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The Marxist-Leninist Publishing Field in Greece during the 60s-70sChristos Mais - MA Thesis

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MA Thesis for the MA Book & Digital Media, University of Leiden

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  • 1. Prologue
  • 2. Methodology
  • 3. Publishing activity and the movement of ideas in Greece in the 60s-70s3
  • 3.1 Political situation in Greece during the 60s-70s
  • 3.2 Publishing and Ideology
  • 4. Determining what is Marxist-Leninist publishing
  • 4.1 External Forces
  • 4.1.1 The role of China
  • Chinese Publications for international use
  • Distribution
  • Chinese policies
  • The Decline
  • Synopsis
  • The role of Albanian publications
  • 5. Greek Marxist-Leninist publications
  • 5.1 Greek Civil War (1946-49)
  • 5.2 Publications in Exile (1949 – 64)29
  • 5.3 M-L publications turning into revisionist
  • 7. M-L publishing in Greece
  • 7.1 The League of Friends of “New China”
  • 7.2 The first Greek M-L Publishing House
  • 7.2.1 Censorship and “Censorship”
  • 7.2.3 How to advance
  • 7.2.4 Non-professionals as agents of the field
  • 7.2.5 Financial Independence of the Marxist-Leninist Publishing Field
  • 7.3 M-L publications during the Junta

The Marxist-Leninist publishing field during the 60s-70s in Greece

Christos Mais (s0818178) Publishing Studies Book & Digital Media Studies 2008-2009 Supervisor: Prof.dr. A.H. v.d. Weel Second Reader: Prof.dr. P.W.M. Rutten 10 August 2009 Leiden University

Table of Contents

1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 4.1 4.1.1

Prologue Methodology Publishing Activity and the movement of ideas in Greece in the 60s-70s Political situation in Greece during the 60s-70s Publishing and Ideology Defining what is Marxist-Leninist Publishing External Forces The role of China

5 7 8 8 9 10 14 14 15 17 19 19 20 20 22 22 25 28 28 30 37 39 40 41 42 47 49 51 52 54 55 2 Chinese Publications for international use Distribution Chinese policies The Decline Synopsis The role of Albanian publications 5. 5.1. 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 6. 6.1 7. 7.1 7.2 Greek Marxist-Leninist Publications The Greek Civil War (1946-49) Publications in Exile (1949-64) M-L publications turning revisionist Exiled and Censored Publishing among Greek Marxists-Leninists Political Refugees Relations with Greeks m-l abroad M-L publishing in Greece The League of Friends of “New China” The first Greek M-L Publishing House

7.1.1 How to know China better 7.2.1 Censorship and “Censorship” 7.2.2 EDA youth and Anagennisi 7.2.3 How to advance 7.2.4 Non-professionals as agents of the field 7.2.5 Financial Independence of the Marxist-Leninist Press 7.3 M-L Publications during the Junta

7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.4 8. 9. 9.1. 9.2. 9.3

M-L publishing in Greece during the Junta M-L publishing abroad From Metapolitefsi to Social-democracy Epilogue Bibliography Archival material Books and articles Websites

55 56 58 61 62 62 62 65

I would also like to thank S. Iordanides. Samaras for their time and all the useful information they have provided. the monthly political review Anagennisi. for providing me access to their archives as well as the people of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam and of the Archives of Contemporary Social History in Athens for their help*. Agoutoglou. Special thanks to the Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist). G. C. P. Papaioannou and V. Koufovasilis. the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece and the Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece. ∗ 4 . Mpistis. is pictured on the cover. C. Constantopoulos.Acknowledgements I would like to thank my professors of the MA Book & Digital Media Studies for the insight they have provided throughout the year as far as publishing is concerned. I. The cover of the first issue of the first Marxist-Leninist periodical.

5 1 . It did not even become an independent publishing field after 1956 and the change of politics within the Communist Party of the Soviet D. on a global scale. the aspect of social and political conditions is often neglected. McCleery. (Routledge: New York. So publishing Mao’s Five Essays on Philosophy could mean a possible business failure in a country of Western Europe but on the contrary could bring a substantial profit in a country of Latin America or Asia. The Marxist-Leninist publishing field did not appear as an independent publishing field until the early 60s. 2. An introduction to book history. Even if the truth is somewhere in between.Books are important vehicles of ideas that often challenge established norms and authorities. 2005). It may as well give useful insight for the present and the future. one must question if that is the driving force as far as the evolution of publishing is concerned? Are the changes (to come) in the industry a direct result of technological changes or do the social conditions play the key role? The use of such a scope is important not only for social scientists but also for book studies as well. Although nobody can deny the importance of technological advancements.1 1. Prologue Looking back upon fields of the publishing industry doesn’t necessarily have to deal with just book history or nostalgia for the past. Finkelstein – A. Political currents have often been taken as a unity with exactly the same characteristics worldwide. This is due to the fact that the main trend in the International Communist Movement after the October Revolution 1917 in Russia onwards was Marxism-Leninism. That is not quite true. p. An attempt to give an outline of what were the dynamics that gave birth to leftist publishing fields and especially the MarxistLeninist (M-L) in Greece during the 60s-70s will be made in the pages to follow. This has to do with the different history of the MarxistLeninist or Maoist movement in the Western world and in the so-called Third world countries. Political trends and the publishing trends respectively that have in a way been marginalized in relation to their status 30 or 60 years ago. are still popular in certain regions.

This was despite the fact some communist parties. It is no coincidence that the course of the Greek and International Marxist-Leninist movement was parallel to the one of the Greek Marxist-Leninist publishing field and for that reason both gradually faded out during the early 80s. For this reason it is important to follow the parallel and for a long time independent course of the publishing activity of the Greek political refugees Marxist-Leninist movement. 6 . Also both the M-L movement and the M-L publishing field shared characteristics such as financial autonomy from the State and other institutions. Not all Greek communists were concentrated within Greece during the period 1949 (end of the Greek Civil War) and until 1974 (fall of the Junta). or factions within other parties disagreed with this change. These two movements underwent into a process of unification during the Junta and were unified (in geographical terms) after the fall of the Junta when the political refugees were allowed to return. So the Greek Marxist-Leninist Publishing field in the 60s-70s cannot be analyzed exclusively within the scope of the social and political conditions of Greece alone. In order to by analysed in a sufficient manner it must take into consideration what took place in an international level and mainly in China during the same period. In Chapter 5. Also a hierarchy of aims and goals where ideology and politics come first and financial issues such as making profit was irrelevant or was just seen as an opportunity for having more resources to use in order to promote ideological and political issues. which was considered as the leading force within the International Communist Movement. This role is examined in Chapter 4. which is examined in Chapter 6. Then and since I consider that Chinese (and Albanian) foreign policy determined in a great extent the course of the Marxist-Leninist movement on a global scale as the external force (key factor) of the creation. I analyse the prehistory of M-L publications in Greece. I will sketch politics and ideology within the Greek society during the 60s-70s in relation to the publishing industry of that period. development and disintegration of the Greek Marxist-Leninist publishing field. and so did their publishing activity. It was not until 1963 when China openly called for Marxists-Leninists to fight against what is presently known as Soviet Revisionism that we have the establishment of the Marxist-Leninist movement and thus of the Marxist-Leninist publishing field.Union. and that of the Marxist-Leninist movement within Greece which is examined in Chapter 7. First.

Some specific characteristics of the M-L publishing field which differentiates it from other publishing fields such as the fact that the agents within this field were non-professionals driven by ideology and politics and not from profit something that goes for the M-L publishing field as a whole is examined in section 7.2.4. Sections 7.2.5 refers to the principle of financial autonomy, which is another important aspect of this field. Of course and due to the international developments mentioned before from the Junta onwards we have other splits within the M-L movement and the M-L publishing field, which are examined, in section 7.3. 2. Methodology When examining a political publishing field you have a juncture of the ideological, political and social sphere that is immanent in all trends of politics and of course of the publishing field. In this MA Thesis Ι used Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the literary field combined with Oral history. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery’s words in their book An Introduction to Book History on Bourdieu are characteristic on why his theory fits in this MA Thesis:2 His articulation of the ‘literary field’ has proven fruitful for those concerned particularly with contemporary (nineteenth- to twenty-first-century) print culture and authorship. Bourdieu’s ‘literary field’ stresses the juncture between culture, society, and material production, and is defined as common social, intellectual, and ideological arenas linking producers (publishers, editors and authors) to products (books, periodical publications, literary works). Researching about the Greek Marxist-Leninist publishing and the Greek Marxist-Leninist movement in total is more of a trip to the unknown. So the use of oral history was done mainly in order to cover the gaps. The less than a handful of researches of the m-l movement note that Greek Marxist-Leninist history is

A., McCleery, D. Finkelstein, An introduction to book history, (New York: Routledge 2005), p. 22. 7

practically unknown and indistinct. Furthermore and apart from the lack of primary sources of important periods of this movement, the lack of secondary sources and the often contradictory information within these few sources are also obstacles to overcome. The use of oral history aimed at overtaking or at least bypassing some of these obstacles. Its use was successful as far as enlightening some unknown details of M-L publishing was concerned. 3. Publishing activity and the movement of ideas in Greece in the 60s-70s3 The decades of the 60s-70s had it all. From anti-communism and censorship, to the political instability that led to the Junta, the advancement of the leftist movement and publishing these decades were full of developments in many levels (e.g. social, cultural, political). This constant tension led to political developments within the left movement – such as the birth of the m-l movement - which needed nurturing. And publications were the nourishment. 3.1 Political situation in Greece during the 60s-70s The 60s were a decade where the whole world was in a constant turmoil. National Liberation Struggles in Africa and Asia, the Vietnam war, Coup d’états like in Congo and Ethiopia, student mobilizations all over the world. In Greece the political situation was unstable with labor and popular mobilizations becoming more and more intense despite the police brutality and murders of progressives like the student Sotiris Petroulas who was murdered in 1965 during Iouliana, when people mobilized against the King’s imposition on the elected government and the murder of the Member of Parliament Grigoris Labrakis. The inner-imperialist contradictions and rivalry between Great Britain and the United States played a key role to the developments in Greece. Since the end of WWII the British lost their influence, and from then onwards Greece became a protectorate of the United States. Britain though didn’t give up and was trying to regain its influence. At the same time the United States attempted to use Greece in

The title is borrowed from Axelos L., Publishing Activity and the Movement of Ideas in Greece. 2nd Ed., Stochastis, Athens 2008. 8

order to install NATO (U.S.) military bases in Cyprus. This had to be done in order to help them control the Arab peninsula. These were the reasons that led to the USbacked Junta of the Colonels (1967-1974). During the Junta and especially after the first two or three years – in the early 70s – there had been a reorganization of the popular movement. Mainly the students have made attempts for student unionism independent from the regime that gradually led into political struggle against the regime. Also abroad, mainly in Western Europe, Greek students, immigrants and progressives in exile organized anti-Junta organizations. The students struggle led to the uprising and occupation of Polytechneio (The Polytechnical institute in Athens) in 1973, which until today is a symbol of the students and people struggle against the US-backed Junta. After the end of the Junta and after seven years of oppression came the disappointment and frustration of mainly the youth of Greece. The reason was that the social and political change for which they fought during the Junta never came since the right-wing political party that had very close ties with the Junta came to power. So the student and labor movement were in a constant alert demonstrating, going on strike etc. This came to an end during the early 80s and the rise of PASOK (Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement), a social democrat party that adopted the slogans and phraseology of the left in order to gain power. Even today some political scientists, activists or left political groups insist that in the first years it was a left party that turned bourgeois after a period of time. But this approach is far from the truth, is more an attempt to either cover their own illusions at the time instead of really looking into the real issues that the Left was unaable to address at the time and led to PASOK’s victory and the loss of the Left (in general). Finally, it gained control of the Labor and Student Unions and in October 1981 it won the National Elections. The Left underwent an existential crisis due to PASOK. Many groups dismantled and their rank and files joined PASOK. Even those that due to their more solid ideological and political basis managed not to be absorbed by this new rising force of the Greek political scene lost lots of their cadres and members. This disintegration of the Left started taking place during the late 70s and was completed a few years later, in the mid-80s. 3.2 Publishing and Ideology 9

The production of magazines and periodicals as well as books and pamphlets increased substantially in order to serve the needs of the ongoing debates and struggles of the era. This increasing production led to the development of distribution channels that often differed from the mainstream ones such as going to mainstream bookstores. Parties created after Mao’s appeal in 1963 in order to differentiate from revisionist parties that misappropriated the title Communist Party used M-L as well. That is the movement that was formulated after the call of Mao Zedong in 1963 for the creation of m-l parties. the anti-Junta struggle and the debates that followed during the Metapolitefsi . in our case printed in order to feed an audience. So in order to proceed. That meant hand to hand distribution from political organizations – that were the publishers – members to their followers. distribution through political parties and organizations offices. it must be made clear what is considered as m-l publications. We can schematically say that the two sides that mainly took place in the split are: 10 . Italy kept the title Communist Party of Italy so the genuine communists – Marxists-Leninists – established an m-l party.The national and international developments. etc. So the revisionists in. Marxists-Leninists consider themselves as the genuine continuators of the course of the International Communist Movement from Marx and Engels until Lenin and Stalin. 4. Μ-L publications are considered the publications produced by the Marxist-Leninist movement.as the years that followed the fall of the Junta (from 1974 onwards) are called – led to respective developments in the publishing industry. In general the m-l movement was created in the mid 60s after a split within the international communist movement took place. The demand of material. establishment of political bookstores. A course that in an international level had been continued by Mao Zedong and the Peoples’ Republic of China until 1976. lets say. Determining what is Marxist-Leninist publishing Various ideological currents within the communist movement often use MarxismLeninism as a denominator. that had an urge for politics. This is the reason that it is widely known as Maoist rather than m-l. the Communist Party of Italy (marxist-leninist). mainly university students.

changing the fundamental basis of that theory is to nullify it in place of a new one.national or/and international . The leading forces within the m-l movement have been the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong (that’s why the split is usually mentioned as SinoSoviet) and the Party of Labour of Albania led by Emver Hoxha. 2) Are translations of works from China and Albania – the two main forces conducting antirevisionist struggle in the 60s . There have been two major splits within the M-L movement as well.issues of m-l groups and parties.as well as translations of publications by m-l parties from Europe and the World. 11 4 . These conflicts within the m-l movement during the late 70s among other factors led to the disintegration of the movement by the early 80s.org/glossary/frame.R. Revisionism is the deviation of Marxism-Leninism. essentially usurping (though taking elements of) the former theory and replacing it with a new one.P. Revisionism is the fundamental alteration of a theory. The term revisionism was used first against the German Social Democrat Edward Bernstein (1850-1932) and later on by the m-l movement against Nikita Khrushchev and the Soviet Union. These conflicts can be easily noticed in the m-l publications. Publications that: 1) Denounce Soviet Revisionism (the political turn initiated by the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.C. in 1976 after the death of Mao and the rise of Deng Xiao-Ping in China and the second after Hoxha’s criticism of Mao and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (G. 3) Are original publications on ideological. either in the form of polemics or by the fact that some publishing houses stopped translations of Chinese or Albanian works or both. February 1956) and revisionism in general. 2) Those that rejected soviet politics and created what is known as the m-l movement.) in 1978.1) Those forces that aligned with the Soviet politics (also known as Revisionism4 or Soviet Social-imperialism). While the attributes of a theory are subject to change in accordance to changing historic circumstances. <http://www. Firstly. Publications that meet at least the first term and/or the other terms mentioned below can be considered as m-l publications. political or cultural .htm> (03/08/2009).marxists.

