Brian Thomas
Brian Thomas

Effective IT Security

How to identify emerging vulnerabilities.

March 3, 2011
by Brian Thomas, CISA, CISSP

As technology gets more sophisticated, so does IT attack schemes. Given the difficult economic times and budget cutbacks we've faced for the past several years, many of us have to protect against more threats with less resources. That is a daunting challenge because just one successful IT attack can be costly.

In July 2010, the Ponemon Institute, a Michigan-based research center dedicated to information management and security, released its First Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study. The study found that a typical cyber attack goes undetected for 14 days, with average daily losses of $17,696.

Other recent studies offer similar findings regarding financial costs. What are more difficult to quantify are the other costs that follow such attacks. What is the cost of reputational damage? How much confidence and trust is lost among customers, regulators, shareholders and other stakeholders?

None of us can totally guarantee IT security. There are concerns, though, that we can address in making security efforts more efficient and effective, even as we face limitations in available resources. Those concerns include:

Strong Authentication Measures

Authentication policies define the requirements your organization places on its users to validate their identity. The standard protocol is single-factor authentication, i.e. the requirement of a user ID and a password. A two-factor authentication system requires a standard login and password combination (one factor), plus another factor that verifies that the person using that login and password is indeed the authorized user.

That second factor may be a token, such as a PIN number stored on a USB drive that the individual keeps or it could be a feature unique to the individual, such as a thumb print. A two-factor authentication system is considered a strong authentication system and should be considered when the information being protected is particularly sensitive or for users whose identity may be more questionable (remote users for example).

In a one-factor authentication system, it is even more important that your password policies require combinations of upper- and lower-case letters, as well as numbers and special symbols. Individuals should be required to regularly update login and password combinations, too.

Establishing and maintaining group membership directories regularly enable your company to define the common security requirements (including authentication requirements) for different individuals in your company, based on work-related needs and access requirements.

Settings Management

What settings are used for your company's workstations, laptops, mobile devices, applications and files? While the proper settings for such items will reduce individual options, those settings will also reduce vulnerabilities. Web browser security settings may limit user functionality and/or limit what may be viewed or downloaded. Such settings, though, also provide protection against web-based threats. The proper balance must be defined.

What happens if an employee forgets to log out of a crucial application or file before leaving for lunch? How much information would be exposed? Automatic log off settings close any open applications or files after brief periods of inactivity.

In addition, automated activity logs will record all events that occur within one of your company's IT systems. Those logs provide documentation for any unusual or unauthorized activities.

Centrally managing, enforcing and monitoring such settings offers an additional, efficient measure of IT system protection.

Bank Wire Transfer Systems

How easily could someone transfer funds from one of your accounts without anyone noticing? Not all bank-utilized wire transfer systems are well designed from a security perspective and may require additional measures on your part. Evaluate your wire transfer systems to ensure that unauthorized wire transfers cannot occur without the knowledge of designated individuals within your organization.

Endpoint Security

Workstations, smart phones, laptops, tablets and other mobile devices are considered endpoints, locations where someone can access your IT systems and data.

Security configurations for those various endpoints should conform to industry best practices to reduce the risk. For example, laptops containing vast amounts of nonpublic information are often lost or stolen. Requiring whole-disc encryption for laptop hard drives represents a best practice and will reduce the risk of the information falling into the wrong hands. Implementing and enforcing that and other end point security practices provides another critical layer of IT security.

IT Response Times

Security Event and Incident Management (SEIM) systems can immediately identify and report unusual IT activities, such as someone attempting to send a massive database file containing nonpublic information as an email file attachment.

Various other tools identify entries in voluminous IT activity logs that may indicate network intrusion attempts or other incidents requiring investigation. Such automated functions enhance response time and reduce the damage your company suffers whenever any improper actions occur.

Existing Compliance Activities

Your company may already face various IT security requirements related to payment card industry (PCI), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Sarbanes-Oxley or other compliance measures. What processes exist for evaluating and mitigating related risks? How can you adapt and extend what is already being done to cover your entire organization in a consistent, efficient manner?

Ongoing Security Efforts

Technology continually evolves and new threats continually emerge. Complacency is a risk as well. Regularly updating your threat assessment and evaluating security helps identify any emerging vulnerabilities. Developing metrics enables you to measure current effectiveness or needs for improvement, too.

Taking a holistic approach assures that all crucial concerns and vulnerabilities receive attention. That holistic approach also needs to include making individual employees aware of the need for controls and precautions and what they can do to sustain and enhance IT department efforts.

Brian J. Thomas, CISA, CISSP, is the partner who offers IT management consulting services through Advisory Services at Weaver, ranked the largest regional independent certified public accounting firm in the southwest with offices throughout Texas. He can be contacted at 713-800-1050.


Watch a High-Speed Police-Pursuit Through the Eyes of a Motorbike Officer

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Now here's something you don't get to see every day. The Florence Police Department (in the U.S., not Italy) released footage captured from a helmet-mounted camera of an officer riding a motorcycle in pursuit of a motorist who failed to stop after being signaled by the police.

The incident occurred earlier this week, on Monday, April 4, with the police department issuing the following statement about the recorded incident:

See how it all went down for yourself in the video below.


An Overview of the Safety and Advantages of GM Foods

After 30 years of research and assessments, the safety of GM crops is supported strongly by scientific evidence and the conclusions of the global scientific community. In fact, GM crops have been reviewed and tested more than any other crops in the history of agriculture and have been shown to be as safe as conventional crops. Following are three reasons why you can be confident in the safety of GM crops:

1. For each potential GM product, our research teams conduct years of field trials and comprehensive testing to be scientifically certain the new trait and genetic modification have not changed the safety of the crop.

From day one, our research teams prioritize product safety and would discontinue the development of any product that did not successfully pass each rigorous internal review and approval. For example, our researchers conduct numerous tests on the genetics, efficacy, nutritional characteristics, agronomic performance and environmental safety of each potential product. The researchers follow the requirements of scientific regulatory agencies and the guidelines of international agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

Specifically for food safety, we compare and evaluate each of the key nutrients, as well as naturally occurring anti-nutrients and toxicants in the potential produc,t to the conventional crop. We may compare the amount of protein, fat, ash, fiber, oil, carbohydrates, amino acids andr fatty acids. Our researchers also conduct tests to ensure there are no new allergens.

In the “Products: Product Safety” section of this website, we provide the Safety Summaries and a list of peer-reviewed safety publications for our products if you are interested in learning more about their safety profiles.

2. Independent groups of scientists at regulatory agencies worldwide then review all of the data for each potential product and make their own scientific assessment of its food, feed and environmental safety. Since GM crops were first commercialized in 1996 (1996-2014), regulatory agencies in over 60 countries have conducted extensive scientific reviews and confirmed the safety of GM crops with 3,083 approvals on 357different GM traits in 27 crops.

We make submissions to the agencies in the countries where we want to be able to sell our product or where the crop is commonly imported. Regulatory agencies in each country must approve a potential product before seed can be sold to farmers or grain or other feeds can be imported for food and/or animal feed in their country. In the United States for example, depending on the product, three agencies may be involved in overseeing and approving GMO crops: the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The majority (1,458) of approvals on GMO crops have been on the food safety of the product. If you are interested in information on the regulatory approvals of GM traits, there are several online databases that provide this information including:

    3. The science and safety behind genetic modification and other advanced breeding techniques are well-established and strongly supported by the scientific community.

    Credible and independent public health societies and experts around the world also have reviewed the scientific evidence and determined food grown from GMO crops is safe to eat.
    The safety of GMO crops has been confirmed by numerous third-party organizations including the American Medical Association, the Society of Toxicology, the International Life Sciences Institute, the National Academy of Sciences in the United States, the Royal Society of the United Kingdom, the World Health Organization, the Institute of Food Technologists, the French Academy of Sciences, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the European Food Safety Authority and the European Union Commission.

    In the 19 years since GMO crops were first commercialized (1996-2014), millions of farmers in nearly 30 countries worldwide have planted a total of more than 1.8 billion hectares (more than 4 billion acres) – with no evidence of harm to humans or animals.

    Since safety was first demonstrated and farmers began growing GMO crops, there has not been one substantiated instance of illness associated with GMO crops. Additionally, billions of animals have been fed diets that are predominantly made up of GMO crops, and there is no evidence of adverse effects on animal health or productivity.

    The science behind genetic modification and advanced breeding techniques is well-established and taught in primary schools, high schools and core curriculums at leading universities across the world.

    For thousands of years, farmers have altered the genetics of the crops we eat by selecting and replanting seeds from the plants that exhibited desirable traits, such as larger seeds or sweeter fruits. It wasn’t until the mid-1800s that Gregor Mendel and other researchers discovered and began to understand genetics – the science behind the art of plant breeding, which is taught in primary school science classes today.

    In the 1950s, the scientific community’s understanding of genetics continued to expand with James Watson’s and Francis Crick’s discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, which earned them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. By the late 1970s, researchers – including Dr. Mary-Dell Chilton and Dr. Robb Fraley, who were awarded the 2013 World Food Prize for their contributions to agriculture – had gained the ability to isolate genes, and they discovered how to use recombinant DNA technology to transfer a gene for a desired trait into a plant.

