The "Other" Macroeconomics

John Maynard Keynes

"The general character and agreement in the periodic turn in movements of factors of circulation -- these are the specific problems of business cycle theory which have to be solved within the closed interdependent system....If a business cycle theory which is system-conforming cannot be built, then "general overproduction" will not only drive the economy but also economic theory into a crisis."

(Adolph Lowe, "How is Business Cyle Theory Possible at All?", Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1926).

"But if the classical theory is not allowed to extend by analogy its conclusions in respect of a particular industry to industry as a whole, it is wholly unable to answer the question what effect on employment a reduction in money-wages will have. For it has no method of analysis wherewith to tackle the problem. Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment seems to me to get out of the Classical Theory all that can be got out of it; with the result that the book becomes a striking demonstration that this theory has nothing to offer, when it is applied to the problem of what determines the volume of actual employment as a whole."

(J.M. Keynes , The General Theory, 1936: p.260)

(A) The Great Delay
(B) The Macroeconomic Revolution

(A) The Great Delay

John Maynard Keynes is often credited with having created "macroeconomics". However, before his 1936 General Theory, there were several economists whom attempted, in several ways, to address the similar types of issues which Keynes tackled: the determination of output and employment in the economy as a whole. These "other macroeconomists" whom Keynes referred to collectively as the "classics" were really contemporary proponents of a still rudimentary "Neoclassical" theory of the macroeconomy -- one which Keynes himself had helped build.

Yet this infamous "Neoclassical" model of the economy, at which John Maynard Keynes (1936) directed so much of his fire, was not very old by most standards. In most discussions of the "macroeconomy" before the 1920s, Neoclassical economists tended to have little to say. They might mumble something about Say's Law, the Quantity Theory (or some version thereof) and perhaps a few words about how it would all "equilibrate" again in the long run. The more interesting economist might add some conjectures about the pattern of "business cycles" and possibly even growth, but that would be about it.

The reason why all this is surprising is that Say's Law, the Quantity Theory, business cycle and growth theory were not part of Neoclassical economics. Or, more precisely, the Classical economists -- Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, Mill, Marx, etc., --- and even the Historical and Institutionalist schools, possessed practically this same book of tales about the economy. Thus, as far as the macroeconomy was concerned, most Neoclassicals were content to merely adopt the conclusions of others.

This state of affairs was surprising for one rather important reason: presumably, in the Marginalist Revolution of 1871-4, the Neoclassicals had forged a whole new theoretical apparatus, distinctly different from the Classical School and certainly quite apart from the Historical and Institutionalist schools. In those frenzied years, they constructed a brand new theory of value, production and distribution. Yet, where was this new theory when they spoke about the economy as whole? Why did they retreat into the language and concepts of their predecessors? Why was there no distinctly Neoclassical theory of the macroeconomy?

There are several tentative ways of answering this question. The first is that the distinctiveness of Neoclassical theory lay in the issue of allocation. Allocation, of course, presupposes that there is "something" to be allocated. Their tools were created to answer the question of how the pie gets divided up, and not about what the size of the pie will be. Thus, if asked about the latter, they simply did not have the tools at hand to answer that. So, in such a situation, why not just import the older Classical story?

A second item would be that the Neoclassical theory was based on the concept of equilibrium. Questions about the macroeconomy inevitably centered around the question of fluctuations in output as a whole. Equilibrium is a center of gravitation. If the economy jumps around without going there, there must be something wrong with the economy. But the object and tools of Neoclassical economics are geared to analyzing equilibrium situations only. Fluctuations are a phenomena that Neoclassical theory is not designed to discuss.

A third possibility is simply that the Neoclassicals lacked the time, interest, patience, disposition or imagination to analyze questions about the macroeconomy too carefully. The first half-century after the Marginalist Revolution of 1871-4 were spent on other issues -- such as distribution, utility, demand, the firm, capital, international trade, etc., all the while fending off methodological attacks by other rival schools. They simply did not get around to thinking about how to incorporate "macro" questions of money, macrofluctuations and growth into a proper "Neoclassical" theoretical system.

A fourth possible explanation was simply that these "macro"questions were not considered "economic" questions anyway. For instance, it was not clear during these early years that "business cycles" really existed anyway, much less that they had an "real economic" explanation. Money, and indeed finance as a whole, was not supposed to be part of the "real" economy to begin with, so it did not merit much "serious" attention. Growth was supposed to be about increasing factor supplies. Capital got some attention, but not labor -- heaven knows what causes laborers to procreate! Unemployment? Well, if we are to draw any conclusions from good old Victorian mores, the unemployed were seen as idlers, morally failed people, who just chose not to work. The "cure" for unemployment, as was evident social policy in those days, was just a good dose of harrowing workhouse discipline. In short, all these macroeconomic questions could be seen to be outside the realm of economics itself.

A fifth possibility is that the Neoclassicals had couched their theories in a manner that was not amenable to take to the aggregate level. They either had, like the Lausanne economists, large, unwieldy "general equilibrium" systems depicting "idealized" situations which were hard to apply to the real world as there were too many factors in the story. Alternatively, like the Cantabrigians, they tended to base their reasoning on "representative" situations at the very partial, microeconomic level, where everything else was "held constant". But in treating the economy as a whole, there is no "other" part that can be held "constant" and so permit the analysis to go forward. Representative reasoning is not easy to generalize to the aggregate economy.

There is probably an element of truth to all these propositions and doubtlessly more can be added. Whatever the reasons, they conspired to end up with the strange result that there never really was a clear "Neoclassical" theory of the macroeconomy -- up until the 1920s.

(2) The Macroeconomic Revolution

So what exactly happened in the 1920s? Effectively, Neoclassical theory came into contact with business cycle theory at last. The Cantabrigians confronted it a bit earlier, but for most others Neoclassical economists, the meeting was forced upon them by the post-World War I economic crisis in Europe which they were at a loss to explain. The Great Depression that was initiated after 1929 only spurred them further. Thus, it is throughout the 1920s and 1930s that economists began finally to confront the issue theoretically and Neoclassical "macromodels" finally began being constructed.

The energy in the construction was palpable. Old hands such as Gustav Cassel (1918), Alfred Marshall (1923) and Irving Fisher (1930) shared the task with younger contemporaries such as Friedrich Hayek (1929, 1931), the Cambridge Marshallians (Pigou, Hawtrey, Robertson and young Keynes himself) and the Stockholm School (Myrdal, Lindahl, Ohlin, Lundberg).

The streams of influence that went into the construction of Neoclassical macroeconomic theory were varied, and thus we cannot say that there was a single, uniting "model" that resulted. Roughly two distinct approaches to the task can be discerned, which we shall divide into the "Fisherian" and "Hayekian" approaches.

The "Fisherian" approach is what we shall term the canonical "Neoclassical Macromodel" -- i.e. the one with money neutrality, Say's Law and full employment equilibrium. This is the approach that was completely "Anglo-American" in its creation and propagation. It was to the Fisherian tradition that the Cambridge Marshallians contributed. This is the version that the Keynesian Revolution was directed against.

The Hayekian approach is a considerably different but ultimately more interesting approach, deriving its inspiration from a long Continental European tradition of structural analysis. It is one with financial and monetary non-neutrality, where Say's Law is violated, where macrofluctuations are real phenomena, endogenously driven by "disproportionalities" between sectors, where growth is part of the story and where there can be unemployment equilibrium. It is striking to realize how different macroeconomics might be today had Neoclassicals taken the Hayekian rather than the Fisherian route. Dennis H. Robertson and the Stockholm School can be, with some reservations, considered part of this "Hayekian" tradition.

After 1936, the Neoclassical macromodel effectively disappeared. Of course, the Neoclassical-Keynesian Synthesis model - as pursued by such eminent figures such as Franco Modigliani (1944), is very different from the older Neoclassical model -- which should be no surprise. If Neoclassical macroeconomics only broke out of its Keynesian shadow to return to the spirit of the 1920s only after the Monetarist and New Classical revolutions of the 1970s and 1980s.

However, we should make note of two particularly famous post-1936 attempts at resurrecting static Neoclassical macrotheory, namely those by John Hicks (1939) and Don Patinkin (1956), which spawned, in turn, the late 1960s-early 1970s attempt at creating a "Walrasian-Keynesian" synthesis. This movement, which deserves considerably more attention than it is given today, can be considered as part of the "Hayekian" legacy.