China and/or Albania). Bookstores played a significant role for the m-l movement as a whole for several reasons. In cases of countries like Greece. On the 9th of September 1955 in Tashkent (Uzbekistan) where the majority (more than 7000) of the Greek Communist Party members lived . The distinctiveness of the Greek case was that the whole development of the anti-revisionist or m-l movement was initiated much earlier than the rest of the world. Bookstores that mainly if not exclusively sold m-l publications were often set up in most of the countries the m-l movement was present. workers and intellectuals. such as: 1) 2) 3) These bookstores have been the main distribution channel of original publications. They served as a meeting and discussion point for leftist students.This was not a Greek phenomenon. bookstores and periodicals established all over the world in a similar manner selling material as described above. periodicals and pamphlets. where the anti-revisionist struggle was launched in 1963. The distribution of publications of other m-l groups/parties/organizations and mainly publications of Foreign Languages Press of Peking was in some cases more essential for many groups since the publications were provided in their language on the first place. organizations and parties produced newspapers. Bookstores were a significant part of the leftist political/public sphere. All over the world m-l groups. Serving as a distribution channel and a source for international publications that gave an insight on the international developments of the m-l movement. It all started after the intervention of the Soviets in the internal affairs of the Communist Party of Greece (CPG) of whom the vast majority was in exile after the defeat of the guerillas in 1949. translations and original publications had to be made as well and played a key role in these countries where the local needs could not be covered just by distributing the material imported from abroad (e.g. due to the fact we have a language limited within the boundaries of a single country. Nevertheless these groups still produced newspapers and periodicals along with pamphlets mainly concerning analysis on the internal situation and their stand on various issues. It was part of the publishing sector of the m-l groups and the people working in the bookstores were party members.after the defeat of the guerillas from the US and Greek National 12 . There have been publishing houses.

About a year later the minority expelled the majority (around 85% of the party members that continued being loyal to the m-l principles) again under the guidance of the Soviet revisionists. from 1956 until 1962 took place in the Greek island of Ai Stratis where the vast majority of the communist political prisoners had been exiled.the Greek revisionists tried to take over the party offices with the cover of the soviets. after 1963 Mao Zedong’s appeal for creation of m-l groups all over the world.Army in 1949 . M-L publishing followed a parallel course with the m-l movement in general. which accepted the changes in the Soviet Union in practice. EDA. but didn’t see a militant stance from their leadership. The field faced a crisis together with the m-l movement and the disintegration of the m-l 13 . prior to the open revisionist turn of the Soviet Union in 1956. These were mainly either former exile of Ai Stratis that denounced these politics but also students. A core of these dissentients (a group led by Yiannis Hontzeas and Isaac Iordanides) made the first publishing attempts of m-l publications and founded the first m-l publishing house Istorikes Ekdoseis and the monthly political review. The pacifist approach and the loss of autonomy of EDA to the Enosis Kentrou made a lot of its members skeptical on the future of EDA. which was antidemocratic (a coup d’état by the Soviets and their people within the Communist Party of Greece) and a local attempt to implement the change of political line of the Soviet Union. the leadership of the legal political formation of the left in Greece. The reason was the denouncement of the 6th plenum of the Central Committee of the CPG. This was caused by internal (Greek) factors although it really became clear to the Greek Communist Movement ten years later. Despite the various attempts to persuade the communists in exile to accept the new political line (revisionism) the vast majority stayed loyal to the m-l principles. So the dynamics created by the external forces mentioned above led to the creation of a temporary publishing field (roughly from the early ‘60s until the early ‘80s). Besides the above. So the ground from which m-l publishing originates had already been created in 1955. Anagennisi. which were the most militant part of society at the time. A similar political struggle that lasted for 6 years. and thus the antirevisionist struggle expanded on a global scale. followed a policy of unconditional support of the moderate party Enosis Kentrou (Union of Centre).

Spanish. mainly through their publication Peking Review.1 The role of China The Communist Party of China played a great role and contributed towards the direction of the anti-revisionist (m-l) struggle.movement led to the disintegration of the publishing field. They provided ideological and political support through their foreign publications. the political line of the Chinese Communist Party changed from revolutionary to revisionist. German. after the death of Mao Zedong. the Chinese Communist Party and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) tried to fulfil three objectives by the use of periodicals and publishing houses aiming at an international audience: 1. That had as Interview with Grigoris Constantopoulos is a member of the Central Organ of the Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist) (KKE(m-l)) and the publisher of its biweekly newspaper Proletariake Simea on the 17 January 2009. since the dynamics created by the antirevisionist and revolutionary struggle weakened substantially. 4. Italian. etc in order to be accessible (readable or easier to translate to native languages) all over the world. economic and cultural system. pamphlets and periodicals were published in China in English. 14 5 . More specifically.R. 2. During the ‘60s-‘70s national liberation struggles had been progressing in the aforementioned regions and the Chinese wanted to promote them. Books. b) To promote the anti-revisionist struggle of the G. (1966-1969).P. Africa and Latin America). political. 4. This was done mainly by ideological support through publications. 5 At the end of the 1970s. 3.C. To promote the Chinese social.1. French.1 External Forces Chinese and Albanian politics aided by their publications played a very significant role in the formation of the m-l movement and thus m-l publications. To expose the conditions in the third world (Asia. a) To promote the revolutionary line in opposition to the revisionist line (Soviet Union) from 1963 onwards.

abroad.cn/en/newsdetail. The titles were usually exported worldwide by Chinese immigrants or publishing houses that were set up for this purposes and where distributed mainly by the m-l organizations in each country and their bookstores where available.R. Second Edition. So the necessity for these publications started fading out. 7 6 15 . the Red Flag8 (Hongqi) which had been the major theoretical publication of the Central Committee of the CCP founded as a monthly publication in 1958 until 1979 when it became bi-monthly until 1988 when it was terminated and the Liberation Army Daily. FLP reproduced articles from the People’s Daily7 (Renmin Ribao) the organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist (CCP).1 Chinese Publications for international use Articles copied and translated from Chinese publications played an essential role in m-l publication in Greece (and elsewhere).com. pp 420421. It produced both literary and political works in many languages.1. during the ‘60s-‘70s were either by FLP. (Scarecrow Press: Plymouth 2007)..flp. L. Sullivan. newspaper of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). < http://www. distributed worldwide or publications translated from FLP publications in cases like Greece where no Greek-language publications were provided by FLP. Chinese publications played a very important role both to help solving and philosophical and ideological issues that some falsely used them without interpretation or translated and published anything coming from those publications uncritically. These publications were created by China especially for an international use. pp 379-380. 8 L. 4.1.R.a result that the three objectives changed.cfm?iCntno=341> (14/4/2009). So they were provided in various languages and a global distribution network was developed as well. Historical Dictionary of the People’s Republic of China. The vast majority of Chinese publications. Sullivan. a) Foreign Languages Press Foreign Languages Press (FLP) was established in Peking on the 1st of July 19526. The most significant Chinese publications are briefly described next. Historical Dictionary of the People’s Republic of China.

massline. A description provided by Guozi Shudian in the same letter as above states: Peking Review gives you: * China's views on current international questions * Theoretical articles and important documents * Authoritative coverage of developments in China * Illustrations. 16 9 . member of the Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist) and member of the AMEE11 (Militant Front of Greeks Abroad) in Incomplete archives of Peking Review issues can be found at: <http://www.htm> (14/04/2009) and http://www. maps and charts Airmailed to subscribers all over the world Spanish & French10 editions also available. Peking Review had been the main source for m-l newspapers and periodicals while FLP was providing booklets. b) Peking Review Peking Review9 was as significant as the FLP.osaarchivum. 10 The French edition was identical with the English one but the magazine was called Pekin Information instead http://www. cartoons. The Greek version was published by FLP in 1969.There was only one exception of a Greek FLP publication. which concerned what is alleged to be the most printed book in history.org/subject/china/peking-review/index. This had to do with the fact that the main cores of Greek M-L especially during the Junta (1967-1974) were based in France and Germany. Like FLP publications.marxists.htm (14/04/2009). better known as The Little Red Book. It was active in the period 1968-1974 and its most significant branches were in Paris and in Italian cities. According to Stelios Agoutoglou in an interview for the purposes of this research (Thessaloniki. 11 AMEE was a mass anti-junta organization related to the Organization of MarxistsLeninists of Greece (OMLE). This weekly English-language news magazine was launched on the 4 March 1958. the “Quotations of Chairman Mao Zedong”.shtml (14/04/2009). 30 March 2009). pamphlets and books. it reproduced articles from the publications previously mentioned as well as articles of the New China News Agency (Xinhua).org/PekingReview/index. Greek Marxist-Leninist publications mainly used as the basis of translations Peking Review as well as the French and German editions of it.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/104-7.

) [Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece] is a marxist-leninist organization established in 1970 in West Germany. Kokkine Simea.K.K.2 Distribution Guozi Shudian. from 1968. 6. Its news reached all Marxists-Leninists worldwide through Peking Review and the other international editions that the Communist Party of China and the Peoples Republic of China published. September 1975. It established its first affiliate abroad in London in 1947. led by Giannis Zachos: “A bad impression was created by EKKE12 […] where after ‘analyzing’ the international contradictions (as if they are the only ones reading Peking Review) […]”. in 1976 . The significance of Peking Review is stressed in an awkward way in page 3 of issue no.worldwide. 6 of the periodical Kokkine Simea (Red Flag) organ of the Communist Party of Greece Marxists-Leninists (KKE/M-L). no. It was established as Red China News Agency in November 1931 and changed its name into New China News Agency (Xinhua) in 1937.1.Italy.1. China’s national news agency has been the main news source for China’s newspapers and magazines and by extension for m-l periodicals – until the revisionist turn in China. was the (official) governmental distribution channel through which the aforementioned publications and serials were exported worldwide. Pekin Information that according to him could be found easily had been the main source for the articles translated and used in publications of Greek marxists-leninists of Italy.13 c) New China News Agency (Xinhua) Xinhua.E. a small m-l organization constituted mainly by Greek students and immigrants living in West Germany. AMEE’s key publication was Laike Enoteta (People’s Unity) published in Modena. 13 Giro apo ta gegonota tes 23 Ioule 1976 (Around the Facts of the 23 July 1976). It’s translated as China Publications Centre and it literally Epanastatiko Kommounistiko Kinema Elladas (E. established in December 1949. 17 12 . 4.

fifth ed. Spanish. Vietnamese. organizations and individuals ordered and subscribed to any Chinese publications.. Thai. French. Peking. states for one of the Foreign Languages Press Peking publications: “It is available in 14 languages.osaarchivum. * Provides readers with the latest publication news from China. Payment with order or after delivery. Arabic. Russian.means “International Bookshop”. In June 1963 a letter and catalogue from Guozi Shudian. and also accepts blanket orders from them. exporters and importers of books and periodicals to a subscriber. Italian. 15 <http://www.14 Through this organization bookstores. It is still active today. Esperanto. 18 14 . Landsberger there had even been Renmin Shudian (People’s Bookstores) in various European capital cities. Spanish. In the bibliography of Edgar Snow’s Red Star Over China . China’s Economic System. including English. According to Stefan R. * Supplies free specimens of the foreign language periodicals of China for a trial reading upon request. Donnithorne. French. A potential reader would A.shtml> (14/04/2009). This Department: * Handles orders for the foreign language books and periodicals of China from readers direct. Japanese. * Supplies readers abroad with catalogues of the foreign language books and periodicals of China. p. * Recommends books and periodicals to readers according to their requirements. Russian and German” and for some other publications of the catalogue: “The above publications are available in English. German. 325. 15 Further on in the same letter the following is stated: The Mail-Order Department of Guozi Shudian.which is considered as one of the classics concerning the Chinese communist movement – the reader is referred to Guozi Shudian in order to obtain a complete lists of the works published by FLP in English and French. etc”. is pleased to offer its service to readers in all parts of the world. and introduces to them important Chinese publications.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/92-1-251. (Routledge: London 2008).

16 In the latter case the reader could get a catalogue.net/resources/landsberger-confessions.1.php> (24/06/2009). This change in politics had an impact in m-l publications on a global scale since although a minority continued publishing Chinese articles and distributing Chinese titles for a couple of years after Mao Zedong’s death.first visit them as well as Maoist and other political group bookstores in order to obtain material related to China or Marxist-Leninist issues or contact the Guozi Shudian directly.1. 4.4 The Decline After the death of Mao Zedong and the rise of Deng Xiao-Ping in 1976.1. The other way to get that material would also be by visiting Chinese Embassies. By the late ‘70s this was almost terminated due to the political circumstances since the revisionist turn of Chinese politics became clear to the vast majority of m-l groups and parties. the Communist Party of China changed its politics abandoning the revolutionary MarxistLeninist perspective and turning to revisionism like the Soviet Union had done twenty years before. That caused a crisis within the Marxist-Leninist movement and a gradual reduction of the Chinese publications for the international movement can be observed. order and receive printed material via airmail. This was done mainly during the first years of the Sino-Soviet split (1963-1964) within the International Communist Movement. promote and distribute its publications since the aim was to promote their ideological. etc. Greek political refugees living in the Eastern Block after the defeat of the Greek Democratic Army in 1949 did this. political and tactical views against revisionism by propagating their theory and practice and conducting polemics towards revisionist ideological and theoretical documents as well as revisionist actions and stand towards international events and issues such as the Cuba missile incident.1. Czechoslovakia 1968.3 Chinese policies During that period China had no copyright laws and on the contrary encouraged people to use. Publishing activity was not seen as a trade (economical) activity but as political act. 19 . This 16 <http://chineseposters. 4.

etc. For these purposes they established the 8 Nentori (8 November) publishing house in Tirana. editors etc) as well as distribution agencies.6 The role of Albanian publications For a long time. the Labor Party of Albania under Emver Hoxha and the People’s Republic of Albania played a similar role for the m-l movement as the Chinese did until 1976 and the death of Mao. 4. This had an impact especially in the M-L press and periodicals where a significant part of their content was taken by translations of Chinese publications such as articles from Peking Review. In the case of Greece. This publishing house published political works.caused a serious blow to the m-l publishing field in Greece as well. This was a direct result of the dynamics created by the SinoSoviet split and the development of the Marxist-Leninist (also known as Maoist) movement on a global scale.early 1979. This was probably done in an attempt of the Greek publishing houses to imply a connection with China and thus of the authority that such a relation would provide to the Greek M-L movement that would appear as the “ambassador” of China. until roughly late 1978 . 4. In most cases of translations of Chinese documents the format and the covers of the Greek translations were identical with those of the originals (Chinese). This publishing activity expanded and became more systematic during the period of the Sino-Soviet split and after the revisionist split in China it gradually came to an end. French.1. this caused a split within the M-L movement (similar to what happened in other countries as well) in 1976. Arabic and other alphabets. Greek.1. The Greek Minority in Albania published its own newspaper in 20 . This was in parallel to the Chinese influence since these two were the main opposition to revisionism as the Soviets and its allies expressed it.1. printers of Latin. the CCP and the Chinese state created publishing houses (and in extension positions for various agents including translators into at least a dozen languages. This had an impact to the M-L movement outside China as well. A very significant source of political and ideological documents but also of prestige is now gone.1.5 Synopsis In conclusion. which is of our interest. Same goes with Albanian publications. in English.

