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Reprinted from the May 1993 issue of RESPIRATORY CARE [Respir Care 1993;38(5):500–504]

AARC Clinical Practice Guideline

Endotracheal Suctioning of Mechanically Ventilated Adults and Children with Artificial Airways

Endotracheal suctioning is a component of bronchial hygiene therapy and mechanical ventilation and involves the mechanical aspiration of pulmonary secretions from a patient with an artificial airway in place. The procedure includes patient preparation, the suctioning event(s), and follow-up care.
2.1 Patient Preparation:
2.1.1 In preparation for the suctioning event, the patient should receive hyperoxygenation by the delivery of 100% oxygen for > 30 seconds prior to the suctioning event.(1,2) This may be accomplished by any of the following: by adjusting the FIO2 setting on the mechanical ventilator. by use of a temporary oxygen-enrichment program available on many microprocessor ventilators.(3) by manually ventilating the patient with an increased FIO2. (At least one study suggests that suctioning methods that use the ventilator for oxygenation and hyperinflation may be superior to use of the manual resusci-tator.(4)) This technique has been shown to be ineffective for providing FDO2 of 1.0.(5) Practitioners should ensure that adequate PEEP levels are maintained while using this technique for patients requiring > 5 cm H2O. by the continuous or intermittent insufflation of oxygen through the suction catheter during the suction event(6-8)--Devices designed for this purpose may be difficult to use and are expensive. It has been shown that delivery of increased tidal volumes is difficult while using this technique.(9)
2.1.2 In preparation for the suctioning event, the patient may be hyperventilated by delivery of an increased rate(1) and/or tidal volume. Hyperventilation may be accomplished by temporarily increasing the mandatory rate on the mechanical ventilator prior to the suctioning event or by increasing the rate of ventilation with a manual resuscitator. (Note: Care should be taken to maintain an adequate expiratory time to allow for complete exhalation of the delivered tidal volume.)(1)
2.1.3 In preparation for the suctioning event, the patient may be hyperinflated by the delivery of 'sigh' breaths prior to the suctioning event: by increasing the ventilator-set tidal volume to exceed the set tidal volume, by manually triggering preset sigh breaths on mechanical ventilators that are equipped with a sigh feature,(10) or by manual ventilation with a resuscitation bag.
2.1.4 A closed-suction system may be used to facilitate continuous mechanical ventilation and oxygenation during the suctioning event.(1)
2.1.5 A patient may be placed on a pulse oximeter to assess oxygenation during and following the procedure.
2.1.6 A patient may receive normal saline by instillation through the artificial airway to dilute and mobilize pulmonary secretions.(11,12) The value of instilling other solutions appears to be based on anecdotal reports.
2.2 The Suctioning Event: The placement of a suction catheter through the artificial airway into the trachea and the application of negative pressure as the catheter is being withdrawn. Sterile technique should be employed. Each pass of the suction catheter into the artificial airway is considered a suctioning event. The duration of each suctioning event should be approx-imately 10-15 seconds.(13) Suction pressure should be set as low as possible and yet effectively clear secretions. (Experimental data to support an appropriate maximum suction level are lacking. Some textbooks cite maximum safe limits of 100-150 torr but do not reference their recommendations.(14,15))
2.3 Follow-Up Care: Following the suctioning event,
2.3.1 the patient should be hyperoxygenated by delivery of 100% oxygen for > or = 1 minute by the same technique(s) used to preoxygenate the patient.
2.3.2 the patient may be hyperventilated by increasing the respiratory rate and/or tidal volume by the same technique(s) used prior to suctioning.
2.3.3 the patient should be monitored for adverse reactions.

Endotracheal suctioning may be performed by properly trained persons in a wide variety of settings that include (but are not limited to):
3.1 Hospital
3.2 Extended care facility
3.3 Home
3.4 Outpatient clinic
3.5 Physician's office
3.6 Transport vehicle

4.1 The need to remove accumulated pulmonary secretions as evidenced by one of the following:
4.1.1 Coarse breath sounds by auscultation or 'noisy' breathing
4.1.2 Increased peak inspiratory pressures during volume-controlled mechanical ventilation or decreased tidal volume during pressure-controlled ventilation.
4.1.3 Patient's inability to generate an effective spontaneous cough.
4.1.4 Visible secretions in the airway
4.1.5 Changes in monitored flow and pressure graphics
4.1.6 Suspected aspiration of gastric or upper airway secretions
4.1.7 Clinically apparent increased work of breathing
4.1.8 Deterioration of arterial blood gas values
4.1.9 Radiologic changes consistent with retention of pulmonary secretions
4.2 The need to obtain a sputum specimen to rule out or identify pneumonia or other pulmonary infection or for sputum cytology
4.3 The need to maintain the patency and integrity of the artificial airway
4.4 The need to stimulate a patient cough in patients unable to cough effectively secondary to changes in mental status or the influence of medication
4.5 Presence of pulmonary atelectasis or consolidation, presumed to be associated with secretion retention

Endotracheal suctioning is a necessary procedure for patients with artificial airways. Most contraindications are relative to the patient's risk of developing adverse reactions or worsening clinical condition as result of the procedure. When indicated, there is no absolute contraindication to endotracheal suctioning because the decision to abstain from suctioning in order to avoid a possible adverse reaction may, in fact, be lethal.

6.1 Hypoxia/hypoxemia(16-23)
6.2 Tissue trauma to the tracheal and/or bronchial mucosa(19,24)
6.3 Cardiac arrest(22,25)
6.4 Respiratory arrest(21)
6.5 Cardiac dysrhythmias(2,19,24)
6.6 Pulmonary atelectasis(17,19,21)
6.7 Bronchoconstriction/bronchospasm(19)
6.8 Infection (patient and/or caregiver)(19,26,27)
6.9 Pulmonary hemorrhage/bleeding(19,24)
6.10 Elevated intracranial pressure(28-30)
6.11 Interruption of mechanical ventilation(18)
6.12 Hypertension(31)
6.13 Hypotension(31)

Endotracheal suctioning is not a benign procedure, and operators should remain sensitive to possible hazards and complications and take all necessary precautions to ensure patient safety. Secretions in peripheral airways are not directly removed by endotracheal suctioning.

Qualified personnel should assess the need for endotracheal suctioning as a routine part of a patient/ventilator system check.

9.1 Improvement in breath sounds
9.2 Decreased peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) with narrowing of PIP - Pplateau; decreased airway resistance or increased dynamic compliance; increased tidal volume delivery during pressure-limited ventilation
9.3 Improvement in arterial blood gas values (ABGs) or saturation as reflected by pulse oximetry (SpO2)
9.4 Removal of pulmonary secretions

