Don DeLillo, “White Noise”

DeLillo’s zeitgeisty “breakout” novel tells the story of Jack Gladney, a professor of Hitler studies (a department he invented) who can’t speak German. He works at The-College-on-the-Hill (perhaps a “city on the hill” reference to the Bible/Kennedy/Reagan) and is married for the fifth time to his fourth wife, Babette. They have a baby, Wilder, and a number of other children, including the prescient Steffie and the morose Heinrich. Both Babette and Jack are obsessed with death and with discussing who will die first. The bland 1980s and its “white noise” in the form of technology and advertising are recurrent subjects in the novel. (I would love to teach this with a John Hughes movie, like Sixteen Candles, and think about how trends, products, and cliches work in each).

When the “Airborne Toxic Event” arrives, Jack is exposed and later learns from testing that he has somehow been affected. The acronym is ironic, as the cloud is dispersed when microbes are released to eat it. SIMUVAC’s priority is to pretend the real event is simulated: “there is no substitute for a planned simulation” (a reality reversal like the most photographed barn bit. The barn’s aura is increased, rather than decreased, with each photograph in a “collective perception” that is different than Benjamin’s original theory: “we can’t get outside the aura” 13). Jack discovers Babette has slept with a man to get Dylarama, a drug to cure people of the fear of death. It is not working for her, but for a time Jack becomes obsessed with procuring some for himself. Jack and Murray talk, and Murray theorizes that “the more people you kill, the more power you gain over your own death… a secret precision at work in the most savage and indiscriminate killings” 291. Jack’s final confrontation with Willie Mink, the scientist who makes Dylar, is a sort of parody of the Marlow/Kurtz communication or the Humbert/Quilty conflict. It also seems to follow on the failed glory of Taxi Driver and the imagined horrors of American Psycho, both of which focus on sex and youth as well. The novel ends with Wilder miraculously surviving as he rides his tricycle across the freeway. Jack decides to stay away from the doctor and the “binary secrets” the information age seems to offer 326.

Zora Neale Hurston, “Their Eyes Were Watching God”

Ellison, Wright, and Alain Locke disliked this novel, but it has become a classic at least in part because of its unique deployment of free indirect discourse in the story Janie tells Pheoby of her life in three parts. Janie famously moves “from object to subject” in the process, and the last line of the novel is “She called her sould to come and see” 193. Barbara Johnson claims it solves some narrative issues of Jakobson’s conflict between metaphor (universalizing totality) and metonymy (the repetition and renaming of the particular). I don’t have any recent notes on this novel, so I’m going to publish some information from Wikipedia…

Wikipedia summary:

The main character, an African-American woman in her early forties named Janie Crawford, tells the story of her life and journey via an extended flashback to her best friend, Pheoby, so that Pheoby can tell Janie’s story to the nosy community on her behalf. Her life has three major periods corresponding to her marriages to three very different men.

Nanny, Janie’s grandmother, was a slave who became pregnant by her owner and gave birth to a daughter, Leafy. Though Nanny tries to create a good life for her daughter, Leafy is raped by her school teacher and becomes pregnant with Janie. Shortly after Janie’s birth, Leafy begins to drink and stay out at night. Eventually she runs away, leaving Janie with Nanny. Nanny transfers all the hopes she had for Leafy to Janie. When Janie is sixteen, Nanny sees her kissing a neighborhood boy, Johnny Taylor, and fears that Janie will become a “mule” to some man. Nanny arranges for Janie to marry Logan Killicks, an older man and farmer who is looking for a wife to keep his home and help on the farm. Although Janie is not interested in marriage at that time, her grandmother wants her to have the kinds of things she never had the chance to have, and by marrying Logan Killicks Janie’s grandmother thinks it will give her the opportunity to make this possible. Janie has the idea that marriage must involve love, forged in a pivotal early scene where she sees bees pollinating a pear tree, and believes that marriage is the human equivalent to this natural process [think Beloved and the turtles!]. Logan Killicks, however, wants a domestic helper rather than a lover or partner and feels Janie does not do enough around the farm and she is ungrateful. Janie runs off with the glib Jody (Joe) Starks, who takes her to Eatonville.

Starks arrives in Eatonville to find the residents devoid of ambition, so he arranges to buy more land from the neighboring landowner, hires some local residents to build a general store for him to own and run, and the people of the town appoint him mayor. Janie soon realizes that Joe wants her as a trophy wife. He wants the image of his perfect wife to reinforce his powerful position in town, as he asks her to run the store but forbids her from participating in the substantial social life that occurs on the store’s front porch.

After Starks passes away, Janie finds herself financially independent and beset with suitors, some of whom are men of some means or have prestigious occupations, all of whom she turns down. She meets a young drifter and gambler named Vergible Woods who goes by the name of Tea Cake. She falls in love with Tea Cake after he plays the guitar for her. She sells the store and the two head to Jacksonville and get married, only to move to the Everglades egion (“the muck”) where they find work planting and harvesting beans. While their relationship has its ups and downs, including mutual bouts of jealousy, Janie realizes she now has the marriage with love that she had wanted.

The area is hit by the great hurricane. Tea Cake is bitten by a rabid dog while saving Janie from drowning. He contracts the disease himself. He ultimately tries to shoot Janie with his pistol, but she shoots him with a rifle in self-defense. She is charged with murder. At the trial, Tea Cake’s black, male friends show up to oppose her, while a group of local white women arrive to support her [think bell hooks!]. The all-white jury acquits Janie, and she gives Tea Cake a lavish funeral. Tea Cake’s friends forgive her, and they want her to remain in the Everglades. However, she decides to return to Eatonville. As she expected, the residents are gossiping about her.

  • In Maria J. Johnson’s article “‘The World in a Jug and the Stopper in [Her] Hand’: Their Eyes Were Watching God as Blues Performance”, she states that Hurston’s novel takes a similar structure and aesthetic to blues culture [if jazz is masculine?]. Johnson also shows how the contrast of Hurston’s images, such as the pleasure and pain dynamic of the bee, can be seen in songs by singers like Bessie Smith.
  • The article, “The Cognitive Construction of the Self in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God” by Patrick S. Bernard highlights the connection between the construction of self and cognition in Hurston’s novel. According to Bernard, cognition is the inner essence of an individual that embodies the idea of “thinking, seeing, speaking, and knowing,” but is often determined by one’s exterior environment. Janie, the protagonist, uses her cognitive skills in order to find her identity and throughout the novel develops her cognition further. While Janie is living in a sexist society she continues to rise above her opposition specifically that of her three husbands. Bernard demonstrates this,

In a conversation with Jody, Janie defends ‘womenfolk,’ disagreeing with the sexist claim that God made men “different” because they turn “out so smart” (70). When she states that men “don’t know half as much as you think you do,” Jody interrupts her saying, ‘you getting too moufy Janie … Go fetch me de checker-board and de checkers’ (70-71) so that he and the other men could play (Bernard 9).

The comment from Jody, Janie’s second husband, attempts to suppress her voice and manipulate her thoughts. Rather than acting submissive to Jody, Janie for a brief moment contends with Jody by telling him how men misunderstand women. Jody fears that Janie’s thinking will lead to her gaining more knowledge and naturally to speaking her mind, eventually leading to Janie achieving the power of knowledge to recognize and change the mistreatment and unfairness she has been receiving. Bernard proposes the idea that Jody’s relationship with Janie represents society’s assumption that women are of limited cognition. This assumption positions women in subservient roles that limit their ways of thinking, speaking, and seeing.
In addition to bringing up Janie’s relationship with Jody, Bernard emphasizes how her relationships with her other husbands influenced her cognition. He points out the fact that Logan Killicks, Janie’s first husband, mistreated her by severing any beginning form of self construction by treating her as an infant [think Friedan and de Beauvoir!]. Bernard also brings forth the idea that Janie’s construction of selfhood blossoms when Tea Cake, her third husband, allows her to participate in experiences unimaginable to her. While Logan Killicks gives her no opportunity of expressing herself, Jody overpowers her expressive voice; Tea Cake allows her construction of self to between self construction and cognition. Bernard’s main point therefore is that self-construction is influenced by cognition, that is, knowing, thinking, seeing and speaking are important to the construction of self in Zora Neale Hurston’s novel.
  • In “The Hierarchy Itself: Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and the Sacrifice of Narrative Authority”, Ryan Simmons argues that Hurston made a statement against models of authority that supplant an oppressive system with other oppressive systems and offered an alternative. By models of authority, Simmons means the narrative voice of the author and Janie’s narrative voice. Hurston represented the different ideologies of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois through the characters of Logan Killicks and Joe (“Jody”) Starks. Like Washington, Logan models the path of “gradual progress” that wouldn’t threaten the white-dominated sphere of power and Hurston presents his practices as a tradeoff between liberty and modest prosperity. Joe models the path advocated by Du Bois, which is one of assertion of dignity and less compromise. But the issue shown by Joe’s eventual isolation from the community dialogue he helped establish and Janie’s overpowering of him through a usurpation of authority, Hurston shows that the weakness with Joe’s approach is that it mirrors that of white suppression. Instead, Hurston introduces a third way of achieving self-autonomy through Tea Cake. He represents an independence from reliance on communal validation, and instead serves as a mirror for Janie to discover her narrative power. In relation to the author’s narrative power, Tea Cake is the epitome of a good reader, one that is receptive to the transformative message of the text. Language is the understanding and sharpening of one’s identity while communication comes second. In Hurston’s innovative narrative, she is attempting to fulfill the “ideal narrative”, which is one that nurtures and changes both the reader and the author. [think of Banjo, dialectic, Adorno]

Julia Kristeva, “Desire in Language”

In this text, Kristeva outlines the process of abjection, by which the child exits the feminine (semiotic, pre-Mirror) stage of language tied to the mother and rejects her, entering the masculine (symbolic, post-Mirror) stage of language involved in independence and the social. Unlike Lacan, Kristeva believes that the subject continues to oscillate between the two realms, especially women, who continue to identify with the mother and the semiotic realm.

