all been commercial successes . Dunn also hosted Homewrecker and Proving Ground and appeared in feature films such as Street Dreams and Blonde Ambition , as well as in Margera 's films Haggard : The Movie and Minghags : The Movie . Dunn died in an automobile crash in West Goshen Township , Chester County , Pennsylvania , on the morning of June 20 , 2011 , alongside his friend Zachary Hartwell , a production assistant on Jackass Number Two .",
" Power 100 The Hollywood Reporters Power 100 list , published annually since 1992 , is a ranking of the 100 most powerful women in entertainment -- film and television executives , agents , producers and occasionally performers . The list is made public in December during the magazine 's yearly Women in Entertainment Breakfast . The factors on which the ranking is based have varied in the past . For example , the 2009 Power 100 took into account : achievements ( box office , television ratings or dollars generated ) ; overall authority within her company and Hollywood ; greenlight power ( ability to get a project made ) ; and her standing within the industry . Despite the existence of similar rankings , such as Forbess Celebrity 100 and Vanity Fairs New Establishment issue , the competition surrounding the Power 100 has remained substantial , particularly since Janice Min became chief creative officer at The Hollywood Reporter in 2010 . In 2014 , The New York Times called the Power 100 `` one of the most fearsome competitions in show business , '' akin to the campaigns preceding the Academy Awards , adding that `` for certain executives , agents and producers , this has become a blood sport . '' Anne Sweeney , then co-chairman of Disney Media Networks , was named the most powerful woman in entertainment eight times between 2004 and 2013 . Oprah Winfrey , chairman of Harpo Inc. , and Amy Pascal , co-chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment , were ranked in first place in 2008 and 2009 respectively . In 2014 , NBCUniversal chairman Bonnie Hammer superseded Sweeney as the entertainment industry 's most powerful woman ."
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Sociology is the learning of social behavior.
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" Sociology Sociology is the study of social behavior or society , including its origins , development , organization , networks , and institutions . It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order , disorder , and change . Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare , while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes . Subject matter ranges from the micro-sociology level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure . The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification , social class , social mobility , religion , secularization , law , sexuality and deviance . As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency , sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects , such as health , medical , military and penal institutions , the Internet , education , social capital and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge . The range of social scientific methods has also expanded . Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques . The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative , hermeneutic , and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society . Conversely , the end of the 1990s and the beginning of 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically , mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques , such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis . Social research informs politicians and policy makers , educators , planners , legislators , administrators , developers , business magnates , managers , social workers , non-governmental organizations , non-profit organizations , and people interested in resolving social issues in general . There is often a great deal of crossover between social research , market research , and other statistical fields ."
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" Criminology Criminology ( from Latin crīmen , `` accusation '' ; and Greek - λογία , - logia ) is the scientific study of the nature , extent , management , causes , control , consequences , and prevention of criminal behavior , both on the individual and social levels . Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioral and social sciences , drawing especially upon the research of sociologists , psychologists , philosophers , psychiatrists , social anthropologists , as well as scholars of law . The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia . Later , French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term criminologie .",
" Social equilibrium In sociology , a system is said to be social equilibrium when there is a dynamic working balance among its interdependent parts . Each subsystem will adjust to any change in the other subsystems and will continue to do so until an equilibrium is retained . The process of achieving equilibrium will only work if the changes happen slowly , but for rapid changes it would throw the social system into chaos , unless and until a new equilibrium can be reached ."
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Champion was based off of a story by Ernest Hemingway.
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" Champion (1949 film) Champion is a 1949 American film noir drama sport film based on a short story by Ring Lardner . It recounts the struggles of boxer `` Midge '' Kelly fighting his own demons while working to achieve success in the boxing ring . The drama was directed by Mark Robson , with cinematography by Franz Planer . The drama features Kirk Douglas , Marilyn Maxwell , and Arthur Kennedy . The film won an Academy Award for Editing and gained five other nominations as well , including a Best Actor for Douglas . Several clips from the film were used in Douglas ' 1999 film Diamonds to illustrate his character 's career as a boxer ."
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" The Champ (1979 film) The Champ is a 1979 American drama sports film directed by Franco Zeffirelli and a remake of the 1931 Academy Award-winning film of the same name which was directed by King Vidor . It stars Jon Voight , Faye Dunaway , and Ricky Schroder . It is also the final film for actress Joan Blondell to be released during her lifetime . Blondell , who died from leukemia on Christmas Day eight months later , also starred in two other films that were released after her death .",
" Champion (novel) Champion is a dystopian young adult novel and the third and final book in the Legend trilogy written by American novelist Marie Lu . It was released on 5 November 2013 ."
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Me Before You does not star Emilia Clarke.
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" Me Before You (film) Me Before You is a 2016 British-American romantic drama film directed by Thea Sharrock as her directorial debut and adapted by English author Jojo Moyes from her 2012 novel of the same name . The film stars Emilia Clarke , Sam Claflin , Steve Peacocke , Jenna Coleman , Charles Dance , Matthew Lewis , Janet McTeer , Vanessa Kirby and Joanna Lumley . Set in the UK , the film is shot in various historic locations around the country , including Pembroke Castle in Wales , and Chenies Manor House in Buckinghamshire , England . The film was released on June 3 , 2016 , in the US , received mixed reviews on Metacritic and grossed $ 207 million worldwide ."
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" Before I Go to Sleep (film) Before I Go to Sleep is a 2014 British-American mystery psychological thriller written and directed by Rowan Joffé . A film adaptation of S. J. Watson 's 2011 novel of the same name , the film stars Nicole Kidman , Mark Strong , Colin Firth , and Anne-Marie Duff .",
" Anne-Marie Duff Anne-Marie Duff ( born 8 October 1970 ) is an English actress . She first achieved mainstream attention for playing Fiona Gallagher in the television series Shameless ( 2004 -- 05 ; 2013 ) , and later played Elizabeth I in The Virgin Queen ( 2006 ) . She also played the lead role in the television series From Darkness in 2015 . Duff has also had roles in films such as Enigma ( 2001 ) , The Magdalene Sisters ( 2002 ) , Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) , French Film ( 2008 ) , The Last Station and Nowhere Boy ( both 2009 ) , Before I Go to Sleep ( 2014 ) and Suffragette ( 2015 ) . Her performances in Shameless , The Virgin Queen , Nowhere Boy and Suffragette earned her BAFTA nominations in the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress categories , and she was awarded the BAFTA Cymru Award for Best Actress for her work in the 2007 television film The History of Mr Polly . Duff married Scottish actor James McAvoy , with whom she has one child . They announced plans to divorce in May 2016 ."
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Mary Marvel is barely a spin-off of a character from DC Comics.
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" Mary Marvel Mary Marvel is a fictional character originally published by Fawcett Comics and now owned by DC Comics . Created by Otto Binder and Marc Swayze , she first appeared in Captain Marvel Adventures # 18 ( cover-dated Dec. 1942 ) . The character is a member of the Marvel/Shazam Family of heroes associated with the superhero Shazam/Captain Marvel . She is the alter ego of teenager Mary Batson ( adopted name Mary Bromfield ) , twin sister of Captain Marvel 's alter-ego , Billy Batson . Like her brother , Mary has been granted the power of the wizard Shazam , and has but to speak the wizard 's name to be transformed into the superpowered Mary Marvel . Mary Marvel was one of the first female spin-offs of a major male superhero , and predates the introduction of Superman 's female cousin Supergirl ( also created by Otto Binder ) by more than a decade . Following DC 's licensing of the Marvel Family characters in 1972 , Mary Marvel began appearing in DC Comics , co-starring in DC series such as Shazam ! ( 1973-1978 ) and The Power of Shazam ! ( 1995-1999 ) . Two limited series from 2007-2009 , Countdown and Final Crisis , feature an evil version of Mary Marvel having acquired powers from first Shazam Family archenemy Black Adam and further from Apokoliptian supervillain god Desaad . In current continuity following DC 's 2011 New 52 reboot , Mary Bromfield appears as one of Billy Batson 's foster siblings , and can share Billy 's power at his whim to become an adult superhero similar to the traditional Mary Marvel ( the `` Marvel '' monikers having been retired with the reboot ) ."
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" DC Comics DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros. . Entertainment , Inc. , a division of Time Warner . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies , and produces material featuring numerous well-known heroic characters including Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern , The Flash , Aquaman , Hawkman , Hawkgirl , Green Arrow , Martian Manhunter , Cyborg , Static , Zatanna , and Shazam . Most of their material takes place in the fictional DC Universe , which also features teams such as the Justice League , the Justice Society of America , the Suicide Squad , and the Teen Titans , and well-known villains such as the Joker , Lex Luthor , Darkseid , Catwoman , Ra 's al Ghul , Deathstroke , Reverse-Flash , Sinestro , Black Adam and Brainiac . The company has also published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials `` DC '' came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , but it was announced in October 2013 that DC Entertainment would relocate its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its major , longtime competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , Time Warner 's main competitor ) together shared 70 % of the American comic book market in 2016 .",
" Shriker Shriker is a fictional American comic book character owned by Marvel Comics . His alter-ego is Jack D'Auria , best friend to Danny Ketch . Jack has extensive martial arts training and has mastered all disciplines ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Dhool starred Vivek.
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" Dhool Dhool ( Super ) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language action masala film directed by Dharani . The film featured Jyothika , Vikram and Reemma Sen in the lead roles , while Vivek , Sayaji Shinde , Telangana Sakunthala and Pasupathy among others play supporting roles . The film , produced by A. M. Rathnam at a cost of 7 crore , had music composed by Vidyasagar and released in January 2003 . The film was a commercial success . It was dubbed into Malayalam while being remade in Telugu , Sinhalese , Punjabi , and Bengali.This film is still now considered as cult masala entertainer ."
