Dr. Tantuco is interested in you more than just as a patient, he interacts with you, and remembers you as an individual. He insures that your rights, autonomy, modesty, and privacy is respected at all times.

Family Man

Dr. Tantuco is a devoted husband and a loving father, and enjoys his free time in the traditional family environment.

Up to date

Medicine industry is changing all the time and it's important that your doctor is always up to date with new findings, innovative research and emerging theories at all times, you will always find Dr.Tantuco well informed on the latest .

Dr. Tantuco tries to understand what you are feeling and experiencing, physically and emotionally, and always communicates that understanding to you.

You will realize that Dr. Tantuco is very caring, compassionate, and kind. He treats all patients equally, regardless of their ethnicity, lifestyle choices or conduct.

State of Art Clinic

Dr. Tantuco's clinic offers the most advanced technological equipment to assist in treatments, this combination of modern technology and knowledge ensures excellent results.

Helpful Staff

You will find that the team members of Dr. Tantuco are always helpful and kind, making sure that every patient feels welcome and is facilitated.

Office Access

Dr. Tantuco's clinic is right in the center of Houston, The Texas Medical Center, so it does not matter how you commute and where you are, you will never find him far when you are in need of medical assistance.

Dr. Irvin C. Tantuco is a Board Certified Sleep Medicine doctor in Houston, Texas providing comprehensive general medical care for sleep disorders in Houston. Dr. Tantuco’s philosophy focuses on offering highly respectful, professional and effective care to each patient. Every effort is made by the doctor to carefully design treatment plans that are inclusive of the broad range and complexity of health and illness. The special uniqueness of each patient, as well as their personal goals in life and their health, are of the utmost importance to Dr. Tantuco and his staff.

Dr. Tantuco is an Assistant Professor with Baylor College of Medicine, he operates his own private Sleep Medicine practice at the Museum District, North of the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Dr. Tantuco maintains a unique approach to patient care by utilizing the latest, most effective medical treatments, combined with old fashioned concern and respect for the patient as an individual and their overall well-being. This personalized approach has helped to solidify a rewarding, lasting relationship between Dr. Tantuco and his patients, making him a unique sleep doctor among other sleep doctors practicing Sleep Medicine in Houston, Texas.

Dr. Tantuco understands the difficulty of obtaining quality medical care by the doctor that many patients face in an increasingly complex and impersonal health care system. As your personal Sleep Medicine doctor in Houston, Dr. Tantuco is genuinely interested in your well-being and will not only provide you the best care possible, but also coordinate your medical care with other excellent specialists throughout the city.

Sleep is not just “time out” from daily life; sleep is an essential part of our lives. Sleep is crucial for good physical and mental health, when we sleep well, we feel refreshed and full of energy for the day ahead. People sleep about one-third of their lives, so that their body may do the processes to rejuvenate and restore optimal health. While we don’t know exactly why we sleep, scientists have shown that lack of sleep or disturbed sleep has serious health consequences, sleep is often considered to be a barometer of your overall health. In many cases, people in good health tend to sleep well, whereas those suffering from repeated sleeping problems might have an underlying medical or mental health problem, be it minor or serious.

Sleep occurs in stages throughout the night. There is REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep. During non-REM sleep, many of the body’s restorative functions occur. During REM sleep, our thoughts and experiences from the day are processed and dreams may occur.

How and when you sleep is determined by a number of factors. One of the most important is your internal clock, also known as your circadian rhythm. This clock regulates your biologic rhythm over a 24-hour period. Because we all have different rhythms, stages of sleep, and required amounts of sleep, there really is no “normal” sleep. It is when you routinely wake from sleep feeling restless or sleepy then there could be a problem.

Sleeping well is essential to your physical health and emotional well-being. Unfortunately, even minimal sleep loss will take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency, and ability to handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders will lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job performance, and relationship stress. Poor sleep affects our ability to concentrate and perform at work, and enjoy our leisure time. In addition, lack of quality sleep triggers the release of stress hormones which raise our blood pressure and promote weight gain. Estimations are that more than 70 million people in United States have sleep disorders that prevent them for having a healthy sleep rhythm. This may lead to issues like chronic fatigue, irritability, headaches and lack of concentration.

In some cases, an untreated sleep disorder may increase the risk for high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Some of the signs and symptoms of fragmented sleep are excessive daytime sleepiness, waking up gasping for air, depression, high blood pressure, morning headache, poor memory, neck size over 17, poor sleep quality and loud snoring.

Sleep deprivation might cause significant physical and psychological problems while compromising quality of life. If you’re getting less than six to eight hours of sleep each night, chances are you’re sleep deprived – sometimes without even being aware of it, that means that you may be suffering from a sleep disorders that requires help of a doctor who has expertise in sleep medicine.

Sleep problems may manifest in different ways. Some patients have trouble sleeping, while others feel tired, no matter how long they spend in bed. It is important to know just how much lack of sleep will affect you and your loved ones.

There are at least 84 types of sleep disorders that can lead to a lowered quality of life and reduced personal health. These sleeping disorders can lead to problems falling asleep and staying asleep, difficulties staying awake or staying within a regular sleep/wake cycle, sleepwalking, bedwetting, nightmares, and other problems that interfere with sleep. Some sleep disorders may be life threatening. These patients do not get a good night’s rest, or they are sleepy during the day. People suffering from a sleep disorder find themselves cranky and tired. They also endanger public safety by contributing to traffic and industrial accidents. Sleep disorders are very common now days and they contribute to numerous health problems which include, cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, anxiety, impaired concentration, weak memory and optimal performance issues.

Snoring is caused by turbulence inside the airway during inspiration, which is caused by a partial blockage anywhere from the tip of the nose to the vocal chords. During sleep our muscle tone is reduced and there may be insufficient muscle tone to prevent the airway tissue vibrating. In fact snoring is a symptom of sleep apnea - a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing during sleep.

Narcolepsy is typically characterized by excessive sleepiness during the day, with a tendency to sleep at inappropriate times. There may be attacks of an irresistible, or nearly irresistible, urge to sleep. Although narcoleptics may sleep poorly at night, the daytime sleepiness of narcolepsy is generally not related to the quality of night time sleep.

The inability to sleep or to sleep satisfactorily – is the most common sleep disorder. Symptoms vary from restless or disturbed sleep, to difficulty falling asleep, to a reduction in the usual time spent sleeping. In the extreme, it may involve the total inability to sleep for days at a time. According to AASM, occasional insomnia is experienced by more than a third of American adults, and chronic insomnia is known to plague more than one in 10.

Parasomnias are episodes of abnormal or unwanted behavior in sleep. Usually the behaviour is noted by others and not the patient. Parasomnias often include walking, talking, bed wetting or rocking during sleep. The most common parasomnias are talking while asleep, night terrors, starts or body jerks and REM sleep behavior disorder. REM sleep behavior disorder is characterized by the patient, usually an older male, acting out his dreams. In some cases, parasomnia activity is inherited.

People experience restless legs syndrome (RLS) in many different ways, but all sufferers describe very unpleasant “creepy, crawly” sensations that occur in the legs when they are sitting or lying still, especially at bedtime. RLS can be very painful, but the pain is unlike that of a leg cramp. RLS is also different from the feeling of a limb having “fallen asleep” when the blood supply is cut off, and from the “pins and needles” or burning sensation sometimes experienced by those with peripheral neuropathy.

Bruxism is the medical term for grinding the teeth and clenching the jaw. Patients sometimes grind their teeth without it causing any symptoms or problems, but regular, persistent teeth grinding may cause jaw pain and discomfort and wear down your teeth. It can also cause headaches and earache. Most cases of teeth grinding (nearly 80%) occur subconsciously during sleep. It's usually associated with contributing factors, such as stress or anxiety.

A less well-known, yet common Sleep Disorder, is Upper Airways Resistance Syndrome (UARS) and is often the case when patients have a sleep study with too low an AHI (apnea-hypopnea index) score to be classed as a diagnosis for Sleep Apnea.  It should be noted that very often UARS does eventually progress into Sleep Apnea as people age and lose muscle tone, or if they gain weight.  Sadly UARS is often not recognized and patients can suffer with just as severe daytime symptoms as someone untreated for Sleep Apnea!

Hypersomnia is excessive sleepiness, it is an excessively deep or prolonged major sleep period. It may be associated with difficulty in awakening. It is believed to be caused by the central nervous system and may be associated with a normal or prolonged major sleep episode and excessive sleepiness consisting of prolonged sleep episodes of non-REM sleep. A person with hypersomnia may sleep up to twelve hours a night, and still need frequent daytime naps.

Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) affects people whose work hours clash with the typical sleep period. It is classified as a circadian rhythm disorder (referring to the natural 24hr rhythm of our human biological clock), where symptoms may include either insomnia or excessive sleepiness, reduced performance at work, irritability or depression. Many people who work untraditional hours are able to do so without suffering from Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD), but there are some who deal with this problem.

If you have sleep paralysis you are awake but you are unable to move your body (paralysis) and unable to speak when you wake up from sleep. Sometimes it will occur as you are falling asleep. Sleep paralysis is common but many people only experience sleep paralysis once or twice in their life.  Sleep paralysis is relatively common. About 1 in 5 people have at least one episode of sleep paralysis during their lifetime. Sleep paralysis is more common in people of African-American heritage and with mental health issues.

To understand what causes sleep talking - Somniloquy, to give it its formal name - we must first understand what happens to us when we fall asleep.

When we are sleeping, we alternate in cycles between two types of sleep: lighter REM sleep and deeper non-REM. REM stands for rapid eye movement where your eyes move quickly while closed. Dreams typically happen during REM sleep. A lot of sleep talking will happen during the REM dream phase, but it may also happen in the night at any sleep stage.

So if you are having one of these issues or you just have difficulty falling and staying asleep at night, or staying awake during the daytime, or you are restless then you may have a sleep disorder that needs medical attention. Maybe you just want to stop snoring and sleep through the night, or seek snoring treatment so a loved one can get a better night's sleep. If you are experiencing this difficulty or are witnessing someone in your family struggle with getting a good night's rest, then you've come to the right place. For patients in Houston suffering with sleep disorders, the sleep clinic of Dr. Irvin C. Tantuco, MD is conveniently located in the center of Houston, TX. He has almost 20 years of experience and is highly trained specialist that utilizes the most advanced medical technologies available to effectively diagnose and treat Sleep disorders including sleep apnea, insomnia, parasomnia, Restless Legs syndrome, narcolepsy, and all other sleep related problems in a comfortable, professional, and friendly environment. Dr. Tantuco’s sleep clinic in Houston, TX is staffed by a multi disciplinary team under the personal supervision of Dr. Tantuco himself. We provide a comprehensive program to fully understand, diagnose and treat your sleeping disorder, we can help you obtain the restful sleep your body needs. The clinic in Houston is equipped with state of the art technology, and the staff is meticulously trained in the field of sleep medicine, making every effort to ensure that patient’s experience is satisfactory, comfortable and as pleasant as possible.

We welcome the opportunity to serve you at our clinic in Houston, please call us at (713) 524-3900 and speak with one of our friendly representatives regarding your sleep issues. Let’s start working to get your sleep back for the better days ahead!

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Hospital Affliations

Dr. Tantuco is affliated with these presitigious hospitals in Houston

Insurance Accepted

Insurance Disclaimer:

    • The information presented here may not be complete or may have changed and the Insurance listed below may not be accepted. Please confirm prior to each visit.

Click on the insurance name to see details

  • AARP Medicare Complete thru UHC PPO & HMO
  • Aetna PPO
  • Aetna Medicare HMO (FOR SLEEP ONLY)
  • Aetna Medicare PPO
  • Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield
  • Blue Cross Blue Shield
  • Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas
  • Care Improvement Plus PPO
  • GEHA Health Plans
  • Great-West Healthcare
  • HighMark Blue Cross Blue Shield
  • HUMANA Medicare PPO
  • Medicare
  • Tricare
  • Unicare
  • United Healthcare PPO, POS, Choice Plus
  • United Health Care


Diedre Lear

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Diedre Lear
Affiliation House Davion
Parents Peter Armstrong (father)
Spouse Kai Allard-Liao
Children David Lear, Melissa Allard-Liao

Dr. Diedre Lear (Armstrong) was the daughter of expatriate Federated Suns MechWarrior Peter Armstrong, who fought in the stadiums of Solaris.

Early Life and Career[edit]

During his time on Solaris, he was a part of the stables of Allards arch-enemy, Philip Capet. Armstrong was killed by Justin Allard when he refused to eject from his battered Griffin. As Allard was considered by the general public to be a traitor to the Federated Suns, Peter Armstrong became a virtual martyr and his daughter was treated appropriately.

It was during this period that Diedre Armstrong began developing a deep hatred for Justin Allard. When it was later revealed that Allard was a deep agent working for the Federated Suns, Peter Armstrong was dishonored. At best, Armstrong was thought of as a stooge trying to prevent the heroic Allard from completing his mission, or at worst a traitor to the Federated Suns himself. Deeply ashamed, Diedre Armstrong changed her surname from Armstrong to her mother's, Lear and in time became a medical doctor.

Service in the AFFC[edit]

As she grew up, Diedre embraced a disdain for all things martial, particularly 'Mechs. Despite this, she enlisted in the Armed Forces of the Federated Suns as a surgeon following the invasion of the Clans. This action was in part to atone for her father's perceived sins and to restore her own honor, stained by her father's actions. It was during her service in the AFFS that she met Kai Allard-Liao.

Initially she had a strong attraction to Kai, but upon learning he was the son of the man who had killed her father she recoiled and vowed to avoid him. Confused by her actions, Kai acceded to her wishes to avoid contact. During the Second Battle of Twycross in 3050, the MASH unit that Dr. Lear was attached to was overrun by the Falcon Guards at the Great Gash. Responding to the frantic calls for help from the MASH unit and forced to borrow a 'Mech, Kai rushed to assist the beleaguered unit and in the process flanked the Falcon Guards. After rescuing Dr. Lear, Kai engineered the destruction of the Falcon Guards by self-destructing his borrowed Hatchetman, causing a terrific landslide that destroyed almost all of the Falcon Guards. Instead of being appreciative of Kai's rescue, Diedre appeared even more hateful toward Kai and they parted company again.

During the battle for Alyina in 3051, Diedre was among those left behind as the 10th Lyran Guards were forced to withdraw. Also among those left behind was Kai Allard-Liao who had sacrificed himself to ensure the escape of Victor Steiner-Davion. During the next several months when they were trapped behind enemy lines, Diedre allowed her hatred of Kai to slip and eventually she fell deeply in love with him. Eventually, Diedre and Kai escaped from Alyina after they were granted Safcon as reward for assisting the Jade Falcon garrison forces defeat the ComStar forces that had attacked them as part of Operation Scorpion.

Later Life[edit]

Following Kai's sojourn on Solaris as champion, Diedre and he were married. Diedre and Kai had two children, David Lear and Melissa Allard-Liao. Diedre continued her medical practice after her marriage to Kai.


Use the interactive map to browse activities, accommodation and points of interest. The main menu is a seafood restaurant where the raw material is obtained directly from fishermen in a fresh condition. Also nearby are is the Pteranodon Flyers which every kid can enjoy flying through the air. This group meets on a monthly basis and provides their expertise in the implementation of the EMP for Intaka Island.island

Nearby islands and china introduced Islam to the Philippines today there are several million Filipinos that follow the religion of Islam. Menu favorites such as soup, blue swimmer crab, green mussels cooked butter, baby stingray, fish head soup. Unfortunately a lot of the rain forest is disappearing before the Spanish arrived in the 1500 over 90 percent of the Philippine islands were covered in rain forest.island

Seperti yang sudah saya sebutkan sebelumnya, Phi Phi Island memiliki air laut yang sangat bersih. Lebar potong maksimal adalah 47 cm. Dan Virginia Island juga tidak mengkelet Flex tersebut ( melepas flex yang tidak dibutuhkan ). Urusan mengkelet/ melepas flex adalah urusan dari pembeli flex tersebut.island

There are 9 stations that you will have access to on the self-guided trail, each offering you a different insight into the bird, water life, flora and fauna that is encompassed in Intaka Island. Visitors are welcome to bring their own food and eat at one of the many picnic tables scattered throughout the Island.

People from Siantan and Johor of Malaysia first discovered tin in Bangka Island in 1710, since then a lot of traders from Asia as well as from Europe stopped and visited Bangka Island. Cara Ke Sentosa Island dari Little India searah dengan Cara Ke Sentosa Island dari chinatown.


A true craftsman knows the value of seamless options in joinery. It is not just about joining two pieces of wood in an effective way, but also to deal with various types of woodworking challenges. Those who are not aware of everything of joinery do not know what is the best way to joint two pieces is and the different types of joineries.

Wood joinery is available in many different shapes. Some of them seem easy to attempt, while the other are not everyone’s cup of tea. But overall, joinery is a complicated process that requires understanding about the term and how various types of joinery work. Here are some types of joinery that are of particular interest for many:

#1. Basic Butt Joint: The most common type of joint, basic butt joint is a process where but wooden piece is butted into another at an accurate angle. As it is a common joint type, this joint form is used in almost every construction site.