“As soon as linguistics was established as a science (through Saussure, for all intents and purposes) its field of study was thus hemmed in (suture)’ the problem of truth in linguistic discourse became dissociated from any notion of the speaking subject” 24.

For Kristeva, a better model “would deflect linguistics toward a consideration of language as articulation of a heterogenous process, with the speaking subject leaving its imprint on the dialectic between the articulation and its process” 24-5.

“Rather than a discourse, contemporary semiotics takes as its object several semiotic practices which it considers as translinguistic; that is, they operate through and across language, while remaining irreducible to its categories as they are presently assigned… in the space of a given text, several utterances, taken from other texts, intersect and neutralize one another” 37 [Bakhtin].

“The novel, seen as a text, is a semiotic practice in which the synthesized patterns of several utterances can be read. For me, the utterance specific to the novel is not a minimal sequence… It is an operation, a motion that links, and even more so, constitutes what might be called the arguments of the operation, which, in the study of a written text, are either words or word sequences (sentences, paragraphs) as sememes… Novelistic utterances, as they pertain to this suprasegmental level, are linked up within the totality of novelistic production… The ideologeme of the novel is precisely this intertextual function defined according to the [extra novelistic textual set] and having value within [the novelistic textual set]” 37.

“The modality of novelistic enunciation is inferential: it is a process within which the subject of the novelistic utterance affirms a sequence, as conclusion of the inference, based on other sequences (referential – hence narrative, or textual – hence citational), which are the premises of the inference, and, as such, considered to be true. The novelistic inference is exhausted through the naming process of the two premises… The function of the author/actor’s enunciation therefore consists in binding his discourse to his readings, his speech act to that of others” 45.

“The novelistic utterance conceives of the opposition of terms as a nonalternating and absolute opposition between two groupings that are competitive but never solidary… instead of an infinity complementary to bipartition… it introduces the figure of dissimulation, of ambivalence, of the double” 47. [vs multiplicity/ rhizome/ faceting]

“The novel’s nondisjunctive function is manifested, at the level of the concatenation of its constituent utterances, as an agreement of deviations” the two originally opposed arguments (forming the thematic loops life-death, good-evil, beginning-end, etc.) are connected and mediated by a series of utterances whose relation to the originally posited opposition is neither explicit nor logically necessary” 51-2.

“Writing is revealed… as a function that ossifies, petrifies, and blocks… an artificial limit, an arbitrary law, a subjective finitude… the entire history of the novel: the devalorization of writing, its categorization as pejorative, paralyzing, and deadly. This phenomenon is on a par with its other aspect: valorization of the oeuvre, the Author, and the literary artifact (discourse)… What opens it is speech” 59.

Kristeva begins with Bakhtin,

“one of the first to replace the static hewing out of texts with a model where literary structure does not simply exist but is generated in relation to another structure. What allows a dynamic dimension to structuralism is his conception of the ‘literary word’ as an intersection of textual surfaces rather than a point (fixed meaning), as a dialogue among several writings: that of the writer, the addressee (or the character), and the contemporary or earlier cultural context” 65.

In Bakhtin’s ‘carnivalesque,’ “the poetic word, polyvalent and multi-determined, adheres to a logic exceeding that of codified discourse and fully comes into being in the margins of recognized culture”: “Diachrony is transformed into synchrony, and in light of this transformation, linear history appears as abstraction” 65.

“The minimal unit of poetic language is at least double, not in the sense of the signifier/signified dyad, but rather, in terms of one and other… each ‘unit’… acts as a multi-determined peak” 69. [Irigaray on the vagina]

“The novel incorporating carnivalesque structure is called polyphonic. Bakhtin’s examples include Rabelais, Swift, and Dostoievski. We might also add the ‘modern’ novel of the 20th century – Joyce, Proust, Kafka – while specifying that the modern polyphonic novel, although analogous in its status, where monologism is concerned, to dialogical novels of the past, is clearly marked off from them… the problem of intertextuality (intertextual dialogue) appears as such” 71.

“Bakhtin’s term dialogism as a semic complex thus implies the double, language, and another logic… the logic of distance and relationship between the different units of a sentence or narrative structure, indicating a becoming – in opposition to the level of continuity and substance, both of which obey the logic of being and are thus monological” 71.

“According to Bakhtin, there are three categories of words within the narrative… the direct word, referring back to its object… denotative… the object-oriented word… the direct discourse of characters… oriented towards its object and is itself the object of the writer’s orientation… ambivalent [word]… the result of a joining of two sign systems… repetition… takes what is imitated (repeated) seriously, claiming and appropriating it without relativizing it… The novel is the only genre in which ambivalent words appear; that is the specific characteristic of its structure” 73.

“For a woman, generally speaking, the loss of identity in jouissance demands of her that she experience the phallus that she simply is; but this phallus must immediately be established somewhere; in narcissism, for instance, in children… narrowminded mastery, or in fetishism of one’s ‘work’… Otherwise, we have an underwater, undermaternal dive: oral regression, spasmodic but unspeakable and savage violence, and a denial of effective negativity” 164.

“The problem is to control this resurgence of phallic presence; to abolish it at first, to pierce through the paternal wall of the superego and afterwards, to reemerge still uneasy, split apart, asymmetrical, overwhelmed with a desire to know, but a desire to know more and differently than what is encoded-spoken-written” 165. [rich, moore, bishop, faceting]

“A text that exists only if it can find a reader who matches its rhythm – its sentential, biolgical, corporeal, and trans-familial rhythm, infinitely marked out within historical time… the explosion that surrounds us, moves through us, refashions us and that sooner or later we shall have to hear” 208.

Walter Benjamin, “The Arcades Project”


Time-Management: Bandwidth | William Nozak, MBA | Harper’s Hut Shaved Ice

Over ten years ago, I spent a month south of America; Mexico. With no smart phone, tablet, or laptop. So I frequented an internet café. Paid a fee. And then listened to the familiar sound of dial-up. It was fun, a throw back, minus the frustratingly slow page loads. In hindsight, whatever I attempted to do in that café would be limited by bandwidth. So is true in life.

Too often, we lose interest in daily routines, processes, and patterns, which are extremely helpful. The trick is to maintain perspective. We want new, difficult, and larger responsibilities. We often think like the early settlers of the 1900’s in the great land grab, instead of land, we are grab up responsibility. Too often in pursuit of our American dream we dig wider and not deeper; this can lead to a bandwidth issue. If we were computers, it would be like having dial-up and 40 applications open at once.

Ways to know if you are exceeding your personal bandwidth?

If you are accomplishing everything and people wonder what you do, you are safe. But if you look stressed out, are forgetful, moody, and have no time for friends, family, and other, there is a good chance you need to adjust your obligations. You are exceeding your bandwidth. Remember the people you work with are not your loved ones, and an over investment can lead to stress. Spending time with loved ones (Friends & Family) is an example of a healthy counter balance and can produce eustress, good stress. Too much of anything follows the Law of Diminishing Returns, even healthy counter balances. Work hard, work smart, and work long hours, but do not become a workaholic. The days are long, but the years are short; A workaholic loses sight of family, friend, future, and the big picture. There is nothing wrong with working 60-100 hours a week if relationships with family, friend, and other are also healthy. Each of us has 24 hours a day, eight to sleep if you want, and 8-14 to work. That can be 6-7 days a week. Just as long as you have counter balances.

If you are exceeding your bandwidth because of P.R.?

Remember you must network; networking builds trust. Trust leads to contacts, contracts, investors, partnerships, supply chains, everything. Just remember to keep a healthy perspective. If investing time in these relationships is negatively effecting your family, friends, and other, think “calendar synchronization.” Ever left a job and thought I will keep in touch with those friends, but never do? This is an example of “calendar synchronization,” relationships that exist because of schedule, goals, or professional network alignment. Investing time in these relationships is a must, but like many things, guided by a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). When these mutually beneficial relationships AKA “calendar synchronizations” are taking too much time from friends, family, and other adjust your time investments. Friendships and family must be invested in, especially if you are working 60-100 hours a week, 49+ weeks a year. They are your Rock of Gibraltar. When you keep important things at the top of your daily, weekly, monthly, yearly to-do’s/goals, you will always be working on the right problems. Scaling up/back work is the right kind of problem to have; saving your family/marriage is not.

Life is full of chaos and disorder as is, do not bring additional chaos into your life by exceeding your bandwidth. If there is too much wind, build windmills, if there is too much rain, build a rain catcher, and if there is too much information and not enough bandwidth, close some applications. How do you scale back once you are deeply rooted in things that rely heavily upon your human energy, knowledge, position, and authority? Pivot.

For a business school option visit www.thrive15.com Promo Code E2E. For more business related articles by this author check out www.harpershutshavedice.me.

