Dental Assistant The Hammocks

Decayed tooth enamel and gums are common problems among children and older people living in The Hammocks. Traditional dentistry used enamel scissors, drills, rotary tools and cleaning brushes to treat these problems. There are two types of devices that are currently used in dentistry to remove decay from teeth, one is the Dental Drill and the other is the Dental Laser.

Low Cost Dental

Cosmetic Dentistry Procedures

The Hammocks

I Want to Be Sedated - Sedation Dentistry

Veneer Dental

Part of having a healthy lifestyle is maintaining a good dental health. In fact, it recommended that you pay your dentist a visit once in every six months. As you know, the mouth is a moist mucus membrane and thus, it is not impossible that bacteria may breed on it. When your mouth is infected with bacteria and you don't have proper dental hygiene, this may lead to serious conditions such as mouth sores or canker sores, tonsillitis, and tooth infection. This is the reason why it is very important to consult a dentist every now and then. However, choosing a good dentist can be a bit daunting because not all of them are good in practicing their profession. So, what to look for in a dentist? Consider these qualities:

The most important thing that you need to consider when you're looking for a dental practitioner is the education background and hands-on professional experience. A good specialist is someone who has completed the necessary course for dentistry, has passed the licensing board exam, and has certifications to prove his ability to practice his profession. Check also the professional experience. Choose those who have been in the industry for a couple of years already.

Another quality of a good dentist that you need to factor in is his ability to communicate well with his clients. He should be able to explain the methods and procedures clearly using simple words that can easily be understood. You also have to take note on the way he explains the procedures, and whether or not he is confident about what he is saying -he should sound like he really knows what he's doing. He should be able to respond quickly to your questions.

Lastly, check the facilities inside the clinic. Check the instruments and the machines used by the dentist. This is a very important criterion that you should look into because the mouth can be quite sensitive. Make sure that the instruments are always clean and sterilized, and that the machines are working properly. Additionally, see to it that the clinic is tidy and well maintain, the staff is friendly, and that you are comfortable with the atmosphere inside the room.

A good dental practitioner is someone who cares about the welfare of his clients, and therefore he ensures that he is armed with proper education and certification, good professional practice, and a working environment that feels like home.

The Need For an Orthodontic Specialist

Mini Dental Implants

So you are a great dentist and you think you have pretty good staff. That's great! Are all of your staff performing well? Are all staff adding value to your practice? Do you sometimes wish your staff were a little more motivated? It's a pretty safe assumption that motivated staff will provide better patient care and will add more value to your practice. But here's the question... how do you really motivate people? This article will simplify motivation for you, help you better understand what drives people and performance, and will give you some great tips on how to best approach the seemingly tricky task of motivating your staff.

Clearing Up Common Myths About Employee Motivation

The topic of motivating employees is extremely important to managers in any industry. For dentists, the topic has hardly been addressed. Despite the importance of the topic, several myths persist. Before looking at what dentists and office managers can do to support the motivation of employees, it's important first to clear up some of the more common myths.

Myth #1 --"I can motivate people"

Myth #2 -- "Money is a the best motivator"

Not really. Certain things like money, a nice workspace and job security can help people from becoming less motivated, but they usually don't help people to become more motivated. A key goal is to understand the motivations of each of your employees. We know money is not the best motivator as we look at studies related to staff retention, which show consistently that great staff don't leave companies, they leave their boss. When staff doesn't connect with their supervisor, they leave. This is much more common than leaving to make more money.

Myth #3 -- "Fear is a darn good motivator"

Fear is a great motivator -- for a VERY short time. That's why a lot of yelling from the boss won't seem to "light a spark under employees" for a very long time. Furthermore, yelling and insulting employees is simply no longer tolerated in the workplace. When people fear you, they don't respect you, and therefore, they will not follow you or genuinely support you. Assuming you are wanting to motivate staff toward top performance, fear is definitely not a good option.

Myth #4 -- "I know what motivates me, so I know what motivates my employees"

Not really. Different people are motivated by different things - "different strokes for different folks." There is nothing so unequal as the equal treatment of people. If you have more than one child, you can certainly relate. What works for one child doesn't always work for another. The same is true of employees in your practice. I may be greatly motivated by earning more free time away from my job to spend more time my family. You might be motivated much more by recognition of a job well done. Again, a key goal is to understand what motivates each of your employees.

Myth #5 -- "Increased job satisfaction means increased job performance"

Research shows this isn't necessarily true at all. Increased job satisfaction does not necessarily mean increased job performance. If the goals of the practice are not aligned with the goals of employees, then employees aren't effectively working toward the mission of the practice. You need to get full "buy-in" from staff on all of your practice goals in order for their performance to increase. Some staff may be satisfied with their job because not much is required of them.

Myth #6 -- "I can't understand employee motivation -- it's a science"

Basic Motivation Principles to Remember

Motivating employees starts with motivating yourself

It's amazing how, if you have a bad attitude and resent coming into the office, it seems like everyone else does too. If you are very stressed out, it seems like everyone else is too. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you're enthusiastic about your job, it's much easier for others to be too. Also, if you're doing a good job of taking care of yourself and your own job, you'll have much clearer perspective on how others are doing in theirs. It all starts with you, the dentist. Don't expect others to be motivated if you aren't yourself.

Always work to align goals of the practice with goals of employees

As mentioned above, employees can be all fired up about their work and be working very hard. However, if the results of their work don't contribute to the goals of the practice, then the practice is not any better off than if the employees were sitting on their hands -- maybe worse off! Therefore, it's critical that dentists know precisely what they want from their employees. These preferences should be worded in terms of goals for the practice. Identifying the goals for the practice is usually done during formal or informal strategic planning. Whatever steps you take to support the motivation of your employees (various steps are suggested below), ensure that employees have strong input to identifying their goals and that these goals are aligned with goals of the practice. (Goals should be worded to be "SMARTER". More about this later on below.)

Recognize that supporting employee motivation is a process, not a task

Practices change all the time, as do people. Indeed, it is an ongoing process to sustain an environment where each employee can strongly motivate themselves. If you look at sustaining employee motivation as an ongoing process, then you'll be much more fulfilled and motivated yourself.

Support employee motivation by using organizational systems (i.e. policies and procedures) -- don't just count on good intentions

Specific Steps You Can Take

  1. Do more than read this article -- apply what you're reading here. This maxim is true when reading any publication. But it goes to show that the greatest gap in life is the gap between knowing and doing.

  2. Briefly write down the motivational factors that sustain you and what you can do to sustain them. This little bit of "motivation planning" can give you strong perspective on how to think about supporting the motivations of your employees. Use it as somewhat of a "gameplan."