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" Jyothika Jyothika Saravanan ( née Jyothika Sadanah on 18 October 1977 ) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Tamil films . She also acted in some Kannada , Malayalam , Telugu and Hindi films . She debuted in Bollywood in the Hindi film Doli Saja Ke Rakhna directed by Priyadarshan . She starred in her first Tamil film Vaali and her first Telugu film Tagore , opposite Chiranjeevi . Jyothika received critical praise for playing a blind woman in Perazhagan , An alter ego Chandramukhi and Ganga in Chandramukhi , A mute and deaf girl in Mozhi and a Middle aged Woman in 36 Vayadhinile . However the turning point of her career came with the success of Vaali ( 1999 ) and Kushi ( 2000 ) . At the peak of her career she agreed to play the role of an antagonist in Pachaikili Muthucharam ( 2006 ) . She received her first Filmfare Awards for Vaali as Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut -- South . She was awarded the Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award for Kushi . A string of successful films followed and gained prominence for her performances in Kushi , Dhool , Thenali , Thirumalai , Dumm Dumm Dumm , Snegithiye , Kaaka Kaaka , Perazhagan , Chandramukhi , June R , Pachaikili Muthucharam , Mozhi and 36 Vayadhinile . Jyothika left the industry at the peak of her career marrying actor Suriya on 11 September 2006 , after being engaged in a relationship for several years and with whom she was paired in seven films . She won three Filmfare Awards , three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards , Dinakaran Awards , International Tamil Film Awards and other awards and nominations . She is also a recipient of the Kalaimamani Award . She made a comeback in the film 36 Vayadhinile ( 2015 ) , which received good reviews from the critics , especially for her performance and she received Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress for the Movie . She became the first actress to win both Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil and the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress .",
" Saif Ali Khan Saif Ali Khan ( -LSB- ˈsɛːf əˈli ˈxaːn -RSB- ; born Sajid Ali Khan on 16 August 1970 ) is an Indian film actor and producer . The son of actress Sharmila Tagore and the late cricketer Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , Khan made his acting debut in Yash Chopra 's unsuccessful drama Parampara ( 1993 ) , but achieved success with his roles in the romantic drama Yeh Dillagi and the action film Main Khiladi Tu Anari ( both 1994 ) . Khan 's career prospect declined through much of the 1990s , and his biggest commercial success of the decade came with the ensemble drama Hum Saath-Saath Hain ( 1999 ) . He rose to prominence with roles in two ensemble comedy-dramasDil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) and Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) . The 2004 romantic comedy Hum Tum proved to be Khan 's first success in which he played the sole male lead , earning him the National Film Award for Best Actor , and starring roles in the drama Parineeta and the romantic comedy Salaam Namaste ( both 2005 ) established him as a leading actor in Bollywood . He went on to earn wide critical praise for his portrayal of an apprentice in the 2006 English film Being Cyrus , a character based on William Shakespeare 's antagonist Iago in the 2006 crime film Omkara and a terrorist in the 2009 thriller Kurbaan . Khan 's greatest commercial success came with the 2008 thriller Race and its 2013 sequel , the 2009 romance Love Aaj Kal , and the 2012 romantic comedy Cocktail . Khan is the recipient of several accolades , including a National Film Award and six Filmfare Awards , and received the Padma Shri , the fourth highest Indian civilian award , in 2010 . He has been noted for his performances in a range of film genres -- from crime dramas to thrillers and occasional romances -- and his film roles have been credited with contributing to a change in the concept of a Hindi film hero . Khan was married to his first wife , Amrita Singh , for thirteen years , after which he married the actress Kareena Kapoor . He has three childrentwo with Singh and one with Kapoor . In addition to film acting , Khan is a frequent television presenter , stage show performer and the owner of the production company Illuminati Films ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Twitter is not a source of breaking news.
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" Twitter Twitter ( -LSB- ˈtwɪtər -RSB- ) is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages , `` tweets '' , restricted to 140 characters . Registered users can post tweets , but those who are unregistered can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , SMS or a mobile device app . Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , United States , and has more than 25 offices around the world . Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams and launched in July . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as `` the SMS of the Internet '' . As of 2016 , Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users . On the day of the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news , with 40 million election-related tweets sent by 10 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) that day ."
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" Breaking Tweets Breaking Tweets was an international journalism news Web site that tracks world news through the use of Twitter and distributes its content via the Internet . It considered its content to be `` hyperlocal gone global , '' personalizing major news events through relevant tweets from around the world . After launching on January 31 , 2009 , the site launched three spin-off sites , Breaking Tweets Sports , Breaking Tweets Entertainment , and Breaking Tweets Chicago . The main site , the world version , received visits from 194 countries and more than 100 news organizations in its first six months .",
" Photojournalism Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism ( the collecting , editing , and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast ) that employs images in order to tell a news story . It is now usually understood to refer only to still images , but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism . Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography ( e.g. , documentary photography , social documentary photography , street photography or celebrity photography ) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms . Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media , and help communities connect with one other . Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door . They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative , but also entertaining . Timeliness The images have meaning in the context of a recently published record of events . Objectivity The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone . Narrative The images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to audiences . Like a writer , a photojournalist is a reporter , but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment , often while exposed to significant obstacles ( e.g. , physical danger , weather , crowds , physical access ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Tyrese Gibson is well known for his role as Roman Pearce in the Fast and the Furious series.
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" Tyrese Gibson Tyrese Darnell Gibson ( born December 30 , 1978 ) , also known mononymously as Tyrese , is an American Grammy-nominated singer , songwriter , actor , author , television producer , former fashion model and MTV VJ . He is best known for his roles as Joseph `` Jody '' Summers in Baby Boy , Roman Pearce in the Fast and the Furious series and Robert Epps in the Transformers film series . After releasing several albums , he transitioned into films , with lead roles in several major Hollywood releases ."
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" Huddersfield Huddersfield ( -LSB- ˈhʌdərzˌfiːld -RSB- , -LSB- localˈhʊdəzˌfiːld -RSB- ) is a large market town in West Yorkshire , England . It is the 11th largest town in the United Kingdom , with a population of 162,949 at the 2011 census . Halfway between Leeds and Manchester , it lies 190 mi north of London , and 10.3 mi south of Bradford . Huddersfield is near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme . Within the historic county boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire , it is the largest urban area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees and the administrative centre of the borough . The town is known for its role in the Industrial Revolution , and for being the birthplaces of rugby league , Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson , and the film star James Mason . Huddersfield is home to rugby league team Huddersfield Giants , founded in 1895 , who play in the European Super League , and Premier League football team Huddersfield Town A.F.C. , founded in 1908 . The town is home to the University of Huddersfield and the sixth form colleges Greenhead College , Kirklees College and Huddersfield New College Huddersfield is a town of Victorian architecture . Huddersfield railway station is a Grade I listed building described by John Betjeman as `` the most splendid station façade in England '' , second only to St Pancras , London . The station in St George 's Square was renovated at a cost of # 4 million and subsequently won the Europa Nostra award for European architecture .",
" Matt Schulze Matthew Steven `` Matt '' Schulze ( born July 3 , 1972 ) is an American actor and musician . He is known for his role of `` Vince '' in The Fast and The Furious and Fast Five ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Shaky camera is incapable of making some viewers sick.
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" Shaky camera Handheld camera , shaky cam , queasy cam , queasicam , hand-held camera or free camera is a cinematographic technique where stable-image techniques are purposely dispensed with . The camera is held in the hand , or given the appearance of being hand-held , and in many cases shots are limited to what one photographer could have accomplished with one camera . Shaky cam is often employed to give a film sequence an ad hoc , electronic news-gathering , or documentary film feel . It suggests unprepared , unrehearsed filming of reality , and can provide a sense of dynamics , immersion , instability or nervousness . The technique can be used to give a pseudo-documentary or cinéma vérité appearance to a film . Too much shaky camera motion can make some viewers feel distracted , dizzy or sick ."
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" Broadcast quality Broadcast quality is a term stemming from quad videotape to denote the quality achieved by professional video cameras and time base correctors ( TBC ) used for broadcast television , usually in standard definition . As the standards for commercial television broadcasts have changed from analog television using analog video to digital television using digital video , the term has generally fallen out of use . Manufacturers have used it to describe both professional and prosumer or `` Semi-Professional '' devices . A camera with the minimum requirements typically being the inclusion of three CCDs and relatively low-compression analog recording or digital recording capability with little or no chroma subsampling , and the ability to be genlocked . The advantages of three CCDs include better color definition in shadows , better overall low-light sensitivity , and reduced noise when compared to single-CCD systems . With continuing improvements in image sensors , resolution , recording media , and codecs , by 2006 the term no longer carried much weight in the marketplace . The term is also used in its literal sense in broadcasting jargon in judging the fitness of audio or video for broadcast .",
" Rolling shutter Rolling shutter is a method of image capture in which a still picture ( in a still camera ) or each frame of a video ( in a video camera ) is captured not by taking a snapshot of the entire scene at single instant in time but rather by scanning across the scene rapidly , either vertically or horizontally . In other words , not all parts of the image of the scene are recorded at exactly the same instant . ( Though , during playback , the entire image of the scene is displayed at once , as if it represents a single instant in time . ) This produces predictable distortions of fast-moving objects or rapid flashes of light . This is in contrast with `` global shutter '' in which the entire frame is captured at the same instant . The `` rolling shutter '' can be either mechanical or electronic . The advantage of this method is that the image sensor can continue to gather photons during the acquisition process , thus effectively increasing sensitivity . It is found on many digital still and video cameras using CMOS sensors . The effect is most noticeable when imaging extreme conditions of motion or the fast flashing of light . While some CMOS sensors use a global shutter , the majority found in the consumer market use a rolling shutter . CCDs ( charge-coupled devices ) are alternatives to CMOS sensors , which are generally more sensitive and more expensive . CCD-based cameras often use global shutters , which take a snapshot representing a single instant in time and therefore do not suffer from the motion artifacts caused by rolling shutters ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Uranus is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant.
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" Planet A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity , is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion , and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.This definition is drawn from two separate IAU declarations ; a formal definition agreed by the IAU in 2006 , and an informal working definition established by the IAU in 2001/2003 for objects outside of the Solar System . The official 2006 definition applies only to the Solar System , whereas the 2003 definition applies to planets around other stars . The extrasolar planet issue was deemed too complex to resolve at the 2006 IAU conference . The term planet is ancient , with ties to history , astrology , science , mythology , and religion . Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye . These were regarded by many early cultures as divine , or as emissaries of deities . As scientific knowledge advanced , human perception of the planets changed , incorporating a number of disparate objects . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System . This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit . Although eight of the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain `` planets '' under the modern definition , some celestial bodies , such as Ceres , Pallas , Juno and Vesta ( each an object in the solar asteroid belt ) , and Pluto ( the first trans-Neptunian object discovered ) , that were once considered planets by the scientific community , are no longer viewed as such . The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit Earth in deferent and epicycle motions . Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times , it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations , performed by Galileo Galilei . At about the same time , by careful analysis of pre-telescopic observation data collected by Tycho Brahe , Johannes Kepler found the planets ' orbits were not circular but elliptical . As observational tools improved , astronomers saw that , like Earth , the planets rotated around tilted axes , and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons . Since the dawn of the Space Age , close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism , hurricanes , tectonics , and even hydrology . Planets are generally divided into two main types : large low-density giant planets , and smaller rocky terrestrials . Under IAU definitions , there are eight planets in the Solar System . In order of increasing distance from the Sun , they are the four terrestrials , Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars , then the four giant planets , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites . Several thousands of planets around other stars ( `` extrasolar planets '' or `` exoplanets '' ) have been discovered in the Milky Way . As of , known extrasolar planets in planetary systems ( including multiple planetary systems ) , ranging in size from just above the size of the Moon to gas giants about twice as large as Jupiter have been discovered , out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth , nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun , i.e. in the habitable zone . On December 20 , 2011 , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-sized extrasolar planets , Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f , orbiting a Sun-like star , Kepler-20 . A 2012 study , analyzing gravitational microlensing data , estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way . Around one in five Sun-like stars is thought to have an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone .",
" Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System . Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune , and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn . For this reason , scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as `` ice giants '' to distinguish them from the gas giants . Uranus 's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter 's and Saturn 's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium , but it contains more `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane , along with traces of other hydrocarbons . It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System , with a minimum temperature of 49 K , and has a complex , layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds . The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock . Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology , from the Latinised version of the Greek god of the sky Ouranos . Like the other giant planets , Uranus has a ring system , a magnetosphere , and numerous moons . The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways , nearly into the plane of its solar orbit . Its north and south poles , therefore , lie where most other planets have their equators . In 1986 , images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light , without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets . Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007 . Wind speeds can reach 250 m/s ."