Enver Hoxha denounced Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution causing a split in the m-l movement that had more or less the same result as in the case of China (1976). such as Canada or even Australia. Laiko Bema was a key source of information in print (Radio Tirana was also available with broadcasts in Greek) since there was no need for any publishing procedures such as translating or printing by the Greek Marxists-Leninists rather than just distributing it to their followers. Laiko Bema. Albania Today and New Albania were bimonthly political and informative reviews published in during the 70s and the 80s. Spanish and German and served the same purpose for the Albanian regime as Peking Review did for the Chinese regime and which was described before. 21 17 . French. It was then translated and published in 1979 in English.17 It contained translated articles from Zeri i Popullit (Voice of the People). Some information on these periodicals can be found in the Open Society Archives website: <http://osaarchivum. The newspaper was provided by either Albanian embassies (Eastern Block countries) or by other Albanian authorities in case there were no bilateral relations between Albania and the country the Greek MarxistsLeninists lived.Argyrokastro since 1945. Some organizations that disagreed with the viewpoint of Albania. was the newspaper of the minority and is still active with a different political orientation since the change of the regime in the early 90s. Arabic. 18 Unfortunately and due to the fact that Albania didn’t have the special weight China did within the m-l movement and as far as international politics are concerned less information are available. stopped using Albanian material and that had a negative impact in the m-l movement and thus on the Greek Marxist-Leninist publishing field. which was the official organ of the Party of Labor of Albania. Italian. It was called Laiko Bema (People’s Podium) and it was the organ of the Democratic Front of the District of Argyrokastro for the Greek Minority. then autonomous and after 1921 part of Albania. Even though Albanian documents Greek population has been living in South Albania or North Epirus for centuries. This district was first part of Greece. They were published in Albanian.18 In April 1978 Emver Hoxha published Imperialism and the Revolution in Albanian and distributed it within the Party of Labour of Albania. Russian. English. In this book.org/library/periodicals?idx=Countries&id=2> (04/08/2009). Greek M-L organizations had access to Laiko Bema through Albanian embassies and used it as a source or reproduced its content for their own publications.

a two-page daily news report. Engels. H ekdotike peripeteia ton Ellenon Kommouniston: Apo to vouno sten yperoria 1947-1968. Athens 2003.html> (04/08/2009).19 5. that was leading the Democratic Army of Greece. Ai Stratis. Khrushchev: The Secret Speech – On the Cult of Personality <http://www. Matthaiou – P. etc). Also Mao Zedong and his comrades of the Communist Party of China ideas weren’t unknown to Greek communists before 1963-64. From the establishment of the Democratic Army of Greece. in October 1946.fordham. In the lists below we will not mention the works of Marx. 22 19 . Bibliorama – ASKI.20 In the ASKI digital collection of the Democratic Army of Greece.edu/halsall/mod/1956khrushchev-secret1. Greek Marxist-Leninist publications Although the m-l publishing field as such had been created in the early ‘60s. 20 A. Stalin became a persona non grata for revisionism after it prevailed in the International Communist Movement in 1956. duplicators and moving presses where placed in the dugouts where the General and Peripheral Headquarters were stationed. p.didn’t have as prominent position in the Marxist-Leninist press as those of China it still affected them. 5. 2 The issue of Stalin was debated during the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Publications as well as articles in the progressive and communist press about China had been available since the mid 20s. For more details on the position of the new (revisionist) leadership of the CPSU read Nikita S. gave a lot of attention to the ideological work (political educationenlightenment and culture) and propaganda apart from the exclusively military aspect of the Democratic Army. Poleme. 19. in Greece it happened in a slightly different way due to the unique political circumstances that were mentioned above (Tashkent 1955.1 Greek Civil War (1946-49) During the civil war the Communist Party of Greece. Lenin and Stalin that were published up to 1956 and which are m-l publications because until then there wasn’t any debate on the issue since revisionism did not openly confront m-l principles.

28.Ε. 8th and 9th of June issues of the Russian newspaper Pravda. 24 The following publications are part of the Digital Archive of the Democratic Army of Greece of the Contemporary Archives of Social History. 98 pamphlets and books (including one in English.28. p. 167. 2. This 57-page booklet was translated from the 7th.111/ds/tree. 22 <http://62.mainly Eleftheri Ellada [Free Greece] printed them. This 16-page booklet was translated from the Russian newspaper Pravda. issue of the 6th of July 1949.asp?mynode=73040&afteroot=~Εκδόσεις%20του% 20Βουνού%20(Δ.24 The press of the Communist Party of Greece and the Democratic Army of Greece .magazines21 (a biweekly and a monthly). by Liu Shiaoqi published by Eleftheri Ellada. E Dectatoria tes L.)> (04/08/2009). Alexatos . tou Kommounistikou Kommatos tis Kinas [The dictatorship of People’s Democracy] by Mao Zedong Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China published by Eleftheri Ellada.23 This is the first time we have the translations and publications of ideological. 25 A.103. 23 <http://62. G.Σ.Ε.%20Εφη µερίδες> (04/08/2009). the following had been published during that period: 1. Istoriko lexiko tou ellenikou ergatikou kinematos.Ε. H ekdotike peripeteia ton Ellenon Kommouniston: Apo to vouno sten yperoria 1947-1968.111/ds/treeres.asp?mynode=73519&afteroot=%20~~Δ. Athens 2003.. published in the press office of Eksormisi26 in 3000 copies on January 1949.Σ. July 1949. 101 pages. 26 Eksormisi was the newspaper of the Democratic Army of Greece from 1947 until 1949. Demokratias.%20Περι οδικά> (04/08/2009). <http://62. tou Mao-Tse-Toung Proedrou tis K. Diethnismos kai Ethnikismos [Internationalism and Nationalism].N.111/ds/tree.103. five in French and two bilingual. Poleme. 11 newspapers22. According to the archive of the Democratic Army of Greece and the archive of Left and Culture belonging to the Archeia Sygchrones Koinonikis Istorias [Archives of Contemporary Social History] in Athens and the very well documented work of Matthaiou and Poleme25 on the publications of Greek political refugees during the period 1947-1968.111/ds/> (14/04/2009). (Geitonies tou kosmou: Athens 2006). Matthaiou – P. 3.asp?mynode=75818&afteroot=%20~~Δ.Σ. 23 21 .28. Strategeka Problemata tou Epanastatikou Polemou tes Kinas [Strategic Problems of the Revolutionary war of China by Mao Zedong]. English-French) can be found.E.28. Athens <http://62.103. Bibliorama – ASKI. political and military Chinese documents.103.

1954). 26 pages.4. September 1949 an article on the liberation struggle of the Chinese people by the Supreme Commander of the People’s Liberation Army of China Zhu De was published. September 1949. 24 27 . in order to raise the moral of the fighters since both the Greek and Chinese people conducted a national liberation struggle at the same time period although they ended in the opposite way. no. Every morning at dawn My heart is shot in Greece. And then every morning. Stechia gia to laiko apeleutherotiko strato tes Kinas [Facts for the People’s Liberation Army of China] by Siao Hua. A five page (pp.27 Neos Kosmos. 200. In 1948 issues 4 and 5 (1st year). doctor. The first issue (second year) of the magazine published in January 1949. March 1949 by Lefteris Eleftheriou. pp 35-36. 28 N. This was expressed in the poem ‘Angina Pectoris’ of the Turkish revolutionary poet Nazim Hikmet: If the half of my heart is here. published a fraction of the aforementioned Mao’s booklet Strategic problems of the revolutionary war in China. the monthly military-political organ of the General Headquarters of the Democratic Army that was the communist army during the civil war (1946-49) published translations and summaries of such works. (New York: Masses & Mainstream. April and May respectively published in two series part of Edgar Snow’s Red Star over China. The reasons for such publications on behalf of the Democratic Army of Greece leadership are dual. Firstly. published by Eleftheri Ellada. In addition in issue 9 (second year). which is considered until today a classic book on Chinese Communists. stating that the whole book is going to be published. Hikmet. 28 A book review on this book can be found in the newspaper Leuteria [Freedom]. 347-352) book report on the same book (incorrectly stating that it was published in February 1949 instead of January) can be found in issue 5 (second year). 28th of October 1949. The Greek revolutionaries were defeated while the Chinese won. doctor The other half is in China With the army going down towards the Yellow river. Poems.

mainly in the capital of Uzbekistan.2 Publications in Exile (1949 – 64)29 After the defeat of the Democratic Army of Greece in the end of August 1949 Greek communists .were forced to abandon the country and resided in countries of the then Eastern Block. 5.about 50. Despite the fact the debate within it the clash between the two political lines (revolutionary-revisionist) was initiated in the mid-50s the official split – as in an organized political organization of the Marxist-Leninist political refugees took place almost 10 years later in 1964. magazines but also books. literature and politics. that the Greek communists started studying these works while seeking solutions to the problems they were facing during the Greek Civil War.Secondly. This included newspapers.R. Mao Zedong developed the theory of People’s Protracted War through his military works. There is a case that due to the military advancements of the Chinese communists that became known worldwide through communist press such as the Russian newspaper Pravda. Hungary. The latter can be categorized in school books that were used for the education of the young children forced to leave Greece due to the war.R. Tashkent where about 15. at least for part of the Greek communists.S.S.S. 25 29 .000 of them were placed. From the very beginning under the guidance of the Communist Party of Greece they started their publishing activity.000 men. Despite the reasons that the leadership of the Communist Party decided to publish those documents the fact is that it gave the opportunity to its members to get to know Chinese communists works and Mao Zedong’s in particular something that was later on important for the Marxist-Leninist movement and Marxist-Leninist publishing since these ideas were already introduced and there was some familiarity with them. women and children . They were transferred to these countries through Albania but probably due to the fact it was the poorest country they were not stationed there but sent to the other Eastern Block countries and the U. Romania and the former U.S. It cannot be easily determined when to separate the publishing activity from revolutionary to revisionist as far as the official Greek Communist Party press is concerned. such as Bulgaria.

[…] Those who attempted to find the documents of the Communist Party of China. most probably due to the Sino-Soviet split that occurred in the meantime. mainly newspapers. They bought the editions of Pekin Information containing the documents of the letters of the Communist Party of China30 in order to make them vanish. More have taken place. The exchange of letters between the two parties has been the most known debate (polemics) between Marxism-Leninism (represented by the positions of the Communist Party of China) and Revisionism (leaded by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Hontzeas is referring to the series of letters that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1963-5 concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement. apart from the measures they faced (threatened to be expelled. Some publishing activity was conducted in the other countries as well. It was going to be the first out of the four volumes of Mao Zedong’s Selected Works published in China in 1951. These books were consumed mainly among Greek political refugees and among Greeks living in Western Europe since they were illegal in Greece. Romania in 1954 and stopped its activities in 1968. The main publishing house was Politikes kai Logotechnikes Ekdoseis [Political and Literature Publications] founded in Bucharest. This publishing house translated a volume of Mao Zedong’s Selected Works from the Russian edition in April 1957 in 5000 copies.Publishing activity was controlled by the Communist Party of Greece and was mainly conducted in Bucharest where the Party headquarters were and the publications were then distributed to the rest of the Greek political refugees communities. being expelled from the Communist Party). the Chinese didn’t initiate their polemics at the time. 26 30 . were often facing tremendous and often unovercamable obstacles. It is most likely that this happened because although the revisionist turn in the USSR (1956) and within the Communist Party of Greece (1955-56) had already began. A second volume was ready to be published afterwards but never did. This can be supported by the fact that according to one of the leading cadres of the M-L movement in Greece in the 60s Yiannis Hontzeas talks about censorship on behalf of the revisionist leadership of the Communist Party of Greece in order to keep their members in the dark: Acquiring documents with the Chinese positions was like committing “suicide”.

they provided a ‘summary’ and called those present to decide [on who is right and who is wrong]. the following book references can be found: 1.Publishers instigated by leaders of Communist Parties loyal to the ‘head’31. pp. 54. The bibliographic note for the publishing production of July-August of 1951. the publishing Nea Ellada (New Greece) published a collection entitled Pos nikise on kinezikos laos [How did the Chinese people win]. Wherever a discussion on the polemics took place they didn’t provide the documents of the Chinese letters. 2. states36 that in August. the democratic one. Those who finally obtained the documents were under a load of blackmails. Neos Kosmos. issue 3 (third year). September 1951. in the political-theoretical magazine Neos Kosmos33 (New World). To “telos” tou kommounismo [The “end” of communism]. Neos Kosmos. issue 1 (third year).35 Until the time of the Sino-Soviet split in the mid-60s the publications of the Communist Party of Greece spoke very highly of Mao Zedong and his theoretical works. issue 9 (third year).32 Apart from the above publication. printed the documents and then they made them vanish. for People’s Democracy] for the 30th anniversary The “head” is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. p. Y. March 1951. The bibliographic note of the publishing production of 1950 states34 that among others. This was a collection of articles published in the newspaper Gia statheri Eirine. (Athens: A/Synecheia. Romania from 1949 as a biweekly magazine and from 1950 until October 1974 when it stopped being published as a monthly magazine (Alexatos. but concisely and guided. This was the exception. p. January 1951. 1993). organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece. Neos Kosmos. the books Nea Kina [New China] and E agrotike metarythmise stin Kina [The agrarian reform in China] by Liu Shiaoqi in 3000 copies had been published in order to know socialist countries such as China and their problems better. 61. The bibliographical note of the publishing production of January-February 1951 great emphasis is given on the publication of Mao’s philosophical works On Practice and On Contradiction which in 3000 copies. 33 Neos Kosmos was published in Bucharest. 44. 36 Oi ekdoseis mas sto dimeno Ioulios-Augoustos. 35 Oi ekdoseis mas to dimeno Genari-Flevari 1951. gia te Laiki Dimokratia [For stable Peace. pp 4344. 3. 34 Oi ekdoseis mas sto 1950. 32 31 27 .. p. 322. 318). Istoriko lexiko tou ellinikou ergatikou kinematos. Hontzeas . G.