  5. Have one-on-one meetings with each employee. Employees are motivated more by your care and concern for them than by your attention to them. Get to know your employees, their families, their favorite foods, names of their children, etc. This can sound manipulative -- and it will be if not done sincerely. However, even if you sincerely want to get to know each of your employees, it may not happen unless you intentionally set aside time to be with each of them. You will be amazed at the look on your employee's face when you remember their child's birthday or ask about their child's ball game. Your employees need to know that you care about them as a person, not just as an employee.

  8. Reward it soon after you see it. This helps to reinforce the notion that you highly prefer the behaviors that you're currently seeing from your employees. Often, the shorter the time between an employee's action and your reward for the action, the clearer it is to the employee that you highly prefer that action. Catch em' doing something great!

  11. Clearly convey how employee results contribute to practice results. Employees often feel strong fulfillment from realizing that they're actually making a difference in the practice. This realization often requires clear communication about practice goals, employee progress toward those goals and celebration when the goals are met. Don't be afraid to share with staff what your production goals are, set targets, and reach goals together.

  12. Celebrate achievements. This critical step is often forgotten. New dentists are often focused on getting "a lot done". This usually means identifying and solving problems. Experienced dentists come to understand that acknowledging and celebrating a solution to a problem can be every bit as important as the solution itself. Without ongoing acknowledgement of success, employees become frustrated, skeptical and even cynical about efforts in the practice.

  14. Admit to yourself if you don't mesh with an employee. Here's the cold hard truth - it's not unusual to just not like someone who works for you. Sometimes your style just doesn't mesh well with particular staff. Be careful with this dynamic. You want to make sure that YOU are not the problem. At the same time, try your best to hire staff that have character qualities that you do mesh well with. Get references. Ask references about the individual's work style. So if you do have an employee that you don't seem to be compatible with, explore what it is that you don't like about the employee and if you can accomplish a positive working relationship with the employee. It often helps a great deal just to talk out loud about how you feel and get someone else's opinion about the situation (with your office manager or spouse). As noted above, if you continue to focus on what you see about employee performance, you'll go a long way toward ensuring that your treatment of employees remains fair and equitable and adds value to your practice.

Kendall, FL Sedation Dentistry


qaudruple dictionair

Booksellers Say They Bough Shakespeare’s Personal Dictionary on eBay

Scholars say that William Shakespeare used as many as 30,000 different words in his plays and poetry. They further estimate that he knew about a quarter of all the words circulating in English during his lifetime.

This is remarkable, and it raises a question: How did he learn them? Some, we know, he invented; some he borrowed from Latin or French. But others he simply looked up, in any one of a number of reference books available to Londoners in the late 16th century.

Now, two New York City booksellers say they have found one of those books. And it’s not just any guide: This is William Shakespeare’s dictionary, owned and annotated by the man himself.

For more than half a century, many scholars have believed that Shakespeare consulted a 1580 dictionary published in London called An Alvearie, or Quadruple Dictionarie. Assembled by Cambridge Latin instructor John Baret, the Alvearie was one of the most popular dictionaries of its time. It was “quadruple” because it covered four languages: English, Latin, Greek, and French.

Read more. [Image: Koppelman, via the Folger Shakespeare Library]


Reality is only defined by what we percieve

Fun Home - Alison Bechdel

Normally I don't like graphic novels, unless of course they were written by [author:Herge] or they contain Asterix and Obelix, and I did put off reading this for a while but I must say that I was presently surprised. I think I understand why this was included on the reading list of a coursera course that I did (called The Modern and the Postmodern) because one of the themes that this novel deals with is the question of what is really real. While I would consider it literature, Bechdel is not doing anything necessarily new, particularly since Herge had previously been down this road. However, the dark and narcissistic undertones of this novel do bring out the counter-cultural nature of the American underclass.

This is what I would call gay literature, another form of literature that generally does not appeal to me. Bechdel (and this is an autobiography) goes on an exploration of gay literature in this novel, though it is something that I am very much unlikely to do. The gay counter-culture is something that simply does not appeal to me, and that is probably because I know that I am heterosexual and I am comfortable with it. I guess one comes to that understanding when one lives with homosexuals, has homosexual friends, and also realises that the only sex one enjoys (not that I have experimented with homosexual sex because, as I have said, it simply does not appeal to me) is sex with a woman. I guess one also understands ones sexuality when a homosexual tries to goad you into that lifestyle and instead of flying off the handle and getting all defensive, one simply shrugs ones shoulders and says 'yeah, whatever'.

This is also what I would consider to be post-modern literature. There is not necessarily a defined beginning nor is there a defined end, and the novel does not flow in a teleological sense, that is from the defined beginning to a defined end. Rather the novel seems to gravitate around three important events in Bechdel's life: her father's death (and the uncertainity as to the nature of the death, namely whether it was a suicide or an accident), her coming out as a lesbian, and the discovery that her father is a closet homosexual.

If the novel does move in a certain way it is more in the nature of the literature that she reads because the numerous books that she devours are a major point of the novel. Her father was an English teacher, as well as running a funeral home (and being in a small Apalacian town, business was not booming, meaning that her father could have a second job), and as a hobby he would restore Victorian homes. However, it is the books that are the major point of this novel, with Proust regularly appearing amongst the other books. However the climax of the novel comes with her reading Ulysses, but not understanding it. As well as drifting into the world of James Joyce, we also drift through the world of F Scott Fitzgerald, the novelist that her father based his life upon (even to the point of dying almost at the exact same age that Fitzgerald died).

The idea of reality is also something that permeates this novel, but the nature of reality is that it is not really real. When Bechdel speaks of her diary she tells us how she would insert the words 'I think' almost continually through the accounts of her life. However as her diary progresses, and the I thinks become more frequent, they change from being words to becoming a symbol, and in the end the symbol simply drowns out the words on each of the pages. As such, the idea of 'I think' is in essence Bechdel suggesting that what she perceives is only something that she perceives, and the reality that she is experiencing is only something that she experiences. In essence, by adding 'I think' to the end of every sentence, and then using the symbol to dominate the page, drowns out the reality of what she is writing. The reality ceases to be real, and moves into the real of the subjective. This is not opinion, for opinion is more based on belief, the subjective has an element of perception to it, which brings it out of the realm of opinion and into the realm of the real, but there is enough doubt about it to say that it is not really real (or only real to the perceptor).

There is probably quite a lot more that I can write about this book, particularly in regards to how Bechdel and her father are in many ways opposites but in many ways similar. Bechdel allows her world to flow around her, and the only person that she seeks to mould is herself. Her father, on the other hand, as indicated as being a tyrant at the beginning, seeks to mould the world around him to suit himself. I guess that comes out with his desire to restore Victorian homes. He hides his homosexuality, while trying to make Bechdel as feminine as possible. Bechdel accepts her father's homosexuality, and explores her own homosexuality, and refuses to let any others interfere. I guess that is why she throws away the hair clip that her father gives her, not because she doesn't want to be feminine (which she doesn't) but because she does not want her father to determine her life.