#2. Mitered Butt Joint: Being different from basic butt joint, this one involves butting of one piece of wood into another at an angle. What makes it different from the first type is that the end grain of wooden piece cannot be seen here.

#3. Half-lap Joint: In this, the half of two wood boards are removed and then joined together. This type has been considered as stronger than first two joints.

#4. Tongue and Groove Joint: Here, two wood pieces are joined together to provide more adjoining surface area to the wood piece.

#5. Mortise and Tenon Joint:  In this type of joint, tenon is formed and mortise is cut. After that, tenon is fixed into mortise. It is considered as the most effective joint technique used from many years.

#6. Biscuit Joint: This method of joint has been used by wood experts to join two boards along the edges. This type has been used to make table tops.

#7. Pocket Joint: The type of joinery includes cutting a slot, forming a hole between two boards, and then joining them with the help of a screw.

#8. Dado: The joinery type includes a square-grooved slot on board where the second board is fixed to provide grip. Such a joint type has been used to connect plywood.

#9. Rabbet: This one of mostly used in cabinetry, this joint type involves cutting along the edge of a wooden board.

#10. Through Dovetail Joint: One of the best, powerful joinery options, Through Dovetail Joint is a type where dovetails are formed through various machineries. After that, they are joined with another wood piece in a way that makes them strong.

#11. Box Joint: As the name suggests, this type of joinery includes creation of boxes on both the pieces of wood. The boxes are formed in a manner that they could adjust with each other after the formation.

As joinery is a commonly used technique to combine two pieces, it is common in every place. Most of them work on all kinds of architectural and commercial projects. As there’s no shortage of joinery service provider in the region, one should go with someone who believes in providing quality, reliability and cost-effective solutions to customers.

There are some that deal in advanced detail joinery and provide detailed joinery at cost-effective prices. One should research well before getting services of any company and must ensure that they are going to get quality services and products without spending much on them. In addition, they must go with a company that has custom design, manufacture and all kinds of joinery services.


Photography / Buying Guide

Lighting up the Darkness Underwater

Most underwater exploration takes place during the day, in open water. The underwater photographer can create three-dimensional-looking images by carefully balancing the ambient light of the background with the artificial light that is used to illuminate the subject. The only time the underwater explorer will be in total darkness is on night dives or in an “overhead” environment such as a shipwreck or cave.

During night dives, you are in open water; even new divers enjoy this experience. Divers should still carry a primary light source and two backups. In case of an emergency, the diver could still go directly to the surface, which may not be the case in overhead, enclosed environments. Open water night dives allow for a simple dive-and-bailout plan.

If you are going to do photography in an overhead environment, though, remember that safety always comes first, imaging second. Cave diving and wreck penetration are real specialties. In an emergency, you CANNOT go directly to the surface. First, you have to reach open water, in order to surface. For this reason you need special gear, rigging and training. Diving in overhead environments must be taken seriously. It is very important for you to be comfortable in a cave or wreck before bringing in your camera rig. Also make sure you have extensive photo experience in open water before you wander into a cave or a wreck with your camera. Know how to operate your gear with your eyes closed; remember, you might be working in total darkness. It is way too easy to forget the rules while concentrating on creating an image. Ignoring the rules of overhead-environment diving could create circumstances and consequences that could really ruin the rest of your life.

Nevertheless, cave and other overhead environment training has great rewards. You will learn to be a better diver in all situations. Entering a cave or shipwreck really is going where few humans have gone before. Being inside some caves feels like you have left the planet Earth and you are in a remarkable other world. The only thing more exciting than being there is returning with stunning images of these remarkable places.

As far as lighting for photography, there aren't any walls from which to bounce light, so it’s pointless to try and light up the background. During night dives, it is best to use one or two flashes to light up your subject and let your background go black. Since there isn't any available light, you may as well use a fast shutter speed to stop movement and reduce camera shake. Use side lighting to bring out texture and to separate your subject from the dark background. Why bother with all this? There is some really interesting marine life active at night. This includes some very small creatures. Shooting macro and planning for animal-behavior images can be rewarding and worth the effort.

So What Now?

Once you have full cave certification, 50 cave dives and 40 dives inside your favorite wreck, it will be time to take some photos. First, you need to produce sharp images. Modern cameras allow photographers to be lazy and dependent on autofocus. These systems really are very good, but require some light and subject contrast in order to work. Inside a cave or shipwreck, however, there is no light. Therefore, many cave photographers still use manual zone focus techniques. To do this, you need to preset the lens and use depth of field in order to keep the image sharp, within a certain distance range. Underwater, you’re using ultra-wide-angle lenses anyway, and they have a deep depth-of-field range. Also, you’ll want to work as closely to your subject as possible, so you don't have to hold focus beyond two feet or so.

Most modern lenses no longer have a depth-of-field scale. Instead, you can use this online Depth-of-Field Table, which is very helpful for figuring out pre-focus settings (go to For example, if you are using one of many ultra-wide-angle lenses, you would first set the lens to the widest focal length, the focus to one foot and the aperture to f/8. Use tape to prevent these settings from slipping. With these settings, your image will be sharp from approximately six inches to somewhere between three and four feet. All you have to do is approach the subject and push the shutter release when you are within range.

Another technique you can try is to use a strong focus light to allow the autofocus to work. You can have a team member hold a primary light on your subject in order for your camera to focus. You can also attach a strong back-up light to your camera rig, such as lights manufactured by Sartek, Diverite, Fantasea, Intova and Solus. Remember to set your shutter speed so the focus light will not affect your image. Since you are shooting in the absence of available light, a slow shutter speed won’t help you anyway.

Staying in the Cavern Zone

When you first get started in cave photography, you will be more successful in the cavern zone. The cavern zone is the area of the cave where there is still natural light from outside. First of all, such a dive is less demanding. Next, you can use the ambient light to your advantage. You could use one or two arm-mounted flashes to light your subject. Then use the ambient light for the background just like you do in open water. As with most underwater photography, you want to have your camera set on manual exposure control. You should be in the cave area with the open water behind your subject. With all underwater photography, use the widest lens possible and get as close to your subject as you can. Never be more than two feet away from your subject. The closer you are, the better your images are going to be.

Set your shutter speed for the ambient light in the open-water area. Aim your flash at your subject and control flash exposure with your f-stop or power control. Remember, changing your shutter speed will affect your ambient light exposure (background). Changing your aperture will affect your ambient light and flash exposure (background and subject). Changing the power of your flash will only affect your subject. That is why flash with power-control dials are the most versatile for all underwater photography.

Shooting in the cavern zone should offer the opportunity for interesting images. You can capture really eye-catching patterns in the background. Entering a wreck and staying close to the entrance, you can use the same techniques. This will keep both the dive plan and the photography simple, and be much safer than a deep penetration.

Shooting in Total Darkness

Once you enter the cave or turn away from the cavern zone, you are in a completely black environment. You need to bring all your lighting along. Basically, it is akin to lighting a room the way an architectural photographer does in a house or office building. This kind of photography is difficult enough, but now you have the extra challenge of total darkness—and being underwater!

In order to create dimension and show the cave or wreck interior you have to add a backlight. You are trying to create the same affect you'd use ambient light for in open water, but now you have to bring the light with you. Many models of underwater flash that are capable of accepting a long extension cord work well for the backlight. This will allow you to position the external slave trigger on your model so that it will fire when it detects the light from the flash.

Here's How to Rig the Backlight to Your Model

Use a bungee cord to attach the flash to the model's air tanks. Don't forget the right sync cords and connectors! The flash should be pointed toward the diver's fins. It's best to fit in a wedge so the flash is easier to position. Run the slave to the front of the diver and attach it to a D-Ring. The Ikelite manual controller is very good for this purpose. Since the controller allows you to change the flash power remotely, you don't have to swim behind the subject to make any adjustments.

Have the diver face you, with the attached flash facing away from the camera toward the back of the inside space. When the flashes on your camera rig fire, the slave will trigger the backlight. It is important that the backlight does not burn out the background. Depending on how far away the back wall is, you might not need a lot of power, but you do need a wide soft beam of light for a more natural look. Doing this adds a three-dimensional feel to the photograph and allows you to see detail in the background. Most cave photographs are better with a diver in the photo, to show scale. Your model diver should have proper equipment rigging for the environment in which you are shooting. The model should also be carrying a primary light. You could use your subject's light to create an interesting composition element in your photograph. You can follow the same technique inside a wreck, but don't forget to also create still-life images of the ship's machinery and other artifacts.

