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New PEER Report Published: 2014/01 “Performance-Based Seismic Assessment of Skewed Bridges”

PEER has just published Report No. 2014/01 titled “Performance-Based Seismic Assessment of Skewed Bridges” as a new addition to the PEER Report Series. It was authored by Peyman Kaviani, Farzin Zareian, and Ertugrul Tacifoglu.

The objective of this study is to assess the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete bridges with skew-angled seat-type abutments through a performance-based methodology. Special attention is given to the exploration of variations in the seismic behavior of such bridges with respect to the angle of skew. Post-earthquake reconnaissance studies have reported that larger values of skew angle adversely affect performance. The idiosyncratic, “multi-phasic,” behavior of skew bridges—observed during initial simulations of the present study—led to the development of a novel assessment methodology. This methodology is applied to a comprehensive database of bridges, which comprise combinations of a variety of geometric properties including: (1) number of spans, (2) number of columns per bent, (3) column-bent height, (4) span arrangement, and (5) abutment skew angle. An extensive set of nonlinear response history analyses were conducted using distinct suites of ground motions representing records for rock and soil sites, and another set that contained pronounced velocity pulses.

The findings indicate that demand parameters for skew-abutment bridges—e.g., deck rotation, abutment unseating, and column drift ratio—are generally higher than those for straight bridges. Through detailed investigations of the sensitivity of various response parameters to variations in bridge geometry and ground motion characteristics, we observed that bridges with larger abutment skew angles bear a higher probability of collapse due to excessive rotations. We also found that shear keys can play a major role in abating deck rotations and thus the probability of collapse. It was further observed that the resultant peak ground velocity (PGVres) is the most efficient ground motion intensity measure (IM) for assessing skewed bridges’ seismic response.

In view of the abrupt changes observed in the skewed bridges’ demand parameters due to shear key failure, we propose a new probabilistic assessment approach—the “Multi-Phase Probabilistic Assessment of Response to Seismic Excitations” or M-PARS—for computing the complementary probability distribution function of an engineering demand parameter given the ground motion intensity measure, G(EDP|IM).


Featured New Nonfiction for April

Click here for a list of all our new nonfiction titles!

Plato at the Googleplex : why philosophy won't go away / Rebecca Newberger Goldstein (184 G) -- Imagine that Plato came to life in the 21st century and set out on a multi-city speaking tour: How would he handle a host on Fox News who challenges him on religion and morality? How would he mediate a debate on the best way to raise a child between a Freudian psychoanalyst and a Tiger Mom? How would he answer a neuroscientist who, about to scan Plato's brain, argues that all his philosophical problems can be solved by our new technologies? What would he make of Google, and the idea that knowledge can be crowdsourced rather than reasoned out by experts? With a philosopher's depth and a novelist's imagination, Rebecca Newberger Goldstein probes the deepest issues confronting us--from sexuality and child-rearing to morality and the meaning of life--by allowing us to eavesdrop on Plato as he encounters the modern world. By reviving the Platonic art of the dialogue for the 21st century, she demonstrates that the questions he first posed continue to confound and enlarge us.

Six women of Salem : the untold story of the accused and their accusers in the Salem Witch Trials / Marilynne K. Roach (133.43 R) -- The individuals involved are too often reduced to stock characters and stereotypes when accuracy is sacrificed to indignation. And although the flood of names and detail in the history of an extraordinary event like the Salem witch trials can swamp the individual lives involved, individuals still deserve to be remembered and, in remembering specific lives, modern readers can benefit from such historical intimacy. By examining the lives of six specific women, Marilynne Roach shows readers what it was like to be present throughout this horrific time and how it was impossible to live through it unchanged.

Overwhelmed : work, love, and play when no one has the time / Brigid Schulte (331.44 S) -- Overwhelmed is a map of the stresses that have ripped our leisure to shreds, and a look at how to put the pieces back together. Schulte speaks to neuroscientists, sociologists, and hundreds of working parents to tease out the factors contributing to our collective sense of being overwhelmed, seeking insights, answers, and inspiration. She investigates progressive offices trying to invent a new kind of workplace; she travels across Europe to get a sense of how other countries accommodate working parents; she finds younger couples who claim to have figured out an ideal division of chores, childcare, and meaningful paid work. Overwhelmed is the story of what she found out.

Big bang disruption : strategy in the age of devastating innovation / Larry Downes and Paul Nunes (658.4012 D) -- Free navigation apps on smartphones wreaked havoc for the makers of standalone GPS devices. Airbnb and other resource sharing services are undermining hotels. Uber, SideCar and Lyft are reinventing the heavily regulated taxi and limousine industry. These are just a few of hundreds of examples of Big Bang Disruptions-new products and services that enter the market better and cheaper than established products, seemingly overnight. Driven by falling prices for component parts, rapid experimentation with real customers, and the delivery platforms of the Internet and the cloud, they are different in kind from previous generations of innovations. Their frequency is only going to accelerate. Every industry is at risk. Big Bang Disruption presents a radical new framework for this phenomenon. Larry Downes and Paul F. Nunes offer critical insights and strategies companies are using not just to protect themselves but to create and appropriate disruptive innovations for themselves. The authors detail the four stages of big bang innovation and show leaders how to see disruptions headed their way-and take action before it's too late.

Evolution : the cutting edge guide to breaking down mental walls and building the body you've always wanted / Joe Manganiello (613.7 M) -- Everyone possesses the capability to look the way they want. Joe Manganiello learned that when he achieved the "impossible," overcoming difficult obstacles at every level by transforming himself into the ripped star of True Blood. It took nothing less than one hundred percent commitment, discipline, routine, and drive. Joe is living proof: If he can do it, so can you. EVOLVE. The evolution never ends. You'll live it every day, with an insane amount of internal confidence and absolutely no regrets. Not the struggle, the sacrifices, the sweat, and definitely not the image you see in the mirror. You'll wake up each morning to a new future. All the answers are now in your hands. How far do you want to go?

How to be the world's smartest traveler (and save time, money, and hassle) / Christopher Elliott (910.202 E) -- Consumer travel advocate Christopher Elliott gives you the inside scoop on how to travel smart in this new guide from National Geographic. Calling on practical advice accumulated from more than 20 years of experience in the field, Elliott guides you through the complexities of travel--from cruises to car rentals, travel insurance to time shares, restaurants to resorts, and airlines to agents--and arms you with all the information you need for a successful trip. Full of actionable advice and the answers to the most common--and perplexing--questions, Elliott guides readers through the new rules of travel and breaks through the virtual confusion of pricing, offers, discounts, packages, and every imaginable aspect of a trip, every step of the way. For beginning and seasoned travelers, for business and pleasure trips, this is the ultimate consumer guide to yourjourneys domestically or around the world.