Leadership: Truth Out Of Order | William Nozak | Harper’s Hut Shaved Ice

Leadership: Truth Out Of Order

William Nozak | Harper’s Hut Shaved Ice

It is hard listening to others not directly connected to your industry, profession, or project, but a lesson in humility and judgment, nonetheless. Note, not all voices should be heard equally. If you listen through the lenses of hubris instead of confidence, you will often listen with impaired hearing, and misinterpret facts, findings, judgments, trends and hunches. Hubris is one of the worst blinders. Listening to others with less expertise takes a measure of humility; however, the proof is in the pudding. Additionally, a Level 5 Leader is classified by exhibiting humility. We have all received a piece of information from an associate, employee, or customer that became the intellectual bridge to the answer. Truth out of order. Often this outside perspective can provide providential wisdom that accelerates our thinking toward a calibrated stance. You cannot predict truth out of order you can maintain a posture that recognizes its existence.

Truth out of order is not a confirmation bias; it is valuable information from an unlikely source and often out of order. Family, friends, and associates are additional authors of truth out of order. Do not forget, what is correct today is wrong tomorrow. Markets, cultures, and assumptions change. Data is misinterpreted and patterns hide. What about the future set? Often in the form of bits and bytes, rarely in fully developed form, truth, hides in the mouths of the unlikely.

When everyone is blind, the one-eyed man is king. Keep your eyes open for truth out of order. Where is the Mason Dixon Line concerning whom to listen? Avoid the know-it-all. Use discernment. Process information through your background, education, and the books you have read. At the end of the day, you can make any piece of information work if you believe in it enough. Without trust, there is no risk-taking, and without risk-taking, there is no innovation.

For an alternative to Business College, visit Thrive15 Promo Code E2E. For more E2E articles by this author visit www.harpershutshavedice.me

Core Competencies: The Key To The First Door And More

Leadership: What Is The Role Of A CEO? | William Nozak | Harper’s Hut Shaved Ice

To attract buyers and visibility a CEO orchestrates teams that define, innovate, position, re-position, create value propositions, competitive advantages, and comparative advantages. Through processing, supply-chaining, outsourcing, insourcing, in-forming, etc., evolution of an inside occurs. Something with walls, ceilings, and floors. A distinct inside and outside air. This service/product is introduced to the world through press releases, marketing, branding, advertising, public relations, networking, & sales. The CEO must first have an inside and then find a way to bring the outside to the inside.

Customer Retention: Pain Points | William Nozak | Harper’s Hut Shaved Ice

How easy is it to find a niche? Easy. Especially if you can diagnose pain points. You know, get downstream from a product or service and find the gaps between what is thought to be delivered and what is delivered; between reality and expectation. The easy targets are bad customer experiences, high fees, and little to no innovation.

I love when I walk into an establishment and the employees are trained to make my experience memorable, to deal with me no matter how difficult I become, and have the ability to sidestep processes in order to get me to solutions. More memorable are untrained employees, with little to no people skills or ability to solve my problem. The outcome: bad customer experience. Identify the logjam where customers are having a high incidence of bad customer experiences and you have a pain point. A competitive advantage. Ceteris Paribus this is a prime reason to start a business.

You have gas stations, grocery stores, retailers, restaurants, and health clubs that you frequent. What happens when the service provided is disproportionate to the cost? Maybe droves of potential buyers find the fees too high. Price is a pain point and depending upon the product, lower fees can be a competitive advantage. Beware; as the incumbent realizes there is a competitively priced product in the market, he may start a price war leading to “the race to the bottom,” a price war leading to lower and lower prices. To avoid a price war, be strategic, methodical, and wise with your pricing. Use analytics when possible. Do not put yourself out of business.

Products with little to no innovation (assuming they are not a dead invention like a Walkman) can be modified to produce a competitive advantage. Augment the product or presentation. Once again, being downstream as a consumer has its advantages. Identify where the current product or service is lacking and create innovative solutions that match customer profiles and needs.

A quick brainstorming session with friends, over cheese & wine can produce the pain points for your next business venture. Start by identifying the gaps between expectation and reality. If the current solution is marred by bad customer service, high fees, and little to no innovation you may have found your next business concept. For more business articles by this author visit www.harpershutshavedice.me or Harper’s Hut Blog.

William Nozak | Harper’s Hut Shaved Ice


Personal Injury: Know Your Rights in Portland, OR

Written by Adian Martin on . Posted in Posts: Personal Injury

If you are a victim of personal injury, you might want to file a lawsuit. After all, you deserve compensation for sustaining injuries through no fault of your own.

But before you make a claim in court, it is important that you learn about your rights. This helps you avoid potential issues that could derail your case.

Ask yourself these questions to better gauge the odds of winning your personal injury case. Keep in mind that a personal injury lawyer is your safest bet when filing a personal injury claim.

Are You Filing in Time?

In Oregon, the statute of limitations to file a personal injury claim is two years. A statute of limitations means the window of time when the events are still considered relevant. This window of time varies from state to state, but typically a judge will refuse to hear any case if it has surpassed the statute of limitations.

Consequently, it's important that you file within the allotted time to ensure your case is still valid.

What If I Filed But My Case Hasn't Been Resolved?

If you have filed your personal injury claim within this two-year time frame and the courts have not yet resolved your case, you're still fine. You have not surpassed the statute of limitations. The court will not drop your case as long as you have filed your claim during your allotted time.

Do You Share the Fault?

If you are partially to blame for the accident in any way, it could affect the outcome of your case. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't still file a claim or that your case won't win. But you need to offer full disclosure to your lawyer and not omit any truths about your accident to ensure you receive full compensation.

How Does Shared Fault Work?

To better understand shared fault, imagine driving on the freeway. A driver followed you too closely and rear-ended you. If you sustained serious injuries, you would have a solid personal injury claim against the party who hit you.

Now imagine the same situation, except this time your brake lights weren't working correctly. The individual following you couldn't tell you were braking; therefore, you share some of the fault and you are now partially liable.

What Happens If I'm Partially Liable?

In Oregon, if you are partially liable for the accident and the injuries you sustained, you will receive modified compensation based on your liability for the accident. If you are at least 51% liable for the accident, you are not eligible to receive any compensation.

For example: you drive 25 miles over the speed limit while a pedestrian tries to cross the road. The pedestrian tried to cross early, so he was partially liable for the accident. However, the insurance company may deem you 60% responsible for the accident due to your excessive speed. Even if you suffered whiplash during the accident, you are not entitled for compensation because you are more than 50% liable for the accident.

What Happens During the Discovery Process?

Once you have decided to file a claim and pursue your case, you will go through the discovery process. This is a pre-trial process where your lawyer presents your case along with any documentations of the accident.

During the discovery process, expect depositions, or oral interviews with the parties involved in your accident. These interviews help fine tune and clarify your case before going to trial.

Can I Afford a Lawyer?

Even if your injuries have left you without a job, you can afford to hire a lawyer. Many lawyers will not charge you any fees until after your case is settled.

Instead of upfront costs, they will charge a contingency fee, which you negotiate to pay depending on the outcome of your case. If you win, you pay your lawyer with the compensation awarded to you from your case. If you do not, you might not have to pay your lawyer at all.

However, you should expect to pay a few small court fees along the way. Each law firm and lawyer is different, so consult with your lawyer to find out individual payment policies.

Can I Represent Myself?

Although you can represent yourself, it's better to hire a lawyer to handle your case. The legal jargon is difficult for many to understand, and you may misunderstand basic processes. Without a lawyer to guide you through the process, you might not have enough information to present a solid case.

If you would like to learn more about your rights and the processes of filing a personal injury claim consult with a lawyer. He or she can provide information for your unique situation and make suggestions on how to proceed. With the right lawyer, you can protect your rights and get the compensation you deserve.


Klára Hanincová

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The genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the agent of Lyme disease in North America, has consequences for the performance of serological diagnostic tests and disease severity. To investigate B. burgdorferi diversity in Canada, where Lyme disease is emerging, bacterial DNA in 309 infected adult Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in(More)


Sneak and Peek Warrants

The sneak and peek warrant was incorporated into the United States legislation as a section of the Patriot Act in 2001. The main aim for the enactment of the legislation was to curb terrorist activities and prevent them from taking place within the jurisdictions of the United States. Sneak and peek gave law enforcement officers the power to search private residential areas and business premises without prior notification or with delayed notification to ensure that the suspect cannot interfere with evidence that can enable them have a strong case against the suspect. In the context of this paper, the sneak and peak warrants will be highlighted and their relevance to the United States established.

Sneak and Peek warrants are search warrants which give law enforcement officers the power to break into private homes as well as businesses and conduct a search within the premise without the prior search and knowledge of the party being investigated. This is a piece of legislation which was passed in 2001 as part of the United States Patriot Act. They are also referred to as Covert entry search warrants or surreptitious entry search warrants. The main aim of coming up with this legislation was to reinforce the measures aimed at preventing terrorist activities within the United States. The officers in charge of law enforcement are not allowed to seize personal properties. These warrants have demonstrated great benefits in investigations that involve the manufacturing of illegal drugs. The warrant gives the officers the power to conduct a thorough search for chemicals as well as drug paraphernalia within the premise to give them the authority to return with the normal search warrant (Sievert, 2007).

Sneak and Peek Warrants
While the sneak and peak warrants were basically meant to act as an anti-terrorism measure, it is not necessarily limited to terrorism and has application in various federal crimes. This has particularly brought it to the limelight regarding its efficiency. It brings along a number of advantages and disadvantages. This piece of legislation was formulated after the terrorist attack which took place in Washington leading to the destruction of twin towers and causing serious harm to human life. The United States had to find ways of fighting terrorism both externally and internally (Leahy, n.d). Sneak and Peak warrants give room for delayed information of the search or not informing the suspect at all about such searches in his premise. This is very vital if the officials in charge of the investigations want to get first-hand evidence. The court can only give the sneak and peek warrant if there is a possible negative result that can be brought about by issuing prior information concerning the search. If the warrant does not include seizure of private property, unless there is an indubitable necessity for that, and that the warrant may be extended if there is a reasonable cause (Crawford, 1997).