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" Sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System . About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron . The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf . It formed approximately 4.6 billionAll numbers in this article are short scale . One billion is 109 , or 1,000,000,000 . years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process . The Sun is roughly middle-aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . After hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which it is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable . The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of the solar calendar , which is the predominant calendar in use today .",
" Planetary system A planetary system is a set of gravitationally bound non-stellar objects in orbit around a star or star system . Generally speaking , systems with one or more planets constitute a planetary system , although such systems may also consist of bodies such as dwarf planets , asteroids , natural satellites , meteoroids , comets , planetesimals and circumstellar disks . The Sun together with its planetary system , which includes Earth , is known as the Solar System . The term exoplanetary system is sometimes used in reference to other planetary systems . There are at least known planetary systems , including systems consisting of multiple planets as of . These systems contain more than known exoplanets . Debris disks are also known to be common , though other objects are more difficult to observe . Of particular interest to astrobiology is the habitable zone of planetary systems where planets could have surface liquid water , and thus the capacity to harbor Earth-like life ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Pornhub is the largest pornography video-sharing site.
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" Pornhub Pornhub is a pornographic video sharing website and the largest pornography site on the Internet . Pornhub was launched in Montreal , providing professional and amateur photography since 2007 . Pornhub also has offices and servers in San Francisco , Houston , New Orleans and London . In March 2010 , Pornhub was bought by Manwin ( now known as MindGeek ) , which owns numerous other pornographic websites ."
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" Porn Time Porn Time is an open source online streaming application formed from Popcorn Time , for the purpose of viewing pornography content . It was released on June 6 , 2015 and has since acquired a large user base . The desktop app was downloaded by 450,000 users in the first week after it launched , overloading the download servers . Torrentfreak quoted the development team saying : `` We 're pretty shocked and find it a little hard to believe and amusing in a way . But Porn Time , the Popcorn Time for Porn , became an Internet phenomenon just one week after it went live ! '' The country which has the most downloads of Porn Time is the US , followed by France and Brazil . Porn Time was initially released for Windows , Mac and Linux , and is also available for Android devices . According to the team leader , Porn Time was created due to the demand for porn in Popcorn Time .",
" Sex shop A sex shop ( also called adult shop , erotic shop or adult book store ) is a retailer that sells products related to adult sexual or erotic entertainment , such as vibrators , lingerie , clothing , pornography , and other related products . The world 's first sex shop was opened in 1962 by Beate Uhse AG in Flensburg , West Germany , and sex shops can now be found in many countries and online . Sex shops are part of the sex industry . In most jurisdictions , sex shops are regulated by law , with access not permitted to minors , the age depending on local law . Some jurisdictions prohibit sex shops and the merchandise they sell . In some jurisdictions that permit it , they may also show pornographic movies in private video booths , or have private striptease or peep shows . Also an adult movie theater may be attached . There are also many online sex shops selling a variety of adult content such as sex toys , pornographic magazines , pornographic films and fetish wear etc. . These types of shop are often favoured by the consumer as they have less overheads and can be perused within the comfort of the home . Their discreetness is also appealing to some ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Charles I's wife was a mother.
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" Henrietta Maria of France Henrietta Maria of France ( Henriette Marie 25 November 1609 -- 10 September 1669 ) was queen consort of England , Scotland , and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I . She was mother of his two immediate successors , Charles II and James II . Her Roman Catholicism made her unpopular in England , and also prohibited her from being crowned in an Anglican service ; therefore she never had a coronation . She began to immerse herself in national affairs as civil war loomed on the horizon , and was compelled to seek refuge in France in 1644 , following the birth of her youngest daughter , Henrietta , during the height of the First English Civil War . The execution of King Charles in 1649 left her impoverished . She settled in Paris , and then returned to England after the Restoration of her eldest son , Charles , to the throne . In 1665 , she moved back to Paris , where she died four years later . The North American Province of Maryland was named in her honour , and the name was carried over into the current U.S. state of Maryland .",
" Charles I of England Charles I ( 19 November 1600 -- 30 January 1649 ) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649 . Charles was the second son of King James VI of Scotland , but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603 , he moved to England , where he spent much of the rest of his life . He became heir apparent to the English , Irish , and Scottish thrones on the death of his elder brother , Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , in 1612 . An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations . Two years later , he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead . After his succession , Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England , which sought to curb his royal prerogative . Charles believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience . Many of his subjects opposed his policies , in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent , and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch . His religious policies , coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic , generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters , who thought his views too Catholic . He supported high church ecclesiastics , such as Richard Montagu and William Laud , and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years ' War . His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops ' Wars , strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall . From 1642 , Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War . After his defeat in 1645 , he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament . Charles refused to accept his captors ' demands for a constitutional monarchy , and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647 . Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight , Charles forged an alliance with Scotland , but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England . Charles was tried , convicted , and executed for high treason in January 1649 . The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared . The monarchy was restored to Charles 's son , Charles II , in 1660 ."
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" English Revolution `` English Revolution '' has been used to describe two different events in English history . The first to be so called -- by Whig historians -- was the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established . In the twentieth-century , however , Marxist historians introduced the use of the term `` English Revolution '' to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period ( 1640 -- 1660 ) , in which Parliament challenged King Charles I 's authority , engaged in civil conflict against his forces , and executed him in 1649 . This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government , the `` Commonwealth '' , before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles ' son , Charles II in 1660 .",
" Mary Tudor, Queen of France Mary Tudor ( -LSB- ˈtjuːdər -RSB- 18 March 1496 -- 25 June 1533 ) , the third daughter of Henry VII , King of England and his queen Elizabeth of York , was an English princess . Mary became the third wife of Louis XII of France , more than 30 years her senior . Following his death , she married Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk . The marriage , which was performed secretly in France , took place during her brother 's reign and without his consent . This necessitated the intervention of Thomas Wolsey and although the couple were eventually pardoned by King Henry VIII , they were forced to pay a large fine . Mary 's second marriage produced four children ; and through her eldest daughter Frances , Mary was the maternal grandmother of Lady Jane Grey , who was the de facto monarch of England for a little over a week in July 1553 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Wars of the Roses was not a civil war.
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" Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king . With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London . The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York ."
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" Battle A battle is a combat in warfare between two or more armed forces , or combatants . A war sometimes consists of many battles . Battles generally are well defined in duration , area , and force commitment . Wars and military campaigns are guided by strategy , whereas battles take place on a level of planning and execution known as operational mobility . German strategist Carl von Clausewitz stated that `` the employment of battles ... to achieve the object of war '' was the essence of strategy .",
" Battle of Stoke Field The Battle of Stoke Field on 16 June 1487 may be considered the last battle of the Wars of the Roses , since it was the last major engagement between contenders for the throne whose claims derived from descent from the houses of Lancaster and York respectively . The Battle of Bosworth Field , two years previously , had established King Henry VII on the throne , ending the last period of Yorkist rule and initiating that of the Tudors . The Battle of Stoke Field was the decisive engagement in an attempt by leading Yorkists to unseat him in favour of the pretender Lambert Simnel . Though it is often portrayed as almost a footnote to the major battles between York and Lancaster , it may have been slightly larger than Bosworth , with much heavier casualties , possibly because of the terrain which forced the two sides into close , attritional combat . In the end , though , Henry 's victory was crushing . Almost all the leading Yorkists were killed in the battle ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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In 2011, the Writers Guild of America gave Steven Zaillian an award.
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" Steven Zaillian __ NOTOC __ Steven Ernest Bernard Zaillian ( born January 30 , 1953 ) is an Armenian-American screenwriter , director , film editor , producer , and founder of Film Rites , a film production company . He won an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for his screenplay Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) and he has been nominated for Awakenings , Gangs of New York and Moneyball . He was also presented with the Distinguished Screenwriter Award at the 2009 Austin Film Festival and the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America in 2011 ."
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" Saturday Night Live Saturday Night Live ( abbreviated as SNL ) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol . The show premiered on NBC on October 11 , 1975 , under the original title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show 's comedy sketches , which parody contemporary culture and politics , are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members . Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest ( who usually delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast ) and features performances by a musical guest . An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming , `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' , properly beginning the show . In 1980 , Michaels left the series to explore other opportunities . He was replaced by Jean Doumanian , who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews . Ebersol ran the show until 1985 , when Michaels returned ; Michaels has remained since then . Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show , and achieved success in film and television , both in front of and behind the camera . Others associated with the show , such as writers , have gone on to successful careers creating , writing , or starring in TV and film . Broadcast from Studio 8H at NBC 's headquarters in the Comcast Building , SNL has aired 829 episodes since its debut , and concluded its forty-second season on May 20 , 2017 , making it one of the longest-running network television programs in the United States . The show format has been developed and recreated in several countries , meeting with different levels of success . Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films , although only two met with critical and financial success : The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) and Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) . The show has been marketed in other ways , including home media releases of `` best of '' and whole seasons , and books and documentaries about behind-the-scenes activities of running and developing the show . Throughout four decades on air , Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards , including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards , two Peabody Awards , and three Writers Guild of America Awards . In 2000 , it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame . It was ranked tenth in TV Guide `` 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' list , and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME '' . As of 2012 , it has received 156 Emmy nominations , the most received by any TV show . The live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship , with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests .",
" Stephen Semel Stephen Semel ( sometimes credited as Steve Semel or Steven Semel ) is an American Primetime Emmy Award-winning film and television editor , film producer , production manager , and actor . He has worked as an editor for mainstream movies , such as Airheads , The Count of Monte Cristo , Fandango , Kuffs , License to Drive , Miracle Mile , My Giant , One Eight Seven , Only The Strong , Three to Tango , The Truth About Cats & Dogs , The Way of the Gun , and You So Crazy . Semel has also edited episodes of several television series , including episodes of Century City , Dragnet , Kyle XY , House , Melrose Place , and Tales from the Crypt . Semel has edited forty-one episodes of Lost , appearing as Adam , one of `` The Others '' , in the season 3 premiere , `` A Tale of Two Cities '' . From 2006 to 2010 , Semel was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series for his work on the series , for the episodes `` Live Together , Die Alone '' ( 2006 ) , `` Through the Looking Glass '' ( 2007 ) , `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( 2008 ) , `` The Incident '' ( 2009 ) , and `` The End '' ( 2010 ) , winning in 2010 ( shared with Mark Goldman , Christopher Nelson , and Henk Van Eeghan ) . In addition , Semel directed two episodes , `` Ji Yeon '' and `` The Last Recruit '' , in 2008 and 2010 , respectively . As well as editing eight episodes , Semel was an associate producer for Tales from the Crypt , for eighteen episodes , and was an associate producer for Steven Spielberg 's Amazing Stories . He was a producer for the VHS releases -- Books 1 -- 5 , along with being post-production supervisor ( credited as Steven Semel ) for two episodes of the series . Semel was also an assistant film editor for Apocalypse Now ( credited as Steve Semel ) and an associate film editor for Galaxina . He was also an assistant editor for Back to the Future and an additional film editor for I 'm Gon na Git You Sucka ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Vera Farmiga has spent all her life in France.
