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Antonio Mugica [Smartmatic/YouTube]

Antonio Mugica is the CEO of Smartmatic, a London-based company working in the field of electronic voting and internet voting. He spoke to EurActiv’s Laurens Cerulus.

Which countries in Europe are moving forward in the field of electronic voting?

In Europe, Belgium is one of our largest and most important customers. Actually, the last elections we ran and supported were the European Parliament elections in May, for Belgium. At the same time, we ran a pilot in Bulgaria that is looking into bringing in technology and innovation in elections and we’re looking into bringing in technology and integrity into the election process.

Key words for us are bringing efficiency and transparency to government. In the election market, why would countries bring in technological advancement in elections often still done on paper? Because it increases integrity, it increases security.

But in addition to that, it makes voting more accessible. More people can vote, in an easier way, in a more convenient way. And it brings the cost of running elections down and the speed of running them up. And lastly, it is a lot greener as most paper-based elections.

In Estonia, over 30% of voters cast their ballot via the internet in the European elections in May.

Right now, the internet voting system in Estonia already has about ten years of experience. So they have been investing in research and experimenting and growing their internet voting system for the past ten years.

Do you see this system of online voting, from home, expanding to other countries soon?

Internet voting is something that we are now beginning to offer to our customers. We made an investment into internet voting for Estonia. Estonia is the most successful internet voting experience we’ve seen in the world. We can take this experience and make this available to the rest of the world.

Now, internet voting has certain challenges in itself, which are completely different from traditional voting. The most persistent one has to do with online identity. How can you verify that someone online is really the person he is said to be? It’s not only a problem for internet voting, but also for bank transactions or booking services; it is a general challenge.

We’re also not betting or claiming that everyone will start voting online to elect their government, by next week. That’s not what we’re after. We want to offer an additional channel of voting, next to going to a polling station.

There are specific situations in which voting on the internet – using a system like the Estonian one – is extremely powerful. That would include absentee voting, military voting and even postal voting. It is natural replacement for those, not necessarily for all of the votes.

Does it have an impact on the outcome of the vote?

In the case of Estonia, I don’t think there has been a major political impact. It’s just an additional channel. I think a lot of studies are beginning to be made that want to look at the political impact, for instance on voter turnout, voter favourability or even benefits for one or the other side of the spectrum.

There is a lot of additional study that needs to be made – there is no robust study that points to what happens. The benefits are obvious and self-evident, but this aspect of political impact still needs to be scrutinised.

Would you say it is easier to introduce in developing countries, rather than developed, European countries?

I think the challenge is different but the complexity is the same. In developing countries there is usually a clearer understanding of increasing the integrity of the elections. For the general population it is perceived as a good thing. But in more developed markets, like Western Europe, technology is seen with a little bit more skepticism. The discussion is more focused on additional costs and making it more green.

How do you see voting and voting technology develop further, perhaps in the coming decades?

Well, one issue that is very relevant now has to do with the quality and the shape of citizen participation in the political process. I think we changed from an industrial socio-economic era to an informational socio-economic era. In any change, technology comes first, economic activity next, but the political organisation of the world also changes afterwards.

So I think we’re kind of in an early stage of an evolution of democracy as it has been understood since the industrial revolution. We’ll see more citizen participation; we’ll see a lot of new tools and new technologies that will engage citizens in the democratic process in ways that seem unimaginable right now.

I think we’re going to see very exciting things happening in this field, in the coming years.


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CONTENTdm is the digital collection management system Middlebury uses to house and provide online access to an ever-growing portion of the College Archives, as well as several other collections and projects.


Heading into 2016, Russian foreign policy is arguably more unpredictable than at any time in the post-Cold War period. There are several key factors, though, that continue to influence the future trajectory of Russian diplomacy.

President Vladimir Putin, right, and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov during their meeting with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas in the Novo-Ogaryovo residence. Photo: RIA Novosti

For a very different take read: "7 trends for Russian foreign policy you need to know"

After October’s Valdai Discussion in Sochi, Ivan Timofeev wrote a succinct assessment of the latest trends in Russian foreign policy. Indeed, after the annexation of Crimea, the conflict in Ukraine, a downward spiral of sanctions, and Russia's latest intervention in Syria, it is no simple task to identify clear patterns of behavior.

One challenge is separating the old from the truly new, and the signal from the noise. That is, Russia's foreign policy today comes with an assortment of information packaging, symbolism, and features that make the actual decision-making process opaque. This, in and of itself, is a new trend, the challenge of separating actual vectors of Russian foreign policy from those promoting the brand of leadership, and understanding their relative importance. Below is a reflection and addition to Timofeev's noteworthy list.

#1: Military power

Russia will continue using military power as the most trusted means of achieving political ends. Unlike the West, which walked away from the past "decade of war," learning that military power translates poorly into desired political ends states abroad, Moscow has learned the opposite lessons from recent history.

From the Second Chechen War, to the Russia-Georgia War, Crimea and Eastern Ukraine, Moscow has relied heavily the use of military force to secure political objectives. This is a reflection of the limited repertoire of Russia's national power toolkit, that is, its economic, diplomatic, and informational capabilities are quite weak, and if anything, even weaker since the confrontation with the West.

#2: Zero-sum game

Timofeev identifies Russia's approach to its periphery as now a zero-sum game. However, this was already the case, precisely why Russia reacted with force in Ukraine. The notion that Russia has privileged or special interests in its periphery is a historical vector of Russian foreign policy. The question is, what does this mean in practical terms today?

If the line in the sand was around Ukraine, it is now across it. Both sides will settle into the mid- to long term game for Ukraine's future, where they have equal chances of success. Meanwhile, Russia will eye nervously its influence in the rest of the post-Soviet space.

Here, Moscow will spend far less time fighting Western intrusion, and far more dealing with instability, political transitions, terrorism and economic failure.  Ultimately, Russia is likely to become far more nervous and even rash in response to any perceived deterioration of position.

#3: The new normal?

With the previous framework of engagement with the West now gone, Russia will no doubt try to float several ideas to find new rules of interaction with Western "partners," or a new normal. Such proposals, which were previously made after the Russia-Georgia War, will be dead on arrival.

However, Russia will try to pull itself out of political isolation by the West through gambits such as Syria, and look for other areas to force recognition and cooperation from the U.S. in particular. Afghanistan could represent the next point of conflict, less out of a desire for stability and more out of a need to find another plane of interaction with the U.S.

Moscow will search for the answers to the consequences of its rift with the West outside of Europe, but always with an eye to what troubles it most, sanctions, and the absence of any stable normal in relations.

#4: Europe first

The U.S. no longer sees Moscow as a potential partner under Russian President Vladimir Putin, but does evaluate it as a greater threat, meriting a firmer hand. This adversarial relationship may be more familiar for Moscow, but Russia is not the U.S.S.R., and the consequences will prove far less manageable. There will be no “new normal" with the U.S., because Russia will not be forgiven for its transgressions in Ukraine, while as a power, it is still far too weak to make America want to compromise.

That is, the U.S. will not agree to cease democratization (arguably it can't help itself) or settle for a new detente in Europe. Moscow will have to find a way to turn German leadership to its favor, thereby blunting any future U.S. policy of containment and more active pressure. Russia will seek to ameliorate Germany, and repair that relationship. The way back into German graces lies through Ukraine, hence Russia has worked hard over the summer to restore its credibility in seeing the Minsk-2 ceasefire agreement implemented.

#5: The China factor

Russia's relationship with China will ironically mirror its previous interaction with the West, cycles of engagement and disappointment. On the one hand, there is far more substance and economic basis for cooperation there; on the other, as American diplomat and political scientist Henry Kissinger has pointed out, it is not in the two countries' "nature" to be allies.

Hence, Russia will consistently seek more from the relationship than China is willing to confer. Without a real ally in Beijing, and shunned by the West where possible in international institutions, Moscow will turn to new partners from South Korea, Indonesia and Japan, or to others in the Middle East. Perhaps being co-belligerents in Syria will rehabilitate Russian-Iranian relations, while at the same time firmly entrenching Moscow on the Shia side of the sectarian divisions in the region.

#6: Economic considerations

Russia's efforts at economic reform and import substitution will fail, and are already failing. While much depends on the price of oil, which Russia cannot affect, there can be no hope for growth even with strong prices unless financial sanctions are lifted. Russia's political system is simply not configured to leverage an economic crisis into positive transformation, the evidence of this is being presented daily.

Instead of being considerate of or hostage to the dire economic situation, Russia's foreign policy has completely ignored economic costs as necessary and manageable - an unsustainable approach. This was fine as long as the gains in the public perception of the personal brand of Vladimir Putin's leadership were made faster than the accumulation of economic costs at home.

In the near future, Russia's foreign and domestic policy will finally meet each other for the first time in many years. The decision-making style of political decisions first, economic consequences second, will rebalance with domestic considerations becoming much stronger factors in foreign policy.


Sir Brian Pippard

Multi-faceted physicist who found new ways to probe the mysteries of superconductivity

A great low-temperature physicist, mild eccentric, first president of Clare Hall, Cambridge, an innovator in science education, a classical pianist of concert standard and, in his later years, a meticulous and imaginative historian of science: Sir Brian Pippard, who has died aged 88, was all of these and more, for his range of skills and perceptions was exceptional. Colleagues at Cambridge University, where he was Cavendish professor of physics for more than a decade (1971-82) often marvelled at his fantastic memory, for, in its recall of exact detail of data, sequences, names and events, it sometimes seemed to reach beyond the realms of human possibility into the supernatural.