Wikipedia describes this novel as a spiral. It does not start at a specific point and move to the end, but rather it starts at the fringes and moves deeper and deeper into the lives of Bechdel and her family. It is, in a way, Bechdel exploring her own self, her own thoughts, and her own beliefs, and the deeper we move into the novel the deeper we move into Bechdel's mind, and her personality. Once we have arrived at the end of the novel, we have arrived deeper within Bechdel herself, however I am loath to say that we are at the centre, because we are not. Rather we have reached a point where Bechdel refuses to let us go any further.

Source: http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/626458963


Sunday, 9 January 2011

Singara/Shingara - popular snack and fast food in Bangladesh

Singara dough is ready for filling
Preparation of singara/shingara

Potatis,cauliflower,green peas,spice mix and green chillies for filling singara
Singara/shingara before frying

Singara/shingara frying in oil

Singara/shingara after frying
Singara/shingara after frying and ready to serve and eat
Fried singara/shingara served with sos

In English and other languages Singara/Shingara is referred as samosa. Even in India in different states singara/shingra is named and mentioned as samosa. But in Bangladesh singra/shingra and samosa are two different snacks and fast food. Especially Singra/Shingra dough is flaky and Samosa dough is crispy. They are different in their shapes and tests. Singara is looks mostly like a triangular ball and samosa looks like a plain triangular. Specially to make singara/shingara potato is a must of the ingredients.

Singara/shingara is a stuffed pastry and a popular snack in South, Southeast, Central and Southwest Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Horn of Africa, North Africa and South Africa. It generally consists of a fried or baked triangular, pastry shell with a savory filling, which may include spiced potatoes, onions, peas, coriander, and lentils, or lever of beef or chicken or lamb(kalija singara/shingara). The size and shape of a singra, as well as the consistency of the pastry used, can vary considerably, although it is mostly a triangular ball. Singara are often served with chutney generally as an appetizer.
In English the word "samosa"(which is referred as singara in Bangladesh) can be traced to the Persian word sanbosag. The pastry name in other countries also derives from this root, such as the crescent-shaped sanbusak or sanbusaj in Arab countries, sambosa in Afghanistan, samosa in India, samboosa in Tajikistan, samsa by Turkic-speaking nations, sambusa in parts of Iran and chamuça in Goa, Mozambique and Portugal. While they are currently referred to as sambusak in the Arabic-speaking world, Medieval Arabic recipe books sometimes spell it sambusaj.

Singara has been a popular snack in Bangladesh as well as in South Asia for centuries. It is believed that it originated in Central Asia (where they are known as samsa, prior to the 10th century. Abolfazl Beyhaqi (995-1077), an Iranian historian has mentioned it in his history, Tarikh-e Beyhaghi. It was introduced to the Indian subcontinent in the 13th or 14th century by traders from the region.
Singara was brought to India, where it is so famous, by Muslim traders and soldiers. Small, crisp, mince-filled singaras were easy to make around campfires during night halts, then conveniently packed into saddle bags as snacks for the next day’s journey.
Singara is usually fried deep to a golden brown colour, in vegetable oil. It is served hot and is often eaten with ketchup or chutney, such as mint, coriander or tamarind.Usually singaras/shingaras are eaten during the tea time as a tiffin in Bangladesh. It can also be prepared as a sweet form, rather than as a savory one. Singaras are often served in chaat, along with the traditional accompaniments of yogurt, chutney, chopped onions and coriander, and chaat masala.
Recipe and preparetion of Singara/Shingara :

Prep Time: 15 minutes
Cook time: 1 hour
Yield: 12 Singara

Ingredients :
- 1 cup of plain flour
- ½ teaspoon salt
- 2 tablespoons oil
- ¼ teaspoon black cumin/kali jeera (optional)
- Water
- 3/4 cup of sugar

 - 4 large boiled potatoes (peeled and diced)
- 1/2 teaspoon cumin
- 1 medium onion sliced
- ¼ teaspoon turmeric powder
- 3 green chillies chopped
- Fresh coriander leaves chopped
- Salt to taste
- 2 tablespoons oil
- Oil for deep frying

1. To make the dough, mix salt and water together and dissolve the salt. Then mix flour, oil and the salty water together and make smooth but a little bit hard dough. Cover the dough with cling wrap and let it set. The dough needs to sit for at least 20 minutes.
2. Heat the frying pan and pour the oil in the pan. Add the cumin seeds and when it crackles, add onion. When the onion is transparent, add one by one chillies, turmeric powder, potatoes and salt to taste. Stir them until tender. Afterwards, add the freshly chopped coriander leaves.
3. Remove the pan from the stove and let it cool.
4. Take the dough and knead it for 1-2 minutes and divide into 6 equal balls.
5. Roll each dough into an oval shape (15 cm long and 12 cm wide) and cut each oval in half.
6. Take half of oval and make a cone and seal the edges with water.
7. Fill the cone with the potato stuffing and seal the edge with water again. It will look like a triangle shape.
8. Repeat 12 times. You will have 12 singaras altogether.
9. Heat the frying pan with the oil for deep fry. When oil is ready, place the singaras in the pan few at a time. Don’t make the pan crowded. Keep space in the pan for the singaras to float around.
10. Fry them until crispy and brown. Serve them hot. Enjoy.

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Commonwealth Prime-Ministers Banquet

The Commonwealth was the replacement institution designed to replace the coercive Empire with a more collaborative unit. It has struggled to offer a coherent voice in the world but it has been used to bring up controversial and development issues. It was particularly important in criticising Margaret Thatcher's stance on South African sanctions. Recently, countries with no connection to Britain or its empire have applied and been accepted into the Commonwealth.

Timelines | 20th Century Timeline


Children at an Arborfield nursery were truly blue when they put on their best pair of jeans to celebrate a national fundraising event.

Blue cakes and cookies were also baked when staff and youngsters at Hazebrouck Nursery, in Sheerlands Road, held a day of fundraising activities in support of Jeans for Genes day on Friday, October 7.

Schools, nurseries and businesses across Wokingham and the UK allowed children and employees to wear their jeans on for the day and join in with a nationwide campaign to raise money for children suffering with genetic disorders.

Nathalie Gosling, nursery manager, said: “It went really well.

“We raised £50, which is what we wanted to achieve because that money will be used to provide a day course to show a mother how to look after her disabled child.

“For a £1 donation, staff and children were able to wear their jeans for the day, while we also baked blue cakes and cookies and put the Jeans for Genes logo on them.