Undiluted hocus-pocus : the autobiography of Martin Gardner / Martin Gardner (B GARDNER) -- Martin Gardner wrote the Mathematical Games column for Scientific American for twenty-five years and published more than seventy books on topics as diverse as magic, philosophy, religion, pseudoscience, and Alice in Wonderland. His informal, recreational approach to mathematics delighted countless readers and inspired many to pursue careers in mathematics and the sciences. Gardner's illuminating autobiography is a disarmingly candid self-portrait of the man evolutionary theorist Stephen Jay Gould called our "single brightest beacon" for the defense of rationality and good science against mysticism and anti-intellectualism. Gardner shares colorful anecdotes about the many fascinating people he met and mentored, and voices strong opinions on the subjects that matter to him most, from his love of mathematics to his uncompromising stance against pseudoscience. For Gardner, our mathematically structured universe is undiluted hocus-pocus--a marvelous enigma, in other words.


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Jeremiah Chapter 34

jer 34:0

The ordinary view of this prophecy Jer. 34, that it is a more full account of the narrative given in Jer 32:3-5, is not so probable as that which takes it in connection with Jer 21:1-14. Jeremiah had then informed Zedekiah by his messengers that Jerusalem would certainly be captured: but he was still in a condition to obtain good terms, and the prophet goes to him and lays before him the alternative. Zedekiah with all the obstinacy of a weak man chose to continue the war, and lost kingdom, eyesight, and liberty.

Jeremiah 34:1

jer 34:1

People - Peoples, i. e., tribes, races, under the rule of one man.

Jeremiah 34:5

jer 34:5

In peace - See Jer 12:12 note.

Burn odors - "Make a burning." The burning was probably that of piles of wood, and spices were added only as an special honor. It was not a Jewish custom to burn the dead. As these burnings depended upon the estimation in which the dead king was held, the verse implies a prosperous reign, such as Zedekiah might have had as an obedient vassal to BabyIon.

I have pronounced the word - I have spoken the word.

Jeremiah 34:7

jer 34:7

Jeremiah 34:8

jer 34:8

It is usual with commentators to say that, the laws dealing with the emancipation of the Hebrew slaves, as also that of the land resting during the sabbatical year, were not observed. The narrative teaches us the exact contrary. The manumission of the slaves on the present occasion was the spontaneous act of Zedekiah and the people. They knew of the law, and acknowledged its obligation. The observance of it was, no doubt, lax: the majority let their own selfish interests prevail; but the minority made might give way to right, and Zedekiah supported their efforts though only in a weak way.

Early in January, in the ninth year of Zedekiah, the Chaldaean army approached Jerusalem. The people made a covenant with the king, who appears as the abettor of the measure, to let their slaves go free. Possibly patriotism had its share in this: and as Jerusalem was strongly fortified, all classes possibly hoped that if the slaves were manumitted, they too would labor with a more hearty good-will in resisting the enemy. In the summer of the same year the Egyptians advanced to the rescue, and Nebuchadnezzar withdrew to meet their attack. The Jews with a strange levity, which sets them before us in a most despicable light, at once forced the manumitted slaves back into bondage. With noble indignation Jeremiah rebukes them for their treachery, assures them that the Chaldaean army will return, and warns them of the certainty of the punishment which they so richly merited.

Jer 34:8

As the Chaldaean army swept over the country the wealthier classes would all flee to Jerusalem, taking with them their households. And as the Mosaic Law was probably more carefully kept there than in the country, the presence in these families of slaves who had grown grey in service may have given offence to the stricter classes at the capital.

To proclaim liberty unto them - The words are those of the proclamation of the year of jubile to the people, whereupon it became their duty to set their slaves free.

Jer 34:9

Should serve himself of them - Should make them serve him (see Jer 25:14).

Jer 34:11

They turned, and caused ... to return - But afterward they again made the slaves return.

Jer 34:13

The house of bondmen - The miserable prison in which, after being worked in the fields all day in gangs, the slaves were shut up at night.

Jer 34:16

At their pleasure - literally, for themselves.

Jer 34:17

I will make you to be removed into - "I will cause you to be a terror unto." Men would shudder at them.

Jer 34:18

The words ... - The Jews spoke of "cutting" a covenant, because the contracting parties cut a calf in twain and passed between the pieces. Thus cutting a covenant and cutting a calf in twain, meant the same thing.

Jer 34:21

Which are gone up from you - i. e., which have departed for the present, and have raised the siege.

Next: Jeremiah Chapter 35


The Evolving Human Super-Brain

Scientists seeking to understand the origin of the human mind may want to look to honeybees – not ancestral apes – for at least some of the answers, according to a University of Colorado Boulder archaeologist.

CU-Boulder Research Associate John Hoffecker said there is abundant fossil and archaeological evidence for the evolution of the human mind, including its unique power to create a potentially infinite variety of thoughts expressed in the form of sentences, art and technologies. He attributes the evolving power of the mind to the formation of what he calls the "super-brain," or collective mind, an event that took place in Africa no later than 75,000 years ago.

"Humans obviously evolved a much wider range of communication tools to express their thoughts, the most important being language," said Hoffecker, a fellow at CU’s Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. "Individual human brains within social groups became integrated into a neurologic Internet of sorts, giving birth to the mind."

Progression from fangs to teeth, low-brow to high.

Ancient hand axes achieved "exalted status" as mental representations since they bear little resemblance to the natural objects they were made from — generally cobbles or rock fragments. "They reflect a design or mental template stored in the nerve cells of the brain and imposed on the rock, and they seemed to have emerged from a strong feedback relationship among the hands, eyes, brains and the tools themselves," he said.

The dispersal of modern humans from Africa to Europe some 50,000 to 60,000 years ago provides a "minimum date" for the development of language, Hoffecker speculated. "Since all languages have basically the same structure, it is inconceivable to me that they could have evolved independently at different times and places."

A honeybee swarm bivouacs on a tree branch, waiting for scout bees to select candidate sites for a new home, deliberate among the choices and then reach a verdict — a process "complicated enough to rival the dealings of any department committee," says Cornell biologist Thomas Seeley. Credit: Thomas Seeley

The team also discovered a carved piece of mammoth ivory that appears to be the head of a small figurine dating to more than 40,000 years ago. "If that turns out to be the case, it would be the oldest piece of figurative art ever discovered," said Hoffecker, whose research at Kostenki is funded in part by the National Science Foundation.

The finds from Kostenki illustrate the impact of the creative mind of modern humans as they spread out of Africa into places that were sometimes cold and lean in resources, Hoffecker said. "Fresh from the tropics, they adapted to ice age environments in the central plain of Russia through creative innovations in technology."

Ancient musical instruments and figurative art discovered in caves in France and Germany date to before 30,000 years ago, he said. "Humans have the ability to imagine something in the brain that doesn’t exist and then create it," he said. "Whether it’s a hand axe, a flute or a Chevrolet, humans are continually recombining bits of information into novel forms, and the variations are potentially infinite."

While the concept of a human super-brain is analogous to social insects like bees and ants that collectively behave as a super-organism by gathering, processing and sharing information about their environment, there is one important difference, Hoffecker said. "Human societies are not super-organisms — they are composed of people who are for the most part unrelated, and societies filled with competing individuals and families."


Distance from to

Distance from Cuba to Cayman Islands

Distance from Cuba to Cayman Islands is 437 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 272 miles.