10.1 Necessary Equipment:
10.1.1 Vacuum source
10.1.2 Calibrated, adjustable regulator
10.1.3 Collection bottle and connecting tubing
10.1.4 Sterile disposable gloves
10.1.5 Sterile suction catheter of appropriate caliber. Diameter of the suction catheter should not exceed more than one half of the internal diameter of the artificial airway.(2,21,32) For selective main-stem suction-ing, a curved-tip catheter may be helpful. The information related to the effective-ness of head turning for selective suctioning is inconclusive.
10.1.6 Sterile water and cup
10.1.7 Sterile normal saline, if instillation is desirable
10.1.8 Goggles, mask, and other appropriate equipment for Universal Precautions(33)
10.1.9 Oxygen source with a calibrated metering device
10.1.10 Manual resuscitation bag equip-ped with an oxygen enrichment device
10.1.11 Stethoscope
10.2 Optional Equipment:
10.2.1 EKG monitor
10.2.2 Pulse oximeter
10.2.3 Sterile sputum trap for culture specimen
10.2.4 Closed suction system
10.2.5 Oxygen insufflation device Double-lumen suction catheter for continuous oxygen insufflation(4,7,16) Control valve device to alternate suction and oxygen insufflation to the suction catheter(7,32)
10.3 Personnel: Personnel responsible for performing endotracheal suctioning should demonstrate the following--
10.3.1 Knowledge of proper use and assembly of all equipment used
10.3.2 Ability to recognize abnormal breath sounds by auscultation
10.3.3 Knowledge and understanding of the patient's history, disease process, and goals of treatment
10.3.4 Knowledge and understanding of basic physiology and pathophysiology
10.3.5 Knowledge and understanding of ventilation, mechanical ventilators, and their alarm systems
10.3.6 Knowledge and understanding of all artificial airways and adjuncts used
10.3.7 Ability to monitor vital signs, assess the patient's condition, and appropriately respond to complications or adverse reactions to the procedure
10.3.8 Ability to modify techniques and equipment in response to complications or adverse reactions
10.3.9 Knowledge of basic EKG interpretation
10.3.10 Ability to assess the need for and provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation
10.3.11 Ability to evaluate and document the effectiveness and patient response to the procedure
10.3.12 Knowledge and understanding of the CDC guidelines for Universal Precautions
10.3.13 Knowledge of signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output, oxygenation, and perfusion
10.3.14 Ability to teach lay-persons the procedure for home and extended care
10.3.15 Lay-persons responsible for endotracheal suctioning outside the hospital should demonstrate: Knowledge, skill, and understanding of the assembly, use, maintenance, and cleaning of all equipment used Ability to assess the need for and patient response to the procedure Ability to perform the proper suctioning technique Ability to assess the need for and provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The following should be monitored prior to, during, and after the procedure:
11.1 Breath sounds
11.2 Oxygen saturation
11.2.1 Skin color
11.2.2 Pulse oximeter, if available
11.3 Respiratory rate and pattern
11.4 Hemodynamic parameters
11.4.1 Pulse rate
11.4.2 Blood pressure, if indicated and available
11.4.3 EKG, if indicated and available
11.5 Sputum characteristics
11.5.1 Color
11.5.2 Volume
11.5.3 Consistency
11.5.4 Odor
11.6 Cough effort
11.7 Intracranial pressure, if indicated and available
11.8 Ventilator parameters
11.8.1 Peak inspiratory pressure and plateau pressure
11.8.2 Tidal volume
11.8.3 Pressure, flow, and volume graphics, if available
11.8.4 FIO2
11.9 Arterial blood gases, if indicated and available

Endotracheal suctioning should be performed whenever clinically indicated, with special consideration for the potential complications associated with the procedure. Endotracheal suctioning may be required at some minimum frequency in order to maintain the patency of the artificial airway used.

13.1 CDC Guidelines for Universal Precautions should be adhered to.(33)
Mechanical Ventilation Guidelines Committee:

Richard D Branson RRT, Chairman, Cincinnati OH
Robert S Campbell RRT, Tampa FL
Robert L Chatburn RRT, Cleveland OH
Jack Covington RRT, San Francisco CA

  1. Brown SE, Stansbury DW, Merrill EJ, Linden GS, Light RW. Prevention of suctioning-related arterial oxygen desaturation: comparison of off-ventilator and on-ventilator suctioning. Chest 1983;83:621-627.
  2. Riegel B, Forshee T. A review and critique of the literature on preoxygenation for endotracheal suctioning. Heart & Lung 1985;14:507-518.
  3. Campbell RS, Branson RD. How ventilators provide temporary O2 enrichment: what happens when you press the 100% suction button? Respir Care 1992; 37:933.
  4. Baker PO, Baker JP, Koen PA. Endotracheal suctioning techniques in hypoxemic patients. Respir Care 1983;28: 1563-1568.
  5. Barnes TA, McGarry WP. Evaluation of ten disposable manual resuscitators. Respir Care 1990;35:960-968.
  6. Smith RM, Benson MS, Schoene RB. The efficacy of oxygen insufflation in preventing arterial oxygen desaturation during endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care 1987;32:865-869.
  7. Langrehr EA, Washburn SC, Guthrie MP. Oxygen insufflation during endotracheal suctioning. Heart Lung 1981;10:1028-1036.
  8. Kelly RE, Yao FF, Artusio JS Jr. Prevention of suction-induced hypoxemia by simultaneous oxygen insuffla-tion. Crit Care Med 1987;15:874-875.
  9. Hess D, Spahr C. An evaluation of volumes delivered by selected adult disposable resuscitators: the effects of hand size, number of hands used, and use of disposable medical gloves. Respir Care 1990;35:800-805.
  10. Branson RD, Campbell RS. Sighs: wasted breath or breath of fresh air? Respir Care 1992;37:462-468.
  12. Gray JE, MacIntyre NR, Kronenberger WG. The effects of bolus normal-saline.instillation in conjunction with endotracheal suctioning. Respir Care 1990;35:785-790.
  13. Rindfleisch SH, Tyler ML. Duration of suctioning: an important variable (point of view). Respir Care 1983;28: 457-459.
  14. Plevak DJ, Ward JJ. Airway management. In: Burton GG, Hodgkin JE, Ward JJ, eds. Respiratory care-a guide to clinical practice, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1991:501.
  15. Eubanks DH, Bone RC. Comprehensive respiratory care-a learning system. St Louis: CV Mosby 1985: 517.
  16. Boba A, Cincotti JJ, Peazza TE, et al. The effects of apnea, endotracheal suction, and oxygen insufflation, alone and in combination, upon arterial oxygen saturation in anesthetized patients. J Lab Clin Med 1959;53: 680-685.
  17. Boutros AR. Arterial blood oxygenation during and after endotracheal suctioning in the apneic patient. Anesthesiology 1970;32:114-118.
  18. Craig KC, Benson MS, Pierson DJ. Prevention of arterial oxygen desaturation during closed-airway endotracheal suction: effect of ventilator mode. Respir Care 1984;29:1013-1018.
  20. Kergin FG, Bean DM, Paul W. Anoxia during intrathoracic operations. J Thorac Surg 1948;17:709-711.
  21. Rosen M, Hillard EK. The effects of negative pressure during tracheal suction. Anesth Analg 1962;41:50-57.
  22. Shim C, Fine N, Fernandez R, Williams MH Jr. Cardiac arrhythmias resulting from tracheal suctioning. Ann Intern Med 1969;71:1149-1153.
  23. Walsh JM, Vanderwarf C, Hoscheit D, Fahey PJ. Unsuspected hemodynamic alterations during endotracheal suctioning. Chest 1989;95:162-165.
  25. Shumacker HB, Hampton LJ. Sudden death occurring immediately after operation in patients with cardiac disease, with particular reference to the role of aspiration through the endotracheal tube and extubation. J Thorac Surg 1950;18:48-56.
  26. Storm W. Transient bacteremia following endotracheal suctioning in ventilated newborns. Pediatrics 1980;65: 487-490.
  27. Catanzaro A. Nosocomial tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;125(5):559-562.
  28. Fisher DM, Frewen T, Swedlow DB. Increase in intracranial pressure during suctioning: infant stimulation vs rise in PaCO2. Anesthesiology 1982;57:416-417.
  29. Perlman JM, Volpe JJ. Suctioning in the preterm: effects on cerebral blood flow velocity, intracranial pressure, and arterial blood pressure. Pediatrics 1983;72: 329-334.
  30. Rudy EB, Turner BS, Baun M, Stone KS, Brucia J. Endotracheal suctioning in adults with head injury. Heart Lung 1991;20:667-674.
  31. Stone KS, Vorst EC, Lanham B, Zahn S. Effects of lung hyperinflation on mean arterial pressure and postsuctioning hypoxemia. Heart Lung 1989;18:377-385.
  32. Tiffin NH, Keim MR, Frewen TC. The effects of variations in flow through an insufflating catheter and endotracheal-tube and suction-catheter size on test-lung pressures. Respir Care 1990;35:889-897.

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Jon Hamm just won an Emmy, finally.

Hamm has been nominated for an Emmy 16 times, which is probably a lot more times than you. He's been nominated eight times for lead actor in a drama series for his role as Don Draper in Mad Men, four times for guest acting on 30 Rock and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, and four times as a Mad Men producer. But until tonight, he had zero wins, and anyone who's seen a TV show was like, "Give this guy an Emmy!"

Obviously awards are—allegedly—not what makes an actor's work meaningful. I mean, I've seen an acceptance speech before. But if anyone ever deserved a little external validation, it's Jon Hamm for acting in a TV show. Has anyone ever been acting, I believe the technical term is, harder?

Since Mad Men ended and tonight was Hamm's final opportunity to win for the show, a lot was at stake for the future of people getting trophies for doing a good job. Thankfully, we can all relax now.


Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Patellofemoral pain

We explain the symptoms, causes and treatment including patella taping and exercises.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome symptoms

Read more on symptoms and diagnosis.

What is patellofemoral pain?

PFPS occurs when the patella (kneecap) rubs on the femur bone underneath. It is often thought that incorrect tracking or rubbing of the patella over the femur bone is a significant factor and results in damage or irritation of the articular cartilage underneath the patella.

Patellofemoral pain is common in people who do a lot of sport and in particular adolescent girls. It can have a number of causes but damage to the cartilage itself cannot directly cause pain because there are no blood vessels or nerves involved. However it can lead onto other problems which in turn result in pain. These include synovitis (inflammation of the synovial membrane or joint lining), erosion of the cartilage and bone under the patella, soft tissues injury or irritation for example to the lateral retinaculum and the infra patella fat pad.

Read more on causes and prevention.

Patella pain treatment and rehabilitation is based around reducing symptoms, identifying the causes and strengthening or re-training muscles which may have contributed to the injury. Apply PRICE principles of protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation after activity to help reduce pain and swelling. Rest completely from aggravating activities until there is no pain.

Wearing a patella tracking knee brace or support may help. These usually have a hole in the middle for the kneecap and straps which are pulled across the knee applying support to the patella. A patella taping technique is excellent for helping to control the position of the patella and relive symptoms.

Read more on patellofemoral pain treatment.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome exercises

Heel dropsDepending on what is causing the patella pain exercises to strengthen the muscles on the inside of the thigh are usually recommended. In particular heel drop exercises can strengthen the vastus medialis muscle on the inside of the thigh. This is an important muscle for controlling patella tracking and is often weak in athletes with patellofemoral pain. Thigh stretching exercises are also important as the muscles on the outside of the thigh (vastus lateralis muscle) is often tight.

Read more on patella pain exercises.


TRUMP: “Had we taken the oil (in Iraq), and we should have taken the oil, ISIS would not have been able to form.”

THE FACTS: Donald Trump’s assertion that the U.S. should have seized Iraq’s natural resources would have required that it also seize control of the country. That ignores the fact that Iraq is a sovereign nation, and the U.S. at no point threatened to take possession of it.


Ahhh and what a great one it is. 😀

What food did you used to hate but now like?

Bell peppers! Well to a certain extent. I used to detest even a mere hint of the flavor or smell of them because they permeate everything they touch. Now I actually really like green ones on pizza, and am starting slowly to like green & red in some dishes.

Have a great day!

Written by Kelly


Public Release:

Understanding diabetes at the molecular level

University of California - Davis

TORC 2 activates a protein called Akt, which plays a crucial role in how cells respond to insulin, said Kazuo Shiozaki, professor of microbiology in the College of Biological Sciences at UC Davis and senior author on the paper.

Normally, insulin triggers fat and muscle cells to take up sugar from the blood. Patients with type II diabetes make plenty of insulin, but their cells do not respond to it properly. Akt plays a role in the series of steps between insulin exposure and sugar uptake; specifically, it causes proteins that take sugar from the blood to move to the cell surface. Mice that lack the gene for Akt develop diabetes-like symptoms.

"We know that Akt is a key player in diabetes, so we are trying to work upstream from there," Shiozaki said.

Since TORC 2 was first identified in 2005 as a regulator of Akt, researchers have been trying to identify how it is activated, Shiozaki said. The complex appears to be very similar across organisms ranging from humans to yeast.

Shiozaki and colleagues Hisashi Tatebe, Susumu Morigasaki, Shinichi Murayama and Cui Tracy Zeng studied TORC 2 in a yeast. They found that a protein called Ryh1, when bound to another molecule called guanosine triphosphate, is needed to activate TORC 2.

Yeast strains that had a defective form of Ryh1 were more sensitive to temperature or other stressful conditions.

Ryh1 is very similar to a human protein, Rab6. The researchers found that human Rab6 could to some extent replace yeast Ryh1 as an activator of TORC 2 in defective yeast strains.

Rab6 belongs to a class of proteins better known for moving other proteins around within cells. This suggests that Rab6 might play a dual role in insulin signaling, Shiozaki said.

"Our discovery suggests that the early and late steps in insulin response are closely linked to each other," Shiozaki said.

Co-authors Tatebe, Morigasaki and Murayama also hold positions at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan. The work was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the University of California Cancer Research Coordinating Committee, and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Morigasaki is an international research fellow of the Nara Institute of Science and Technology Global Center of Excellence Program, funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.


أفضل وكالة سفر للحجز عبر الانترنت في الشرق الأوسط لعام 2015م

فنادق في كوتانس

Ibis Budget Coutances
Nestled within the lush greenery at the outskirts of Coutances is this budget-friendly establishment. Its guests will be able to reach the centre of the small town and its landmarks within a short 5-minute drive. Those who have some time should definitely explore the famous Gothic cathedral and the guests visiting for the famous festival - Jazz under the Apple Trees, will be able to reach its grounds in just a few minutes. Another important landmark of the area are the D-day beaches, reachable within a 10-minute drive. The neat establishment is a great place to which guests can come back after a day of sightseeing and relax. They can chase the fatigue away with a cold shower and then stretch on the comfortable bed and enjoy a good movie or when the weather permits grab something to read and head to the garden.
احجز الآن
Please select your Flight


Action Alert!

Catechism of the Catholic Church

Paragraph 3. Jesus Christ was Buried

624 "By the grace of God" Jesus tasted death "for every one". 459 In his plan of salvation, God ordained that his Son should not only "die for our sins" 460 but should also "taste death", experience the condition of death, the separation of his soul from his body, between the time he expired on the cross and the time he was raised from the dead. The state of the dead Christ is the mystery of the tomb and the descent into hell. It is the mystery of Holy Saturday, when Christ, lying in the tomb, 461 reveals God's great sabbath rest 462 after the fulfilment 463 of man's salvation, which brings peace to the whole universe. 464

Christ in the tomb in his body

626 Since the "Author of life" who was killed 467 is the same "living one [who has] risen", 468 the divine person of the Son of God necessarily continued to possess his human soul and body, separated from each other by death:

"You will not let your Holy One see corruption"

627 Christ's death was a real death in that it put an end to his earthly human existence. But because of the union which the person of the Son retained with his body, his was not a mortal corpse like others, for "it was not possible for death to hold him"[NT] and therefore "divine power preserved Christ's body from corruption." 470 Both of these statements can be said of Christ: "He was cut off out of the land of the living", 471 and "My flesh will dwell in hope. For you will not abandon my soul to Hades, nor let your Holy One see corruption." 472 Jesus' Resurrection "on the third day" was the sign of this, also because bodily decay was held to begin on the fourth day after death. 473

"Buried with Christ. . ."


Humanities vs. the Sciences– Who Wins the Prize?

(Here’s another interesting piece by my friend and colleague, Larry Hurtado)

Recognizing Achievements in the Humanities
by larry hurtado

Attending yesterday the installation of my colleague, Prof. Jane Dawson, as a new Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the installation of several Honorary and Corresponding Fellows as well, I was struck by two things: (1) the impressive achievements and contributions to research of all of them, and (2) the fact that overwhelmingly they were scientists. When I reflected on the matter, it was clear to me that there are scholars in my own and other fields in the “Humanities” who have an equivalent record. And yet it seems to me that we aren’t so good at nominating these colleagues for the sorts of recognition that they deserve.

One factor, it seems to me, is this: Scientists, from their earliest studies onward, work typically in teams and with a lot of collaboration and consultation, often extending to other universities and internationally. So, by the time that someone has a PhD (or soon thereafter), their work is known, and closely, by a number of other scholars, including (importantly) senior scholars with the clout and opportunity to use it effectively.

By contrast, we Humanities scholars typically conduct “one-person” research, from our PhD work onward. Indeed, the culture of the Humanities has tended to promote this sort of “long ranger” work. Also, we tend to prize books as the more effective genre of scholarly publication. But books take much longer to get published. And they can take 2-3 years to get reviewed in good journals. So, recognition comes slower. Indeed, it’s often only after one’s second book (hopefully well received) that one acquires any significant scholarly recognition.