“At the end of the day we also held a big cake sale, because we had also baked a big cake in the shape of a pair of jeans and were selling slices of it.

“There is still money to come in so we have exceeded the amount we wanted to raise."


SO we had a Messenger report `Drive for cleaner air across towns` and also the council is encouraging more motorists into our towns with free parking after 3pm. If they were serious about air pollution they wouldn't be encouraging more traffic in rush hour.

I totally understand the need to support business but it would have been better if parking charges would have remained free from opening until 3pm.

As for clean air the council have not got a clue. Very little action within an AQMA since declaring in 2005, and if existing health conditions are being affected and children`s lungs stunted why are we having to wait until 2050 for Clean Energy in UK towns and cities.

Forty thousand-plus people die each year in the UK because of air pollution.

Peter Bagnall, Davyhulme


The Explanation of Toe Angle

Goto Tracking Page

The term tracking incorporates camber, caster and toe. Toe and camber (by the adjustment of ride height) are the only two components of tracking that can be adjusted on the MGF.
The toe angle is the angle between the long axis of the car, and the long axis of the of the individual wheel.

Toe IN is where the front of the wheel is angled towards the centre of the car.

Toe OUT is where the front of the wheel is angled away from the centre of the vehicle.

Figure 1. As set up as standard, the MGF has toe out at the front, and toe in at the rear

So what does the toe-angle do?

Toe IN [as found on the rear axle on the MGF] provides directional stability- this provides a highly desirable trait, insofar as the car becomes less influenced by side winds, buffeting surface irregularities or other factors that may tend to throw the car off the desired line on fast roads.

Toe OUT [as found on the front axle on the MGF] provides the steering with improved feel. This is often varied by motor sports experts to increase steering response. Unfortunately, increasing the toe angle increases frictional loads upon the tyre, there by increasing the rate of wear on the inner edge of the tyre (which may already be heavily loaded if there is a significant amount of negative camber applied...

Incorrectly set toe angles in combination with an abnormal camber angle will dramatically increase rates of tyre wear- this, in large part, is the root cause of the infamous "tracking problem"!

Tell me more!

Okay, read on!!!

"Historically, static toe-in was used to pre-empt dynamic toe out or to deliver a certain "numbness" to the steering, hence the opposite to response. It does also deliver stability at cruise. Toe neutral is a natural state, where as toe-out is an unstable state. This can be harnessed to deliver exaggerated steering or directional change response to either front or rear. Whiteline recommend marginal toe-out on rear to allow the rear to respond quickly to directional change at the front."

If minimum tire wear and power loss are achieved with zero toe, why have any toe angles at all? The answer is that toe settings have a major impact on directional stability.   With the steering wheel centered, toe-in causes the wheels to tend to roll along paths that intersect each other at a point along the central longitudinal axis of the car. Under this condition, the wheels are at odds with each other, and no turn results.

With toe-in, a deflection of the suspension does not cause the wheels to initiate a turn as with toe-out.

Remember also that toe will change slightly from a static situation to a dynamic one. This is is noticeable on independently-suspended rear-drive cars. When driving torque is applied to the wheels, they pull themselves forward and try to create toe-in. Likewise, when pushed down the road, a non-driven wheel will tend to toe itself out. See figures on tracking page for further explanation...

It should be noted that in recent years, designers have been using bushing compliance in street cars to their advantage. To maximize transient response, it is desirable to use a little toe-in at the rear to hasten the generation of slip angles and thus cornering forces in the rear tires. By allowing a bit of compliance in the front lateral links of a wish-bone type suspension, the rear axle will toe-in when the car enters a hard corner; on a straightaway where no cornering loads are present, the bushings remain undistorted and allow the toe to be set to an angle that enhances tire wear and stability characteristics. Such a design is a type of passive four-wheel steering system. This is how the MGF rear suspension is set up: see figures on tracking page for further explanation...


Wellness programs

Designed for Peak Performance

Corporate Wellness Return On Investment (ROI)

By farm

What is the cost-to-benefit analysis of a Workplace Wellness Program?

For many companies, medical costs can consume half of corporate profits or more. It is common now for employers to utilize cost sharing, cost shifting, managed care plans, risk rating, and cash-based rebates or incentives. However, these methods only shift costs. Workplace wellness promotion stands out as the long-term answer for keeping employees healthy and at less risk of disease.

Recently, public and private efforts and programs are increasingly designed to promote healthy behaviors. Employers are becoming more aware that overweight and obesity, lack of physical activity, and tobacco use are adversely affecting the health and productivity of their employees and ultimately, the business’s bottom line. As a result, innovative employers are providing their employees with a variety of work-site-based health promotion and disease prevention programs. These programs have been show to improve employee health, increase productivity, and yield a significant return on investment for the employer. For example, a recent review of health promotion and disease management programs found a significant return on investment for those programs, with benefit-to-cost ratios ranging from $1.49 to $4.91(median of $3.14) in benefits for every dollar spent on the program. Several major companies with award-winning cost-saving health promotion disease prevention programs include:

Not only do individual Americans have the power to effect dramatic change in their personal health status, but also the health statistics of the nation.

Cost and Benefit Ratio of the Energyfirst Wellness Program

The benefits of the EnergyFirst program corporate clients have recognized include reduced sick days, fewer health care claims, as well as improved productivity, and improved morale and loyalty.

Cost of Absenteeism

To consider the benefits of such a program, consider the affect on the cost of absenteeism for a company of 150 employees.

A recent survey showed that the average rate of absenteeism on any given day is approximately 2.5% i.e. approximately 4 employees absent out of 150 total employees

The cost of a sick day is calculated as (salary + 30% employer costs) divided by 240 working days

Let’s assume the average wage in our example is $40,000 per year.

The employer’s average cost of a sick day is calculated as: ($40,000 + $12,000) = $217 per day divided by 240.

Let’s also assume there are 4 absences a day (per the aforementioned survey):

$217 X 4 = $868 per day X 240 (working days) = approximately $208,000 per year or $1,387 per employee per year, based on 150 employees.

The average cost of absenteeism is $1,387 per employee per year.

Based on other company’s previous experience with the program the anticipated reduction in absenteeism would be approximately 17.5%, amounting to savings of $243 per employee, per year.


Former prime minister John Key once described it as "a joke" - but now a Hamilton student's climate-change lawsuit against the Government is about to get an airing.

Bennett says she's comfortable that New Zealand's target, pledged as part of the Paris Agreement ratified last year, is fair and ambitious.

It challenged a claimed failure to review climate targets after the UN's Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its Fifth Assessment Report in 2013.

The suit further challenged the Government's target to slashing domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 11 per cent below 1990 levels and 30 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030, which Thomson argued was "unreasonable and irrational" against the seriousness of the issue.

"I'm arguing that the Minister failed to take into account relevant considerations when deciding the target - the Minister considered the cost of reducing emissions, but not what climate change will cost us if we fail to act," Thomson told the Herald today.

"I'm also arguing that the target is irrational because it's well below what's needed to strengthen the global response to climate change.

"I'm taking the case because action on climate change is urgent, and it's going to affect everyone and every aspect of our lives."

Thomson argued a failure to reduce emissions would result in more extreme weather events, which would put peoples' homes and health at risk, make food prices rise, and have a significant impact on the economy.

Other actions being led by the Government included phasing out the "one-for-two" Emissions Trading Scheme credit measure and reviewing the ETS to ensure it was fit for purpose, phasing down the use of hydrofluorocarbons by 80 per cent, spending $2 billion on public transport, increasing renewable electricity to 90 per cent by 2025, eliminating fossil fuel subsidies, investing $20 million a year in agricultural greenhouse gas research, and the planting of more than 5.5 million trees this winter.

Further, the Government had pledged up to $200 million in international aid for climate-related support, $1.3m to support Fiji's presidency of the UN Climate Change Conference and $31 million on research into understanding climate change and its impacts.


What is "Underlay Stitch" - Definition & Explanation

A stitch laid down before other design elements to help stabilize stretchy fabrics and tack down wales or naps on fabrics such as corduroy, so the design's details don't get lost. May also be used to create such effects as crowned, flat, raised areas in the embroidery, depending on how they are laid down.
Stitches laid down before other design elements to help stabilize fabrics.

Some other terms

Some more terms:

An irregular, slub silk reeled from double cocoons or silk worms which have spun their cocoons side by side causing an interlock, making it necessary to reel them together. Antique taffetas and...

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A Dreamer Walking

My Hero

Posted in Personal Philosophy by Jacob on March 12, 2015

This is my fourth attempt. Maybe it’s because I didn’t really have a good outline. But I know I don’t really believe that. Outlines have never been much use to me. But, most of the teachers in my life didn’t really care to understand how I learned. For most of my teachers, writing always needed to follow a specific process which I was never able to walk out well. Honestly, it is pretty crazy I can write in any kind of legible way, at all.

If I am going to accomplish this unsung hero paper I think I need to throw the rules out the window. I am not going to concentrate on a thesis. I am not going to follow an outline. And, I am not going to give a crap about whether or not I am using proper grammar… wait a second… okay, out of respect to my unsung hero, I will try to use proper grammar. The bottom line is, the only teacher in my life who got through to me about how to write a proper paper and express my ideas in a comprehensible way, was my Mom.

My Mother homeschooled me for the first thirteen years of my life. Sadly after telling people this I have a huge urge to explain exactly what “homeschool” was for me. I get this feeling few people have respect for the concept. Let me explain in the best way I know how. When I eventually entered the public school system my mother taught English at my high school. My older brother and I would have friends come to us and ask how we could possibly survive living at home with the monster we called, “mother”. She was a taskmaster in the classroom and she bled all over the papers her students turned in.

Yes, I know I need to explain, “bled”.

So let’s start with the origin story. One of the great unsung hero’s in my mother’s life when growing up was her Grandmother. Great Grandma Ferguson was not the typical kindhearted grandma who always had fresh baked cookies when you came to visit. She was an independent woman who wanted to do something valuable in the world at a time when society said her job was to stay at home and take care of her house and family. World War II allowed her to break away from traditional roles. She taught English in North Dakota after she was married and had her own children. When she and her family moved to Montana she worked outside the home and opened a woman’s sweater shop. Great Grandma had an expectation for excellence and the determination to contribute to society which she wanted to pass on to those she cared about the most, such as her granddaughters.

My mom told me about the times she used to send letters to her Grandma. Where the typical Grandmother would take the letter and post it on the fridge or tuck it away in a treasured envelope, my Great Grandma would send them back… corrected. She would write all over my mother’s page, pointing out the grammar errors and suggesting ways to make the piece of writing stronger. This instilled a passion in my Mom that she has since passed on to me– the desire to express herself well. Where many would simply give up and stop writing, my mom became bound and determined to become a better writer. It’s no surprise she went on to teach English. She has always claimed she wasn’t the greatest at English, but my Great Grandmother instilled something in my Mother I believe she wanted to share with others.

So now we get back to the blood. When correcting papers my mother uses a red ink pen. She covers each page with notes and corrections and then sometimes has the gall to say, “You did well”. No wonder she became known as a “taskmaster”. I told most of the students who complained to me that the red ink was from the actual blood of her veins. I always felt the red pen was used for dramatic effect and when you first look at her corrections one does feel quite overwhelmed. Most students felt my Mom graded their papers too harshly. Those who were used to getting “A’s” on all their papers began to realize my Mom required more than proper grammar and correct mechanics. I remember her going over dozens of papers and spending forty-five minutes to an hour grading each one. She graded content, dictation, organization, and style. Now, imagine all this dedication going to just four students rather than dozens. That is how homeschool felt for my siblings and me.

Sure there were weak areas where my mother wasn’t the greatest teacher. However, by no means did we get away with being lazy. When homeschooling during my grade school and middle school years my mother concentrated less on English and more on developing a sense of independence in her children. She encouraged us to work in the areas we were strongest. She quickly realized all my siblings learned differently. She knew an hour of physical activity was necessary for my older brother if she wanted him on task when sitting down for math later in the day. She knew some one-on-one time with my little brother would make him more enthusiastic about spelling afterword. She understood I would be much better at understanding material if I verbally talked about it rather than simply read about it in a book. For some reason my Mom gave us extra time during recess when we wanted to continue playing pretend. Little did I know at the time, but playing pretend would do more to get me started on a career path than any class I ever took. Suffice to say, I left home feeling confident in myself, understanding I had many gifts to give the world.

You would think we would be fully ready for public school when it came around. My first year out of the house was 8th grade. I need to admit, my 8th grade year is in hot contention for being the worst year of my life. The problem was I didn’t know how to play by the system’s rules. It didn’t take long for the school system to decide there was something wrong with me. Actually, three out of my mother’s four older children were diagnosed by the school system as dyslexic. Because my siblings and I had a difficult time with reading and spelling we were immediately considered as less then. I was put into a class for the mentally challenged. Every minute felt like a bombardment of patronizing explanations from my teachers. My counselors spoke to me like I was some kind of lazy drug addict who didn’t know how to put one foot in front of the other.

My Mother would constantly meet with counselors and teachers to explain exactly what “dyslexia” meant. Unlike the vast majority of the teachers, mom did her homework when her children were diagnosed. She quickly realized dyslexia was NOT a disability. Rather it was simply a different way of thinking. She constantly needed to explain to teachers her kids did not need to be given easier material or be treated as if they were less than. What was needed was an understanding that dyslexics don’t think linguistically as much as they do visually, interpersonally, bodily kinesthetically, verbally, and aurally. When she spoke with my History teacher about my dyslexia and was bluntly told, “I don’t think your son has the capacity to understand my material”, my mom knew she needed to step in.

I was desperate to get out of the system. When I asked if my mother would consider homeschooling me my senior year, she jumped at the opportunity. What she didn’t realize was she was speaking to a kid who went through four years of mental abuse by the school system and wasn’t interested in traditional education. Not only did she need to deal with an insecure kid who questioned everything having to do with formal education, she also needed to deal with a school system and a father who felt she was making a major mistake. In fact, my grandfather told her quite bluntly she would be ruining my life if she chose to homeschool me again.

All this is what makes my Mother the hero I am determined to one day have the world recognize. It’s a moment you usually only see in the movies. The time when everyone else says it can’t be done. When the person who needs to be saved is all but gone. It’s here my mom came into my life and changed it forever. I went from a D grade student who didn’t know how to write a proper sentence to a 3.5 GPA college student who is now blessing you with the masterful piece of writing you see before you. My mom did not teach me by demanding I play by her tune or the school system’s tune. She worked tirelessly to figure out how I thought and what I felt. And, she used my strengths to build upon my weaknesses.

My mother gave me my voice. For this I am eternally grateful. The most unbelievable part is she is willing to do for all her student what she did for me. She devotes her blood, sweat, and tears to helping others learn who they are and how to express themselves. Sadly, in the vast majority of cases all she gets in return are frustrated students who feel she is too tough on grades. I can hardly stand it. But my mom, well, for her it is not about praise. The true hero only has one goal, and that is to help the other. I know of no person who helps others better than my Mom.

Akira Kurosawa – An Observation – The Pupil

Posted in Film and Filmaker Studies, Observation Series by Jacob on November 26, 2014

Kurosawa (left) Yama-san (right)

After his pupil, Akira Kurosawa, had made several global hits to put Japanese Cinema on the map, Kajirô Yamamoto was asked about his contribution to his once young assistant director’s career. His reply, “All I ever taught Kurosawa was how to drink”.

Kajirô Yamamoto has been described as one of the most humble men a man could meet. Kurosawa claimed he never got angry. While the other directors at P.C.L. (the production company Yamamoto worked for) had a reputation for dictating to their cast and crew what they wanted, Yamamoto chose to go the way of the teacher. His mission was to help his pupils learn to embrace who they were. Kurosawa maintained in his book Something Like and Autobiography, written after Yamamoto’s death, that Yamamoto’s films suffered because of his willingness to allow his Assistant directors to take the reigns.

Akira Kurosawa was extremely lucky to be in the right place at the right time with Kajirô Yamamoto. From the very beginning of his life Kurosawa possessed a will of iron. This did not help him in terms of being a teachable student. He was a problem child in school often playing pranks on his peers and instructors. He hated the majority of his teachers. In the mid 1930’s after just a few months of working for P.C.L. Kurosawa had it in his mind to quite. His career almost ended before it even began. The directors he worked for before Yama-san, as Akira called him, were control freaks and made Kurosawa do things he was completely uninterested in continuing. Yet Kurosawa’s friends convinced him to take another assignment assisting Kajirô Yamamoto. It’s because of Yama-san’s mentorship the young filmmaker flourished.

With Yama-san Kurosawa quickly climbed the ladder from third assistant director to chief assistant director. He was even put in charge of second-unit directing, editing, and dubbing many of Yama-san’ movies. Unlike most of his peers, Yama-san had a desire to involve his assistant directors creatively in how they wrote, shot, and edited his films. Yama-san and Kurosawa’s personalities could not be farther apart. Where Kurosawa directed with purpose and precise vision, Yama-san was completely reliant on others to give him inspiration and try new things. Where Kurosawa had a persona of great authority Yama-san had a persona of a humble professor who was more interested in his students then himself or even his films. Kurosawa maintained Yama-san would let his assistant directors do things he could do better in order for them to learn.  He would even use second-unit footage he didn’t like so he could bring his assistant directors to the theaters and point out how the audience reacted to the shots and suggest ways it might be shot better the next time.

Like any good teacher Yama-san was great at seeing his pupils strengths. He quickly realized one of Kurosawa’s strengths was in understanding story. It was not too long before he began to encourage his young pupil to write. He would play a game with his assistants while traveling to a location shoot where they would create a short story on a specific theme. Yama-san taught his young disciples how to read literature critically and think about what the author was trying to say and how he or she was saying it. Filmmaking is a visual medium and Yama-san taught Kurosawa how to paint a picture with words. Kurosawa said he learned a tremendous amount from Yama-san over alcohol. Yama-san had a vast range of interests and would go into detail about them. This allowed Kurosawa to understand the key part in creating great stories was through experiencing life and finding a way to translate one’s personal perspective onto the screen.

Kurosawa realized even before Yama-san that the edit was “the process of breathing life into the work”. However, like many beginning filmmakers Kurosawa had the tendency to put too much value on the shots he labored over to create. In the cutting room Yama-san’s greatest lesson about editing  was how to look at ones work objectively. Yama-san cut film so there was no excess. There are curtain scenes and shots directors feel they must have and they spend a tedious amount of time creating those scenes.  In the editing room you begin to see a film in a completely different light. After shooting a film there is usually hundreds of hours of footage to choose from. Yet in the end these hundreds of hours need to be cut down to one or two hours of a final film. Yama-san would go into the editing room with a joyful look on his face and completely change the structure of a scene or sequence after a night of thinking about it. In order to find and keep the best footage for the story being told you need to be fearless in how you choose to cut. Kurosawa described Yama-san as a “bona-fide mass murderer” in the cutting room. By embracing this mindset Kurosawa became one of the greatest editors the world has ever seen.

The place Yama-san helped Kurosawa the most was in how to work with actors. Kurosawa described himself as “short-tempered and obstinate”. This kind of mindset does not work well with insecure actors. Yama-san made Kurosawa realize one can not demand a specific performance from his actors. He claimed, “If you as director try to drag an actor by force to where you want him, he can only get halfway there. Push him in the direction he wants to go, and make him do twice as much as he was thinking of doing.” It’s obvious Kurosawa embraced this philosophy. There is no better example then his collaboration with Toshirô Mifune who played some of the most iconic roles in Kurosawa’s films and was allowed enough freedom to redefine Japanese acting.

In his book Kurosawa said the best proof of Yama-san’s skill as a teacher was none of the work of his “disciples” resembled his. Kurosawa wrote, “He made sure to do nothing to restrict his assistant directors, but rather encouraged their individual qualities to grow”. This I believe is the definition to what it means to teach. Kurosawa would not have made the movies he has been so acclaimed for if it weren’t for a selfless man who was willing to take him under his wing. In many ways Yama-san was capable of doing something far greater then Kurosawa. Kurosawa had vision and he had a complete confidence in himself to make his vision become a reality. However, Yama-san had a heart of a teacher. He saw a young artist and had enough confidence in him to devote his time and sacrifice his own work in order to help the student become the master.

Invisable Ink- Is Something There?

Posted in Uncategorized by Jacob on April 26, 2011


Munich Personal RePEc Archive

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The effect of body-mass on labour outcomes seems to be closely linked to the level of development of the country concerned. In rich countries, excess weight is penalised at work, whereas in the poorest societies overweight is rewarded. These divergences indicate that this effect depends on sociocultural factors related to weight perception and stigmatisation. In the case of emerging economies, weight perception appears to be unclear given a hybrid nutritional panorama: hunger and obesity coexist. Although the literature suggests a quadratic causal relationship between body-mass and earnings in middle-income countries, these economies are quite heterogeneous in terms of the body-mass distribution. The main objective of this study is therefore to explore the impact of body-mass index (BMI) on hourly income in an emerging country with high obesity prevalence, such as Mexico. We use panel data from the Mexican Family Life Survey and perform a bootstrapped three-step parametric model, based on an expanded Mincer earning function to control for potential sample selection bias and endogeneity problems. Then, we test the robustness of results implementing a bootstrapped three-step semiparametric model. For employees, our results show a right-leaning U-inverted causal relationship between BMI and hourly wage in Mexico. In other words, while overweight is rewarded at work, obesity is significantly penalised. By contrast, for self-employed workers, we observe a linear and positive effect of BMI on earnings, at least up to a BMI of 32 kg/m². The source of stigmatisation, as well as sociocultural heterogeneity, can explain why earning penalties are higher for employers than self-employed workers. To conclude, our findings suggest that two paradoxical phenomena are occurring in emerging countries such as Mexico: (i) a social acceptance of overweight, due to past nutritional deprivations and to the growing normalisation of obesity; (ii) a social reject of obesity, due to the large diffusion and adoption of thinness ideals from Western culture.

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Without question (and I recommend reading the first part of this series), the church culture has begun to see the desire of men seeking to find a balance in how the truth is being communicated. However, in this pursuit of what I consider “evangelistic elocution” we are seeing tremendous shifts; the pendulum swinging too far one direction.  As I stated in the first series regarding teaching and preaching:

The last ten years within the church culture has seen a pendulum swing seeking to find a balance between the two. Preachers, once known to figuratively “breath fire” from the pulpits, sweat dripping from their reddened faces, and their body language a mixture of what appeared to be choreographed miming and a grand-mal seizure, are now seen on the edge of wooden bar stools, immaculately trimmed beards and goatees cutting the contours of their faces, and a look of serene, tranquil happiness to match their new delivery of an advanced, relative Gospel.

What is happening? Why has the pendulum swung so drastically to the other side, forsaking any degree of balance altogether? It is startling, to say the least, that we are observing such radical shifts among those who once held the title as “our greatest preachers.” Many of these men are barely recognizable today because their “eye-opening experiences” have demanded a rebranding of the Gospel. What do I mean by this? Men have decided (and I wish I knew what their benchmark for these charges were, because it is not a Biblical paradigm) that the effectiveness of the Gospel message must come with an entirely different approach and image. These men, either by articulation or by cosmetic means, are positing that the Gospel must look and sound a certain way. While we could bog down on the rebranded “look” this often takes, it is the second aspect I wish to spend more time on; the rebranded “sound.”

What is the Gospel to “sound” like? What does truth “sound” like? Is there a certain pitch, volume, or tone the Gospel should be administered? Well, according to many of these rebranded men, yes! With their redesigned images comes a newfound approach to evangelistic elocution. The Gospel, they purport, must have a certain sound. Roll your eyes, diminish their arguments, or push it into the backseat of contemporary issues, it doesn’t change the trend that is sweeping through the church culture. This is a big deal!

I can speak personally of several conversations I have had with several different preachers/ministers as it relates to perceptions of Biblical communication. We are about to crest a wave in generational transition where the voice of dissent in regards to the delivery of truth is becoming an alarming trend. What do I mean by this? Let me explain.

First, to properly set the tone for where we need to go, let me begin by defining the word “abuse.” Abuse (as a noun), according to most reputable dictionaries, is “the improper use of something.” Therefore, the action (verb) of the word is to “use (something) to bad effect or for a bad purpose, i.e., misuse. Let me emphatically articulate that anything in life is susceptible to misuse, or in this case, abuse.

A judge can abuse the power that he/she has been given in order to secure his/her ethical or political positions. A police officer can abuse the framework of law and order by administering force or energy that does not fall under the confines of “to protect and to serve.” In fact, almost any public office carrying any degree of authority comes with an “oath of office.” For the President of the United States, regardless of political viewpoints, they are to express the following:

 Regardless of one’s position in life, practically every public office carries with it an oath of office. What does that oath seek to do? It seeks to derail “abuse of office.” It seeks to create ethical and moral guardrails because even fallen humanity understands the base nature of itself; corrupt and fallen! Does this mean that an abuse of power will never happen? Hardly! Every single day we are experiencing or observing the abuse of power.

Once again, it is important to understand that anything in life is susceptible to abuse! Prescription drugs, vehicles, money, technology, authority…you name it, and it is susceptible to abuse! This brings me to my primary and fundamental point; abuse occurs and happens within the realm of the church economy.

There, I said it! Yes, all you whose breath intakes sharply, eyes wide with horror, aghast at the possibility of men abusing Biblical privilege, authority, and office. Yes, it does happen…it happens quite a bit. However, before I go any further, does one erase the need for jurisprudence because of corrupt judges? Does one obliterate all schools of medicine because of corrupt, negligent doctors? No! So before anyone reading this seeks to extricate themselves from the dilemma of having severed themselves from Biblical authority, fellowship, and instruction; stop, the foundation you have built your house of justification on is made of sand.

God’s economy, if it involves man, will always be susceptible to abuse. Abuse will happen, does happen, and is happening! Close look at scripture reveals that even Christian liberty can, and is, abused! (See Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians). So with that fundamental understating clearly stated, where does this fit into the realm of communicating the truth? Simple; the pulpit has been abused as well.

Going back to some of the conversations I have had with several ministers in recent years, this has been one of the trending issues many are having. It goes back to my initial challenge from God in which He impressed on me to “stop trying to direct the wind and preach the Word.”