Up to then the source of Chinese documents had been the Soviet press. 5. Peking . 28 37 . Lu Dingyi. from the Sino-Soviet Split and until the death of Mao Zedong. Politikes kai Logotechnikes Ekdoseis 1955 in 3500 copies. anti-MarxistLeninist titles such as the series titled “For the unity of the World Communist A. and To ogdoo pankineziko synedrio tou Kommounistikou Kommatos tis Kinas [The eighth all-Chinese congress of the Communist Party of China].the publishing house that later on fed the m-l press with material for almost two decades.3 M-L publications turning into revisionist Later on after the revisionists with the help of the Soviets and the other Eastern Bloc parties took control of the leadership of the Communist Party of Greece in 1956 – and all its activities including publishing – they turned publications into revisionist as well. Deng Yung. Also there had been other publications like: Ekti (Platia) Olomeleia tou Kommounistikou Kommatos tis Kinas – Zetemata syneteristikopoiisis stin agrotiki oikonomia Mao-Tse-Ntoun [6th (broad) Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China – On collectivization in agriculture economy by Mao Zedong]. It was printed in August 1951 in 3000 copies. pp 96-99. This was. H ekdotike peripeteia ton Ellenon Kommouniston: Apo to vouno sten yperoria 1947-1968.of the Communist Party of China (CPC) preceded by the article of Mao Zedong On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship written for the 28th anniversary of the CPC. There had been also publications on China from non-Chinese authors. Matthaiou – P. Deng XiaoPing. The other articles were written by Zhu De. We also find a translation that comes from the French edition of Foreign Languages Press. Thirty years of the Communist Party of China by Hu Qiaomu. It was explicitly stated that books that “are not compatible with the decisions of the 6th plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece and of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of Soviet Union” should be withdrawn from circulation. Politikes kai Logotechnikes Ekdoseis 1957 in 4000 copies.37 After the Sino-Soviet split they started publishing anti-China. Poleme.

of this section . They published for example the Three Statements of the Soviet Government explaining its side of the story for the split but never did the same with the Chinese side. They also conducted extensive censorship. This series included 6 titles written by Soviets and other revisionists.Movement”. Hoxha and concerning Albania had been withdrawn from the bookshelves from the very beginning (1955-7). One example is the novel Matomeno Eliovasilema [Bloody Sunset] by a V.1 Exiled and Censored In the meantime m-l books. Matthaiou – P. 5. Manuscripts of m-l literature ready to be printed by the previous revolutionary literature and essays never seen the light of day and stayed into some party official’s drawers if not destroyed. All the above publications . H ekdotike peripeteia ton Ellenon Kommouniston: Apo to vouno sten yperoria 1947-1968. Poleme. In the future the Chinese sides documents were not to be published along with the Soviet sides and in fact weren’t published at all so that the Greek communists wouldn’t be able to compare the two political lines. Also the Open letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the communist organizations and all the communists of the Soviet Union. In March 1965 the Enlightenment Committee that decided if a book would be published or not and what changes or corrections should be made erased all references to Zachariades – the former General Secretary who was illegally dethroned by the revisionists and also references to Mao Zedong.were printed in 1963.38 A. pp 665-666. 29 38 . both Greek titles such as those by Nikos Zachariades former General Secretary of the Party and foreign titles like those of Stalin. Vardinoyiannis published in 1966. This was the initiation of the polemics in print between m-l and revisionism and it included for the first and last time the Open letter the Communist Party of China sent to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as well. Also books exposing Tito’s revisionism had been withdrawn since Tito reestablished the relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union and thus with the rest of the revisionist parties such as the Communist Party of Greece in the mid-50s.3. A bit later on the same happened with books of Mao and Chinese documents.

318-322. 30 39 . pp. One was saved by AMEE in Italy and the other has mysteriously vanished although some news reports claim he was murdered. political refugee at the time in former Czechoslovakia writes in his memoirs40 that there – in the organizations of the Communist Party of There had been two known cases of such deportations of Greek marxists-leninists. This is the maybe the most intriguing part of Greek m-l publishing but most certainly the most difficult to conduct research on. M-L publishing by political refugees was conducted in the most difficult conditions. publishing activity took place among political refugees that lived in the former Soviet Union and in the Eastern Block after the defeat of the Democratic Army of Greece (August 1949) and after their repatriation to Greece in the mid-70s.6. exile. As it will be seen further on the existing sources are sometimes contradictive. they were living in foreign countries where the (revisionist) regimes were opposing their ideas. Only a few of them have published some sort of biography on their lives when they were political refugees and they usually don’t mention much on the publishing aspect of their m-l activities and even that is done in a rather general way. They were conducting political and thus publishing activity under conditions that were at least unfriendly to them in two ways. Ektos ton teichon.39 Secondly they were members or former members of a revisionist communist party that was also against them and it would turn them in without second thoughts. lose their jobs or even be deported in a period that Greece was under a dictatorship but even if Greece wasn’t under dictatorship nobody would hire them since they were communists. Firstly. Publishing among Greek Marxist-Leninist Political Refugees (1960-1974) As seen above. Also primary sources such as the products of their publishing activities. Tes Ges oi Kolasmenoi (The Damned of the Earth). like newspapers or pamphlets are extremely rare. This shows how strong the dynamics were created by the political situation that led them to conduct publishing activity under such great threats to their lives. Evgeniades. and their existence is mainly known through the aforementioned biographies. Giorgos Evgeniades. 40 G. Athens 2008. This meant that they could be easily sent to prison. There are also great difficulties in conducting research on this issue for numerous reasons. Most of the protagonists of this political and publishing activity are either dead or quite old.

liberation and transformation. 218.was the first major conflict between Marxists-Leninists and revisionists in the mid-50s. The Chinese also promised to provide them with all the publications coming from Peking.Greece abroad . The material was sent via post in order not to be confiscated and they were going to distribute it to the Czech workers they were He incorrectly sets the time of the Congress in 1962. liberation and transformation. This led the Chinese to make the polemics official. 31 41 . Brugger. This inevitably laid the ground for the establishment of M-L groups and thus M-L publications.. There the Albanians promised them to send them political documents written in Czech and the newspaper Laiko Bema. There was an alleged (phrasal) attack from Khrushchev . B. the soviet specialists that were sent as technical support to China and Albania as well as the financial help (loans) were withdrawn. Brugger.the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – towards Mao Zedong during the conference.. Less than a year later the Twenty-second Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union took place in October 1961. 42 B. This continued at a plenum the Communist Party of the Soviet Union held in July the same year and about the same time they suspended the journal of the SinoSoviet Friendship Society. China. At the same time in order to blackmail Albania and China. The Congress of the Romanian Workers’ Party and the Conference of the Communist Parties took place in July 1960. China. There. Khrushchev denounced Albania for its opposition to the Soviet political line. also sending a message to China that it would be next. which as mentioned before was published in Greek. 19421962 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 1981). p. p. where a conference was held between Communist Parties no communiqué was published as it usually happened in such occasions because some parties rejected the Soviet revisionism such as allegations and accusations against Stalin and the period he was leading the Soviet Union and the theory of peaceful coexistence of socialism and capitalism. 1942-1962. The rapprochement of Tito and Yugoslavia that split from the International Communist Movement in 1949 on behalf from the Soviet leadership as well as the Cuban missile crisis where the Soviets played a political game on the back of the Cuban people in order to serve their rivalry towards the United States. Especially after a Congress of the Romanian Workers’ Party (the communist party in Romania) in Bucharest in 196041. 218.42 So the Greek Marxists-Leninists in Chechozlovakia visited the Chinese and Albanian embassies.

Rizakis. The Chinese Embassy at his request sent these documents to him. Evgeniades. They were serving more as for providing general information on China and focused on cultural issues than ideological up to the split in 1963 nor it had gained the popularity it did after 1963 that made its publishers to translate it in a diversity of languages. Furthermore he states that they also got Laiko Bema from the Albanian Embassy and other ideological material from the Albanian and Chinese Embassies. a political refugee living in Poland at the time describes the situation in a similar manner in his autobiographical book on the life of political refugees. 46 See pp 22-23. 164-165. St. publishing and printing) as well as distribution agencies. pp 118-123. He circulated them among his colleagues in the factory where he worked. Athens 1994. Odoiporiko: Anadromi ste zoe kai drase ton politikon prosfegon. Some periodicals (Peking Review) and publishing houses (Foreign Languages Press. This was done in order to inform them about the ongoing discussion and polemics within the International Communist Movement and especially the position and arguments of the Communist Party of China. For reading and circulating these documents he was expelled from the Polish United Workers’ Party (the Communist Party in Poland). 44 43 32 . Tes Ges oi Kolasmenoi. pp. So it can be said that the political situation created such dynamics that the Chinese and Albanians created publications and founded publishing houses (production.45 This is the same kind of behavior towards anyone reading.working with in the factories.46 Revisionists forbade Marxist-Leninist documents and those that did not comply would face severe punishments from being expelled from the Party to losing their jobs or even exiles. 45 St. Party of Labour of Albania and other antirevisionist forces.44 After the split between the Soviets on one hand and China along with Albania on the other hand the latter started circulating ideological articles documents in Polish. pp 318-320. Rizakis.43 Stefanos Rizakis. G. Peking) were founded before the Sino-Soviet split but didn’t have the same purposes nor the same necessity. agreeing or distributing m-l documents that Hontzeas described concerning the Communist Party of Greece. Odoiporiko: Anadromi ste zoe kai drase ton politikon prosfegon [Peregrination: Retrospect to the life and action of political refugees].

33 47 . m-l political refugees established an antifascist-anti-junta front in Poland called AMEE (Antidiktatoriko Metopo Ellenwn Eksoterikou / Antijunta Front of Greeks Abroad). They illegally published and circulated around thirty copies of a typewritten monthly information bulletin. Firstly in order to organize themselves by finding those who were still loyal to the m-l ideology and rejected the revisionist turn in the Greek and International Communist Movement. pp.written in 1958 by a political refugee. 161-162. frequency of publications etc would have never become so prominent if it had not been for the creation of the Marxist-Leninist movement. This was managed by an editorial committee and had three persons in charge. But the political refugees themselves started their own publications apart from distribution Chinese and Albanian m-l documents. Oidoporiko: Anadrome ste zoe kai drase ton politikon porsfygwn. So letters or documents were composed by Marxists-Leninists and then were circulated among political refugees to be read and if the political refugees agreed with the content of these documents they signed them. Rizakis. They also handed it to a member of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party after adjusting it and after his proposal. Greek Marxists-Leninists were both users in order to fulfil their need to understand the situation better and get ideologically and politically stronger but also the distributor in order to promote the ideas they shared and expand their influence by exposing revisionism to the other political refugees and organizing themselves against the revisionist leadership.48 The political refugees who had been expelled from the Party or left the Party due to their disagreement with the change of the political line of it from revolutionary to revisionist. 172.The diversity of languages. After it had been approved by the coordinating committee of their newly formed m-l group in Poland they handed it to political refugees that up to then were members of the Communist Party of Greece and as a result 650 of them signed it. Rizakis refers to such a (typewritten) document 40-page long . p. 48 St. the ‘Communist Party of Greece St. to the embassies of the other Socialist Countries as well. comments and news mainly from Greece.47 During the Junta. Rizakis. one for the editorial committee and two to gather material and write. created their own organization. Oidoporiko: Anadrome ste zoe kai drase ton politikon porsfygwn. titles. It included articles.

52 P. 291. p. (Panteio Universiteio: Athens 2002). Rizakis. Danielides. Athens 1990. There is the possibility that this information is not accurate since there are conflicting sources. p. According to the President of the temporary Central Committee of CPG (m-l). Danielides. Odoiporiko: Anadrome ste zoe kai drase ton politikon prosfygon.50 The m-l political refugees also subscribed to the Greek m-l monthly periodical Anagennisi after they found out about its existence – with the only exception those that lived in the Soviet Union due to currency restrictions.51 They also distributed magazines and newspapers from other countries such as the Greek newspaper Laiko Bema that was published in Argyrokastro of Albania and the foreign languages magazines of the Chinese Communist Party. 172. 448. 295. O Polydoros Thimatai. (the first issue was published in September 1968). p. Odoiporiko: Anadrome ste zoe kai drase ton politikon prosfygon. Istorikes Ekdoseis. 291. Giorgos Giannakopoulos states53 that the Marxists-Leninists political refugees published two monthly newspapers. they published a magazine named Epanastatis (Revolutionary). Rizakis.(marxist-leninist)’. 53 G. Polydoros Danielides49. 51 St. O Polydoros Thimatai. Spitha (Spark) in Romania and Epanastati (Revolutionary) in Czechoslovakia from 1964 and presents them in his bibliography as well. Giannakopoulos. p. 170 and Danielides P. This was a monthly magazine and on behalf of the Secretariat of the temporary Central Committee of the CPG (m-l). Paschalis Vaskos was in charge of publishing and distributing the magazine as well as other periodicals such as Laiko Bema and other foreign language press of the Communist Party of China. 50 St. This started in the mid 50s after the events in Tashkent and continued until the late 70s when most of the political refugees returned to Greece after the fall of the Junta in 1974. p.. O Polydoros Thimatai (Polydoros Remembers). This group provided the political refugees with a duplicator for their publishing needs. which was the country where the Temporary P. Epanastatis was published in Romania and not in Czechoslovakia. Of course due to the increasing censorship towards m-l ideas if Anagennisi was discovered at the post office it was confiscated. 34 49 . Danielides also mentions52 the establishment of an m-l group in West Berlin that had a very active publishing activity. Oi organoseis tis eksokoinovouleutikes aristeras sten Ellada ten periodo 1956-1981 [Organizations of the extra-parliamentary left in Greece during the period 1956-1981]. p.