Pippard, whose delight in debate and argument was equally profound (especially when he could claim the victory) declared himself unaware of anything unusual in his gifts of memory. This was almost certainly because a good memory is a prerequisite in a disciplinary sense to good science.

He switched, in his later years, from scientific research into the often demanding administration of innovative postgraduate education in Cambridge. A less well-known role was as an adviser on physics and on the history of physics to Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Pippard was himself deeply involved as a scientific innovator in the unfolding history of modern physics during and after the second world war. He was born in London in 1920 and educated at Clifton college in Bristol. Strangely, when he graduated from Clare College, Cambridge in 1941, he rather reluctantly decided to concentrate his postgraduate studies on chemistry.

The reason was that, although his first love was physics, he then believed the mathematics to be beyond his capabilities. Circumstances decided otherwise. Like many of the brightest wartime graduates, he went directly into military research, which in his case meant the Radar Research and Development Establishment at Great Malvern, the focal point for research in this crucial wartime technology.

There, his work on radar aerials and wave mechanics required him to expand his grasp of the mathematics essential for physics - a skill which, it turned out, had not eluded him at all. The war years therefore provided him with the springboard for a postwar career at Cambridge in experimental and theoretical physics and, ultimately, eminence in low-temperature research. Inevitably he focused on the physics of superconductivity - a subject that had fascinated him since boyhood.

The phenomenon of superconductivity, in which at temperatures close to absolute zero some metals lose all resistance to the flow of an electric current, had been known since the observations by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. Its underlying physics, however, were not understood. (This form of ultra low-temperature superconductivity is now called "conventional" to distinguish it from the phenomenon of "warm" superconductors that were first observed in the 1980s.)

Using microwave techniques, a legacy from his radar work, Pippard developed new ways of probing the electron-flow patterns of working superconductors, an area of research being tackled at this time by other scientists, such as Lev Landau in the Soviet Union.

However, Pippard was among the first to demonstrate that the current flow in superconductors is confined to a thin surface layer, that the superconducting state can be disrupted by a penetrating magnetic field, and that the flowing electrons have the property of "coherence", which means that a very localised and small disturbance produces large-scale effects.

He went on to theorise that metal alloys, or metals containing impurities, would be resistant to breakdown and therefore could be used to produce powerful superconducting magnets. He developed general equations from his laboratory observations, exacting work which provided one of the important building blocks for what is now known as the BCS theory of superconductivity. (BCS derives from the names John Bardeen, Leon N Cooper and Robert Schrieffer, who were awarded the joint Nobel prize for physics in 1972 for their theory, which provides a powerful consistent framework for Pippard's and other scientists' observations.)

With or without the BCS theory, Pippard's work had important practical implications, later extended by his study of the relationship between the basic structures of different metals and the permitted electron flow within them. This broad investigation, again based on penetration by microwaves, triggered parallel research in laboratories throughout the world.

Pippard loved the physics laboratory, much as he loved music. In the laboratory he possessed a natural informality which nevertheless exuded discipline and which fitted absolutely the Cambridge philosophy that individuals are as good as their performance, irrespective of academic status.

Happiest when busy at the bench engineering the gadgetry for a new experiment, he was often seemingly indistinguishable from technicians and students. He believed firmly that, when it came to postgraduate research, the best and most informative training could only come from the integration of the student into an existing research project.

As in earlier decades, this period at the Cavendish attracted many postgraduate students from home and abroad. The new ideas on student integration into existing research teams led to proposals for a new kind of postgraduate college within the colleges. Sir Eric Ashby, then master of Clare College, promoted and enabled this innovation, and the proposal to set up Clare Hall was approved in the mid-1960s.

To many, the most memorable aspect of its opening under Pippard was the need to extend the president's living quarters to create a small concert room to accomodate the essential grand piano. At Clare Hall, at any one time, around 40 visiting postgraduate students live a collegiate life in which individuals are integrated into high-level research teams of their own choice. At its time this was a highly innovative approach in postgraduate science education. It was an immediate success and has since been been adopted and adapted in many centres elsewhere in the world.

Although frequently asked, Pippard served reluctantly on government committees. He was not without humour. He claimed that, on one high-level nuclear technology committee, he and Sir Alan Cottrell (Solly Zuckerman's successor as government chief scientist) regularly competed to see who could say the least.

After his retirement from the Cavendish in 1982, when he became professor emeritus, Pippard turned toward the history of science and spent more time walking the coastal paths of Devon and Cornwall. One eccentricity, carefully argued on economic and resource grounds, was that Pippard, whose father had been a professor of engineering, never owned a car and had no interest in driving.

He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1956 and knighted in 1975. He married Charlotte Dyer in 1955, and they had three daughters; they all survive him. Charlotte, always deeply involved with the needs of scientists engaged in international level research, for some time ran the Society for Visiting Scholars. Pippard himself created a fund which will continue to be used to support graduate students. His enormous enthusiasm for science, which has touched generations, now has a life of its own.

· Alfred Brian Pippard, physicist, born September 7 1920; died September 21 2008

·Anthony Tucker died in 1998


Peek at Energy: 300 Seconds

Without warning three catastrophes have visited Japan that have energy on the minds of the world. Civilization, as we know it, cannot run without fossil fuels. It took billions of years to create them.  Look at this marvelous video that shows 300 YEARS OF FOSSIL FUELS IN 300 SECONDS:


James BishopToday I have the pleasure of interviewing one of my first Internet buddies, James Bishop, who runs the site FindingOptimism.com and writes the Finding Optimism blog which has been voted as one of the top depression blogs by Psych Central. James also is the brainiac behind Optimism Software, a tool to help you track your mood.

Question: Why did you develop the software, James? Was there a certain “Aha!” moment you’d like to share with us, as though you were sitting on the Oprah set?

James: An “Aha!” moment? Yes, I’ve had lots of those.

I was diagnosed with bipolar disorder about 6 years ago, and I started on the difficult path of finding appropriate treatment. At the same time Anna started keeping a paper health journal. In 2004 I took part in a 6-part education course for people with Bipolar, and was introduced for the first time to the concepts of “triggers” and “wellness strategies”. This changed my orientation towards my treatment, from being a passive recipient of medicines to an active participant in my own well-being. While medicine was the backbone of my treatment, I now understood that to really “live well” I needed to make other changes.

I soon became frustrated with the paper journal, and turned to my old friend Excel to manage the data better. Perhaps the biggest “Aha!” was discovering, by looking at the data, that there was a connection between my diet and moods. We later found that I am very sensitive to preservatives and other artificial additives. My mood deteriorates a couple of days after eating culprit foods, and the storm cloud hangs around for about 5 days. It took us a couple of years to spot this pattern in my mood, and we wouldn’t have seen it without the spreadsheet. I thought “wow”, imagine what else people could find using this system.

Since then I’ve found many things that trigger my depression, that help me to recognize a fresh episode is coming, and that help me stay well. All along I’ve felt that anyone else with a mood disorder would benefit from being proactive with tracking their health. So I tossed it around in my mind for a couple of years, and then decided to build the Taj Mahal of mood diaries.

Question: What are five good reasons to track your mood?

James: In a nutshell, the reason for tracking your mood is to learn more about yourself and achieve better health.

1. Triggers and warning signs. By using a mood diary you can monitor the patterns in your life and identify negative influences (or “triggers”) that you need to avoid, and early warning signs that your health is deteriorating.

2. Wellness strategies. A mood diary can help you to find the small things, as well as the big, that help you to stay well. It can show you the impact of the positive strategies that you adopt on your well-being.

3. Planning for health. Optimism is a case in point. It is designed for a person to bring together an understanding of their triggers, early warning signs or symptoms, and wellness strategies. It gives them a better understanding of their health and helps them to develop a plan for remaining well. That is the key. The purpose of a mood diary should be to plan for wellness, not just keep a record of illness.

4. Actively participate. Rather than be a passive recipient of treatment, or just seek treatment in reaction to a new episode, a mood diary can help you to have more involvement in your health and a sense of control. In general people achieve better health outcomes when they educate themselves and are proactive about their health.

5. A health professional’s dream. By keeping a mood diary you can provide your health professional with a precise, detailed history. It removes the problem of memory recall and gives an accurate picture of what has been happening. It gets to the bottom of what is or isn’t working, which helps them to give more relevant, appropriate advice and treatment.

Every person’s illness is different. As I read elsewhere today, “One Size Fits One”. For many people treatment is difficult, a slow process, or not entirely successful. A good mood diary is an effective way to increase the chance of success.


Tens Frame Snap LITE

Tens Frame Snap is an educational card game aimed at early primary aged children.

The object of the game is similar to the game of snap in that children must "snap" pairs of cards, however, unlike normal snap, the cards used are tens-frame cards,

There are three (3) separate modes, each with sub-modes. Each of these game types are available in both Single-Player and Multi-player:

The first mode is Pairs. This plays the same as a regular game of snap, where children must snap if the two cards on the table have the same value. The sub-modes for pairs determine what range of cards will be available.

The second mode is Add. In this mode the children must snap when the two cards on the table add up to the given value. The two sub-modes determine what number children must add up to.

The third mode is Difference. In this mode children must snap when the two cards on the table have a difference that equals the given value. The sub-modes determine what the given value is, three of them being set, and the fourth being random.

The game also gives you the options of customising what cards are available. This way you can change the possible patterns that the children will need to decipher. You can then save your favourite deck layouts to save them for later use.

For the paid version we hope to soon add the ability to upload/download these layouts from an online server, so that you will be able to share your favourite deck layouts with others around the world, and also won't have to manually input deck layouts across multiple devices.

Tags: tens frame

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Synthesis by Jeffrey Bland
“ We need to listen to the patients' story and develop a response to it. The approach to complex syndromes may be much more profound than just trying to point a round peg into a square hole and get a singular diagnosis. ”
Jeffrey S. Bland, PhD

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Tests and diagnosis

By Mayo Clinic Staff

To diagnose your condition and determine the specific type of tachycardia, your doctor will evaluate your symptoms, conduct a physical examination and order several heart tests.

Several tests may be ordered to diagnose tachycardia.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

An electrocardiogram, also called an ECG or EKG, is a primary tool for diagnosing tachycardia.

An ECG uses small sensors (electrodes) attached to your chest and arms to record electrical signals as they travel through your heart. Your doctor can look for patterns among these signals to determine what kind of tachycardia you have and how abnormalities in the heart may be contributing to a fast heart rate.

Your doctor may also ask you to use portable ECG devices at home to provide more information about your heart rate. These devices include:

Electrophysiological test

Your doctor may recommend an electrophysiological test to confirm the diagnosis or to pinpoint the location of problems in your heart's circuitry.

During this test, a doctor inserts thin, flexible tubes (catheters) tipped with electrodes into your groin, arm or neck and guides them through your blood vessels to various spots in your heart. Once in place, the electrodes can precisely map the spread of electrical impulses during each beat and identify abnormalities in your circuitry.

Tilt table test

This test helps your doctor better understand how your tachycardia contributes to fainting spells. Under careful monitoring, you'll receive a medication that causes a tachycardia episode.

You lie flat on a special table, and then the table is tilted as if you were standing up. Your doctor observes how your heart and nervous system respond to these changes in position.

Additional tests

Your cardiologist may order additional tests to diagnose an underlying condition that is contributing to tachycardia and judge the condition of your heart.

May 06, 2014


The Kansan - Newton, KS
  • Planting seeds

    • email print
  • Potatoes, carrots and tomatoes aren't the only things growing in Prairie View's plot at the Sand Creek Community Gardens in North Newton.
    Caley Ortman, a community case manager at the Prairie View office in Newton, has been bringing the children he works with to the garden plot as part of their therapy sessions. He said they learn about planting produce, but they also learn about life and how to grow into better people.
    "At the end of the day, it really isn't about gardening itself," Ortman said. "... There's a lot of lessons you can learn from gardening."
    Ortman works with youth ages 5 to 20, typically conducting therapy sessions after school on a weekly basis. He serves children with a wide variety of needs, helping them to function successfully in the community. Through the therapy sessions, the children learn socially acceptable behaviors, responsibility, accountability, respect, and development of positive relationships with peers and adults.
    Ortman grew up on a farm in South Dakota and has memories of gardening with his parents. He thought a gardening project might be a good therapy method, and Prairie View offered to pay for a 20 ft. by 20 ft. plot at the Sand Creek Community Gardens at Bethel College in North Newton.
    Due to patient confidentiality, he usually has to work one-on-one with the children — though occasionally he brings groups to the garden. He doesn't force children to work on the project if they are not interested, but most are receptive to the idea and enjoy watching the garden's progress.
    In the garden, students learn how to pick out seeds, nurture and water the growing plants, and then harvest the produce. They have to interact with other gardeners who maintain plots nearby, respect the gardens of others, keep their own space tidy, unplug from the distractions of technology, and focus on a goal.
    "A lot of these kids, when you're working with behavioral goals, it's hard stuff to measure," he said. "... One of the beautiful things about gardening is, you're coming to a goal you're going to work towards."
    Ortman said some of the children also may not know where food comes from, and the garden is a good way to broaden their experience. It encourages them to eat healthier, too: they are more likely to try produce if they've grown it themselves.
    The children are allowed to take home produce from the garden to their families, and this summer an elementary school age group was able to pick vegetables from the garden and make a stew.
    "At the end, everything that you grow bears fruit, and there's a lot of pride you can take," Ortman said. "... It's coming from their hard work."
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PSIP Description:
Hacker goes on tour as a singer and the team looks for his book that can cure Motherboard's virus.
Long Description:
Hacker pursues a career as a singing idol and goes on tour, leaving behind a book that contains the secret to curing Motherboard's virus, buried in the windiest place on the Northern Frontier. Slider and the CyberSquad are determined to find it...but to do so they must discover how to measure wind speeds in different places so they can compare them. Can the kids find the book before Buzz and Delete, who want to steal Hacker's secret? Stay tuned for the surprise ending!


Deepti Sharma

A Simple guide to building your own Linux Kernel

This article is for all the newbies who want to learn how to build their own Linux kernel. Following the steps mentioned will demonstrate how easy the task is! Please note that the…

Configuring GCC Source in Eclipse IDE

Handling interrupts

Handling Interrupts

In my last article, we explored the concept of interrupts and how they catch the CPU’s attention. In this article, we will look at what happens after an interrupt occurs. Let’s start by…

Interrupts are sometimes essential

Interrupts: Breaks that Make Your PC Run

Dissecting Instruction Level Parallelism

Dissecting Instruction Level Parallelism

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Two Suspected HVK Gang Members Convicted For Violating Injunction

Apr 18, 2014

Two suspected gang members have now been found guilty of violating the injunction.

Sheena Gatehouse is supervisor of the misdemeanor prosecution unit at the district attorney's office. She explains the charges against 18-year-old Dontavius Newton and 20-year-old Magi Horton.

In August, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department named Wendell McCain (in red) and Cordell Blair (pictured right) as defendants in their injunction against the Hidden Valley Kings that prohibits them from being next to each other.
Credit Tasnim Shamma

"The defendant and the person he was alleged to have associated with were seen together," Gatehouse says. "That in and of itself is the crime. It doesn't have to be associated with another crime. Just seeing those two individuals, those two gang members together is the crime."

Because they were seen together in January, they were arrested and charged with a low-level misdemeanor for violating the injunction. Horton pleaded guilty and Newton's case went to trial in early April. Both were ordered to pay $180 in court costs and a judge said they must stay employed or go to school.

Just seeing those two individuals, those two gang members, together is the crime. - Sheena Gatehouse

Horton and Newton were among two dozen adults and teenagers identified as gang members in a lawsuit CMPD filed in August seeking an injunction to prevent them from being together. The only exceptions are school, office and church settings.

Gatehouse with the district attorney's office says she expects to see more of these criminal cases pop up.

"We're trying to prohibit these people involved in this gang who tend to have a propensity to commit other crimes from spending time together, hanging out together and being together where crimes are committed," Gatehouse says. "So it could have an impact on that particular community."

The injunction is only valid for one year – so it expires in August. The city will have to go before a judge again to continue the injunction.


Remakes are inevitable. I know, I know. But at least when the remakes are of foreign-language films, I can rant whilst understanding that they're spoon feeding the anti-subtitle audience. Lots of people don't like making their eyes watch a scene and read text scrolling along the bottom at the same time. I get it. But since when did English films, as in films from the U.K., get the same treatment? Variety reports that Columbia Pictures has grabbed the rights to the British miniseries Red Riding, and Steve Zaillian is in negotiations to shrink the story into one film while Ridley Scott is spotlit to direct.

Miniseries doesn't quite cover it. We're talking about David Peace's quartet of books going into a trilogy of films. Movies directed by Julian Jarrold (Kinky Boots), James Marsh (Man on Wire), and Anand Tucker (Shopgirl). And by the way -- they only premiered this year, and are currently running through the festival circuit. The collection of stories cover the years 1974, 1980, and 1983, and place a fictionalized drama against the backdrop of real-life serial killer cases like the Yorkshire Ripper. This new incarnation, which will be whittled down to one solitary film, will move things to the U.S., and presumably cover Stateside killers.
categories Movies, Cinematical


[Haskell-cafe] Are you using Haskell on the job?

Kirk Martinez kirk.martinez at gmail.com
Fri Feb 6 14:49:01 EST 2009

Internet, I would really like direct feedback from software professionals
few minutes of your time to provide insights gained from applying Haskell in
the real world.  Who knows, this could lead to a greater adoption of Haskell
in the business community!

and after completion.  I am particularly interested in questions related to
*business value*:

   - What were the pros and cons you considered when choosing a language?  Why
   FP?  Why Haskell?
   - What aspects of your problem domain were most critical to making that
   - How has using Haskell given you a competitive advantage?
   - How is the software development lifecycle positively/negatively
   affected by using Haskell as opposed to a different language?
   - How did you convince management to go with a functional approach?
   - Was the relative scarcity of Haskell programmers a problem?  If so, how
   was it managed?
   - Would you choose to use Haskell again for a similar project given what
   you know now?

The best responses will not simply list answers, but also provide background
and a bit of narrative on the project and insights gained.  Feel free to
reply to the list, or just to me personally if you prefer.  My email is

Thank you,

Kirk Martinez

(Kirk dot Martinez at gmail dot com)
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Baby Clothes

I Go to Extremes

Why is it that I can find the greatest quality shirts chock full offunny sayingsand funky patterns–but the solid shirts in stores are limited to the mall store’s 2 featured ugly colors of the season, or the discount three-pack with the too-tight crew necks?

Psst…Pass It On

While there’s no shortage of layettes out there for sale, I’m always on the lookout for items that are worthy of being handed down through the generations.


Freshwater algae have an intracellular osmolarity in excess of that of the medium. The tendency for water to enter the cells is resisted, in cells with a mechanically functional cell wall, by the ability of the wall to withstand a turgor pressure equivalent to the intracellular osmolarity; in cells lacking such a mechanically functional wall the water which enters is expelled by a contractile vacuole (or its functional equivalent). A comparison of the energy costs of cell volume regulation by these two mechanisms has been carried out making energy costings based on the minimum thermodynamic requirement and on plausible mechanisms for the two processes (wall synthesis and contractile vacuole function). This analysis yielded the following conclusions.

(1) Wall synthesis is a ‘growth’ process, while contractile vacuole operation is a’maintenance’process; other things being equal, a cell wall is a preferable mechanism of volume regulation in non-growing cells.

(2) For a 5 μm radius cell with a specific growth rate of 8 × 10−6 s−1 and a 10 μm radius cell with a rate of 4 × 10−6 s−1 the energy input rate for contractile vacuole operation is considerably lower than for wall synthesis on the basis of minimum thermodynamic requirement; the plausible mechanism approach makes the two energy costs quite similar. Decreased growth rates favours the wall over the contractile vacuole mechanism.

(3) Increased cell size (10 μm radius rather than 5 μm) has similar effects on the energy costs of both volume regulation mechanisms, provided a (cell organic weight)−0.32 dependence of intrinsic growth rate is incorporated into the computations.

(4) Increased intracellular osmolarity (at constant extracellular osmolarity) causes a directly proportional increase in energy input rate for the cell wall mechanism, and a more than proportional increase in energy cost for the contractile vacuole mechanism.

(5) A non-spherical shape increases the energy cost (at constant cell volume) for both the cell wall and the contractile vacuole mechanisms.

These conclusions may be used in the interpretation of such phenomena as the lower osmolarity of wall-less than walled cells and the tendency for the resting stages of normally wall-less and flagellate cells to have walls. It appears that the majority of freshwater algae have genetic capabilities to produce both walls and contractile vacuoles for cell volume regulation (e.g, the production of walled cysts by organisms which are normally flagellate, and the production of wall-less motile spores and gametes by normally walled organisms).


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Should You Move Out of the Family Home During a Divorce?

Here are some important considerations when deciding to stay or leave during the divorce process.

Considering Divorce? We've helped 85 clients find attorneys today.

A house is often a couple’s most valuable financial asset, and most people are emotionally connected to their home as well. For those reasons, the question of whether one person should move out when spouses decide to divorce can be extremely difficult to resolve. The specifics of your situation will determine the answer for you.

Safety and Comfort

If there is domestic violence in the home, you should do whatever is necessary to secure your safety, including going to court for a protective order and asking a judge to order the abusive spouse to move out. Leaving the home temporarily during this process may be the safest thing to do. If children are at risk, it is also reasonable to take them from the home; however, if you move out with your kids you must obtain a court order for temporary custody at the earliest possible opportunity, to avoid accusations of kidnapping. If you’re in an abusive situation and need to leave your home with your kids, consult an attorney.

What about situations that are less clear-cut? Even if there’s no violence in your home, continuing to live together in the same home after the decision to divorce has been made can be challenging for everyone, and especially hard on kids if there’s a lot of conflict. In considering a move, issues of child custody and property are front and center.

Child Custody

Judges are aware that repeated change can be difficult for children, and will maintain the status quo whenever possible. If the children have remained in the family home during a divorce, the parent who lives there with them can argue that changing this arrangement will be too disruptive, while the parent who moved out will object to being penalized for leaving when it was in the children’s best interests to reduce conflict in the home. Parents can avoid this argument by creating a written parenting agreement before one of them moves out, establishing a parenting schedule and agreeing that the parent who moves isn’t giving up any rights by doing so.

If the parents can’t reach an agreement, the parent who moves out but wishes to have significant parenting time must ask the court to establish a shared parenting schedule. The earlier this can be accomplished, the better, so that shared parenting becomes the new status quo.

Financial and Property Concerns

One of the biggest challenges of divorce is making the income that once supported one household stretch to take care of two. Especially in tough economic times, some couples continue living together in the family home because they simply can’t afford to support a second household.

A higher-earning spouse who does move out of the family home must expect to continue paying many of the household expenses, including the mortgage and insurance payments. This generally means the spouse who leaves will end up in a less desirable living situation. Depending on the overall picture, the spouse who stays in the home may give up money or property in the ultimate division, to make up for having had the benefit of staying in the home.

The fact that one spouse stays in the family home at separation doesn’t necessarily mean that spouse is more likely to receive the house when the property is divided permanently. State laws require marital property in a divorce to be divided either equally or “equitably,” meaning fairly. This usually means that one spouse will be able to keep the house only if the other spouse receives either money or other property of comparable value. Some states also consider “fault” (such as adultery or abandonment) in dividing property. Even in these states, however, many factors could be relevant, including the length of the marriage; each spouse’s contribution to the acquisition of the property (including contributions as a homemaker); and each spouse’s health, age, employability and other resources. Who lived in the house between the time the spouses separated and the time the divorce was ready to be finalized isn’t likely to be a major factor.

Homeowners should also remember the personal property and furnishings in the home. A spouse who moves out should create an inventory of all property, and photograph important items. If there is no agreement between the spouses about taking items from the home, the moving spouse should take only personal belongings, such as clothing and jewelry.

Other Options

There are some creative short-term possibilities that can ease financial and parenting problems for couples who get along relatively well. One option is for parents to live in the home with the children for alternating periods, like a week at a time—this is sometimes called “bird-nesting.” If the spouses can stay with friends or family members nearby, or the budget will permit renting a small apartment that they can also share, parents may find that it works well for the children to stay put while the parents rotate in and out. Of course, this requires a high level of communication and trust between the parents. A second possibility, if the house is large enough, is to divide the house into separate occupancy areas, and either share the common areas as needed, or plan a schedule for use of common areas.

In some states spouses must separate physically for a specified length of time before a divorce can become final. Make sure you find out what your state law requires if you’re considering continuing to live together; so that you know you will satisfy your state’s requirements.

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Last month, I appeared on BBC Breakfast to discuss some of the wider cyber security issues raised by the Edward Snowden case, in particular the threat posed by ‘malicious insiders’. A malicious insider is someone within your organisation who purposely uses information they have accessed as part of their position to cause harm to the organisation and / or to bring benefits to themselves. Some steal commercial secrets to sell to a competitor, others use information they have gleaned for blackmail purposes, and so the list goes on. Most are disgruntled employees or ex-employees who have, at least in their own minds, a reason to seek revenge on their organisation and ‘get their dues’.

The Snowden case reminded me of a report released by Symantec in 2011 which explored the psychology of malicious insiders; a number of their points are worth considering if you don’t want an insider to steal, leak, sell or corrupt your data.

Most IP theft is carried out by individuals in technical positions, and Snowden’s role as Network Administrator (in a contracting capacity) for the NSA certainly enabled him to view and download more data than most of his colleagues: he could access parts of the network that were restricted to most, and he had permission to use a USB stick whereas they were banned for most of his colleagues. At the time of Snowden’s appointment, the NSA had 1000 network administrators: as a result of his disclosure, they are now cutting this figure by 90% . Who are you trusting with your most important organisational assets? Who’s watching the watchers?

Malicious insiders tend to take information they know and work with. As in the Snowden case, 75% steal material they are authorised to access. How do you determine, and restrict, who has access to what in your organisation?

  • More than half of malicious insiders steal data within one month of leaving their organisation. What are your exit procedures, and can ex-employees still access your network?
  • Snowden has stated that he was motivated by the common good (“My sole motive is to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them”), but in general malicious insiders often act following a professional set-back (or what they perceive to be a professional setback). Having the right organisational culture is crucial in underpinning your approach to cyber security. How do you support those who might not be progressing as fast as they would like? Do your staff members feel appreciated, and are you rewarding those who are loyal, committed and hard-working? Staff members who feel looked-over and under-appreciated pose more of a threat, so building a culture that rewards positive behaviour and punishes negative behaviour is good for everyone.
  • The vast majority of malicious insiders have signed IP agreements. While having the right policies in place is undoubtably important, remember that policies need to be actively enforced. Is there a system in place to ensure staff have understood and digested your policies? How are they monitored and enforced? Training and awareness are hugely important here.
  • The Symantec report stresses the importance of pre-employment screening to mitigate the risk of hiring a ‘problem employee’. Checking potential employees out before you sign them up can help you determine if they are going to be a good fit for your organisation. Edward Snowden had a fairly high profile, before he joined the NSA, as an Internet forum contributor. His posts commonly expressed views that were anti-authority, anti-government, pro-privacy and pro-free flow of information. On top of that, apparently the NSA hired Snowden despite discrepancies in his job application. One could argue that if the NSA had undertaken as much surveillance on Snowden as they are seemingly undertaking on the rest of the World, then they might have realised that he had political views which were not aligned with their own.
  • Understand that cyber security is a multi-faceted issue which needs a multi-disciplinary approach. It is not simply technical. Have an empowered information security team that includes HR, IT and legal professionals to create policies, drive training and monitor and reward employees appropriately. Each member of the team has an important role to play (for example HR drive a culture of reward and penalty, and IT security monitor the network for unexpected, excessive downloading) and together the team forms a much-needed holistic approach to organisational cyber security.
  • Take a step back and look at your organisation through fresh eyes. So often, we can become desensitised to the most valuable information in our organisation, because we are handling it everyday, and to the biggest threats posed, because they are right in front of us. It can be so easy to not see the woods for the trees. What information does your organisation rely on? What would be most damaging if it fell out of your hands and into a competitors? Following the Snowden story, many organisations are now re-evaluating their approach to contractors. Is this something you need to consider?

Finally, the majority of malicious insiders are males, between the ages of 25-37. Snowden was 29 at the time of his leak. I’ll leave a discussion about the fact that most (known) malicious insiders are young men until another time!


Pitch Axis Theory: Soloing

author: DiabolusMusica5 date: 05/20/2011 category: soloing
rating: 7
votes: 4
views: 1,168
vote for this lesson:
In order for the main idea presented in this article to be the most useful and make the fullest sense, the reader should already have a firm grasp over all seven modes of the Major scale for all possible tonal centers. In a nut-shell, Pitch Axis Theory acts as a guide during improvisatory soloing to inform the musician as to what scales will sound the most awesome over a series of changes (aka chord progressions). In order to obtain this guidance from Pitch Axis theory, the improvisee need only make two quick mental calculations in order to figure out what scale to invoke in his improvising. 1.) What is this chord progression's Pitch Axis? -The answer to this question is most frequently found in either the Chord progression's initial key, or in whatever tone is most common to the chords of that progression. Once you determine pitch Axis, you know what tonal center you will be using in your improvising. Example: Suppose that I start comping the following progression for you to solo over G Dominant 7th---> A Minor 7th---> D Minor 7th--->G Dominant 7th Right of the bat, it appears for a number of reasons that this progression's pitch axis is "G". It is the Starting tone or, "tonic" of this chord progression, and it is also a common tone to the first,second, and final chord in this progression. 2.) Now that I know my tonal center, what accidentals (sharps/flats) will be implemented in the scale that I am going to use? The answer to this question is to look to the sharps/flats that are being used in the chord progression that you are to improvise over. So for our improvising for the above chord progression, we will use a G-Mixolydian scale because 1.) G is the progression's Pitch-Axis, and therefore our tonal center, and 2.) the chords in this progression have no sharps or flats, and G-Mixolydian happens to be the only modal scale built on G that possesses no sharps or flats. So the next time you are playing over a series of changes, you will know what scale best fits over them, and you will be able to tailor your soloing around the chords that are being played through. (-: -Nicholas Jacquet
More DiabolusMusica5 lessons:
+ Bobbing In/Out Of Different Keys - The Magic Of Secondary Dominant Chords Chords 11/28/2011
+ Nick's Jazz Series. Part 3 Music Styles 08/02/2011
+ Nick's Jazz Series. Part 2 Music Styles 07/28/2011
+ A Complete Map Of Fret-Board Harmonics Guitar Techniques 07/27/2011
+ Nick's Jazz Series. Part 1 Music Styles 07/26/2011
+ Buckethead Magic Shred Lick Fully Explained Soloing 07/25/2011
+ view all
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Lachie Dreher

Goalkeeper Lachlan Dreher represented Australia at three Olympics, winning a medal each time. He won a silver medal in 1992 and bronze medals in 1996 and 2000. Dreher and Damon Diletti, who also represented Australia from 1992-2000, formed a formidable goalkeeping tandem for Australia during the medal run. Recognised for his agility and dexterity in front of goal, Dreher was also a part of four winning Champions Trophy teams.

Olympic Results

Barcelona 1992 - Summer Olympic Games

Hockey - Men
Preliminaries Group A - AUS V ARG HT: 3-0, Goals: Wansbrough 3, Davies 2, Lewis, Stacey ARG 7-0 Win
Preliminaries Group A - AUS V EGY HT: 2-1, Goals: Birmingham, Bodimeade 2, Lewis, Stacey EGY 5-1 Win
Preliminaries Group A - AUS V GER HT: 1-0, Goals: Davies GER 1-1 Draw
Preliminaries Group A - AUS V IND HT: 1-0, Goals: Stacey IND 1-0 Win
Preliminaries Group A - GER V AUS HT: 0-2, Goals: Birmingham 2, Davies 2, Stacey 2 GBR 0-6 Win
Semi Final HT: 2-1, Goals: Bodimeade, Lewis, Wark NED 3-2 Win
Final HT: 0-1, Goals: Corbitt GER 1-2 Loss
Final Placing 2 / 12


Frequently used Sites

Updated 5/2011

Use these links to find an American author, or an author’s work  within a specific time reference.

The following timeline provides a short chronology of events in American history and literature.  It is linked to course pages and bibliographies as well as to a set of more general linked resources: pages on American authors, literary movements, and American literature sites.

American Authors on the web. General Resources (Alphabetical Listing)

DMOZ Directory of web sites.  Use the directory listing to find American authors within a time period.

The Cambridge History of English and American Literature.  Use the  American  chapters to find an American author within a time period.


Day One

Gerald Brenan

Writers write in different ways. Some writers write on computers, others on typewriters, or in long-hand. Agatha Christie said that the best time to plan a book is while you’re doing the dishes. It doesn’t matter how you write. What matters is that you write. What you need to do first in these 100 days is create a routine for your writing.

You do this by establishing a specific time to write. This is important because over the course of writing your novel, you will get discouraged, bored, angry, or otherwise fed up, and when you start feeling that way, you’ll need a clearly defined patterns to keep yourself writing.

On occasion you may have to shift your writing times to deal with other demands in your life, but fight to maintain your “writing time.”

What do I mean by specific times?

Two hours of writing each morning and each evening, and one eight-hour day every weekend, for example, is one routine for writing. Thirty minutes early in the day (before sunrise!) is another “writing time’.

You decide how much time you will spend writing, and then keep to that schedule. Many would-be novelists defeat themselves because they set a schedule that they can’t keep. Be realistic in the amount of time you plan to write and follow that plan.

You don’t have to write a lot. Ernest Hemingway would average 50 words a day when the “going was good,” as he would say. Think of writing this way. If you write 250 words a day then in 350 days you will have written 87,000, the length today of an average novel.

Think of it another way: if you even write less than 250 words a day, you’ll find that at the end of 100 days, you will still have written more than you have ever written before. Set a goal for yourself, for example, to write at least four pages a day. That is 300-325 words, double-spaced. Some days you’ll write one page; others you’ll write 15 pages. Try to average at least four pages a day.

Writing trick:  Carry a note pad with you. If you’re waiting for a meeting to begin, start writing. If you’re on an airplane, start writing. If you are waiting for your wife, husband, or the kids…write! Whenever there’s a second to write, do it. A few words, a thought, a sentence or two, all of that counts. Once you have written it down, you own it.

Day One Assignment: Set your time and place to write. Set up your writing studio and over the desk (or on it!) place a calendar so you can pencil in how many words you wrote that day.

Writing Log: Words Written Today_____:


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Samuel Jackson

 (1830 - 1904)
Samuel Phillips Jackson was active/lived in United Kingdom.  Samuel Jackson is known for landscape and marine painting-watercolor.

Samuel Jackson

Samuel Phillips Jackson was an accomplished watercolorist as well as an exceptional oil painter. Born in Bristol, England, in 1830, he was a pupil of his father, also named Samuel, who was another well known artist of the period.

Elected as an associate of the British watercolor society in 1853, he toured widely and exhibited at numerous venues including the Royal Academy, the British Institution and held a remarkable total of 841 exhibitions at the Old Watercolor Society alone.

Jackson specialized in river and sea views. He enjoyed painting inshore and coastal scenes incorporating the stirring sunsets and fresh breezes found along the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. From his studios in Clifton and later Henley, he created works  ...  Displaying 750 of 1474 characters.

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About  Samuel Jackson

Born:  1830 - Bristol, England
Died:   1904
Known for:  landscape and marine painting-watercolor


Roasted Peaches with Greek Yogurt

I got the idea for this recipe from the cookbook I shared with you a few weeks ago, Miss Dahl's Voluptuous Delights. I really can't say enough good things about this delightfully sweet and refreshing breakfast. The peaches come out of the oven golden and caramelized, allowing the juices to run and form a delicious syrup, which is then mixed into the Greek yogurt. It's like eating dessert for breakfast.

I chose to add the oats for some texture and additional fiber and protein, creating a filling and nutritious meal. Feel free to include other items in with the yogurt such as additional fruit, granola or coconut.

 Since the farmers market is full of delicious looking peaches right now this is the perfect time to stock up while they are fresh and juicy so that you too can enjoy your dessert for breakfast.

Roasted Peaches with Greek Yogurt
(Recipe adapted from Miss Dahl's Voluptuous Delights Cookbook)
Serves 2 people

- 2-3 peaches, ripe but firm
- 1/4 cup old-fashioned oats
- 2 tablespoons light brown sugar
- 2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
- 1/2 tablespoon light butter
- 1 to 1 1/2 cups plain non-fat Greek Yogurt
- Honey, to drizzle

- Preheat the oven to 450 degrees. Wash and half the peaches, removing the pits, and place in a small foil lined roasting pan.
- In a small bowl mix together the cinnamon and brown sugar.
- Sprinkle each peach half with the cinnamon/sugar mixture, and dot with the butter. Cook for 10 minutes.
- Once the peaches have finished cooking add the Greek yogurt to serving bowls and top each bowl with the peach halves.
- Drizzle with honey.

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Encyclopedia > Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania

  Article Content

Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania

Pen Argyl is a borough located in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 3,615.

Geography Pen Argyl is located at 40°52'8" North, 75°15'20" West (40.868854, -75.255451)1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.71% is water.

Demographics As of the census of 2000, there are 3,615 people, 1,427 households, and 1,003 families residing in the borough. The population density is 1,004.1/km² (2,603.9/mi²). There are 1,506 housing units at an average density of 418.3/km² (1,084.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 97.81% White, 0.47% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.55% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 1.22% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 1,427 households out of which 36.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% are married couples living together, 12.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% are non-families. 24.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.52 and the average family size is 3.01.

In the borough the population is spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.9 males.

The median income for a household in the borough is $40,066, and the median income for a family is $47,935. Males have a median income of $32,596 versus $23,239 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $18,145. 5.7% of the population and 4.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 5.7% are under the age of 18 and 8.9% are 65 or older.

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Joseph Conrad

... Apocalypse Now is loosely based. Joseph Conrad died of a heart attack on August 3, 1924 and was interred in Canterbury Cemetery, Canterbury, England, with thr ...


The hypothesis that masting by trees is a defensive strategy which satiates seed predators in mast years and starves them in the intervening periods is tested in 59 sets of data on the seed production and pre-dispersal seed-predation of 25 tree species. Twenty-lour of the 59 data-sets support the hypothesis and show a statistically significant positive relationship between the proportion of seeds surviving the pre-dispersal stage and the log10 of the crop size for the same year. Evidence that pre-dispersal seed survival increases with the length of the mast interval is poor.

A positive relationship between the strength of the masting habit and the maxintum observed pre-dispersal seed mortality in a sample of 15 tree species suggests that the masting habit is best developed in predator-prone species. A survey of seed crop frequencies in the woody plant flora of Nortli America shows masting species to be under-represented amongst shrubs and amongst trees which disperse their seeds in fleshy dispersal units. The selection pressures and evolutionary constraints which operate on the evolution of masting plants and their seed predators are discussed.


Winners of the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year

Posted 5 years ago
The list "Winners of the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year" has been viewed 4 times.
This list has 14 members.

  1. Serena Williams

    Serena Williams

  2. Lindsey Vonn

    Lindsey Vonn

    Lindsey Caroline Vonn (née Kildow; born October 18, 1984) is an American World Cup alpine ski racer on the US Ski Team. She has won four World Cup championships—one of two female skiers to do so, along with Annemarie Moser-Pröll—with three consecutive titles in 2008, 2009 and 2010, plus another in 2012. Vonn won the gold medal in downhill at the 2010 Winter Olympics, the first ever in the event for an American woman. She has also won seven World Cup season titles in the downhill discipline (2008–2013, 2015), five titles in super-G (2009–2012, 2015), and three consecutive titles in the combined (2010–2012).

  3. Yelena Isinbayeva

    Yelena Isinbayeva

  4. Jennifer Capriati

    Jennifer Capriati

    Jennifer Maria Capriati (born March 29, 1976) is an American former professional tennis player. A member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame, she won three singles championships in Grand Slam tournaments, a gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics, reached the World No. 1 ranking, and is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time.

  5. Marion Jones

    Marion Jones

  6. Justine Henin

    Justine Henin

    Justine Henin (born 1 June 1982), known between 2002 and 2007 as Justine Henin-Hardenne, is a Belgian former professional tennis player known for her all-court style of play and notably being one of the only female players to use a single-handed backhand. She spent a total of 117 weeks as the world No. 1 and was the year-end No. 1 in 2003, 2007 and 2008.

  7. Kelly Holmes

    Kelly Holmes

    Dame Kelly Holmes, MBE (Mil), DBE (born 19 April 1970) is a retired British middle distance athlete.

  8. Cathy Freeman

    Cathy Freeman

    Catherine Astrid Salome "Cathy" Freeman, OAM (born 16 February 1973) is a former Australian sprinter, who specialised in the 400 metres event. Her personal best of 48.63 currently ranks her as the sixth fastest woman of all time, set while finishing second to Marie-Jose Perec's number three time at the 1996 Olympics. She became the Olympic champion for the women's 400 metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics, at which she lit the Olympic Flame.

  9. Missy Franklin

    Missy Franklin

    Melissa Jeanette Franklin (born May 10, 1995) is an American competition swimmer and four-time Olympic gold medalist. She currently holds the world record in the 200-meter backstroke (long course) and American records in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke (long course). As a member of the U.S. national swim team, she also holds the world record in the 4×100-meter medley relay (short course and long course).

  10. Jessica Ennis

    Jessica Ennis

    Jessica Ennis-Hill, CBE (born 28 January 1986), née Ennis, is a British track and field athlete, specialising in multi-eventing disciplines and 100 metres hurdles. A member of the City of Sheffield & Dearne athletic club, she is the current Olympic and world heptathlon champion. She is also the former European heptathlon champion and the former world indoor pentathlon champion. She is the current British national record holder for the heptathlon. She is a former British record holder in the 100 metres hurdles, the high jump and the indoor pentathlon.

  11. Annika Sorenstam

    Annika Sorenstam

    Annika Sörenstam ( listen ; born 9 October 1970) is a retired Swedish professional golfer whose achievements rank her as one of the most successful female golfers in history. Before stepping away from competitive golf at the end of the 2008 season, she had won 90 international tournaments as a professional, making her the female golfer with the most wins to her name. She has won 72 official LPGA tournaments including ten majors and 18 other tournaments internationally, and she tops the LPGA's career money list with earnings of over $22 million—over $3 million ahead of her nearest rival. Since 2006, Sörenstam has held dual American and Swedish citizenship.

  12. Janica Kostelic

    Janica Kostelic

    Janica Kostelić (born 5 January 1982) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and four-time Olympic gold medalist from Croatia. In addition to the Olympics, she won five gold medals at the World Championships. In World Cup competition, she won thirty individual races, three overall titles, three slalom titles, and four (unofficial) combined titles.

  13. Vivian Cheruiyot

    Vivian Cheruiyot

    Vivian Jepkemoi Cheruiyot (born 11 September 1983) is a Kenyan long-distance running who specialises in track and cross country running. She represented Kenya at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics, winning a silver medal at the 5000 m and a bronze medal at the 10000 m at the 2012 Olympics. Cheruiyot won a silver medal in the 5000 metres at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and became the world champion in the event at the 2009 edition, repeating this achievement at the 2011 World Championships, where she doubled up by winning the 10000m.

  14. Genzebe Dibaba

    Genzebe Dibaba

    Genzebe Dibaba Keneni (Amharic: ገንዘቤ ዲባባ; Afaan Oromo: Ganzabee Dibaabaa; born 8 February 1991) is an Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runner. She is the sister of three-times Olympic champion Tirunesh Dibaba and Olympic silver medallist Ejegayehu Dibaba, and the cousin of former Olympic champion Derartu Tulu.

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The new SQ5 is powered by a free-revving, supercharged, three-liter V6 engine with a displacement of 2,995 cc. Its compressor sits in the 90-degree V of the cylinder banks and is belt-driven by the crankshaft. Two rotors inside the supercharger spin at over 20,000 rpm. The air gap between them is just a few thousandths of a millimeter. The supercharger compresses the intake air to as much as 0.8 bar; two intercoolers then cool it for greater power.

Head on over to Audi for more details.


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Lewis A. Lipsitz, M.D.

Director, Institute for Aging Research and Senior Scientist
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Dr. Lipsitz's research has focused on abnormal blood pressure regulation and its relationship to the development of falls and syncope in the elderly.  His initial prospective clinical investigations led to the recognition that nearly one third of syncopal episodes in frail elderly patients are related to hypotensive responses to common daily stresses such as posture change, meals, and preload reducing medications.  He was the first to identify postprandial hypotension in the elderly, probe its underlying mechanisms, and demonstrate its relationship to syncope. In randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials he found that 3,4 DL threo dihydroxy phenylserine was an effective treatment, but caffeine was not.