Now, I guess this is not such a big deal in one sense. After all, how much should be be lusting after recognition? Shouldn’t we simply do our work and hope that history happens to us? Well, yes, indeed. But in today’s academic world (at least in a major university setting such as mine), it’s all too easy for unfortunate comparisons to be made, and then we could have a problem. So, e.g., the perception can be taken that “research” is something that scientists do, and not Humanities scholars, or at least the impression that scientists must do more and do it much better. For, after all, they seem to get nominated much more for the awards and recognition that signals such success.

I’ve often been impressed with how almost every field of science seems to have prizes and medals of various sorts, from “best first article” on to lifetime achievement awards. Maybe they’re just immodest and we Humanities scholars are simply more modest and virtuous. But I have wondered, sometimes, whether we could learn something from our science-colleagues about recognizing better the achievements and contributions of those who deserve such recognition in the Humanities.

In any case, I am proud of my new FRSE colleague, Prof. Jane Dawson, a historian of the Reformation-era who is one of the numerous highly successful crew with whom I’ve been privileged to work over my time in New College.

The Clash of the Helmets
Quote of the Day from CKB
The Killing Frost


As the Anna Nicole Smith saga barrels along, it's almost impossible to keep up with everything at once. As promised, we will try to keep you abreast of all the important stories (and ignore the multitude of unnecessary ones). The two biggest controversies continue to be Anna's cause of death and Dannielynn's paternity, and while headway has been made on both fronts (kind of), there are no answers yet.


Movie with a Message: The Lorax by Dr. Seuss

Betty White with Forest Service Representatives

With lead stars Zac Efron and Taylor Swift, you might think that the Lorax is just for kids.  But The Wilderness Society supporter Betty White also lends her voice to Grammy Norma, continuing her commitment to conservation for future generations.

These are the worlds the Once-Ler, one of the main characters from Universal Pictures new movie, The Lorax. Based upon Dr. Seuss’ classic book of the same name, the movie follows a young boy, Ted, as he sets out from his artificial town to find a real living tree. Ted eventually meets the Once-Ler, a recluse who tells how he met the Lorax, the guardian of the forest, and how the magnificent Truffula trees were all chopped down.

Produced in part with the US Forest Service’s Discover the Forest campaign, the film simply explains the environmental conservation using bright colors and vibrant images.  The Truffula forests are alive with birds, fish, swans, and bears. By contrast, the wastelands where the Truffula trees once stood are stark, barren landscapes.  The Lorax uses these to show how one person, no matter how small, can have in order to make a difference for our environment.

The Lorax, in movie form and the original book, carries a message for for children and their parents alike. It inspires hope in the future and in doing so shows us that it’s up to us, and our children, to protect the earth we live on.

As the Once-ler says, “Truffula trees are what everyone needs…Plant a new tree, treat it with care.  Give it clean water. And feed it fresh air.”

Discover the Forest:

Official Lorax Movie site


12:30 am
28 October 2016

Uganda’s Kiira Motors unveils ‘Africa’s first solar bus

A solar-powered bus described by its Ugandan makers as the first in Africa has been driven in public.

Kiira Motors’ Kayoola prototype electric bus was shown off at a stadium in Uganda’s capital, Kampala.

One of its two batteries can be charged by solar panels on the roof which increases the vehicle’s 80km (50 mile) range.

The makers now hope to attract partners to help manufacture the bus for the mass market.

kiira bus

Kiira Motors’ chief executive Paul Isaac Musasizi told BBC News that he had been “humbled” by the large and positive reaction to the test drive.

People have been excited by the idea that Uganda is able to produce the concept vehicle, or prototype, and Mr Musasizi said he wanted it to help the country “champion the automotive, engineering and manufacturing industries” in the region.

He also hopes that it will generate employment, predicting that by 2018, more than 7,000 people could be directly and indirectly employed in the making of the Kayoola.

But backing from international companies, which make vehicle parts, is essential for the project to take off.

The vision is that by 2039 the company will be able to manufacture all the parts and assemble the vehicle in Uganda.

The 35-seat bus is intended for urban areas rather than inter-city use because of the restrictions on how far it can travel.

If it is mass produced, each bus would cost up to $58,000 (£40,000), which Mr Musasizi says is a a competitive price.

Kiira Motors grew out of a project at Uganda’s Makerere University, which is now a shareholder in the company, and it has also benefitted from government funding.


The zoo are a three piece Indie rock band formed in november 2007. They have gotten into the battle of bands semi final which will take place on June 18th 2008. They will perform at 1 in 12 club. Word from singer James is that they will have a concept album more likely next year.

They are looking to get plenty of gigs in the summertime once their exams are done and dusted.

Many people compare em to indie punk band arctic monkeys

If u like them after hearing add them on their myspace!


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Absolute Return Multi-Manager Fund Subadvisor

Absolute Return Multi-Manager Fund Subadvisor — Asset-Backed Securities

An investor should consider the Fund’s investment objectives, risks and fees and expenses carefully before investing. This and other important information can be found in the Fund’s prospectus or summary prospectus, which you can obtain by calling 877.628.2583. Please read the prospectus or summary prospectus carefully before making an investment.

The Fund’s performance will largely depend on what happens in the equity and fixed income markets. Shares of the Fund may be worth more or less upon redemption. The actual risk exposure taken by the Fund will vary over time, depending on various factors, including, Neuberger Berman’s methodology and decisions in allocating the Fund’s assets to subadvisers, and its selection and oversight of subadvisers. The subadvisors’ investment styles may not always be complementary, which could adversely affect the performance of the Fund. Some subadvisors have little experience managing registered investment companies which, unlike the hedge funds these managers have been managing, are subject to daily inflows and outflows of investor cash and are subject to certain legal and tax-related restrictions on their investments and operations.

The Fund’s returns may deviate from overall market returns to a greater degree than other mutual funds that do not employ an absolute return focus. Thus, the Fund might not benefit as much as funds following other strategies during periods of strong market performance. A subadviser may use strategies intended to protect against losses (i.e., hedged strategies), but there is no guarantee that such hedged strategies will be used or, if used, that they will protect against losses, perform better than non-hedged strategies or provide consistent returns.

Event Driven Strategies that invest in companies in anticipation of an event carry the risk that the event may not happen or may take considerable time to unfold, it may happen in modified or conditional form, or the market may react differently than expected to the event, in which case the Fund may experience losses. Additionally, event-driven strategies may fail if adequate information about the event is not obtained or such information is not properly analyzed. The actions of other market participants may also disrupt the events on which event driven strategies depend. Arbitrage Strategies involve the risk that underlying relationships between securities in which investment positions are taken may change in an adverse manner or in a manner not anticipated, in which case the Fund may realize losses. The Fund’s use of event-driven and arbitrage strategies will cause it to invest in actual or anticipated special situations—i.e., acquisitions, spin-offs, reorganizations and liquidations, tender offers and bankruptcies. These transactions may not be completed as anticipated or may take an excessive amount of time to be completed. They may also be completed on different terms than the subadvisor anticipates, resulting in a loss to the Fund. Some special situations are sufficiently uncertain that the Fund may lose its entire investment in the situation.

The value of certain securities will fluctuate based on interest rates, market conditions, credit quality and other factors. Generally, values of fixed income securities will decline as interest rates rise. When interest rates are low, issuers of certain fixed income securities will often repay the obligation underlying a “callable security” early, in which case the Fund may have to reinvest the proceeds in an investment offering a lower yield and may not benefit from any increase in value that might otherwise result from declining interest rates. The Fund’s performance could be affected if unexpected interest rate trends cause the Fund’s mortgage- or asset-backed securities to be paid off earlier or later than expected, shortening or lengthening their duration. An increase in market interest rates would likely extend the effective duration of mortgage-backed securities, thereby magnifying the effect of the rate increase on the securities’ price. Unlike mortgage-related securities issued or guaranteed by agencies of the U.S. government or government-sponsored entities, mortgage related securities issued by private issuers do not have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee (but may have other credit enhancement features), and may, and frequently do, have less favorable collateral, credit risk or other underwriting characteristics. These securities potentially offer higher interest rates than agency-backed mortgaged-backed securities, but require careful analysis of quality in an effort to protect against risk of non-payment of principal and/or interest.