Oi “marxistes-leninistes” politikoi prosfyges sten Anatolike Europi (1964-1974) kai to paranomo deltio “Epanastatis” [“Marxist-Leninist” political 35 54 . 1-15 April 2003. 295.Central Committee . which according to Koulouris57 who was able to find some issues of it 100 chronia apo te gennise tou Nikou Zachariade [100 years from the birth of Nikos Zachariades]. since the cause they were called to serve through these publications was more important for them than their own lives. 57 N. Anasyntaxi. Also an article of the newspaper Anasyntaxi54 on the 100 years from the birth of Nikos Zachariades refers to an article of Epanastatis. In Bulgaria and Hungary they would be imprisoned or sent in exile.and of the aforementioned Paschalis Vaskos who was in charge of the magazine – was based. 155.and with whom the Czech branch had relations. Despite these conditions they continued their activities. It is likely that they were able to start their publishing activity around 1968 since that is probably the time they were able to get a duplicator. No. If the regime discovered any illegal publications it would confiscate them and highly recommend the Marxists-Leninists involved to stop acts that could be considered as attempts to reverse the regime but that was more or less it. this group must be OEML [Organosis Ellenon Marxiston Leniniston / Organization of Greek Marxists Leninists] on led by a Yiannis Zachos who used to lead the AMEE branch in West Berlin until he was expelled in 1968. Koulouris. O Polydoros thimatai. Danielides. And also while most sources name Paschalis Vaskos as the one in charge of the publishing activity and namely Epanastatis. In Romania things were more favorable since there were controversies between the Soviets and the Romanian government that the m-l political refugees could take advantage since the anti-revisionist propaganda was considered as antisoviet. He says it was the newspaper of the West Berlin group56 . 56 Although it is not stated clearly. which was according to this article published in Romania in 1969. p. Spitha is not mentioned by anyone while it should have been in his responsibilities. This is known by its subheading. Epanastatis is probably the single official newspaper of the Marxists-Leninists political refugees since this was the official organ of the CPG (m-l). As far as Spitha (Spark) is concerned Danielides55 mentions it in his biography but not as a publication of the Czech branch. 55 P. That was why it was chosen as the basis of the Temporary Central Committee and assumingly of Epanastatis.that provided them with the duplicator as previously mentioned .

58 KKE(m. There was a newspaper called Spitha published in Germany. p. in Mpontila M. p. for that reason and according to Koulouris60 its size was only 25X21 cm. It can only be explained by making an assumption based on the words of Danielides concerning the leadership of Czechoslovakian branch.since it’s a very rare periodical. the second issue was published in Prague. It had organizations in Romania. So he probably published a newspaper but it is more possible it was published around 1968 as Epanastatis rather than in 1964 as Georgakopoulos states in his PhD dissertation. Ekdoseis Panepistimiou Makedonias.S. Regardless the existence of Spitha as an m-l newspaper of the M-L organization branch in Czechoslovakia. Epanastatis would still be the main printed expression of m-l political refugees. Bulgaria.R. 59 His autobiography was not “written” by him. Thessaloniki 2005.l): Kommounistiko Komma Ellados (marxistiko-leninistiko) [Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist)]. For example he continued being related with the West Berlin group.S. Danielides59 is probably mistaken since there is no reference to a Spitha newspaper published by any of the m-l West Berlin groups and on the contrary there is evidence the Czech group published it. Poland and Tashkent in U. Hungary. To oplo parapoda: Oi politikoi prosfyges tou ellenikou emfyliou polemou sten Anatolike Europi [Political refugees of the Greek civil war in Eastern Europe]. Oi “marxistes-leninistes” politikoi prosfyges sten Anatolike Europi (1964-1974) kai to paranomo deltio “Epanastatis”. its existence is known mainly through the biographies of m-l political refugees – was the Internal Bulletin of the Organizations Abroad of KKE (m-l)58. 1969. (ed. but in Frankfurt during the Junta and it had a completely different political orientation. was considered to be stubborn and did things his own way regardless what the m-l organization central decisions were. 237. It was a common for illegal publications to come out in small formats since in this way it was easier to hide it or refugees in Eastern Europe (1964-1974) and the illegal bulletin Revolutionary].). it is not usual to print more than one newspaper since a newspaper is usually considered as the organ that expresses its ideological and political views. so it is possible the person that later on wrote it down made a mistake. 36 . Koulouris. 237. Czechoslovakia. Epanastatis as all m-l publications and political activities was illegal for reasons already explained previously.. This assumption is drawn from the fact that although it wasn’t possible to find the first issue. named Labropoulos. extremely hard to find. The leader. He dictated it. Although it is not unlikely for a communist organization to have more than one periodicals or press in general. 60 N.

p. 290 and N. It is certain there were direct or indirect contacts since issues regularly included articles or documents from other m-l publications. the fourth issue was out after twenty-one months in June 1970 and the eighth seven months later. Oi “marxistes-leninistes” politikoi prosfyges sten Anatolike Europi (1964-1974) kai to paranomo deltio “Epanastatis”. pp 236-240. Koulouris further mentions that although there are no facts on which was the last issue it can be assumed that it must have suspended its publication in October 1974 when the greek m-l organizations of political refugees who were based abroad and the one of those in Greece underwent a unification process. Koulouris. N. Of course there is a case they intended publishing monthly newspapers but due to security and other problems. the editing committee and the distribution to the other countries of the Eastern Block as well as Tashkent where the m-l political refugees had branches.distribute it. they weren’t able to succeed in fulfilling such a goal. Although Giannakopoulos referred to the newspaper as being monthly. It is certain that Epanastatis published at least one issue during the last term of 1973 since Danielides refers to the fact that Epanastatis published an obituary of Nikos Zachariades who died in August 1973. from the facts given from Koulouris61 it is proven that it wasn’t. The same thing was done with the m-l press in Greece during the Junta.1 Relations with Greek Marxists-Leninists abroad It is also not known if they sent it to Greek Marxists-Leninists of the West. Danielides. 237. The first issue of this newspaper was printed in September 1968.the monthly periodical of the Organization of Marxists-Leninists of Greece . mainly Laikos Dromos [Peoples’ Way] .which was published in Western Europe and even an article from the newspaper Synepis Pale [Consistent Struggle] of the Greek Marxist-Leninist organization of Toronto. in January 1971. It has already been mentioned that the first issue was published in September 1968. 62 P. O Polydoros thimatai.62 There is no evidence on the print run. Oi “marxistesleninistes” politikoi prosfyges sten Anatolike Europi (1964-1974) kai to paranomo deltio “Epanastatis”. 37 61 . Koulouris. p. 6.

294-296. 240. O Polydoros thimatai. especially in Italy where the front mass organization AMEE set up by the Greek m-l was an appreciable force of the anti-junta movement. They were able to contact the Greek m-l groups. Oi “marxistes-leninistes” politikoi prosfyges sten Anatolike Europi (1964-1974) kai to paranomo deltio “Epanastatis”. It is likely they got the printed material like Laikos Dromos by mail from the Paris branch. (G. 1973. 520). After the collapse of the Junta in 1974 political refugees started returning. 65 Gia to zetema tou Nikou Zachariade [On the issue of Nikos Zachariades]. pp 237.Canada. p. Koulouris. 64 P.63 The known facts are that during the period 1964-1967 the political refugees were subscribers of the m-l monthly periodical Anagennisi (Renaissance) published in Athens and they were able to send some letters to the editors of the periodical which although remained unanswered. Danielides. 64 Giannakopoulos further mentions that the Marxist-Leninist organizations of political refugees published pamphlets apart from their newspaper(s) that were channeled from Romania to Greece through Greek students in Italy especially after 1968. a name originally being used by the political refugees organization from 1964 until the collapse of the Junta. M-L organosi politikon prosfygon Roumanias. p. first in West Berlin through which they contacted with the Paris branch and even sent someone to Paris for discussions. But from 1968 onwards they were able not only to create organizations abroad but also control Greek Student Unions in Western Europe. The 1978 edition that appears with the same title by Istorikes ekdoseis is a new publication and not a reproduction of this title. There was an attempt to get a contact through Bulgaria that has a common borderline with Greece but it wasn’t possible. N.. Oi organoseis tis eksokoinovouleutikes aristeras sten Ellada ten periodo 1956-1981. A pamphlet with the same title was published five years later by the publishing house Istorikes Ekdoseis which belonged to the CPG (m-l) which was established in Greece in 1976 and which was the result of the unification of the m-l political refugees and the m-l living in Greece. 38 63 . This led to absorption of the m-l organizations and thus publications by political refugees from the m-l organizations that were active in Greece and mainly OMLE that in 1976 became CPG (m-l). Two of these pamphlets are known to exist for sure. Giannakopoulos. 1968 and O sosialimperialismos kai e Ellada.65 Although he doesn’t mention why this took place especially after 1968 it can be assumed that this happened since Greek Marxists-Leninists didn’t really have organizations abroad before the coup d’etat on the 21 April 1967. M-L organosi politikon prosfygon Roumanias.

from the defeat of the Germans in 1944 until 1946 and during the 50s-60s.g.g. Morfosi informs the readers it started publishing the four volumes of Mao’s Selected Works. The most significant is probably the issue 23-24. the article ‘The paroxysm of dogmatism and the Cultural Revolution’ by D. July-August 1966. 39 66 . e. which attacked Marxists-Leninists. Despite the lack of publications there had been articles in a lot of left and communist newspapers and periodicals66 on Chinese Communism as early as 1927 but the vast majority until the mid-60s focused on cultural issues. which belonged to the Communist Party.7. the left literacy magazine Protoporoi. Ellenike Aristera. M-L publishing in Greece There is no evidence of Chinese publications in Greece before the Civil War. Engels. November-December 1956 of Epitheorise Technis. The monthly theoretical magazine of EDA in 1963-97. in international and national level.g. So due to the anticommunist legislation and of course censorship it was not possible for m-l works to be published and distributed freely or semi-legally apart from short time periods e. More specifically in the inner back cover there is an advertisement of the publishing house Gnose (Knowledge) for the book E Nea Demokratia (The New Democracy). But even then with lots of restrictions. Iordanides was a member of EDA that was at that time promoting Mao Zedong and his works. the bi-weekly magazine of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece Morfosi until the Civil War. This issue through its advertisements informs us of Mao’s works published in Greece. 67 The publisher of Gnose according to I. It was quite anti-Marxist-Leninist e. mainly illegally since communism in Greece was outlawed from its birth with the establishment of the Socialist Labor Party of Greece (1917) and later on of the Communist Party of Greece (1918) and until the collapse of the Junta in 1974. That of the publishing house Morfosi (Education). quite often as well as the monthly cultural review Epitheoresi Technis also affiliated with EDA published a lot of articles almost exclusively on culture. Works of Marx.67 But it has an even more significant advertisement on page 466. The unofficial organ of EDA – which was the legal expression of the Communist Party of Greece – Avgi including anti-Marxist-Leninist articles after the Sino-Soviet split. Raftopoulos in the issue 139-140. The whole issue was dedicated to China. Lenin and Stalin had been published until then. one of Mao’s most significant works. in the 50s-60s a newspaper or a magazine could not mention as a title or a subtitle the word communism or any of its derivatives. It was published and sold in Such newspapers and periodicals were Rizospastis.

with the collaboration of very well known left intellectuals. p.68 The fact that a trade publisher decided to publish the works of Mao. 7. in newsstands and by door-to-door book salesmen. at the time there was an audience of an adequate size (or at least an increasing reading public) interested in Marxist-Leninist and in particular Mao’s works that made it profitable for a publisher. The third volume was out in 1959 after a great delay and for that reason the fourth one wasn’t out in series but as a single volume. Meeting with Iordanides (23/07/2009).small luxury. The advertisement noted that the first volume would be completed in 3 months time and the whole work in 10 months. leather bound issues every Friday. so in the beginning they used the volumes published by Morfosi as a guide for their own publications. which strengthens the point of Iordanides that EDA was up to the split promoting Chinese works and Mao’s in particular. The first volume came out more or less the same time as the one published by the political refugees. The issues were sold through bookstores. 40 . MARSYAS. The truth is that the whole project was quite delayed.69 Other titles on China were published then such as E epopeia tou kinezikou laou: E Megale Poreia [The epopee of the Chinese people: The Great March]. Athens 1961.2. 22. The people involved in the M-L publishing field were non-professionals. and not just one but all the available volumes at the time which was a time and money consuming project shows that. Later on they were sold bound in two volumes which contained the First and Second volume and the Third and Forth respectively. It was sold in instalments since the audience (mainly young students and workers) would not be able to afford them sold as volumes which would be much more expensive. But these volumes were very important for the creation of the Marxist-Leninist publishing field as well.1 The League of Friends of “New China” 68 69 See Section 5.

Athens 20/5/1960. Kitsiki was even able to persuade intellectuals and moderate politicians to join including Dimitrios Papaspyrou.Established in 1956 after an initiative of the intellectual Beata Kitsiki70 the League of Friends of “New China”71 presented itself to be interested in the cultural and artistic aspect. The League was based in a hall where they held meetings and cultural events on China. Iordanides in Drapetsona. IV. 19 June 2009. Athens. a well-known intellectual.73 7.1. 73 E prote kineziki pneumatiki antiprosopeia stin athina [The first Chinese cultural delegation in Athens]. 75 He is probably the known Greek poet and translator Manolis Cornelios. in 1959. Cornelios75 published in 1966. The last is probably the Selected Works of Lu Hsun.72 In this attempt B. president of the Greek Parliament. The League itself published the quarterly periodical Ellenokinezika Chronika [GreekChinese Chronicles] and in January 1959 it published the book Ancient Chinese Myths.1 “How to know China better” Later on. Kedros. vol. 41 70 . 71 It is also known as: Union of Friends of New China and Greek-Chinese friendship league. The first time any official delegation ever visited Greece was a cultural one invited by the League in May 1960. translated by M. the League in cooperation with the publishing house Feksi. Athens 1982 which is about her personal experience of the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution in China. Before that. titled H Kina ekso apo ta teichi [China outside walls]. in 1962. Feksi published a travel book about China by Petros Charis74. 74 Alias name of Ioannis Marmariades. a very well known Greek theatre and cinema director. In reality Kitsiki and other progressives and leftists wanted to help China fight against its international isolation by the capitalist-imperialist states. a series of more 30 books of mainly Chinese literature and art were published beginning with the book Chinese Theater which was published in a translation of Takis Mouzenides. Most of the translators were known intellectuals themselves and Beata Kitsiki published the book Gnwrisa tous kokkinous frourous [I met the red guards]. 72 Meeting with I. Kitsiki even managed to organize trips to China and played a very significant role as a source of Chinese publications that was used for translations. Augi. The series was called Pos na gnorisoume kalitera tin Kina [How to know China better].