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" Vera Farmiga Vera Ann Farmiga ( -LSB- fɑrˈmiːɡə -RSB- born August 6 , 1973 ) is an American actress , director and producer . She began her career on Broadway in the play Taking Sides ( 1996 ) . She made her television debut in the Fox fantasy series Roar ( 1997 ) , and her film debut in the drama-thriller Return to Paradise ( 1998 ) . Farmiga 's breakout role came in 2004 , when she portrayed a mother harboring a secret drug habit in the drama film Down to the Bone . She then co-starred in The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) , The Departed ( 2006 ) , The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( 2008 ) , and Nothing But the Truth ( 2008 ) . She gained more critical acclaim for her role as Alex Goran in the 2009 comedy-drama Up in the Air , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress . She then had starring roles in Orphan ( 2009 ) , Source Code ( 2011 ) , and Safe House ( 2012 ) . Farmiga made her directorial debut with the drama film Higher Ground ( 2011 ) , in which she also starred in the lead role . In 2013 , she portrayed paranormal investigator Lorraine Warren in the horror film The Conjuring , and reprised the role in the 2016 sequel The Conjuring 2 . From 2013 to 2017 , Farmiga starred as Norma Louise Bates in the A&E drama-thriller series Bates Motel , for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . This role , along with her roles in Joshua , Orphan , and the two Conjuring films , has dubbed her as a contemporary scream queen ."
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" Rhône-Alpes Rhône-Alpes ( -LSB- ʁo.n ‿ alp -RSB- ; Arpitan : Rôno-Arpes ; Ròse-Aups Rodano-Alpi ) is a former administrative region of France . Since 1 January 2016 , it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes . It is located on the eastern border of the country , towards the south . The region was named after the Rhône and the Alps mountain range . Its capital , Lyon , is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris . Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region .",
" Naturalization Naturalization ( or naturalisation ) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country . It may be done by a statute , without any effort on the part of the individual , or it may involve an application and approval by legal authorities . The rules of naturalization vary from country to country and typically include a minimum legal residency requirement , and may specify other requirements such as knowledge of the national dominant language or culture , a promise to obey and uphold that country 's laws . An oath or pledge of allegiance is also sometimes required . Some countries also require that the person renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold , forbidding dual citizenship , but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of the person 's original citizenship , as seen by the host country and by the original country , will again depend on the laws of the countries involved . The massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees following World War I created a large number of stateless persons , people who were not citizens of any state . In some rare cases , laws for mass naturalization were passed . As naturalization laws had been designed to cater for the relatively few people who had voluntarily moved from one country to another ( expatriates ) , many western democracies were not ready to naturalize large numbers of people . This included the massive influx of stateless people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of ethnic minorities from newly created nation states in the first part of the 20th century , but they also included the mostly aristocratic Russians who had escaped the 1917 October Revolution and the war communism period , and then the Spanish refugees . As Hannah Arendt pointed out , internment camps became the `` only nation '' of such stateless people , since they were often considered `` undesirable '' and were stuck in an illegal situation , wherein their country had expelled them or deprived them of their nationality , while they had not been naturalized , thus living in a judicial no man 's land . Since World War II , the increase in international migrations created a new category of refugees , most of them economic refugees . For economic , political , humanitarian and pragmatic reasons , many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth , such as by marriage to a national -- jus matrimonii -- or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country , in order to reduce the scope of this category . However , in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrated population in an illegal status , albeit with some massive regularizations , for example , in Spain by José Luis Zapatero 's government and in Italy by Berlusconi 's government ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Game of Thrones does not have five seasons.
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" Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 12 , and concluded on June 14 , 2015 . It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States , consisting of 10 episodes , each running approximately 50 -- 60 minutes . The season primarily adapts material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons , the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , though it also uses elements from the third novel , A Storm of Swords , as well as the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter . It also contains original content not found in Martin 's novels . The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO ordered the fifth season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the sixth season , which began filming in July 2014 . The season was filmed primarily in Ireland , Northern Ireland , Croatia and Spain . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced a number of new cast members , including Jonathan Pryce and Alexander Siddig . Critics praised the show 's production values and cast , with specific accolades for Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . Viewership yet again rose compared to the previous season . This season set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series ."
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" Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire) The Iron Throne is a metonym for the fictional monarchy of Westeros as well as the physical throne of its monarch in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin . The success of the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones has made the show 's version of the royal seat an icon of the entire media franchise . Martin said himself in 2013 , `` Say Game of Thrones , and people think of the HBO Iron Throne . '' Martin called the depiction of the throne in his 2014 A Song of Ice and Fire companion book The World of Ice & Fire `` absolutely right '' . He has noted repeatedly that none of the previous media representations of the throne -- including books , games and the TV series -- closely resemble what he had in mind when writing his novels .",
" Game of Thrones (season 1) The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17 , 2011 , at 9.00 pm in the U.S. , and concluded on June 19 , 2011 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 55 minutes . The series is based on A Game of Thrones , the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin , adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008 ; filming began the following year . However , it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast . In March 2010 , HBO ordered the first season , which began filming in July 2010 , primarily in Belfast , Northern Ireland , with additional filming in Malta . The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark , who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend , Robert Baratheon . Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from their rivals the Lannisters . He uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that his predecessor died trying to expose . Meanwhile , in Essos , the exiled Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Bean , Addy , Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Michelle Fairley and Iain Glen . Newer actors were cast as the younger generation of characters , such as Kit Harington , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . Critics praised the show 's production values and cast , with specific accolades for Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . The first season won two of the thirteen Emmy Awards for which it was nominated , for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . It also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series . Bean and Emilia Clarke also received individual accolades , as did Ramin Djawadi for music . U.S. viewership rose by approximately 33 % over the course of the season , from 2.2 million to over 3 million by the finale ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Mariah Carey has power.
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" Mariah Carey Mariah Carey ( born March 27 , 1969 or 1970 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . In 1990 , she rose to fame with the release of `` Vision of Love '' from her eponymous debut album . The album produced four chart-topping singles in the US and began what would become a string of commercially successful albums which solidified the singer as Columbias highest selling act . Carey and Boyz II Men spent a record sixteen weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in 1995 -- 96 with `` One Sweet Day , '' which remains the longest-running number-one song in US chart history . Following a contentious divorce from Sony Music head Tommy Mottola , Carey adopted a new image and traversed towards hip hop with the release of Butterfly ( 1997 ) . In 1998 , she was honored as the world 's best-selling recording artist of the 1990s at the World Music Awards and subsequently named the best-selling female artist of the millennium in 2000 . Carey parted with Columbia in 2000 , and signed a record-breaking $ 100 million recording contract with Virgin Records America . In the weeks prior to the release of her film Glitter and its accompanying soundtrack in 2001 , she suffered a physical and emotional breakdown and was hospitalized for severe exhaustion . The project was poorly received and led to a general decline in the singer 's career . Carey 's recording contract was bought out for $ 50 million by Virgin and she signed a multi-million dollar deal with Island Records the following year . After a relatively unsuccessful period , she returned to the top of music charts with The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . The album became the best-selling album in the US and the second best-seller worldwide in 2005 and produced `` We Belong Together , '' which became her most successful single of the 2000s , and was later named `` Song of the Decade '' by Billboard . Carey once again ventured into film with a well-received supporting role in Precious ( 2009 ) , and was awarded the `` Breakthrough Performance Award '' at the Palm Springs International Film Festival . Throughout her career , Carey has sold more than 200 million records worldwide , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time . According to the RIAA , she is the third-best-selling female artist in the United States , with 63.5 million certified albums . With the release of `` Touch My Body '' ( 2008 ) , Carey gained her 18th number-one single in the United States , more than any other solo artist . In 2012 , the singer was ranked second on VH1 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Women in Music . '' Aside from her commercial accomplishments , Carey has won 5 Grammy Awards , 19 World Music Awards , 11 American Music Awards , and 14 Billboard Music Awards and has been consistently credited with inspiring a generation of singers . Referred to as the `` songbird supreme '' by the Guinness World Records , she has a five-octave vocal range , power , melismatic style and signature use of the whistle register ."