With the evidence in their hands, law enforcement officers have a strong ground and are able to present solid cases in court. Critics have expressed fears that the law enforcement officers may take such warrants for granted and go the extent of applying them even on the lesser law breaking acts that occur on a day-to-day basis (Larry  Maria, 2008). Sneak Peak is not considered to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment that protects the citizens from unreasonable and unlawful searches. Sneak peak has been credited with ensuring safety of both the law enforcement officers and the resident. If the search could be normal, then there is a probability that the resident can plan to harm the officers or may act in such a manner as to attract the wrath of the officers (Stuntz, 2002). This practice has the potential of preventing the resident from fleeing when he is sure he is guilty. The officer will locate him if they realize that he has a case to answer (Bullock, Haddow,  Coppola, 1997).

The suspect cannot be in a position to interfere with the evidence as could be the case when he is informed of the imminent search. Some of the residents can intimidate the witnesses if they are aware that their premises are bound to be searched (Odum, 2010). Sneak and peek search could thus act as a savior to the innocent witnesses. When a resident is aware that his premise is bound to be searched, he may jeopardize investigations and even delay the trials (Howard,  Sawyer, 2006).

Sneak and peak warrants have demonstrated viability in combating terrorism since the time of their adoption. They have always ensured that evidence is not destroyed, the suspects do not flee, the witnesses are protected, trials are not delayed safety of the resident and the law enforcement officers have been ensured and most of all is that the general safety of United States citizens and residents have been ensured. Despite the numerous advantages, sneak and peak warrants have come under sheer criticism citing the infringement into the rights of the citizens.

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North India state Crossword Clue

Hello everyone!

The clue for your today's The Washington Post crossword puzzle is given below: "North India state" But, let's check out if we are able to find any clues for the The Washington Post puzzle. With the options available, we will first collect all the information needed to get the right answer to our "North India state" clue for the crossword puzzle. Only after that we will make a list of the various possible answers for the puzzle from the given North India state clue.

Best Answer: DELHI

Crossword Date10 February 2017


Home > Reed Solomon > Reed-solomon Error Control Coding

Reed-solomon Error Control Coding

The system returned: (22) Invalid argument The remote host or network may be down. This happens when two or more format codes have the same distance from the input. The original message, the polynomial, and any errors are unknown. Often the number is five because the Gain block replaces the first five symbols in each codeword with zeros. check over here

Once a polynomial is determined, then any errors in the codeword can be corrected, by recalculating the corresponding codeword values. Once it has been found, it is evaluated at the other points a k + 1 , … , a n {\displaystyle a_ Λ 6,\dots ,a_ Λ 5} of the field. y = y >> 1 # equivalent to y // 2 x = x << 1 # equivalent to x*2 if prim > 0 and x & field_charac_full: x = x The element α, that we define, is known as a primitive element or generator of the Galois field. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction

Reed Solomon Example

Define the error locator polynomial Λ(x) as Λ ( x ) = ∏ k = 1 ν ( 1 − x X k ) = 1 + Λ 1 x 1 By polynomial division, M*x3 = (x6 + x3 + x)*P + x. Mode Name Mode Indicator Length Bits Data Bits Numeric 0001 10 10 bits per 3 digits Alphanumeric 0010 9 11 bits per 2 characters Byte 0100 8 8 bits per character

Berlekamp–Massey decoder[edit] The Berlekamp–Massey algorithm is an alternate iterative procedure for finding the error locator polynomial. if coef != 0: # in synthetic division, we always skip the first coefficient of the divisior, because it's only used to normalize the dividend coefficient (which is here useless since This product supports feedforward and feedback convolutional codes that can be described by a trellis structure or a set of generator polynomials. Reed Solomon Code Pdf This is logical: addition modulo 2 is exactly like an XOR, and subtraction modulo 2 is exactly the same as addition modulo 2.

Should be equivalent to brownanrs.polynomial.mul_at(). #print "delta", K, delta, list(gf_poly_mul(err_loc[::-1], synd)) # debugline # Shift polynomials to compute the next degree old_loc = old_loc + [0] # Iteratively estimate the errata Reed Solomon Code Solved Example The choice of t is up to the designer of the code, and may be selected within wide limits. Wiley. It is able to detect and correct multiple symbol errors.

Finally, the removal of the D symbol from the message vector accounts for the shortening and yields the original I1I2 vector.For additional information, see the Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures, Punctures, and Reed Solomon Codes And Their Applications Pdf By adding t check symbols to the data, a Reed–Solomon code can detect any combination of up to t erroneous symbols, or correct up to ⌊t/2⌋ symbols. The elements of this vector indicate the number of bits stored in each shift register, including the current input bits.In the figure above, the constraint length is three. In this alternative encoding procedure, the polynomial p x {\displaystyle p_ Λ 6} is the unique polynomial of degree less than k {\displaystyle k} such that p x ( a i

Reed Solomon Code Solved Example

Operator overloading can be used to replace calls to gf_mul and gf_div with the familiar operators * and /, but this can lead to confusion as to exactly what type of http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel1/25/3827/00142771.pdf This causes the block to compute a decoding table using the syndtable function in Communications System Toolbox.Cyclic Codes.For cyclic codes, the codeword length N must have the form 2M-1, where M Reed Solomon Example def rs_generator_poly(nsym): '''Generate an irreducible generator polynomial (necessary to encode a message into Reed-Solomon)''' g = [1] for i in range(0, nsym): g = gf_poly_mul(g, [1, gf_pow(2, i)]) return g This Reed Solomon Explained hChan = comm.AWGNChannel('NoiseMethod', 'Signal to noise ratio (SNR)',... 'SNR', 6); % Create a ViterbiDecoder System object hVitDec = comm.ViterbiDecoder(t, 'InputFormat', 'Soft', ... 'SoftInputWordLength', 3, 'TracebackDepth', 48, ... 'TerminationMethod', 'Continuous'); % Create

At the decoder, the same portion of the block is loaded locally with binary zeroes. check my blog Please try the request again. This method of finding the closest code is known as exhaustive search, and is possible only because we have very few codes (a code is a valid message, and here there The second output signal indicates the number of errors that the block detected in the input codeword. Python Reed Solomon

Reed & Solomon's original view: The codeword as a sequence of values[edit] There are different encoding procedures for the Reed–Solomon code, and thus, there are different ways to describe the set Within the puncture vector, a 1 means that the symbol is kept, and a 0 means that the symbol is thrown away. Decoding is the tough part of Reed–Solomon, and you will find a lot of different algorithms depending on your needs, but we will touch on that later on. this content Furthermore, Reed–Solomon codes are suitable as multiple-burst bit-error correcting codes, since a sequence of b+1 consecutive bit errors can affect at most two symbols of size b.

The message and code signals share the same sample time.The figure below illustrates this situation. Reed Solomon Code Matlab P = zeros(20,7); % Initialize. Note: this function (and some other functions below) use a lot of bitwise operators such as >> and <<, because they are both faster and more concise to do what we

The topics areError Correction Versus Error Detection for Linear Block CodesFinding the Error-Correction CapabilityFinding Generator and Parity-Check MatricesConverting Between Parity-Check and Generator MatricesError Correction Versus Error Detection for Linear Block Codes.You

To produce sample-based messages in the integer format, you can configure the Random Integer Generator block so that M-ary number and Initial seed parameters are vectors of the desired length and Now that we already have the syndromes, we need to compute the locator polynomial. Just append it to our original message to get our full codeword (this represents a polynomial of max 256 terms) msg_out = msg_in + remainder # Return the codeword return msg_out Reed Solomon For Dummies It uses the Viterbi algorithm to implement hard-decision and soft-decision decoding.The product also includes an a posteriori probability decoder, which can be used for soft output decoding of convolutional codes.For background

White modules represent 0 and black modules represent 1. This function "adds" two polynomials (using exclusive-or, as usual). Here the problem is that we have two words in our dictionary that match the received word: "this" and "that". http://johnlautner.net/reed-solomon/reed-solomon-error-detection.html This can be done by direct solution for Yk in the error equations given above, or using the Forney algorithm.

For example, the set of reals ℝ is a field. Practical decoding involved changing the view of codewords to be a sequence of coefficients as explained in the next section. Adding to the confusion is the fact that x is still used as the placeholder. Being a code that achieves this optimal trade-off, the Reed–Solomon code belongs to the class of maximum distance separable codes.

Wesley, and E. The syntaxes for functions in the example above also include options for retrieving generator polynomials that satisfy certain constraints that you specify. Generate E(x) using the known coefficients E 1 {\displaystyle E_{1}} to E t {\displaystyle E_{t}} , the error locator polynomial, and these formulas E 0 = − 1 σ v ( For example, larger QR codes contain six bits of version information with 12 error correction bits using the generator 1111100100101.

The Communications System Toolbox Reed-Solomon blocks can implement shortened Reed-Solomon codes.Effect of Nonbinary SymbolsOne difference between Reed-Solomon codes and the other codes supported in this product is that Reed-Solomon codes process It consists of dark and light squares, known as modules in the barcoding world. First it creates a convolutional code with convenc and adds white Gaussian noise to the code with awgn. This is an implementation of binary long division, in which the message sequence is the divisor (numerator) and the polynomial is the dividend (denominator).