2 The first Greek M-L Publishing House In 196377 we see the establishment of the first Greek m-l publishing house. among them was New Democracy of Mao Zedong.78 It was there that the first thoughts of what to be done led to Istorikes Ekdoseis.established. The book itself did not necessarily make a stand against revisionism but the fact alone it was about China was enough to make an antirevisionist statement. etc. Ideodromio. 78 According to I. 77 Many incorrectly place the establishment of Istorikes Ekdoseis in 1964 e. The Greek-Soviet League provided the Russian edition that was used for the translation. especially known for his avant-guard graphic design of subversive magazines like Panderma. Christakis who died earlier this year was one of the best known publishers of the Antiauthoritarian and Anarchist movement in the 70s. I am aware of. It is ironic that the material for the first Marxist-Leninist publication after the revisionist turn in the Soviet Union (1956). It was not possible to acquire the whole series of books in order to make an extensive research. was provided by revisionists. The book was originally published by the Chinese Ministry of Higher Education in 1958 and was translated a year later by the Foreign Literature editions in Moscow. which was published in 1964 so they identify the two as more or less synchronously. Iordanides the leadership in Ai Stratis had some books hidden.some were surely related to the League. edited by Ho Kan-Chi. This is because the landmark of the M-L movement is the monthly periodical Anagennisi.g. Leonidas Christakis had designed the covers of many if not all76 titles of this series. old acquaintances from Ai Stratis where they conducted together the struggle against revisionism. This attempt started by a core of people gathered by Yiannis Hontzeas and Isaac Iordanides. 7. The first book published by Istorikes Ekdoseis was Istoria tes Sygchrones Kinezikes Epanastasis [A History of the Contemporary Chinese Revolution].N. which after some time were distributed and read by the rest of the exiles. Istorikes Ekdoseis [Historical Editions]. 200. (Information provided by Iordanides 42 76 . G. who selected the works to be translated along with the publisher. Feksi has closed down decades ago and there is not archive. It was translated from Russian and the translator although not mentioned is Isaac Iordanides. where a complete list of its titles can be found. At that period it was not possible to find any books on China since there was no direct contact with China. Alexatos. p. Istoriko Lexiko tou Ergatikou Kinematos.

EDA. In the future and although Istorikes Ekdoseis published two volumes of the works of Mao in the same time they published the key documents of Mao in pamphlets in order to create a balance. a lot of money to publish it and it was expensive to buy as well. since at a time when an average monthly wage was around 800 drachmas. was trying to prevent its members from coming in touch with the m-l ideas as they were expressed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party and used all means in order to succeed. On the other hand the “official” Left. By publishing a Chinese title the publishers. In their future publishing activity they mainly published pamphlets that were much cheaper and which their reading audience could afford. This publication was not only important because it made the split official but also because the establishment of Istorikes Ekdoseis worked as a centre for gathering The use of quotation marks is due to the fact that the group of people around I. Iordanides translated a few entries for the World Soviet Encyclopedia of Kypseli publishing house and Hontzeas edited a couple of books for a publishing house. Isaac Iordanides and Yiannis Hontzeas. In this way those interested could buy the pamphlets until they could afford the volumes. of which they were members.This was a leather-bound volume so the edition cost the “publishers”79.80 This was probably done due to their lack of experience of the publishing industry being non-professionals. 19 June 2009. (Information provided by Iordanides. its price was 180. 80 Price lists and catalogues appeared in the back and the inner back of the periodical Anagennisi. Iordanides and Yiannis Hotzeas who were the heart and soul of this publishing activity weren’t actual publishers but political subjects who treated publishing as a political action and not as a trade. 19 June 2009). both well-known Marxists-Leninists. 43 79 . published from 1964-67. On one hand there weren’t any bilateral relationships between Greece and China. There only prior involvement with publishing was that I. 81 All this information on the first steps of Istorikes Ekdoseis were provided by Isaac Iordanides co-founder of the publishing house in Drapetsona-Athens. made the split with the revisionist EDA. It was not easy at the time to get your hands on books from China.81 The inexperience of Iordanides and Hontzeas is even more obvious if we compare their practice with the one by Morfosi which exactly in order to avoid such financial problems (cost of publishing) and by taking into consideration the purchasing power of the M-L reading audience chose instalments instead of single volumes.

Istorikes Ekdoseis was created in order to create a centre for mainly MarxistsLeninists former exiles and prisoners such as those that fought against revisionism while in the exile of Ai Stratis. this book was the reason for Beata Kitsiki and Istorikes Ekdoseis cooperation. Kitsiki was looking for someone else to publish the Chinese documents. It was the same time the Chinese and the Soviets were close to the split. 83 All of them are known intellectuals and translators. The first accumulation of Marxist-Leninists led them into publishing the monthly periodical Anagennisi. 44 82 . M-L groups since it was not easy to achieve desirable distribution did this. The group of Marxists-Leninists that established Istorikes Ekdoseis on the other hand would be more than glad to get access to these documents let alone to publish them.and organizing Greek Marxists-Leninists. Probably because Feksi was not a politically orientated publishing house but mainly into literature. It is one of the few cases if not the only one that professionals worked in m-l publishing and that is due to the cooperation with the League of Friends of “New China”. In this publishing cooperation apart from the documents the League of the friends of “New China” provided translators as well. This was in order to expand their influence and It was quite usual at the time and even up to today in Greece for publishers owning bookstores as well. The choice of titles to publish was also made not for profit but in order to serve the M-L cause and also the agents of this publishing house of it became such to serve this cause. as translators of publications of Istorikes Ekdoseis weren’t affiliated with Istorikes Ekdoseis but with the League of Friends of “New China”. One of the bookstores they went was Feksi. This is the reason that after a while Istorikes Ekdoseis moved to a bigger office where there was a hall used for the discussions of the people that became part of this M-L nucleus around Istorikes Ekdoseis. They now had with them Aristeidis Tsampazis who they also knew from Ai Stratis and who worked as door-to-door book salesman and had a small office next to the first office of Istorikes Ekdoseis.82 Feksi contacted Kitsiki since they knew from their cooperation that she would be interested in this new publishing house. especially after Metapolitefsi. For example Mina Zografou and Elli Lambride and Elli Alexiou83 that appears. After the book was ready for sale the people of Istorikes Ekdoseis went to the bookstores in order to get some orders. Apart from that.

And it will meet their most energetic support. It is the natural ending.become known to a wider audience and especially the youth that was radicalized but disappointed by the official politics of EDA. their own concerns. hard but beautiful struggle for people’s liberation. the need to attain a public stand to promote and popularize a series of great issues of authority that have to do with the orientation of the movement. Apopseis kai sxolia. of a hard ideological struggle of the Left that had been taking place for many years. The enemies of truth. Anagennisi was a monthly periodical that together with Istorikes Ekdoseis had been the political expression of the first Greek m-l group. The first issue of Anagennisi went out in October 1964 and 29 issues had been published in total. all of those who fought with passion and faith and persist until today to fight the big. p. Anagennisi published articles of its member’s anonymously as well as Chinese and Albanian translation. Anagennisi initiated the struggle against revisionist EDA and other smaller political groups. democracy and social advancement against opportunism and the policy of submission. will find in Anagennisi their voice. 1. Anagennisi makes its appearance in very difficult and complicated circumstances. A short article in the first issue consists of a summary of what it stands as well as the reasons that led to this publication:84 Publishing Anagennisi is not a result of a sudden inspiration. their Kataliksi mazi kai afetiria [Ending and beginning together]. the intensity and [political] direction of the struggles of the Greek people in order for the country to get rid of the suffocating embrace of foreign imperialism. no. 5. the disseminators of lies and defamation will lay themselves out to strike Anagennisi. And it will have to face every kind of additional obstacles and difficulties… But Anagennisi will be the true voice of truth. For a long time it has became consciousness of the vast mass of militants and followers of the Left in our country. There is no doubt that Anagennisi shall find warm popularity among the vast mass of the Left’s militants and the Greek people. for peace and national independence. All of those who really love the people and the truth. 45 84 . Anagennisi. And the truth doesn’t count this difficulties nor it wears down by them. October 1964. But their best strike is too weak.

From 1978 until 1981 Istorikes Ekdoseis published. After the disintegration of the CPG (m-l) in 1981 a group held Istorikes Ekdoseis . opportunism etc appear often. the autobiography of Polydoros Danielides. Lenin. One of the characteristics of leftist publishing fields. imperialism. Stalin. The third paragraph makes a political stand by sketching the main political principles of Anagennisi and preparing its members and followers for the slander and war they were going to face from the revisionists of EDA if they choose to align with Anagennisi. 46 85 . a number of works of Dario Fo and had planned to publish more. socialism and communism along with revisionism. The first two paragraphs summarize in a coded way85 the struggle between Marxists-Leninists and revisionists. A language code that is very much in common among leftists but is not that ordinary for anyone else. After the crisis in the international Marxist-Leninist movement due to the revisionist turn in China (1976) and Hoxhas’s change of stance towards Mao Zedong it is noticeable that the place that up to then was taken by Chinese and Albanian publications is taken by issues that was up to then subordinated such as culture. Istorikes Ekdoseis restarted activities in 1974 and until 1976 it was the publishing house of OMLE (Organization of MarxistsLeninists of Greece) and from 1976 until 1981 of the Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist). Anagennisi and Istorikes Ekdoseis suspended their publications in 1967 due to the Junta since the people working on them were either arrested or exiled or went underground and some left the country. for the first time in Greece. And will stand by its side for sure. along with the words revolution. Where the names of Marx. either it is the MarxistLeninist. The group of people around Istorikes Ekdoseis and Anagennisi. the revisionist or any other is speaking in codes. in 1990. got to know each other in this struggle and decided to do something. something that eventually didn’t happen due to the crisis and the disintegration of the Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist) and consequently of Istorikes Ekdoseis. “O Polydoros Thimatai”.but mainly as a bookstore and not a publishing house – with the exception of a very important publication. This was to establish m-l publications as a first step. Mao and others. Anagennisi will move forward opening the way for the real renaissance of the left movement and of Greece.own hopes and expectations. capitalism. Dissolving the darkness that imperialism wants to preserve. breaking all barriers and obstacles.

the publishing house Istorikes Ekdoseis published a little pamphlet entitled: E Laiki Kina gia to Kypriako [People’s China on the Cyprus Question]. pp 5-6. October 1964. which in this specific case was probably more intense and had a more severe effect than the state censorship aspect. 87 Agonistike Synepeia kai Dimosiografiki Entimotita [Militant Consistency and Journalistic Honesty]. in 1974. Eleutherotypia. Both of them were abolished after the collapse of the Junta.88 The advertisement was published the first day IOS. This was the “censorship” on behalf of the revisionists.86 But there is also another aspect of censorship. That was also because while the first had an impact on the publisher’s side. To ideogramma tou taksidioti: H Kina me ta matia ton Ellenon episkepton [Traveler’s ideogram: China through the eyes of Greek visitors]. 20/07/2009.7. The following report from Anagennisi’s first issue is characteristic of this war:87 A few months back. EDA. Tasos Bournas.2. Even when censorship appeared to be inactive.1 Censorship and “Censorship” Anticommunist laws such as the Law 509/47 constituted state censorship as well as Legislation Decree 4234/62.g. EDA directly or indirectly controlled the leftist press of the time in Greece. by using the law 509/47. 1967-71 various censorship mechanisms were in use. this one had an impact both on the publisher – which was expected and the publisher’s team was ready for it – but also on the audience. autocensorship had to take place from the publisher’s side if they didn’t want to get arrested. an editor. Anagennisi. 88 Demokratike Allagi [Democratic Change] was an afternoon newspaper of the left affiliated with EDA. Apart from that in various periods e. was court-martialed because of the publication of a book by Mao Zedong on the Chinese civil war. Ten years before the establishment of Anagennisi and nine before the establishment of Istorikes Ekdoseis. […] The interested publishing house in its attempt to advertise this publication – which consists of a contribution to the cause of liberating the people of Cyprus addressed Demokratike Allagi. 47 86 . So with the appearance of Anagennisi we have a war by using all means from EDA’s side. 1. no.

Unity was one of the bigger blackmails and accusations within the International Communist Movement. But the attack on the reader’s side was unprecedented. Members of EDA were forbidden to read Anagennisi or publications of Istorikes Ekdoseis.91 We leave our readers to draw their own conclusions! Refusal of advertisements.but not the second. false accusations and distorting the viewpoints of Anagannisi by EDA was one side of the story. There was even an issue about “wrongly” publishing it in the first place! We will not deal with the whole disgraceful story of the attitude of the press organs of EDA which came to the point to deny publishing any adverticement of classic documents coming from People’s China by stating: “Never Mao Zedong. 90 Bourgeois newspaper. But the orders were clear: Not even an advertisement should be published on the fact that People’s China have views on the Cyprus question. And the attack that they have delivered against this pamphlet is the best proof for the response it had. Because so we want” especially at a time that so many speeches are made and tears are spilled about “unity”89. What annoys us is the unprecedented action of attempting to obstruct the view of a great country. 48 89 . in People’s China and towards the classic works of a great representative of the vanguard theory. in order to attack and project as People’s China line whatever comes handy. And while this was and still is the stand of EDA’s leadership and of its press organs towards the Cyprus question. Revisionists accused m-l of being fractionists despite the fact that it was they that changed the political line of the International Communist Movement. it has a completely different stand in advertising and projecting in headlines readings like: RUSSIA AFTER THE DESTALINIZATION by Acropolis90 or of scab anouncements of Nea GSEE. Basic journalistic honesty – in order not to ask them for militant consistency – calls for themselves to promote these views that consist of important contribution to the struggle of liberating the people of Cyprus from the imperialist bonds. a more or less expected one. They were expelled for reading. which is a warm support of the struggle of the people of Cyprus. 91 A trade union closely related to the state and the employers. But the truth cannot be hidden in the end.