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" Charmbracelet Charmbracelet is the ninth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , released on December 3 , 2002 through MonarC Entertainment and Island Records . The album was her first release since her breakdown following the release of her film Glitter ( 2001 ) and its accompanying soundtrack album , both of which were critical and commercial failures from the previous year . Critics described Charmbracelet as one of her most personal records , following 1997 's Butterfly , Throughout the project , Carey collaborated with several songwriters and producers , including Jermaine Dupri , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , 7 Aurelius and Dre & Vidal . According to Carey , love is the album 's main theme , and the songs combine introspective and personal themes with celebration and fun . The album contains a mixture of pop ballads and R&B beats , and the songs incorporate elements of other genres , such as gospel and soul . Compared to Glitter , which featured a variety of sampled melodies from the 1980s , Charmbracelet has a softer hip hop and R&B sound to it . Cam ` ron , Jay-Z and Freeway also appear on the album . Charmbracelet debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart , and sold 241,000 copies in its first week . The album peaked within the top 40 in seven countries , and attained top ten positions in Japan and Switzerland . Three singles were released to promote the album . The lead single , `` Through the Rain '' reached the top ten in Canada , Switzerland , Sweden and Italy and the United Kingdom . In the US , it topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart , but stalled at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Carey embarked on the Charmbracelet World Tour , and performed 69 shows in over eight months . She also performed on televised shows and promotional tours like the 30th annual American Music Awards , Today and The Oprah Winfrey Show .",
" Hero (Mariah Carey song) `` Hero '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released on October 19 , 1993 , via Columbia Records as the second single from Carey 's third studio album , Music Box ( 1993 ) . Originally intended for Gloria Estefan , the song was written by Mariah and produced by her and Walter Afanasieff . While writing the song , Carey did not connect to its style or sound , therefore forfeiting it over to the soundtrack of the film of the same name . However , after being convinced to keep it , she personalized it , giving it a more pop and R&B melody , as well as changing some of the lyrics to more precisely fit her personality . Lyrically , the song is regarded as one of Carey 's most inspirational and personal ballads , with its protagonist declaring that even though we may feel discouraged or down at times , in reality , we are `` heroes '' if we look inside ourselves and see our own inner strength ; in time , it will help us `` find the way . '' The song received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics for its lyrical content , while Carey 's vocal performance was praised . Aside from its lyrics , `` Hero '' derived its hook and sound from several musical instruments such as the guitar , piano , and organ . The song experienced strong success in several international markets , and also became Carey 's eighth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 . Additionally , it was ranked number 53 on the Decade-End Chart . Outside the United States , `` Hero '' enjoyed strong charting , reaching the top five in Canada , France , Ireland , New Zealand and Norway and the top ten in Australia and the United Kingdom . Due to fan requests and letters , as well as their connection to its personal meaning and content , the song remains one of Carey 's most performed songs . Deemed by many as her signature song , the song was originally performed on The Arsenio Hall Show , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , and Hey Hey It 's Saturday during its original chart run . Additionally , Carey performed it on several live telethons and specials , such as Pavarotti and Friends and Michael Jackson & Friends in 1999 , America : A Tribute to Heroes in 2001 , Live 8 in 2005 , and the inaugural ball for Barack Obama in 2009 . Additionally , the song was featured on the set-lists of all of Carey 's tours , usually serving as the encore or closing number , and making its debut during the album 's accompanying set of concerts , the Music Box Tour . The song was included on several of Carey 's compilation albums , # 1 's ( 1998 ) , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) , The Ballads ( 2008 ) , and # 1 to Infinity ( 2015 ) . Throughout the course of her career , Carey has re-recorded the song twice and filmed other music videos aside from the original . The first music video for the song was filmed by Larry Jordan in July 1993 during a private concert at Proctor 's Theatre , later released on the home video Here Is Mariah Carey . In 2001 , following the September 11 attacks , Carey re-recorded the song as a mash-up single titled `` Never Too Far/Hero Medley , '' a medley with her single at the time , `` Never Too Far . '' Additionally , prior to the release of her compilation album The Ballads , Carey re-recorded `` Hero '' and filmed a new video featuring behind the scenes footage of the studio . `` Hero '' won two ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards , one ASCAP Pop Music Award and one BMI Pop Award for the Songwriter Award . The song has been covered many times during both studio and live recordings , such as on global singing competitions ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Rajon Rondo is a four-time NBA All-Defensive Team member as well as a four-time NBA All-Star.
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" Rajon Rondo Rajon Pierre Rondo ( born February 22 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He is a four-time NBA All-Star , and a four-time NBA All-Defensive Team member . He also led the NBA in steals during the 2009 -- 10 season , and assists during the 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . He began his professional career with the Boston Celtics , winning an NBA championship in 2008 . He ranks fourth in Celtic history in assists , and third in steals . He briefly played for the Dallas Mavericks during the 2014 -- 15 season before joining the Sacramento Kings in 2015 and the Chicago Bulls in 2016 . Rondo played two years of college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats before he was drafted 21st overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2006 NBA draft . He was subsequently traded to the Celtics where he played a supporting role during his rookie season . He established himself as the starting point guard for the Celtics during the 2007 -- 08 season , helping the franchise record their 17th NBA championship playing alongside All-Stars Ray Allen , Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce . His breakout performance came during the 2009 NBA Playoffs , where he averaged a near triple-double , and helped his team take the eventual Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic to seven games in the Conference Semifinals . Rondo is considered to be one of the premier triple-double threats in the NBA . He ranks 12th in NBA history in career regular season triple-doubles ( 28 ) , and fourth in career playoff triple-doubles ( 10 ) ."
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" Four-point play In basketball , a four-point play is the rare occasion when an offensive player shoots and makes a three-point field goal while simultaneously being fouled by a defensive player , resulting in a shooting foul and one free throw attempt , or a two-point field goal and is intentionally or flagrantly fouled on the shot and is awarded two free throws . If the player makes his/her free throws , they will have scored four points on a single possession . The short-lived American Basketball League first introduced the four-point play to the game of basketball , and it was later adopted by the American Basketball Association during its inaugural season . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) introduced that rule in 1979 ; FIBA in 1984 ; the NCAA in 1986 ( men only ) and 1987 ( women ) ; middle and high schools in 1987 ; and the WNBA in 1997 . Sam Smith of the Chicago Bulls completed the first four-point play in NBA history on October 21 , 1979 , in a game against the Milwaukee Bucks . Dale Ellis was the first player in NBA history to complete two four-point plays in the same game when he did so in a win against the Sacramento Kings on January 26 , 1988 . On April 29 , 2009 , James Jones completed two four-point plays in a span of eleven seconds . , Jamal Crawford is the league 's career leader in regular-season four-point plays with 50 , and 55 when including postseason play .",
" List of National Basketball Association annual assists leaders In basketball , an assist is a pass to a teammate that directly leads to a score by field goal . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) assist title is awarded to the player with the highest assists per game average in a given season . The assists title was first recognized in the 1946 -- 47 season when statistics on assists were first compiled by the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) , predecessor of the NBA . To qualify for the assist title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 400 assists . This has been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . The assists title was originally determined by assist total through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which assists per game was used to determine the leader instead . John Stockton holds the all-time records for total assists ( 1,164 ) and assists per game ( 14.54 ) in a season , achieved in the 1990 -- 91 and 1989 -- 90 seasons , respectively . Mark Jackson holds the rookie records for total assists and assists per game when he had 868 and averaged 10.6 in the 1987 -- 88 season . Among active players , Chris Paul had the highest season assists total ( 925 ) in the 2007 -- 08 season and Rajon Rondo had the highest season assists average ( 11.70 ) in the 2011 -- 12 season . Stockton has won the most assists titles in his career , with nine . Bob Cousy won eight assists titles , while Oscar Robertson won six . Jason Kidd and Steve Nash have won five assists titles , while Kevin Porter , Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson , and Chris Paul have each won four . Rajon Rondo has won three , while Andy Phillip and Guy Rodgers are the only other players to have won the title more than once . Stockton has also won the most consecutive assists titles , with nine . Three players have won both the assists title and the NBA championship in the same season : Cousy in 1957 and from 1959 to 1960 with the Boston Celtics ; Jerry West in 1972 with the Los Angeles Lakers ; and Johnson in 1987 with the Lakers ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Billy Ray Cyrus was in Hannah Montana.
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" Billy Ray Cyrus William Ray Cyrus ( born August 25 , 1961 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actor . Having released 12 studio albums and 44 singles since 1992 , he is best known for his number one single `` Achy Breaky Heart '' , which became the first single ever to achieve triple Platinum status in Australia . It was also the best-selling single in the same country in 1992 and was translated into more than 100 languages . Thanks to the video of this hit , the line dance catapulted into the mainstream , becoming a worldwide craze . Cyrus , a multi-platinum selling recording artist , has scored a total of eight top-ten singles on the Billboard Country Songs chart . His most successful album to date is his debut Some Gave All , which has been certified 9 × Multi-Platinum in the United States and is the longest time spent by a debut artist at number one on the Billboard 200 ( 17 consecutive weeks ) and most consecutive chart-topping weeks in the SoundScan era . It is the only album ( from any genre ) in the SoundScan era to log 17 consecutive weeks at number one and is also the top-ranking debut album by a male country artist . It ranked 43 weeks in the top 10 , a total topped by only one country album in history , Ropin ' the Wind by Garth Brooks . Some Gave All was also the first debut album to enter at number one on the Billboard Country Albums chart . The album has also sold more than 20 million copies worldwide and is the best-selling debut album of all time for a solo male artist . Some Gave All was also the best-selling album of 1992 in the US with 4,832,000 copies . In his career , he has released 35 charted singles , of which 16 charted in the top 40 . From 2001 to 2004 , Cyrus starred in the television show Doc . The show was about a country doctor who moved from Montana to New York City . From 2006 to 2011 , he co-starred in the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana with his daughter Miley Cyrus . As of 2016 , he stars as Vernon Brownmule on the CMT series Still the King ."
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" Hannah Montana (song) `` Hannah Montana '' is a song by American hip hop group Migos , released on November 26 , 2013 , as the second single from their mixtape Y.R.N. ( Young Rich Niggas ) ( 2013 ) . The song was produced by Southern hip hop producer Dun Deal . The song references American pop singer Miley Cyrus ' Disney Channel character Hannah Montana , using the titular character of her show as a euphemism for cocaine and MDMA .",
" See You Again (Miley Cyrus song) `` See You Again '' is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus . It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus . It was written by Cyrus ( credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus ) with the song 's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James . It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records . Later , it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25 , 2008 by Hollywood Records , as the second single from Cyrus ' second studio album , Breakout ( 2008 ) . Musically , the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres , including electronic music . Lyrically , the track speaks of teenage romance . `` See You Again '' was a critical success , with contemporary critics praising its musical composition and vocal delivery . To follow , it also became Cyrus ' first commercially successful single . The song introduced her to new audiences and new countries , paving the way for future hits . `` See You Again '' became Cyrus ' best-charting single at the time by peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its highest peak internationally was at number four on the Canadian Hot 100 . Although an official music video for the song was never filmed , it was given a promotional music video , taken from a performance at the 2007 Disney Channel Games . The song was promoted through a multitude of live television performances . It was included on the set list of Cyrus ' headlining tours , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) , the Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) and the Gypsy Heart Tour ( 2011 ) . `` See You Again '' has been covered by various notable artists , including Little Boots and Breathe Carolina . Even without a music video , the song managed to peak at 10 in the US and sold 2.5 million copies ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Alexandra Burke is a British voice actor.