The feedback polynomial is represented by the binary vector [1 1 1 1 1], corresponding to the upper row of binary digits in the diagram. Then it follows that, whenever p ( a ) {\displaystyle p(a)} is a polynomial over F {\displaystyle F} , then the function p ( α a ) {\displaystyle p(\alpha a)} is In 2003, Ralf Koetter and Alexander Vardy presented a polynomial-time soft-decision algebraic list-decoding algorithm for Reed–Solomon codes, which was based upon the work by Sudan and Guruswami.[13] Matlab Example[edit] Encoder[edit] Here Y k X k j + ν Λ ( X k − 1 ) = 0.

The Reed–Solomon code, like the convolutional code, is a transparent code. In spoken language, 2 is the characteristic of the field, 8 is the exponent, and 256 is the field's cardinality. Any combination of K codewords received at the other end is enough to reconstruct all of the N codewords. The first element of a CIRC decoder is a relatively weak inner (32,28) Reed–Solomon code, shortened from a (255,251) code with 8-bit symbols.

Thanks to the deinterleaving, an erased 28-byte block from the inner code becomes a single erased byte in each of 28 outer code blocks. Bounds = Errs*P;Simulating Multiple Times to Collect Bit Error RatesYou can efficiently vary the simulation parameters by using the sim function to run the simulation from the MATLAB command line. The extended Euclidean algorithm can find a series of polynomials of the form Ai(x) S(x) + Bi(x) xt = Ri(x) where the degree of R decreases as i increases. Solving those equations identifies the error locations.


On Options: My Experience Explained

Engineering course that are available

There is a long list of engineering courses that you can go for if you are interested in becoming an engineer. What you need to understand before you go for these course ids what they entail so that you cannot get to regret later after you have already started studying that course.

There are many jobs that are created through these courses in that when you get the necessary qualifications you can be able to acquire a job from an institution that requires your qualifications. Some of the careers in engineering that you can consider when choosing the one to make fit you are here. The first one is called the aerospace engineering which deals with the designing, developing and producing aircraft and space crafts. This specialty can further be divided in to two and that is into aeronautical engineer to deal with air craft and the space craft engineer to deal with the space crafts.

A biomedical engineer is specialized in making analysis and solutions that is meant to improve the patients’ care in the medical sector. The machines that you find in hospitals and medical laboratories being used either in checking the medical status or even in the treatment are developed or modified by this engineering sector.These engineers come up with the advanced machines and technologies that are used in the diagnosis processes and even in the other medical processes like surgery. The engineers under this sector make sure that they use biology together with medicine and engineering. The other next engineering career that you can go for is the automotive engineering that deals with the design, development, production and the repair of automotive which are also known as vehicles. A part from the these functions engineers here also do research to help improve this sector. If you are interested in the work of constructing roads, bridges, water systems, houses then you can go and study the engineering course called civil engineering. there are specialized in making sure all that they construct or build is environment friendly and cannot be destroyed by the environmental forces such as earthquakes.

An electrical engineer is another person who is important in the economy who is there to ensure that electricity is generated and it is also supplied; you can consider this as a career which is good. There are many activities which involve this engineering career which include designing, developing, supervising and testing the equipment that are used in the production and supply of electric power. The process of crude oil extraction and natural gas is done by the petroleum engineers who design with the ways to do this. The other engineering career that you can go for is the one to build up computers and is called computer engineering.


As of October 3, 2017 the U.S. government began accepting Diversity Visa Lottery (Green Card Lottery) applications for 2019, which is the year successful applicants will be able to enter the US on the Green Card issued to them.  An applicant that has won a Legal Permanent Resident Card in the lottery, submitted the relevant immigration forms, and has successfully sat for a Green Card interview at their closest U.S. Embassy will be permitted to enter the US in January 2019.  The government will no longer accept applications for the lottery awarding Green Cards for entry in 2018.

The 2017 Diversity Visa Lottery Program is officially known as DV-2019, and through this program 55,000 Legal Permanent Resident Cards (known as Green Cards because of the color of the paper stock) are available to foreign nationals from “underrepresented countries” in the US immigration system.  A country is determined to be underrepresented if that country has a low immigration rate to the US – i.e. there are fewer citizens from that country awarded Green Cards through family-based petitions and employment-based petitions relative to other countries in the world.  Certain countries whose citizens immigrate to the US in higher numbers are excluded from participating in the Diversity Lottery.  For DV-2019, natives from the following countries are blocked from submitting applications for consideration in the lottery:

Bangladesh Brazil Canada China (mainland)[1] Colombia
Dominican Republic El Salvador Haiti India Jamaica
Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Peru Philippines
South Korea United Kingdom (except Northern Ireland)[2] Vietnam

Natives from these listed countries may be able to participate in the Diversity Visa Lottery if they possess dual-citizenship from a qualifying country of their parents’ birth or through that of a spouse.   Natives born in the Gaza Strip are chargeable to Egypt and may enter the lottery by using Egypt as their country of birth.

There are two requirements for eligibility for the Diversity Visa Lottery.  Firstly, the applicant must be born in a qualifying country.  Secondly, the applicant must satisfy one of the following two requirements: (i) having completed a US High School education or a foreign equivalent (a formal course of elementary and secondary education comparable to a 12-year course of study in the US school system), or; (ii) having worked in a certain listed occupation for at least two years in the most recent five-year period.  A list of the qualifying occupations can be found here.

Applicants who win the lottery can extend that benefit to their spouses and unmarried children under the age of 21 years old.

The applicant must not submit proof that these requirements are satisfied when registering to enter the lottery.  If selected, the applicant will be contacted by a consular officer and invited to formally apply for the Legal Permanent Residence Card and supply such evidence at that time.  A quick on-line test to determine whether or not you qualify to enter the DV-2019 Green Card Lottery is available here.

[1] Natives born in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan are eligible.

[2] The U.K. includes Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcarin, St. Helena, and Turks and Caicos Islands.


Sunday, May 21, 2006

Free of all 'things'.

Free of all things.
Yes that says it efficiently.
But how to convey this in more words?
It seems impossible and the language does not lend itself so well to the task. – Yet somehow something is expressed of it and it appears that some actually taste what is being pointed to, in themselves.
It appears that words can easily bind the mind into slavery.
Freeing the mind from words and their hold challenges the poverty of language and words.
Poetry is needed but if one is not a poet, then it just has to come out the way it can and does.
This space in which everything is appearing is not cluttered by things at all.
There is a vastness to this presence. - Somehow it is free space and nothing actually touches it, even though everything appears to occupy it almost ceaselessly.
Things everywhere.
City chaos, noise and clambering bodies rushing here and there like ants.
- Each one believing it has volition and some sort of purpose.
- Some appear to have compassion and many more appear very selfish.
- Are there invisible stings pulling them to the office or some other destination?
- Mobile phone conversations, seemingly about trivia, shared with all around.
- A pretty woman gets on the train and the charade of activity is often better than going to the movies.
- She has taken great care to be 'dressed to kill' - but she appears to not know how to deal with the responses.
- It seems that she has a particular ‘prey’ in mind and these local specimens are not on the menu.
- The drama of life, on show all about the place - and its free.
Are we free to observe this drama in its full florishing beauty? - By letting whatever response that arises, to be what it is, without resistance, then the drama may well remain free flowing.
By not assigning my identity onto anything nor by limiting myself to being fixed in this body, the subtle sensation is one of vastness.
- Unbound space like awareness.
It appears that ‘things’ and ‘events’ encroach upon this openness but if one simply comes back to the simplicity of just ‘seeing’ directly from ones true nature, then it is known thoroughly that nothing sticks to this open space.
- Not one molecule of it stays put.
- Take a look at the sky and see how big it really is.
Things and events appear and disappear. - I am nothing that can be reduced to any place or event.
- The space is filled with things, some of them appear to be the same things on a cyclic rotation. - The office or home. - All is appearing in the immediacy of this moment.
- The old hypnotic trance has been broken.
- Who is asleep? - Who is awake?
- No longer is it my concern.
- Each moment is fresh and new.
- The dynamic display of awareness is ever fresh.
- It is wakefulness itself.