The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Cuba and Cayman Islands is 437 km= 272 miles.

If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Cuba to Cayman Islands, It takes 0.48 hours to arrive.

77° 46´ 52.2120'' W
Altitude72 m

Cuba Distances to Countries

Distance from Cuba to Rwanda11,911 km
Distance from Cuba to Romania9,235 km
Distance from Cuba to Sri Lanka15,995 km

Cayman Islands

GPS Coordinates19° 18´ 47.8800'' N
81° 15´ 16.5600'' W
Altitude6 m
CountryCayman Islands

Cayman Islands Distances to Countries

Cayman IslandsDistance
Distance from Austria to Cayman Islands8,858 km
Distance from Cayman Islands to Niue10,559 km
Distance from Saint Kitts and Nevis to Cayman Islands1,961 km


People talk about obedience as an all inclusive commandment, but they need to clarify what is important in being obedient. It doesn’t mean being obedient across the board to everyone, but being obedient to God. As a child that means being obedient to parents, but only in things that align with the will of God (for example a child does not have to be obedient to abusive behaviour from an adult, even a parent), because we can be obedient to Satan as well as God (not at the same time though).

So when people talk about obedience without really delving into specifics, that can be confusing and can be detrimental, especially if a child is in a family or living situation where they are being led to do things harmful to them or others.

Sometimes people have had the idea that family is ‘all’ and I agree with that as long as the family is a nurturing and positive influence. Reading about the Mexican drug cartels and how more women are getting arrested in connection with it and that they have been involved because of family; fathers, uncles and brothers,  I started thinking about how they got drawn into it.

Anyone can get drawn into evil, women or men.

It made me think that they got involved because of family, because of desiring to stick with family members and believing that whatever happens is right because this is their father or uncle or brother who insist on it. It helps shape their thinking.

Families can be destructive as well as constructive and friends can be either too.

The desire that people have to belong to someone, a group, whether it is a family group, a friend group or whatever, can lead them to make choices that are destructive, because of the need to be obedient to that unit, whether an individual or a group morality.

Being obedient to God gives us safety, because He won’t lead us wrong. Sometimes people think that obedience just makes us mindless sheep, but not when we direct that obedience in the right direction. If we are obedient to Heavenly Father, we are making a conscious choice to live a productive and beneficial life. Because His commandments are carefully thought out to bring us progression and happiness.

?¢‚Ç¨?ìThe Mother In Me?¢‚Ç¨¬ù – Book Review

edited by Kathryn Lyndard Soper

Reviewed by Mary Siever

Motherhood is complex, yet simple. It is exhausting, yet rewarding. It is heartbreaking, yet joyful. It is life changing and fulfilling.

This collection of poems and essays will leave you full of the joys of mothering but understanding there are days of sorrow. Cry, laugh, nod in agreement, and be grateful you aren?¢‚Ç¨‚Ñ¢t alone. These stories will bring that to the forefront.

Anyone who has been a mother, who has yet to become one, who is in the throes of day to day parenting, or who has yearned for motherhood through the pain of infertility will find something with which to identify.

Each story is individual, yet global; we can all see ourselves in some, if not most of the essays and poems. Kathryn Lyndard Soper brings them all together in a flowing fashion. The various authors are women in various stages of their lives who share with startling candour what motherhood is really like.

Prepare to enjoy it from start to end.

Gratitude and Patience

A day late, I know. Yesterday was Thanksgiving. But today I am reflecting on what I am thankful for, and trying to remember this (actually currently on a minute by minute basis). Recently my prayers have included asking for help in being patient with my children. Oh it is SO easy to be patient with babies, and toddlers. Not quite as much with growing children with strong personalities and minds of their own (can we say a 7 year old boy with an abundance of energy and 2 sisters he delights in teasing??).

I remember though, that I am so grateful for these beautiful wonderful children and one day, yes, one day, this overly energetic son and my budding pre-teen daughter (cringe), independent 3 year old and baby coming and any more who will come to us, will be all grown up and I won’t have my babies to cuddle and children to protect and nurture. That will be their job with their children. So learning to enjoy and revel in this time is vitally important. So yes, I am learning patience. At least I hope so.

Here it is

Kim is getting tired of being the only one who posts regularly, so I am writing something, although I don’t feel much up to it. I am pretty annoyed today, at one person in particular (actually angry at this person) and no, this isn’t my husband or children. I am not going to address that person because I am afraid I would blow my top and I am not good at angry debate.

However, that is not the point of this post. I am not really sure what the point of it is except that I am feeling very exhausted right now and I have so much to do before August is out and I don’t know that I will have the energy to do it. But somehow I have to. What I do really want is constant tranquility. Why is that not possible? Why is it not possible for even 24 hours? I would even settle for 12 hours of tranquility.

I know some might find this post humourous (because some people find all of my posts humourous) but I am not in the mood, so don’t laugh or try to make me laugh. Don’t even comment if you don’t want to, because frankly I don’t care. I am just putting a post up so Kim’s isn’t the only name on the page.

Now I have to get back to the never ending tasks of my day. I am not complaining. It is life and that’s fine, I just wish I didn’t feel so tired right now.

Any other posters feel free to post at any time.

The Other Side of the Coin

Disenfranchised members of the church, ex-members, non members who have family in the church often relate feelings of anger or rejection?Ç¬† from family members who can’t seem to accept their choice. Often what happens is those family who reacted so strongly, come around, and attempt to repair relationships, and often after much time ( years, commonly) things are back to a kind of truce, as love can overcome so much.

What often isn’t addressed is when family members who leave the church reject those family and friends who stay; cutting off contact and having such a hatred for the church that it transfers to family members who are unwilling to deny their testimonies, and who have to endure the ridicule and condemnation of family who they love who can’t seem to separate their parent, sibling or other extended family from the church. It is all lumped into one big pool of hatred and anger.

There is nothing you can do to fix it except to leave the church and denounce your testimony. That would bring back your loved one. But you can’t do that, because to do so would be to deny who you are, and so you would lose yourself.

I know this doesn’t always happen, but it does sometimes and it is possibly the most painful experience someone can have. It really hurts and you can’t do a thing about it except the most offensive thing to the family member, and that is pray.

Priesthood Blessings and God’s Time

Last week I had an experience that was not new to me. Nevertheless, it didn’t make it much easier. During this time, I had a blessing, assuring me that all was well and the outcome would be what I expected. Alright, I know this sounds cryptic, but this isn’t the real purpose of the post, it leads up to it.

The blessing seemed to not hold true. What I was told, didn’t happen. Or at least, from my perspective (and pretty much every other human being who heard it would conclude the same).

I spent a week being mournful and cranky. Not losing my faith, no, but still wondering what the heck was going on. Were my ears deceiving me? Do I no longer interpret spiritual answers? Am I not worthy to receive answers? (This last one suited the pity party I like to have when things don’t go my way).

I came to a realisation. First, the same promise and answer had been given in 2 previous blessings for the same situation that ended up with the same outcome. The same answer also (or similar) came for a similar situation with a different outcome.