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" Alexandra Burke Alexandra Imelda Cecelia Ewen Burke ( born 25 August 1988 ) is a British singer-songwriter and voice actor . Burke rose to fame after winning the fifth series of British television series The X Factor in 2008 , becoming one of the most successful winners of the series . She has been signed to Epic Records , RCA Records and Syco Music . After winning The X Factor , Burke released the winner 's single `` Hallelujah '' , which became the European record holder for single sales over a period of 24 hours , selling 105,000 in one day , and became the top-selling single of 2008 in the UK and the UK 's Christmas 2008 number one . By January 2009 , the single had sold over 1 million copies in the UK alone , a first for a British female soloist . In 2009 , Burke released her debut album , Overcome , which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and spawned four number-one singles on the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart -- `` Hallelujah '' , `` Bad Boys '' , `` All Night Long '' and `` Start Without You '' -- and the album became one of the most successful albums of that year in the UK . The singles released from the album earned her three BRIT Award nominations . The album saw the release of UK top 10 hit , `` Broken Heels '' and `` The Silence '' . `` Elephant '' was released as Burke 's comeback single in February 2012 , and `` Let It Go '' served as the second single and Burke 's second album , Heartbreak on Hold , was released in June 2012 . In June 2014 , Burke replaced Beverley Knight in the lead role of Rachel Marron in the West End musical The Bodyguard , at the Adelphi Theatre , touring with the production in 2015 and 2016 . In 2016 , Burke commenced a 12-month residency in Sister Act The Musical , leading the cast as Deloris Van Cartier ."
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" Strictly Come Dancing Strictly Come Dancing ( informally known as Strictly ) is a British television dance contest , featuring contestants , celebrities and other people , from all walks of life , with professional dance partners competing in a Ballroom and Latin dance competition . Each couple is scored out of 10 by a panel of judges . The title of the show suggests a continuation of the long-running series Come Dancing , with an allusion to the film Strictly Ballroom . The format has been exported to over 40 other countries , and has also inspired a modern dance-themed spin-off Strictly Dance Fever . The show is currently presented by Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman . The show has run on BBC One since 15 May 2004 , primarily on Saturday evenings with a following Sunday night results show ( with certain exceptions ) and with its high viewing figures Strictly Come Dancing has become a significant programme in British popular culture . The thirteenth series ended on 19 December 2015 . A further eleven stand-alone Christmas specials have also been produced , in consecutive years from 2004 onwards . Nine charity specials have also been produced since 2008 . Since the fourth series , the show has also been aired in high definition on BBC HD , and BBC One HD from series 8 . On 7 November 2013 it was announced that Sir Bruce Forsyth would not be returning for the show 's annual Christmas special ; he had continued to present the one-off special since stepping down from the main show . He stepped down permanently in 2014 .",
" Angels in Stardust Angels in Stardust is an American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by William Robert Carey and starring Alicia Silverstone , Billy Burke and AJ Michalka . The film is Carey 's directorial debut , and is based on the novel Jesus in Cowboy Boots , which Carey also wrote . It was released in theaters and on video on demand on February 21 , 2014 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Queen Victoria was alive in 1976.
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" Queen Victoria Victoria ( Alexandrina Victoria ; 24 May 1819 -- 22 January 1901 ) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death . From 1 May 1876 , she adopted the additional title of Empress of India . Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of King George III . Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820 , and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld . She inherited the throne at the age of 18 , after her father 's three elder brothers had all died , leaving no surviving legitimate children . The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy , in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power . Privately , Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments ; publicly , she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality . Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 . Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' . After Albert 's death in 1861 , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances . As a result of her seclusion , republicanism temporarily gained strength , but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered . Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration . Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and was longer than that of any of her predecessors . It was a period of industrial , cultural , political , scientific , and military change within the United Kingdom , and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire . She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover . Her son and successor , Edward VII , belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , the line of his father ."
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" Viceroy A viceroy -LSB- ˈvaɪs.rɔɪ -RSB- is a regal official who runs a country , colony , city , province , or sub-national state , in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory . The term derives from the Latin prefix vice - , meaning `` in the place of '' and the French word roi , meaning `` king '' . A viceroy 's territory may be called a viceroyalty , though this term is not always applied . The adjectival form is viceregal , less often viceroyal . The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure , although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term . Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate a viceroy 's wife .",
" House of Windsor The House of Windsor is the royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . The dynasty is of German paternal descent and was originally a branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , itself derived from the House of Wettin , and it succeeded the House of Hanover as monarchs in the British Empire following the death of Queen Victoria , wife of Albert , Prince Consort . The houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor have provided five British monarchs to date , including four kings and the present queen , Elizabeth II . The name was changed from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I . During the reign of the Windsors , major changes took place in British society . The British Empire participated in the First and Second World Wars , ending up on the winning side both times , but subsequently lost its status as a superpower during decolonisation . Much of Ireland broke with the United Kingdom and the remnants of the Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations . The current head of the house is monarch of sixteen sovereign states . These are the United Kingdom ( where they are based ) , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , Barbados , the Bahamas , Grenada , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , and Saint Kitts and Nevis . As well as these separate monarchies , there are also three Crown dependencies , fourteen British Overseas Territories and two associated states of New Zealand ."
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Dolly Parton is a screenwriter.
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" Dolly Parton Dolly Rebecca Parton Dean ( born January 19 , 1946 ) , professionally known as Dolly Parton , is an American singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer , actress , author , businesswoman , and philanthropist , known primarily for her work in country music . After achieving success as a songwriter for others , Dolly Parton made her album debut in 1967 , with her album Hello , I 'm Dolly . With steady success during the remainder of the 1960s ( both as a solo artist and with a series of duet albums with Porter Wagoner ) , her sales and chart peak came during the 1970s and continuing into the 1980s ; Parton 's subsequent albums in the later part of the 1990s were lower in sales . However , in the new millennium , Parton achieved commercial success again and has released albums on independent labels since 2000 , including albums on her own label , Dolly Records . Parton is the most honored female country performer of all time . Achieving 25 Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified Gold , Platinum , and Multi-Platinum awards , she has had 25 songs reach No. 1 on the Billboard country music charts , a record for a female artist ( tied with Reba McEntire ) . She has 41 career top 10 country albums , a record for any artist , and she has 110 career charted singles over the past 40 years . All-inclusive sales of singles , albums , hits collections , and digital downloads during her career have topped 100 million worldwide . She has garnered nine Grammy Awards , two Academy Award nominations , ten Country Music Association Awards , seven Academy of Country Music Awards , three American Music Awards , and is one of only seven female artists to win the Country Music Association 's Entertainer of the Year Award . Parton has received 47 Grammy nominations . In 1999 , Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame . She has composed over 3,000 songs , notably `` I Will Always Love You '' ( a two-time U.S. country chart-topper for Parton , as well as an international pop hit for Whitney Houston ) , `` Jolene '' , `` Coat of Many Colors '' , and `` 9 to 5 '' . She is also one of the few to have received at least one nomination from the Academy Awards , Grammy Awards , Tony Awards , and Emmy Awards . As an actress , she starred in films such as 9 to 5 , The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , Rhinestone , and Steel Magnolias ."
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" 9 to 5 (TV series) 9 to 5 is an American sitcom based on the 1980 film of the same name that aired on ABC from March 25 , 1982 to October 27 , 1983 , and in first-run syndication from September 13 , 1986 to September 10 , 1988 . 9 to 5 features Rachel Dennison , Dolly Parton 's younger sister , in Parton 's role of Doralee Rhodes ; Rita Moreno portrayed the Lily Tomlin role of Violet Newstead , and Valerie Curtin took the Jane Fonda role of Judy Bernly . In the truncated third season , Curtin 's Judy Bernly was replaced with Leah Ayres as secretary Linda Bowman . In the second version of the show , Sally Struthers replaced Moreno , and Curtin returned as Judy . A total of 82 episodes were filmed . The first season was on film in front of a studio audience but switched to videotape for the next season .",
" Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love is a 2016 American made-for-television drama film based on a true story by Dolly Parton , written by Pamela K. Long and directed by Stephen Herek . The film is a sequel to Coat of Many Colors and premiered on NBC on November 30 , 2016 ."
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Miami Beach is located on islands that are man-made.
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" Miami Beach, Florida Miami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States . It was incorporated on March 26 , 1915 . The municipality is located on natural and man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay , the latter of which separates the Beach from Miami . The neighborhood of South Beach , comprising the southernmost 2.5 mi2 of Miami Beach , along with downtown Miami and the Port of Miami , collectively form the commercial center of South Florida . As of the 2010 census , Miami Beach had a total population of 87,779 . It has been one of America 's pre-eminent beach resorts since the early 20th century . In 1979 , Miami Beach 's Art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Art Deco District is the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the world and comprises hundreds of hotels , apartments and other structures erected between 1923 and 1943 . Mediterranean , Streamline Moderne and Art Deco are all represented in the District . The Historic District is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the East , Lenox Court on the West , 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard along the Collins Canal to the North . The movement to preserve the Art Deco District 's architectural heritage was led by former interior designer Barbara Capitman , who now has a street in the District named in her honor ."
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" Key Biscayne, Florida Key Biscayne is an island town in Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States . The population was 12,344 at the 2010 census . Key Biscayne lies south of Miami Beach and east of Miami . The village is connected to Miami via the Rickenbacker Causeway , originally built in 1947 . Because of its low elevation and direct exposure to the Atlantic Ocean , it is usually among the first Miami areas to be evacuated before an oncoming hurricane .",
" Hawaii Hawaii ( -LSB- langpronaudio = en-us-Hawaii . ogghəˈwaɪ.i , _ - ji , _ - ʔi -RSB- ; Hawai -LSB- - hawhəˈvɐjʔi -RSB- ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas . The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1500 mi . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Niihau , Kauai , Oahu , Molokai , Lānai , Kahoolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawaii . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawaii Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th-century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu . Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 mi long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Jenni Rivera was only nominated for an award presented annually by American network Univision.
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" Jenni Rivera Dolores Janney Rivera Saavedra ( July 2 , 1969 -- December 9 , 2012 ) , better known as Jenni Rivera , was an American singer , songwriter , actress , television producer , spokesperson , philanthropist and entrepreneur known for her work within the Banda and ranchera music genres . In life and death , several media outlets including CNN , Billboard , Fox News , and The New York Times have labeled her as the most important female figure and top selling female artist in the Mexican music genre . Billboard magazine named her the `` top Latin artist of 2013 '' , the `` best selling Latin artist of 2013 '' . Rivera began recording music in 1992 . Her recordings often had themes of social issues , infidelity , and relationships . Rivera released her first studio album , Si Quieres Verme Llorar , in the late 1990s , failing to attain commercial success ; however , she rose to prominence in the United States and Mexico with her major-label debut , Parrandera , Rebelde y Atrevida . In the early 2000s , she was often criticized and was refused bookings at venues across California for performing Banda music -- a male-dominated music genre . However , her popularity grew after she won the Lo Nuestro Award for Regional Mexican Female Artist of the Year in 2007 , which she won nine consecutive times . Her tenth studio album , Jenni ( 2008 ) became her first No. 1 record on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart in the United States . In 2010 , she appeared in and produced the reality TV show Jenni Rivera Presents : Chiquis & Raq-C . She also appeared in and produced I Love Jenni starting in 2011 through 2013 and Chiquis 'n Control in 2012 . Her acting debut was in the film Filly Brown , which was released in 2013 . Rivera garnered nominations and awards from Latin music 's most prestigious accolades . Over the course of her career she was awarded two Oye ! Awards ( Mexico 's equivalent to the United States ' Grammy Awards ) , two Billboard Music Awards , twenty-two Billboard Latin Music Awards , eleven Billboard Mexican Music Awards and eighteen Lo Nuestro Awards . She received four Latin Grammy nominations . She has a star on the Las Vegas Walk of Stars , and she is one of the best-selling regional Mexican artists of all time , having sold more than 20 million records worldwide . Aside from music , she was active in her community and donated her time to civic causes . The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence appointed her its spokesperson in the United States . A proclamation was given `` officially naming '' August 6 `` Jenni Rivera Day '' by the Los Angeles City Council for all her charity work and community involvement . Rivera , along with six others , died in a plane crash near Iturbide , Nuevo León on December 9 , 2012 . Her death made international headlines for weeks . In December 2014 , Mexican authorities closed the investigation on what brought the plane down . Mexican Director of Civil Aviation , Gilberto Gómez Meyer , stated that the results of the plane crash have come back inconclusive and that they are unable to determine the exact cause of the crash . Lawsuits involving the owners of the plane , Rivera 's estate , and family members of those on board with Rivera have been filed in The Superior Court of Los Angeles County .",
" Lo Nuestro Award for Regional Mexican Female Artist of the Year The Lo Nuestro Award for Regional Mexican Female Artist of the Year is an award presented annually by American network Univision.The accolade was established to recognize the most talented performers of Latin music . The nominees and winners were originally selected by a voting poll conducted among program directors of Spanish-language radio stations in the United States and also based on chart performance on Billboard Latin music charts , with the results being tabulated and certified by the accounting firm Deloitte . At the present time , the winners are selected by the audience through an online survey . The trophy awarded is shaped in the form of a treble clef . The award was first presented to Mexican singer Ana Gabriel in 1992 . Mexican-American performer Jenni Rivera holds the record for the most awards with 9 , out of ten nominations . Mexican singer Graciela Beltrán is the most nominated performer without a win , with ten unsuccessful nominations . In 2017 , the award was not included in the categories ."
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" Lo Nuestro Award for Grupero Artist of the Year The Lo Nuestro Award for Grupero Artist of the Year is an award presented annually by American network Univision . It was first awarded in 2001 and has been given annually since . The accolade was established to recognize the most talented performers of Latin music . The nominees and winners were originally selected by a voting poll conducted among program directors of Spanish-language radio stations in the United States and also based on chart performance on Billboard Latin music charts , with the results being tabulated and certified by the accounting firm Deloitte . At the present time , the winners are selected by the audience through an online survey . The trophy awarded is shaped in the form of a treble clef . The award was first presented to Mexican singer Joan Sebastian in 2001 . Mexican group Los Temerarios hold the most wins and most nominations with 6 out of eight nominations . Fellow Mexican group Bronco - El Gigante de América is the most nominated act without a win , with six unsuccessful nominations . Mexican singer , Alicia Villarreal is the only female act to have won the accolade .",
" Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical Album of the Year The Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical Album of the Year is an honor presented annually by American television network Univision at the Lo Nuestro Awards . The accolade was established to recognize the most talented performers of Latin music . The nominees and winners were originally selected by a voting poll conducted among program directors of Spanish-language radio stations in the United States and also based on chart performance on Billboard Latin music charts , with the results being tabulated and certified by the accounting firm Deloitte . However , since 2004 , the winners are selected through an online survey . The trophy awarded is shaped in the form of a treble clef . The award was first presented to Un Nuevo Despertar by Puerto Rican singer Lalo Rodríguez in 1989 . Puerto Rican singer Jerry Rivera won for the album Cuenta Conmigo ( 1993 ) , which exceeded the sales of Siembra by Willie Colón and Rubén Blades , the highest-selling salsa album at the time . Fellow Puerto Rican artist Olga Tañón holds the record for the most wins with four , for the albums Siente el Amor ... ( 1995 ) , Yo Por Ti ( 2002 ) , A Puro Fuego ( 2004 ) , and Una Nueva Mujer ( 2006 ) . Cuban singer Gloria Estefan won in 1994 for Mi Tierra and in 1996 for Abriendo Puertas ; both albums also earned the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album . American band Aventura , Venezuelan duo Chino & Nacho , Dominican duo Monchy & Alexandra , and Puerto Rican group Son by Four are the only musical ensembles to receive the accolade . In 2014 , 3.0 by American singer Marc Anthony became the most recent recipient of the award . Puerto Rican singer Gilberto Santa Rosa is the most nominated artist without a win , with ten unsuccessful nominations ."
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Doug Jones works in television.
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" Doug Jones (actor) Doug Jones ( born May 24 , 1960 ) is an American actor and former contortionist known for roles in the science fiction , fantasy , and horror genres , often wearing heavy makeup to play nonhuman characters . He is perhaps best known for his collaborations with filmmaker Guillermo del Toro , starring in Mimic , as Abe Sapien in Hellboy and Hellboy II : The Golden Army , the Faun and the Pale Man in Pan 's Labyrinth , Crimson Peak and The Shape of Water . He has appeared in films such as Tank Girl , Hocus Pocus and The Bye Bye Man . He also portrayed the titular Silver Surfer in the superhero film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer , as well as appearing in the TV series Falling Skies , Buffy the Vampire Slayer and del Toro 's The Strain . He is currently a series regular in Star Trek : Discovery , as Lt. Saru ."
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" ITV (TV channel) ITV is a commercial television channel in the United Kingdom . Previously a network of separate regional television channels , ITV currently operates in England , Wales , Scotland , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . From 2001 until 2013 , the channel was called ITV1 . In 2004 , Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc. . ITV is the biggest and most popular commercial television channel in the United Kingdom . ITV and its predecessor channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UK 's most watched television channel since the 1950s . However , in line with other terrestrial channels , ITV 's audience share has fallen in the era of multi-channel television .",
" Terrestrial television Terrestrial television or broadcast television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial ( Earth based ) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna . The term is more common in Europe , while in North America it is referred to as broadcast television or sometimes over-the-air television ( OTA ) . The term `` terrestrial '' is used to distinguish this type from the newer technologies of satellite television ( direct broadcast satellite or DBS television ) , in which the television signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite , and cable television , in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable . Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting , with the first long-distance public television broadcast from Washington , D.C. , on 7 April 1927 . The BBC began broadcasting in 1929 and had a regular schedule of television programmes in 1930 . However , these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public , due to their mechanical scan technology , and television did n't become widespread until after World War II with the advent of electronic scan technology . The television broadcasting business followed the model of radio networks , with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with television networks , either commercial ( in USA ) or government-controlled ( in Europe ) , which provided content . Television broadcasts were in black and white until the 1960s , when color television broadcasting began . There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of cable television and community antenna television ( CATV ) . CATV was , initially , only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals . With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s , viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline ; in 2013 , it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began after the 2009 final conversion to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offer HDTV image quality as an alternative to CATV for cord cutters ."
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Lucas starred an actor that died on March 10.
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" Corey Haim Corey Ian Haim ( December 23 , 1971 -- March 10 , 2010 ) was a Canadian actor , known for a 1980s Hollywood career as a teen idol . He starred in a number of films , such as Lucas , Silver Bullet , Murphy 's Romance , License to Drive , Dream a Little Dream , and Snowboard Academy . His best-known role was alongside Corey Feldman in The Lost Boys , which made Haim a household name . Known as The Two Coreys , the duo became 1980s icons and appeared together in seven movies , later starring in the A&E American reality show The Two Coreys . Haim 's early success led to money and fame . He had difficulties breaking away from his experience as a teen actor , and was troubled by drug addiction throughout his later career . He died of pneumonia on March 10 , 2010 .",
" Lucas (film) Lucas is a 1986 American teen tragicomedy film directed by David Seltzer and starring Corey Haim , Kerri Green , Charlie Sheen and Courtney Thorne-Smith . The film was Winona Ryder 's screen debut ."
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" David Spielberg David Spielberg ( March 6 , 1939 -- June 1 , 2016 ) was an American television and film actor .",
" Woody Strode Woodrow Wilson Woolwine `` Woody '' Strode ( July 25 , 1914 -- December 31 , 1994 ) was an American athlete and actor . He was a decathlete and football star who went on to become a film actor . He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Spartacus in 1960 . He served in the United States Army during World War II ."
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Tom Felton is a Gemini.
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" Tom Felton Thomas Andrew `` Tom '' Felton ( born 22 September 1987 ) is an English actor . Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard . He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers ( 1997 ) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King ( 1999 ) . He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best-selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling . His performances in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011 . Following the conclusion of the series in 2011 , Felton appeared in the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes , a reboot of the Planet of the Apes series . He had roles in the minor films From the Rough ( 2011 ) and The Apparition ( 2012 ) , starred as James Ashford in the critically acclaimed period drama film Belle ( 2013 ) , followed by roles in In Secret ( 2014 ) and Against the Sun ( 2014 ) . Felton 's 2016 films include the epic biblical drama Risen , alongside Joseph Fiennes , and the period biopic A United Kingdom , alongside David Oyelowo and Rosamund Pike . He portrays Julian Albert / Doctor Alchemy on The Flash ."
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" Mithuna (astrology) Mithuna is the third sign in Indian astrology . The Mithuna is equivalent to the Gemini in Tropical Zodiac . The only difference is that Mithuna is represented by a man and a woman . Mithuna stands for couple ( which Mithuna is represented by ) . The dates occupied under this sign are June 16 to July 15 . In Mithuna ( as seen only in the birth chart ) , Mercury is the ruler . Moon , Venus , Saturn , and Rahu sees this sign and its ruling planet as a friend , the Sun sees the said two as neutral while Mars , Jupiter , and Ketu sees the former as hostile for them . Emerald is their principal gemstone , night time is their time of strength , and 5 is their principal lucky number . In its ascendant ( or lagna ) , Venus is the most auspicious planet .",
" Felton Perry Felton Perry ( born September 11 , 1945 ) is an American actor . He is most notable for his roles as Deputy Obrah Eaker in the 1973 movie Walking Tall , and as Inspector Early Smith in the 1973 movie Magnum Force , the second film in the Dirty Harry series . Felton 's other well-known role is in the 1987 science fiction movie RoboCop as Donald Johnson , the executive at the corporation Omni Consumer Products ( OCP ) . He reprised his role as Johnson in the sequels RoboCop 2 ( 1990 ) and RoboCop 3 ( 1993 ) ."
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One World Trade Center is 1779 feet tall in height.