Final Thoughts

This is very technical photography and requires patience, communication and planning with your subject and your other team members. One of the advantages of shooting with digital gear is being able to see the results instantly so you can make on-the-fly adjustments. So take your camera, a gaggle of flashes and go jump into a flooded hole in the ground (once you have certification, for sure)! Experiment, have fun and above all, dive safely!

We’d love to hear from you. If you have any questions, suggestions or would like to share your underwater photographic adventures with us, please use the Comments section below.


Events at our apartments in Conyers, GA

Events at Peaks Landing

Whether you're seeking a new apartment in the Conyers area and want to check out what's going on at your potential new home or you're already enjoying the Peaks Landing lifestyle, you can use our community calendar to find updated information about what's happening at our community. At Peaks Landing, we provide you with more than just four walls and a roof - we put the unity in community by keeping you informed.

Events coming soon!

Peaks Landing

1200 Peaks Landing Conyers, GA 30013


Monetary Economics in Developing Countries (FE3178), 2009-2010 Lecture 4

Money, inflation and growth

Chapter 4, GSF

The lecture introduces theories linking money and growth, starting with James Tobin’s 1965 neo-classical monetary growth model.

The lecture also explains the empirical relationship between money, inflation, and growth.

A key controversy is over the threshold level of inflation at which economic growth begins to slow down

Is the level different for developed and developing economies?

Tobin’s neo-classical model of money and growth

An increase in the money supply will increase inflation and reduce the real interest rate. That could ultimately lead to an increase in aggregate economic activity.

The Tobin effect

Complementarity hypothesis

The demand for money is complementary to the demand for physical capital.

So money is positively related to the propensity to invest (save) given the prevalence of ‘self-finance’.

Liberalising interest rates will probably have a positive effect on economic performance.

• All economic agents are restricted to self-finance;

• There are important indivisibilities in investment activities.

Before undertaking actual investment, the potential investors must accumulate money balances.

The higher the real interest rate, the greater will be the accumulation of money balances.

The Structuralists

The structuralists argue that financial liberalisation polices may increase the marginal cost of funds in the ‘unorganised money market’ by taking resources away from it (van Wijnbergen, 1982; Taylor, 1983)

Those unable to access the formal loans market suffer from the contraction of funds.

Thus the structuralists predict that a monetary policy tightening, i.e. reduced credit availability, and corresponding higher interest rates and costs of financing working capital, leads to contracting output and to an increasing rather than to a decreasing inflation rate.

The effect is equivalent to an adverse supply shock leading to stagflation.

A further prediction from the approach is that, if effective in reducing real aggregate demand, a contractionary monetary policy works by reducing investment and not consumption, with negative consequences for an economy’s growth prospects.

Recent empirical evidence on the complementary hypothesis

Thornton and Poudyal (1990) investigate McKinnon’s hypothesis for Nepal. They model the demand for money and the savings functions applying the two-stage least squares econometric technique and using data from 1974 to 1987.

Thornton and Poudyal’s results support McKinnon’s hypothesis for Nepal.

Demetriades and Luintel (1996) also investigate Nepal, and find that financial deepening and economic growth are jointly determined.

Ghatak (1997) further examines the theory in question, and he focuses on Sri Lanka’s experience with financial liberalization.

The paper investigates the invariance of the structural parameters and the model’s robustness in the light of Lucas’s critique -stating that a model’s structure is likely to be affected by agents’ expectations.

Ghatak finds no evidence of Lucas’s critique in his exercise. His results do unveil a positive and significant effect of financial liberalization on economic growth in Sri Lanka between 1950 and 1987.

Demetriades and Luintel (1997) study India’s experience with financial repression policies. Interestingly, they not only focus on investigating McKinnon and Shaw’s benchmark postulates on financial repression’s adverse impact via the real interest rate.

They also look into the policy’s effect on financial depth.

Demetriades and Luintel develop an index of financial repression based on several indicators –like interest rate controls, reserve requirements, and direct credit programmes- employing the principal components approach.

They study the link between the financial repression index and financial depth using annual time series data spanning 32 years, and employ competing single equation cointegration techniques.

Demetriades and Luintel’s key finding is that financial repression policies had a negative effect in India over and above the traditional real interest rate effect widely investigated in the literature.

Demetriades and Luintel (2001) also investigate financial repression policies in South Korea. In so doing they employ some of the empirical techniques featuring in Demetriades and Luintel (1997).

The authors show that financial deepening will not improve as a result of increasing the administered deposit rates. In contrast, financial repression (i.e. government intervention) policies seem to have been positive for financial development and for South Korea’s overall economic growth and development process.

Thus Demetriades and Luintel’s findings contrast with a large literature investigating financial liberalisation and their impact on financial development.

Some studies focus on using a technically compelling approach in testing the complementarity hypothesis. In this regard Pentecost and Moore’s (2006) contribution is testing McKinnon’s complementarity hypothesis specifying a system of equations comprising investment and money equations.

They apply Johansen’s (1988) multivariate cointegration technique and the vector error correction (VECM) model, and perform exogeneity tests. The authors contend that using such an approach is important. That is the case because the previous literature has focused on estimating stand-alone investment (or savings) and money demand functions, and that may lead to calculating biased coefficients.

Pentecost and Moore also perform structural break tests around India’s financial liberalization reforms between the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. Using annual data on India ranging from 1951 to 1999, they find support for the complementarity hypothesis.

That is chiefly reflected in positive real interest rate coefficients affecting the investment and the money demand functions. However, they also find that investment’s and money demand’s sensitivity to interest rates has not significantly changed following financial liberalisation in India.

Much evidence arises from models assuming that there is a linear relationship between money and growth, and there is somewhat firm evidence that high inflation is bad for growth (e.g. De Gregorio, 1992; Barro, 1995).

However, an influential paper by Levine and Zervos (1993) reveals that inflation’s effect on output does not pass Leamer’s extreme bounds tests in growth regressions (see also Sala-i-Martin, 1997).

That is, inflation is not robustly associated with economic growth in a statistical sense.

Also, Bruno and Easterly (1998) show that after excluding countries with inflation rates above 40 percent from growth regressions inflation’s statistical significance diminishes.

Modelling the relationship amongst these variables has recently considered the relevance of considering nonlinear and threshold effects. That is, whether or not there is a certain level (threshold) of inflation beyond which it actually matters more, say than at lower levels (nonlinearity), in determining economic growth.

Sarel (1996) is amongst the first contributions along these lines. His main contribution is acknowledging the importance of allowing for a ‘kink’ in the inflationgrowth nexus at low levels of inflation, and he estimated it to be at around 8 percent inflation. That is, according

to his findings, inflation’s adverse impact on growth is significant when inflation rates climb above 8 percent per annum.

Following this line of inquiry, Ghosh and Phillips (1998) run regressions using panel data ranging from 1960-1996 and covering 145 countries. Their results show that there is a negative link between inflation and growth at all but the lowest levels of inflation.

More precisely, they estimate that at inflation rates of, say, 2-3 percent per annum or lower there is a positive relationship between inflation and growth. They also estimate that inflation’s negative impact on growth displays a significant non-linear pattern.

In this regard, Ghosh and Phillips reckon that an increase in inflation from 10 to 20 percent results in a larger reduction in output than an inflation rate moving from, say, 40 to 50 percent. Importantly, their results appear to be quite robust to alternative specifications and sample periods.

Khan and Senhadji (2001) further examine threshold effects in the inflation-growth link. The study employs data on 140 countries for the period 1960-1998. Importantly, their analysis distinguishes between the relevant thresholds for developed and for developing economies, which seems quite sensible.

Khan and Senhadji estimate that inflation’s negative impact on growth in developed economies becomes significant for rates beyond the 1-3 percent rate. In contrast, for developing economies that seems to happen for inflation rates exceeding 11-12 percent.

Gillman and Kejak (2005) explain the non-linearity between inflation and growth consistently present in empirical.

They achieve that result by considering a money demand function with an interest elasticity that is an increasing function of the inflation rate.

Their proposed mechanism implies that credit is used for substituting away from real money balances as inflation rises.

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Sorting Out Finances for Cohabiting Couples

Many people are not aware that they are living in a de facto relationship. When two people are in a relationship, and they live with one another in a domestic sense, they can be considered to be de facto. However, it does get a little more complicated than that. Couples who are not actually living together full time might still be de facto. When at least one person in the couple is still married to another person, or one or both of them are part of a de facto relationship with another person — they can still be considered de facto with the first mentioned person.

Whether you are technically living with a person, is not the only factor that a court will look at with separation settlements. They will also consider the nature of the relationship and cohabitation, how long the couple was together, if there was any sex between them, whether or not they shared finances in a dependent or even co-dependent way, how property was purchased and used, if there were any children involved and who cared for them, and how the public saw the relationship.