    By the 1980s, research in the life sciences and biotechnology was flourishing, and universities began implementing changes to improve instruction and expand research in biological science-based programs. This focus among universities led to a solid scientific understanding of the science and safety of genetic modification. It also led to further scientific discoveries in, and the use of, genomics, molecular markers and marker-assisted breeding in plant breeding programs worldwide.

    In addition, researchers at public and private institutions began testing GM crops, and they published hundreds of studies on the safety of biotechnology. If you are interested in learning more, we provide a list of peer-reviewed safety publications in the “Products: Product Safety” section of this website. Additional research also can be found through several online databases including:


About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 250475, 2 pages

Green Intelligent Transport System

3Lehrstuhl für Ergonomie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Munich, Germany

The transportation system is a complex dynamic system with various elements such as drivers, passengers, pedestrians, vehicles, and roads. Recently, with the rapid development of motorization, transportation problems (i.e., accidents, congestions, and pollutions) have attracted much attention from the public. Not only are these problems highly relevant to our daily life, but also they provide interesting phenomena and talking-points. For example, traffic congestion arouses great concern and it shows complex dynamical characteristics. The phenomenon of phase transitions has been found in the congested flow from the perspective of statistical mechanics and nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, the scientists and engineers are seeking solutions for improving the performance and safety of transportation system operation by the way of interdisciplinary studies. In this context, some great efforts have been made in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which has been regarded as the most effective method and advanced technology for reaching a more efficient and safe road usage.

The term ITS is used to describe a set of concepts and technologies for a kind of transportation systems while the main focus is on the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) with infrastructure, vehicles, and traffic users. ITS aims to provide some innovative services for establishing harmonious and smart transportation system in which various traffic users can travel more safer and faster. A typical feature of ITS is the versatile nature of new technique. At present, wireless communications, computational technologies, sensing technologies, and pattern recognition have played a crucial role in the development of ITS. Additionally, predictive techniques have been developed to provide advanced service for participants in transportation system. Of the various subsystems of ITS, for instance, advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) can improve efficiency and safety of vehicle operation by compensating for the unfavorable human behavior.

Nowadays, the concentration on low carbon, energy saving, and pollution control is increasing in the field of ITS. There are a number of beneficial forms of such green transportation that make our lives easier and more fun. Green transportation involves effective and efficient resource utilization, changes in transportation structure, and improving transportation environment. Green ITS will be the objective of development of transportation system in the future. Green ITS can make a positive contribution to the social, economic, and environmental sustainability in urban system. It can also provide harmonious connections between human and vehicles as well as infrastructures.

The focus of this special issue is to present the new achievements in basic and applied research relating to ITS and reveal the complex regularity of transportation system. The aim of this special issue is to contribute impotently to the development of green ITS, especially for the strategies for improving traffic performance and safety. This special issue invites original research from the theoretical and practical point of view. The topics of this special issue include the following:intelligent transportation system,discrete and dynamic problems in transportation system,application of chaos in traffic flow,driving behavior and driver assistance system,discrete optimization methods in ITS,transit and rail systems operation,environment protection and energy saving in transportation,transportation policy and economics.

Wuhong Wang

Geert Wets

Heiner Bubb

Huimin Niu


'Corneal Melt': Arthritis Complication Lets Woman's Iris Slip Out
Images A and B show the patient's eyes with corneal melt. The images C and D show the eyes after surgical repair.
Credit: The New England Journal of Medicine ©2014.

In people with rheumatoid arthritis, which causes high levels of inflammation throughout the body, a condition called "corneal melt" can occur, the report said. The patient's own immune system attacks the area of the eye adjacent to the cornea, tearing the tissue and allowing the iris, which sits just behind the cornea, to slip out. The result is pupils that look quite irregular, according to the report, published today (Feb. 12) in the New England Journal of Medicine.

It is very rare for corneal melt to affect both eyes, said Dr. Mark Fromer, director of Fromer Eye Centers in New York City and an ophthalmologist at Lenox Hill Hospital. However, it's not rare for doctors to see torn corneas.

"It's quite common in the course of an ophthalmologist career to see a perforation, but it's not something you hear about every day," Fromer, who was not involved in the woman's case, told Live Science. [14 Oddest Medical Case Reports]

The condition generally happens in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. These patients often say they feel like they have something in their eye, and report a watery eye or vision impairment. However, they do not necessarily complain about pain, Fromer said.

To treat the condition, an eye surgeon may take a small piece of cornea and suture it to the area. Sometimes, the doctor may have to remove the conjunctiva (the outer lining of the eye) as well, because it brings the attacking cells to the cornea, Fromer said.

"The condition is very hard to cure," Fromer said. "Even if you transplant the cornea, it can happen again, because the systemic problem still exists."

In the case of this woman, surgeons sutured a graft on her eyes, and gave her medication to suppress the immune system, according to the report.

"Patient should be put on steroids and immune suppressants to reduce their aggressive immune response," Fromer said.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory disease that affects the body's joints, but it can also affect other organs. The causes of the disease are not fully known, but it is thought that a faulty immune response plays a role.

"People with rheumatoid disease often think about arthritis in the hands and the knees, but it's important to understand that rheumatoid arthritis can affect the eye as well, in a serious way," Fromer said.

People with rheumatoid disease or any autoimmune disorder should have their eyes checked regularly, preferably twice a year, Fromer said.

"With regular checkup, the condition can be detected earlier," he added. "Once the eye perforates, then it's a real emergency."


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Natural Resources, School of

Date of this Version

Hamel, M.J. 2013. Determining Scaphirhynchus Sturgeon Population Demographics and Dynamics: Implications for Range-Wide Management, Recovery, and Conservation. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Copyright (c) 2013 Martin Joseph Hamel

Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) have experienced world-wide declines as a result of anthropogenic effects such as over-harvest, habitat degradation, altered flow regimes, and pollution. Nearly all European and Asian sturgeon species have experienced population declines and have subsequently been classified as either threatened or endangered. North American sturgeons have experienced a similar plight in that all eight native sturgeon species are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Direct linkages between North American sturgeon declines and anthropogenic effects are difficult to assess due to scale considerations, fluctuating environmental conditions, difficulty in capture, and the interaction of all these effects. To recover, restore, or maintain abundance of these species across their range, thorough knowledge of life history characteristics or strategies, population dynamics, and population connectivity for each species is imperative. In this dissertation, I use data from local (Platte and Missouri Rivers, Nebraska) to nearly range-wide scales to describe components of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon population dynamics and demographics and assess various analyses typically used for calculation of dynamic rate functions.

Adviser: Mark A. Pegg


Distance Between Green River, WY and Reno, NV

How many miles? 681 Miles / 1096 Km

How many times? 9 hours 43 mins

Distance, Gas Consumption and Emission Notes

Distance from Green River, WY to Reno, NV is 681Miles or 1096 Km. You can get this distance about 9 hours 43 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 561 Miles or 903 Km, You can get this distance about 1 hours 42 mins .

A car with an average MPG will needs 31.53 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.

The estimated cost of gas to get between Green River, WY and Reno, NV is $71.57.

During the route, an average car will release 617.74 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.

* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Coordinates of Green River, WY is 41.5285907, -109.466273 and coordinates of Reno, NV is 39.5295572, -119.8141464


Basic Characteristics of Technology Transfer!

November 2, 2015
[ad_1] The total influx of technology in underdeveloped countries is from the advanced capitalist countries for obvious reasons, which will be the highlight of this discussion. Multinational corporations play a vital part in technology transfer, the motive being profit maximization for the parent


corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency

Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency is a condition with subtle signs and symptoms, the most frequent being extreme tiredness (fatigue), especially after physical exertion. Many people with this condition have unusually low blood pressure (hypotension). Some affected individuals have a fatty liver or experience chronic pain, particularly in their muscles. These features vary among affected individuals, even those within the same family.

Many people with corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency have only one or two of these features; others have no signs and symptoms of the disorder and are only diagnosed after a relative is found to be affected.

Some people with corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency also have a condition called chronic fatigue syndrome. The features of chronic fatigue syndrome are prolonged fatigue that interferes with daily activities, as well as general symptoms, such as sore throat or headaches.

The prevalence of corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency is unknown, but it is thought to be a rare disorder. However, because some people with the disorder have mild or no symptoms, it is likely that corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency is underdiagnosed.

Mutations in the SERPINA6 gene cause corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency. The SERPINA6 gene provides instructions for making a protein called corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which is primarily produced in the liver. The CBG protein attaches (binds) to a hormone called cortisol. This hormone has numerous functions, such as maintaining blood sugar levels, protecting the body from stress, and suppressing inflammation. When cortisol is bound to CBG, the hormone is turned off (inactive). Normally, around 80 to 90 percent of the body's cortisol is bound to CBG. When cortisol is needed in the body, CBG delivers the cortisol where it is needed and releases it, causing cortisol to become active. In this manner, CBG regulates the amount of cortisol that is available for use in the body. The amount of total cortisol in the body consists of both bound (inactive) and unbound (active) cortisol.