Accepted Manuscripts

Laurent Cantrel, Thierry Albiol, Loic Bosland, Juliette Colombani, Frédéric Cousin, Anne-Cécile Grégoire, Olivia Leroy, Sandrine Morin, Christian Mun, Ohnet Marie Noëlle, Sidi Souvi, Céline Monsanglant-Louvet, Florent Louis, Bruno Azambre and Christophe Volkringer
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038223
This paper deals with near past, ongoing and planned R&D works on fission products (FPs) behavior in Reactor Cooling System (RCS), containment building and in Filtered Containment Venting Systems (FCVS) for severe accident (SA) conditions. The FCVS topic, in link with the post-Fukushima accident management, is again on the agenda [1]. All the researches are collaborative works; the overall objective is to develop confident models to be implemented in simulation softwares. After being initiated in the International Source Term Program (ISTP), researches on iodine transport through the RCS are still ongoing and for containment, the last advances are linked to the Source Term Evaluation and Mitigation (STEM) OECD/NEA project. The objective is to improve the evaluation of Source Term for a SA on a nuclear power plant and to reduce uncertainties on specific phenomena dealing with the chemistry of two major FPs: iodine and ruthenium. A follow-up, called STEM2 has just started to reduce some remaining issues and be closer to reactor conditions. For FCVS works, the efficiencies for trapping iodine covering scrubbers and dry filters are examined to get a clear view of their abilities in SA conditions. Another part is focused on specific porous materials able to trap volatile iodine. Influence of zeolites materials parameters (nature of the counter-ions, structure, Si/Al ratio...) will be tested. New kind of porous materials constituted by Metal organic Frameworks will also be looked at because they can constitute a promising way of trapping.
TOPICS: Accidents, Containment, Porous materials, Simulation, Nuclear fission, Ions, Metals, Chemistry, Filters, Nuclear reactor cooling, Nuclear power stations, Ruthenium, Containment buildings, Uncertainty, Accident management, Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan, 2011
Yuzhou Chen, Minfu Zhao, Keming BI, Bin Yang, Dongxu Zhang and Kaiwen Du
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038215
Critical heat flux experiment was performed in a tube of 8.2 mm in inner diameter with 2.4 m in heated length. The pressure covered the ranges from 8.6 to 21.0 MPa, mass flux 1157 to 3776 kg/m2s, inlet quality -2.79 to -0.08 (subcooling 19 to 337 oC) and local quality -0.97 to 0.53. For the pressure close to the near-critical point the critical heat flux decreased with the pressure increasing. For the subcooling larger than a certain value the critical heat flux was related to the local conditions, and the experimental results were in agreement with the previous correlation. But for low subcooling and saturated flow the critical condition was related to the total power. Based on the present experimental results an empirical correlation of the critical heat flux was presented.
TOPICS: Water, Critical heat flux, Pressure, Subcooling, Flow (Dynamics)
Attila Kiss, Andrey Churkin, D.S. Pilkhwal, Abhijeet Mohan Vaidya, Walter Ambrosini, Andrea Pucciarelli, Krishna Podila, Yanfei Rao, Laurence K.H. Leung, Yuzhou Chen, Mark Anderson and Meng Zhao
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038162
Two Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) benchmarks have been performed to assess the prediction accuracy of CFD codes for heat transfer in different geometries. The first benchmark focused on heat transfer to water in a tube (1st benchmark), while the second benchmark covered heat transfer to water in two different channel geometries (2nd benchmark) at supercritical pressures. In the first round with the experimental data unknown to the participants (i.e., blind calculations), CFD calculations were conducted with initial boundary conditions and simpler CFD models. After assessment against measurements, the calculations were repeated with the refined boundary conditions and material properties in the follow-up calculation phase. Overall, the CFD codes seem to be able to capture the general trend of heat transfer in the tube and the annular channel but further improvements are required in order to enhance the prediction accuracy. Finally, sensitivity analyses on the numerical mesh and the boundary conditions were performed. It was found that the prediction accuracy has not been improved with the introduction of finer meshes and the effect of mass flux on the result is the strongest among various investigated boundary conditions.
TOPICS: Computational fluid dynamics, Boundary-value problems, Heat transfer, Water, Materials properties, Sensitivity analysis
Robin McDougall, Scott B. Nokleby and Ed Waller
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038185
TOPICS: Radiation (Physics), Robotics, Risk, Sensors
Muhsin Mohd Amin, Yu Duan and Shuisheng He
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038161
It is now well known that heat transfer to fluid at supercritical pressure shows complex behaviours. This is due to the strong variations of the thermal physical properties resulting from the changes of pressure and temperature. To improve the reliability and efficiency of the supercritical water-cooled reactors to be designed, the understanding of supercritical fluid flow in the fuel assemblies is very important. The study reported here reconsiders a simplified geometry, including a trapezoid channel enclosing an inner rod to simulate the triangular arrangement of a fuel assembly. Large eddy simulation (LES) with the WALE model is used to simulate the forced convection flow in the channel. Supercritical water at 25MPa is used as the working fluid. The Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter and the bulk velocity was 10540, while the heat flux from the inner rod wall was varied from 10kW/m^2 to 75kW/m^2. Due to the non-uniformity of the cross-section of the flow channel, large unsteady flow structures are observed. The characteristics of the flow structures and their effect on the local heat transfer are analysed using the instantaneous velocities, spectrum analysis and correlation analysis. The swinging flow structures in the wide gap are much weaker than those in the narrow gap. The behaviours of such large flow structures are influenced by the strong spatial and temporal variations of the properties. When the temperature distribution follows T_b
TOPICS: Pressure, Forced convection, Annulus, Water, Flow (Dynamics), Heat transfer, Fluids, Fuels, Manufacturing, Reynolds number, Reliability, Supercritical fluids, Emission spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Temperature, Large eddy simulation, Heat flux, Geometry, Temperature distribution, Unsteady flow
Expert View
Samuel Miranda
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038160
Nuclear safety criteria are based upon the concept that plant situations that are expected to have a high frequency of occurrence must not pose a danger to the public, and that plant situations that pose the greatest danger to the public must be limited to situations that have a very low expected frequency of occurrence. This concept is implemented by grouping postulated plant situations (or events) into categories that are defined according to their expected frequencies of occurrence. Events in each category must be shown to yield consequences that remain within the limits that are defined for that category. Events must not be allowed to develop into the more serious events that belong in other, higher-consequence categories. In other words, nuclear plant designs must not allow high-frequency, low-consequence events to degrade into high-frequency, high-consequence events. The development of this system of frequency-based categorization is discussed, followed by an evaluation of various methods that have been proposed and applied to show how minor events could be prevented from becoming major events.
TOPICS: Safety, Accidents, Nuclear power stations
Rafael Bocanegra, Valentino Di Marcello, Victor H. Sánchez-Espinoza and Gonzalo Jiménez
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038062
A VTT Fukushima Daiichi Unit 3 MELCOR model [1] was modified to simulate the Fukushima Daiichi Unit 2 accident. Five simulations were performed using different modeling approaches. The model 1F2 v1 includes only the basic modifications to reproduce the 1F2 accident. The model 1F2 v2 includes the same modifications used in 1F2 v1 plus the WW improvement. In the 1F2 v3 model, the RCIC logic was modified to avoid the use of tabular functions for the mass flow inlet and outlet. As a result of this analysis it is concluded that there is a strong dependency on parameters which still have many uncertainties, such as the RCIC two-phase flow operation, the alternative water injection, the suppression pool behavior, the rupture disk behavior and the containment failure modes which affect the final state of the reactor core.
TOPICS: Simulation, Accidents, Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan, 2011, Flow (Dynamics), Failure mechanisms, Modeling, Two-phase flow, Underground injection, Disks, Rupture, Containment, Uncertainty
Bruno Gonfiotti and Sandro Paci
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038059
The estimation of Fission Products (FPs) release from the containment system of a nuclear plant to the external environment during a Severe Accident (SA) is a quite complex task. In the last 30-40 years several efforts were made to understand and to investigate the different phenomena occurring in such a kind of accidents in the primary coolant system and in the containment. These researches moved along two tracks: understanding of involved phenomenologies through the execution of different experiments, and creation of numerical codes capable to simulate such phenomena. These codes are continuously developed to reflect the actual SA state-of-the-art, but it is necessary to continuously check that modifications and improvements are able to increase the quality of the obtained results. For this purpose, a continuous verification and validation work should be carried out. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to re-analyze the Phébus FPT-1 test employing the ASTEC (F) and MELCOR (USA) codes. The analysis focuses on the stand-alone containment aspects of the test, and three different modellisations of the containment vessel have been developed showing that at least 15/20 Control Volumes (CVs) are necessary for the spatial schematization to correctly predict thermal-hydraulics and the aerosol behavior. Furthermore, the paper summarizes the main thermal-hydraulic results, and presents different sensitivity analyses carried out on the aerosols and FPs behavior.
TOPICS: Containment, Aerosols, Accidents, Nuclear power stations, Sensitivity analysis, Thermal hydraulics, Containment systems, Containment vessels, Coolants, Nuclear fission
Thomas Schulenberg and Hongbo Li
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038061
While supercritical water is a perfect coolant with excellent heat transfer, a temporary decrease of the system pressure to sub-critical conditions, either during intended transients or by accident, can easily cause a boiling crisis with significantly higher cladding temperatures of the fuel assemblies. These conditions have been tested in an out-of-pile experiment with a bundle of 4 heated rods in the SWAMUP facility co-constructed by CGNPC and SJTU in China. Some of the transient tests have been simulated with a one-dimensional MATLAB code, assuming quasi-steady state flow conditions, but time dependent temperatures in the fuel rods. Heat transfer at supercritical and at near-critical conditions was modelled with a recent look-up table of Zahlan (2015), and sub-critical film boiling was modelled with the look-up table of Groenveld et al. (2003). Moreover, a conduction controlled rewetting process was included in the analyses, which is based on an analytical solution of Schulenberg and Raqué (2014). The method could well reproduce the boiling crisis during depressurization from supercritical to subcritical pressure, including rewetting of the hot zone within some minutes, but the peak temperature was somewhat under-predicted. Tests with a lower heat flux, which did not cause such phenomena, could be predicted as well. In another test with increasing pressure, however, a boiling crisis was also observed at a heat flux, which was significantly lower than the critical heat flux predicted by the CHF look-up table of Groeneveld et al. (2006).
TOPICS: Pressure, Fuels, Manufacturing, Transient heat transfer, Supercritical water reactors, Boiling, Temperature, Heat transfer, Transients (Dynamics), Heat flux, Critical heat flux, Fuel rods, Cladding systems (Building), Accidents, Water, China, Film boiling, Matlab, Rods, Flow (Dynamics), Heat conduction, Coolants
Changbing Tang, Shuo Xing, Hua Pang, Ping Chen and Yi Zhou
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038060
Because of the high temperature and high pressure characteristics of SCWR, the thermal hydraulic performance of SCWR is greatly different from PWR, which makes the current PWR fuel rod performance analysis codes are no longer applicable to SCWR. In this research, the irradiation swelling, irradiation densification, thermal expansion, thermal creep, irradiation creep and irradiation hardening of UO2 pellet were considered, the irradiation swelling, thermal expansion, thermal creep and plastic deformation of stainless steel cladding were considered, the gas conductance and radiant conductance of gap heat transfer were considered, the forced convective heat transfer on the outer surface of cladding was considered. Meanwhile, the irradiation effects and the thermal effects on the materials parameters such as thermal conductivity, specific heat and young's modulus were also considered in this research. With the help of ABAQUS software, the related user-defined subroutines were developed, and the irradiation effects and thermal effects of SCWR fuel were introduced into the numerical simulation, and then completed the analysis of SCWR fuel rods' performance under the steady power conditions. Some reference suggestions for the design and development of SCWR fuel were provided by the establishment of this numerical simulation method.
TOPICS: Computer simulation, Supercritical water reactors, Fuel rods, Irradiation (Radiation exposure), Creep, Thermal expansion, Fuels, Temperature effects, Cladding systems (Building), Electrical conductance, Pressurized water reactors, Young's modulus, Convection, Design, Computer software, Stainless steel, High temperature, Thermal conductivity, Specific heat, Deformation, Heat transfer, Hardening, High pressure (Physics)