In several elderly populations, Dr. Lipsitz observed a relationship between systolic hypertension and the susceptibility to hypotension. He found that both orthostatic and postprandial hypotension are related to supine BP elevation, independent of medication use. This may be due to the additive adverse effects of age and systolic hypertension on baroreflex function and diastolic ventricular filling. In a randomized, double blind, cross over trial he showed that treatment of BP elevation with a calcium channel blocker, ameliorated postprandial hypotension.  More recently he has shown that the treatment of hypertension increases cerebral blood flow in elderly hypertensive patients. His current work examines the relation between hypertension or other cardiovascular risk factors and frontal subcortical symptoms such as executive dysfunction, slow gait, depression, and urinary incontinence, and whether this relationship is due to cerebral hypoperfusion and resultant microvascular disease.

Building upon his observations that physiological measures such as blood pressure and heart rate are highly variable with beat to beat fluctuations that resemble nonlinear dynamical processes, Dr. Lipsitz applied the principles of nonlinear dynamics to his work.  He proposed that healthy physiologic function is characterized by the nonlinear interaction of multiple control processes and feedback loops that produce highly complex outputs  such as the beat to beat irregularity of the normal sinus cardiac rhythm, or the moment to moment adjustments in center of pressure during quiet standing.  Using a variety of mathematical techniques derived from Fourier analysis and chaos theory, he found that heart rate irregularity increases as neonatal swine develop innervation from the right stellate ganglion to the heart, and that the development of complex heart rate dynamics is prevented by right stellate ganglionectomy.  In healthy humans he reported degradation in the fractal structure of the sinus rhythm heart rate with advancing age. He also showed that women have greater and more irregular heart rate variability than men, possibly due to an effect of estrogen on beat to beat cardiovascular dynamics. These studies suggest that loss of integrated physiologic control associated with immaturity, male gender, or senescence may impair adaptive responses, and predispose individuals with these characteristics to injury or disease.

Using similar approaches, Dr. Lipsitz has shown specific alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory dynamics preceding the onset of vasovagal syncope.   Furthermore, he has characterized abnormalities in the dynamics of postural sway in elders at risk of falls. These studies not only provide new insights into potential neural mechanisms of falls and syncope in the elderly, but also new diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies to help identify and treat individuals at risk. One promising therapeutic intervention to prevent falls in the elderly is based on the physical principal of stochastic resonance, in which noise is used to enhance the detection of a weak signal. He has shown that mechanical noise delivered to the feet using vibratory insoles, can improve postural control and gait in groups of elderly people and patients with strokes, diabetic neuropathy, or falls.

Selected Publications

Institute for Aging Research
1200 Centre Street
Boston, MA 02131

  • 1973, B.A.,
    Franklin and Marshall College
  • 1977, M.D.,
    University of Pennsylvania
  • 2000, M.A.,
    Harvard University


We should heed the new age of anxiety rather than bemoaning it

A study calculating the cost of widespread stress and exhaustion fails to explore what really lies behind the prevalence of anxiety and what can be learned from it

By Darian Leader  /  The Guardian, LONDON

Wed, Jul 31, 2013 - Page 9

If the post-war age of anxiety was supposed to have ended 30 or 40 years ago, a swath of media articles now suggest it has made a dramatic comeback.

A new and widely cited study claims a massive increase in anxiety disorders in the UK’s 60 million-strong population, with an estimated 8.2 million suffering from anxiety, compared with 2.3 million in 2007. We are told that the pressures of modern life must play a large part here, with job stress aggravating the difficulties of urban populations.

The focus on socioeconomic conditions is surely a good thing.

In the 1980s, Thatcherism encouraged a redrafting of work-related problems as psychological ones in the UK. As each person became a unit of economic competition, it was not the market’s fault if they did not get a job, but their own. Injustice in the marketplace was glossed over as individual failure.

I was puzzled to find not a single sentence in the report linking the supposed increase in anxiety to social causes. There was no explanation at all and the headline-grabbing prevalence rate for the UK was estimated from Iceland, Norway and Switzerland figures.

Here, we find a perfect expression of the new mental hygiene movement: Anxiety is grouped together with dementia, stroke and neuromuscular conditions as a “brain disorder,” and the authors of the study urge an approach that uses “comparable methodologies for both mental and neurological illness.” Disorders are listed in terms of their cost to the economy rather than to individual lives, families and communities.

The monetary equation explains the press the report received. In this accountancy of distress, anxiety disorders are estimated to cost the UK about ￡10 billion (US$15.3 billion) a year, about half of which is the result of lost productivity and early retirement.

The subtext to human suffering here is, of course, the economy. Getting people back to work is what matters, with intervention aimed at excising unwanted symptoms that get in the way of maximum productivity. Rather than seeing such symptoms as signs that something is wrong at a more fundamental level, they are read as local disturbances that cutting-edge drugs will get rid of.

Such behavior is impossible to sustain and exacts its toll: depressive feelings, as well as physical and emotional exhaustion at the expenditure of energy on projects we care little about. Motivation loses its roots in our childhood interests and ideals, and becomes something external to us. Hence the oscillation between hyper-motivation and depletion that is so characteristic of the contemporary worker.

Anxiety can play a similar role.

At its most basic level, anxiety is the sensation that something is demanded of one. An exam at school or a work deadline can generate this feeling, as can a fruitless visit to a job center. There is the pervasive sense of an expectation or impending judgement. That human beings have become what philosopher Nina Power calls “walking CVs” can only exacerbate such problems. We are obliged to list and magnify our abilities to meet the impossible demands of the marketplace. Added to this is the ever increasing pressure to conform to a norm of physical and mental health.

The imperative to remove anxiety may do more harm than good.

The first question to ask is less “How can we get rid of anxiety?” than “What function does anxiety have?” Take the example of childhood phobias. Clinicians know that the protracted phobias that occur between the ages of three and six are usually best left untreated. They show that the child is reorganizing their world, creating new limits and boundaries through the animal or place they are afraid of. When this is done, the phobia will disappear. The child has transformed anxiety into fear. Fear is always fear of something, but anxiety involves a more nameless dread. The causal diagnostic approach lumps fear and anxiety together, yet if someone has succeeded in becoming afraid of something it means that they have been able to treat their anxiety.

This inflects the question of the socioeconomic framework of anxiety. If the competitive field of employment can intensify the feeling of demands and expectations, when we explore individual cases we find that something more is at stake. It may take time to discover, but there is always a specific figure beyond the demand — a boss, a partner, a bureaucrat. There is the acute sense that they want something from us, but we do not know how they see us. This makes it more difficult to respond.

This is perhaps anxiety at its purest. Jacques Lacan compared it to being confronted with a giant praying mantis while wearing a mask — a mask the wearer cannot see. We have no way of knowing if the mask makes us look like prey. If we knew, we could take evasive action, but not knowing leaves us paralyzed. These processes are unconscious, but anxiety will not be. We feel it, but cannot grasp its cause. This opacity is exploited by offering the label of “anxiety disorder” and explained in terms of brain circuitry.

Careful listening and dialogue can help the person gain an understanding of their situation, but there can never be any guarantee that anxiety will not come back — less invasively perhaps and less destructively — but occupying nonetheless a crucial place in human life.

Darian Leader is a psychoanalyst and author.


Be it a tweet, a chirp or a whistle, the birdsong has long been an instrumental piece in nature and part of Minnesota history.

Recently, an Ojibwe language revitalization effort has erupted in Indian Country to preserve the Anishinaabeg native tongue and traditions.

One man is blending the past and present in a project that will educate and protect the language and culture.

Charles Grolla, a teacher at Cass Lake-Bena High School, has received a Minnesota Ornithologists' Union grant to produce a booklet of common birds in the state. Grolla's project will include Ojibwe names for birds as well as legends from community elders that describe the birds and their cultural associations.

Grolla has dubbed his book "Ezhi-wiinindwaa bineshiinhyag." Translated into English, it's "The Bird Names Project."

"I think the information just isn't there. It's a crucial time now to keep the knowledge alive," Grolla said.

Grolla chose birds because while all other animals have names, birds each have their own Indian name and are not talked about as much. Grolla's focus is on birds in northern Minnesota.

He explained that even some of the stories about birds' origins and names are different in Wisconsin and Canada.

Grolla said he has always had an interest in birds and learned many of their names in the Ojibwe language from his adopted grandmother, Fanny Johns-Anderson.

"Some bird names I only knew their Ojibwe name until recently," Grolla said. "Some of the birds are really old.

I don't think we'll ever know what their descriptive names translate into."

Grolla said the Ojibwe language is very descriptive, and bird names stem from either the sound they make, a description of the bird or a cultural significance. Similarly, birds not native to the area are distinguished by their names.

"The pheasant, mayagi-bine, isn't an indigenous bird; its name means 'strange partridge,' " Grolla said.

Perhaps one of the best known bird legends among Ojibwe youth is that of the goldfinch. Grolla said the goldfinch, Ozaaweshiinh in Ojibwe, is one of the spiritual keepers of the Ojibwe language. One of Grolla's students designed a beadwork necklace adorned with Ozaaweshiinh, which he wears on occasion.

"Ezhi-wiinindwaa bineshiinhyag" started with a list Grolla began with the intention of teaching his students about birds so they could learn and share the knowledge.

"It's turning into more than I thought it would," Grolla said. "I think the further I get into it, the more questions I'll have."

This summer and autumn, Grolla will be traveling around the region to talk to different elders on reservations including Bois Forte and Mille Lacs, not just those surrounding Bemidji (Red Lake, White Earth and Leech Lake).