From 1963 until 1965 students of EDA published it and then it became the organ of P. 7.94 Students affiliated with the Left used to publish student magazines either concerning a specific department of faculty (e.S.P.95 – the student organization established by students affiliated with Anagennisi – in May 1966. Of course Anagennisi from the very first issue dedicated a number of articles concerning the youth and student movement and the need for organizing the students’ anti-imperialist camp. no. an m-l group that at the same time ran a periodical and a publishing house – were facing a constant attempt by EDA’s leadership to completely isolate them. 95 P.P. Anagennisi.2. p.93 More than 100 youth members and cadres left EDA due to this situation and aligned with Anagennisi.P. The former members of EDA that established P. no. no. 25. magazine of the students of the Polytechnic Institute) or for general student issues.g.2 EDA Youth and ‘Anagennisi’ This antidemocratic stand of EDA. The people that belonged to the political group of Anagennisi – because in reality that was what they really were. Anagennisi. The first student union of Greece. 7-8. up to then in the universities you could only find youths of political parties. had been leading members of EDA’s youth and they were very much involved in For such detailed cases see: “Sotires” kai “Ananeotes” [“Saviors” and “Renewers”]. Anagennisi. pp 195201. E oportounistike igesia tis EDA antimetopizei me “diagrafes” tous synepeis agonistes-meli kai stelechi tis EDA [The opportunist leadership of EDA faces the consistent militants members and cadres of EDA with “expels”]. 94 Due to anticommunist legislation they couldn’t use phraseology such as MarxistLeninist camp so they used consistent and anti-imperialist instead.P.92 People that up to then had been their friends or comrades stopped talking to them. Athens 1984. 3-4.S. 2. 93 K. [Proodeutiki Panspoudastiki Syndikalistiki Parataksi / Progressive AllStudents Syndicalist Union]. One of those magazines was the monthly review Spoudastikos Kosmos [Student’s World] published in Thessaloniki. November 1964.P. Lambrakides: Istoria mias genias. Polytypo.S. 49 92 . as well as the unilateral presentation of the Soviet side in the Sino-Soviet polemics among other issues created a bad impression in EDA’s youth members. April-May 1965. pp 24-30. St Martin.P. November-December 1964. pp 60-66 and Oi agonistes katagelloun ten oportounistiki politiki tis igesias tis EDA kai diachorizoun ti thesi tous [Militants report the opportunist policy of EDA’s leadership and separate their position].agreeing with or distributing Anagennisi.

P.a review of Spoudastikos Kosmos and an article that unofficially announcing the creation of P.P. This stresses out the need of such publications within the circles of left students.28.98 So we see that the sales of Spoudastikos Kosmos in Athens equals around 25% of the sales of Panspoudastiki despite the fact that: 1) The youth of Anagennisi and later on P. 98 ASKI digital archive Youth and the Left: <http://62.111/neolaia/rec. Lambrakides: Istoria mias genias. ASKI digital archive Youth and the Left: <http://62. 2) Spoudastikos Kosmos had to deal with the war and blackmails on behalf of EDA which made it difficult for someone to buy the magazine.Spoudastikos Kosmos.S.asp?id=69519&nofoto=0> (08/07/2009). 97 96 50 . In Anagennisi.P. According to K. Salpisma [Call] then replaced it until 1981 when Salpisma suspended its publication since P.111/neolaia/rec. didn’t have an equivalent distribution network as EDA nor the number of members of EDA. in the ideological arena were translated in equivalent dynamics in the publishing field. 198.P. sold between 550-650 copies in Athens.P. Spoudastikos Kosmos stopped its circulation in 1967 and then it restarted in 1974 and until 1976.S.P.96 But Spoudastikos Kosmos first issues – in early 1966 . p. 3) Spoudastikos Kosmos had no financial support and its editorial committee was proud for being the only independent student magazine.after becoming affiliated and then an organ of P. In the case of m-l publishing this is one of the few cases we have data on the sales of any of the periodicals or other printed material especially from the first period (before the Junta of 1967) of this movement. St Martin only about 50 students left EDA for Anagennisi.asp?id=68226> (08/07/2009).P.S.S. St Martin. was dissolved as a result of CPG (m-l) disintegration. EDA youth’s equivalent of Spoudastikos Kosmos had an estimation of selling around 2000-3000 copies in Athens during the period 1964-1965.P. since the existence of a reading audience is vital for any publishing field.97 Panspoudastiki [All-Students]. This has to do with the fact that there was an ideological conflict in which progressive students had to choose sides. K.28.103. It is interesting to see the impact of these ideas in the student movement through the sales of Anagennisi.103. The dynamics created in the field of politics. issue 19 of April 1966 two articles can be found on this issue .

[…] The article continues with an analysis of the m-l viewpoints on the national and international level. On the 28th of January the weekly newspaper Laikos Dromos [Peoples Way] was published.7. There was the need to make a more permanent and regular presence in a way. The dynamics created each time due to the political and organizational advancements of the m-l movement can be translated into making specific actions or steps forward. It comes from the roads opened in October 1964 by Anagennisi and represents this direct continuity and further development of the struggle engaged by Anagennisi. On the 1st of April SPAK [Synepis Politiki Aristeri Kinisi / Consistent Political Left Movement] was established. Its front-page main article states the following:99 Where does the Left go? At the bastion of the people’s struggle stands today a new.2. Publishing Anagennisi was such a step forward. Its subheading was Weekly newspaper at the service of the Consistent Left. published before the Junta apart from a case of bad quality photocopies. SPAK was a legal political group that was created as an umbrella It was not possible to find the 12 issues of Laikos Dromos. fiery and decisive fighter. A monthly review – that often became bimonthly – could not serve the cause of an expanding m-l group.php?name=News&file=article&sid= 1527> (08/07/2009). Anagennisi was a step forward from Istorikes Ekdoseis but now it wasn’t enough.politikokafeneio. since it liberated forces from revisionism giving a boost to the m-l movement and thus creating even greater potentials that had to be expressed somehow. What is Laikos Dromos? How was it born? What are its causes? Laikos Dromos is the child of the antiimperialist and antirevisionist storm. This became even more intense when Anagennisi made some steps forward in unionism such as in universities in 1966. The front-page article can be found in: <http://www.com/neo/modules. 51 99 . Laikos Dromos. its differences from EDA etc.3 How to advance In 1965 a discussion within the leading organ of Anagennisi began on what the next step should be.

4 Non-professionals as agents of the field 100 <http://marx2mao. by means of generalized and systematic agitation that can only be conducted with the aid of the periodical press. It only lasted 3 weeks since on the 21st of April the Colonels coup d’ état took place. should be the founding of an All-Russian political newspaper. and extend that organization. the first step towards creating the desired organization.com/Lenin/WTB01. It is considered that through the newspaper it is possible to reach and create relations with the working class. Anagennisi. when interest in politics and in questions of socialism has been aroused among the broadest strata of the population. Most of the groups use the article Where to Begin by Lenin written in 1901 from which I quote the piece that shows better the concept of the Marxists-Leninists groups towards the press: In our opinion. which is the chief and permanent task of Social-Democracy in general and. It may be said without exaggeration that the frequency and regularity with which a newspaper is printed (and distributed) can serve as a precise criterion of how well this cardinal and most essential sector of our militant activities is built up.organization for those affiliated with Istorikes Ekdoseis.html> (09/09/2009). all-round propaganda and agitation. let us say.100 At their peak (during the ‘70s) the largest Marxist-Leninist groups were able to publish weekly newspapers. in particular. without it we cannot conduct that systematic. would enable us steadily to develop. Publishing a newspaper is considered the highest state of publishing activity at least for the communist press. or. the starting-point of our activities. the pressing task of the moment. deepen. but none was ever able to publish a daily newspaper. 52 . pamphlets.. consistent in principle. the main thread which. Today biweekly Marxist-Leninist newspapers are still being published in Greece. A newspaper is what we most of all need. local leaflets. PPSP and Laikos Dromos. if followed. Never has the need been felt so acutely as today for reinforcing dispersed agitation in the form of individual action. 7. etc.2.

had been in the publishing industry before the establishment of Anagennisi and Istorikes Ekdoseis. Iordanides learned French during his exile in Ai Stratis when various intellectuals decided to organize groups for those interested This goes for the Marxist-Leninist publishing field as a whole. that is for the publishing houses of the main Marxist-Leninist groups in Greece plus some other activities of smaller groups some of which were just publications. mainly translating from English. which they then served.102 The following makes the fact it was really a network of non-professionals that joined forces due to their political and ideological agreement in order to transform it into publishing even clearer. Papaioannou and others appear as translators. co-founders of Istorikes Ekdoseis. both translated from French and Iordanides translated from Russian as well. did not continue working in the publishing field. Apart from some agents mainly from the Metapolitefsi (after 1974) period of this movement which were mainly sympathizers than members of Marxist-Leninist organizations I rarely identified any of the names of those involved in M-L publishing as active publishing agents outside it such as in trade publishing.Neither Hotzeas nor Iordanides. They used their knowledge in foreign languages.2 53 101 . was the reason they undertook publishing activity. This was done especially in the first steps of M-L publishing before Junta. and in particular Marxism-Leninism. They either took some courses during their secondary education or especially from Junta onwards when Greek Marxists-Leninists organized groups in Europe103 they used the knowledge of the language of the country the lived or studied. They became part of the Marxist-Leninist nucleus that established Istorikes Ekdoseis and this political participation was translated into publishing activity. Most of the people whose names appear as translators hadn’t studied foreign languages in the university. 102 I did this mainly by searching the databases of the National Book Centre of Greece (EKEBI) and the National Library of Greece.3. Those who left the m-l movement and that had been in the publishing house Istorikes Ekdoseis. C. The names of R. Politics. Economou. 103 See section 7.101 Publishing was part of their political contribution to the Marxist-Leninist cause. They as well weren’t agents of the publishing industry before. They were in politics though.

meaning that its only aids were income from sales and subscriptions plus donations of supporters. M-L groups. proudly announced to its readers that it was the only independent magazine. which owned the M-L publishing houses. and most of the times there is no payment. 7. it’s mainly volunteer work. do not appear names of translators at all or mention that a committee translated the work. 105 More details on these two groups in Section 7.104 Quite often.3 54 104 . (Thessaloniki. The names of the agents play no significance either for the readers or for the publishing field as a whole. did not have knowledge of French. This applies for all Marxist-Leninist publications and of course for the C. One can suppose that if this is true he translated by using existing translations such as those of Morfosi and with the help of his comrades in a collective way in combination with his knowledge of communist ideology and politics.3. The use of non-professionals as agents is also related with the issue of financial autonomy that will be analyzed later on. The translations were done in a sort of collective way. just a cog in the machine.g.2.5 Financial Independence of the Marxist-Leninist Publishing Field As it was previously mentioned the editorial committee of Spoudastikos Kosmos. It’s the publishing house itself that gives the prestige or the name of the author of the work (e.2-7.3. had as only financial resources membership fees. 8 June 2009). Papaioannou who was a member of Istorikes Ekdoseis before the Junta mentioned that Hontzeas that appears as the main translator of Istorikes Ekdoseis. Mao Zedong). They do not provide their services for financial reasons. learned Italian. contributions of their supporters and the sales of their publications. from French. All the translating team tried to contribute with their knowledge to the effort of the main translator of each work. Agents are considered as soldiers in the service of the cause.where they taught them accordingly to their profession before being exiled. The use of professionals would increase the operating cost of the publishing house in such an extent that it would not be possible for it to function or would have to limit its publications. especially in the publishing houses of the Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece (EKKE) and the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece (M-L KKE)105. Iordanides later on while exiled in the island of Leros. in Partheni.

On the 21st of April after the coup the army confiscates EDA’s newspaper Avgi. He organized a group of Marxists-Leninists that announced the establishment of OMLE.3 M-L publications during the Junta Anagennisi and the other m-l publications were the only ones that warned of the danger of a coup while the revisionists did the opposite. After the Junta a lot of the members of SPAK were arrested. One of the two leaders.Marxist-Leninist organizations as well which even when are allowed some state funding they refuse to take it as a sign of their political independency from the state and their refusal of advertisements is used as a sign of being based on their own forces and independency from economic interests. So we have two incidents that would have been quite funny if they weren’t so tragic. periodicals etc as part of that tradition of independence from bourgeois and other political and economical interests. Iordanides was arrested during the first few days and sent to exile in the island of Leros. It was titled Gramma apo ten Ellada [Letter from Greece]. for writing that there was going to be a Junta in Greece by using the anticommunist laws and with the excuse that they were trying to create turmoil among the people. A small nucleus of people stayed in Greece in order to organize the anti-junta struggle and the rest were sent abroad to organize the work there and to be called back if necessary after some steps were made. Hontzeas escaped and went underground. In a case that a group or publication accepts such funding or advertisements. The M-L publications in Greece even today do not use advertisements in their newspapers. On the other hand the editorial committee of Spoudastikos Kosmos was trialed and convicted by the Junta.1 M-L publishing in Greece during the Junta 55 . 7. One of the key articles is why there is not going to be a Junta in Greece. In August 1967 the leadership of OMLE sent a political document describing some basic political positions on Greek and international issues abroad.3. it would be considered as a political setback and would be strongly criticized by other groups. 7. We can say that this was the platform on which the m-l organizations and publications were based.

mainly newspapers and magazines. no. OMLE in 1968 established AME [Agonistiko Metopo Elladas / Militant Front of Greece] but there is no evidence of it having any publications.gr/index. 7. 1973: Epanastatiko Ergatiko Apeleutherotiko Metopo [Revolutionary Workers Liberation Front] by Kostas Bakirtzis. Unfortunately no evidence of publishing activity exists. First it issued a bulletin using a polygraph. Later on OMLE sets up an underground press and in November 1968 the clandestine newspaper Proletariake Simea [Proletariat’s Flag] is published in a small size.3. 1. Istoriko Lexiko tou Ellenikou Ergatikou Kinematos. Alexatos.koel. or even splinter actions of members of the new leadership .2 M-L publishing abroad <http://www. After the arrest of the leading team of OMLE and due to problems of continuing the work initiated in the period 1967-1969.due to dissapointment by the actions of the new leadership. published Neoi Agones [New Struggles]. 1972-73: Laike Eksousia [People’s Power] led by Kostas Zirinis published the Bulletin of the organization of marxists-leninists Laike ‘Eksousia’. Kritiki – Syspeirosi. pp 30-32 and G.in chronological order are:107 1970: Marxistiki Leninisti Kinisi Elladas [Marxist Leninist Movement of Greece] and Popular Democratic Front of Greece established in 1970 both established by Manolis Piblis and published Pleroforiako Deltio of MLKE [Information Bulettin of MLKE] and Epanastatike Fone [Revolutionary Voice] respectively.106 Proletariake Simea was sent abroad since its articles have been reproduced in publications abroad.were created and they published their own material. OMLE initiated its publishing activity.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=584&Itemid =83> (08/07/2009).N.After its establishment.mainly active in Greece . 56 106 . 1974: Kinese Ellenwn Marxiston Leniniston [Movement of Greek Marxists Leninists] led by Nikos Raptes. Some examples of such groups . 107 Most of this information comes from Kritiki istoriki anadromi sto marxistiko – leninistiko kinema tis Elladas [Critical historical retrospect to the Marxist – Leninist movement of Greece]. In 1969 the key members of OMLE were caught and the Junta discovered the printing press. April 1975. other smaller groups mainly splinters from OMLE .