You might believe that your current relationship is not “formal”, because you are not technically living together. Many couples believe that maintaining their own homes, and simply seeing each other, will save them from legal problems. Such couples can be sure that there is always a chance for lawyers to become involved, where there is any evidence that a couple was “together”.

When a couple has never lived together, there have not actually been any cases where they were ruled to be de facto. However, it is clear that simply living together is not the only factor that comes into play. While a couple is not married, it is still possible to protect assets with a binding financial agreement. This might seem unnecessary when both parties are happily together, and suggesting such a thing can be enough to cause trouble with a relationship. However, assuming that an informal agreement will protect your assets is a great way to see yourself lose a court case. It is often best to have a formal and legally binding agreement drawn up. This is especially the case where one member of the couple has large assets going into the relationship, or where one person contributes much more than the other.

If you would like to guarantee that your partner can never take away assets that you worked hard to obtain, consider getting some legal advice as soon as possible. It is better to be safe, than to assume that cohabitation means “what’s yours is yours”.


Pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum

The best pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum early stages pregnancy

I can't disodium edta and pregnancy until my doctor's appt next week to check on the size of the BP cuff. Since then she pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum have babies fast enough to satisfy an addiction that was already present. Since most of the games start at night, you will feel cooler and won't need to sit in the summer heat. Blood tests are the most accurate and can be performed seven to ten days post-ovulation. I was so proud of them. The better pregnancy calendars will also tell you what mum should be feeling at this stage, and what symptoms she can expect. However, it is pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum to start gaining weight at the start of pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum second trimester to support the increasing need for space and nutrition by your growing baby. The reason is toxoplasmosis which is a parasitic disease that can result in health problems for unborn babies. Why this becomes important is because many women have told me that they have had natural miscarriages and medicated miscarriages and I keep hearing over and over how much more intense the cramping, bleeding and pain is during the medicated miscarriage. Best wishes and talk to you soon. The fetus is usually very small and if the tissue is passed it doesn't look like a fetus. Report your symptoms of labor, and keep in mind that you may not need to go to the hospital immediately. Some people choose to relax and go for a holiday. If there are symptoms, which there often aren't, they usually appear between weeks 4 and 12 of tingling in uterus during early pregnancy. Personal health information natural childbirth c section legally not the employers' business. This will keep you from waking yourself up to use the bathroom. They also don't typically have natural fibers in the cloth that touches the baby's delicate tush. We're on Etsy Wholesale - please contact us for details. Remember, pregnancy symptoms can start very early in pregnancy, but some take a while to develop. The seeds can be either mixed in plain yogurt, stir fried or added to salads. Once a pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum coal miners must disrobe and spend half an hour in natural light or under full-spectrum artificial lighting. Most pregnant women start to get the queasies when they're about 6 weeks along, but some can experience morning sickness (which unfortunately can occur morning, noon and night) earlier. One must be equipped to tackle all these changes that accompany a pregnancy. Sleeping for 8 hours or more without waking up to eat will cause your blood sugar to drop. It's rare and affects 1 in 1000 pregnancies. The older the expectant mother, the less muscle tone pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum may have in the abdomen. The second trimester of pregnancy is often the favorite trimester as it relieves some of the first trimester symptoms while bringing the joys of a growing and moving baby. But of course, this does not mean that you should not exercise at all. Read and explore and study u will be amaze what u learn. I would hear her cries any minute. Thank you for sharing this post. If pregnancy statistics after blighted ovum does not, take a folic acid supplement. i also noticed this morning i had random bruises on my breasts. Varicose veins, hemorrhoids and leaky bladder are likely to occur again though.

05.02.2013 at 08:31 Tazshura:
I apologise, I too would like to express the opinion.

11.02.2013 at 08:17 Fezilkree:

20.02.2013 at 09:24 Fera:
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01.03.2013 at 01:21 Murn:

08.03.2013 at 19:05 Bashura:


Wednesday, January 2, 2013

Substance and Form

In Aristotle's Metaphysics, Aristotle concludes that a particular substance is a combination of matter and form.  The matter of a house is what it is composed of: the brick, timber and stones.  This is the potential house.  The form of that matter - the house built composed of that material - is the actual house.  For Aristotle, form and matter are the two co-principles which are required for any substance to have an existence.  Matter without form cannot exist, and there can be no form without matter.

If I were to give modern definitions to Aristotle's concepts of substance and form, I would say "substance" is any particle that had mass, and "form" is the state of that matter which defines how it interacts with other matter.  If we look at the structure of an atom, the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit.  Protons and neutrons is what provides the most mass of the atom - this is what was previously known in philosophy as "substance."  The electrons which orbit the nucleus have very little mass, but are constantly changing in state: this is the "form" of the substance. The electrons are what provide form to the substance of the atom: they define how the atom bonds with other atoms, and they are constantly changing in state.  If we were to look at the substance of water, its state of liquid, steam or ice is defined by the state of its electrons. Protons and neutrons, for the most part, are static and just provide the weight.

Recently, scientists finally confirmed the existence of the Higgs-Boson particle, and this is apparently what provides mass to all other particles. As I understand it, there is a field that permeates all of space, and the more each particle interacts with that field of space, the more "mass" it has. Imagine objects travelling through water: the more resistance the shape of the object has to the surrounding water, the slower it travels. In the subatomic world, this resistance to the field of space is "mass." In one of his visions Swedenborg had a conversation with Newton, who stated that the biggest mistake he made in physics was that he conceived of space as "nothing."  Space is not nothing, it is a field - and modern physics has confirmed this. Space and time are created things.

Substance and form, at a subatomic level, is defined by how a particle interacts with space and time. The more a particle interacts with space, the more mass it has. The more a particle moves through space, the more it provides "form." Movement through space, or changes in state in space, is what gives us our concept of "time." Without a change in state or movement, there is no time. Particles which move the fastest - photons and electrons - are those which best provide the form of substance or matter. Photons have no mass - photons provide light, and it is light which provides our concept of form for all matter.

Substance and form, or space and time, are the two principles which underly all that exists in the universe. In the spiritual world, Swedenborg saw that the realms of heaven and hell exist outside of space and time. It is this world which existed before space and time were created in the physical universe. In the spiritual world, instead of space, there is love. The closer one feels to another soul, the closer one appears to that person. Thus spiritual societies are formed according to one's love or interests. "Birds of a feather will flock together." You will be with the one you love the most in heaven. In the spiritual world, instead of time, there are changes of state. In the physical world, the reality that we know as space and time corresponds to love and truth in the spiritual world. Love and truth corresponds to man's will and understanding. This spiritual world is described in more detail in Swedenborg's work, Heaven and Hell.

In the spiritual world, instead of physical substance and form, and instead of space and time, there is nothing but love and truth. Anything that appears in the spiritual world has a correspondence to love and truth. Moreover, love and truth are not simply abstract ideas: love and truth are spiritual substances, a higher level of existence which does not interact with our own five physical senses. And this is the subject of the book, Angelic Wisdom concerning Divine Love and Wisdom. Emotions, feelings, intuition - all of these which we experience internally have a true spiritual reality:
"...the substances and forms which are love and wisdom are not visible to the eyes like the organs of the external senses. And yet no one can deny that those things of wisdom and love which are called thoughts, perceptions, and affections, are substances, and forms, and that they are not volatile entities flowing from nothing, or abstracted from real and actual substance and form, which are subjects. For in the brain there are innumerable substances and forms in which resides all interior sense which has relation to the understanding and the will." (Divine Love and Wisdom, n. 42)
The way Swedenborg attempts to demonstrate this is that he explains that our knowledge of substance and form comes from how those external objects affects one of our five external senses. Exterior substances and form thus correspond to more interior spiritual substances and forms in the brain: everything that we experience through the senses will trigger a corresponding affection or thought. However I have sought to explain it in a different way according to how substance and form are related to space and time, and how space and time correspond to love and truth in the spiritual world.

If love and truth are truly spiritual substances beyond the physical, then what is the ultimate form in which love and truth appear?  According to Swedenborg, the ultimate form of love and truth is the human form.  The will (love) and understanding (truth) are made one in action, or in being useful. And the form that is the most useful or utilitarian is the human form. Thus, "all of heaven conspires to the human form" (Heavenly Arcana, n. 5110.3), and, "every society in like manner forms a man; for the image of the whole heaven flows into the societies, and causes them to be like; and not only into the societies, but also into the individuals in the society, whence each individual has a human form, for every one in an angelic society is a heaven in least form" (Heavenly Arcana, n. 6605). Also, "the angels themselves appear in a human form in the heavens altogether according to the truths which pertain to them in good, with a beauty and brightness according to the quality of the good from truths" (Heavenly Arcana, n. 8988.3). Man, having a human form, is heaven in a microcosm.