He intends to combine information he learns from elders, educational authorities and family with what he has already learned.

Grolla considers himself "semi-fluent" in Ojibwe -- a language referred to as the most complex in the world.

"It's hard to find elders who are first speakers. Every season, it seems like we're losing more and more," Grolla said.

"Some of them think it shouldn't be written, it should be passed down orally. A lot of teaching is still word of mouth. There are still stories and legends to be told."

Grolla said that since the number of first-language Ojibwe speakers is declining, his book will be a good starting point for people who don't know the language and want to learn.

"The language and culture was persecuted," Grolla said. "It became almost culturalized not to tell anybody."

Grolla said it is Ojibwe protocol to introduce yourself by your name, your clan (family) and where you are from. A lot of birds are unique to certain ceremonies and clans.

Like the Ojibwe language, this is a tradition people who do not live on the reservation may not know.

Grolla provided the following example and translation:

Boozhoo gakina wiiya!

Charles Grolla nindizhinikaaz Ogimaagiizhig indigo nindoodem Adik Miskwaagamiiwizaaga'iganing nindoonjibaa miigwayak imaa Bikwaakwaang. Nindabendaagoz Asabikone-zaaga'iganing. Ajina ingiidazhitaa Asabikone-zaaga'iganing gii-shinawewiyaan. Ningikinoo'amaage Ojibwemowin imaa Gaamiskwaawaakokaag gikinoo'amaadiwigamigong.

In English, this translates to:

My English name is Charles Grolla and my Indian name is Ogimaagiizhig, which translates to "Boss of the Sky." I am of the Adik (Caribou) clan and I am from the Red Lake reservation. I was raised in the West End area of the Red Lake village. I am enrolled in the Bois Forte (Nett Lake) reservation, where I also lived for a while when I was young. I teach Ojibwe language at Cass Lake-Bena High School.

Grolla was a criminal justice major at Bemidji State University before he began his teaching career.

"One thing I noticed when I took the Ojibwe minor at BSU was there were no resources, there was not much literature on the language," Grolla said.

Grolla said he would like to pair "Ezhi-wiinindwaa bineshiinhyag" with the Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language collection, on the BSU website --

He envisions his project as an addition to the increased resources now available at BSU.

Grolla said he is in the beginning stage of his book creation.

The number of pages in the booklet are not yet determined, nor is a confirmed partner for photo accompaniment, but he would like to have it completed by the end of the year and free to use online.

Grolla was awarded $4,383 of $11,192 distributed by the Savaloja Committee and Minnesota Ornithologists' Union.

"The Savaloja Committee and MOU board loved his project," said Steve Wilson, MOU Savaloja Committee chair. "Using culture and language as a way to interest kids in birds and nature could prove much more effective than other approaches we've seen."

Wilson said Grolla was granted the largest single award given in 2014. Grolla's book was one of five projects to receive funding this year.

People who would like to contribute or donate to the project can contact Grolla at


42 U.S. Code § 3537a - Prohibition of advance disclosure of funding decisions

§ 3537a.
Prohibition of advance disclosure of funding decisions
(a) Prohibited actions

During any selection process, no officer or employee of the Department of Housing and Urban Development shall knowingly disclose any covered selection information regarding such selection, directly or indirectly, to any person other than a person authorized by the Secretary to receive such information.

(b) Administrative remediesIf the Secretary receives or obtains information providing a reasonable basis to believe that a violation of subsection (a) of this section has occurred, the Secretary shall—
in the case of a selection that has not been made, determine whether to terminate the selection process or take other appropriate actions; and
(2) in the case of a selection that has been made, determine whether to—
void or rescind the selection, subject to review and determination on the record after opportunity for a hearing;
impose sanctions upon the violating applicant selected, subject to review and determination on the record after opportunity for a hearing;
permit the violating applicant selected to continue to participate in the program; or
take any other actions that the Secretary considers appropriate.
(c) Civil money penalties
(1) In general

Whenever any employee of the Department knowingly and materially violates the prohibition in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on the employee in accordance with the provisions of this subsection. This penalty shall be in addition to any other available civil remedy or any available criminal penalty and may be imposed whether or not the Secretary takes other disciplinary actions.

(2) Amount

The amount of the penalty, as determined by the Secretary, may not exceed $10,000 for each violation.

(3) Agency procedures
(A) EstablishmentThe Secretary shall establish standards and procedures governing the imposition of civil money penalties under this subsection. The standards and procedures—
shall provide for the Secretary or other official of the Department to make the determination to impose a penalty or to use an administrative entity to make the determination;
shall provide for the imposition of a penalty only after the employee has been given an opportunity for a hearing on the record; and
may provide for review of any determination or order, or interlocutory ruling, arising from a hearing.
(B) Final orders

If no hearing is requested within 15 days of receipt of the notice of opportunity for hearing, the imposition of the penalty shall constitute a final and unappealable order. If the Secretary reviews the determination or order, the Secretary may affirm, modify, or reverse that determination or order. If the Secretary does not review the determination or order within 90 days of the issuance of the determination or order, the determination or order shall be final.

(C) Factors in determining amount of penalty

In determining the amount of a penalty under paragraph (2), consideration shall be given to such factors as the gravity of the offense, any history of prior disclosures of information on pending funding decisions made after December 15, 1989, ability to pay the penalty, injury to the public, benefits received, deterrence of future violations, and such other factors as the Secretary may determine in regulations to be appropriate.

(D) Reviewability of imposition of a penalty

The Secretary’s determination or order imposing a penalty under paragraph (1) shall not be subject to review, except as provided in paragraph (4).

(4) Judicial review of agency determination
(A) In general

After exhausting all administrative remedies established by the Secretary under paragraph (3)(A), an employee against whom the Secretary has imposed a civil money penalty under paragraph (1) may obtain a review of the penalty and such ancillary issues (such as any administrative sanctions under 24 C.F.R. part 25) as may be addressed in the notice of determination to impose a penalty under paragraph (3)(A)(i) in the appropriate court of appeals of the United States, by filing in such court, within 20 days after the entry of such order or determination, a written petition praying that the Secretary’s order or determination be modified or be set aside in whole or in part.

(B) Objections not raised in hearing

The court shall not consider any objection that was not raised in the hearing conducted pursuant to paragraph (3)(A) unless a demonstration is made of extraordinary circumstances causing the failure to raise the objection. If any party demonstrates to the satisfaction of the court that additional evidence not presented at such hearing is material and that there were reasonable grounds for the failure to present such evidence at the hearing, the court shall remand the matter to the Secretary for consideration of such additional evidence.

(C) Scope of review

The decisions, findings, and determinations of the Secretary shall be reviewed pursuant to section 706 of title 5.

(D) Order to pay penalty

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in any such review, the court shall have the power to order payment of the penalty imposed by the Secretary.

(5) Action to collect penalty

If any employee fails to comply with the Secretary’s determination or order imposing a civil money penalty under paragraph (1), after the determination or order is no longer subject to review as provided by paragraphs (3)(A) and (4), the Secretary may request the Attorney General of the United States to bring an action in an appropriate United States district court to obtain a monetary judgment against the employee and such other relief as may be available. The monetary judgment may, in the court’s discretion, include the attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred by the United States in connection with the action. In an action under this subsection, the validity and appropriateness of the Secretary’s determination or order imposing the penalty shall not be subject to review.

(6) Settlement by Secretary

The Secretary may compromise, modify, or remit any civil money penalty which may be, or has been, imposed under this subsection.

(7) Deposit of penalties

The Secretary shall deposit all civil money penalties collected under this subsection into miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury.

(d) Criminal penalties

Whoever willfully violates subsection (a) of this section by making a disclosure prohibited by subsection (a) of this section to any applicant, or any officer, employee, representative, agent, or consultant of any applicant, shall be imprisoned not more than 5 years, or fined in accordance with title 18, or both.

(e) DefinitionsFor purposes of this section:
(1) Applicant

The term “applicant” means any applicant or candidate that is being considered for receiving assistance.

(2) Assistance

The term “assistance” means any grant, loan, subsidy, guarantee, or other financial assistance under a program administered by the Secretary that provides by statute, regulation, or otherwise for the competitive distribution of such assistance. The term does not include any mortgage insurance provided under a program administered by the Secretary.

(3) Covered selection informationThe term “covered selection information” means—
any information that is contained in any application or request for assistance, or any information regarding the decision of the Secretary to make available assistance or other information that is determined by the Secretary to be information that is not generally available to the public (not including program requirements and timing of the decision to make assistance available); and
any information that is required by statute, regulation, or order to be confidential.
(4) Knowingly

The term “knowingly” means having actual knowledge of or acting with deliberate ignorance of or reckless disregard for the prohibitions under this section.

(5) Selection

The term “selection” means the determination of which applicants for assistance are to receive assistance under the program.

(6) Selection process

The term “selection process” means the period with respect to a selection for assistance that begins with the development, preparation, and issuance of a solicitation or request for applications for the assistance and concludes with the selection of recipients of assistance, and includes the evaluation of applications.

(f) Regulations

The Secretary shall issue such regulations as the Secretary deems appropriate to implement this section.

(g) Applicability

This section shall apply only with respect to violations that occur on or after December, 15, 1989.

24 CFR - Housing and Urban Development