Amr Abdelhady
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4038058
This paper studies the radiological consequences resulting from withdrawal of nuclear fuel element from a core of open pool type reactor during normal operation. The reactor is cooled by water in a vertical upward direction which acts on the fuel element by an upward force. In case of accidental failure of fuel element clamp, it will be released and ejected vertically from the core and assumed to reach the pool surface. A negative reactivity insertion in the core after fuel element withdrawal and the reactor will be shutdown. MCNP code was used in this study to calculate the radiation dose rate levels in the reactor hall and inside the control room during fuel element withdrawal.
TOPICS: Fuels, Control rooms, Clamps (Tools), Failure, Water, Nuclear fuels, Radiation (Physics)
Sami Penttila, Pekka Moilanen, Wade Karlsen and Aki Toivonen
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037897
The presented work in this paper consists of a test set-up study of a new pneumatic loading device based on double bellows system and with miniature autoclaves enabling applications at temperature and pressure up to 650°C and 35 MPa, respectively. It has been demonstrated that it is technically feasible to carry out well defined and controlled material testing in the supercritical water (SCW) environment using this testing system. By using this type of system it makes possible to investigate the intrinsic role of the applied stress on the deformation behavior of material in light water reactor (LWR) conditions and also in other harsh environments like SCW conditions. In addition to this the compactness and versatility of the set-up makes this system particularly attractive for deployment in a hot-cell for testing of irradiated materials.
TOPICS: Materials testing, Bellows (Equipment), Water, Light water reactors, Testing, Stress, Pressure, Deformation, Temperature
Zhou Yuan, Wang Yangle, Chen Jingtan, Xia Zhaoyang and Junfeng Wang
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037896
The Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (S-C ) Brayton gas turbine cycle has been studied as an effcient and cost effective option for advanced power systems. One major safety issue for any power cycle is a pipe break and the associated discharge of the working fluid and subsequent decrease in system pressure. In this paper, a S-C critical flow in the nozzle tube is analyzed numerically by FLUENT 15.0. The Redlich-Kwong real gas equation is selected to calculate carbon dioxide density and the standard K-epsilon turbulence model is selected. Experimental data (Guillaume et al., 2014) are used as a benchmark to examine the capability of the current approach. Compared with experimental data, the simulation results overestimate the critical mass flux; the error range is between 15% and 25%. The simulation results show that as L/D ratio increases, critical mass flow decreases. As stagnation temperature increases, critical mass flow decreases. The complex thermal hydraulic behavior in the nozzle tubes is analyzed. Three flow patterns in the nozzle tube during transient critical flow are obtained and discussed. From inlet to outlet of the tube, C may undergo the following phases in turn:1)supercritical phase;2)supercritical phase - gas phase;3)supercritical phase - gas phase - liquid phase. The simulation results are also helpful for further experimental and theoretical research.
TOPICS: Flow (Dynamics), Computer simulation, Nozzles, Supercritical carbon dioxide, Simulation results, Thermodynamic power cycles, Pipes, Carbon dioxide, Cycles, Errors, Transients (Dynamics), Gas turbines, Density, Pressure, Temperature, Fluids, Power systems (Machinery), Turbulence, Safety
Ahmad Moghrabi and David Novog
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037895
The Canadian Pressure-Tube Super Critical Water-cooled Reactor (PT-SCWR) is an advanced Generation IV (GEN-IV) reactor concept which is considered as an evolution of the conventional CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor that includes both pressure tubes and a low temperature and pressure heavy water moderator. The Canadian PT-SCWR fuel assembly utilizes a Plutonium and Thorium fuel mixture with SuperCritical light Water (SCW) coolant flowing through the High-Efficiency Re-entrance Channel (HERC). In this work, the impact of fuel depletion on the evolution of lattice physics phenomena were investigated starting from fresh fuel to burnup conditions (25 MW·d·kg-1 [HM]) through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses using the lattice physics modules in SCALE (Standardized Computer Analysis for Licensing Evaluation). Given the evolution of key phenomena such as void reactivity and fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity in traditional CANDU reactors with burnup, this study focuses on the impact of fission products, 233U breeding, and actinides on fuel performance. The work shows that the most significant change in fuel properties with burnup is the depletion of fission isotopes of Pu and the buildup of high-neutron cross section fission products, resulting in a decrease in cell k8 with burnup as expected. Other impacts such as the presence of Protactinium and Uranium-233 are also discussed.
TOPICS: Physics, Pressure, Fuels, Water, Nuclear fission, Supercritical water reactors, Uranium, Licensing, Uncertainty analysis, Neutrons, Isotopes, Temperature, Manufacturing, Coolants, Low temperature, Computers
Stephen A Hambric, Samir Ziada and Richard Morante
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037898
The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) has approved several Extended Power Uprates (EPU) for Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs). In some of the BWRs, operating at the higher EPU power levels and flow rates led to fatigue damage of Steam Dryers, including the generation of loose parts. Since those failures occured all BWR owners proposing EPUs have been required by the USNRC to ensure that the steam dryers would not experience fatigue cracking. This paper provides an overview of BWR steam dryer design; the fatigue failures that occurred at the Quad Cities (QC) nuclear power plants and their root causes; a brief history of BWR EPUs; and a discussion of steam dryer modifications/replacements, alternating stress mechanisms on steam dryers, and structural integrity evaluation methods (static and alternating stress).
TOPICS: Stress, Boiling water reactors, Steam, Power uprate, Dryers, Fatigue failure, Evaluation methods, Failure, Fatigue cracks, Fatigue damage, Nuclear power stations, Design, Flow (Dynamics), Quality control
Nima Fathi, Patrick McDaniel, Charles Forsberg and Cassiano de Oliveira
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037806
The intermittency of renewable power generation systems on the low carbon electric grid can be alleviated by using nuclear systems as quasi-storage systems. Nuclear Air-Brayton systems can produce and store hydrogen when electric generation is abundant and then burn the hydrogen by Co-Firing when generation is limited. The rated output of a nuclear plant can be significantly augmented by Co-Firing. The incremental hydrogen to electricity efficiency can far exceed that of hydrogen in a stand-alone gas turbine. Herein we simulate and evaluate this idea on a 50 MW small modular liquid metal/molten salt reactor. Considerable power increases are predicted for Nuclear Air-Brayton systems by Co-Firing with hydrogen before the power turbine.
TOPICS: Carbon, Energy storage, Thermodynamic power cycles, Hydrogen, Co-firing, Liquid metals, Nuclear power stations, Renewable energy, Storage, Molten salt reactors, Gas turbines, Turbines, Electric power generation
Metin Yetisir, Holly Hamilton, Rui Xu, Michel Gaudet, David Rhodes, Mitch King, Andrew Kittmer and Ben Benson
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037818
The Canadian SCWR is a 2540 MWt channel-type supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor (SCWR) concept that employs 336 fuel channels in the reactor core. Each fuel channel includes a pressure tube that is submerged in a heavy water moderator and contains a removable fuel assembly. To achieve high (>45%) power conversion efficiency, the Canadian SCWR operates at a supercritical water pressure (25 MPa) and high temperatures (350 ºC at the inlet, 625 ºC at the outlet). These conditions lead to fuel cladding temperatures close to 800 ºC. Because of reduced material strength at this temperature and higher fission gas production of the fuel, collapsible fuel cladding is selected over internally-pressurized cladding. To increase heat transfer and to reduce cladding temperatures, turbulence-inducing wire-wraps are employed on fuel elements. Numerical models have been developed to analyze the thermal-structural behavior of Canadian SCWR fuel at normal and accident conditions. It was found that the maximum fuel cladding temperature for the worst-case accident scenario is below the melting point by a small margin. This paper presents a description of the Canadian SCWR fuel assembly concept, its unique features, the rationale used in the concept development and the results of various numerical analyses demonstrating the performance and characteristics of the Canadian SCWR fuel channel.
TOPICS: Manufacturing, Fuels, Water, Supercritical water reactors, Cladding systems (Building), Temperature, Accidents, Numerical analysis, Nuclear reactors, Melting point, High temperature, Turbulence, Computer simulation, Heat transfer, Nuclear fission, Water pressure, Wire, Strength (Materials), Energy conversion, Pressure
Laurence K.H. Leung and Armando Nava Dominguez
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037807
The thermal-hydraulics program in support of the development of the Canadian Super-Critical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) concept have undergone several phases. It focused on key parameters such as heat transfer, critical flow and stability of fluids at supercritical pressures. Heat-transfer experiments were performed with tubes, annuli and bundles in water, carbon dioxide or refrigerant flows. Data from these experiments have led to enhancement in understanding of the phenomena, improved prediction methods and verified analytical tools. In addition, these experiments facilitated the investigation of separate effects on heat transfer (such as geometry, diameter, spacing device, transient, etc.). Chocking flow characteristics were studied experimentally with sharp-edged nozzles of two different sizes of opening. Experimental data have been applied in improving the critical-flow correlation in support of accident analyses. A one-dimensional analytical model for instability phenomena has been developed and assessed against the latest experimental data for quantifying the prediction capability and applicability.
TOPICS: Thermal hydraulics, Supercritical water reactors, Flow (Dynamics), Heat transfer, Water, Stability, Fluids, Transients (Dynamics), Accidents, Nozzles, Annulus, Carbon dioxide, Geometry, Refrigerants
Krishna Podila and Yanfei Rao
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037747
Within the Generation-IV International Forum, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) led the conceptual fuel bundle design effort for the Canadian supercritical water cooled reactor (SCWR). The proposed fuel rod assembly for the Canadian SCWR design comprised of 64-elements with spacing between elements maintained using the wire-wrap spacers. Experimental data and correlations are not available for the fuel-assembly concept of the Canadian SCWR. To analyze the thermalhydraulic performance of the new bundle design, CNL is using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as well as the subchannel approach. Simulations of wire-wrapped bundles can benefit from the increased fidelity and resolution of a CFD approach due to its ability to resolve the boundary layer phenomena. Prior to the application, the CFD tool has been assessed against experimental heat transfer data obtained with bundle subassemblies to identify the appropriate turbulence model to use in the analyses. In the present paper, assessment of CFD predictions was made with the wire-wrapped bundle experiments performed at Xi'an Jiaotong University in China. A 3D CFD study of the fluid flow and heat transfer at supercritical pressures for the rod bundle geometries was performed with the key parameter being the fuel rod wall temperature. It was found that the CFD simulation tends to overpredict the fuel wall temperature, and the predicted location of peak temperature differs from the measurement by up to 65 degrees.
TOPICS: Pressure, Heat transfer, Wire, Simulation, Computational fluid dynamics, Water, Fuel rods, Supercritical water reactors, Design, Fuels, Manufacturing, Wall temperature, China, Turbulence, Fluid dynamics, Temperature, Resolution (Optics), Boundary layers
Tamas Janos Katona and Andras Vilimi
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci   doi: 10.1115/1.4037715
Paks Nuclear Power Plant identified the post-Fukushima actions for mitigation and management of severe accidents caused by external events that include updating of some hazard assessments, evaluation of capacity / margins of existing severe accident management facilities, and construction of some new systems and facilities. In all cases, the basic question was, what level of margin has to be ensured above design basis external hazard effects, and what level of or hazard has to be taken for the design. Paks Nuclear Power Plant developed certain an applicable in the practice concept for the qualification of already implemented measures and design the new post-Fukushima measures that is outlined in the paper. The concept is based on the generalization of the procedure and assumptions used in the definition of acceptable margins for seismic loads, analysis of the steepness of the hazard curves and features of the hazards. Justification of the definition of exceedance probability of the design basis effects for the design of severe accident management systems is given on the basis of first order reliability theory. The application of the concept is presented on several practical examples.
TOPICS: Design, Nuclear power stations, Hazards, Accident management, Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan, 2011, Hazard analysis, Construction, Stress, Accidents, Probability, Reliability theory

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Thursday, September 2, 2010

President Obama Dodges Long Term Responsibility to Refugees in Historic Speech

Refugees International Statement:

Washington, D.C. -- Refugees International today expressed disappointment that President Barack Obama failed to recognize the plight of Iraqi refugees during his speech marking the end of combat operations in Iraq. In his address to the nation last night, on August 31, President Barack Obama failed to take the opportunity to highlight the humanitarian plight of the Iraqi people. For the half a million refugees unable to return home, and the one and a half million Iraqis displaced inside the country, the end of U.S. operations in Iraq does not mean that peace has returned. Their original homes and communities are either destroyed or insecure, and they remain in a dangerous and unsettled limbo.

"The Obama administration has provided funding and resettlement opportunities for Iraqis. But resolving the displacement issue is a long-term project, requiring U.S. funding and engagement and commitments from the Iraqi government to give them the help they need. In last night's speech, humanitarian issues were not given the priority they deserve." said the Vice President of Refugees International, Joel Charny.

As America ends it combat mission, the humanitarian needs in Iraq persist. Many Iraqis are living in slums, and are completely dependent on the United Nations and other agencies to provide water and food. Politically, Iraq has failed to form a government, and violence in the country continues.

"Refugees International welcomes the engagement of civilians in government, but the reality of the security situation means that people don't walk freely on the streets, and, outside the Green Zone, there is limited access to give civilians the help they need," said Charny. "Humanitarian agencies need to work with local non-governmental organizations, and also make their security rules more flexible, so they are able to move quickly to gain access to Iraq's most vulnerable."


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Finding Ways To Keep Up With Homes

Five Guidelines which will Turn Your Living Room Spacious

Due to the influx of people in the whole world to have a spacious house is a problem and if you find one you end up paying high rent at the end of every month. Hence, whether you have a small or hefty room, it is recommendable to use the space in the living room well. If you desire to own a spacious living room there are a variety of things that you need to study. Some of the instructions that will help you to have more space in your living apartment are as follows.

One of the things that you need to check is the space above the door and utilize it to the maximum, and you will end up to have a large space in the living room. Thus, if you are craving for more space, you need to build a slim shelf where you can be putting some books and other miscellaneous things. Therefore, it is advisable if you have few books in the ground shelf to shift them in the shelf above the door.

Secondly, for you to have a spacious room you need to use the window shelf maximally. It is recommendable to shift the few flowers and the books on the coffee table to the window frame and use the table to perform another task. Hence, it is recommendable to consider the vacant window rack if you are yearning for large space in your living room.

The next thing that you need to do for you to have a large space in your living room is to utilize the small nooks in your apartment. In some houses the small nooks are inopportune to perform any task with them. Chimney corner is a single location where you can find a small nook in the living apartment. If you want to turn your house into a multi-functional destination, you need to consider these nooks by utilizing them fully. For instance, you can turn one of the nooks to be a study room for your child designing the small corner with a minor desk and a hefty bookshelf.

The next tip which can help you to have more space in the living room is by substituting the things taking a lot of space in the room. Thus, it is recommendable to change the large bed by acquiring a smaller one if you are single.

In conclusion, the next thing that will help you to have a multi-functional living room is by having special furniture and seating to fit in the living apartment. The space in the living room can be minimized by the large seating when the house has awkward angles and shapes. Thus, you can construct customized furniture and seats which will fit in the living room with tricky shapes and angles.


Set - 1

Question 1 :

What is data structure?

Answer :

Question 2 :

List out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively?

Answer :

Compiler Design, Operating System, Database Management System, Statistical analysis package, Numerical Analysis, Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, Simulation

Question 3 :

Answer :

Question 4 :

What is the data structures used to perform recursion?

Answer :

Stack. Because of its LIFO (Last In First Out) property it remembers its caller, so knows whom to return when the function has to return. Recursion makes use of system stack for storing the return addresses of the function calls. Every recursive function has its equivalent iterative (non-recursive) function. Even when such equivalent iterative procedures are written, explicit stack is to be used.

Question 5 :

What are the methods available in storing sequential files ?

Answer :

Straight merging, Natural merging,  Polyphase sort, Distribution of Initial runs.

Question 6 :

List out few of the Application of tree data-structure?

Answer :

The manipulation of Arithmetic expression, Symbol Table construction, Syntax analysis.

Question 7 :

Answer :

B+ tree. Because in B+ tree, all the data is stored only in leaf nodes, that makes searching easier. This corresponds to the records that shall be stored in leaf nodes.

Question 8 :

What is a spanning Tree?

Answer :

Question 9 :

Answer :

Minimal spanning tree assures that the total weight of the tree is kept at its minimum. But it doesn't mean that the distance between any two nodes involved in the minimum-spanning tree is minimum.

Question 10 :

Whether Linked List is linear or Non-linear data structure?

Answer :

According to Access strategies Linked list is a linear one. According to Storage Linked List is a Non-linear one.

Question 11 :

What is the quickest sorting method to use?

Answer :

The answer depends on what you mean by quickest. For most sorting problems, it just doesn't matter how quick the sort is because it is done infrequently or other operations take significantly more time anyway. Even in cases in which sorting speed is of the essence, there is no one answer. It depends on not only the size and nature of the data, but also the likely order. No algorithm is best in all cases. There are three sorting methods in this author's toolbox that are all very fast and that are useful in different situations. Those methods are quick sort, merge sort, and radix sort.

The Quick Sort

The Merge Sort

The Radix Sort

Question 12 :

How can I search for data in a linked list?

Answer :

Unfortunately, the only way to search a linked list is with a linear search, because the only way a linked list's members can be accessed is sequentially. Sometimes it is quicker to take the data from a linked list and store it in a different data structure so that searches can be more efficient.

Question 13 :

What is the bucket size, when the overlapping and collision occur at same time?

Answer :

One. If there is only one entry possible in the bucket, when the collision occurs, there is no way to accommodate the colliding value. This results in the overlapping of values.

Question 14 :

Answer :

If the pivotal value (or the Height factor) is greater than 1 or less than 1.

Question 15 :

Minimum number of queues needed to implement the priority queue?

Answer :