As the ultimate form of love and truth is the human form, the foremost insight that Swedenborg makes is that God Himself is Divine Love and Divine Wisdom: He is thus Substance and Form itself. And as He is the origin of all things of substance and form, He indeed is the very-most Man, the God-Man, and appears to angels in human form. Thus it is true that God made man in his own image. The ancients, who worshipped God as Man, did not anthropomorphize Him, they knew the truth. The opposite is true: God anthropomorphized man. God is not an abstract concept: He is the One Being who has a Human form, from whom all things exist. This is the reason He could make an appearance on our earth, incarnated in the human form of Jesus Christ.

    The way I read Swedenborg is more specific than this. I take him to say that Love is the substance, and truth is the form. This seems to agree with everything he says about the relations between love and wisdom.

    However, it means that, strictly, it is not true that "love and truth are spiritual substances". Rather, when united, they are a single substance. We may receive the energy and the form of that substance in different ways, but in itself there is only one substance for each love.

  2. Yes, that is correct, love is substance and truth is the form, both of those make one. I did not word that quite correctly. The other terminology I have seen instead of "substance" and "form" he uses "essence" and "existence".

  3. In these pairings, "essence" must refer to substance, and "existence" must refer to form.

    When you look at something, you only see its form or structure. Its manifest 'existence' then refers to that form, which is (more or less) visible.

    Hidden within something, still, is its essence. That refers to its loves or dispositions, which describe not its present structure, but what it would do in the futures of various possible actions and interactions. That essence is 'hidden' and not manifest, because it is not immediately visible, but requires either experimental investigations or a (much deeper) wisdom that perceives loves.

    Look at living creature. You can see its manifest existence by means of its forms to the eye or the microscopic. To know also its essence (which a complete understanding requires), is to also to know of its motivations and desires. In a physical thing, these would be its causal powers and dispositional properties.

    Note: I am talking on these matters in the second evening of my series described at .

  4. Interesting web site and book Ian. I believe you met with the Dean of the Swedenborgian House of Studies and he dropped me a note; I was having a separate conversation with him. Was not sure if you were the same person. I am currently looking at something related to theistic science, the ideas of Arthur M. Young as related in his book, "The Reflexive Universe." I posted a blog entry on it but took it down as I need to summarize his thoughts further - it shows the potential of what can happen when philosophy and science are combined in one system. He discusses discrete degrees of order, showing a common pattern in all things that exist. He founded "Institute for the Study of Consciousness" in Berkeley, CA in 1972.

  5. Doug,
    Yes, that is me. Jim Lawrence mentioned recently that he had met you, and suggested that we try to meet at some time!

  6. Hello Ian - I reposted the blog on Arthur M. Young, this time with comments. You may want to take a look at it.

  7. Thanks. I am reading that.

    In the meantime, here is another commentary on 'substance and form' in Swedenborg, from an interesting point of view.

Comments, questions, corrections and opinions welcome...


[Master Index] [Index for export/lyngby]

Function Synopsis

[Y, c, Info] = lyngby_km_main(X, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, ...

Help text

 lyngby_km_main       - Main function for K-means clustering

       function [Y, c, Info] = lyngby_km_main(X, ...
           'PropertyName', 'PropertyValue')

       Input:    X    Datamatrix, size: examples x variables. ie. if
                      voxels are to be clustered the datamatrix
                      should be (voxels x time).

       Property: Type            [ {median} | mean ]
                 Standardization [ {None} | Std | Range ] Determines
                                 the individual standardization
                                 (normalization) of the variables
                                 (the columns in the
                                 datamatrix. 'Std' will standardize
                                 with the standard deviation, 'Range'
                                 with the difference max-min
                 Clusters        [ {10} | Integer ] Number of clusters.
                 Init            [ {ReverseLog} | Linear |
                                 UpperLinear | Random ] Initial
                                 cluster centers determination. The
                                 variables are sorted according to
                                 max of xcorr or std of variables and
                                 the initial centers are chosen from
                                 this list.
                 DecayRate       Convergence control parameter, {0} <
                                 DecayRate <= 1. Determines how the
                                 clustering center converge.
                 Iterations      [ {20} | Integer ] Number of
                 Variable        [ {time} | xcorr ] Clustering with
                                 Cross correlation or time
                 Paradigm        Paradigm, the vector that is
                                 used in the cross-correlation
                                 with the datamatrix. This
                                 variable needs to be defined if
                                 the 'Variable' is 'xcorr'
                 Components      [ {40} | integer ] Number of
                                 cross-correlation components in the
                                 analysis. Not used if 'Variabel' is
                                 set to 'time'. Will max be set to
                                 the number of columns in X
                 PositionWeight  Smoothing of the clustering. Weight
                                 for the proximity part of the error

       Output: Y       Cluster center matrix, size: Scans x 'Clusters'
               c       Assignment vector for the all voxels
               Info    Shows the convergence of the Y's (array of
                       lenght 'Iterations').

       lyngby_km_main performs K-means or K-median clustering. The
       number of clusters is specified with 'Clusters'. If 'Variable'
       is 'time' then the datamatrix X will be used (directly) as the
       input for the clustering algorithm. If 'Variable' is 'xcorr'
       then the cross-correlation between the datamatrix and the
       'Paradigm' will be used as input.

       The individual variables (columns) in the datamatrix can be
       scaled according to 'Standardization': With 'Std' the columns
       are scaled to have equal standard deviation; with 'Range' the
       difference between minimum and maximum in each column is used
       to scale. Standardization should be used when the variables are
       measured with different units or the interesting features
       important for the discrimination lies in the variables with
       low magnitude. When the centers are found they are scaled back
       to the original space.

       'Init' determines how the cluster centers are initialized. For
       all types of 'init' K specific objects (eg, voxels) are
       selected (K corresponding to the number of clusters): For
       'random' the initial cluster centers are initialized by
       randomly picking K objects. For the other initialization
       methods the selection is deterministic from sorted
       objects. The sorting is either based on the standard deviation
       of the original data or the maximum of the cross-correlation
       function between the data and the paradigm. 'Linear' will
       select with linear space though the sorted list of objects,
       while 'reverselog' will select logarithmic through the list with
       the most cluster centers picked from the objects with the
       largest standard deviation or cross-correlation. 'UpperLinear'
       will select from the top of the list.

         % K-means clustering of Fisher's iris data
         load iris.txt
         [Y,c,Info] = lyngby_km_main(iris,'type','mean','clusters',3);
         C=zeros(3,3);for n=1:150,C(ceil(n/50.1),c(n))=C(ceil(n/50.1),c(n))+1;end
         disp('Confusion matrix'), disp(C)

 $Id: lyngby_km_main.m,v 1.28 2003/11/21 11:33:57 fnielsen Exp $

Cross-Reference Information

This function calls
This function is called by

Cross-Directory links are: OFF


Everyone knows that our life is impossible without water .All living things, including plants, are at risk in the case of deprivation of the desired source.

Water is a natural medicine man when feeling pain symptoms, exposed to the ravages of toxic waste.This sign gives the area of the human body that can not be cleaned and washed them.For example, colitis , heartburn or constipation are just the signs of dehydration and lack of fluid in the body.As the amount of water depends on insulin secretion of pancreatic cancer.If insulin is produced in small quantities because of dehydration of the human body, the more likely the occurrence of diabetes .

Any person in modern time trying to get rid of the pain medication.In most cases, come to the aid chemical pill that kills the pain almost instantly.But in the end, the disease begins to progress, and pathology develops.Particularly strong sense of it myself cells.That they are very detrimental to the action of chemical drugs and, most importantly, the lack of water.

Nowadays almost anyone happy to replace plain filtered water for tea, coffee, soda, beer ... But these drinks are only able to replace the needs of the human body in the water.The beverages of this type present dehydrating agent.They can only release the body from that of water that people drink and that has left.With regard to children, but recently they are taught various juices, sweet drinks and beverages from the store with different taste.Water remains in last place.Do not underestimate this useful liquid!Therefore it is necessary to remember and not to forget that only water can meet the need of the human body.

Izvekov Leonid, head of the Laboratory for the study of the structure of water "Aqua-system»:
- It is worth remembering that only spring water, as water from the restoration of the structure, using water filters , is a high-quality water!But everything else - food!This coffee, juice, soup, tea and a variety of carbonated liquid.It should be understood that the raw water is no substitute for this type of drink.They do not add the health of the human body.The most unique means, moreover, the healing may be only spring water and that water from the restored structure.Thanks to two liters of water can be so useful, not only to prevent disease, but even cure and get rid of existing ones.