establishment of student unions and Greek communities which were the places were the struggle between revisionists and m-l took place and as a result a lot more publications to serve the struggle between the various groups. 182. OEML published the monthly newspaper Laike Fone [People’s Voice] between 1971-1974. in Germany. The various branches of AMEE in western European countries published monthly Information Bulletins i.e. and also leaflet and flyers on various issues. they were not forced to work underground. In late 1974 it changed its name to Communist Party of Greece / MarxistsLeninists an in 1975 it underwent a split.Greek Marxist-Leninist groups abroad could work under better conditions during the military Junta (1967-1974) than their comrades in Greece. Italy named Laike Enoteta [People’s Unity]. Kokkini Simea [Red Flag] an also monthly review that was considered as its central theoretical organ. Members of SPAK. An additional advance in relation to m-l publishing within Greece during the Junta was the fact of having access to Chinese and Albanian m-l documents as well. Oi organoseis tis eksokoinovouleutikes aristeras sten Ellada ten periodo 1956-1981. This is because despite some disturbance by the Junta through Greek Embassy employees etc. That had as a result more intense discussions. Documents. 13. which soon became OMLE.109 OMLE published a monthly review called Laikos Dromos as was the name of the newspaper of SPAK before Junta and also published pamphlets from time to time under the name Laikos Dromos as well. the periodical Protoporia [Vanguard] which was its monthly theoretical organ. In Germany the AMEE branch led by a Giannis Zachos who was expelled in 1968 splintered and Zachos created OEML [Organization of Greek MarxistsLeninists]. 109 109 108 57 . Czechoslovakia and Canada. G. which was a periodical edition in English. One of the two splinter groups that kept the same name had to change the name of its periodical to Kokkino Asteri [Red Star] since the other was able to keep Kokkini Simea. In 1972 it started publishing a monthly newspaper in Modena. According to Giannakopoulos OMLE owned presses in Modena. Giannakopoulos. abroad created AMEE108. After OMLE the second most significant group was EKKE [Epanastatiko Kommounistiko Kinema Elladas / Revolutionary Communist Party of Greece] See p. p.

g. In Canada we have the creation of two M-L groups of Greek immigrants in Toronto and Montreal that didn’t have any relationships with the groups back in Greece at first and didn’t even know their existence. 23 July 2009. It set up EKKE publications and in 1972 published series of pamphlets on the history of the international labor movement. 7. Some issues were illegally sent to Greece as well. In Ringwood. the history of the Communist Party of China etc. Australia a group called Organization of Greek Marxists Leninists of Australia published the monthly newspaper Neos Agonistes [New Militant] from 1968. There had been other smaller groups such as AKE (Antifascist Movement of Greece) that published the monthly periodical Antifasistas [Antifascist] in 1970 and published some pamphlets of Mao under the same name. Iordanides in Drapetsona-Greece. e. The issues that were confiscated during the Junta by the police were somehow channeled back into the market in Monasteraki.3 From ‘Metapolitefsi’ to Social-democracy 110 Meeting with I. with bourgeois forces or even King Constantine as some revisionist forces of the time suggested in their publications and which the m-l groups rejected and fought against in theirs.founded in Germany in 1970. EKKE published Communistis as its monthly organ. Now it was the anti-junta struggle the leading driving force for m-l publications. These series were translated from German. The group in Toronto published the monthly newspaper Synepis Pale [Consistent Struggle] while the group in Montreal published the monthly newspaper Protoporos. 58 . Athens most known flea market from where they bought them and later on joined the group.3. on the history of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of the Soviet Union. Of course the antirevisionist struggle did not cease especially as the antijunta struggle advanced and thus a struggle among the various anti-junta organizations developed on the directions and the character of this struggle and the alliances that would serve an anti-junta front. The significance of the press for the Marxist-Leninist movement is stressed out by the fact that according to Iordanides110 a number of young people during the Junta find out about Marxism-Leninism and especially with the group that was then named Organization of Marxists-Leninists of Greece through Anagennisi.

114 This was more of an issue of making a critical assessment of the history of the Communist Party of Greece or not than an issue concerning Zachariades.During the Junta we see the creation of a lot of m-l groups and publications. ‘From “Anagennisi” to the crisis of the post-maoist era: The M-L current in Greece during the decates 1960-1970’. Ektos Grammis. In many cases the term of m-l publications is more correct than m-l groups since these groups of people consist primarily of a publication than of a group.114 These issues created respective dynamics that gave boost to m-l publications once again. 116 Belonging to M-L CPG. And of course the antirevisionist issue which was a permanent topic of ml publications. The rest of OMLE simultaneously created CPG (m-l). Ekdoseis EKKE and Na Ypiretoume to Lao [To serve the people] and also published the newspaper Laikoi Agones. a splinter group from OMLE in 1976. 23. 115 EKKE used to publications brand. As G. G. peoplesdemocratic or socialist)113 and to the support or not of the policy of Nikos Zachariades as the leader of the historical Communist Party of Greece. which has been the reason for a great split among the m-l movement while Istorikes Ekdoseis don’t. 59 111 . The issue was whether the Greek m-l movement can and should stand on its own two feet or it can’t and thus it should create and keep relations with China or Albania in a relation known as Big brother – Little brother with the latter being the Greek m-l movement and the Big brother being China or Albania. p. what will be the character of the revolution in Greece (bourgeois-democratic. 112 The issue is stated in a quite simplistic manner by the author. M-L CPG kept the title of the newspaper Laikos Dromos and CPF (m-l) started publishing Proleteriaki Simea that was also published during the Junta as an underground newspaper. 59. Alexatos states in his article on the m-l current in Greece during the decades 1960-1970 the differences between those groups had to do with the following:111 […] full or critical support of the Chinese foreign policy112. So we have Ekdoseis EKKE115 and Morfotikes Ekdoseis116 that remained proChinese after Mao’s death continuing publishing Chinese works such as the Three Worlds Theory. no. May 2009. Alexatos. 113 This was related to the analysis of the character of the Greek society and economy each group made. The most important publication made by m-l publishing house apart from Istorikes Ekdoseis was the fifth volume of Mao’s Selected Works by EKKE publications and Morfotikes Ekdoseis.

Today only some titles found in the remainders and second-hand bookstores reminds us of the existence of the Greek Marxist-Leninist publishing field that for almost two decades had a prominent position within Greek leftist publications.g. informed me that back then M-L publications sold like 60 117 .The time from the mid to late 70s was a time of crisis for the m-l movement. Apart from that we have the rise of PASOK. bookstores either closed down immediately. Publishing houses closed down. translators. which meant confidence to the m-l cause led them dissolving their groups and either stopping any political activity or joining the new rising political party. using slogans of the Left. Most of the groups’ leaders didn’t have faith to their own strength. This led to the disintegration of the Marxist-Leninist publishing field in Greece. When nobody else in the world remained on the m-l side but turned revisionist (in the case of China) or dogmatic (in the case of Albania) they felt all alone against everybody. with bookstores118 It is possible that the reason that in relation with other agents of the Greek M-L publishing field such as translators. It was also promoted by the system as a force of stability since the right-wing party was not able to stay in power for long due to close links between its high-rank members and the Junta it started advancing. The enormous dynamics once being created by the millions of Chinese Marxists-Leninists during the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution that gave them boost were long gone. PASOK. Due to the fact of the aforementioned lack of confidence to their power. 118 Tasoula Gkenidou. only when it was necessary such as working on a book to be published. PASOK was a Social-Democratic party founded in 1974 and led by Andreas Papandreou. That is the main reason of the crisis. some turned into trade bookstores117 or just survived until they sold their stocks. editors etc. In 1981 it won the National elections. China after Mao stopped being m-l and even the groups that initially supported the new regime that took power in 1976 under Deng XiaoPing soon had second thoughts. It presented itself as a Left party. The issue wasn’t following Albania but in general following somebody. Enver Hoxha denounced Mao’s politics in the late 70s and that created a split in the m-l movement. there were more booksellers staying into the business since they worked mainly full-time while others e. who owned a trade bookstore in her village Evropos in North Greece during the late ‘70s.

translators and booksellers wrote. During that era the M-L struggle against revisionist was intense. It was the international developments that led to the disintegration of this movement as they led to it’s growth. 27 March 2009). dozens of newspapers and periodicals and hundreds of books and pamphlets. crazy. Another reason that the ML movement worked on a volunteer basis was due to the lack of capital on one hand the aim of maintaining financial independence from the State and financial institutions.especially the translators . The leaders of those groups could not carry on the anti-revisionist. within the m-l publishing field had no past and in most cases . (Evropos. This happened during the mid-60s when this movement rose until the mid-70s. Epilogue The Greek Marxist-Leninist publishing field followed the exact course of the Greek and international M-L movement. 61 . without China and Albania. before China’s revisionist turn that pulled the carpet under the international M-L movement’s feet and that was reflected to the M-L publishing activity. Its sperms were carried from the early 50s but it was not until the early 60s that it really started developing as the M-L movement did. They became agents of this temporarily created publishing field because they believed in the M-L ideas. Non-professional journalists. The vast majority of these people. This time frame is what we now reflect upon as the golden era of the M-L movement. 8. so that many times she didn’t wait for the books to arrive from the publisher in Athens but lent them from other bookstores from Thessaloniki. since the leadership in most of these groups believed that there was too much weight to carry alone. translated and sold m-l publications. who became agents. Most if not all of their work had been on a volunteer basis exactly because their work was considered ideological and political rather than a real job. anti-imperialist struggle the M-L movement that was until then conducting. authors.no future within the publishing industry.in Athens and Thessaloniki. which followed a parallel course.

Although from the 80s until present day there is a spell of very limited M-L publications.turned revisionist. which was the anti-revisionist struggle as it was conducted in an international and national level faded away after China – the main force of this struggle .After the disintegration of the M-L movement especially after the end of 1981 when the Social democratic Party. all other publications are sporadic. Some of them after the splits or disintegration of the groups they belonged to. this publishing field diminished. PASOK. The dynamics that created it in the first place. won the elections and “absorbed” or diminished the vast majority of the Greek Left. kept the bookstores until they sold the stock they had and/or turned their bookstores into trade bookstores. Apart from the newspapers which themselves are limited in number in relation to the past. one cannot compare it with the M-L publishing field of the 60s and the 70. but in general they abandoned the M-L publishing field. Publishing houses are no more than brand names used for these sporadic publications every time needed and consequently there is a limited number if any of agents consistently involved in M-L publishing activity 62 .

(Revolutionary Communist Movement of Greece) [Athens Branch] Archive of Isaac Iordanides Archive of Yiannis Hatzis Archive of Vasilis Tomanas Archive of Vasilis Platanos IISH collections of Greek M-L publications from the 60s and 70s (Pleroforiako Deltio tou AMEE Germanias. Digital Archive of Democratic Army of Greece <http://62. Bourdieu. – Burke. in Finkelstein. – McCleery. Laiko Bema... Briggs. 2nd ed.N.2. 63 . D. Polity. Cambridge 2006. Laikoi Agones. second ed. Laikos Dromos. Digital Archive of Greek Youths movements and political organizations <http://62.28. 9. Istoriko Lexiko tou Ellenikou Ergatikou Kinematos (Historical Dictionary of the Greek Labour Movement). Geitonies tou Kosmou. Bibliography 9.. G. A. Stochastis.K.28.103.. The field of cultural production.. Fone tes Neolaias. Books and articles Alexatos. IISH collection of Peking Review Digital Archive: Culture and the left in Greece during the 20th Century < http://62.E. Laiki Enoteta. Ekdotike Drastiriotita kai kinese ton ideon sten Ellada [Publishing Activity and Movement of Ideas in Greece]. Fone tou Laou.. P.. Routledge. New York 2003.111/lsaski/> (29/06/2009). A Social History of the Media. etc).103. L.111/neolaia/> (29/06/2009). The book history reader.28. Athens 2006.111/ds/> (29/06/2009). P. Axelos.K.103. A.1 Archival Material Archive of the Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist) [Thessaloniki Branch] Archive of the Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist) [Athens Branch] Archive of the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Greece [Athens Branch] Archive of E.9. Athens 2008.

The China Quarterly. 1942-1962. Donnithorne. Arthra apo to periodiko ‘Anagennisi’ 1964-1967 [Articles from Anagennisi 1964-1967].. Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist). China’s Economic System. London 2008. Athens 2004. Eleutherotypia. New York. Athens 2002. Volume III (2006). Tes Ges oi Kolasmenoi [The Damned of the Earth].. Gia to kommounistiko kinema tis Elladas [For the communist movement of Greece]. ‘The Organization of Publishing in China’. IOS. G. The “8th Nentori” Publishing House. Evgeniades.. A/Synecheia. 20/07/2009. 64 . 205-213. Athens 2005. Athens 2008 Feldman G. Athens. 107 (Sept. The Historical Review. PhD Dissertation.. Cambridge University Press. Lanham 1981. Athens 2002. Communist Party of Greece (marxist-leninist). Athens 1993. B. ‘Literature and National Consciousness of the Greek Minority in Northern Epirus’. fifth ed. Ektimiseis gia ten poreia tou M-L kinematos sto esoteriko kai diethnos [Evaluations for the course of the M-L movement national and international]. 519-529. A. Oi ekselikseis sto Pagkosmio kommounisitko kinema kai e dimiourgia tou marxistikou-leninistikou kinematos sten Ellada [The developments in the international communist movement and the creation of the marxist-leninist movement in Greece]. Poems. N. To ideogramma tou taksidioti: H Kina me ta matia ton Ellenon episkepton [Traveler’s ideogram: China through the eyes of Greek visitors]. Imperialism and the Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield.. issues 179-184.. A. Frantzi. Morfotikes Ekdoseis. 1954. Darberis Tasos. Proletariake Simea. Routledge. E. Athens 1994.. Panteio University.Brugger. No. Masses & Mainstream. pp. Hontzeas Y. Hoxha. Hontzeas Y. pp. Tirana 1979. To “telos” tou kommounismo [The “end” of communism]. Ektos ton Techon. Proletariake Simea.. China. Giannakopoulos.. G. Oi organoseis tis eksokoinovouleutikes aristeras sten Ellada ten periodo 1956-1981 [Organizations of the extra-parliamentary left in Greece during the period 1956-1981].. 1986)... liberation and transformation. Hikmet. Mia istoria tis nyxtas 1967-1974 [A night story 1967-1974]. A/Synecheia. Bibliopelagos. Iordanides I.

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