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How My Learning Disability Helped Me Write a Book, by Kacie Berghoef

By April 24, 2017NVLD Bloggers

Had I known as a child that I’d grow up to be a published author, it would’ve provided me with comfort and reassurance in the face of trying times. It wasn’t easy growing up with an undiagnosed learning disability. Despite endless efforts, in school I remained brilliant in some academic areas, like reading and spelling, and highly challenged in math and science, puzzling and frustrating my teachers and family.

When I was a student, professionals largely associated learning disorders with trouble learning to read, so it wasn’t until later in high school that testing revealed I had a learning disorder processing visual-spatial and non-verbal information. Now that I’m no longer in school, I only need basic math and science in my daily life. However, learning disorders don’t go away in adulthood, and navigating my daily life and career requires continued readjustment and self-accommodating. Nonetheless, my talents, creativity, and persistence helped me obtain professional success as a published author.

Recently, I became a first-time published author, co-writing The Modern Enneagram. In many ways, my nonverbal learning disability gifted me with special abilities that made me a strong author, such as:

  1. A love of words and gift for writing. I spoke my first words at nine months, and my enjoyment of language never stopped. When you have trouble with nonverbal information, the spoken and written word becomes your way of communicating to the world. From a young age, my teachers commented on my writing ability, and early in my career, supervisors noticed my talents drafting clinical notes. I’m very fortunate my loved ones and mentors encouraged me to continue to develop my writing talents.
  2. An incredible memory for details and facts. I might not remember visuals well, like details of paintings and some faces, but when it comes to what I read and hear, I remember details precisely and for a long time. Most NLDers are gifted when it comes to learning rote material, a skill that made researching and writing the book come easily.
  3. Perseverance in the face of difficulty. Having a learning disability, I’m used to certain things in life not being easy, but it’s taught me to keep going even when obstacles are in my way. I passed high school geometry and physics through hours of exhaustive studying and tutoring, and still have to be careful doing certain tasks, like cutting food and finding my way around a new place. I came more than prepared for the long road of writing a book, that includes research, rewrites, and multiple rounds of edits.

Life with a learning disability will always have its challenges, but all of us have abilities we can nourish. I encourage children and adults with NVLD to find success and meaning in their lives by bringing their talents and personal interests together.

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Lions, Jimtown renew rivalry on Friday

Nathan Mullen will need to have a good night for Bremen against Jimtown Friday night.
Rusty Nixon
Sports Editor

This is the week of “the” game for Bremen’s Lions as the Jimtown rivalry is renewed in Elkhart Friday night.
“It goes back a ways into the ‘90s. A lot of our kids can remember watching these games,” said Bremen coach Jordan Leeper. “Whenever Bremen and Jimtown get together, it's a good hard-nosed football game.”
The game has a storied history with some classic battles over the years and this week could be another of those with the Jimmies young team looking for an identity and Bremen hoping to continue a trend that started a couple of weeks ago, getting better each time out. The Lions were big winners over South Bend Washington.
“Our kids executed very well when they do that we're a pretty good football team,” said Leeper. “We were able to run the football and control the clock in the second half. First half was kind of slow but we were able to control the line of scrimmage and run up some yardage in the second half.”
Watching film of the Jimmies Leeper knows that his team has their work cut out for them.
“They are a good football team,” said Leeper. “They are well coached. They have some big kids and have some kids that can run the football. They are very young this year so we have a lot of newcomers to look for on film but they have a lot of talent.
“The quarterback (Clay Campbell) poses a risk as the coaches kid,” said Leeper. “He knows football and whenever you get a kid in that spot that knows football he can do some good thing.”
Jimtown poses some other specific threats to the Lions.
“I think their ability to run the football the most,” said Leeper. “When they get into that 'Jimtown' offense with the three running backs in the backfield and they run the ball right at you, I think that's the most explosive weapon that they have. You don't know who has the ball all the time, they run hard and they have some big guys up front that can really set the line of scrimmage.”
Leeper and his squad have been thinking about one thing this week at practice.
“We have to continue to get better,” said Leeper. “Take care of the football is probably the most important thing and eliminate the mistakes.”
Game time is 7 p.m. at Jimtown High School.


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Dance Dimensions focuses on teaching proper dance technique, while building humble, kind and confident individuals.  We preserve the notion that dance is an art form, and ensure that choreography and costuming is always done in a tasteful manner.  Owner and Director, Miranda Cordes, is a former professional dancer and master teacher, who focuses on a solid ballet program that builds the platform for all other forms of dance. With a strong ballet foundation, dancers will excel in any and all genres of dance, and gain the discipline and work ethic that will carry over into everyday life.


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Agriculture, food security and climate change: Outlook for knowledge, tools and action

This background document presents scientific information on the effects of climate change on food production, and the implications for adaptation and mitigation efforts. It discusses how countries can manage the predicted average temperature rise of two degrees Celsius by 2100, which is enough to undermine farming systems. This will have major impacts on food security and rural poverty.

The report highlights two ways that countries can work towards adaptation. One is to better manage the agricultural risks of climate variability, for example using improved information services. The other is to speed up adaptation, with technological and policy tools for farmers.

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Decision-makers and researchers working on climate, agriculture and food security should interact more to link knowledge with action, the report says.


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Have you ever wondered why you attract the partners you do and why you can't seem to find a career to suit?  I will look at your birth chart and answer those very questions. Combining and using my mediumship, clairvoyance, astrology and Tarot reading skills, I will help you discover your natural ability and understand your life choices.

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I could see and hear things when I was little and thought other people could see what I did. When I was twelve I bought my first pack of Tarot cards and found I could pick up things from them. It wasn't until I went on a psychic development course in the early '90s that I realised just how direct the information was. In 1990 I took up astrology (my great love), then mediumship and I began to channel quite quickly. I concentrated on my family for a while until ill health prompted me to continue my spiritual path. When my health returned, I started to teach Tarot and run psychic development groups. In 1997 I made my first appearance in the public eye and never looked back.

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A man called me for a Tarot reading.  It became apparent to me that he was trying to find his long lost relatives.  He had placed an ad in the local paper and asked me if I could do a psychic online reading to see if he would get a response.  I said that all I could see was an empty space!  It turned out that the papers had lost his information but I could also see that his search would be successful.  The man contacted the paper, who agreed to run his advertisement the following week.  One of his lost relatives was visiting the area that day and picked up a copy of the newspaper to take back to his new home town.  The relative saw the ad and contacted the man, so he found his long lost family but had the ad been placed the previous week, none of his relatives would have seen it!

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Transportation in Japan

Finding the best way to travel in a country is always a bit tricky. In some countries it can be cheaper to take the bus, in other countries to take a train of flight. What is always cheaper is hitchhiking of course, but not everyone feels comfortable about getting in the car with a stranger. …

Continue reading Transportation in Japan


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Immortal Technique: (Reflections on the Haitian Revolution & Present Condition)

(Reflections on the Haitian Revolution & Present Condition)
By Immortal Technique

Since the recent tragedy that has befallen the proud and persevering nation of Haiti, there has been an outpouring of support followed by a few disturbing falsities being spread about the history of the island and its people. I wrote the following to shed some light on events during and around the Haitian Revolution. Please remember memorizing and reiterating should never pass for learning. Deciphering the significance of individuals and events is what truly teaches us not just about history, but also about ourselves.

There is a wide spectrum of beliefs behind what has caused Haiti to suffer ceaselessly over the years. Some see the problem as being mostly political, bad governance, modern day colonialism, and the perceived necessity to make an example to the world of what a successful slave revolution will get you. There are even those on the fringe who cling to an ancient superstition that the island was freed by a mythological pact with Satan (video) In order to shed light on the issue I am forced to go back in time. Obviously not to the beginning of occupational history, but far enough to give others a realistic perspective on Haiti and it’s struggle.

We join a story centuries in the making. It is the year 1794 and the scent of musket powder blows over all of Europe. The French Revolution may have changed the face of the world, but its unintended consequences that influenced its colonies would come to overshadow France’s own glory. It was during this year, on the 4th of February, that France’s First Republic Convention (under pressure from massive slave revolts) decided it had to transcend the stumbling efforts of the ‘enlightened monarchs’ of Europe and abolish slavery. Yet in the customary fashion of our own Declaration of Independence’s “We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal,” the gesture, much like these words, became a glaring example of self-righteous insincerity. Equality, the fraternal twin brother of Independence, was aborted at the fetal stage of development and the Revolution came to betray itself.

Francois-Dominique Toussaint

Known then as “Saint Domingue” (French for Santo Domingo,) the colony that we now call Haiti, yielded great fortune to those who possessed her. It was rich with sugar, cotton, tobacco, cocoa and other valued resources. So much so that the European Superpowers of that day fought bitterly against each other to control the island and her inhabitants. After all, the African slaves living on Saint Domingue were the proverbial engines that ran the machine. From among them appeared a man who was born a slave but who would become free and lead all his countrymen toward that same destiny. He was a glitch in the matrix, an act of nature, and a mistake to be corrected in the eyes of the islands autocratic semi-feudal society. His name was Francois-Dominique Toussaint soon to be heralded, “L’Overture.”

As a former servant and carriage driver, he had abstained from participating directly in previous uprisings stemming from the refusal of slave masters to honor “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.” He had waited patiently and then allied himself with other rebel leaders who had risen to the task of overthrowing colonial rule. His ideas were innovative and his guerrilla tactics highly disciplined. No wonder then that he rose through the ranks of the rebellious forces so quickly.

Before fighting alongside the French against other colonial powers, Toussaint had been in league with the Spanish, who along with Great Britain were at war with France. The Spanish were used as a support system for his designs when white colonials refused to endorse the full rights of citizenship to free blacks given by the French edict of 1792. In other words, for Toussaint they were there to serve his vision rather than him serving theirs. Having so many different nations vying for a piece of the pie proved a difficult task to navigate. To his credit, Toussaint had managed to out-maneuver them all, cleverly using their own tactics of pitting one against another. But when Spain and England did not follow through with their promises to free slaves, he discarded his allegiance to them.

After grueling and hard-fought campaigns against the Spanish and British, he took control of the French Colony. Toussaint promoted reconciliation among the races, which wasn’t any easier then than it would be now. He also engaged and renegotiated better terms of trade with Britain and the new American Republic alike. Catholicism was adopted as the national religion and slavery was abolished. The news traveled around the world like lightning- the African Slaves were undergoing the course of reversing 300 years of domination.

As news of the Independence of Haiti was circulating, the reaction was mixed. Toussaint’s actions openly received the approval of Alexander Hamilton, who saw Europe’s weakening in the West as an opening for America’s bid for commercial supremacy. He even aided in the drafting of the precursor to the island’s first constitution in 1801. However, when Thomas Jefferson came to power, American support was reined in. Jefferson openly own slaves and had even fathered children with the now famous girl he owned, Sally Hemmings. But much more than his personal stake in legitimized servitude, it was the perceived international threat that most likely shaped his opinion. The surrounding colonies and his new Republic being destabilized by the idea of a successful slave revolt obviously frightened him. His assertion being that their freedom would suddenly cripple the economy built around them. He is quoted as saying that it was necessary at all costs to “confine the plague to the island.” I guess “My emancipation / don’t fit your equation.”

Napoleon Bonaparte

By 1801, Toussaint was in full control of Saint Domingue. In a moment of perhaps self-preserving foresight and/or genuine altruism, he advanced onto the Spanish side of the island. His army defeated the remaining white colonial powers and freed all the slaves, showing the people of color the first glimpses of freedom they’d known practically since the time of Columbus. He rejected the ancient custom that dated back to the Middle Ages, of sending his children as hostages to his ‘Suzerain’ as a symbol of fidelity. He further declared his intentions in a famous letter addressing Napoleon himself. It was titled: “From the First of Blacks to the First of the Whites.” In it he pledged his loyalty to France. He stated firmly that slavery would be utterly annihilated; that he (Toussaint) would remain governor indefinitely (a suggestion from Hamilton and then Sec. of State Pickering). Furthermore Saint Domingue would be a free and independent state. The correspondence must have come as a shock to then Consul Napoleon. It was probably the sheer audacity of a former slave proposing terms of independence, albeit in the most polite and articulate manner, that struck him. This man was obviously more dangerous than he could have ever imagined. Toussaint and his people represented something that had to be proved false no matter the cost.

See the very existence of their independence showed the entire human race a side of history that we are only now truly rediscovering. European society had relied mainly on creating divisions and the spread of epidemics, not simply superior military prowess to overcome the indigenous populations of Africa and the Americas. The Haitian Revolution exposed the façade of European invincibility, and it tore away at their justification for invasion on the grounds of Christianization. The mythology of racial superiority began to take the shape of an ancient death mask from classical antiquity.

Napoleon would hear no more and dispatched his brother in law Gen. Charles LeClerc to the island with a huge force of infantry troops and warships. His stated intention was to secure the new state. At first confrontation ensued, but they arrived at a truce once Toussaint promised that the French would not attempt to reinstate slavery. However, the moment he let his guard down he was almost immediately betrayed. Toussaint and his entire family were arrested. Restoring the island to France’s control, LeClerc had Toussaint sent to prison in France. But this was just the beginning. He quietly moved to begin the process of re-enslavement. “Since terror is the sole resource left me, I employ it…destroy all the mountain negroes, men and women, sparing only children under twelve years of age,” read his report to Napoleon.

The Mulatto

The French now shifted their focus on using the former so called “Mulatto” people who Toussaint had defeated in previous military campaigns to maintain control of the island. They, the “Mulatto’s” had been at odds with elements of the Revolution earlier although they had suffered almost equally from the torments of slavery. The very concept of the “Mulatto”, that still to this day plagues the African, Latin American, Caribbean, and so Called West Indian world, merits an explanation all to itself.

The Latin ‘mulus,’ became the Old Spanish or Old Castillian ‘mula,’ finally evolving into the Spanish and Portuguese “Mulatto,” that symbolized the reverse anthropomorphic semblance of a human being. A mule is the physical combination of a horse and a donkey. This part is simple enough. But the symbolic nature of this has a racial connotations that tear apart our society even today. The horse symbolizes the White European, elegant, regal and highly valued. And the donkey embodies what they thought the purpose of an African/Indigenous slave should be; a beast of burden to be worked until the day that ‘it’ dies.

The combination of a horse and a donkey create a species that rarely if ever is capable of reproducing. The male is always born sterile, and the female is exceptionally similar in this way. Hence the idea that nothing good can come from them. This concept then became permeated in the portrayal of the “tragic mulatto” in 19th century American literature, leading into classic Hollywood cinema. It is a theme symbolized by the downfall of a “Mulatto” or “Quadroon/Octoroon” attempting to pass for white. It also focused on the conflict of those trapped between two races. Those who despised and pitied their darker half and their own skin color, while needing the approval of whites to validate themselves. In most of the stories peace is only found for the said main character in death. The very definition of its existence solidified the role of White and Black in the American caste system, whose remnants we all still presently reside in. It also laid out the role of Blacks to themselves, without many of them even to this day understanding the loaded straw man argument about race posed within the terminology.

It was the Haitian Revolution that challenged the very idea of slavery and the existence of a lesser man. It put the “enlightenment” of Europeans on trial, and forced America to confront what she was becoming as opposed to what she was supposed to be. The usage of concepts like the “Mulatto” were necessary for late 18th century white society to put institutionalized racism on life support for another 150 years, and create a violent split in the psychology of Mother Earth’s first children.

They had used a traditional stratagem inherited from the Romans/Byzantines of understanding an empire’s limited capacity for multi-dimensional warfare on a global scale, and employed the service of a smaller state to outflank its opponents in conflict. Only this time it was not using the Visigoths to fight the Huns (Battle of Chalon, 451 A.D.) or the Cumans to fight the Pechenegs (Levonium, 1091 A.D.). Napoleon and those that served his court were innovators of the worst kind. They perfected what other colonial powers beforehand had only begun. They created virtual new age “foederati” for their designs by ripping a subsection out of the very people they sought to subjugate. In return for cooperation, the French promised the desperate “Mulattos” more rights and more privileges in what they painted as a new Saint Domingue. Effectively this action created a safe haven for racism that is even now nestled like a neonate Viper storing the poison of generation after generation. The idea built itself within the conscious and subconscious mind of an enslaved people, to keep them in bondage psychologically even if they found themselves physically free. This is evident not only in the continued degeneration of Black and “Mulatto” relations well into the mid 1800’s under Jean Pierre Boyer, but in present Black & Latino society’s obsession with skin color.

In other words, the French colonization efforts efficiently solidified adding dimensions to racism and the notion of racial superiority by creating a different “race” in our own minds. It was wicked and brilliant in its service to the cause of reducing man to property as it was to being duplicitous to the so-called ‘Mulatto’ himself. For in the end he was closer to his Master in his eyes only. To the French he was still little more than an animal, subject to an active and de-facto ‘Code Noir’.

(The cruel logic of the seemingly schizophrenic reflections in King Louis XIV’s Code Noir of 1641, is regarded as a predecessor to the U.S.’s Black Codes, which shaped the legal standing of former African slaves in the post civil war Era. It covers everything from the immediate persecution and expulsion of Jews, to laws concerning a slave’s position, methods of torture and capital punishment that could be implemented.)

Click to read the Code Noir

Jean Jaques Dessalines and Black (Slave) Rage

Tricknowledge, is a late 20th century Harlem terminology for an old cosmopolitan strategy. It is used to describe an imperial power not having the physical force to conquer a people, and therefore resorting to the art of deception to achieve victory. Calculating lies are used to manipulate the target into compromising positions before it is attacked. Yet even with all of her elegantly worded deception, sweet-accented mandates, and counter-mandates, France would only hold the beautiful island prisoner for a few more fleeting moments of history. Once the Revolution was set into motion there was no opposing inertia capable of stopping it. Toussaint may have been taken under arms to France where he lived incarcerated, in a frozen fortress near Bensancon (eventually succumbing to pneumonia although some suspected poison), but the Revolution rolled on. In fact, right before Toussaint’s death, a perhaps karmic parting gift of yellow fever swept Saint Domingue weakening the French garrison and even claiming the life of Charles LeClerc.

Jean Jaques Dessalines

Napoleon’s Saint Domingue police state barely lasted a year, until it became blatantly evident that slavery was to be reinstated just as it had been on Guadeloupe. In the end, after watching the brutal conflict and horrific mistreatment of his own people, it was one of Toussaint’s young General’s, Jean Jaques Dessalines (who had ironically allied himself with LeClerc when Toussaint was captured), who decided to emerge as the leader that would avenge his people. Truthfully though, and perhaps more important to his own soulful vanity, he really sought to avenge himself. To hear him described by the contemporary European authors of his time, he sounds like the very manifestation of chaotic violence. But every scar has a story, and Dessalines had many scars. In fact a large percentage of his body was covered in painful grooves, partially healed lacerations and whip marks that made some of his skin look like it had melted over itself. He had received some of these in very visible places, and even the most sensitive areas of a man, for his perceived ‘insolence’ as a slave.

It is said General Dessalines would look upon his scars in the mirror and cry out in rage before battles. Then crashing into his enemies he fought with the valiant nature of a man seeking freedom, and persistent fury of a heart that would only be quenched by vengeance. His aim became to ensure the small Revolution’s continued success at any military cost. He was determined to maintain it by implementing the same campaigns of terror that the slave owners had recently utilized on him and his people. And this is what terrified white Europeans to the core of their being. Provoking most landowners and slave masters to flee. Some of them though, daring to look, must have surely seen a piece of themselves in him and been rattled. This is thought to be what initially led to the invention of stories about his pact with the devil and deals with voodoo spirits, as these then served the impertinent need to differentiate his actions from theirs.

To better understand how the slaves were treated and what exactly he sought to repay to his former masters for, I chose this famous quote from Henri Christophe‘s personal secretary. He, who was once a slave, describes in sick details the daily torture inflicted on the enslaved Africans of Saint-Domingue by the French.

His preferred mechanism for punishing European colonials, many of whom were former slave masters, was indeed ruthless. He implemented “Black Rage” as both his foreign and domestic policy, which meant the absolute destruction of the white colonists, soldiers, and civilians. Before him others had angrily suggested this sort of retribution but none had the gall to carry it out. After all, ideologues may design a Revolution and dismantle an empire verbally, but ideas are powerless without the hand that wields them mercilessly. In the end a combination of this, and allowing remaining whites to live without owning any property and having little say in government, was the result.

I make no attempt here to justify the actions of Jean-Jaques Dessalines, but a person cannot be made a slave unless they are terrorized and de-humanized. Unless they are mentally, spiritually and in many cases physically castrated, unless their women are raped before them and children are sold and tore from the womb in front of their eyes. He did in essence what he was taught to do by those that shaped his world.

His collective punishment & scorched earth policy frightened the remaining white colonials to such a degree that most migrated en masse to the other side of the island or to the mainland. General Dessalines fought many battles and eventually claimed the independence of Haiti on January 1st, 1804. During this time period he had ravaged the Eastern side of the island and having swept away all opposition, made himself Emperor in 1804. His absolute rule inspired anger and resentment, and only 2 years after his coronation he was assassinated. The country divided itself between North and South until power was consolidated again. The legend of Dessalines came to life upon his death. Stories grew out of the resentment of the white exiles that had once owned his people and now happily welcomed his demise. Even the “Mulatto” section of Haiti that never received his trusting and felt shunned by him. His immediate demonization followed in these circles, without a thought or a backtracking moment in history to consider what were the circumstances caused him to be. No context that showed the nature of the slow functional genocide of his people.

Just silence. And that silence without context continues even today while people suffer one of the worst natural catastrophes that has ever be known to mankind.

Extortion of Haiti

Not a word from proud France who defied the American War machine over Iraq, but has kept silent over these two centuries when concerning the 150 million gold francs it extorted from Haiti in 1838. The number was later lowered to 90 million gold francs but the factual story behind the extortion goes as such. Under the guise of a cessation of hostilities (a promise to curb re-invasion), repaying indemnities and for the loss of “property” (slaves) during the Revolution, France demanded payment. And of course since Haiti had no such sum in their treasury at the time, French bankers eagerly paid the first 30 million gold francs at exorbitant almost mafia-inspired interest rates. So high that it was not until 1947 that Haiti was actually able to repay THAT particular “loan”. By the mid to late twentieth century the IMF’s policy of changing it’s agricultural focus and conditional foreign aid had since indebted the island nation beyond ruin. In the wake of this current tragedy, I believe France should immediately repay the blood money it stole years ago no matter its legal apprehensions of reparations. This isn’t about reparations for slavery it’s about the over 20 billion dollars in the modern equivalent paid to a reinstated tyrannical king. It is not the pinnacle of restoring Haiti, but the beginning of repair.

Jean Betrand Aristide

I would be remiss to not pause here and point out that this was written as a moderately detailed historical account of events in and around the Haitian Revolution. It is not the entire history of the island and does not go in depth into the modern self-defeating racial and political schism between Haiti and the Dominican Republican during the mid 20th century. I purposely steered clear of recent events concerning Jean Bertrand Aristide because it deserves an article on it’s own. I also cannot and will not lay the blame solely on Europeans for the condition of Haiti. The French themselves cannot be demonized anymore than the Spanish, English, Portuguese or Belgians, etc. for their role in colonization. Although to rule out foreign intervention for Haiti’s condition would be ignoring a huge amount of independent variables that affect the equation. While military backed World Bank policy has always kept the island as an economic vassal, the mismanagement of resources and corrupt leaders also bled the nation dry.

At some point we have to accept the personal responsibility for repairing the framework of society ourselves, and not relying on the people that ruined our indigenous civilizations to fix them all the time. Brutally repressive dictators, such as Duvalier, who were allowed to exist by the U.S. because of their stance against Communism, must be put into their proper context as well. They are not simply a Western invention, but rather the natural order of bequeathing absolute power to an agent of “stability,” an experiment that could easily be repeated in our own Republic. And so we as a nation cannot claim ignorance in our understanding of this political formula anymore, whether at home or abroad. The sad truth is that we as a public entity or a people may understand this relationship and dissect it now, but our own government has recognized it since the founding of the nation.

We may sometimes point to these historical figures and attribute superstitious characteristics to them in order to either justify or vilify their position. My main problem is when it starts becoming obvious that our own government uses complete and utter falsities to promote a military objective. The following is an account written by a Soldier who participated in the ousting of then President Aristide, it sheds light on the deliberate dissemination of such information:

If he (Dessalines) really made a pact to deliver his nation to absolute evil then why only the leader of the one successful slave revolt on the hemisphere? Why just him and not every other military commander throughout history that faced insurmountable odds? And when is that sort of such vindictive and violent force ever justified? See, that my friends- is at the very core of what Haiti and it’s historic Revolution truly represent. That undiluted tactic of delivering oneself from slavery and oppression through physical force. The French Revolution beheaded their King they did not pay his family restitution. The American Revolution gave Britain no reparations and in fact collected the land of it’s Indigenous allies after England ceded it without so much as a word to the Native American’s still living there. Yet only in modern history have enslaved people of color been trained to think suffering through the worst of what an oppressor can punish them with is the only way to gain legitimacy or victory.

Are we tragically “Mulatto?”

Are we as Black and Indigenous people only noble and righteous in an emasculated form of confrontations against such a fate? Are we only correct in our undertaking of a non-violent approach to confronting Imperialism or Fascism? More of white America praises Martin Luther King Jr. as peacefully resistant and the preferable alternative to Malcolm X’s truth without modesty. More would rather hear the scholarly Fredrick Douglas than experiencing the fear-invoking Dessalines. I do not seek to discredit the legacy of either Douglas or King. We are all indebted to the vital parts of the struggle for freedom that they played historically. But why are Europe and American spared the same constant criticism by present day historians. Would we turn the other cheek to Hitler? What would a non-violent march and a hunger strike against the Confederate South have accomplished? Without colonial militias, Native American Warriors, and the French & Spanish Armadas, wouldn’t the (U.S.) Constitution have ended up as British toilet paper? As a matter of fact, if Ghandi’s tactics had been used in the American Revolution, wouldn’t he have been lying in a ditch in Virginia some 234 years ago? Without the purchased attention of a global media outlet is shaming the world even possible? And even if we managed to procure one, how could a profit margin be replaced by a soul, when that’s the one thing that a multi-national news corporation will never have?

I believe a balance is always necessary, and that might never makes right. It just makes right now. Having the power to take land, force payment or enslave others doesn’t make your cause justified. In fact I would argue that an oppressor who lies to his slaves about their ten thousand year old history, and presents them as a fraction of a human being to all, is in truth more savage than that which he has reduced his fellow man to. Strength and power are the tools that can reinforce a document, a government, a people and a nation. Without them there is only the word, and unfortunately we are not as evolved as we would like to believe because we do not respect words, not even the words of God when we write them in our own image. We are taught to only respect fear and violence.

I am not arrogant enough to claim to have all the answers, but I come rather humbly myself to pose these questions so that you may discover the answer. May we repay the slave master by acting like the slave master? Or have we already gone this route before? Perhaps in our forgotten history we have already employed these strategies amongst ourselves. Can it be that we treated each other this way when Rome was yet to be conceived and Greek civilization was still an adolescent student of Egypt? Why is violent Revolution coupled with diplomatic conflict settlement only the recourse of the Super powers alone? Why is it presented to us as fruit from the tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden? Perhaps it was our oppressor’s pact with the devil that made it so. These are question that are easy to answer only if a personal bias already exists within us, they are harder to answer when they speak to all of humanity, and what it reflects about the future of our species.

The earthquake itself did not discriminate by skin color when deciding who would die in the collapsing buildings. It cared nothing for their religion, family connections, or politics. Corrupt diplomats have perished within the same epicenter as innocent hardworking families and dedicated public servants. The old and the young perish together subtracted from both sides of the equation. Our evolution is the rediscovery of the past not an invention of a mythical future. Will we always be a petty small people as a complete and single human race that we do not look beyond what is obvious in our faces as opposed to what is obvious in the actions that our hearts strive us towards?

As I look at the proud, resilient and suffering nation of Haiti. I have heard every sort of theory for this tragedy, an act of God, HAARP, and even superstition backed by the hands of social senility wielding faith. In the end I am left to ponder what role did the world’s super powers play in burying Haiti before the Earthquake, and what sort of role will we now play in digging her and our own collective human soul out of the rubble?

Beyond this though I think we should begin to seriously change the way that we look at each other around the world. We are a global community, a single race of people who might one day all become Haitians.

To all my brothers & sisters, those that have lost family and are suffering.

My Condolences along with Revolutionary Love & Respect,

Immortal Technique

Felipe Coronel

Check out the website...Every Drop Counts is a grassroots organization assembled in response to the recent devastating earthquake in Haiti….A group of young artists and activists in Chicago came together with the goal to raise funds in order to send filtration equipment that will provide sustainable, clean bathing and drinking water (Thus, the name Every Drop Counts.)

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Haiti’s Tragic History Is Entwined with the Story of America

Haiti’s Tragic History Is Entwined with the Story of America

By Robert Parry, Consortium News.

In announcing the U.S. response to Haiti’s devastating earthquake, President Obama noted the two countries’ historic ties. But few Americans know that sad story.

In modern times, when Haiti does intrude on U.S. consciousness, it’s usually because of some natural disaster or a violent political upheaval, and the U.S. response is often paternalistic, if not tinged with a racist disdain for the country’s predominantly black population and its seemingly endless failure to escape cycles of crushing poverty.

However, more than two centuries ago, Haiti represented one of the most important neighbors of the new American Republic and played a central role in enabling the United States to expand westward. If not for Haiti, the course of U.S. history could have been very different, with the United States possibly never expanding much beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

In the 1700s, then-called St. Domingue and covering the western third of the island of Hispaniola, Haiti was a French colony that rivaled the American colonies as the most valuable European possession in the Western Hemisphere. Relying on a ruthless exploitation of African slaves, French plantations there produced nearly one-half the world’s coffee and sugar.

Many of the great cities of France owe their grandeur to the wealth that was extracted from Haiti and its slaves. But the human price was unspeakably high. The French had devised a fiendishly cruel slave system that imported enslaved Africans for work in the fields with accounting procedures for their amortization. They were literally worked to death.

The American colonists may have rebelled against Great Britain over issues such as representation in Parliament and arbitrary actions by King George III. But black Haitians confronted a brutal system of slavery. An infamous French method of executing a troublesome slave was to insert a gunpowder charge into his rectum and then detonate the explosive.

So, as the American colonies fought for their freedom in the 1770s and as that inspiration against tyranny spread to France in the 1780s, the repercussions would eventually reach Haiti, where the Jacobins’ cry of “liberty, equality and fraternity” resonated with special force. Slaves demanded that the concepts of freedom be applied universally.

When the brutal French plantation system continued, violent slave uprisings followed. Hundreds of white plantation owners were slain as the rebels overran the colony. A self-educated slave named Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as the revolution’s leader, demonstrating skills on the battlefield and in the complexities of politics.

Despite the atrocities committed by both sides of the conflict, the rebels – known as the “Black Jacobins” – gained the sympathy of the American Federalist Party and particularly Alexander Hamilton, a native of the Caribbean himself. Hamilton, the first U.S. Treasury Secretary, helped L’Ouverture draft a constitution for the new nation.

But events in Paris and Washington soon conspired to undo the promise of Haiti’s new freedom.

Despite Hamilton’s sympathies, some Founders, including Thomas Jefferson who owned 180 slaves and owed his political strength to agrarian interests, looked nervously at the slave rebellion in St. Domingue. “If something is not done, and soon done,” Jefferson wrote in 1797, “we shall be the murderers of our own children.”

Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, the chaos and excesses of the French Revolution led to the ascendance of Napoleon Bonaparte, a brilliant and vain military commander possessed of legendary ambition. As he expanded his power across Europe, Napoleon also dreamed of rebuilding a French empire in the Americas.

In 1801, Jefferson became the third President of the United States – and his interests at least temporarily aligned with those of Napoleon. The French dictator was determined to restore French control of St. Domingue and Jefferson was eager to see the slave rebellion crushed.

Through secret diplomatic channels, Napoleon asked Jefferson if the United States would help a French army traveling by sea to St. Domingue. Jefferson replied that “nothing will be easier than to furnish your army and fleet with everything and reduce Toussaint [L’Ouverture] to starvation.”

But Napoleon had a secret second phase of his plan that he didn’t share with Jefferson. Once the French army had subdued L’Ouverture and his rebel force, Napoleon intended to advance to the North American mainland, basing a new French empire in New Orleans and settling the vast territory west of the Mississippi River.

In May 1801, Jefferson picked up the first inklings of Napoleon’s other agenda. Alarmed at the prospect of a major European power controlling New Orleans and thus the mouth of the strategic Mississippi River, Jefferson backpedaled on his commitment to Napoleon, retreating to a posture of neutrality.

Still – terrified at the prospect of a successful republic organized by freed African slaves – Jefferson took no action to block Napoleon’s thrust into the New World.

In 1802, a French expeditionary force achieved initial success against the slave army, driving L’Ouverture’s forces back into the mountains. But, as they retreated, the ex-slaves torched the cities and the plantations, destroying the colony’s once-thriving economic infrastructure.

L’Ouverture, hoping to bring the war to an end, accepted Napoleon’s promise of a negotiated settlement that would ban future slavery in the country. As part of the agreement, L’Ouverture turned himself in.

Napoleon, however, broke his word. Jealous of L’Ouverture, who was regarded by some admirers as a general with skills rivaling Napoleon’s, the French dictator had L’Ouverture shipped in chains back to Europe where he was mistreated and died in prison.

Foiled Plans

Infuriated by the betrayal, L’Ouverture’s young generals resumed the war with a vengeance. In the months that followed, the French army – already decimated by disease – was overwhelmed by a fierce enemy fighting in familiar terrain and determined not to be put back into slavery.

Napoleon sent a second French army, but it too was destroyed. Though the famed general had conquered much of Europe, he lost 24,000 men, including some of his best troops, in St. Domingue before abandoning his campaign.

The death toll among the ex-slaves was much higher, but they had prevailed, albeit over a devastated land.

By 1803, a frustrated Napoleon – denied his foothold in the New World – agreed to sell New Orleans and the Louisiana territories to Jefferson. Ironically, the Louisiana Purchase, which opened the heart of the present United States to American settlement, had been made possible despite Jefferson’s misguided collaboration with Napoleon.

“By their long and bitter struggle for independence, St. Domingue’s blacks were instrumental in allowing the United States to more than double the size of its territory,” wrote Stanford University professor John Chester Miller in his book, The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery.

But, Miller observed, “the decisive contribution made by the black freedom fighters … went almost unnoticed by the Jeffersonian administration.”

The loss of L’Ouverture’s leadership dealt a severe blow to Haiti’s prospects, according to Jefferson scholar Paul Finkelman of Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

“Had Toussaint lived, it’s very likely that he would have remained in power long enough to put the nation on a firm footing, to establish an order of succession,” Finkelman told me in an interview. “The entire subsequent history of Haiti might have been different.”

Instead, the island nation continued a downward spiral.

In 1804, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the radical slave leader who had replaced L’Ouverture, formally declared the nation’s independence and returned it to its original Indian name, Haiti. A year later, apparently fearing a return of the French and a counterrevolution, Dessalines ordered the massacre of the remaining French whites on the island.

Though the Haitian resistance had blunted Napoleon’s planned penetration of the North American mainland, Jefferson reacted to the shocking bloodshed in Haiti by imposing a stiff economic embargo on the island nation. In 1806, Dessalines himself was brutally assassinated, touching off a cycle of political violence that would haunt Haiti for the next two centuries.

Jefferson’s Blemish

For some scholars, Jefferson’s vengeful policy toward Haiti – like his personal ownership of slaves – represented an ugly blemish on his legacy as a historic advocate of freedom. Even in his final years, Jefferson remained obsessed with Haiti and its link to the issue of American slavery.

In the 1820s, the former President proposed a scheme for taking away the children born to black slaves in the United States and shipping them to Haiti. In that way, Jefferson posited that both slavery and America’s black population could be phased out. Eventually, in Jefferson’s view, Haiti would be all black and the United States white.

Jefferson’s deportation scheme never was taken very seriously and American slavery would continue for another four decades until it was ended by the Civil War. The official hostility of the United States toward Haiti extended almost as long, ending in 1862 when President Abraham Lincoln finally granted diplomatic recognition.

By then, however, Haiti’s destructive patterns of political violence and economic chaos had been long established – continuing up to the present time. Personal and political connections between Haiti’s light-skinned elite and power centers of Washington also have lasted through today.

Recent Republican administrations have been particularly hostile to the popular will of the impoverished Haitian masses. When leftist priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide was twice elected by overwhelming margins, he was ousted both times – first during the presidency of George H.W. Bush and again under President George W. Bush.

Washington’s conventional wisdom on Haiti holds that the country is a hopeless basket case that would best be governed by business-oriented technocrats who would take their marching orders from the United States.

However, the Haitian people have a different perspective. Unlike most Americans who have no idea about their historic debt to Haiti, many Haitians know this history quite well. The bitter memories of Jefferson and Napoleon still feed the distrust that Haitians of all classes feel toward the outside world.

“In Haiti, we became the first black independent country,” Aristide once told me in an interview. “We understand, as we still understand, it wasn’t easy for them – American, French and others – to accept our independence.”

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A CBE early adopter talks first steps in creating a basic competency-based framework.

competency-based-CBEIf you go to the history section of Rasmussen College’s website, you will see sepia-toned images of male and female students behind bulky desks and teachers at chalkboards. It was the early 1900s and the college was ahead of its time in recognizing the need for more accounting and business professionals in the new century. It may not have been called competency-based education (CBE), but its guiding principle was the same: to help students develop practical and demonstrable skills that align with the needs of employers.

Over a century later, CBE is now the hot topic in higher education, and Rasmussen is among a network of colleges working to address shared challenges to designing, developing and scaling competency-based degree programs.

Today, factors beyond skill deficits are driving the demand for competency-based education. Traditional and nontraditional students alike are looking for faster, more flexible, and more cost effective ways to achieve their academic goals. At the same time, institutions facing declining enrollments and retention rates are looking at CBE as a way to attract more students and keep them on track for graduation.

Institutions with a focus on mentoring, apprentice-based and vocational learning have embraced the CBE model since its inception, but many schools with a variety of academic programs are now exploring the possibility of offering competency-based courses.

For the many colleges and universities currently testing the waters, the question is “where do we start?” Early-adopters like Rasmussen College are partnering with regional accreditors and the U.S. Department of Education as best practices begin to emerge, but in the meantime there are steps every institution can take to create a basic framework for CBE.

Step 1: Identify Programs that are Best Suited for CBE

Institutions should look for areas that allow students with real-world experience to be assessed for competencies. Many adult students are looking for formal validation of skills they’ve already acquired. Business, medical and allied health programs, technology, and graphic design are among the most common fields selected for competency-based study, but any programs that allow students to demonstrate mastery of skills are good candidates.

While these more hands-on programs are popular options for CBE curriculum, the potential exists to transform traditional liberal arts courses into CBE offerings. Courses focused on analytical thinking, effective written and verbal communication skills, providing constructive feedback, and entrepreneurial and innovative thinking can be transformed into effective competency-based learning opportunities.

When Rasmussen first decided to move forward with CBE, it established a rubric for identifying suitable programs, one that asked:

  • Are there already established programs out there that people might recognize, that provide a built-in level of awareness and validation?
  • Are there areas that might differentiate the college and serve as a competitive advantage?
  • What types of students might be involved in these programs? Is it a mature student that might be more independent or a newer student who might need more support and guidance?
  • From an operational perspective, what would allow us to experiment on a small scale initially, and then scale if we want to broaden to more students and programs?

Based on this rubric, Rasmussen started with general education requirements within its business school, which then were extended to general education requirements within other programs. Today, Rasmussen College’s Flex Choice competency-based option is offered in a number of associate’s and bachelor’s completer programs, including business, nursing, computer science, criminal justice, and more.

Institutions should also look at programs that already have a wealth of learning materials
(e.g., e-textbooks, multimedia and digital assets in the public domain), and open education resources that are easily accessible and convenient to students. Part of the value of competency-based programs is that they save students and institutions time and money by incorporating existing channels of learning. MOOCs, for example, are often included in CBE programs.

(Next page: Steps 2&3)

Add your opinion to the discussion.


Log Horizon Vol. 2: The Knights of Camelot - Light Novel Review

Elder Tale was a popular MMO, and on the eve of its latest expansion’s release, many players were logged on in excitement for the launch. However, suddenly all of those logged into the game were transported into the world of Elder Talesitself, unable to leave. Soon, the discovery is made that they are unable to actually die in this world (unlike another series with a similar premise, cough cough), and with a lack of consequences for their actions, pandemonium soon ensues.

The Lowdown

Shiroe returns from his mission to Susukino to find Akiba in a dire state of affairs, as large guilds have become de facto ruling forces and many players still wander around town in despair. Lower level players and smaller guilds are taken advantage of, and the entire atmosphere feels rotten. Disgusted by these problems, Shiroe decides that a governing force needs to be implemented, and sets out to do just that.

How Was It?

Log Horizon is a series that manages to cram quite a bit into just over 200 pages per volume, and it does this by giving in-depth information about its characters and world. Interestingly enough, the narrative is not just from one perspective but fluidly flows from the perspectives of multiple characters during the story, utilizing the third person omniscient point of view to examine the thought processes of many of the key players. This is actually something that was highly important, as the establishment of government in Akiba is an arc that benefits heavily when the readers get to see how each of the guild leaders make their decisions.

The primary area of Log Horizon that sets it apart from similar stories is the depth that it carries out its world building. While present in the first volume, this is even more critical in the second novel. The world of Elder Tale is huge and complicated, and the story tends to delve into these aspects, such as the interactions between Adventurers (real players) and the People of the Land (NPCs). The politics and economics of the game and the game post-Catastrophe are also heavily involved in moving the plot and are very interestingly explained, which is a real asset to the entertainment value of the book.

Overall, what is most appealing about Log Horizon could easily be summarized as good writing. Author Mamare Touno is very good at the technical aspects of plot, and manages to take a relatively large cast of characters in a complicated world and leave readers including myself feeling like a good amount of time was devoted to explaining everything. While this could be seen to a certain degree in the first volume, it is in the second volume once Shiroe actually begins to take significant action to protect the game world in Akiba that this becomes a significant highlight.

There are two potential complaints that might crop up for readers of Log Horzion, one that I personally didn’t mind (but is still important to mention) and one that I did. The first of these is the relative slow pace and dryness of the story. Because Touno takes the time to explain everything in such great detail, while he makes the explanations as engaging as possible the reality is that for readers expecting quick action and fast-moving story, Log Horizon’s second volume would be a difficult story to get through. That said, if you are the type of reader who doesn’t mind that such as myself, this should not be a problem.

The second issue I had was the poorly written comedy which, although less potentially troublesome overall to the story, is still a problem that could be more universally applied to readers than my previous complaint. While there are amusing character interactions between cast members that utilize their defined characteristics, there is also a large amount of cheap slapstick comedy that is very much hit-or-miss. One example is Naotsugu’s interactions with Akatsuki, which are repetitive and boring (urgh, the amount of times he says ‘panties’), and are an example, I think, of something that would be more beneficial to the story if removed. That said, because the story is more dry I think it would be good to have comedy if the comedy was actually well done.

Final Thoughts

Log Horizon is a significant improvement on the first volume. Character development is handled much better, and the world building elements take on a life of their own as they are used not just as explanations but as motive forces for the explosive political development of Akiba. While the story could still be a bit dry for some readers and the comedy is pretty mediocre, I recommend giving this volume a try if the premise and style appeals to you.

Log Horizon Vol. 1 - The Knights of Camelot was published by Yen Press on July 21st, 2015. Authored by Mamare Touno and illustrated by Kazuhiro Hara, the series is currently ongoing and published by Enterbrain. The series has receive a two season anime adaption from 2013-2015 and volume 3 will be published in English on November 17th, 2015.

Date of Publication: July 21st, 2015

Translator: Taylor Engel

Author: Mamare Touno

Publisher: Yen Press


American Flags Sale Logsden OR 97357

American Flags near Logsden.

Proudly Made in the USA!

Folding up the American flag.

The U.S. flag is a strong sign of American identity and nationwide pride. Likewise called Old Glory, the American flag has a vivid background as well as has actually undergone many changes starting from the very first main flag of 1777.

Today the American flag contains thirteen horizontal stripes, seven red alternating with 6 white stripes. The stripes represent the initial 13 colonies; the stars represent the 50 states of the country. The colors of the flag are symbolic as well: red signifies strength and valor, white represents pureness and virtue and blue represents vigilance, perseverance and also justice. The factor the Continental Congress initially chose the red, white, as well as blue colors was not made clear in the resolution embracing the flag. Chroniclers think it was probably a color selection based on the British Union Jack, which had actually previously flown over the colonies.

Gradually, some have actually attributed a little different definitions to the three colors, as an example, the shade red symbolizing the blood spilled to preserve our freedoms, yet the significance of the original meaning has been relatively regular since 1782.

Photo via Wikimedia Commons

It is a lot greater than the 3 shades or a “decor”. Consider the areas around the globe that the American flag has flown, consider the change it has undertaken throughout the decades on American territory. It is truly humbling to think about all that was offered as well as compromised so that the American flag could fly easily throughout this country.

Folding up the American flag.

Typical flag etiquette prescribes that prior to an American flag is kept or raised, its handlers need to two times fold it in half lengthwise; then (from the end opposite heaven field) make a triangular fold, continuously fold it in triangles until the other end is reached. This makes a triangular “cushion” of the flag with just heaven starred field revealing outside, and it takes thirteen folds to create: 2 lengthwise folds as well as eleven triangular ones.

A fancy flag folding event incorporating these significances has actually from then on been developed for special occasions such as Memorial Day as well as Veterans Day. These connections are “real” in the feeling that they indicate something to individuals who take part in the ceremony, however they are not the reason why a flag is folded in the typical thirteen-step way.

This is America and also its symbol is the American Flag. Even though many Americans in Oregon proudly fly the flag outside their homes as well as businesses every day, it is suitable that we, as a country, have established aside one certain day each year to honor our flag as well as to bear in mind that it stands for the perfects and also worths that we need to aim to promote.

Logsden ZIP codes we serve: 97357


American Flags Sale Reserve MT 59258

American Flags near Reserve.

Made in the USA!

Folding up the American flag.

The United States flag is a solid symbol of American identity as well as nationwide pride. Likewise called Old Glory, the American flag has a vivid history and has undertaken several adjustments since the very first main flag of 1777.

Today the U.S. flag includes thirteen horizontal stripes, seven red alternating with six white stripes. The stripes stand for the initial 13 colonies; the stars stand for the 50 states of the country. The shades of the flag are symbolic as well: red symbolizes strength and also valor, white symbolizes pureness as well as innocence as well as blue stands for vigilance, perseverance and also justice. However, the reason the Continental Congress initially selected the red, white, and blue colors was not made clear in the resolution adopting the flag. Historians think it was possibly a color choice based upon the British Union Jack, which had previously flown over the colonies.

Over time, some have actually attributed somewhat various definitions to the three shades, for example, the color red symbolizing the bloodshed spilled to preserve our liberty, yet the significance of the original definition has been rather consistent from 1782.

Photo via Wikimedia Commons

How did the American flag become just what it is today?

Folding up the American flag.

A sophisticated flag folding event including these definitions has since been designed for special occasions such as Memorial Day as well as Veterans Day. These associations are “real” in the feeling that they mean something to individuals that participate in the event, yet they are not the reason a flag is folded in the conventional thirteen-step fashion.

This is America and its symbol is the American Flag. This honorable sign has actually been shot at, set fire to, spit on and also stepped on, and yet she rises time and again. Although numerous Americans in the state of Montana proudly fly the flag outside their homes and businesses each day, it is fitting that we, as a country, have reserved one particular day yearly to honor our flag and also to keep in mind that it represents the beliefs and also values that we should make every effort to maintain. May God honor America as well as those that protect her.

Reserve ZIP codes we serve: 59258


Two cups powdered sugar.

Three-fourths cup butter.

Eight eggs.

Half cup milk.

Four cups flour.

Two teaspoonful baking powder.

Teaspoonful allspice.

Teaspoonful cinnamon.

Teaspoonful ground cloves.

Four ounces raisins.

Four ounces citron cut fine.

Cream the butter and sugar, add the eggs two at a time, whipping them in well, add the milk and mix, mix in the flour fully but lightly, divide this cake dough into two equal parts, put one part into another dish, add to one-half the allspice, cinnamon, cloves, raisins and citron, mix in lightly but thoroughly, make two layers of the dark and two layers of the other, and bake in a moderate oven. When cool put together with a good icing, putting them one layer of dark then a layer of light, then a layer of dark, putting the last layer of light on top, then ice the top and side.


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Museum Typography

I am currently Co-Editor of "Alphabet", the journal for the Friends of
Calligraphy in San Francisco. I am searching for a writer, article, person
who is knowledgeable about typography used in museum displays - especially
on the wall. Is there  a typeface that has been specifically designed to be
read on the wall? If so, which one(S). If not, which typefaces are most
often used in museum displays?  I'm almost always struck when visiting many
museums how much lettering is there to be read and wonder if much thought
has been given to the amount of reading the museum is suggesting the viewer
to do.  I personally think that there is too much, for we (I) know that
it's much easier to sit down and read from a well designed book. Any
thoughts, articles, knowledgeable people about this topic?....Let me know.
Thanks. Brooke Holve


Intel Creates 17 Qubit Superconducting Test Chip For Quantum Computing

In News
The world
might hail quantum computers as the future. From
IBM’s universal quantum computer
to Microsoft’s new
programming language for quantum computers
, the development
is going on at a great pace. But still, there is a lot of work to
be done.

Intel has created a new
17-qubit superconducting test chip
and they have tried to
lessen one problem associated with the quantum computing chips.

They are very fragile, and their operating conditions include
extremely low temperatures (20 millikelvins, that’s 250 times
colder than deep space) making the packaging of the qubits an
important factor for their performance and proper

The superconducting chip, equivalent to the size of a
half-dollar coin, is manufactured in such as way that it can
work reliably in higher temperatures. With the new
architecture, they have reduced radio frequency (RF)
interference between the qubits.

Moreover, the chip can send and receive 10 to 100 more
signals when compared to wire-bonded chips. Its advanced design
makes it scalable for quantum integrated circuits which are
considerably bigger than conventional silicon chips.

Intel has delivered the superconducting test chip to their
quantum research partner QuTech based in Netherlands. The two
are working together on a quantum computing system.

Also Read: What
Exactly Is Quantum Computing?

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Thursday, October 20, 2016

Syrian Conflict and War Crime

The Syrian Civil War is a complicated issue that repeatedly appears all over the media. Though this war is not very easy to understand, I suggest reading articles or videos on how it started to gain more information about it. Such as this one: Syrian Civil War Video.
So today, I will be discussing about Russia's part in the civil war.  Russia and Syria's current president(Bashar-Al-Assad) are allies and Russia backs Assad's forces in the war. And because of this, Russia plays a tremendous part in the war. However, suspicions have arisen on whether or not Russia has been committing war crimes. The President of France, Francois Hollande believes that Russia should be charged with war crimes and the U.S Secretary  of State John Kerry believes Russia should be investigated for this as well. They both believe that Russia should be investigated for the bombardment of Aleppo and attacks on hospitals that according to Mr. Kerry are deliberate.
Article 27  in the Laws and customs of war on land (Hague, IV) states that "In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not being used at the time for military purposes." There have been instances where Russia has violated the text stated in this article. For example, Russian airstrikes throughout a 6 month period had resulted in the death of 2000 civilians. (guardian) Do you believe Russia should be charged with committing war crimes or not?  Write your answer in the comments.
Russia Vetoes Resolution
Russia has also vetoed a resolution in the UN Security Council which designed to end aerial bombs conducted by Russia and Syria. This veto has a great impact on the Syrian unrest. If this solution had been implemented humanitarian aid could've reached Syria and there could've been a decrease in casualties. So this brings us to the question of veto power in the UN Security Council. There are times when individuals are in need of serious help and a resolution should be implemented quickly in order to resolve an issue. Louis Charbonneau, UN director at Human Rights Watch says “Russia has once again abused its veto privilege and sabotaged the UN security council, this time stonewalling efforts to stop the vicious assault on east Aleppo’s civilians...”  But this topic will be discussed more in-depth in the next post. So do you think member states in the UN Security Council should have the power of vetoing? Comment your answer.

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  1. Hey, I really like your blog!
    But the way you present the sources is amateur, you can use to cite them properly, if you want :)
    Keep up the good work <3

  2. Thanks! I definitely agree and will make those changes in the future.


In the early 90's, The Stepping Stones AA Club House in NE Philadelphia was a great place to hang out and meet other clean and sober bikers. At any time you could see 50 to 60 bikes outside of there. One of the meetings from that time that sticks out was the Creekside 5th Chapter. They met three times per week an after the Sunday meeting, there would be a nice ride.
There were two Clubs that would meet up at The Stones, The Phoenx MC, and 5th Chapter Brotherood. For one reason or another in the summer of '92 they both left Philadelphia. First it was the Phoenix MC then shortly after The 5th Chapter.
Even though the Clubs had left, all these ex-drunks with motorcycles were still meeting down at The Stones. There was a lot of talk of starting something new, another clean and sober Motorcycle Group/Club, so in the summer of '93 they planned a meeting just to see if anyone was interested. That meeting drew about 22 bikers, so they set up a second meeting. This time 60 plus showed up, and somewhere along the way, someone came up with a name for this new group. Stones is what they called themselves.
Organization and policies concerning the group did not sit well with some members, so, it was at one of these meetings that 12 of the members got fed up, broke away from the group, grabbed a prospect and decided to do things the right way and go through the proper channels to start a true Motorcycle Club. They went to the local MC at the time, explained themselves and came up with the name and the patch design.
In mid '93 they posted notices in Eazyrider Magazine with the name of the Club and the colors that they would be flying to see if anyone objected with the name or if their colors would cause a problom with any other MC. They waited 6 months, meeting regularly to go over things, and received no objections to the use of the name or colors. With that all over and done with, they held their first offical meeting as The Messengers MC on December 28, 1993.
Without these Twelve, we would not exist.


Meditation, yoga cut risk of cancer, depression by reversing DNA

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For a healthy body in the long run, practising mind-body interventions (MBIs) such as meditation, yoga and Tai Chi daily reduces risk of depression and cancer by reversing the molecular reactions in DNA, suggests a study.

Researchers from the universities of Coventry and Radboud, through 18 studies — featuring 846 participants over 11 years — revealed a pattern in the molecular changes which happen to the body as a result of the MBIs, and how those changes benefit our mental and physical health. They explained the way that genes activate to produce proteins which influence the biological make-up of the body, the brain and the immune system.

ALSO READ: Delhi airport to get an air train, India’s biggest ATC tower

When a person is exposed to a stressful event, their sympathetic nervous system (SNS) — the system responsible for the ‘fight-or-flight’ response — is triggered, in turn increasing production of a molecule called nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) which regulates how our genes are expressed.

NF-kB translates stress by activating genes to produce proteins called cytokines that cause inflammation at cellular level — a reaction that is useful as a short-lived fight-or-flight reaction, but if persistent, leads to a higher risk of cancer, accelerated aging and psychiatric disorders like depression.

ALSO READ: Prez Polls: PM Modi to chair BJP Parliamentary Board meeting

According to the study, however, people who practise MBIs exhibit the opposite effect — namely a decrease in production of NF-kB and cytokines, leading to a reversal of the pro-inflammatory gene expression pattern and a reduction in the risk of inflammation-related diseases and conditions.

Lead investigator Ivana Buric said that millions of people around the world already enjoy the health benefits of mind-body interventions like yoga or meditation, but what perhaps these people do not realise is that these benefits begin at a molecular level and can change the way our genetic code goes about its business.

ALSO READ: Congress a ‘special purpose vehicle’ used to gain independence: Amit Shah

“These activities are leaving what we call a molecular signature in our cells, which reverses the effect that stress or anxiety would have on the body by changing how our genes are expressed. Put simply, the MBIs cause the brain to steer our DNA processes along a path which improves our wellbeing.” The research is published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology.


Organization News

The history of news gathering and dissemination goes back to the times of ‘exploration’ and ‘colonization’ of recognized and unknown peoples and lands. The news market, late to adapt and culturally a lot more tied to content creation than engineering, finds itself much more a follower than leader shaping its enterprise. You will uncover that most businesses will offer you with a spot to live either on a compound or within some sort of shared accommodation depending on the employer. Both figures are substantially greater than the percentage of adults (5%) who presently pay for on the internet nearby news content. Media can play a great role in molding opinion and good news can undoubtedly maintain folks cheerful.

The continual and trustworthy readership and customer of news has been broken and fragmented into numerous parts that are impacted by the different emerging technologies, tactics, mediums and gizmos(including modes of reportage, and dissemination of new details information, affected by the viral soup and stream. New focus demands to be placed to give exposure to companies and organizations that have a history of exhibiting business ethics in the operations. I am in a position to reside frugally on my meager earnings and my savings, and still appreciate my hobbies of quilting and genealogy.

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In other words, if you aggregate the millions of poorly selling titles on Amazon, they add up to the total sales of all the bestselling books in the physical world place together. There are so several good factors taking place in the planet that people never ever hear about since they are busy becoming fed so considerably doom and gloom. College graduates and postgraduates are recruited for group B by way of examinations carried out by the Reserve Bank of India Solutions Board.

It really is also identified as copywriting, but the term copywriting” is typically employed to denote ad copywriting, which is in fact only one particular tiny sliver of the complete industrial writing world. This is the clearest explanation of what to do with 25 ‘likes’ on a enterprise web page i’ve discovered – thank you so a lot for making this clear…ish 😀 I doubt my page will win any visual awards, but at least I have that vanity url now. My parents, grandmother, an aunt and uncle nevertheless reside there, with my parents acquiring out soon due to retirement.