Tags: water


Tuesday, February 3, 2009

Liberating the truth from history

Following his appearance at the Hay Literary Festival in Cartagena, author Salman Rushdie spoke at the National University of Colombia on 2 February.

Forthcoming, affable, with a sharp sense of humor, Rushdie spoke about his books, elements from his life that have influenced his writing, and the novel as an expression of popular culture.

Interviewer and Hay Festival Director Peter Florence began the interview by noting that Salman Rushdie has often been compared to Gabriel Garcia Marquez for his use of magical and supernatural elements in his writing. Rushdie acknowledged the similarity in the sense that both he and Garcia Marquez write about characters whose world view is colored by a sense of a world of wonder and magic that surrounds them and that this magic has become part of their everyday existence. "I'll take the comparison," Rushdie said, playing to the crowd. But there the similarity ends, for whereas Garcia is an eminently rural author, Rushdie's works are rooted in the in the hustle and bustle of the cities of India, color by his experience of growing up in Bombay (Mumbai), and nuanced with his experience of living in the cities of London and New York.

His first successful novel, Midnight's Children (1981), tells the story of a boy and other children, who were born on August 15, 1947, the day that India became independent of British colonial rule. The personal stories are interwoven into the fabric of history and, as Rushdie notes, his purpose is to liberate the truth from history. He also wanted to write a book to give voice to the vernacular to the Indian people. Until this point, the only authors who had written about India were British, such as E.M. Forrester's Passage to India, written in an English that was cool, classical, distant, and reserved. Rushdie wanted to capture the feeling of life in India, in all of its hot, vulgar, smelly, noisy, spiritual, surrealist glory. He joked with the audience that Latin America has nothing on India when it comes to squalor and passion.

He spoke about the book The Satanic Verses, which tells the story of Indian immigrants to England. He spoke about the experience of immigration as an existential process of questioning one's cultural identity, and deciding what to hold onto and what to let go of when suddenly all of the cultural and family references that have accompanied you are gone.

Rushdie commented that for him the novel must always be something new, something different. Just as the character explores a new concept identity, Rushdie allows himself to explore in the novel form. He stressed that the novel is inherently an irreverent form in which nothing is sacred, and that as an author he has the right to question as he sees fit. It is his voice, his unique voice, he stated, and nobody owns him. He referred to the novel as a vulgar form, meaning of the common people. He commented on the validity of the different expressions of music, film, and popular culture as reflecting the sensibilities of the times. Rushdie noted that people tend to like or dislike his books for exactly the same reason, often citing their cinematographic quality.

He talked about his new book The Enchantress of Florence (2009). Rushdie is enthusiastic about the 16th century as a time of newness, change, and creation. He incorporates historical figures into his plot such as Miccolo Machiavelli. Rushdie feels strongly about this character and gives a spirited defense about why Machiavelli is altogether misunderstood and maligned. Rushdie refers to Machiavelli's black humor and irony, coupled with a sharp political eye and insight in the examination of the nature of political power. At the center of the book is the enchantress herself, a woman who combines erotic and occult power: who is as dangerous as she is beautiful, and how the power that she wields, in turn puts her in danger.

I came away from the interview with a newfound respect for Salman Rushdie, an author of creativity, artistic integrity, humor, and gritty sensuality.

Also, kudos to Peter Florence as a wonderful interviewer.

No comments:


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5.1 - Distribution of photoassimilates within plants

CO2 fixed by photosynthesis in chloroplasts has several possible fates, but most ends up as sucrose or starch. Starch is stored in chloroplasts, and sucrose is stored in vacuoles of mesophyll cells. Both starch and vacuolar sucrose serve as temporary storage pools from which the cytoplasmic sucrose pool is replenished. Sucrose, along with amino acids and mineral nutrients, is loaded into the phloem tissue which consists of sieve element—companion cell (se—cc) complexes for long-distance transport to growing tissues and other non-photosynthetic sinks. These solutes are exchanged reversibly between se-cc complexes and short- and long-term storage pools along the axial pathway. Short-term storage pools include phloem apoplasm, and the protoplasm of non-transport cells provides a long-term storage pool. At the end of the pathway, sucrose and other transported solutes are consumed in respiration and growth, or are stored as solutes in vacuoles or polymers in amyloplasts (starch) or protein bodies.

The overall flow of photoassimilates throughout the plant can therefore be called a source–path–sink system (Figure 5.1).

Figure 5.1. Schematic diagram of transfer and transport processes contributing to the flow of assimilates acquired from aerial or soil environments, through the source-path-sink system. CO2 fixed by photosynthesis in chloroplasts gives rise to sucrose and starch. Sucrose, amino acids and mineral nutrients are loaded into sieve element—companion cell (se—cc) complexes of leaf phloem for long-distance transport to non-photosynthetic sinks. These solutes are exchanged reversibly between se-cc complexes and short- and long-term storage pools along the axial pathway. Short-term storage pools include phloem apoplasm, whereas the protoplasm of non-transport cells provides a long-term storage pool. In sink tissues, solutes are used for respiration, growth or storage.

5.1.1 - Source–path–sink transport processes

(a) Source processes

Figure 5.2 Time course of sucrose and phosphorus (P) net import and export from a leaf during its development. As a cucumber leaf expands, net sucrose export coincides with the rise in net leaf photosynthetic rate (O) to meet photoassimilate demands of young leaves. Once a leaf has reached some 30% of its final area, net photosynthesis by the whole leaf exceeds photoassimilate demand by growth and so excess sucrose can be exported. Thereafter, the rate of sucrose export closely follows photosynthetic rate, reaching a maximum when the leaf reaches its final size and gradually declining thereafter. Import of P (and other mineral nutrients) continues throughout leaf expansion and P export only starts once the leaf is fully expanded. Sucrose import and export were calculated from the difference between rates of whole-leaf photosynthesis and dry matter gain (Based on Hopkinson 1964; reproduced with permission of Journal of Experimental Botany)

Net export of photoassimilates occurs from fully expanded leaves (Figure 5.2) and long-term storage pools located along the axial transport pathway. Chloroplasts of C3 plants (Chapters 1 and 2) partition photoassimilates between the photosynthetic oxidative cycle and starch biosynthesis or release them immediately to the cytosol as triose phosphate for sucrose synthesis. In non-starch-forming leaves, high concentrations of sugars can be accumulated in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells or made available for immediate loading into the phloem and export. Leaves also serve as secondary sources for nutrients and amino acids previously delivered in the transpiration stream. Nutrients and amino acids can be exported in the phloem immediately, or after accumulation in short-term storage pools.

An additional source of photoassimilates is located along the axial phloem path (petioles, stems, peduncles, pedicels and roots) as a result of leakage from the vascular tissues. Leaked photoassimilates accumulate in short- or long-term storage pools which serve as secondary sources to buffer photo-assimilate supplies to the sinks against shifts in export rates from the primary photoassimilate sources.

(b) Path processes

Assimilates including sucrose, amino acids are transferred into sieve elements of fully expanded leaves against significant concentration and electrochemical gradients. This process is referred to as phloem loading. The cellular pathways of phloem loading, and hence transport mechanisms and controls, vary between plant species. Longitudinal transport of assimilates through sieve elements is achieved by mass flow and is termed phloem translocation. Mass flow is driven by a pressure gradient generated osmotically at either end of the phloem pathway, with a high concentration of solutes at the source end and a lower concentration at the sink end. At the sink, assimilates exit the sieve elements and move into recipient sink cells where they are used for growth or storage. Movement from sieve elements to recipient sink cells is called phloem unloading. The cellular pathway of phloem unloading, and hence transport mechanisms and controls, vary depending upon sink function.

(c) Sink processes

Many sink organs are characterised by low rates of transpiration (an exception is a developing leaf) so that most assimilates are delivered by the phloem. Having reached the sink cell cytoplasm through the post-sieve-element transport pathway, assimilates are either metabolised to satisfy the energy, maintenance and growth requirements of sink cells or are compartmented into polymer or vacuolar storage. Collectively, metabolism and compartmentation create a demand for assimilates which is ultimately responsible for driving phloem import.

5.1.2 - Photoassimilate transport and biomass production

(a) Whole-plant growth

Sink and source strength must be in balance at a whole-plant level. Thus, an increase in whole-plant sink strength must be matched by an equal increase in source strength, either through increases in source activity or source size. Prior to canopy closure in a crop, much of the increase in source strength comes from increased source size, source activity remaining relatively constant. Significantly, until a leaf has reached some 30% of its final size, photoassimilates for leaf production are exclusively imported through the phloem from fully expanded leaves (Figure 5.2).