SERPINA6 gene mutations often decrease the CBG protein's ability to bind to cortisol; some severe mutations prevent the production of any CBG protein. With less functional CBG to bind cortisol, people with corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency usually have increased unbound cortisol levels. Typically, the body decreases cortisol production to compensate, resulting in a reduction in total cortisol.

It is unclear how a decrease in CBG protein and total cortisol leads to the signs and symptoms of corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency. Since the CBG protein is needed to transport cortisol to specific tissues at certain times, it may be that while cortisol is available in the body, the cortisol is not getting to the tissues that require it. A decrease in cortisol may influence widening or narrowing of the blood vessels, contributing to abnormal blood pressure. Some researchers think the features of the disorder may influence each other and that fatigue could be a result of chronic pain rather than a symptom of the disorder itself. There may also be other genetic or environmental factors that influence whether an affected individual is more likely to develop pain or fatigue.

This condition is reported to have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. However, some people with only one SERPINA6 gene mutation may have symptoms such as fatigue or chronic pain. Alternatively, individuals with two SERPINA6 gene mutations may not have any features of the disorder. It is unclear why some people with mutations have features of the disorder and others do not.

  • CBG deficiency
  • transcortin deficiency


Index | Search | Home

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Medicago sativa L.

Alfalfa, Lucerne

  1. Uses
  2. Folk Medicine
  3. Chemistry
  4. Toxicity
  5. Description
  6. Germplasm
  7. Distribution
  8. Ecology
  9. Cultivation
  10. Harvesting
  11. Yields and Economics
  12. Energy
  13. Biotic Factors
  14. Chemical Analysis of Biomass Fuels
  15. References

Alfalfa or lucerne is a highly valued legume forage, extensively cultivated in warm temperate and cool subtropical regions. It has been heralded as having the highest feeding value of all commonly grown hay crops, producing more protein per ha than any other crop for livestock. In some areas it is used in combination with corn for silage. In parts of China and Russia tender alfalfa leaves serve as a vegetable. It is used to reduce water runoff and soil erosion. It is an excellent pasture for hogs, cattle, and sheep, often in mixtures with smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass or timothy. Supplemental feeding of grain to dairy cows, sheep and fattening cattle reduces bloating and balances the high protein level of the alfalfa pastures with energy and extends the usefulness of the pasture. Alfalfa meal is presently made into pellets and used in mixed feeds for cattle, poultry and other animals. Alfalfa may be grown as a cover crop and often increases yield of succeeding crops, as potatoes, rice, cucumber, lettuce, tomatoes (increased by 10 MT/ha), corn, apples, and oranges. It is valued for bee pasturage. Extracts produce antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Powdered alfalfa is used as a diluent to adjust strength of digitalis powder, and the root has been used as an adulterant of Belladonna root. Seeds yield 8.5–11% of a drying oil suitable for making paints and varnish. Seed screenings are ground and used to a limited extent in feeds for ruminants. The seeds also contain a yellow dye. Alfalfa fiber has been used in manufacturing paper.

Folk Medicine

Seeds contain the alkaloids stachydrine and 1-homostachydrine, and are considered emmenagogue and lactigenic. They are used as a cooling poultice for boils in India. To increase weight, a cupful of 1:16 alfalfa: water infusion has been recommended. Though containing saponins, alfalfa is sold in many "health food" stores. It is considered antiscorbutic, aperient, diuretic, ecbolic, estrogenic, stimulant, and tonic, and said to aid peptic ulcers, as well as urinary and bowel problems. In Colombia, the mucilaginous fruits are used for "tos".

Tender shoots of alfalfa are reported to contain per 100 g 52 calories, 82.7% moisture, 6 g protein, 0.4 g fat, 9.5 g total carbohydrate, 3.1 g fiber, 1.4 g ash, 12 mg Ca, 51 mg P, 5.4 mg Fe, 3410 IU Vit A, 0.13 mg thiamine, 0.14 mg riboflavin, 0.5 mg niacin, and 162 mg ascorbic acid. Green forage of Medicago sativa is reported to contain per 100 g, 80.0% moisture, 5.2 g protein, 0.9 g fat, 3.5 g fiber, and 2.4 g ash. Silages of alfalfa contain per 100 g, 69.5% moisture, 5.7 g protein, 1.0 g fat, 8.8 g fiber, and 2.4 ash. Alfalfa whole meal and leaf meal are reported to contain per 100 g, 66 and 77 calories, 7.5 and 8.0% moisture, 16.0 and 20.4 g protein, 2.5 and 2.6 g fat, 27.3 and 17.1 g fiber, 9.1 and 11.5 g ash, respectively.The "betaine fraction" of alfalfa contains 0.785% stachydrine, 0.063% choline, 0.0069 trimethylamine, and 0.0052% betaine. The following purines have been identified: adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine; the pyrimidine, isocytosine; and the ribosides adenosine, guanosine, inosine, and cytidine. These factors stimulate the growth of Bacillus subtilis. Three abundant compounds in alfalfa juice are adenine (0.17%), adenosine (0.25%), and guanosine (0.36%). Nitrate concentrations greater than 0.2% can harm livestock. Prebud alfalfa in spring growth has 0.18% nitrate gradually decreasing to 0.12% at green pod stage. Prebud alfalfa in summer growth has 0.32% nitrate, gradually decreasing to 0.17% at green pod stage. Heavy N fertilization may increase nitrates to 1.0%. One study (4th Annual Alfalfa Symposium) cites 5.1 g arginine/16 g N; 3.1 g cystine and methionine, 1.5 g histidine, 4.6 g isoleucine, 7.2 g leucine, 5.6 g lysine, 4.6 g phenylalanine, 4.1 g threonine, 1.5 g tryptophane, and 4.6 g valine for alfalfa hay. Another study (C.S.I.R., 1948–1976) gives 3.5 arginine, 1.5 histidine, 4.2 lysine, 1.5 tryptophan, 4.1 phenylalanine, 1.3 methionine, 5.0 threonine, 7.9 leucine, 4.3 isoleucine, and 4.9 valine. One report gives total crude lipids as 5.2% of total dry weight, with 11% fatty acids, 10% digalactolipids, 16% monogalactolipids, 8% phospholipids, 44% neutral lipids, and 12% others. In the chloroplasts, linoleic, linolenic, and palmitic acids are the predominant acids, while stearic and oleic are low. The triglyceride fraction of alfalfa meal contains 16.9% linoleic acid, 32.2% linolenic acid, 31.0% oleic acid, and 19.9% saturated fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction (0.24% dry alfalfa meal) contained 35.2% linolenic acid, 36.8% oleic acid, 14.7% linoleic acid, and 13.3% saturated acids. Good alfalfa hay contains 138 to 198 mg chorine/100 g hay. Alfalfa meal contains 21 mg A-spinasterol/100 g. Five xanthophylls comprise 99% of the xanthophyll fraction of fresh alfalfa viz 40% lutein, 34% violaxanthin, 19% neoxanthin, 4% cryptoxanthin, and 2% zeaxanthin. Volatiles identified from alfalfa include acetone, butanone, propanal, pentanal, 2-methylpropanal, and 3-methylbutanal. Australian herbage samples contain 0.3 and 0.4% glucose, 0.3 and 0.3% fructose, 2.5 and 2.7% sucrose, and 0.6 and 0.6% oligosaccharides at early and later flowering stages. Tannin concentrations between 2.7 and 2.8% have been reported. Several coumestans occur in alfalfa, 4'-0-methylcoumestrol, 3'-methoxycoumestrol, lucernol, medicagol, sativol, trifoliol, and 11, 12-dimethoxy-7-hydroxycoumestan. Mineral constituents present include (av. values, dry basis): calcium (CaO) 2.80, phosphorus (P2O5) 0.74, potassium (K2O) 4.11, sodium (Na2O) 0.35, and magnesium (MgO) 0.44%: trace elements; barium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. Alfalfa is a valuable source of vitamins A and E; it contains: b-carotene 6.24, thiamine 0.15, riboflavin 0.46, niacin 1.81, and a-tocopherol, 15.23 mg/100 g; panthothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, choline, inositol, Pyridoxine, vitamin B12, and vitamin K are also present. Fresh lucerne is rich in vitamin C (1.78 mg/g) but it loses 80% on drying. A flavone, tricin, which inhibits the movements of smooth muscle has also been isolated. Lucerne is reported to contain citric, malic, oxalic, and malonic acids; succinic, fumaric, shikimic, and quinic acids are present in minor quantities. Enzymes reported in alfalfa are amylase, emulsin, coagulase, peroxidase, erepsin, lipase, invertase, and pectinase. Among the miscellaneous constituents present in lucerne are: saponins (0.5–2% or more), an alkaloid 1-stachydrine (0.14%) which also occurs in seeds, and two ketones, myristone (C27H54O), and alfalfone (C21H42O). Hay contains the following vitamins (av. values): vitamin A, 3013 IU; thiamine, 0.29 mg; riboflavin, 1.37 mg; niacin, 3.84 mg; pantothenic acid, 1.78 mg; biotin, 0.018 mg; vitamin D, 199.5 IU; and vitamin E (as a-tocopherol) 2.60 mg/100 g. Lucerne and mixtures of lucerne and grass make good silage. When alfalfa alone is used, fermentation is enhanced by the addition of molasses. A good silage is obtained by ensuing wilted cuttings. Cattle and sheep fed on alfalfa as the sole source of forage occasionally suffer from bloat or tympanitis. The cause of bloat has not been clearly defined but it may be prevented by feeding corn or sorghum silage along with alfalfa hay or using mixed alfalfa-grass pasture. Forage cut at flowering time and dried in the field rarely causes bloating. Several methods have been developed for processing concentrates and beverages for human consumption; they involve the removal of odor and taste characteristic of alfalfa and also the fiber. A fiber-free concentrate is prepared by steeping tender leaves in cold water, followed by grinding in a blender, extraction with water, concentration and drying under vacuum. The product so obtained (yield, 13%) contains: protein 44.2, fiber 0.86, ether extr. 3.55, N-free extr. 30.69, ash 13.2, calcium 1.90, and phosphorus 0.52%, carotene 110.1 mg, ascorbic acid 51.6 mg, and thiamine 1.15 mg/100 g. Alfalfa honey gave the following average values: water 16.56, invert sugar 76.90, sucrose 4.42, dextrin 0.34, protein 0.11, acid (as formic) 0.08, and ash 0.07%. Alfalfa seeds contained: moisture 11.7, protein 33.2, fat 10.6, N-free extr. 32.0, fiber 8.1, and mineral matter 4.4%.

The genus Medicago has been reported to contain the following chemicals, relative toxicities of which are tabulated in Duke's "Phytotoxin Tables" (Duke, 1981b): choline, citric acid, hydrocyanic acid, limonene, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, pantothenic acid, pectin, quinic acid, saponin, shikimic acid, tannin, trigonelline, and tryptophane. Four isoflavones are reported in alfalfa (daidzein, formononetin, genistein, and biochanin A) and they, like coumestrol, produce an estrogen-like response, perhaps contributing to reproductive disturbances of cattle on high-estrogen forage. Seeds are reported to contain trypsin inhibitors. Some people are allergic to the dust generated when milling alfalfa.

Perennial herb; stems erect or sometimes decumbent, 0.3–1 m long, 5–25 or more per crown, much-branched, 4-angled, glabrous or the upper part hairy; rhizome stout, penetrating the soil as much as 7–9 m; stipules united 1/3 to 1/2 length, free portion triangular-lanceolate, tapering, basally entire or with 1–2 teeth, glabrous or sparingly appressed-hairy; leaves pinnately trifoliolate; leaflets obovate-oblong, ovate or linear, tapering to base, crenate above middle mostly retuse and mucronate, 10–45 mm long, 3–10 mm broad, glabrous or appressed hairy, paler green beneath; racemes oval or rounded, 1–2.5 cm long, 1–2 cm broad, axillary, 5–40-flowered; peduncle slender, firm, always exceeding the subtending leaf, glabrous or appressed-hairy; calyx tubular, with linear-subulate teeth longer then tube; corolla yellow or blue to purple or violet, 6–15 mm long; bracteoles whitish, linear-subulate, mostly equaling the pedicel; pod slightly pubescent or glabrous, 3–9 mm in diameter, with 2–3 spirals, prominently reticulate-veined; seeds 6 or 8 per pod, yellow, castaneous or brown, ovoid, irregularly cordate or reniform. Fl. May–July (US); fr. late summer to fall.

Demand for better adapted, disease- and insect-resistant cvs has prompted extensive alfalfa breeding programs. Medicago sativa easily hybridizes with Medicago falcata (which is sometimes treated as a subspecies of M. sativa). Most newer cvs are synthetics, i.e., they contain a set of selected clones or seed lines produced and maintained under conditions specified by the originator. Promising plants are vegetatively propagated to obtain clonal lines and then the polycross progenies are tested to determine the combining ability of each clone. Of about 50 named cvs grown in the US, about 13 make up 74% of alfalfa acreage. 'Vernal' and 'Ranger' account for about 52%. Other cvs include: 'Buffalo', 'Hairy Peruvian' (7250 ha in 1969), 'Indian' (2450 ha), 'Cayuga', 'Cody', 'Cossack' (100,000 ha), 'Du Puits', 'Grimm' (180,000 ha), 'Ladak' (425,000 ha), 'Lahontan', 'Moapa' (resistant to spotted alfalfa aphid), 'African' (5000 ha), 'Narragansett', and 'Sonora'. 'Buffalo' is a bacterial-wilt-resistant selection from 'Kansas Common'. 'Cayuga' and 'Ranger' are also wilt resistant. 'Cody' and 'Zia' are resistant to spotted alfalfa aphid. 'Lahontan' and 'Washoe' are resistant to stem nematodes. There are many new cvs especially selected for specific areas, resistances and other agronomic purposes. Each cv is adapted to a limited area or to a specific set of climatic conditions. Assigned to the Central Asia, Near East, and Mediterranean Centers of Diversity, alfalfa or cvs thereof is reported to exhibit tolerance to aluminum, anthracnose, bacteria, disease, drought, fungus, hydrogen fluoride, high pH, heat, insects, low pH, mine, mycobacteria, nematode, salt, slope, smog, SO2, virus, weeds, waterlog, and wilt. (2n = 16, 32, 64).

Native to southwest Asia as indicated by occurrence of wild type in the Caucasus and in mountainous regions of Afghanistan, Iran, and adjacent regions. The cultivated forms probably arose in western Persia and then spread, to become widely cultivated, often a "weed" throughout Asia, Europe, and America.

Alfalfa shows considerable variation in form and adaptation to environment. Form of plant varies from erect to decumbent from southern subtropical areas to northern temperate regions and from lower to higher elevations. Length of vegetation period decreases from south to north and from lower to higher elevations. Many strains are adapted to different climatic plains as in hilly regions, up to an altitude of about 2400 m (to 4000 in Boliva); can withstand high temperatures of 39–41°C as well as rather low temperatures, the degree of adaptibility varying with different strains. Thrives particularly well in semi-arid regions under irrigation. Some clones that are self-sterile at low temperatures may be partially self-fertile at high temperatures. Annual rainfall of 5–6 dm is optimum (in the temperature zone), but crop will survive less. Soil moisture can be reduced to 35% of the water holding capacity of a soil before affecting photosynthesis. In areas of high rainfall of 10 dm or more, alfalfa does not grow well as a perennial. Grows on a variety of soils, but thrives on rich, friable, well-drained loamy soil with loose topsoil supplied with lime; does not tolerate waterlogging and fails to grow on acid soils. Alfalfa may be a bit more tolerant of frost and salt than wheat. Salinities of 3 mmhos reduce yields by 10%, 5 mmhos by 25%, and 8 mmhos by 50%. Deep penetrating roots make alfalfa quite drought resistant. Alfalfa is reported to range from Boreal Moist to Boreal Wet through Tropical Desert (irrigated or alluvial situations) to Dry Forest Life Zones, annual precipitation ranging from 0.9 to 27.2 (214 cases = 10.3 dm), annual temperature ranging from 4.3 to 28.5°C (213 cases = 17.7°C), and pH ranging from 4.3 to 8.7 (136 cases = 6.5). One source (Agr. Gaz NSW 1972) suggests that a pH of 6–7 is optimum, another (Parodi, 1964) suggests that 7–8 is optimum.

For cultivation of alfalfa, land should be well-plowed. Farm manure could be applied six weeks before planting, with additional manurings as top dressing after every third cutting. Crop is propagated by seed. As seeds have hard coat, they should be scarified or soaked in water before sowing. Fresh seeds do not germinate as well as those 2–3 years old. Seed should be inoculated with the proper strain of inoculum. Crop may be sown pure or in mixture with grasses or other legumes. Seeds sown broadcast or drilled in rows or on ridges 55–72 cm apart. Sowing on ridges as facilitates weed control. When broadcast, seed rate is 12–20 kg/ha, when sown on ridges, 10–12 kg/ha. Crop may be grown with or without irrigation. In some areas, frequent irrigation is necessary until seedlings become established. When crop is well established, a single irrigation is sufficient. Crop requires frequent hosing or cultivation to control weeds and stir the soil. Especially in the seedling stage, weed competition for light, nutrients, and water reduces alfalfa yields. Weed competition is reduced by use of clean seed, selection of planting dates, clipping weeds, and use of companion crops, but herbicide use is increasing in the US. Alfalfa is sensitive to some herbicides. Results are good with farm manure and any fertilizer containing phosphates, such as bone meal, fish meal, basic slag, rock phosphate or superphosphate (ca 250 kg/ha annually or 500 kg in alternate years). Alfalfa is often used in rotation with other crops e.g. wheat, oats or flax. Liming to pH 7 is often recommended. Generally alfalfa and alfalfa/grass mixtures with at least 1/3 alfalfa do not respond markedly to N, but respond well to P and K. Many soils lack adequate K for high yields. Apparently deficiencies of S and Mg are becoming more common. Addition of micronutrients, especially B may be necessary locally.

Alfalfa hay is harvested when the first flowers have opened. One cutting a year may be made at the prebloom stage without seriously damaging the stand and subsequent production. Number of cuttings per year varies from one in drier northern areas to nine or more under irrigation in southern areas; 3–4 cuttings in central areas are normal (US). For high quality hay, leaves must be retained since at early bloom stage leaves constitute about half of plant weight. All processes from field to storage (mowing, conditioning, windrowing, baling, bale handling, etc.) are mechanized in the US. Seed production, is most efficient under irrigation, but rainfed seed is produced. Row spacings of 60–110 cm are superior to closer plantings. In dense stands; nectar production, insect visitation and, subsequently, seed production often are depressed. Nearly all seed is directly combined. Use of spray defoliants has facilitated harvesting. Proper adjustment of combine is very important to avoid injury to seed. Alfalfa tolerates rotational grazing but weakens rapidly under continuous grazing. 'Ladak' is superior on rangelands, and creeping or decumbent alfalfas are better adapted for dryland conditions.

Yields and Economics

Forage yields are 5–75 MT/ha per year (with 8–12 cuttings per year). Seed yields are 186–280 kg/ha annually. Alfalfa is estimated to fix 83–594 kg N/ha/yr (Miller, 1976). About 10 years ago, this most valuable of common hay crops had an estimated hectarage of 33 million, the US, USSR, and Argentina producing 70% of world production, France, Italy, Canada, and Australia producing another 20%. Alfalfa accounts for about 60% of total US hay production.

In UK, the best options for annual energy plantation crops would probably involve the use of grasses, lucerne, clover, or forage cereals. With total cultivation and harvesting costs at $700/ha/yr and fresh weight yield of 70 MT/ha/yr, the DM yield would be 15.75 MT/ha/yr and the output of gross energy 275 GJ/ha/yr. ($2.55 per GJ gross energy before transportation and storage and a minimum biogas cost of $8.75/GJ.) (Palz and Chartier, 1980). Shortly after the US energy crisis of 1973, Jim and Peggy Duke (1975) offered one simplistic scenario: What if, instead of making auto fuel from the fossilized remains of plants (oil and coal), we made it from fresh plant tissue? High-quality, low-pollution fuel is as available from fresh plants as gasoline is from oil. We contend that by growing plants with conversion to fuel in mind, America could become self-sufficient in energy, utilize some of its organic wastes to build soils, and achieve many other benefits. Assume we have 62.5 million acres of unused and marginal land available for energy farming. Now let us develop a concept we inherited from the American Indians—the intercropping of a legume like alfalfa with a cereal like corn, adding some organic matter like sewage sludge. Alfalfa, like most legumes, takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and puts it in the soil—nearly 200 pounds per acre. It would take nearly a barrel of oil to manufacture that much inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Alfalfa grows well in the cool months, producing enough vegetation to yield the energy equivalent of 2 to 7 barrels of oil per acre. Basing estimates on average alfalfa hay yields, participants at the Fourth Annual Alfalfa Symposium concluded that we could get nearly a ton of leaf protein per acre from alfalfa. This would mean 55 million tons of protein from 62.5 million acres—about 10 times what Americans need in their diet. Residues remaining after protein extraction would yield the equivalent of 250 million barrels of oil in residues. This alone could cut gasoline imports significantly. If we fertilized with sewage sludge, our 62.5 million acres of alfalfa could probably meet President Ford's target import reduction of one million barrels a day, but also provide protein for the US with plenty for export. Duke (1981a) reports DM yields of 0–37 MT/ha/yr (24 in Bolivia, 11 in Czechoslovakia, 10–11 in Cyprus, 11 in Egypt, 7 in France, 6–9 in Germany, 8–11 in Hungary, 3–21 in Italy, 0–24 in New Zealand, 10–13 in Romania, 29 in Turkistan, 7–37 in USA, 2–21 in USSR, and 8–12 in Yugoslavia.

Biotic Factors

Nearly all alfalfas require the flowers to be tripped for pollination to take place; this amounts to release of the sexual column from the keel of the flower. Many types of bees can serve as trippers, e.g. the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee (Megachile rotundata), alkali bee (Nomia melandri), honeybees (Apis mellifera), and bumblebees. In North America, alfalfa-pollinating genera, listed with the number of effective species, are as follows: Apis (1), Bombus (7), Xylocopa (1), Anthophora (1), Tetralonia (1), Osmia (2), Megachile (10), Hoplitis (1), Nomia (1), Agapostemon (2), Halictus (3), Evylaeus (1), Lasioglossum (1), Andrena (2), Calliopsis (1). Over 100 species of fungi have been reported to cause diseases on alfalfa. Among the most serious are the following: Colletotrichum trifolii, (anthracnose), Pseudopeziza medicaginis, P. jonesii, Leptosphaerulina briosiana, Stemphylium spp., Uromyces striatus (rust), Peronospora trifoliorum (downy mildew), Phoma medicaginis (spring black stem and leafspot), Ascochyta imperfecta (leafspot), Sclerotinia trifoliorum (stem rot), Fusarium spp., and Phytophthora megasperma (root rot). Bacterial wilt, caused by Corynebacterium insidiosum, is one of the most destructive alfalfa diseases. Virus diseases include: Alfalfa mosaic, Lucerne mosaic, Yellow-green stripe mosaic, Rugose leaf-curl and Witches broom virus of lucerne. Parasitic plants attacking alfalfa include: Orobanche lutea, Cuscuta australis, C. arvensis, C. campestris, C. chinensis, C. epithymum, C. gronovii, C. indecora, C. pentagona, C. planiflora, C. racemosa, C. suaveolens, and C. trifolia.. Nematodes attacking alfalfa are numerous and belong to several genera. Some are found in the roots, while others are only found in the soil near the roots. Stem-nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) cause much damage; the cultivars, 'Lahontan' and 'Washoe' are resistant to stem nematodes. Among important insect pests of alfalfa are the following: alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica), to which there are some resistant cultivars; spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata), and pea aphid (Acrythosiphon pisum), to both of which there are resistant cultivars; Potato leafhopper causing alfalfa yellows (Empoasca fabae) and meadow spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius). Lygus bugs, seed chalcids and alfalfa weevils are most harmful to seed production. About 10 years ago, this most valuable of common hay crops had an estimated hectarage of 33 million, the USA, USSR, and Argentina producing another 20%, alfalfa accounts for ca 60% of total US hay tonnage.

Chemical Analysis of Biomass Fuels

Analysing 62 kinds of biomass for heating value, Jenkins and Ebeling (1985) reported a spread of 18.45 to 17.36 MJ/kg, compared to 13.76 for weathered rice straw to 23.28 MJ/kg for prune pits. On a % DM basis, the seed straw contained 72.60% volatiles, 7.25% ash, 20.15% fixed carbon, 46.76% C, 5.40% H, 40.72% O, 1.00% N, 0.02% S, 0.03% Cl, and undetermined residue.

Complete list of references for Duke, Handbook of Energy Crops
Last update Wednesday, January 7, 1998 by aw


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Navy Aviation Structural Mechanic

The AM and AME Ratings

Aviation Structural Mechanic (AM/AME) rating insignia

First known as the Aviation Metalsmith rating when it was established in 1921, it later evolved into the current Aviation Structural Mechanic (AM) rating in 1948. The rating branched into three main components, AMS(Structures), AMH(Hydraulics), and AME(Safety Equipment). On March 1, 2001, according to NAVADMIN 153/00, the AMS and AMH versions of the rating merged into the single, current AM rating. AME remains unchanged.

The Aviation Structural Mechanic (AM), maintains all aircraft main and auxiliary hydraulic power systems, actuating subsystems and landing gear. Responsible for maintenance on the aircraft fuselage (mainframe) wings airfoils, and associated fixed and movable surfaces and flight controls.

The Aviation Structural Mechanic - Safety Equipment (AME), maintains and repairs utility systems throughout the aircraft. They work on systems such as air conditioning, heating, pressurization and oxygen, plus multiple safety devices.

Aviation Structural Mechanic (AM) "A" school is approximately nine weeks long, and school is located in Pensacola, Florida.

Aviation Structural Mechanic, Safety Equipment (AME) "A" school is approximately nine weeks long, and it is located in Pensacola, Florida. The AME rating requires a 60 month (5 year) service obligation.

Aviation Structural Mechanic - (AM)

Aviation Structural Mechanics remove, repair and replace hydraulic system pumps, auxiliary power systems and unit actuating subsystems. They maintain aircraft landing gear systems, brakes and related pneumatic systems, reservoir pressurization, emergency actuating devices, pumps, valves, regulators, cylinders, lines and fittings; service pressure accumulators, emergency air bottles, oleo struts, reservoirs and master brake cylinders, and inspect, remove and replace components of hydraulic systems.

AM's Replace gaskets, packing, and wipers in hydraulic components, and remove, repair and replace aircraft fuselage, wings, fixed and movable surfaces, airfoils, regular seats, wheels and tires, controls and mechanisms. They remove, install and rig aircraft flight control surfaces; fabricate and assemble metal components and make minor repairs to aircraft skin, and install rivets and metal fasteners and fabricate repairs for composite components. They are responsible for performing non-destructive dye penetrant inspections (NDI), and they perform daily, preflight, post-flight and other periodic aircraft inspections.

Aviation Structural Mechanic Safety Equipment - (AME)

The duties performed by AMEs include Maintain the various aircraft systems such as seat and canopy ejection (egress), gaseous and liquid oxygen, life raft ejection, fire extinguishing, air conditioning, cabin and cockpit heat, pressurization, ventilation. They remove and install oxygen system valves, gauges, converters and regulators, and inspect, remove, install and rig ejection seats, shoulder harnesses, lap belts and face-curtain mechanisms. AMEs also perform daily, preflight, post flight and other periodic aircraft inspections.

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Qualifications, Interests, and Working Environment

Aviation Structural Mechanics require an orientation toward tools and equipment should possess manual dexterity and be physically fit. They must be able to keep records, have a knack for getting along well with other people and work as part of a team. The ability to do repetitive tasks and perform detailed work is also helpful.

Vision must correct to 20/20. Must have full field of vision. Must have normal depth perception and color perception. Members of this rate are not required to be citizens of the United States.

Aviation Structural Mechanics may be assigned to sea or shore duty any place in the world, so their working environment varies considerably. They may work in hangars or hangar decks, or outside on flight decks or flight lines at air stations. A high noise level is a normal part of their work environment. AM's work closely with others, do mostly physical work and require little supervision. AM's may also serve as flight engineers aboard certain aircraft. AM AME ASVAB Test requirements.

Credit Recommendations

The American Council on Education recommends that semester hour credits be awarded in the vocational certificate or lower-division bachelor's/associate degree categories for airframe structure repair courses taken in these ratings.

Date Page Modified: October 20, 2015.

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Need a hot meal? Hundreds of options exist. Foodline can provide callers with the locations of food pantries and soup kitchens throughout Franklin County where they can go to get a hot meal or as much as a three-day supply of food.

HandsOn Central Ohio assesses callers individual needs, including distance from pantry, time of day and any special dietary needs, to determine the best location for each caller.

Call (614-341-2282) for any pantry OR chat or text us (614-702-7772) for select Southside, Franklinton/Hilltop or North Linden pantries Mon-Fri 8 am-4 pm.


CH2 My Eco City

My Utopian Eco City - Chapter Two Summary of the Concept

 The Rationale

These Eco Solutions will Save Billions, revive the economy, eliminate unemployment and reforms democracy in a new Eco socio-economic system that is fairer for the poorest of the societies.

"Whenever there is a will, there is a way - let's try it the Eco way"

The primary purpose of the Eco solutions is to build a self-sufficient, sustainable Eco City with surrounding businesses and industries that employ the younger generation, lone parents, and able pensioners. This boost in employment can save billions on social welfare systems whilst generate valuable tax revenue that bridges the gap between the country's revenue and its public spending, increasing our positive GDP growth.

 Initially, a forward-thinking local authority can initiate a sample project as a proof of concept using available public land for thousands of citizens, who are on the housing waiting list, and interested to participate in volunteering efforts to build the Eco City model. Once the pilot is successfully established, a large Eco city of 1 million houses can be built, or if it is too big, then it can be split into four Eco Cities in four major counties complementary to each other as one logical design. Volunteers from all walks of life would help to build the Eco cities, and especially the unemployed who will eventually own a stake in the Eco City or move to it.

 The objective of this model is to save 70% of public spending on the unemployed and to create a great potential to save 100% on housing and social protection, in addition to generating tax revenue from employment and successful new Eco industries. This proposed model may look simple, but behind it, is a complex design on how an Eco society can live better and spend less in a new socio-economic system.

 Currently, the social benefits for a couple with two children are around £300 a week for housing, with an additional £300 a week for living costs and other benefits. The total cost is about £2600 a month in London area and may be more. Recently, the benefits capped to £2000in London area, but this is still four times more than it would be in the Eco City. Meanwhile, there are 5 million claimants for housing benefits, including pensioners and the cost of the welfare bill is rising to 150 billion, which will eventually bankrupt the country if no tax revenue compensates or an efficient socio-economic system created for the unemployed to spend less, live better and try to become an income generator instead of taxpayer consumer.

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Workplace Communication

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Organize your smartphone apps in one fell swoop ... Create a positive impression with voice mail ... Make a not-to-do list.
Whenever groups of people work closely together, conflict is sure to arise. However, there are ways to negotiate peacefully and calmly to ensure both sides are heard, writes blogger Tim Schurrer, who suggests adhering to the 3 A’s of conflict negotiation.
Write it right ... say it right ... spell it right.
Rather than using the 15 minutes before your presentation to stress and fret, follow these tips to prepare mentally.
Humor can be a positive force if it’s used to entertain, provide optimism in the face of adversity or relieve tension, writes Manfred Kets de Vries, INSEAD distinguished professor of leadership development and organizational change. But if humor comes from a place of ridicule or malicious intent, it can quickly become hurtful.
When you work in a field that involves a lot of communication and collaboration, you can expect plenty of calls from co-workers each day. But if they don’t leave a message or follow up with an email, are you expected to call them back?
As organizations transition to electronic medical records and deal with the upcoming coding conversion from ICD-9 to ICD-10, they’re looking for coding and health information management professionals as well. Here are three more health care admin roles for you to consider.


Rory Gallagher

Rory Gallagher

William Rory Gallagher (/'r??ri? 'gæl?h?r/ GAL-?-h?r; 2 March 1948  – 14 June 1995) was an Irish blues-rock multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader. Born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, and raised in Cork, Gallagher recorded solo albums throughout the 1970s and 1980s, after forming the band Taste during the late 1960s. He was a talented guitarist known for his charismatic performances and dedication to his craft. Gallagher's albums have sold in excess of 30 million copies worldwide. Gallagher received a liver transplant in 1995, but died of complications later that year in London, UK at the age of 47.Gallagher's StratocasterGallagher was always associated with his well-worn sunburst 1961 Stratocaster (Serial Number 64351), which his brother Donal has officially retired.It was reputedly the first in Ireland, and was ordered from Fender by Jim Connolly, a showband member performing with The Irish Showband. Connolly ordered a cherry red Stratocaster through Crowley's music shop in Cork in 1961. When Fender shipped a sunburst Stratocaster instead, it was put up on sale in 1963 as a second-hand instrument, which Gallagher bought in August 1963 for just shy of £100 at Crowley's Music Store on Cork's McCurtain Street. Speaking about Gallagher's purchase of the famous Stratocaster his brother Donal recalled: "His dream ambition was to have a guitar like Buddy Holly... This Stratocaster was in the store as a used instrument, it was 100 pounds... in today's money you couldn't even compare you might as well say it was a million pounds... my mother was saying we'll be in debt for the rest of our lives and Rory said well actually with a guitar like this I can play both parts, rhythm and lead, we won't need a rhythm player so I can earn more money and pay it off so the Stratocaster became his partner for life if you like." The guitar was extensively modified by Gallagher. The tuning pegs are odd (5 Sperzel pegs and one Gotoh), and all of these have been found to be replacements. Second, it is thought that the nut has been replaced and interchanged a number of times. Third, the scratchplate was changed during Gallagher's time with Taste.The pick-ups — none of which are original — were also changed. The final modification was that of the wiring: Gallagher disconnected the bottom tone pot and rewired it so he had just a master tone control along with the master volume control. He also installed a 5-way selector switch in place of the vintage 3-way one.The most notable effect that the years of touring have had on the guitar is the almost complete removal of its original sunburst finish. Although the Strat was left abandoned in a rainy ditch for days after being stolen from the back of a tour van in Dublin, this is not believed to have caused any ill effect. All of the wear was caused by Rory's playing, not misuse. A borrowed Telecaster was also stolen at the same time but never recovered. When the Strat was recovered after two weeks, Gallagher swore he would never sell it or paint it after that.It also had a period of time of having a replacement neck, with the original neck bowing due to the amount of moisture it absorbed during continuous touring. The neck was taken off and left to settle, and was eventually reunited with the Strat after returning to its correct shape. Other quirks include a 'hump' in the scratch plate which moves the neck pick-up closer to the neck on the bass side, and a replacement of all of the pick-ups, though this replacement was due to damage rather than the perception of a tonal inadequacy.One final point of interest is that one of the clay double-dot inlays at the 12th fret fell out and was replaced with a plastic one, which is why it is whiter than the other clay inlays.On Friday the 21st and Saturday 22 October 2011, Rory's brother Donal brought the guitar out of retirement to allow Joe Bonamassa to perform with it on his two nights at the London Hammersmith Apollo. Joe opened both night's performances with his rendition of "Cradle Rock" using Rory's Stratocaster. Photos and video of the performance can be seen on the official Rory Gallagher website.Rory's biographer Marcus Connaughton believes the Strat was the key to Rory's sound. Rory could talk about it all night. ‘It's dated November 1961 – in certain people's opinions this is when Fender hit their peak. I like the maple neck. Like on the earlier guitars, they’re probably a bit more crisp, but there's a warmth to this, a mellowness because of the rosewood neck. This is the best, it's my life, this is my best friend. It's almost like knowing its weak spots are strong spots. I don’t like to get sentimental about these things, but when you spend thirty years of your life with the same instrument it's like a walking memory bank of your life there in your arms.’Amplifiers and effectsGallagher used various makes and models of amplifiers during his career. In general, however, he preferred smaller 'combo' amplifiers to the larger, more powerful 'stacks' popular with rock and hard rock guitarists. To make up for the relative lack of power on stage, he would often link several different combo amps together.When Gallagher was with Taste, he used a single Vox AC30 with a Dallas Rangemaster treble booster plugged into the 'normal' input. Examples of this sound can be heard on the Taste albums, as well as the album Live in Europe. Brian May, of the band Queen, has admitted in interviews that as a young man, he was inspired to use a Vox AC30 and treble booster setup after meeting Gallagher and asking him how he got his sound. The British company, Flynn Amps, now makes a Rory Gallagher Signature Hawk Treble Booster pedal based on Gallagher's original unit. Gallagher also used Ibanez Tube Screamers, an MXR Dyna Comp, and various Boss effects, often using a Flanger and Octaver.In the early to mid-1970s, Gallagher began to use Fender amplifiers in conjunction with a Hawk booster, most notably a Bassman and a Twin, both 1950s vintage. An example of this sound can be heard on the Irish Tour '74 album. He also had a Fender Concert amplifier.In the mid to late 1970s, when Gallagher was moving towards a hard rock sound, he experimented with Ampeg VT40 and VT22 amps. He also began using Marshall combos. During this period and beyond, Gallagher used different combinations of amps on stage to achieve more power and to blend the tonal characteristics of different amps including Orange amplification.On the introduction of the BOSS ME-5 all-in-one floor based FX unit, Rory was known to have been an early adopter and used it readily it for his live work up until his death in mid 90s.Not that well known is his use of various German amplifiers. He used Stramp 2100a amps, which can be seen in his appearances on the German Beat Club program. Another company that hand built amplifiers for Gallagher was PCL Vintage Amp. The company is located in St. Wendel in the Saarland and they still produce high quality audio and guitar equipment.DeathIn the later years of his life Gallagher developed a phobia of flying. To overcome this he received a prescription for a powerful sedative. This medication, combined with his alcohol use resulted in severe liver damage. Despite this he continued touring. By the time of his final performance on 10 January 1995 in the Netherlands, he was visibly sick and the tour had to be cancelled. Gallagher was admitted to King's College Hospital in London in March 1995, and it was only then that the extent of his ill health became apparent: his liver was failing and the doctors determined that in spite of his young age a liver transplant was the only possible course of action. After 13 weeks in intensive care, while waiting to be transferred to a convalescent home, his health suddenly worsened when he contracted a staphylococcal (MRSA) infection, and he died on 14 June 1995. He was unmarried and had no children.Gallagher was buried in St Oliver's Cemetery, on the Clash Road just outside Ballincollig near Cork City, Ireland. His headstone is a replica of an award he received in 1972 for International Guitarist of the Year.LegacyIn 2003, Wheels Within Wheels, a collection of acoustic tracks, was released posthumously by Gallagher's brother Donal Gallagher. Collaborators on this album included Bert Jansch, Martin Carthy, The Dubliners and Lonnie Donegan.Many modern day musicians, including The Edge from U2, Slash of Guns N' Roses, Johnny Marr of the Smiths, Davy Knowles, Janick Gers of Iron Maiden, Glenn Tipton of Judas Priest, Vivian Campbell of Def Leppard, Gary Moore and Joe Bonamassa, cite Gallagher as an inspiration in their formative musical years.Brian May, lead guitarist of Queen, relates: "so these couple of kids come up, who's me and my mate, and say 'How do you get your sound Mr. Gallagher?' and he sits and tells us. So I owe Rory Gallagher my sound." In 2010, Gallagher was ranked No. 42 on's List of their Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. Gallagher was also listed on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, ranked at 57th place.TributesOn 25 October 1997 a tribute sculpture to Gallagher was unveiled in the newly renamed Rory Gallagher Place (formerly St. Paul's St. Square) in his hometown of Cork. The sculptor was a childhood friend of Gallagher, Geraldine Creedon. The two grew up together in the McCurtain Street area of the city. The band who played at the unveiling of the statue was the Dave McHugh band, who formed Ireland's first tribute to Gallagher, 'Aftertaste' in 1995.There is a Rory Gallagher Corner at Meeting House Square in Temple Bar, Dublin, where a life-size bronze statue in the shape of his Stratocaster has been installed. Some of those who attended the unveiling include The Edge of U2 and the Lord Mayor of Dublin.In 2004 the Rory Gallagher Music Library was opened in Cork.In 2006 a plaque was unveiled at the Ulster Hall in Belfast.A street in Ris-Orangis, a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, was renamed Rue Rory Gallagher.New York City-based Celtic rock band Black 47 paid tribute to Rory Gallagher on their 1996 major-label release, "Green Suede Shoes." The track titled "Rory" features vocalist/guitarist Larry Kirwan delivering a passionate and heart-felt tribute to Rory Gallagher's talent and unrealised stardom.Flynn Amps manufacture a Rory Gallagher signature Hawk pedal, cloned from Gallagher's 1970s pedal.On 2 June 2010, a life-sized bronze statue of Gallagher was unveiled in the town centre of Ballyshannon. An award-winning annual Blues festival is held in his honour at the same location.

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This town's name has its origins in the famous baths and thermal waters, well known back in Roman times. The town is just 58 kilometres from the city of Granada. It is set in beautiful mountainous surroundings, with charming white houses, impressive as they cling to the side of a steep gorge. The town's interesting historic monuments are the legacy of the different cultures that have passed through Andalusia over the ages. Attracted by the fame of its waters, they settled in the town of Alhama. Many historic marks have been left in Alhama de Granada: from the Roman bridge (1st century BC) that leads to the thermal springs, to the intricate layout of the Moorish quarter, where you can still see the Torresolana watchtower and the Granary, an old synagogue dating from the 13th century.

You can also see buildings from the Christian period such as Santa María de la Encarnación Church, the Inquisition House, La Reina Hospital and the Caño Wamba fountain. The Moorish baths, of course, are not to be missed, with their Caliphal-style arches and vaults. They are within the Spa Resort. The track that leads to them is very attractive, running through gardens in a picturesque river gorge.

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Addition and subtraction

In the 3rd grade, you learned to subtract multi-digit numbers. This includes subtraction through regrouping (sometimes known as "borrowing"). This tutorial will give you practice doing this with even larger numbers. Have fun! Common Core Standard: 4.NBT.B.4


50 CFR 11.16 - Final administrative decision.

§ 11.16 Final administrative decision.

(a) Where no request for a hearing is filed as provided in § 11.15 the Director's assessment shall become effective and shall constitute the final administrative decision of the Secretary on the 45th calendar day from the date of the notice of assessment.

(b) If a request for a hearing is timely filed in accordance with § 11.15, the date of the final administrative decision in the matter shall be as provided in subpart C of this part.


The Short Management Lifecycle

Article Summary:

Every manager has a story to tell. Find out how one management professional tackles a fictional dilemma. The story may be made up, but the solutions are tried and true. In this installment, Patrick Bailey tells the harrowing tale of a skilled technician-turned-manager who finds himself in a sticky situation with his CEO.


Connected spaces: the next step for the internet of things

Two men using Xbox Kinect.

Connected spaces can truly change the way we interact with our world. As the intersection between the digital and the physical continues to blur, our environments could really start to create more accurate, engaging and useful experiences. Buildings detecting our presence, querying our phones for details we want to publicly share, tapping into public services and welcoming us with the right information. Stores could completely change the way they serve their customers. Restaurants could provide the correct menus to people according to their diet preferences or known allergies.

Here is where the power of information and data will make a real difference. Adaptive environments will be able to retrieve and use contextual, relevant, timely and accurate information to interact with us. Spaces will adapt to people, from groups to individuals, contextually and appropriately. The experience a brand can provide to their consumers from this angle exceeds anything that we currently have through the digital screen and the mobile device. A good example of this approach is 2014 Coachella Music Festival, where Spotify partnered with organisers to create connected space experience with the #WeWereThere campaign.

Connected spaces will rely on a myriad of connectivity protocols, platforms and technologies. Native applications, web experiences, lighting, sound, environment, architecture – all will be a part of the connected experience. As a result, agencies and brands will need to diversify and work with interdisciplinary teams across different environments, platforms and technologies.

IoT is a fundamental part of this process, but it’s just the medium to connect and exchange information. The true disruption is when spaces become connected and adaptive, and allow us to interact with them through many different ways.

The question is: are brands and agencies ready to take on the challenge and create the next generation of digital experiences?

Anthony Baker is associate technical director at R/GA London

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A Puerto Rican default: Its effect on the municipal bond market

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Part 6
A Puerto Rican default: Its effect on the municipal bond market PART 6 OF 9

Must-know analysis: Is Puerto Rico another Detroit in the making?

The chart below shows the debt amounts outstanding for certain U.S. municipalities at the time of their bankruptcy. Puerto Rico, though cannot declare a bankruptcy, is under a debt of $70 billion.Must-know analysis: Is Puerto Rico another Detroit in the making?

Puerto Rico’s current situation does remind us of the time Detroit had filed for bankruptcy. Both share certain common characteristics in terms of the financial situation they landed themselves into. However, the key difference between them remains—Detroit, the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, could file a bankruptcy, while Puerto Rico, being a U.S. territory, cannot declare bankruptcy, even though it may be treated like a state.

Till date, Detroit’s filing for Chapter 9 bankruptcy on July 18, 2013 is the largest municipal bankruptcy in the American history.

The decline or recovery of a municipality is directly reflected in the performance of funds that are invested into it. The iShares National AMT-Free Muni Bond ETF (MUB) tracks the performance of the investment-grade segment of the U.S. municipal bond market through its underlying index. One may also want to compare the performance of the municipal funds vis-à-vis corporate bond funds like the iShares iBoxx $ Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETF (LQD), which tracks the performance of 600 highly liquid investment grade corporate bonds, including General Electric (GE), Verizon Communications (VZ), and Apple (AAPL).

The commonalities

At the time of its bankruptcy, the city of Detroit had just 9,700 workers, yet it had 21,000 retirees drawing pensions. The city had unfunded pension liabilities of $3.5 billion. This is quite similar to Puerto Rico, which has a large proportion of retirees leading to an amount equivalent to $36 billion in unfunded pension obligations. The commonwealth is currently rebalancing these obligations to make ends meet.

Detroit’s unemployment had tripled in 2012 compared to 2000, with a whopping 18.3% as of June, 2012. This was more than double the national average, at that time. Puerto Rico is also facing an unemployment rate, as high as 15.4%, along with intellectual capital leaving the island in search of better jobs.

Public debt

Detroit’s long-term debt was estimated to be between $18 billion and $20 billion. Puerto Rico has a $70 billion amount in public debt, which has recently been downgraded to junk level by S&P.

In 2012, Detroit had the highest violent crime rate of any U.S. city with a population over 200,000. The overall crime rate was five times the national average. Similarly, Puerto Rico is currently facing a situation where, due to the rising cost of living, pervasive crime is on the rise.

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While the demand and price for local grains continues to soar in the Upper Southeast, for the most part long-term average yields of corn and other grain crops remain steady at best and in the case of corn, in some states, actually have declined over the past 10 years.

The biggest cause for the lack of growth in grain yields is clearly highly fluctuating weather patterns over the past decade or so.

Despite a lack of control of the weather, some contend the answer to improved and sustainable yields is providing water to the crop when it needs it the most.

Check current corn futures prices

There are a number of reasons why growers don’t irrigate crops in the Southeast, but irrigation specialists contend modern technology and financial flexibility have for the most part overcome these long-standing taboos.

The onset of transgenic crops and other production variables have pushed the average size of farming operations across the region up over the past decade.

What used to be an average size grain operation at the turn of the century is now small by comparison.

Despite so many growers increasing the total acreage they farm, the region is still predominantly made up of small fields, many of them with varying topography, shape and soil types.

Mike Mills, Southeast territory manager for Reinke Irrigation says GPS technology, optional equipment on existing irrigation systems and new technology on new equipment all play a part of solving the problem of small and irregular shaped fields.

For a grower with a couple thousand acres of grain cropland, made up of a hundred or so small, irregular shaped fields, there are several options for putting these areas under irrigation. However, Mills says, the first question to ask is, do I have water available? The second question is how affordable is this water?

“We have design technology available now that doesn’t require that a center pivot system, for example, use the full circle. These systems can be designed to use a part of the circle and adapt to different shapes of fields to fit into the design,” Mills says.

Mills adds that having fields scattered out over a large geographic area is no longer a problem. Reinke for example, can place one telemetry system and work off it for up to 15 miles.

Typically, a dealer will do a path study and determine what type equipment is needed based on the terrain. In some parts of the country, it may be possible to extend that distance to 150 miles.

Systems can fit Southeast conditions

“Too many growers seem to think they have to have a Midwest-like topography to make irrigation work. We have systems that handle up an 18 percent slope — which is a significant slope.

“The bottom line is with today’s technology small, irregular shaped fields, with up and down slopes are not a reason to not use irrigation,” Mills says.

How small is too small for irrigation? Scotty Dunaway co-owner of Georgia-based Wescott Irrigation, says small fields are a reality of farming in the Southeast.

Dryland production is another reality, and along with dryland production comes a high risk of weather-related yield losses.

“If a grower, for example, has a 60 acre field, and wants to grow double-crop soybeans and wheat in rotation with corn, over a period of years his yield potential is going to be limited.

“He may make good yields one year and average or less the next year, but overall, his yield potential is limited,” Dunaway says.

“Year in and year out, we see 100 bushel per acre increase in corn yield — some years less and in some drought years considerably more.

“In soybeans, 50-60 bushel per acre crops are common and higher yields not uncommon in irrigated fields.

“Wheat yields are typically less influenced by lack of moisture, but in some years having water to plant is critical,” Dunaway adds.

“Unless there are some really unusual circumstances, the cost of putting irrigation in that 60 acre field will be around $60,000. “Conservatively, on decent land, a grower should see at least an 80 bushel per acre increase in corn production and 20 bushels per acre in soybeans.

“At today’s prices, or even close to today’s prices, and using only additional yield, the grower could easily pay off the price of an irrigation system in 3-4 years,” he says.

Cost is most common drawback

Current costs $100-$150 per acre

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Donald Fagen Net Worth is$15 Million
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Profession: Songwriter | Singer | Keyboard player | Keytarist | Musician | Film Score Composer
Date of Birth: Jan 10, 1948
Nicknames: Donald Fagan, Fagen, Donald, Donald Jay Fagen
Height: 1.791 m
Ethnicity: Jewish people
Country: United States of America
Fagen is known for his use of jazz harmonies, elaborate arrangements and attention to detail. Following the initial breakup of Steely Dan in 1981, he launched a long-running, if sporadic, solo career in 1982, spawning four albums to date. The fourth album, Sunken Condos, was released on October 16, 2012. In 1993, Fagen and Becker reunited and have since toured and released albums as Steely Dan.
Fagen was born in Passaic, New Jersey, on January 10, 1948 to Joseph "Jerry" Fagen, an accountant and his wife Elinor. From the age of 12 to 17, Elinor sang in a hotel band in upstate New York's Catskill Mountains until bouts of stage fright (a condition her son would later be afflicted with) forced her to discontinue performing live. Fagen would later recall: "I can't ever remember when there was silence around the house. She was either playing records or singing."
Around 1958, the Fagen family moved from Passaic first to the suburb of Fair Lawn, and then quickly moved and settled into a ranch-style house in the Kendall park section of South Brunswick, New Jersey. The transition greatly upset Donald: he detested living in the suburbs. He would later recall to an interviewer that it "was like a prison. I think I lost faith in [my parents'] judgment... It was probably the first time I realised I had my own view of life." His life in Kendall Park would later inspire tracks on his album The Nightfly.
In the late 1950s, Fagen became interested in rock and R&B music; his first record purchase being Chuck Berry's "Reelin' and Rockin'". Around age 11, after receiving musical recommendations from a cousin and attending the Newport Jazz Festival, he quickly became a self-declared "jazz snob. I lost interest in rock n' roll and started developing an anti-social personality." Fagen would

Donald Fagen Net Worth, 4.4 out of 5 based on 7 ratings

Donald Fagen Latest News

VA – The Cover Art Of Blue Note Vol. 02 (2006)

Bob Belden Featuring Dianne Reeves – Wrapped Around Your Finger (Sting) 08. Jackie Allen – Do Wrong Shoes (Donald Fagen) 09. Brisa Roche – Dans Le Vert De Ses Yeux (Adamo) 10. Marc Jordan – Almost Blue (Elvis Costello) 11. Charlie Hunter & Pound ...
Posted: August 27, 2016, 7:02 pm

Grammy winner Michael McDonald comes to Beaver Creek, Aug. 27

Recently, he and cohorts Donald Fagen and Boz Scaggs and an 11-piece soul super group, released their first live DVD. As for future collaborations, McDonald said English electronica, alternative indie rock artist Imogene Heap is on his short list.
Posted: August 26, 2016, 4:13 pm

Naturally, playing in Arkansas makes Helm feel at home

And I also learned quite a bit from my mom, (singer-songwriter) Libby Titus, and my step-dad, Donald Fagen, of Steely Dan." Besides her headlining, she has also toured as an opening act for Mavis Staples and Patty Griffin, and there have been shows with Dr ...
Posted: August 25, 2016, 12:26 am
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