And then my other realisation. The Lord does not work on my time, or your time or any human being’s time. He works on His own, which encompasses all time, past, present and future. So what I perceive as should be happening now, on my own schedule, does not necessarily mesh with His schedule, or perception of scheduling. What has yet to happen for me, is a given, or rather will be and to Him, it is part of the current time.

Isn’t a 1000 years as a day to Him? Then this makes sense to me. At least it gives me more understanding and comfort.

Love One Another, As I Have Loved You

My personal quest has been, recently, to study and understand the principle of charity better. Even more so, to understand the true nature of love, as the Saviour would have us love. So, I have been studying the scriptures, thinking about it, thinking about the nature of Jesus Christ, reading other publications, such as The Peacegiver: How Christ heals our hearts and homes and The Anatomy of Peace (which I am currently in the middle of reading).

Just yesterday I had an epiphany.

I asked myself the following question, or rather, the following question came to my mind; Why do I love Jesus Christ? (or anyone I love, for that matter). Why do I feel humble when thinking of Him, why do I get an overwhelming sense of gratitude and love when I think about Him? Is it because of anything I have done? Is it because I feel I deserve or should be loved by Him? No.

And why do I have a desire to be better and to do what He wants me to do? Why do I strive (with limited success) to be like Him? Why do I want to be like Him?

It is because He loves me. And I don’t just think this, it is something I know and feel and am aware of on a basic level. His love for me is apparent when I feel the spirit, when I think of His life, how He lived and behaved towards people He came in contact with. This is independent of His teachings to obey the commandments. His love for me is unconditional. Remember, this is independent of His teachings to be obedient and follow the commandments. Loving me does not mean He expects less of me or will let me off the hook.

So all these things I feel and want to be are inspired by His love for me. Not for anything in myself or that I have created. This is the love that He wants us to have for others. For our husbands and wives, our parents, our children, our friends, our other family members, our acquaintances, those we have conflict with, those who are not like us, those who offend us, those who hurt us, those we have no reason to like, those who do things that annoy us. Everyone. He wants us to actually have this love so that they feel this love and are saved by it.

I understand what this love is. It isn’t the doing, it is the state of heart and mind, of truly loving, so that in our demeanor, attitude and behaviour towards others, we radiate this love. This is why people flocked to Him, why children surrounded Him. They knew His love was genuine and constant, they basked in it and wanted it. When He came to the Americas, this is why the multitude didn’t want Him to leave. This is the Spirit which cannot help but be present in the face of such love. It is a love that grows and needs no effort, because it is. It is something that is possible to attain through a lifetime of learning and growth. He has this love for all. We can at least, have this love for those around us.

This is a love I can develop over time, independent of my expectations of others, that I can come to with His help. But this is the true concept of the love of Jesus Christ.


5-Star University provides focused, dedicated, high level courses for ALL Commissioners and ALL District and Council Program volunteers. The day is filled with supplemental and advanced training opportunities for all district and council level work. This year we have several new courses that represent the most up to date training and program information that can be found, all in an active and friendly atmosphere. Participants will be given the opportunity to earn various degrees (bachelors, masters, doctoral) or just participate for the day.


>Travis Vitek updated STDCXX-955: >-------------------------------- > > Attachment: stdcxx-955.patch > >{noformat} >2008-06-03 Travis Vitek > > STDCXX-955 > * include/valarray (gslice::ind_numb): Correctly calculate > index count when the length array contains a zero. > * src/valarray.cpp (next_ind): Correctly calculate next index > when the length array contains a zero. > * tests/numerics/26.class.gslice.cpp (make_array): Update to > handle empty strings or other poorly formatted input. > (get_array_size): Correctly calculate index count when the > slice has a size array that contains a zero. > (next_index): Correctly calculate next index when the length > array contains a zero. > (test_gslice): Remove unnecessary linefeed from assertion. > (run_test): Update degenerate testcase to match comment. >{noformat} > So I have one tiny issue with this fix that I should bring up before I submit it. The function gslice::ind_numb() is inline and gslice::next_ind() is not. The functions that use ind_numb() are listed below. valarray::operator[](const gslice&) const valarray::valarray(const gslice_array&) valarray::operator=(const gslice_array&) The issue is that these functions use ind_numb() to decide how big an array to allocate, and then they use next_ind() to iterate over those elements assigning values to each of them. So if ind_numb() returns 4, but the iteration terminates after just 2 passes, then there would be 2 elements in the array that are probably not supposed to be there. If the user builds with 4.2.2 headers and links a 4.2.1 library, they will get the same behavior as they did with 4.2.1. Namely their application will hang or crash [under conditions from stdcxx-995] because the gslice iteration code would not contain the fix. If an application built with 4.2.1 linked the 4.2.2 library it would also crash, most likely because the allocated array would have 0 elements but the gslice iteration would try to allow multiple elements to be written. The same app would already crash or hang when linking the 4.2.1 library. So I'm pretty sure that this change is suitable for 4.2.2 as I can't envision a scenerio where it would cause any new problems for the user. Can anyone else? If not I'll submit this change to 4.2.x tomorrow morning. Travis


Electromagnetic Low-Flow Meter Monitors Loops and Chemical Additives

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The FMG70 is suitable for water, chemical and cooling industries and monitoring loops and chemical additives. Prices start at $1,000.

Product Type:
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How we use energy

The United States is a highly developed and industrialized society. Americans use a lot of energy in homes, in businesses, in industry, and for personal travel and for transporting goods. There are four major sectors that consume energy:

  • The transportation sector includes vehicles that transport people or goods. Cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, trains, aircraft, boats, barges, and ships are included in the transportation sector.

  • The residential sector consists of homes and apartments.

Each end-use sector consumes electricity produced by the electric power sector.

There was a sharp contrast to this historical trend in 2009 that resulted from the economic recession. In 2009, real gross domestic product (GDP) fell 2% compared to 2008, and energy consumption declined by nearly 5%, the largest single-year decline since 1949. Decreases occurred in all four major end-use sectors (residential—3%, commercial—3%, industrial—9%, and transportation—3%). Consumption increased by about 3% in 2010, then declined slightly in 2011 and declined again by about 3% in 2012. Consumption increased by about 3% in 2013 and by 1% in 2014. Economic growth and other factors like weather and fuel prices influence consumption in each sector differently.


Migraine Relief with Lavender Essential Oil

Written by Jessica Patella, ND. The researchers determined that rubbing 2-3 drops of lavender essential oil on the upper lip at the first sign of migraine significantly improved headache in 74% of participants.

lavenderApproximately 12% of the U.S. population suffers from migraine headaches and women are three times more likely to suffer from the moderate to severe pain caused by migraine headaches than men (2). For the first time, research has shown that inhaling lavender essential oil is a safe and effective option for those who suffer from migraine headaches (1).

The research included 47 participants with a diagnosis of migraine headaches; the average age was 30 +/- 8.5 years and 72.3% of participants were females (1). Participants were randomly divided to either the lavender group (n=28) or a placebo group (n=19) (1). Participants were followed for six migraine headache attacks.

Participants in the lavender group were instructed to rub 2-3 drops of lavender essential oil into their upper lip, at the early signs of a headache and inhale the aroma for 15 minutes. Then they were asked to score the severity of their headache at 30-minute intervals for up to 2 hours according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). In the placebo group, the same protocol was used, except participants were given liquid paraffin to place on their upper lip instead of lavender (1). Participants were instructed not to use any pain medications during the first two hours of their headaches, so the results would not be skewed (1).

The severity of the headache was defined as follows: No pain (VAS score = 0), mild headache (VAS score = 1-4), moderate headache (VAS score = 5-6) and severe headache (VAS score = 7-10) (1).

The average reduction in headache severity with lavender was 3.6 +/- 2.8 points on the Visual Analog Scale. This was significantly more than the 1.6 +/- 1.6 point reduction with placebo (p<0.0001) (1).

Not all participants used the lavender or placebo for all 6 headache attacks. The average use of lavender was for 4.6 +/- 1.9 headaches and for placebo was 3.6 +/- 1.8 headaches. From the 129 recorded headaches in the lavender group, 92 attacks or 71.3% of headaches responded totally or partially to lavender. In the placebo group from the 68 recorded headaches, 32 attacks or 47.1% of headaches responded totally or partially to placebo (1).

In the lavender group, 74% of participants had improvement in symptoms associated with migraine headaches (nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to sound and sensitivity to smells), which was statistically a greater improvement than the 58% of participants in the placebo group that reported improvements (p<0.0001) (1).

In conclusion, inhaling lavender essential oil at the first signs of a migraine headache reduced the headache severity and symptoms associated with migraine headaches. Further research comparing lavender essential oil to commonly used drugs for migraines are still needed. This was the first placebo controlled, clinical trail, using lavender essential oil in the treatment of migraine headaches at the time of publication.

Source: “Lavender Essential Oil in the Treatment of Migraine Headache: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trail” from the 67th volume of 2012 in the publication of European Neurology. Posted September 4, 2013. r/bh

  1. Sasannejad P, et al.  Lavender Essential Oil in the Treatment of Migraine Headache: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trail.  Eur Neurol 2012;67:288-291.
  2. Migraine.  Medline Plus.


When you're out on the road, OnStar helps keep you ready for anything - from turn-by-turn directions to hands-free calling. OnStar is a powerful built-in technology available in most GM vehicles that connects drivers to a real person, 24/7. Those real people can help out with almost any situation on the road, like a crash, medical emergency, or even a flat tire.

In our tech-savvy day and age, there's an app for everything and now, yes, even your car. The OnStar RemoteLink Mobile App car lets owners control their vehicles from just about anywhere, such as locking the doors, checking on fuel levels, or even starting the engine. No more having to run back just to double-check if the car is locked.


Bryston BDA-2 Digital-to-Analog Converter

Presence From Absence

Equipment report
Digital-to-analog converters
Bryston BDA-2
Bryston BDA-2 Digital-to-Analog Converter

Perhaps it was serendipity, perhaps inevitability, that led me to play The Modern Jazz Quartet’s The Last Concert. “Softly, As In a Morning Sunrise” unfolds kaleidoscopically, somehow by turns psychedelic, funky, dapper, bluesy, and sly. “Summertime” blossoms open with a novel hypnotic repeating figure on the vibes that we cannot help but hear through the haze of the late 60s, then morphs through variations both familiar and enlightening, ultimately returning to the dreamy, gauzy reverie whence it all began. So what do we have here? Masters of effortless ensemble musicianship, leading us on a journey—their journey—through the decades of their storied careers.

I hadn’t expected this sort of musical revelation, but I have gratefully come to accept such delightful rewards from the technically evolutionary but musically revolutionary Bryston BDA-2 digital-to-analog converter.

Bryston’s BDA-1 DAC has been a cornerstone of my reference system for several years. Frankly, I have found little to criticize about its performance, which has earned justified praise and a Golden Ear Award in these pages. Thus, my curiosity regarding what improvements those clever Canadians might have incorporated into the new BDA-2 was tempered by an “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” wariness. That concern was effectively up- ended the moment that I began auditioning the BDA-2.

The most notable new feature added to the BDA-2 is an asynchronous USB input capable of handling all standard sample rates up to 192kHz, replacing the “convenience feature” adaptive USB input of the BDA-1. Bryston’s USB implementation aims to be state-of-the-art, featuring proprietary firmware running on the XMOS USB Audio micro-controller platform. The addition of this feature alone fully justifies the minor price differential over the BDA-1, which remains in the Bryston product line, albeit now at a reduced price. Whereas the BDA-1 utilized a pair of time-tested 24-bit Crystal CS4398 DACs, one per channel in a dual-differential configuration, the BDA-2 has been upgraded with the latest top-of-the-line 32-bit AKM 4399 DACs. Of course both products feature Bryston’s venerable discrete Class A analog output circuitry, rather than off-the-shelf IC op-amps. The BDA-2 retains the input flexibility of its progenitor, with two TosLink optical, two RCA, and two 75-ohm BNC SPDIF inputs, and a balanced AES/EBU input. Both single-ended RCA and balanced XLR analog outputs are offered, as well as a convenient RCA SPDIF pass-through digital output.

Inputs can be selected via front-panel switches or Bryston’s BR2 system remote control, which also enables the user to toggle the BDA- 2’s upsampling function from the listening position. This feature synchronously upsamples the input data to either 176.4kHz (for 44.1 and 88.2kHz signals) or to 192kHz (for 48 and 96kHz signals), thereby preserving all the original sample data while interpolating intermediate values at the higher sample rates. In contrast, asynchronous sample-rate-conversion techniques essentially synthesize an entirely new data set from the input signal (with the disquieting implication that none of the original input data are rendered with bit-perfect accuracy). I found that upsampling could smooth the rough edges of some older pop CDs, but that the majority of recordings sounded best when decoded at their native sample rates. An array of front-panel LEDs displays the input sample rate, though the arrangement of those LEDs would have been more logical with the left column indicating 44.1, 88.2, and 176.4kHz (rather than 44.1, 48, and 88.2) and the right column indicating 48, 96 and 192kHz (rather than 96, 176.4, and 192kHz). Consider this nit-picked.

Since the asynchronous USB input is the BDA-2’s most eagerly anticipated new feature, let’s begin our listening therewith. Apple’s Macintosh operating system natively supports USB Audio Class 2 devices such as the BDA-2 in versions 10.6.4 and above. Microsoft Windows users need to install the driver supplied by Bryston on a USB key (literally the USB “stick” resembles a metal key).


Reverse Word Search Lookup

Dictionary Suite
accident unknown or unplanned causes of events; chance. [1/3 definitions]
accidental happening by chance; unexpected; unintended. [1/5 definitions]
audience a chance to be heard, esp. by a higher authority. [1/3 definitions]
bump into to meet by accident or chance.
carnival a traveling commercial amusement show, usu. offering rides, games of chance, and sideshows. [1/2 definitions]
casual occurring by chance; unplanned; accidental. [1/6 definitions]
coincidence the chance occurrence of two events at the same time, or any other such correspondence of things.
come across to discover or encounter by chance. [1/2 definitions]
competitive standing a good chance of success in a competition. [1/3 definitions]
crack (informal) a chance; attempt. [1/15 definitions]
desultory occurring at random, by chance, or as a digression. [1/2 definitions]
dice small cubes with dots on each side numbering one to six, often used in pairs for board games and games of chance. [1/4 definitions]
discover to see or witness due to a chance encounter or deliberate search; find. [1/3 definitions]
encounter to meet or come upon, esp. suddenly or by chance. [1/6 definitions]


-An area of land covered with tall grass, trees and shrubs.

-A system made up of plants and animals that depend on each other for survival.

-An imaginary line that splits the Earth into its southern and northern hemispheres.

-The horizontal lines on a globe used to locate places in the north and south.

-A weather occurrence where water drops from the sky in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow.

-A dry weather period where there is little or no rainfall.

-The circle of flat lands around the Artic Ocean that do not have trees.

-A piece of land that is frozen so deeply that only the surface thaws occasionally in the summer.

-The unique shape and features of a piece of land.

-Refers to the country and the characteristics of the country, such as the people or agriculture.

-Minerals or other organic manner made by weather elements, such as ice, water or air.

-The process of a rural area becoming more populated and taking on the characteristics of a city

-A prediction about future occurrences based on the knowledge gained by past events and tests.

-essential items and elements that help to preserve life, such as food and wate

-The spread of one society's culture to other areas.

-The measured altitude of a land mass above or below sea level.

-Two specific annual days where the hours in the day are equal to the hours at night. The days signify the start of the spring and fall seasons.

-Any earthly location where animal and human life are found, which includes the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

-a large group or chain of islands:

Red Army

-the Soviet army.

-an unusually large sea wave produced by a seaquake or undersea volcanic eruption.

-a member of an Islamic people speaking Kurdish and dwelling chiefly in Kurdistan.

Nile River

-A river in E Africa, the longest in the world, flowing N from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean. Lots of resources surrounding, 4,000 miles in Uganda, Sudan, and into Egypt

-A desert in N Africa, extending from the Atlantic to the Nile valley, 20 is sand, also contains rock and mountains

Dead Sea

-A salt lake between Israel and Jordan: the lowest lake in the world.

Ural mountains

-Forms a natural boundary between Europe and Asia. Separates Northern European and West Siberian

Command economy

-Central government makes all important economic decisions

russian revolution

-Revolt put an end to the Russian Empire and the rule of Czars

Gorgee islands

-departure point for slaves during slave trade

-policy of separation of races in South Asia

-Any geological formation containing or conducting ground water, esp. one that supplies the water for wells, springs, etc.600ft below desert

-where crude oil is converted to useful products

-An organization founded in 1960 of nations that export large amounts of petroleum: set prices. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

lake Baikal

-A lake in the Russia: the deepest freshwater lake in the world. Holds up to 20% of the worlds freshwater.

guest worker

-A foreign worker, unskilled laborer, recruited from South and East Asia

Strategic commodity

-important resource, nations got to war to ensure steady supply

himalaya mountains

-Between India and China, highest peak Mt. Everest

-violent storm with fierce winds

ganges river

-important river considered sacred by Hindus

nonviolent resistance

-form of protest with no violence by Gandhi

Caste system

-Hindu system of social classes

-The ninth month of the Muslim calendar. Month long fasting by Muslims.

constitutional monarchies

-Limited monarchy; rulers powers limited by monarchy

-designs, symbols of the universe

xi jiang river

-south of china west river

Quing Shandi Mts

.-Divide northern and southern China

-Professional soldiers, served landowners in

extended decline in general business activity

Global economy

-nations dependent on each other for goods and services

great barrier reef

-A coral reef parallel to the coast of Queensland, in NE Australia. 1,250 mile long; east coast

-sparsely populated, arid, inland region of Australia

voyaging canoe

-double hulled; ocean going canoe made by pacific islanders

-In Oceania means ''tiny Islands ;whose main groups are the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, and the Marshall Islands.

subsistence farming

-produce enough food for you and your family

-steep slope, nearly flat plateau on top

penal colony

-place to send prisioners

-in arctic or subarctic regions perennially frozen subsoil.

desert types

-slat flat, sandy, and polar

-methods of solid waste disposal, buries between layers of dirt in low lying ground

ring of fire

-chain of volcanoes that outline the Pacific Rim

-one of the greatest cities of the ancient world

Salt Flat Desert

-area were moisture has evaporated leaving behind any chemical salt

world bank-

An international bank established in 1944 to help member nations give loans when in recession, specialized agency of the United Nations.

- An established way of doing things. Customs are applied to a community or to an individual, learned customs are permanent continuances of a social usage.

- Large area with its own unifying characteristics. Regions can include Physical, cultural, political, and/or economical features.

Appalachian Mountains

- A mountain range in E North America, extending from S Quebec province to N Alabama. Highest peak, Mt. Mitchell, 6684 ft.

- Any object made by human beings, especially with a view to subsequent use.

- The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group: the youth culture; the drug culture. Examples include inherited ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge.

East Asia

- The countries and land area of the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and the Russian Federation in Asia.

Education System

Energy (Alternative)

- Energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, as coal, oil and natural gas. .

- The control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.

Ganges River Valley

- A river flowing SE from the Himalayas in N India into the Bay of Bengal: sacred to Hindus. 1550 mi.

- A person, especially of northern India, who adheres to Hinduism.

International Date Line

- A theoretical line following approximately the 180th meridian, the regions to the east of which are counted as being one day earlier in their calendar dates than the regions to the west.

- Distance measuring the angular distance north or south of the equator. Lines run east and west..

- If the angular distance of a point's meridian from the Prime Meridian..

Life Expectancy

Map projection

Mineral resource

Natural disaster

Nuclear Power Plant

Pacific Rim

- The regions, countries, etc, that lie on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, especially in the context of their developing manufacturing capacity and consumer markets.

- To keep alive or in existence. To keep up or maintain.

- The term assimilation is often used with regard to immigrants and various ethnic groups who have settled in a new land. New customs and attitudes are acquired through contact and communication.

Cumberland Gap

- A pass in the Cumberland Mountains at the junction of the Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee boundaries. 1315 ft. he Cumberland Gap was discovered in 1750 by Dr. Thomas Walker, a Virginia physician and explorer. Long used by Native Americans, the path was widened by a team of loggers led by Daniel Boone, making it accessible to pioneers, who used it to journey into the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee.

Population Density

- Is population divided by total land area.

Economic Alliance

- an agreement or friendship between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common economic interests.

Hydroelectric Power

Infant Mortality Rate

- The number of infant deaths (one year of age or younger) per 1000 live births. Traditionally, the most common cause worldwide was dehydration from diarrhea. However, the spreading information about Oral Re-hydration Solution (a mixture of salts, sugar, and water) to mothers around the world has decreased the rate of children dying from dehydration. Currently, the most common cause is pneumonia.

- Two states that cooperate with each other are said to be interdependent. It can also be defined as the reliance on one another socially, economically, environmentally and politically.

- Is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with water forming on either side.

Khyber Pass

- Is a mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Pass was an integral part of the ancient Silk Road and throughout history, it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a strategic military location.

Strip Mining

- Is the practice of mining a seam of mineral by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock.

Chernobyl Nuclear Accident

- Was a well-known nuclear accident of catastrophic proportions that occurred on 26 April 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl accident. Fifty deaths, all among the reactor staff and emergency workers, are directly attributed to the accident. It is estimated that there may ultimately be a total of 4,000 deaths attributable to the accident, due to increased cancer risk.

Command Economy

- It is an economic system in which the central government controls industry such that it makes major decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services.

Comparative Advantage

- Refers to the ability of a party (an individual, a firm, or a country) to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another party. It is the ability to produce a product with the highest efficiency given all the other products that could be produced.

Gross Domestic Product

Gross National Product

Market Economy

Push Factors

- Involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place.

Push Factors

- Is what draws them to a new location.

Zoning regulation

latitude lines

longitude lines

prime meridian

International Date Line

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Arctic Circle

Antarctic Circle

-The most accurate map of the Earth, duplicating its spherical shape and relative size.

Arctic Tundra

-The Arctic tundra is a cold, vast, treeless area of low, swampy plains in the far north around the Arctic Ocean. This is the earth's coldest biome

Coniferous Forest

-The coniferous forest biome is south of the Arctic tundra. It stretches from Alaska straight across North America to the Atlantic Ocean and across Eurasia. The largest stretch of coniferous forest in the world, circling the earth in the Northern Hemisphere, is called the "taiga." It supplies the bulk of the world's commercial softwood timber, which is used to make paper.

Deciduous Forest

-This biome is in the mild temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Major regions are found in eastern North America, Europe, and eastern Asia.

-Mountains exist on all the continents of the earth. Many of the world's mountains lie in two great belts. The Circum-Pacific chain, often called the Ring of Fire, runs from the west coast of the Americas through New Zealand and Australia and up through the Philippines to Japan. The other major belt, called the Alpine-Himalayan, or Tethyan, system, stretches from the Pyrenees in Spain and France through the Alps and on to the Himalayas before ending in Indonesia.

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Thai Radio Thai Radios

Thai Radios app. Thai is the national and official language of Thailand and the native language of the Thai people, Thailand's dominant ethnic group. Thai is a member of the Tai group of the Tai–Kadai language family. Some words in Thai are borrowed from Pali, Sanskrit and Old Khmer. It is a tonal and analytic language. Thai also has a complex orthography and relational markers. Thai is mutually intelligible with Lao.

Thai is the official language of Thailand, spoken by over 20 million people (2000),[6] Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes of Bangkok.[7][8] Khorat Thai is spoken by about 400,000 (1984) in Nakhon Ratchasima; it occupies a linguistic position somewhere between Siamese Thai and Isan on a dialect continuum, and may be considered a variant of either. A majority of the people in the Isan region of Thailand speak a dialect of the Lao language, which has influenced the Siamese Thai dialect.[citation needed]

In addition to Siamese Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages, including:

Isan (Northeastern Thai), the language of the Isan region of Thailand, a socio-culturally distinct Thai–Lao hybrid dialect[citation needed] which is written with the Thai script. It is spoken by about 15 million people (1983).
Southern Thai (Pak Tai), spoken by 4.5 million (2006).

Numerous languages not related to Thai are spoken within Thailand. Near Laos and Burma, ethnic minority hill tribes people speak Hmong–Mien (Yao), Karen, Lisu, and others. Near Cambodia many communities speak Khmer, and the Mon-Khmer language variously known as Suay (ส่วย) Guay or Kuay (กวย) (also spoken in central Suphanburi province.

Rhetorical Thai: used for public speaking.

Most Thais can speak and understand all of these contexts. Street and elegant Thai are the basis of all conversations;[citation needed] rhetorical, religious and royal Thai are taught in schools as the national curriculum.

(ภาษาไทย Phasa Thai [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj], more precisely Central Thai or Siamese

Tags: rad thai laos , thairadio , thairad , official language of thailand , native language of thailand

Users review

from 14 reviews


<![CDATA[Math Is Fun Forum / Sum of squares and primes]]> 2013-04-13T19:05:49Z FluxBB http://www.mathisfunforum.com/viewtopic.php?id=17380 <![CDATA[Re: Sum of squares and primes]]> You might this theorem useful: A prime p can be written as the sum of two integer squares if and only if p ≡ 1 (mod 4).

http://www.mathisfunforum.com/profile.php?id=199410 2013-04-13T19:05:49Z http://www.mathisfunforum.com/viewtopic.php?pid=262961#p262961
<![CDATA[Sum of squares and primes]]> I was working on this problem http://www.mathisfunforum.com/viewtopic.php?pid=200241#p200241 in the Help Me! section and came across something interesting.  It seems that if a number C has prime factors

http://www.mathisfunforum.com/profile.php?id=9797 2012-02-01T20:24:45Z http://www.mathisfunforum.com/viewtopic.php?pid=200244#p200244


I always thought the right solution to this problem was to wait for both parties to submit feedback before revealing the feedback.

A bad seller (or buyer) could avoid negative feedback just by never leaving feedback, meaning the buyer (or seller) would never be able to publish theirs.

oDesk gets around this by having a time limit on when feedback can be left. If one party fails to enter feedback, then it posts the other's feedback anyway.

Parties can lobby to have the other person change the feedback, but only if they lobbied party wants to. Seems like a workable system to me and allows each to be honest without consequences like eBay's original system.

That's genius. eBay could really learn from that. Removing buyer feedback entirely is a really big hammer.

Then you place a time limit on submitting feedback. Say you have 1 week-1 month. Still not perfect since it sounds like in the posted scam he didn't find out for over a month, but it might help in many cases.

E: Also just had another idea. You could have a way to edit your feedback after the original deadline in case of fraud. If you open up a dispute like the one posted then Ebay could review the edit's on a case-by-case basis.

Online sites like eBay, always want to reduce their personnel costs. Dispute resolution should be a last ditch effort that exists to identify loopholes in a system that should ideally NEVER need dispute resolution.

They need to balance that cost reduction with lost revenues from the perceived worse service.

Interesting idea, but it still wouldn't have helped in the case of the post-transaction chargeback, as described in the article. The scammer would likely still get a positive review (because the seller had been paid) only to discover the scam weeks after the fact.

If you made public details of things like chargebacks and other conflicts after the event that might help.


The amount Canadians owe compared to their ability to pay it off rose to yet another record high last quarter, the national statistics agency says.

Canada's debt-to-income ratio rose to 164.6 per cent at the end of June, from 163 per cent at the end of March, Statistics Canada reported Friday. It marks the biggest jump in the ratio since 2011, and it's now at its highest level on record.

The ratio increased because while incomes rose by 0.8 per cent, so too did Canadians' debt levels, which increased by 1.8 per cent.

Canadians borrowed $26.3 billion in the second quarter, the data agency said, an increase of $3.7 billion from the first quarter. Most of that new borrowing came in the form of mortgages.

Net worth rises too

Despite the increasing debt, Canada's net worth also rose.

The total increased by 1.3 per cent or $107.3 billion from the first quarter to reach more than $8.5 trillion. On a per-capita basis, that works out to $238,200 for every person in Canada.

10 dollar bill

For every dollar that Canadians had in disposable income in the second quarter, they owed almost $1.65, on average, Statistics Canada reported Friday. (KMR Photography/Flickr)

Though the debt figures are eye-popping, there's reason for optimism beneath the surface, Bank of Montreal economist Benjamin Reitzes said Friday.

By and large, Canadians are borrowing more to buy assets that are increasing in value by a greater amount, he said.

"Household net worth hit an all-time high of 768 per cent of disposable income," he said, adding that even despite the higher debt loads, Canadians' debt-to-asset ratio is still relatively low at 17.9 per cent.

"This implies that Canadian households have $5.59 of assets for every $1 of debt," Reitzes noted.


2JGE engine

John Edwards at Costa Mesa R&D is building a Toyota 2JGE engine for a land speed attempt. The client purchased one-piece lifters and a...


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Heidi Muller

Heidi MullerCommunication Studies Program
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
University of Northern Colorado
Campus Box 99
Greeley, CO 80639

Office: Candelaria 1245C
Phone: (970) 351-2656
Fax: (970) 351-2336

Heidi L. Muller is a communication theory scholar who studies communication practices from a language and social interaction perspective.  Combining a communication perspective (Ph. D., University of Colorado-Boulder) with a background in education (Ed.M., Harvard Graduate School of Education) and psychology (B.A., Carleton College), her primary research focus is the educational practice of classroom discussion.  In theorizing instructional interaction, her work is reflexive and involves developing theoretically informed discourses and practices of dialogic and dialectical discussion as well as interactive pedagogy. She teaches a wide range of classes incorporating developmentally-based and choice-driven instructional design and often implements Advantage Classroom Pedagogy, an approach that originated in her teaching at UNC.  She is the co-editor of the reader Theorizing Communication: Readings Across Traditions and has served as the President of the Rocky Mountain Communication Association.  She has been the recipient of RMCA’s Award for Communication Excellence and has received numerous teaching accolades.

She is currently involved in a variety of on-going projects.  Several of these are interwoven strands of practical theorizing and include: continued contextualization of communication as a practical discipline through the lens of the ramifications, connections, and implications of the seven traditions meta-theoretical framework, bringing experiential perspectives into the conversation within the semiotic and cybernetic traditions of communication theory, providing access to both the idea of intercontextuality and intercontextual interaction as well as the capacity to engage in a communicative state, and articulating a theory of engaging constructed spaces.  As part of this last strand of work she incorporates her background as an athlete and coach along with her interest in art and organic design to explore connections between sport, education, communication, and society.  She is also working to develop hybrid and on-line courses that are experientially engaging.

Heidi travels extensively, has summited two fourteeners, hangs with her crazy dog Uki, lives as a breast cancer survivor, and is an active member of the Softball for a Cure and Alley Art Mosaic communities.


Tuning the Size and Optical Properties in Molecular Nano/Microcrystals: Manifestation of Hierarchical Interactions

Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, dipolar and van der Waals, occurring in molecular crystals cover a range of magnitudes. As the crystal evolves from a relatively softer state in the nanoscopic size regime to a harder one in the microcrystalline and bulk solid state, the impact of the hierarchy of intermolecular interactions can be expected to emerge in a progressive fashion. The strongest interactions alone would be manifested at small sizes; as the crystal grows, the effect of the weaker ones will be added on, with the bulk crystals exhibiting the cumulative impact of the different interactions. We demonstrate this phenomenon through investigations of the solution, colloid, and solid state of a novel zwitterionic molecule based on the diaminodicyanoquinodimethane framework. A reprecipitation–digestion protocol is developed for the fabrication of nano/microcrystals of varying sizes. Microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations reveal tuning of the size and optical properties of this material. The optical absorption of the colloidal particles evolves with size towards that of the bulk solid, the emission showing a steady enhancement of intensity. Crystallographic investigations coupled with semiempirical computations provide a viable model to describe the range of observations in terms of the gradual accumulation of hierarchical intermolecular interactions.


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Perceiving animals: humans and beasts in early modern english culture

Fudge, Erica (2000) Perceiving animals: humans and beasts in early modern english culture. MacMillan/St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-22572-8

Full text not available in this repository.

When the human understanding of beasts in the past is studied, what are revealed is not only the foundations of our own perception of animals, but humans contemplating their own status. This book argues that what is revealed in a wide range of writing from the early modern period is a recurring attempt to separate the human from the beast. Looking at the representation of the animal in the law, religious writings, literary representation, science and political ideas, what emerges is a sense of the fragility of humanity, a sense of a species which always requires an external addition--property, civilization, education--to be fully human.


On May 11, 1944, a warm and cloudless spring day, U.S. Army Air Force B-24 Liberators, B-17 Flying fortresses and their fighter escorts lifted off from airfields across southeast England. They climbed, circled, and then formed into one huge formation before heading out to bomb targets in Nazi-occupied Europe.

The bombers and hundreds of fighters flying escort, forming two missions four hours apart, filled the sky with contrails.

Researchers from Lancaster University and the Environmental Agency in the U.K. combed through military and meteorological records and determined that the vast cloud cover created by aircraft condensation trails -- or contrails -- slowed the rise of temperatures on the ground that morning.

The research gives some credence to the theory that contrails in the sky might alter the weather below.

According to B-17 navigator Marshall Stelzriede's journal, the sight from the air was just as awesome as the view from below.

"It is difficult to imagine, without actually seeing it, what the sky looked like with 700 to 800 B-17s and B-24s in the air, particularly when each plane produced its own condensation trail under certain atmospheric conditions," Stelzriede wrote.

Contrails are produced when hot moist air from engine exhausts hit colder air in the atmosphere. Most dissipate quickly, but some stay as long tails marking the path of the plane. In wartime, pilots tried to avoid making contrails over bombing targets because they made it easier for enemy aircraft to track their planes.

"The classic conditions for contrails is just ahead of a warm front," said Rob MacKenzie one of the Lancaster researchers now at the University of Birmingham. "To get really persistent cloudiness due to aircraft you really need to be flying the aircraft through air that is ready to form a cloud, supersaturated."

Essentially, the contrails trigger clouds. The long trails are made up of moisture from the air, not the exhaust, MacKenzie said.

But that conclusion is controversial.

The research was reported in the International Journal of Climatology.

David Travis of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, who authored the study detailing how the clear skies after 9/11 cooled temperatures, said the Lancaster report is the first to give some empirical support to his theory.

How much the Lancaster study adds to the debate, Travis said, is unclear because the contrails of modern jets are much higher than those studied by the Lancaster group and the warming-cooling dynamics may be different. What it does hint at is that contrails can alter local weather.