(b) Photoassimilate transport and crop yield

During domestication of crop plants, plant breeders selected for crop yield via maximum investment into harvested organs (mostly seeds). Total plant biomass production of advanced wheat is the same as its wild progenitors yet grain yield has increased some 30-fold through breeding. That is, whole-plant source and sink strength have not changed. Increases in wheat yield are associated with a diversion of photoassimilates from vegetative organs to the developing grain, as illustrated by the relative accumulation of 14C photoassimilates exported from the flag leaf.

Final grain yield is not only determined by partitioning of current photoassimilates, but also depends upon remobilisation of non-structural carbohydrates stored in stems, particularly under conditions where environmental stress impairs leaf photosynthesis (Wardlaw 1990). In fact, remobilisation of reserves affects yield in many food plants. For example, deciduous fruit trees depend entirely on remobilised photo-assimilates to support flowering and fruit set as do early stages of pasture regrowth following grazing.

5.1.3 - Whole-plant distribution of photoassimilate

Fig 5.14.jpg

Photoassimilate transport to harvestable organs plays a central role in crop yield brought about by greater harvest indices. This raises questions about transport and transfer processes that collectively influence photoassimilate partitioning between competing sinks.

Historically, these questions were elucidated by observing partitioning patterns of photoassimilates exported from specified source leaves labelled with 14C supplied as a pulse of 14CO2. Following a chase period, in which 14C photoassimilates are transported to and accumulated by recipient sink organs, the plant is harvested. The pattern of photoassimilate partitioning operating during the pulse is deduced from 14C activity accumulated by sinks (Figure 5.3).

Photoassimilates are partitioned from source leaves to sinks in characteristic and reproducible patterns. For instance, in a vegetative plant, lower leaves are the principal suppliers of photoassimilate to roots, whereas upper leaves are the principal suppliers to the shoot apex. Leaves in an intermediate position export equal quantities of photoassimilates in either direction. However, the pattern of photoassimilate partitioning is not static, it changes with plant development. In vegetative plants, the direction of flow from a leaf changes as more leaves above it become net exporters. Furthermore, at the onset of reproductive development, growing fruits or seeds become dominant shoot sinks for photoassimilates at the expense of vegetative apices.

Photoassimilate partitioning patterns can be altered experimentally by removal of selected sources (e.g. leaves) or sinks (e.g. fruits). These manipulative experiments demonstrate that photoassimilate partitioning reflects the relative strengths of individual sources and sinks. Properties of the phloem pathway connecting sources with sinks are shown in the following Section 5.2.


Monthly Archives: December 2015

Destination Mars, date still to be determined

There’s a story in Ray Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles called “The Third Expedition” with astronauts landing on Mars. One nice thing about the stories in this book is that they all have dates listed. The first story in the book happens in 1999. This one takes place in April 2000.

(Yes, you might have noticed that I do keep track of dates.)

When the book was republished in 1997, they changed all the dates to thirty years later — as though that would fool anyone.

But it’s not the first time the dates were changed. That story was originally published in 1948 as “Mars Is Heaven!.”

A funny thing about this 1948 version is that Bradbury originally had men landing on Mars, not in 2000, but in 1960.

Where am I going with this?

It’s easy to laugh at thinking we’d be on Mars by 1960 (while weeping that we’re not there yet in 2015). You need to think about what made people so optimistic. When Bradbury wrote that, the U.S. Army was testing V-2s in New Mexico. They also had the Me-163 Komet rocket plane. It must have seemed simple back then to just imagine making them bigger and adding more fuel.

But it wasn’t so simple after all. This is a lot like how military historians say amateurs talk tactics, and professionals study logistics. (Well, amateurs now say that, too.)

Getting into orbit requires an awful lot more fuel. And even that’s not the biggest issue. Multi-stage rockets could get us into space. The biggest issue was cost. It was bad enough that they cost millions of dollars. None of the early SF writers ever imagined that rockets would be single-use vehicles. That makes the cost utterly enormous.

But that’s ending. Monday night’s launch and landing puts us a little bit closer to the possibilities that Bradbury imagined, and that’s a wonderful thing. Elon Musk thinks he’ll get there by the 2030s. I think he’s got a shot.

Falcon 9 landing

SpaceX successfully landed a first-stage rocket after returning from space. The full video is here (14:30) if you’d like to see the entire flight of the first stage — from launch to landing.

The press kit is here.

Night launches are usually great when you’re watching from far away, but the visibility isn’t all that great on the video. There’s a flight test here if you’d like to see one in daylight. But that was just a short hop. What happened today is history.

Next day addendum: Rand Simberg links to Bob Zimmerman on the coming bright age:

The success of SpaceX yesterday to vertically land the first stage of its Falcon 9 rocket while also successfully putting eleven smallsat satellites in orbit however that gives me hope that a dark age is not coming. Despite living in a time when freedom is denigrated, when free speech is squelched, and when oppressive regulation and government control is the answer to every problem, the enduring spirit of the human soul still pushed through to do an amazing thing.

SpaceX’s success is only the beginning. The ability to reuse the engines and first stage will allow them to lower their launch costs significantly, meaning that access to space will now be possible for hundreds if not thousands of new entrepeneurs who previously had ideas about developing the resources of the solar system but could not achieve them because the launch costs were too high. In fact, the launch of Orbcomm’s smallsat constellation by this Falcon 9 demonstrated this. Not only is this company proving the efficiency of smallsats, they now have a launch vehicle, the Falcon 9, that they can afford to use. In the past Orbcomm would have been hard-pressed to finance its satellite constellation using the expensive rockets of older less innovative launch companies like Boeing and Lockheed Martin.

That could sound like he’s making too big a deal of this. But he’s not. (Well, maybe the “dark age” talk was a bit grim, but you really should read the whole thing.) What happened last night is big.

The only caveat I would add is that we still need to see how fast they can get this back up again. People like to talk about aircraft only in terms of performance. Maintenance and turnaround time is essential. But even if Falcon 9 had landed as an unusable wreck, this would still be a milestone. It just wouldn’t be that big of one.

Father Charles Coughlin’s Principles of Social Justice

Instapundit Glenn Reynolds links to an NPR commentary on Trump’s proposal to ban Muslim immigration, where NPR’s Ron Elving compares Trump to Father Coughlin, the Depression-era radio host.

Glenn adds that “But to listen to this, you’d think he was a right-winger.”

Having done some research on the subject for my books, I can say that Coughlin is pretty obviously on the other side of the spectrum, and that goes for the sensibilities of both the radio and the internet age.

Here are the Principles of Social Justice from Coughlin’s own Social Justice magazine (October 1937):

  1. Liberty of conscience and education.
  2. Just, living, annual wage.
  3. Nationalization of important public resources.
  4. Private ownership of all other property.
  5. Control of private property for public good.
  6. Abolition of Federal Reserve Banking System and establishment of a government-owned Central Bank.
  7. Restoration to Congress of its sole right to coin and regulate the value of money.
  8. Maintain cost of living on an even keel.
  9. Cost of production plus a fair profit for the farmer.
  10. Labor’s right to organize.
  11. Recall of non-productive bonds.
  12. Abolition of tax-exempt bonds.
  13. Broadened base of taxation on basis of ownership and capacity to pay.
  14. Simplification of government and lower taxes.
  15. Conscription of wealth as well as men in event of war.
  16. Sanctity of human rights preferred to sanctity of property; with government’s chief concern for the poor.

That was definitely not today’s talk radio.


Gods of Earth and Heaven.
Photographs and drawings by Joel-Peter Witkin. Essays by Gus Blaisdale and John Yau.
Twelve Trees Press, Altadena, CA, USA, 1989. 124 pp., 52 full-page color plates,, 10x13".

Publisher's Description

Limited Edition of 100 slipcased copies. AS NEW still in unopened shrinkwrap. Signed by the artist.

This is the second volume of Witkin's drawings and photographs published by Twelve Trees Press. It includes work selected from a ten year period, all of which is reproduced in color to capture the rich and subtle tones of Witkin's photographs. The subject matter is as controversial as ever: cadavers, transsexuals, and animals are carefully arranged to create a mythology that could originate only in the mind of this singular artist.

If photo-eye has sold out of copies of Gods of Earth and Heaven., email us to be notified if we receive additional out-of-print copies for sale.

Ordering Information

Cat# TT040L Limited Edition $650.00
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Details of #vala16 pop-up workshop on DIY Trove exhibitions

#VALA16 Pop-up workshop -- DIY Trove Exhibitions

When: 1.00-1.30pm, Thursday 11 February

Where: Recollect booth (no. 97) in the VALA Exhibition Hall

We'll be working through the instructions provided on the DIY-Trove-Exhibitions repository. Bring a laptop and you can build your own exhibition on the spot!

Background reading: