Exploration of dynamic query suggestions and dynamic search results for their effects on search behaviors

While search behavior using dynamic query suggestions is understudied, it is virtually non-existent for dynamic search results (as currently experienced with Google Instant). We report results from a controlled lab study aimed at exploring the effects of these recent search interface developments – dynamic query suggestions and dynamic search results – on users' search behaviors. Based on the availability of these two features, 36 participants were assigned to three conditions and were asked to complete an exploratory search task. Analyses on user behaviors were conducted based on log data, screen videos, and eye tracking. Our results showed that while the dynamic search results feature exposed the participants to more search results pages, shorter querying time and shorter queries, such a functionality did not change users' general search process transition, as well as number of search sites, queries, and visited webpages. The findings also indicate a need to evaluate search interface features in the broader context of task completion rather than information searching and query running only.

Search engine services have attempted to improve effectiveness and efficiency of online searching in both the behind the scene algorithmic advancements and front-end interface enhancements. Two recent interface features include dynamic query suggestions, offered by almost every major search engine now, and dynamic search results, currently available as the Google Instant service. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate the usefulness of dynamic query suggestion, and to the best of our knowledge, no work has tried to evaluate dynamic results features from a user's perspective with a focus on search in the context of task. Google claims that their Instant feature (dynamic search results) saves 2-5 seconds per search.11 But a serious question is whether this scales beyond individual queries within a search session, or leads to better results with respect to the task that led the person to engage in information seeking. Even if a few seconds are saved for running a query, does it translate to being more efficient and effective in collecting more or better information, or in general affect a user's search behavior? To investigate these questions, we designed a user study in which we gave the participants a simulated work task scenario that involved searching for and collecting information. This allowed us to study users' search behaviors in different conditions, defined based on the search features available to the user, in the context of a task. The present paper provides details of this user study, as well as its implications for future evaluation and design of search systems.

To test the effects of the system features, the study had participants randomly divided into three conditions:

  • C1Standard: Query-suggestions off, Google Instant off

  • C2Suggestion: Query-suggestions on, Google Instant off

  • C3Instant: Query-suggestions on, Google Instant on

In this work, we were interested in examining and comparing between conditions multiple aspects of users' behaviors, including users' physical actions, state transitions, time spent in different states of search events, and query formulation. More specifically, we aimed at exploring the following questions:

  • RQ1. Are there differences in users' logged search behaviors in the three conditions? If so, what are they?

  • RQ2. Are the state transition patterns in the three conditions different from each other? If so, how?

  • RQ3. Do users spend time differently in the three conditions, at the search engine homepages, search engine result pages (SERPs), and query formulating and reformulating phases?

  • RQ4. Is query length different in the three conditions? If so, how?

  • RQ5. Is the number of concepts covered in queries different in the three conditions? If so, how?

Our research relates to three areas in the literature: (1) dynamic search interface techniques – specifically, query suggestion features since there has been no work so far on dynamic search results that we know of, (2) time spent on searching, and (3) evaluating information retrieval (IR) systems. Below we provide a brief summary of important works relating to these three topics from the literature.

IR System Query Suggestion

The literature of IR has seen quite a lot of effort spent on improving search system interfaces to enhance search results and user experiences. Query suggestion is one feature that attracts much attention. Two types of query suggestion methods are (1) query expansion, in which the system modifies the searchers' queries automatically without the searchers being involved or even realizing that this has happened, and (2) interactive query suggestion, in which users are able to select query suggestions. Research (e.g., Beaulieu, 1997; Koenemann & Belkin, 1996) has shown that users would like some kind of control with query expansion features, and that increasing the level of user control improves search effectiveness. Recently, IR systems have begun to employ dynamic (also called real-time) query suggestions, which suggest queries while users type their own query terms.

Some studies have examined the effect of real-time query suggestions, either query terms or whole queries. White & Marchionini (2007) conducted a user study aimed at examining the effectiveness of real-time query expansion by suggesting query terms. The study compared three interfaces: a baseline interface with no query assistance feature, an interface that provides a query expansion option, by suggesting query terms after users submit their queries, and an interface that provides a real-time query expansion option that suggest query terms while users type queries. Users were given two types of tasks: the known-item task which has one single correct answer, and the exploratory task which does not have a single correct answer. Their results showed that in the real-time query expansion interface, users had higher-quality initial queries (measured by the number of concepts in queries), more engagement in search, and were more likely to take the query suggestions, but users did not show any significant differences among three conditions for the quality of all queries, task completion time, and result quality (as measured by the correctness in known-item tasks, and precision@10 in exploratory tasks). While users were more satisfied with the real-time query function with respect to engagement and enjoyment, they were more satisfied with the baseline system with respect to effectiveness and usability.

Leroy et al. (2007) compared three medical search engines with query term supporting tools. Two of them dynamically suggested terms based on users' keywords, and one used a static method. They also used different thesauri as term sources. The three systems required different amount of user effort in selecting and using suggested terms. A user study was conducted with 23 participants coming to search on assigned topics. They were also asked to record subtopics and supporting abstract. It was found that the dynamic query supporting tool led to higher efficiency, specifically, users performed fewer searches and found more documents per query. However, the three systems did not show significant differences in the number of useful subtopics recorded by the users. In summary, different term supporting tools showed significant differences in efficiency but not in effectiveness.

Through the analysis of a large-scale dataset of 4 days' logs over a period of 4 months, Anick & Kantamneni (2008) examined users' engagement with the real-time query assistant (i.e., query expansion) feature in Yahoo! This assistant offered suggest-as-you-type expansions, showing suggested whole queries to the users in a display tray under the query input box. The study found that users showed an increase in the attention paid to the query assistant and the interaction with it. However, the study did not assess how this query assistant helps users in finding information and finishing their information tasks.

Time Spent on Searching

Time spent in different states of the search process, such as in search engine homepage, SERP, and content pages, among others, has been frequently used as a way to observe and analyze users' behaviors. The proportion of time spent in each state has been examined as an indicator of task difficulty. Aula, Khan, & Guan (2010) found that in unsuccessful tasks, users spent a larger proportion of the task time on SERPs than in successful tasks. Dwell time in each state has also been examined by previous studies to look at factors such as task type. For example, Liu et al. (2010) found that decision time (defined as time users take during the search process to decide whether a document is useful) was longer in tasks in which a webpage as a whole is judged for its usefulness than in tasks in which part of a webpage is judged for its usefulness. In addition, dwell time on webpages has been studied as an indicator of the usefulness or relevancy of the webpage (e.g., Morita & Shinoda, 1994; Kelly & Belkin, 2004; Liu & Belkin, 2010; White & Huang, 2010). However, time spent in different states has rarely been used to examine the effect of different system conditions.

Figure 1.

A snapshot of Coagmento system used for the user study.

IR System Evaluation

The traditional approach of system evaluation as represented by the Cranfield/TREC (Text REtrieval Conference)22 evaluation paradigm uses document relevance as a criterion to assess system responses to single queries. With research in IR expanding to take a broader perspective of the information seeking process to explicitly include users, tasks, and contexts in a dynamic setting rather than treating information search as static or as a sequence of unrelated events, the traditional evaluation approach is not appropriate in many cases. Recently there have been alternative approaches that put evaluation in a broader context and employ multiple criteria and measurements (e.g., Belkin, Cole, & Liu, 2009; Cole et al., 2009; Vakkari, 2010).

As Belkin, Cole, & Liu (2009) and Cole et al. (2009) stated, information seeking takes place in the circumstances of having a goal to achieve or a task to complete, and an information seeking episode consists of a sequence of interactions between users and the information objects that are provided by information systems. Each interaction has both an immediate goal and a goal in respect to the accomplishment of the general goal; therefore, evaluation of IR systems should be modeled under the goal of information seeking and should measure a system's performance in fulfilling users' goals through its support of information seeking. Through the analysis of the characteristics of exploratory searching, Vakkari (2010) suggested ideas on how to evaluate exploratory search systems, and based on that, proposed that system evaluation criteria should be set in accordance to the objectives of the systems. This also extends the evaluation paradigm from a focus only on the output of the system onto the whole search process. In their study evaluating user efforts following search trails, i.e., a series of webpages starting with a search query and terminating with an event such as session inactivity, White & Huang (2010) employed multiple aspects of evaluation criteria including relevance, topic coverage, topic diversity, novelty, and utility. The multi-dimensional evaluation criteria offer a more comprehensive understanding of IR systems, their performance, and their support/assistance to information seekers' search process as well as their overall task accomplishment or the meeting of their information needs.

To address our research questions stated above, we conducted a controlled laboratory study involving 36 participants in three different system conditions, defined based on the kind of interactive features available to the users. The current section provides details of this study.

The experiment was run on a Dell workstation, with an average system configuration. We developed an add-on for the Firefox web browser, called Coagmento (Shah, 2010; González-Ibáñez & Shah, 2011) (Figure 1) that allowed the participants to capture relevant information effectively without leaving the browser. The add-on included a toolbar with the following buttons:

  • Home: to bring the participant to the study page for completing questionnaires.

  • Bookmark: to bookmark a webpage.

  • Snip: to highlight a text passage on a webpage and collect a snippet. While saving a snippet, one also has an ability to rate that snippet on a scale of 1-5 for its usefulness for the given topic.

In addition, the add-on provided a sidebar in the browser that included a chat-box as well as collected bookmarks, snippets, and issued queries by the current participant in the given task. The chat-box was used to instruct the participant about starting/ending a task and filling in questionnaires.

We also removed the search toolbar from Firefox, so that the participants would have to visit a search engine's website for running a query. This was done to have better control over the three conditions defined later.

The browser was set to remove history data after each session, ensuring a participant's searching and browsing are not affected by the previous participant's actions. Coagmento, while providing various tools to help the participants in their information seeking, also recorded various actions, such as webpages visited and searches performed. In addition to logging with Coagmento, we also used a Tobii eye-tracker33 for recording screen videos with eye-gazing and eye-fixation information.

Participants were recruited randomly from Rutgers University by sending experiment advertisements to email lists and posting on post boards. A total of 36 participants were recruited, whose ages varied between 18 and 36. Of the 36 participants, 28 were female and 8 were male. Four of them were graduate students and the rest were undergraduates. They all indicated their search experience at moderate to high levels. 32 out of 36 (88.89%) declared their primary search engine to be Google.

The participants were given $10 for their participation. To encourage them to take the experiment seriously, there was a prize (an iPod Shuffle) for the best performing participant. The participants were told that their performance would be measured by the amount as well as the quality of the information they collected.

The participants came to our usability laboratory one at a time, and were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. This assignment was done using a uniform randomizer, resulting in the same number of participants in each condition. Once the participants signed the informed consent, they were briefed about the study, shown how to use the system for collecting snippets and using them, and then left in the room with the study computer to surf the web freely to any sources at their wish and work on their tasks.44 A typical session was about 40 minutes, with the following steps:

  • Greetings and consent form (2 minutes)

  • System demonstration (3 minutes)

  • Pre-task questionnaires (2 minutes)

  • Task (30 minutes)

  • Post-task questionnaires (2 minutes)

System conditions

Since we were interested in studying two distinct search features (dynamic query suggestions and dynamic results), we defined three different experimental conditions for the study under a between-subjects design. Following is the description of the three conditions.

C1Standard: query-suggestions off, Google Instant off

In this condition, we disabled JavaScript on three major search engines (Bing, Google, and Yahoo!), and gave the participants plain versions of search engines that offered no query suggestions, and no support for dynamic results.

C2Suggestion: query-suggestions on, Google Instant off

In this condition, we enabled JavaScript support in the browser, so that the participants had search engines with query suggestions, but turned Google Instant off using the settings at google.com.

C3Instant: query-suggestions on, Google Instant on

This condition featured query term suggestion as well as dynamic results changes by enabling Google Instant.

Note that due to the fact that both dynamic query suggestions and Google Instant are implemented using the same Asynchronous JavaScript And XML (AJAX) technologies, it was not possible to create a condition with Google Instant on and dynamic query suggestions off.

Typical IR evaluations are done to measure the effectiveness of search and retrieval process only, but we decided to evaluate search features in the larger context of work-task. We picked a topic from the INEX 2006 Interactive Track topics relating to different revolutions in history.55 We chose this topic since it had the highest number of aspects (four) among the topics defined for that year's INEX. We conducted a couple of pilot runs with this task-topic combination and found them to be suitable for our study.66

Specific language for the task description provided to the participants is given below.

As a history buff, you have heard of the quiet revolution, the peaceful revolution, and the velvet revolution. For a skill-testing question to win an iPod you have been asked how they differ from the April 19th revolution.

Search and visit any websites that help you find information on this topic. As you find useful information, highlight and save relevant snippets. Make sure you also rate a snippet to help you in ranking them based on their quality and usefulness.

You have 25 minutes to read this task description, and collect information (snippets) from any online sources, and using any search engines you wish.

Note that while C3Instant was defined based on Google Instant, we decided to let our participants use any search engine they wanted to not force them into using Google only. We also had a justification for this design decision from our past studies of similar nature where it was revealed that Google is the choice of student participants consistently at least 85% of the times (Shah & Gonzalez-Ibanez, 2011).

The data of the reported study were obtained as log data, screen videos, and eye tracking data. We employed both qualitative and quantitative methods for analysis, as presented below.

Search Behaviors (RQ1)

Table 1 provides a summary of the participants' search behaviors as expressed using running a search, visiting webpages, and collecting information (bookmarks or snippets). Note that after doing one-way ANOVA, we did pairwise comparison between the three conditions if ANOVA was significant.

Table 1. Summary of various physical actions. Bold values indicate significant difference at p<0.05 using one-way ANOVA.
Number of pages33.25 (14.10)33.25 (12.37)49.67 (10.82)6.90 (0.003)
Number of content pages21.67 (12.32)20.33 (7.28)27.17 (6.24)1.94 (0.160)
Number of SERPs11.58 (6.22)12.92 (6.97)22.50 (7.55)8.85 (0.001)
Number of queries10.00 (5.61)10.25 (5.46)9.58 (1.93)0.063 (0.940)
Number of unique queries8.67 (5.61)8.75 (4.02)7.08 (1.93)0.61 (0.550)
Number of search sources (websites)7.50 (3.58)8.00 (3.57)10.50 (3.43)2.50 (0.100)

Before we discuss the results in this table, it is important to clarify various terms used in it. Pages or webpages refer to a page that one visits by typing a URL or clicking on a link. Some of these webpages are search engine homepages (e.g., google.com), some are SERPs, and the rest are content pages. Search sources are defined as websites that one visited, which are different than the webpages, since one could visit multiple pages under the same site. For instance, Wikipedia has several pages about various revolutions and if one visits 10 of those, we would consider the number of webpages to be 10 and the number of sources/websites to be 1.

As evident from Table 1, those in C3Instant were shown more SERPs and visited more webpages than those in C1Standard or C2Suggestion. This may be an artifact of Google Instant providing and revising SERPs (a result page with up to 10 results) as soon as one starts typing a query. However, no significant differences were found in the number of queries tried or content pages visited. In other words, no clear difference seemed to exist among the three conditions for the physical actions taken.

At this point, it is important to bring up the details of how SERPs were recorded, especially for C3Instant. As described before, we used our own logger to record various activities of interest during the study. The logger runs on a one-second clock, which means it logs activities happening at the turn of a second and ignores those within a second. Thus, it does not capture every keystroke. According to the literature, an average computer user types 50 words per minute (Ostrach, 1997). Also, Google Instant does not provide a new SERP for every keystroke. Combining these two facts, we can safely assume that our logger did not create a SERP entry for each keystroke. To verify this, we watched all of the screen videos recorded for C3. We found that either a participant typed the whole query right away, generating one or two SERPs in 3-5 seconds, or they made a few pauses. In the latter case, Google Instant generated a larger number of SERPs, and our logger captured most of them as legitimate SERPs. However, the fact that the participant paused indicates that they may have looked at the results intermittently. We also did our own sanity check to get an idea of the reasonableness of our approach. For the query “quiet revolution” (very common in our study), we get one SERP if the query is typed quickly, and two SERPs if there is a pause after quiet. This is consistent with what the logger recorded. Regarding the number of pages, if a user stayed on a page for less than a second, it may not have been recorded by our logger.

Search Process Analysis (RQ2)

Even though the participants were allowed to use any search engine they wanted, about 95% of the time they chose Google. This was found to be consistent across all the participants in each condition. Since C3Instant is based on the Google Instant service, we decided to look at only those search sessions that were initiated with Google for each condition to keep the comparison fair.

Figure 2.

Video coding interface.

To gain a deeper understanding of the search process for each condition, we watched screen videos of every participant and coded various states. The search phase is defined as the part that begins with one visiting a search engine homepage (here, google.com), and ends with one leaving the SERP by either selecting a link or switching to an existing content page in a different tab or window. The search portion of user activity was then segmented in three states, namely: Google home page, SERPs, and Query Reformulation. In addition, we coded the possible transitions derived from these states such as: switch to a different tab, select a suggested query, select a search from the SERPs, move to a different SERP, and stop typing a query due to the SERP provided through Google instant, to name a few. We performed the video segmentation using Avidemux (http://www.avidemux.org). Figure 2 shows the interface that we used for watching participants' screen videos, overlaid with eye-tracking information, and coding their search states. Note that the eye-tracking data was used for segmentation purpose only, and not for other forms of analyses that are done with such data, including studying gaze and fixation behaviors of the users.

Following are the states that we coded:

  • Google: when the participant visits google.com.

  • Start typing: when the participant starts typing a query in the search box.

  • Take a suggested query: selecting a query that is suggested by Google (only in C2Suggestion and C3Instant).

  • Finish query: when the query is finished. In C1Standard and C2Suggestion, this happened when a participant hit the “Enter” key or clicked on the “Search” button, whereas in C3Instant, doing so was optional. In other words, those with the Google Instant feature (C3Instant) could finish a query without pressing Enter or clicking a button. Since such information for C3Instant cannot be easily identified from the logs, we used screen videos with eye-fixation overlay exclusively.

  • SERP: search engine results page is displayed.

  • Click on a result: selecting a result from a SERP.

  • Content page: visiting a content page that is opened by clicking on a result in the SERP or typing the URL, or is already open in another tab/window.

  • Collect useful information: bookmarking or collecting a snippet while in a content page.

Using the codes generated for each participant, we created state-transition diagrams for each condition and each task, depicted in Figures 3 to 5. Here, the ovals represent the states described above, the arrows indicate observed transitions, and the numbers on the arrows provide transition probabilities. For instance, in C1Standard (Figure 3), after seeing a SERP, 45% of the time the participants clicked on a result, 29% of the time reformulated their queries, 18% of the time went to a content page, and 8% of the time visited the next page of search results.

Figure 3.

C1Standard's search process state transition diagram.

Figure 4.

2Suggestion's search process state transition diagram.

Figure 2.

C3Instant's search process state transition diagram.

As can be seen, the transition patterns of the three conditions are in general similar to each other, except that C2Suggestion and C3Instant showed one more state (i.e., take a suggested query). The transition probabilities among states are also in general comparable among the three conditions, except for those with the new state in C2Suggestion and C3Instant. Due to the inherent mismatch in search behaviors exhibited among the three conditions, it would be difficult to compare these state-transition diagrams with statistical methods. Nevertheless, there are a couple of observations one could make from these diagrams:

  • In general, searchers were almost five times more likely to reformulate their queries than to visit the next page of results. In other words, if they did not find useful information in the first 10 results, they would rather change their search request than see the next 10 results.

  • Using eye-tracking data, we learned that users with Google Instant available stopped typing their queries about half the time and looked at the search results. This indicates that running partial queries did lead participants to switch their attention from creating a query to viewing the results.

Since no apparent differences other than the above mentioned were found by simply looking at state-transition diagrams for each of the conditions, we decided to conduct a deeper analysis of the amount of time they spent on critical states, and the queries constructed by the participants in each condition.

Table 2. Summary of average time spent (in seconds) at three search states.
Time spent in seconds
Google homepage8.03 (4.86)12.71 (9.26)4.76 (4.75)
Query reformulating5.09 (3.61)8.28 (7.58)5.77 (3.37)
SERP7.68 (5.82)7.90 (8.72)6.06 (5.07)
Table 3. Pairwise comparison between conditions of time spent (in seconds) at three search states. Bold values indicate significant difference at p<0.05. Bold and italic values indicate significant difference at p<0.01.
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Time Spent (RQ3)

We calculated the time users spent in each state using our segmented data. The results are reported in Table 2. They show that those in C2Suggestion spent more time on the Google homepage than those in C1Standard or C3Instant. In addition, C1Standard participants also spent more time on google.com than those in C3Instant (Table 3). It is also observed from these results that those in C1Standard and C3Instant spent less time than those in C2Suggestion when it comes to reformulate queries. In regards to the time users spent on SERPs, it was found that those in C1Standard and C2Suggestion spent more time than those in C3Instant.

Query Length (RQ4)

Query length is defined as the number of terms in a query. We looked at four types of query length, which varied along two aspects: one is based on the analysis unit being each query or being each user/session; the other is based on the query collection being all queries or unique queries (duplicate queries in a user/session were removed). These four types were as follows:

  • query length per query level for all queries (query-all)

  • query length per query level for unique queries (query-unique)

  • query length per task level for all queries (task-all)

  • query length per task level for unique queries (task-unique)

Table 4 summarizes the mean and standard deviations for the four types of query length for each condition. In each condition, the distribution of all four types of query length was normal, so one-way ANOVA was used to test the statistical differences of query length among the three condition groups.

Table 4. Summary of query lengths. Bold values indicate significant difference at p<0.05.
Query-all3.66 (2.05)3.62 (2.33)2.68 (0.83)10.32 (.000)
Query-unique3.80 (2.09)3.80 (2.42)2.80 (0.89)7.78 (.001)
Task-all3.25 (0.92)3.32 (1.12)2.70 (0.39)1.81 (.180)
Task-unique3.38 (0.88)3.44 (1.20)2.77 (0.39)2.07 (.142)

As can be seen from the results, there were statistically significant differences among the three conditions on query length at the query level (query-all and query-unique), but not at the task level (task-all and task-unique). Post-hoc analysis using the Tukey test found that query length in C3Instant was significantly shorter than that in C1Standard and C2Suggestion, while that in C1Standard and C2Suggestion did not have differences.

Query Concept Coverage (RQ5)

In addition to query length, we also looked at the number of concepts in queries, using a method similar to what is used by White & Marchionini (2007) for measuring query quality. Although this does not necessarily represent queries' quality in terms of leading to better search results or not, it reflects the concept coverage in queries.

All queries were judged for the numbers of concepts following a scheme that was generated for that particular task based on discussion among study designers and experimenters. The rating scheme was on a 5-point Likert scale, according to the number of concepts in queries, i.e., the number of concepts in the queries that are related to search task topics. The coding scheme is shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Query concepts judging scheme.
Query topic coverage scoreNumber of concepts in queryConcept examples
10Terms unrelated to search task concepts
32Revolution + quiet; or revolution + peaceful; or revolution + velvet; or revolution + April 19
43Two revolutions mentioned above, or one revolution + another concept
53+For any with concepts of 3 and above, such as two revolutions mentioned above + differences (or others)

Two assessors (two of the authors) judged a sample of about 10% (31 queries out of the total of 299) of all queries, and the inter-coder reliability was quite high, with a Kappa value of 0.812 (p<.01). Then one of the authors judged all remaining queries. Table 6 summarizes query concept coverage for each condition. As seen here, no significant differences were found for the average number of concepts in queries among three conditions.

Table 6. Summary of query concept coverage.
Avg. Rating2.80 (1.01)3.28 (0.41)2.72 (1.10)1.48 (0.240)

Following the previous section where we presented our results, here, we present a discussion of the findings that incorporates our research questions relating to the effects of dynamic search features on users' search behaviors.

Physical Actions

Our results (see Table 7 for a summary) showed that the three system conditions did not exhibit differences in users' physical actions, except that C3Instant lead to more pages and SERPs visited. The more SERPs in C3Instant could possibly be a result of the system returning more SERPs given that it kept refreshing the search result lists while the users issued their queries. However, this does not mean that the users indeed read all the SERPs, especially those appearing while the users were typing the query terms.

Table 7. Summary of results.
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Time Spent in Search Phases (RQ3)

The fact that on Google homepage, participants in C3Instant spent shorter time than in C1Standard and C2Suggestion is not surprising, since the moment they started typing their queries, they were taken to a SERP by the Google Instant service. The finding that those in C2Suggestion spent longer time than C1Standard, we think, could possibly be due to the reason that participants paused to look at the suggested queries provided by the systems, with the dynamic query suggestion feature on, and this time was longer than participants typing to finish their own queries. This could indicate that participants' attention was indeed drawn by the dynamic queries, although those queries did not lead to more topic coverage (as discussed above).

The participants of C2Suggestion were found to be taking longer in query reformulation than those in C1Standard, possibly due to paying attention to the search suggestions being offered in C2Suggestion. In short, those in C3Instant do appear to be faster during the search stage (being at Google homepage, typing a query, viewing SERPs) of their task.

One may expect that the system's automatic query suggestion/completion feature would help users formulate better queries. Our results show that when query length was analyzed at the query level (not the task level), it was affected by the two system features. Meanwhile, query topic coverage did not vary between conditions.

A further examination of the queries found that they were mostly the names of the different revolutions as described in the task. System suggested queries did not expand the number of concepts about these revolutions in this case. Query length in C3Instant was shorter than that in C1Standard and C2Suggestion, while that in C1Standard and C2Suggestion did not have differences. This is reasonable considering that at times, C3Instant provided SERPs while users were pausing in their issuing of queries, and those intermediate SERPs were based on the incomplete queries, which would be shorter than those completed by the users. As reported, C3Instant participants also abandoned their queries and moved attention to a SERP half the time (transition from ‘Start typing’ to ‘SERP’), possibly resulting in shorter queries. In summary, our findings about queries indicated that automatic query suggestions did not lead to longer queries or more concepts in the queries, but Google Instant led to shorter queries at the query level.

In summary of all our findings, although our study was limited to a single task, the findings suggest that for an information seeking activity that is not as simple as running a parsimonious query, the query suggestion feature did not change users' behavioral transition pattern in the search process, the number of queries, search sources, and content pages viewed, query length and query concept coverage, but it led to shorter users time spent on Google homepage and in reformulating queries. The dynamic result feature did not change other examined behaviors than providing more SERPs, leading to shorter queries, and shorter time on SERPs.

We mainly examined users' behaviors in the current paper, and the results showed that the dynamic search features did not change much, especially the general transition pattern, except for a few behaviors. Future study will examine if these features affect users' task performance with regard to the effectiveness and efficiency from total task completion time, the useful pages found, etc., as well as how users favor these features.

We explored the issue of understanding the impacts of front-end search system features with dynamic interactions on users' behaviors. Through our study, we learned that systems with dynamic query suggestion or dynamic result features may not really change users' general behavioral transition pattern in the whole process, save effort in the number of search sources, queries, and content pages viewed, or formulate queries with more concept coverage than systems without those features could. The only benefit we found them providing is that users could have less querying time, more SERPs, and webpages in general, with dynamic search results. This could be helpful for querying process, but may not create a significant difference in general search behavior in the context of a task.

A valid question to ask here is what these results mean to interactive IR and human-computer interaction (HCI) research. Despite the non-significant influences of the dynamic front-end features on users' overall search behaviors, our results do show that dynamic search interface features get the information seekers exposed to more information relating to their search requests (by suggesting queries – C2Suggestion and C3Instant), and chances of providing more search result pages (by providing constant result-sets – C3Instant). The users spent more time looking at the suggestions offered, which may not help in a time-limited information retrieval task, but could be very valuable for learning and sense-making. Having dynamic search features did not result in saving time or constructing queries with more concepts, but the results could be different for simple search task (e.g., known-item retrieval), or unfamiliar task/topic, where the users have difficulty formulating search requests. While the study reported here was exploratory in nature, the method and results provided could help in future research around dynamic search suggestions, dynamic search results, and other such related front-end features of an interactive IR system.

We are thankful to Abhijna Baddi and Kanan Parikh for their invaluable efforts in helping to run the user study described here.

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    Despite this freedom, Google was used as the choice of search engine 95% of the times as described later in the Search Process Analysis section.

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    We also tried a few other topics during these pilots, but rejected them since they were found to be either too easy or too narrowly defined.


Albert Camus in the 21st Century: A Reassessment of His Thinking at the Dawn of the New Millennium. (Faux Titre)

Within the first decade of a brand new century, this selection of bilingual essays examines Camus's carrying on with reputation for a brand new new release of readers. In the most important respects, the area Camus knew has replaced past all acceptance: decolonization, the autumn of the Iron Curtain, a brand new period of globalization and the increase of latest varieties of terrorism have all provoked a reconsideration of Camus's writings. If the Absurd as soon as struck a selected chord, Meursault is as most likely now to be noticeable as a colonial determine who expresses the alienation of the settler from the land of his delivery. but this expanding orthodoxy should also take account of the explanations why a brand new group of Algerian readers have embraced Camus. both, as soon as remoted as a result of his anti-Communist stance, Camus has been taken up by means of disaffected individuals of the Left, confident that new varieties of totalitarianism are in a foreign country on the earth. This quantity, which levels from interpretations of Camus's literary works, his journalism and his political writings, should be of curiosity to all these trying to reconsider Camus's paintings within the mild of moral and political concerns which are of continuous relevance this day.

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Extra info for Albert Camus in the 21st Century: A Reassessment of His Thinking at the Dawn of the New Millennium. (Faux Titre)

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Nous sommes des meurtriers et nous avons choisi de l’être”, Kaliayev argue de son libre arbitre : “J’ai choisi de mourir pour que le meurtre ne triomphe pas. J’ai choisi d’être blameless” (TRN, 341). Les écrivains de L’École d’Alger face au terrorisme 193 deux de ses chapitres au terrorisme d’état et un au terrorisme individuel. Il apparaît clairement que les seuls meurtriers envers lesquels il garde quelque considération sont les “meurtriers délicats” comme Kaliayev, “image l. a. plus natural de los angeles révolte”, qui triomphe du nihilisme en se plaçant au-dessus de l’histoire : Celui qui accepte de mourir, de payer une vie par une vie, quelle que soient ses négations, affirme du même coup une valeur qui le dépasse lui-même en tant qu’individu historique.

23 Cf. Le Blanc de l’Algérie, 19 et passim. Colonial / Postcolonial Hybridity in Le premiere Homme and Jean-Marie Tjibaou’s “First Man”, Kanaké Raylene Ramsay The topos of “first guy” that characterizes Camus and his “tribe” in Le most effective Homme – a “little” humans outdoors the buildings of energy, whose pioneering lives evolve in silence, open air of background, is essentially a topos of déracinement and dispossession. “Hybrid” in its intermingling of the non-public tale and the ancient narrative, this determine of the 1st guy will be learn as a declare to priority and a defence of the French colonial experience in Algeria, as Peter Dunwoodie shows.

Dès que le problème ethical s’éloigne de notre horizon, il y a le probability qu’une œuvre comme celle de Camus, qui fait directement appel à ce que son temps considérait comme exemplaire, perd de sa pertinence. Elle devient comme une statue figée sur son piédestal dans une pose grandiloquente. Laissons donc de côté l. a. beauté artistique de ses livres (qui ne fait aucun doute : Camus fait déjà depuis longtemps partie de ce que T. S. Eliot appelait “la grande tradition”) pour évaluer à los angeles position l. a. pertinence de l’éthique de Camus dans notre époque postmoderne.

His politics of debate and moderation, concludes the critic, seemed indecisive at a time of elevated mobilization and prefer his metaphor of the 1st guy, may have served in simple terms to augment the established order, the colonial place. it can be that the Kanak are just simply commencing to sift the bones in their colonial lifeless as they flow from higher autonomy in the direction of a referendum on independence by way of 2018 (without or maybe inside of a few type of union with France and Europe). yet Tjibaou’s burying of the settler hatchet that killed a few his brothers, ambushed through frightened settlers close to his domestic village throughout the “Events” or digital civil struggle of the overdue eighties, the recognized handshake among Jacques Lafleur (longstanding strength representing the settler group) and Tjibaou the Kanak on the signing of the Matignon agreements in 1989, prevented a bloody warfare in New Caledonia among the supporters of the independence move and those that desired to preserve a Nouvelle Calédonie inside France.

But, Boisen argues, there's an a priori paradox among Camus’s instinctive hedonism and the moral engagement fuelling his lifelong quest for justice. yet instead of a egocentric proposition, Camus’s hedonism is deemed the driver of his ethics and the regulating mechanism of his passions in order that, all through his paintings, hedonism and ethics are visible to run in parallel, an organization nonetheless suitable within the sleek global the place the pursuit of enjoyment and the hunt for human betterment shape significant leitmotivs.

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Amanda's Grimoire

This grimoire belonged to the witch Amanda Burns. It was hidden in a binder and had a hardcover depicting colorful images, which, when closed could pass off as a regular binder.

One of the pages of Amanda's grimoire.

It contained instructions to cast spells and hexes. It also had several depictions of pentagrams and other symbols. As she was a member of the book club led by Astaroth, it is possible that its contents were notes from the Book of Shadows.

It was last seen beside Amanda's body. Its current location is unknown.

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Supersonic Warhorn : Artifact

Published April 28, 2014 by

The race of man has used the warhorn as a means to strike fear into the hearts of their foes for eons, so it only makes sense that in the ninth world, they would do the same. Leaders of men across the Ninth World have commissioned their scientists, nanos, and the like to bend and shape the Numenera to their purposes, and the concept of the warhorn is no different. Across the Steadfast and the Beyond, these warhorns have been formed through the polymerization of Numenera and the horns of the local fauna to create powerful, stunning devices that strike fear and disorient any foe.

NOTE: I suggest that PCs personalize their horns by naming them as they will, as simply “Supersonic Warhorn” adds no flavor, and due to the potential variance in the look or backstory of the warhorn itself, I feel it is limiting to give a single, broad name.

Any animal/creature's horn with any form of sonic detonation Numenera attached to it
1 in 1d10 (10%)

When blasted, enemies within an immediate range take the artifact’s level in damage and are dazed for half (rounded up) the artifact’s level in rounds, providing a negative asset for all of their actions (defense, attacks, etc). Depletion is rolled at each burst of sound.

  • Nicholas Johnson

    Thus Boromir was born.


The Red Griffin

Dear Aelise,

I am staying at the Red Griffin tavern, which overlooks the waterways of the Istoni, and I can sense an undertone of tension in the air, which must have gave me the sense of unease yesterday. There was an absence of boats in the river, and an overwhelming presence of the City Guard in their yellow and blue drifting up and down the river, watching and searching each barge and craft as they come in.

The good news is that I am in the care of an old and dear friend. The barkeep, Red, is an acquaintance of mine and it seemed like it was not too long ago that I enjoyed his company on the road. He is doing quite well, probably due to the huge axe he likes to hang behind him. He told me he had never an occasion to bring out ‘ole Thirstbringer’. Most of his patrons are in awe of that axe, and that is probably why his tavern is the safest place to be. He is an old adventurer, a little gruff, but for the most part he usually means well. It is heartening to see that he even has had time to settle down and start a family! He has a daughter, slightly younger than you, who luckily for him has no resemblance to him and takes after her mother for the most part. Quite an endearing little girl – I’m sure the two of you would have been very good friends.

I took a trip down the street, taking Tat with me, since he does not take well to being alone. The streets still throng with people as I remember it, but the Small Trade district, which I felt was the life of the city, was gone. The city has not yet begun its rebuilding efforts here yet. Only a few makeshift stalls stand here, trying to peddle off cheap goods at twice their cost. I was about to head to the Administrative Quarter, but the ruins blocked my way. It’s a pity. One cannot say that they have been to the Twins without having stood in the middle of the four tall buildings that make up the Administrative Quarter. It was quite splendid in my memory.

I was however, able to visit the Square Plaza. There in the middle was a stone plaque, upon which a simple line was carved: Here lies the ground where the Gorgons of Whitewater stood their last.

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Questions About Parks You Must Know the Answers To

How To Design a Safe Playground for Children. When it comes to building a playground one of the most important aspects is the surface on which the playground sits. There are multiple different options and surfaces to choose from and some are safer than others. The wrong surface can be devastating with regards to injuries and toxic materials used in the construction. Children will fall at one point or another and the outcomes of that fall will depend on the surface they happen to land. The potential injuries can range from mild to severe. Materials like asphalt, concrete, and black top are unsafe on any playground under any condition. These materials are also unacceptable for playground foundations. It is also unsuitable to use grass, soil and packed earth because these material deteriorate and can erode based on ever changing weather conditions and heavy rainfall. This can make for unsafe landing conditions for children when they’re running around. You need to make sure the playground is away from tree roots, stumps, rocks and other items that could potentially cause injury. Make sure there are no other items like broken glass and dangerous trash in the area when building the playground or laying the surface. There are a bunch of safe materials you can pick from when building a playground. These materials will help ensure that you are creating a safe environment for your children to play. You can fill the playground and its surface with materials like pea gravel, shredded rubber, sand, wood chips and mulch. If you use wood chips be aware that they should be free of the chemical chromated copper arsenate, which can pose a potential health hazard for your children.
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It is important to keep a few things in mind when you’re deciding upon a material for your playground surface and filling. If your playground is no higher than 8ft you need to keep the surface material at least 12 inches deep. The playground you build should extend at least 6ft past the playground equipment. If the slides or swings are higher than you may need more coverage for unexpected accidents. It is also beneficial to provide wheelchair access using rubber mats so the disabled can play, or help their kids. If your playground happens to be built over a hard surface make sure you use a layer of geo-textile cloth to help protect against hard impacts which can hurt a child.
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FAQs : Thermoelectric Solutions

Thermoelectric Solutions

Thermoelectric (Peltier) Coolers (12v 24v or 230v)
Chill temperature inside coolbox between 5-7 degrees C up to 30 degrees below ambient
Heat function up to 65 degrees C (to keep food warm)

How do these coolboxes work?
Thermoelectric cool boxes are light weight but effective solution to deliver cold energy, for keeping food fresh & drinks chilled on the move. This creates a cold reaction, or a hot reaction if the supply voltage is reversed. The cold energy is then circulated inside the box via a fan, the heat is driven out by another fan located on the inside of the lid or side of the box. The box is usually insulated with polystyrene or polyurethane to retain the cold energy.

Are they classed as a refrigerators?
No. the technology is not a form of refrigeration, it cools to a target temperature below the ambient where it is located (home,car, or outside).

Can I use the cooler as a portable freezer?
No, for keeping produce chilled only (frozen food is star rated & marked with the requirements of either **-10 degrees c or ***-18 degrees for deep freezing, we would recommend a portable compressor fridge freezer.

How long do they take to get cool?
Thermoelectric coolboxes usually take up to 1 hour to get cool, it is sensible to use a 230v to 12v mains adapter to conserve battery power. (Use Y501230 230v-12v mains adapter) this also enables you to use your cool box at home or on mains hook up.

What cooling performance can I expect from my TE coolbox?
These type of coolers aim to deliver 5-7 degrees c inside the cooler, at up to 25 degrees outside ambient. There are other coolers with larger peltier units & enhance insulation which can achieve up to 30 degrees below ambient.

How do I choose the correct refrigerator or cool box for my holiday or requirements?
You should consider the ambient temperature of the area, you could be traveling.

UK & Northern Europe up to 25 degrees ambient.
Southern Europe (France,Spain,Italy) up to 35 degrees ambient.

How do I calculate the battery consumption of my cool box?
The cool box will be stamped with the power consumption in Watts. Divide watts by the supply voltage. (see example)

45watts / 12v = 3.75Ahrs per hr (average car battery size 60 to 70Ahrs, you should expect 60% of this power to be available).

Can I leave the cool box on in my vehicle if the vehicle engine is switched off?
Yes, as long as the vehicle is wired for this. But be aware of the battery consumption per hr (guide above) Some models offer an active battery security feature, alternatively it can be purchased as an accessory.

Can I operate the cooler in any location?
It is best to operate the cooler sitting horizontally, refer to the instructions not to block the airflow to the cooling fan.

What ventilation do I need to allow?
Allow good ventilation all around cooler whilst in your vehicle, avoid blocking fan with coats or blankets if housed in a compartment make sure there is significant air flow at front,sides & top of compartment.

How do I calculate the capacity of the cool box?
29 Litres = 1 cubic ft (the average household refrigerator is 4 cubic ft or 90Ltrs).

Which models include a thermostat?
The TropiCool range.

Click here to view full range of Thermoelectric Products


While reading an article called The Science of Loneliness, I found this interesting passage:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans showed that the experience of being snubbed lit up a part of the subjects’ brains (the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) that also lights up when the body feels physical pain.

I asked Eisenberger why, if the same part of our brain processes social insult and bodily injury, we don’t confuse the two. She explained that physical harm simultaneously lights up another neural region as well, one whose job is to locate the ache—on an arm or leg, inside the body, and so on. What the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex registers is the emotional fact that pain is distressing, be it social or physical. She calls this the “affective component” of pain. In operations performed to relieve chronic pain, doctors have lesioned, or disabled, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. After the surgery, the patients report that they can still sense where the trouble comes from, but, they add, it just doesn’t bother them anymore.

What this means is that emotional pain isn’t a metaphorical, “all in your head” thing. It is literal pain, the difference from physical pain being that it is not located at a specific site in the body. From this we can see why people use alcohol and opiates to cope with emotional distress – they function as literal and functional anaesthetics. Which puts the matter of “substance abuse” in a different perspective. You don’t tell someone with a broken leg that their need for painkillers is a character flaw, do you?

(I must advise those tempted to self-medicate for anxiety that taking large amounts of paracetamol will cause liver damage.)


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The techniques and concept of improvisation in art drawing.

Updated on September 4, 2014

Why is improvisation in art so important ?

Why is improvisation in art so important ? One of my students recently asked. And with art she meant the visual arts like drawing, painting and sculpture. Improvisation in music is more common, like improvising on a jazz tune, or contemporary music, but improvisation in drawing is less well know.

Still it is a wildly used technique by artists to create piece of work. The art of improvisation gives the artist the freedom to think out of the box, out of his own habits. Improvisation gives you the means to excel in your creativity.

And yes, improvisation is a technique, a system to change on the spot. Using the unforeseen and benefit from a happy accident. The word serendipity springs to mind. Making a happy discovery by accident. And with improvisation we use accidents to create a piece of art that becomes personal and shaped by the artists decisions.

On this page I will show and tell you why improvisation in art is so important and how to use improvisation techniques to improve your drawing or paintings. It is not a standard set of rules like how to learn perspective of life drawing, no it is different. But probably far more reaching and influential in your way of painting. The art of improvisation will eventually shape the core of your creativity and personalize your art work.

Improvisation in art drawing

Improvisation and drawing, creativity at work.

As why improvisation can be a huge help in creating your piece of art it probably all revers to improving your out of the box thinking.
Most artists know exactly what they want to do when starting a piece of art, but seldom they can imagine the end product. It is like imagining how an alien would look like, you don't know before you've seen it... The same for an art work. Artist may have different approaches on how to achieve something but what they all need is creativity.
And creativity is something you can develop.

Without the skill to improvise it's hard to change your own ideas. Imagine you are sculpting a torso, and you almost completed your masterwork when a cat jumps on the sculpture, it falls on the floor and the nose is broken off. By a flash of insight you use the accident and change the positions of the ear and the nose. And wow, you suddenly created a far more interesting piece of art then the confessional torso.
Salvador Dali made actually such a piece of art, but he knew beforehand what he wanted. Still he must have had that moment of insight sometime. And that's where the art of improvisation comes in.

The sculpture of Savador Dali named "Tête otorhinologique de Vénus" can be seen in the Boijmans van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam, Holland.

The sculpture of Savador Dali named "Tête otorhinologique de Vénus"

Who painted the first abstract painting ?

Wasily Kandinsky was known to make the first abstract art work *, he made a watercolor that became one of the most famous watercolors today. It originates from 1910. His work developed into an abstract direction and his book The spiritual in Art is a reflection of his thoughts during that time.

* Actually there was an artist before him who made abstract work.

Hilma Af Klint, a Swedish painter and studied art at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm in 1882.

Art books about improvisation and abstract art.

Concerning the Spiritual in Art
Concerning the Spiritual in Art

This book by Kandinsky is a must for all art students. Although its written over a 100 years ago. (in 1910). It's still an insightful book about color, line and shape and how they evoke emotions, all in there own way.

Hilma af Klint: A Pioneer of Abstraction
Hilma af Klint: A Pioneer of Abstraction

Hilma af Klint, was a Swedish artist interested in theosophy. She painted the first abstract art work in 1907. Her works are amazingly fresh looking. Far before many an artist she had already begun pioneering abstract art.

The art of improvisation - a visual journey

Improvisation or all planed and organized type of person

Who are you ? Do you prefere to improvise on the spot, or do you want to now where you're going to.

See results

Learn to improvise in art : abstract art is not abstract

If you learn to improvise you will find that bit by bit abstract art isn't that abstract anymore. As long as you do things with a purpose, you get a feel and understanding of your art piece. And the more you understand the things you do, the less abstract it becomes.

I often tell my students to compare the lines they draw with characters of a play. The setting is the paper or canvas, the players are the lines, dots and blobs. Each with a different character and personality. A thick fat straight line expresses emotionally something completely different then a curly thin line. You can imagine one as grumpy old grandfather and the other as a student full of energy.

Improvisation and understanding of how an improvised piece of art comes to a realization helps you with understanding art in general. Improvisation and thinking about the process gives you insight in how you yourself normally create an artwork. It will help you to channel your emotions, understand them and how to visualize them.

How Squeezing Your Left Hand Can Increase Creativity

The art of improvisation in drawing and painting

The visual arts and improvisation.

Let us have a closer look to what it actually means - improvisation in the art. Although I will tell and explain in more detail in other squidoo pages about the technique of improvisation there are a few things I can say already.

Improvisation is not simply doodling. The big difference between the two is consciousness. You doodle during a bored meeting or a telephone conversation. mindless scribbling lines and patterns on a paper. An abstract improvisation drawing is made with know-how, with insight in the emotional power of lines, points - shades, pressure etc. A good improvisation is not an easy thing, It needs both craftsmanship and a relaxed state of mind.

It's true that when you are drawing or painting you often are in a zen-like state of being. Unaware of your surroundings. Being one with your art work. In such a situation its easy to lose yourself completely. But you still have to keep your mind sharp and alert. Your hand may flow and do it's things, but your mind has to be conscious and correcting the hand where necessary.

Improvisation in Art - Drawing Techniques

Body and Soul Learn to draw with your hand and mind

The innocent eye and the eye of knowing.

There is a saying in the arts that you always have to look at your own artworks with the naïve eye of a child. Without precognition or too much knowledge of our world. But at the same time with your other eye, you have to look at your piece of art with the knowledge of art history, the social context, the understanding of form and color and personal emotions.

It's difficult and almost sounds schizophrenic. In a way you have be innocent and on the other hand well aware of what you are doing. Bit by bit you will learn to use these two states of being. And by making improvisation drawings, you learn to controls these states of minds. The innocent state of mind and the knowledgeable state of mind. When they cooperate, you will find yourself in a pleasant zen like mood. A flow, where your hand will do the thinking.

Questions and Comments are welcome.
Improvisation and painting an fertile combination

All improvised comments are welcome.

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All Domains  >  .desi Domain Names

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From Diagnosis to Recovery

These tests can also be helpful in diagnosing other potential causes of your cat’s symptoms, including upper airway obstruction, a foreign body in the airway, a cancerous tumor, or a neurologic disease. If catheters have been used to retrieve urine from the bladders, there may be some trauma that could lead to infection. She swallows often while purring and mostly keeps her mouth open as well, although most of the time she is still breathing through her nose. cat ‘flu – caused by feline herpes virus or feline calici virus) causes the initial mucosal damage; but the chronic signs relate to secondary bacterial infection of the damaged nasal passages. As it has been already mentioned sometimes men live happily, unaware of any problems, as male yeast infection sometimes develops asymptomatically. Your cat’s eyes can become very red and swollen and can even develop ulcers on the cornea. The initiation of the immune response at the cellular level relies on specific recognition molecules to rapidly signal viral infection via interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3)-dependent pathways.

This happens through commonplace objects, like, towels and clothes and by sharing personal items. Panleukopenia This is a highly contagious disease commonly called “Feline Distemper”. Also, the supplement L-Lysine is safe and the powder form can be sprinkled on the food daily (sold over the counter). The following is the complete list of 54 causes of feline anisorcoria pasted from Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine Consultant list: 54 Possible Diagnoses o Babesiosis, babesia, in dogs and cats o Bacterial, vegetative, infective, endocarditis in dogs and cats o Blastomycosis, blastomyces dermatitidis, in dogs and cats- zoonosis o Blood transfusion reaction in dogs and cats o Bromethalin toxicity in dogs and cats o Cerebellar or pericerebellar abscess o Cerebellar or pericerebellar brain neoplasia, tumor, cyst o Cerebellar trauma, hematoma, or ischemia o Cerebral or pericerebral brain neoplasia, tumor, cyst o Chronic corneal epithelial defects, indolent ulcer o Coccidioidomycosis, coccidioides immitis in dogs and cats, valley fever- zoonosis o Congenital andor hereditary deafness in dogs and cats o Congenital retinal detachment in puppies, kittens, and foals o Cryptococcosis in dogs and cats- zoonosis o Cuterebra, dermatobia, infection in dogs and cats o Dysautonomia or dilated pupil syndrome in dogs and cats o Feline immunodeficiency virus, fiv o Feline infectious peritonitis, fip, enteritis, coronavirus, fcov o Fungal, mycotic keratitis, keratomycosis o Glaucoma in the cat o Hemifacial spasm in dogs and cats o Hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly o Idiopathic tonic pupil, pupillotonia, in dogs and cats o Injury, trauma, to optic disk (disc) or nerve o Intraocular parasite, ophthalmomyiasis interna, in dogs and cats o Ischemic encephalopathy in cats o Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs, cats, and horses o Lens induced, phacoclastic, phacolytic, uveitis in dogs and cats o Lens luxation, subluxation, displacement, dislocation in cats o Lymphosarcoma, lymphoma in cats, feline leukemia virus, felv o Meningoencephalitis, meningitis, meningoventriculitis o Metastatic ocular neoplasia in dogs and cats o Muscular dystrophy in cats o Neurotrophic, neuroparalytic, keratitis o Ocular, corneal, trauma, injury, proptosis of the eye, orbit o Optic nerve hypoplasia o Orbital, retrobulbar neoplasia, cyst in dogs and cats o Orbital, retrobulbar, cellulitis, abscess, foreign body in dogs and cats o Otitis externa, media, interna, para-aural abscesses, in dogs and cats o Peripheral vestibular neoplasia in dogs and cats o Ponto-medullary, brain stem trauma or thrombosis, hematoma o Ponto-medullary, brain stem, pituitary, inflammation, abscess o Ponto-medullary, brain stem, pituitary, neoplasia, cyst o Portosystemic shunts, hepatic microvascular dysplasia, in dogs and cats o Prenatal or perinatal asphyxia o Progressive retinal atrophy, degeneration, in dogs and cats o Pseudorabies, aujeszky’s disease, suid herpesvirus 1 in species other than pigs o Pupillary dilation resembling pourfour du petit syndrome in cats o Snake bites, snakebites o Thiamine, vitamin b1 deficiency in dogs and cats o Toxoplasmosis, toxoplasma gondii, in cats- zoonosis o Trigeminal neuropathy, idiopathic neuritis, in dogs and cats o Ulcerative canine or feline keratitis, corneal ulcer o Urinary incontinence, feline genitourinary dysplasia, urethral hypoplasia. It is impossible to extrapolate, by detection alone, which pathogen is actually causing URI in any single cat or group of cats at a given period of time. Thank you both (and all) for your help. The virus also had caused him to have chronic congestion, frequent eye infections and one of his tear ducts to become blocked.

Herpes-related encephalitis can erupt rapidly, and may cause seizures or mental changes and even lead to coma or death. However, using the Sharingan does not always mean the user has complete mastery of the jutsu. This is one case where control of the underlying cause is critical since herpes in cats is commonly a chronic or recurrent problem. The most common cause of chronic sneezing in cats is chronic herpes virus (rhinotracheitis) infection. Only proper testing will confirm if you do or do not have herpes or if you have some other issues going on down yonder.