Stock markets are volatile and may decline significantly in response to adverse issuer, political, regulatory, market or economic developments. To the extent that the fund sells stocks before they reach their market peak, it may miss out on opportunities for higher performance. Small- and mid-capitalization stocks trade less frequently and in lower volume than larger company stocks and thus may be more volatile and more vulnerable to financial and other risks.

Investing in foreign securities may involve greater risks than investing in securities of U.S. issuers, such as currency fluctuations, potential social, political or economic instability, restrictions on foreign investors, less stringent regulation and less market liquidity. Securities issued in emerging market countries may be more volatile and less liquid than securities issued in foreign countries with more developed economies or markets as such governments may be less stable and more likely to impose capital controls as well as impose additional taxes and liquidity restrictions. Exchange rate exposure and currency fluctuations could erase or augment investment results. Funds may hedge currency risks when available through the hedging instruments may not always perform as expected. Derivatives contracts on non-U.S. currencies are subject to exchange rate movements. The risks involved in seeking capital appreciation from investments primarily in companies based outside the United States are set forth in the prospectus. Shares in a fund may fluctuate based on interest rates, market condition, credit quality and other factors. In a rising interest rate environment, the value of a fund’s fixed-income investments is likely to fall. Derivatives may involve risks different from, or greater than, those associated with more traditional investments.

Investments in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market introduce counterparty risk due to the possibility that the dealer providing the derivative may fail to timely satisfy its obligations. Investments in the futures markets also introduce the risk that its futures commission merchant (“FCM”) may default on its obligations including the FCM’s obligation to return margin posted in connection with a fund’s futures contracts. Short sales, selling a security a fund does not own in anticipation that the security’s price will decline, theoretically presents unlimited risk on an individual stock basis, since a fund may be required to buy the security sold short at a time when the security has appreciated in value. Leverage may amplify changes in a fund’s net asset value. ETFs are subject to tracking error and may be unable to sell poorly performing stocks that are included in their index. ETFs may trade in the secondary market at prices below the value of their underlying portfolios and may not be liquid. The use of options involves investment strategies and risks different from those associated with ordinary securities transactions. A “covered call” involves selling a call option while simultaneously holding an equivalent position in the underlying security. A put option involves buying the right to sell a security at a specific price within a given time period.

Several of the strategies utilized by the Fund may engage in frequent and active trading and have a high portfolio turnover rate, which may increase the Fund’s transaction costs, may adversely affect the Fund’s performance or may generate a greater amount of capital gain distributions to shareholders than if the Fund had a low portfolio turnover rate.

The “Neuberger Berman” name and logo are registered service marks of Neuberger Berman Group LLC. The individual fund names in this piece are either service marks or registered service marks of Neuberger Berman Investment Advisers LLC, an affiliate of Neuberger Berman LLC, member FINRA.


Adoption without wife''s consent is invalid: SC

New Delhi, Jan 12 (PTI) Adoption of a child by thehusband is not valid if the wife does not give her consent toit even though she might be been present at the ceremony as aspectator, the Supreme Court has ruled.

The apex court said that to prove a valid adoption,the claimant has to produce documents of consent given by thewife otherwise the process becomes invalid as mandated bySection 7 of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956.

"By incorporating the requirement of the wife�s consentin the proviso to Section 7 and by conferring independentright upon a female Hindu to adopt a child, Parliament hastried to achieve one of the facets of the goal of equalityenshrined in the Preamble and reflected in Article 14 readwith Article 15 of the Constitution.

"This can be done either by producing documentevidencing her consent in writing or by leading evidence toshow that the wife had actively participated in the ceremoniesof adoption with an affirmative mindset to support the actionof the husband to take a son or a daughter in adoption.

The presence of the wife as a spectator in theassembly of people who gather at the place where theceremonies of adoption are performed cannot be treated as herconsent. "In other words, the court cannot presume the consentof the wife simply because she was present at the time ofadoption," the apex court said.

A bench of justices G S Singhvi and Asok Kumar Gangulypassed the judgement while dismissing the appeal of Ghisalalfrom Madhya Pradesh who claimed to be the adopted son ofGopalji and Dhapubai.

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TL v64n2: Story Glue: Building One's Community Within the Library and Without
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Story Glue: Building One's Community Within the Library and Without

Christi M. Underdown-DuBois

2014 Conference Program Abstract

All of us have heard about the great benefits of storytelling for children and using patron stories in library advocacy campaigns, but why do these things work? What is about stories that draw connections between people and open up opportunities for such disparate ideas as funding, education, and self-realization? Explore the why behind "Once Upon a Time" with a small introduction to Joseph Campbell, modern business theory, and the growing popularity of oral performance.

- - -

"Story is the glue of the world." - Jane Yolen.

Once an old ragged traveling woman came through town. She knocked at the first door she came to, asking only for a bit of meat and wine for her supper and maybe a bed to stay for the night. The owner said they couldn’t spare anything for there had been sickness in the house. She moved on and at the next door, she asked for a bit of bread and water and perhaps a place in their barn where she could rest her weary bones. The owner only shook his head and closed the door. At the third house, she couldn’t even get out her request before the door was slammed in her face.

She knocked on every single door in the town and not one person would give her a crumb. She wearily made her way to the center of the town, where there was a beautiful fountain. She sat down heavily, wondering how she could find the strength to take one more step.

Suddenly, she heard the sound of footsteps rushing toward her. When the dust cleared, she saw a beautiful young man sitting high in his horse’s saddle, his shoulders covered in a rich red cloak. The doors of the townspeople flew open and they rushed to greet the young man. In their arms, they carried gifts of meat and wine, artisan breads and the purest of water, soft pillows and blankets. All of these things, they lay at his feet.

When the crowd began to disperse, the old woman made her way to the young man, sitting on his high horse. She pointed a finger in his face. “Who are you--that these people who wouldn’t give me a single crumb, would throw down their best for you?”

The young man smiled down at the old woman, “My name is Story. People are always happy to see me for the gifts I give to them when I stay. Who are you that they would treat you so roughly?”

The old woman spit in the dirt and said, “My name is Truth. People always turn me away no matter where I go, leaving me nothing but air to live on.”

The young man reached back and took off his rich red cloak and handed it to the old woman, “Come and ride with me. For when Truth is clothed by Story, no one ever goes hungry.”

- - -

We tell stories all the time. It is so part of being human that to talk about it as a separate action is like giving someone specific directions of how to breathe, walk, etc. Every single night, when we gather with our family over dinner, we share stories. When we comfort a grieving friend, we share stories. When we create jokes with our kids, we share stories. But why do our brains work this way?

The most famous person to get the academic ball rolling was probably Sigmund Freud who taught and influenced the Swiss psychotherapist, Carl Jung. From Freud’s groundbreaking theories in psychiatry, Jung developed his own work concerning dreams, archetypes and something he called the Collective Unconscious, which is basically a big melting pot of ideas that all human beings share, whether they know it or not. Deep down, we all desire the same basic things in the world like love, achievement, and comfort, and those things show up in our global stories. In the 1930s, Joseph Campbell took Jung’s work one step further and developed something called Mythological Studies. He discovered that archaeologically speaking, primitive cultures could develop on two completely separate continents, have absolutely no interaction with each other and still develop a collection of stories that only differed in minor detail.

Look at the fairytale “Cinderella.” Despite what they say, it wasn’t originally spun by Disney. Outside of the French version published down by Charles Perrault, which most of us learned, there are similar tales in Germany, where her name is Ashenputtel; and in Asia, where our princess wears fur boots; and in Mexico where “she” is a “he” and has a magical talking horse instead of a fairy godmother. In every single story, a disadvantaged person goes on an adventure, seeking his or her heart’s desire and finds it with the help of something greater than the self. That should sound very familiar, because it is basically the outline of another of Campbell’s ideas, “The Hero’s Journey,” which is pretty much every story we tell.

Suffice to say, George Lucas was Joseph Campbell’s greatest student and Star Wars: A New Hope was his Master’s thesis made flesh. We all know the archetypes there—the innocent boy who goes on a quest; his foolish roguish companions; a feminine complement to the adventurer in the form of his twin sister; and of course the Dark Side, embodied by his father who abandoned him long ago and who now gives him a choice—join evil or die, which is to say, change and grow up. Some of you tell this same story over the dinner table with your co-workers or patrons or bosses filling in the appropriate roles.