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" One World Trade Center One World Trade Center ( also known as 1 World Trade Center , 1 WTC or Freedom Tower ) is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan , New York City . It is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere , and the sixth-tallest in the world . The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center , which was completely destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16 acre World Trade Center site , on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center . The building is bounded by West Street to the west , Vesey Street to the north , Fulton Street to the south , and Washington Street to the east . The building 's architect was David Childs , whose firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill ( SOM ) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower . The construction of below-ground utility relocations , footings , and foundations for the new building began on April 27 , 2006 . One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30 , 2012 , when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building . The tower 's steel structure was topped out on August 30 , 2012 . On May 10 , 2013 , the final component of the skyscraper 's spire was installed , making the building , including its spire , reach a total height of 1776 ft. Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed . The building opened on November 3 , 2014 ; the One World Observatory opened on May 29 , 2015 . On March 26 , 2009 , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( PANYNJ ) confirmed that the building would be officially known by its legal name of `` One World Trade Center '' , rather than its colloquial name of `` Freedom Tower '' . The building is 104 standard floors high , but the tower has only 94 actual stories . The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street , as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum , located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood . The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex ."
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" 1 Wall Street One Wall Street ( originally the Irving Trust Company Building , then the Bank of New York Building after 1988 , and now known as the BNY Mellon Building since 2007 ) , is an Art-Deco-style skyscraper in Lower Manhattan , New York City . It is located in Manhattan 's Financial District on the corner of Wall Street and Broadway . Up until September 30 , 2015 , it served as the global headquarters of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation . In May , 2014 it was announced that the corporation agreed to sell its headquarters tower to a joint venture led by Harry B. Macklowe 's Macklowe Properties for $ 585 million .",
" World Trade Center site The World Trade Center site , formerly known as `` Ground Zero '' after the September 11 attacks , is a 14.6-acre ( 5.9 ha ) area in Lower Manhattan in New York City . The previous World Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( PANYNJ ) , Silverstein Properties , and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation ( LMDC ) oversee the reconstruction of the site according to a master plan by Studio Daniel Libeskind . The site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north , the West Side Highway to the west , Liberty Street to the south , and Church Street to the east . The Port Authority owns the site 's land ( except for 7 World Trade Center ) . Developer Larry Silverstein holds the lease to retail and office space in four of the site 's buildings . While the PANYNJ is often identified as the owner of the WTC site , the ownership situation is complex . The Port Authority indeed owns a `` significant '' internal portion of the site of 16 acre but has acknowledged `` ambiguities over ownership of miscellaneous strips of property at the World Trade Center site '' going back to the 1960s . It is unclear who owns 2.5 acre of the site , being land where streets had been before the World Trade Center was built ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Taiwan has a border to the northeast.
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" Taiwan Taiwan ( -LSB- taɪˈwɑːn -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , is a state in East Asia . Its neighbours include China ( officially the People 's Republic of China , PRC ) to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south . Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations , and also possesses the largest economy of any state outside of the UN . The island of Taiwan , also known as Formosa , was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century , when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to Han Chinese immigration . After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning , the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty , the last dynasty of China . The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War . While Taiwan was under Japanese rule , the Republic of China ( ROC ) was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty . Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945 , the ROC took control of Taiwan . However , the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC 's loss of the mainland to the Communists , and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of China , its effective jurisdiction since 1949 has been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands , with the main island making up 99 % of its de facto territory . As a founding member of the United Nations , the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971 , when the PRC assumed China 's seat , causing the ROC to lose its UN membership . In the early 1960s , Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization , creating a stable industrial economy . In the 1980s and early 1990s , it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system . Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world , and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy . It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press , healthcare , public education , economic freedom , and human development . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence . Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC . Today only a few smaller nations recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China , but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates . Although Taiwan is fully self-governing , most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor . Internally , the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence , though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal . The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible ."
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" Fujian Fujian ( ; pronounced -LSB- - cmnAUDFu2jian4.oggfu2jian4 -RSB- ) , formerly romanised as Foken , Fouken , Fukien , and Hokkien , is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China . Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north , Jiangxi to the west , and Guangdong to the south . The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou ( a former name for Jian ` ou ) two cities in Fujian , during the Tang dynasty . While its population is chiefly of Han origin , it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China . Most of Fujian is administered by the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . However , the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China ( ROC ) . Thus , there are two provinces ( in the sense of government organizations ) : the Fujian Province administered by the PRC and the Fujian Province of the ROC . Fujian Province , where most of the overseas Chinese in southeast Asia originated from , is still famously known as the Hokkien Province , based on the local pronunciation of the two Chinese characters '' 福建 '' .",
" Taiwan Strait The Taiwan Strait , or Formosa Strait , is a 180 km wide strait separating the island of Taiwan ( of the Republic of China ) from mainland China ( People 's Republic of China ) . The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north . The narrowest part is 130 km wide ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Earl Warren only ever worked in Algeria.
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" Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state-sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 -- 0 ) decision stated that `` separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . '' As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II , only ordered states to desegregate `` with all deliberate speed '' .",
" Earl Warren Earl Warren ( March 19 , 1891 -- July 9 , 1974 ) was an American jurist and politician , who served as the 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) and later the 14th Chief Justice of the United States ( 1953 -- 1969 ) . He is best known for the liberal decisions of the so-called Warren Court , which outlawed segregation in public schools and transformed many areas of American law , especially regarding the rights of the accused , ending public school-sponsored prayers , and requiring `` one man -- one vote '' rules of apportionment of election districts . He made the Supreme Court a power center on a more even basis with Congress and the Presidency , especially through four landmark decisions : Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) , Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , and Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) . Warren is the only person elected to three consecutive terms as Governor of California , and with those three elected terms he is second only to Jerry Brown for total gubernatorial wins in California . Before holding these positions , he was the District Attorney for Alameda County , California , and the Attorney General of California . Warren was the nominee of the Republican Party for Vice President in 1948 , as the running mate of Thomas E. Dewey . He was appointed to chair what became known as the Warren Commission , which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy ."
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" Arkansas Arkansas ( -LSB- ˈɑrkənsɔː -RSB- ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin , the Quapaw Indians . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville -- Springdale -- Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro . The largest city in the southeastern part of the state is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . In 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War . Upon returning to the Union in 1868 , the state would continue to suffer due to its earlier reliance on slavery and the plantation economy , causing the state to fall behind economically and socially . White rural interests continued to dominate the state 's politics until the Civil Rights Movement . Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry , aircraft , poultry , steel , tourism , cotton , and rice . The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums , theaters , novels , television shows , restaurants , and athletic venues across the state . Arkansas 's enduring image has earned the state `` a special place in the American consciousness '' , people such as politician and educational advocate William Fulbright , former President Bill Clinton ( and his wife , former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton ) , former NATO Supreme Allied Commander General Wesley Clark , Walmart magnate Sam Walton , singer-songwriters Johnny Cash and Glen Campbell , the poet C.D. Wright , and physicist William L. McMillan , who was a pioneer in superconductor research ; have all lived in Arkansas .",
" Bureaucracy Bureaucracy ( -LSB- bjuː ` rɒkrəsi -RSB- ) is a term that refers to both a body of non-elective government officials and an administrative policy-making group . Historically , a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials . Today , bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution . The public administration in many countries is an example of a bureaucracy . Since being coined , the word `` bureaucracy '' has developed negative connotations . Bureaucracies have been criticized as being inefficient , convoluted , or too inflexible to individuals . The dehumanizing effects of excessive bureaucracy became a major theme in the work of German-language writer Franz Kafka and are central to his novels The Trial and The Castle . The elimination of unnecessary bureaucracy is a key concept in modern managerial theory and has been an issue in some political campaigns . Others have noted the necessity of bureaucracies in modern life . The German sociologist Max Weber argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which one can organize human activity , and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies were necessary to maintain order , maximize efficiency , and eliminate favoritism . Weber also saw unfettered bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom , in which an increase in the bureaucratization of human life can trap individuals in an impersonal `` iron cage '' of rule-based , rational control ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Manatees are slow meat-eaters.
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" Manatee Manatees ( family Trichechidae , genus Trichechus ) are large , fully aquatic , mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows . There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae , representing three of the four living species in the order Sirenia : the Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ) , the West Indian manatee ( Trichechus manatus ) , and the West African manatee ( Trichechus senegalensis ) . They measure up to 4.0 m long , weigh as much as 590 kg , and have paddle-like flippers . The etymology of the name is dubious , with connections having been made to Latin `` manus '' ( hand ) , and to a word sometimes cited as `` manati '' used by the Taíno , a pre-Columbian people of the Caribbean , meaning `` breast '' . Manatees are occasionally called sea cows , as they are slow plant-eaters , peaceful and similar to cows on land . They often graze on water plants in tropical seas ."
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" Seafood Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans . Seafood prominently includes fish and shellfish . Shellfish include various species of molluscs , crustaceans , and echinoderms . Historically , sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food , though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times . Edible sea plants , such as some seaweeds and microalgae , are widely eaten as seafood around the world , especially in Asia ( see the category of sea vegetables ) . In North America , although not generally in the United Kingdom , the term `` seafood '' is extended to fresh water organisms eaten by humans , so all edible aquatic life may be referred to as seafood . For the sake of completeness , this article includes all edible aquatic life . The harvesting of wild seafood is usually known as fishing or hunting , and the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture , or fish farming in the case of fish . Seafood is often distinguished from meat , although it is still animal and is excluded in a strict vegetarian diet . Seafood is an important source of protein in many diets around the world , especially in coastal areas . Most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans , but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animals . Some seafoods ( kelp ) are used as food for other plants ( fertilizer ) . In these ways , seafoods are indirectly used to produce further food for human consumption . Products , such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are also extracted from seafoods . Some seafood is feed to aquarium fish , or used to feed domestic pets , such as cats , and a small proportion is used in medicine , or is used industrially for non-food purposes ( leather ) .",
" Megafauna In terrestrial zoology , megafauna ( Ancient Greek mégalo `` large '' + New Latin fauna `` animal '' ) are large or giant animals . The most common thresholds used are weight over 40 kg , over 44 kg , or over a metric ton 1000 kg . This includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large , such as white-tailed deer , red kangaroo , and humans . In practice , the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land mammals roughly larger than a human that are not ( solely ) domesticated . The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna -- the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age , such as mammoths , the majority of which in northern Eurasia , the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000 -- 40,000 years ago . It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals , especially elephants , giraffes , hippopotamuses , rhinoceroses , and large bovines . Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores ( e.g. , elk ) , megacarnivores ( e.g. , lions ) , and , more rarely , megaomnivores ( e.g. , bears ) . Other common uses are for giant aquatic species , especially whales , any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle , as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians . The term is also sometimes applied to animals ( usually extinct ) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal , for example the 1 m dragonflies of the Carboniferous period ."
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