Jonathan Gottschall, the author of The Storytelling Animal, a book that came out last year, argues that stories help us navigate life’s complex social problems—just as flight simulators prepare pilots for difficult situations. We use stories in little things like entertainment, sharing events at the end of the day, and in tricks to remember people’s names. We use stories in big things like community rituals like weddings, religions, and politics. When one has a problem to solve, what is the first reaction? Find a precedent. Find a story that can help us understand what is happening to us.

In the documentary Stories We Tell by Sarah Polley, which came out two years ago, she takes the viewer on this journey to meet her mother. But that’s not what the film is really about. With subtle twists and careful editing, Sarah explains that she is only telling us one side of her family’s story, despite the fact we’ve witnessed a multitude of interviews and seen seemingly authentic footage. There were hundreds of other interpretations that she did not even cover.

We tell ourselves stories all the time, casting ourselves in different roles depending on each telling. Sometimes we are the hero. Sometimes we are the trickster. Sometimes we are the victim. When our perspectives and perceptions change, so do our stories. Despite or maybe because of this volatile and subjective process, we rely on stories to define our beliefs and connect with others.

There are so many stories out there, how do construct a story worth listening to, no matter what our personal or institutional desire is- to build a new addition, to expand children’s minds or to explain a new policy to an irate patron? Gotschall wrote that “Lab studies show that when we are deeply absorbed in a story, we lose our skepticism and we can be made to feel and believe just about anything the storyteller wants.” Thus, the key is finding not only a story that connects to your patrons or your board, but one that is going to help them remember your “brand” and ties them to your particular narrative. Think about your mission statement. Can you consolidate that bulky message down into a “elevator pitch”?  Distill it further into a 1-3 word phrase. That’s the seed of your story.

I will caution you to be consistent throughout this process. No listener wants to be taken out of their suspension of disbelief with a technicality or a glaring detail. Tell your story in every single advertisement, flier, program, staff meeting, and interaction. Live your story and make it come to life.

To make your story heard, find not only the connection to your audience, get them involved. You want people to listen and then for them to become believers and proselytizers and missionaries on your behalf. You want them to carry your story out into the word, letting that seed grow fertile in other patrons’ and sponsors’ minds. Knowing your audience is the most important part of storytelling, outside of preserving the story itself.  And there are a lot of different audiences and storytellers.

The National Storytelling Network hosts a variety of special interest groups whose goals are to use storytelling outside the “traditional” performance sense. They cover such ground as healing arts, higher education, business or organizational telling, religion, environmental issues, and diversity and social justice causes.

A year or so ago, CNN had a lovely feature talking about the growing popularity of storytelling in America. In it, annual storytelling festivals, like Jonesborough’s International Storytelling Festival and University of North Alabama’s Front Porch Storytelling Festival in Florence, Alabama, highlighted their target audiences of grandparents & kids, but where, the reporter asked, were the 20-30-40 somethings? They were at MOTH, a creative non-fiction/personal narrative event, where the real life stories can get very honest, and sometimes risque. Other such venues have cropped up, just here in Nashville. Cafes and bookstores are hosting monthly tellings from volunteers at such shows like Ten by 9; Great Eastern; Night of Free Speech; That Time of the Month; First Time Stories; Tell It Like It is and The Porch Collective, to name a few. I belong to a storytelling guild in Hendersonville called Explorastory that will be performing kids’ stories at the Tomato Festival this year. Suffice to say, there is a place for everyone.

I ask you- where are the librarians, either as tellers or as hosts for these kinds of events? If the Preston Medical Library at UT can host a Poet-In-Residence, then how many other institutions could tap into this great need for a story by either hosting formally recognized resident storytellers, or at the very least self-appoint their staff as bards ready to spread the good news of their libraries?

Let us start here. Tell me your story. I’ll listen.

Murphy. Clare Muireann. “Truth & Story,”

Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces, org. c1949.

The Power of Myth, hosted by Joseph Campbell and broadcast on PBS in 1988.

Star Wars: A New Hope, directed by George Lucas, org. released 1977.

Gottschall, Jonathan. The Storytelling Animal, c2013.

Stories We Tell. written and directed by Sarah Polley, org. released 2012.

The National Storytelling Network,

Christy Underdown-Dubois a Cataloger for Ingram Content Group. She can be reached at

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial

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Explore BrainMass

Probability: Odds of Winning a Raffle

Question: If the odds of winning a raffle are 17:214, what is the probability of winning?

- 17/214
- 17/231
- 17/197
- 214/231

Solution Summary

In about 40 words, this solution briefly, but concisely illustrates how to approach this probability based problem about winning a raffle. An explanation accompanies the calculation which is required.


What In The Hell Are Trees

GOTO All What In The Hell Articles

Each node can have a child node of its own.

A node can have more than two children too.

You belong to a tree too!

and of course…

Implementation of Trees

class Node:
    self.value = value
    self.children = args

# A tree can then be defined as

(define tree (cons 1 2))
;>>> (1 . 2)

;>>> (1 2 . 3)

GOTO Table of Contents

What In The Hell Are Hash Tables

GOTO All What In The Hell Articles

The Hash Function

What is a good hash function?

Hash Table Implementations

# Creating a dictionary

# Adding key/value pairs
d['c'] = 15

# Get value by key
#>>> 15

Chicken Scheme

;; Creating a hash-table from an alist

;; Adding key/value pairs
(hash-table-set d 'c 15)

;; Get value by key
(hash-table-ref d 'c)
;>>> 15

Indexing: O(1)
Insertion/Removal: O(1)
Search: O(1)

GOTO Table of Contents

What In The Hell Are Strings

GOTO All What In The Hell Articles

Strings are a data type that consist of a sequence of characters. The simplest way to think about strings is that they are text. Strings are usually formed by “putting quotes around some text” or by using a string function.

Strings come in two varieties. Terminated strings use a special character to signal the end of the string. This character is not allowed to appear in the string, as it would cause the string to end, leaving out the rest. Strings can also be implemented using a length field. These strings do not need a terminating character as the length of the string is stored with the string. In many languages you will not be able to tell which type of string you are using and it is usually irrelevant. However some languages, like C, require you to place the termination character manually.

Strings can use a variety of encodings for the characters contained within. The two most common are ASCII, which can represent 128 different characters, and Unicode, which has support for over 100,000 different characters and allows strings to hold non-English characters. Both forms of encoding are popular today, however most applications are moving toward Unicode characters as the need for international software grows.

One common problem with strings is representing characters that would otherwise be interpreted by the language to mean something else. For instance the string “Have you read the book “1984” by George Orwell?” would be interpreted as 3 expressions; (1) The string: “Have you read the book ” (2) The number: 1984 (3) The string: ” by George Orwell?”. This is obviously not what we want. In this case we would use an escape character to stop the quotes around “1984” from terminating the string. Our new string would look something like this (this may vary from language to language): “Have you read the book \”1984\” by George Orwell?”. In this string the ‘\’ character tells the language not to end the string when it sees the following “.

Terminology for Strings

Joining two strings together to form one string is called concatenation.

A substring is a part of a larger string. For example, in the string “Hello World” one possible substring would be “Hello”, and another could be “llo Wo”.

A literal string is a string that appears directly in the source code. Strings formed by “putting quotes around them” are usually literal strings in a language. To build a regular string you must usually use a string function. In languages with mutable strings it is usually not possible to mutate a literal string, even where it is possible it is almost never a good idea.  More information on string literals can be found here.

Strings in C are represented as a null-terminated array of characters. To create a string you create an array, fill it with characters and place a null character directly after the last character in the string. If you are using string literals to create a string you do not have to supply the size or the null character, the compiler will do that for you.

/* Create a string */
char s[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'}
char sl[] = "Hello World"

/* Escape Character */
char e[50] = "Have you read the book \"1984\" by George Orwell?"

Strings in Python are enclosed in quotes. You can use one of three different quoting styles to create a string. Single quotes are useful when you have double quote characters in the string. Triple quotes allow you to place newlines in the string.

# Create a string
a = "Hello World"
b = 'Have you read "1984" by George Orwell?'
c = """Materials:
# Escape Character

Strings in Scheme are enclosed in quotes or created with the ‘string’ function. Newlines may be embedded in any string.

;; Create a string
(define a "Hello World")
(define b (string #\H #\e #\l #\l #\o))

;; Escape Character:
(define c "Have you read the book \"1984\" by George Orwell?")

The performance characteristics of a string will depend on the data type that is used to represent them. Most often arrays are used, however linked lists are somewhat common as well. Strings may also be either mutable or immutable which can have an impact on their algorithmic performance.

Because of these factors an accurate overview of the performance of strings cannot be given.  However in the vast majority of cases strings will share the same characteristics as arrays.

In the case of terminated strings implemented as an array the indexing time can still be O(1) however supplying an index greater than the length will access memory outside the string and, hopefully, cause an error. You may need to determine the length first to prevent this, which would be an O(n) operation.

What the heck is: a String
A great article on strings, much more in-depth than this one. Incidentally where I got the inspiration for this series.

GOTO Table of Contents


Faithlife Corporation

Illustration  •  Submitted
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Notes & Transcripts

People from all over the Phoenix, Arizona are taking time to visit a supermarket in Scottsdale, because they know the cashier Joey Abston will encourage them. Abston’s mission is for every customer to leave his register with their groceries and a smile. He understands what it means to have a hard day, and to have financial problems because he was homeless and living in his car two years ago. He said this helps him understand what it means for people to save money, and he wants to help them celebrate. Abston works hard to cheer up his customers and does not see anyone as a stranger. Instead, each person is a potential new friend. He has received attention in the media for his unique approach to customer service, and has inspired many people. He said that is why so many people go out of their way to visit the store where he works. He added,” If I can convey this, my goal to get across is: Do unto other as you would have them do unto you.”

—Jim L. Wilson and Jim Sandell.

This cashier will make you want to go grocery shopping, By Cole Conley,, Accessed February 25, 2016.

Matthew 7:12 (HCSB) Therefore, whatever you want others to do for you, do also the same for them—this is the Law and the Prophets.

See the rest →
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Ramiz's budget

I am a police officer and I earn $30,211 dollars a year.

Monthly Earnings

I divided my yearly income by 12(because there is 12 months in a year) and got $2,939.95 as my monthly income.

How much am I going to save?

I save $1,764 every 6 months and $3,528 when I divided by 12 and 6.

My home

I chose the studio so I could save money to buy things I need.

My viehicle

I chose The Kawasaki motorcycle so I can Save money.

My budget

In all I spent $1701 for savings,house,utilities,car payments,groceries,clothing,entertainment,health insurance,phone,and fun$.

Grocery list

Breakfast,fruits,vegitibles,lunch,bread,water,meat,chicken,ham,cheese,chips(if needed),deli,canned food,juice,cookies(if needed),desert(if needed),tea,coffee,tisue,paper towl/toilet paper,dairy,salt,sugar,tooth paste,vegitible oil.

I learned how to use taxes and how to budget.I also learned how the real world is.


Why are Women so Afraid of Wealth and Power?

May 22, 2015

Connect Member

Bestselling author, wealth coach and motivational speaker

“We are still trying to overcome the fear that power and womanliness are mutually exclusive.” Arianna Huffington

Q. Why do so many women have trouble with money? (Hint: it has nothing to do with money.)

A. It’s about power … or rather, our fear of power.

Here’s the problem: Most of us have never been taught the secret wisdom of achieving wealth and wielding power, as a woman. In fact, historically, women have been carefully conditioned to avoid power as a survival mechanism. As a psychologist once told me: “Powerful women have been burned at the stake.”

Admittedly, many women have attained economic success in the male system, but it usually came at an appalling price. In 2003, New York Times reporter Lisa Belkin sparked a media frenzy when she coined the phrase “the opt-out revolution” to describe the flood of women exiting the workforce. They were no longer willing to stay in a system that rewarded the sacrifice of self for the sake of success.

But what the media defined as women opting out, I believe was, in large part, women waking up. They were beginning to question the status quo, realizing there must be a way to stay true to themselves and still be well compensated, without selling their souls or sacrificing their values.

For centuries women have come together to trade recipes and remedies, share tips on catching a man or raising a child — but there is little, if any, collective wisdom for wealth and power.

Several years ago, I began interviewing “Mega Earners,” women worth millions. What I learned changed my life. These women were playing a very different game than the one society models, with very different rules. I call this game Sacred Success, which I elaborate on in my book of the same name. I’m determined to teach this game to as many women as I can.

We need a new breed of role models who have achieved unprecedented success on their own terms, in a very different way than men have been doing it for centuries.


20 Games Like Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire()

XCOM 2 will introduce gameplay features such as procedurally-generated levels, which will make each experience unique to the player, as well as offer a much deeper level of modding support. Additionally, XCOM 2 will offer a variety of new content including five updated soldier classes, increased soldier customization, more alien and enemy types, evolved tactical combat and more.

82 / 100274.1

Sid Meier's Civilization is a turn-based strategy computer game created by Sid Meier for MicroProse in 1991.The game's objective is "...to build an empire that would stand the test of time". The game begins in 4000 BC, and the players attempt to expand and develop their empires through the ages until modern and near-future times. It is also known simply as Civilization.

93 / 100304.65

Sid Meier's Civilization V is a turnbased strategy game where the player leads a civilization from the stoneage all the way to future tech, there is more than one way to win, achieving one of a number of different victory conditions through research, exploration, diplomacy, expansion, economic development, government and military conquest
You will face other civilizations, either online as other people or played by the computer, civilization 5 features a advanced diplomacy system when dealing with computer controlled civs or computer controlled city-states.

87 / 1002274.35

88 / 100614.4

Master of Orion, the award-winning and critically acclaimed strategy game, has returned. The iconic 4X strategy gameplay of Explore, Expand, Exploit and Exterminate that formed the blueprint for a whole generation has been resurrected and upgraded. Stunningly enhanced for a new line of players, Master of Orion inherits and redefines its core elements, providing a graphically beautiful and deeply rewarding experience.
Master of Orion is the birth of a new era of strategy gameplay featuring the latest multi-platform technology and graphical systems. Within the depths of vast and volatile worlds, will you take up the challenge and “Conquer the Stars”?

Master of Orion 2 also known as MOO2 is considered the classic 4x turn based strategy game set in space. The game has a kind of cult status and even by to days standards is still only matched in game play by very few of its competitors.

97 / 100154.85

Star Trek: Bridge Crew puts you and your friends in the heart of a starship, where- as officers of the Federation- every action and decision you make together will determine the fate of your ship and crew. Developed specifically for VR, Star Trek: Bridge Crew is the only game to offer a true-to-life level of immersion in the Star Trek universe.

In Star Trek: Bridge Crew, the Federation dispatches you and your crew to command the new vessel U.S.S. Aegis as part of a critical initiative. Your mission: explore a largely uncharted sector of space known as The Trench, in hopes of locating a suitable new home world for the decimated Vulcan populace. The Trench contains stunning beauty and undiscovered wonders, but also strange anomalies and dangers yet unknown. The Klingon Empire is also active in the region, and their purpose is undoubtedly a threat to the Federation’s plans. It’s up to you and your crew to chart the sector to determine the Klingons’ aims, and to secure a peaceful Federation presence.

77 / 10083.85

Galactic Civilizations II (GalCiv II) is a 4X Grand strategy game set in the 23rd century, when multiple alien civilizations scramble to conquer the galaxy, planet by planet, by force, diplomacy, influence (culture), or technology. GalCiv II focuses on the single player experience that consists of a Campaign mode and a "Sandbox" mode, and omits multi-player. The game is notable for its artificial intelligence, which is challenging without being given resources and abilities not available to the player, as is common in the majority of strategy games.

77 / 10063.85

Pokémon Sun and Pokémon Moon trademarks were registered thus leaking the next Pokémon game titles to the public. Pokémon.com confirmed the games would be for the Nintendo 3DS and released in holiday 2016, with a new world, new Pokémon, and new adventures.

Gameplay in Fallout centers around the game world, visiting locations and interacting with the local inhabitants. Occasionally, inhabitants will be immersed in dilemmas which the player may choose to solve in order to acquire karma and experience points. Fallout deviates from most role-playing video games in that it often allows for the player to complete tasks in multiple ways, often choosing solutions that are unconventional or even contrary to the original task, in which case the player may still be rewarded. The player's actions may ultimately dictate the ending of the game, or what future story or gameplay opportunities are available.

89 / 1001234.45


Are Politicians Honest Enough to Sell Used Cars?

My Party needs no ethics

Why Don’t Democrats Vote? I’ll Tell You Why.

 – U.S. Congressman for Florida’s 9th District

Rep. Alan Grayson

P.S. Big news tomorrow.

  1. The nature of humans
  2. The nature of doctrinal scriptures in any particular human religion

America is not a zero-sum equation!

The Law of Control and Responsibility in a Limited Time-Frame

The Law of Control and Responsibility in a Limited Time-Frame

Immediacy – I(d) – expressed as a maximum number of days to make a decision and take action upon that decision.

Number of decision makers – Nd – represents the maximum number of people that can make effective choices in the specified timeframe and act upon them in a meaningful and effective fashion.

I(d)=1 represents a crucial decision to be made and acted upon within a one day window for it to be meaningful, let alone effective.

Nd = I(d) x cube root of pi

Political Issues Poll

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Global Warming by Dummies

Criminalizing Weather-related Fatalities

Once again, please be patient; they’re FRENCH.

Partisans: Always Righteous, Seldom Right.

Here we go again. The conservatives are seeing the tide begin to turn regarding public opinion on a couple of the issues that they have been harping on over the last few years. From climate change to jihadists to Leftist bias in the educational system, more and more of the moderate majority are nodding their heads instead of shaking them when Right-of-Center pundits and pols make certain points. They are also shaking more and nodding less to the self-serving ‘narratives’ of the Left.

So, of course the Conservatives(tm) are now required to shift from being somewhat right to being altogether self-righteous. As far as I can tell this is so that everybody in the vast middle who has started nodding will immediately begin ignoring them with great disdain once again. I swear to you, partisan insecurity will be the death of us all; the only question is from which side the final blow will come.

If you want to make a difference as a conservative please, put down the Jesus and step away from the Bible talk. If you express your ideas in terms that even a, shudder, non-Christian can understand more people will give you the chance to finish expressing them. They might even deign to think about those ideas, possibly even agree with them, if you refrain from throwing your righteousness in the eyes of your Lord at them in every paragraph!!!

The Field Guide to Right-winged Nuthatches and Left-winged Loons

What's wrong with this picture?

Politically Correct = Reality Challenged part 3

What is the difference between the two kinds of partisan, can either be trusted to babysit your yak? Not much, and heck no are the answers that ring in the ear of anyone with a partisan-free outlook.

Again and again it will be seen that both sides share common mental frameworks and have preconceptions and presumptions that are essentially the same. There are, however, differences in how they see themselves, as rebels to the system of values by which they were raised, (or mis-raised) or as a defender of that same, or a purer, system. In other words the Right works the system and the Left games it but, they both are justifying their black and white, dissent-denouncing tactics by resorting to some ultimate authority whether it is a blatantly human-created set of “values” to be rigidly adhered to or a “sacred and revealed” text direct from God commanding obedience to various tribal codes to avoid divine retribution.

by both self-delusion and pathological self-interest is this mythical authority that can be verified by none but the faithful spread, entrenched and enforced be it laws closing businesses on Sunday or one demanding dogs not be walked on the street in front of a mosque, or laws to prevent public expression of religion and laws that seek to “pick someone’s pocket or break their leg” for the “good of all”, or even a few; all of these are in the partisan’s Box of Pandora.

Both sides seek to use their authority’s ultimate nature as a lever against any and all dissent or opposition. Regulations, whether secular or theological in nature abound and censorship along orthodox lines is promoted as a penultimate virtue, the greatest virtue being faith that any abuse that the partisan becomes aware of is a sadly necessary price on the road to Utopia*/Salvation/Nirvana.

*Utopia is a word as well as a fictional nation embodying the word. The meaning of the word is “No Where.”

Politically Correct = Reality Challenged – Part 2

My Party needs no ethics

The first step in being able to recognize the dysfunctions of partisans on both sides of the spectrum is to know what it means to be non-partisan. IIIB DFI / IIIB FI is the basic DNA of the moderate political viewpoint. (I)f (I)t (A)in’t (B)roke (D)on’t (F)ix (I)t coupled with (I)f (I)t (I)s (B)roke, (F)ix (I)t .The moderate mind has no ax to grind on the back of the rest of society. They respect traditions that are respectful of individuals who do not choose to follow them as well as those who do. They look at problems that consistently vex any part of society and seek solutions that remove both the present problem and the broken social compacts involved from all sides. In criminal law the ultimate rule they follow is one at the heart of our Constitutional system of laws and legislation and was best enshrined in words by Thomas Jefferson when he declared issues that neither picked his pocket nor broke his leg as being outside the authority of the law.

This is not as radical as it might sound. Even in this lawyer-plagued age the majority of American law still comes down to there being a need for economic damage or personal injury of a definable sort for there to be a criminal matter at hand. Granted that there have been far too many decisions that have hinged upon “injury” that was, at best, a pleasant figment of the plaintiff’s imagination this is still the hard core; it is time that we stripped away the dross and remembered it, purified it, made it enduring once again. With more and more moderate viewpoints this self-reinforcing foundation of U. S. legislation will assume the prominence that Jefferson would have wanted to see.

There is no crime more partisan in nature than to declare yourself “harmed” by the expression of an opinion that disagrees with your own. Because of this a reliable self-check on the peer-induced pull of a slide back into a partisan mindset is to force yourself to ask “what’s in this for me?” If you answer “nothing”, then you are either lying to yourself, or you have no reason to think the solution or change you desire would be good for anyone, let alone everyone. If you answer honestly and, after examining your own self-interest in the matter, would still publicly endorse it including the fact of your own lack of “altruism” then you have passed your self-check with flying colors. This is all that is needed. A willful process for denying yourself the luxury of self-deceit. Self-deceit, cognitive dissonance and and group-think are the flying monkeys of partisan thought; they will not only get your little dog they will feed him to their cats for his own good.

Rabid Partisan Idiots, Left and Right, Made Easy

Politically correct = reality challenged

Unless one has been brought up in a political vacuum it is hard to avoid spending at least part of your lifetime enmeshed in the folds of one partisan group or another. Many people are so over exposed to a polarized viewpoint that they jump to the other party in a fashion that is often as polarized as their parents’ if not more so. The majority of both these parentaly wound-up rebels and those who retain their parents polarization tend to mellow with time; the non-rebels more likely than not to find peace with the angers of partisan zeal at an earlier age. Then there are those who never really feel passionate about either “choice” of viewpoints, the black or the white. These folks usually blend in with the soft and fuzzy “middle” end of the party’s spectrum from rabidity through hardliners and moderates and are little more to the various political leaders than empty votes to be herded with nightmares and platitudes into one camp or the other during the end game of the election. That is the reality of those who control our society.

What of ideology you say? What of the Left and the Right? What of them comes the answer from the voice of present-day politics. Partisanship has always played a part in human politics. I could go on for pages on the roots and changes, the evolutions, and revolutions in political thought but it all can be summed up very simply; partisan = tribal. Any division of “us” and “them” that is not agreed to by all parties involved is tribalism whether you call it that or nepotism or Left-wing or Right-wing. In other words, even if it makes you feel like someone broke your dolly to hear it, partisan politics is always wrong when applied to a constitutional republic such as the U.S. or to Western democracy in general.

Now let us be clear on this definition. If something is Bad(tm), it means that anyone who insists on doing it, well they are part of the problem instead of part of any defense against or solving of; deal with it.

What good does that do us, the moderate majority asks, much more than you are doing now, says the voice of the Ghost of Reality That Can Be.

The first step is to recognize a partisan when you see them. Next you must apply their own misconceptions against them, making them out to non-partisan eyes as the fools and or tools that they are. Then you must offer a viewpoint that ignores completely the rhetoric and rancor of either side while laying out a ‘triage’ of the particular subject being misused by the partisan for their own benefit. Only then can common-sense and compassion, love and reason all co-exist within one, commonly held “platform”. The chaos of partisan push-and-pull laws and regulations will dwindle over the years and decades to a Constitutionally sound minimum of ‘solutions’ to commonly recognized needs, problems and aspirations.