Can I speak candidly? If I was at the table of defense before God as the prosecutor, judge, and jury, I would have been guilty of “pulpit abuse.” Yes, pulpit abuse! Why do I say that? Well, if I am using the pulpit as a platform of manipulation rather than Godly impartation and instruction, I am abusing the purpose of the pulpit. Yes, if I posit an agenda that propagates “self” above Him, I am guilty of pulpit abuse.

I have observed and experienced several occasions where the efforts of man to “direct the wind” (some intentional, others just misguided) resulted in the frenetic expressions of well-intentioned congregations. Thirty-minutes later and sweat-dampened clothes, hoarse voices, and exhausted saints; nothing broke, no lives were changed, and the service was relegated to “beast-mode” status. Mind you, I’m not taking away from those times we “need” to kick the lid off of compressed ritualism!

Where does this fit in to the conversation at hand, Communicating the Truth? Well, it falls down to the issue, aside from deception and doctrine, that is causing a lot of internal reflection (sometimes fatal). A lot of men are questioning elocution! A lot of good men are wondering, “are we doing this right?” One thing that is becoming a topic of discussion today is the crucial need of Biblical teaching. What is really being expressed here? We are realizing, to some degree, that our present paradigms of communication are not achieving the “long-term” results we have been praying for. We are realizing, much like vitamin deficiency in the body, that the Body of Christ is showing visible signs of nutritional weakness.

In other words, we are desperately seeking a way to more effectively communicate the truth in such a way that long-term, sustainable results are achieved. I am extremely optimistic in this regards, because I am observing a focused effort by some tremendous men to discover (not reinvent) ways of communicating the truth more effectively. This is where the next part comes in…I urge you to begin to study the Biblical paradigms of “teaching” and “preaching.” Also, for homework…look into the Tower of Babel. What could you say was the one thing that caused a failure in completion of the Tower? This we will pick up in part 3….


Routes of drug administration: How to take your drug

Routes of drug administration: How to take your drug

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Route of administration means the method by which you take your medicine. There are multiple ways of taking a drug. Whenever any symptom of pathological state is identified, medicine is given to treat the disorder. Medicines are available in various dosage forms and we intake them in different manner. To identify and choose a drug to treat an illness is basically a qualitative decision of the physician based on the physiological and patho-physiological status of the patient.  To ensure the clinical efficacy of the prescribed medicine one should carefully consider the effective quantitative aspects of the drug such as minimum  sufficient  amount of the drug reaches at the target site to attain the desired therapeutic effect.  Mode of administration plays very important role in the extent of absorption of the drug and effect produced by the drug. It mainly affects the absorption and distribution properties of a drug. Absorption of a drug refers to the travel of a drug from the site of administration to the site of action. Various factors such as, chemical nature, solubility, disintegration, dissolution, particle size, degree of ionization, physical forms, dosage forms, drug stability, formulation and first pass metabolism affects absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of a drug.

Drugs are generally meant to diagnose and treat the illness. But if it is not taken in the correct manner it might prove ineffective and sometimes produce unwanted side effects. So it is very important to know how to ingest the medicine. For each medicine there are multiple ways of taking them depending upon the dosage form, chemical ingredients, intended biological effect and patient status etc.

Classification of routes of administration based on area of application

Oral: when a drug is taken by mount it is classified as oral route of administration. It is the most  convenient, safest, simple and widely used mode of administration. Various dosage forms such as liquids, capsules, tablets, or chewable tablets can be comfortably taken by this method.

Topical: External application of a drug on skin, eye etc is know as topical application. When a drug is applied topically it gets absorbed through skin. Various antiseptics creams are available for topical application. Other dosage form meant for topical application are ointment, gel, paste etc.

Parenteral: Parenteral administration means injection or infusion of a drug directly in the blood circulation with assistance of a needle or catheter. The term “Parenteral” derives from greek words Para and enteron. Para means outside, Enteron means intestine. Hence, parenteral administration refers outside the intestine. This route bypass the alimentary canal. Parenteral route is generally opted to avoid first pass metabolism of the ingested drug to enhance the bioavailability of the drug.

Classification of routes of administration based on site of action

When you take a medicine it is intended to show some biological effect at a particular site in the body. On the basis of the target area routes are classified as follow

Systemic route of administration: When drug reaches to the site of action through systemic circulation and the intended biological action of the drug affects the whole body. Systemic effect is achieved by enteral or parenteral route. Enteral route refers to the absorption and passage of drug through gastro intestinal tract. Enteral route is further subclassified as oral, buccal (held inside the cheek), sublingual (held under the tongue). Parenteral route circumvent the alimentary canal and involve the direct entry of the drug into blood stream through injection or infusions.

 Local route of administration: Drug is generally applied externally/ topically on the surface of the area where the therapeutic effect of the drug is desired. Local route is preferred when the intended effect is desired at a particular localized part of the body. For example general anesthetics are given by inhalation or injections so as to produce the complete loss of consciousness whereas local anesthetic is generally applied topically to a localized area of the body.

Factors affecting the choice of route of administration:

Since there are a various dosage forms and numerous methods of administering them. So it is important to know which route to be opted. Various factors affect the selection of the route of ingesting drugs such as physical and chemical properties of a drug: Solid/liquid/gas, solubility, pH, stability etc.  A solid/liquid dosage form such as tablet, capsule or syrup is generally ingested by mouth while a gaseous dosage form is taken by inhlation route. Further stability and pH of the drug alter the choice of the route. Sometimes a drug is  not stable in the gastric acid environment (e.g., benzylpenicillin) or gets degraded in the GIT tract before reaching the site of action. Hence oral route is not suitable for such medicines. To be effective, many medications need to reach a certain level in your bloodstream. To avoid first pass metabolism and enhance the bioavailability of the drug parenteral route is chosen. Patient related factors such as age, condition, pathological state etc also matter while deciding the route of intake.

Route Advantages Disadvantages
ORAL Easy, simple, most convenient

Safest and Non-invasive mode.

Preferred by children.

Various dosage form such as tablet, capsules, syrups, oral powder etc.

Film coated and sugar coated tablets are available for sustained release and to overcome bitter taste respectively.

Not suited for the patients who have difficulty with swallowing.

Absorption is generally slow.

Degradation by salivary and pancreatic enzymes results in decreased bioavailability.

TOPICAL Easy,  Simple application.

Avoid contact with digestive enzymes.

Very slow absorption.

Low penetration through skin.

Leaves stains on cloths such as ointments.

Product partially wasted while application

INJECTION Rapid absorption. Rapid onset of action.

Circumvent first pass metabolism.

Dose can be accurately monitored and extent of absorption is predictable.

Prefered in emergency situation.

Difficult and painful application.

Expensive and need assistance.

Children generally don’t prefer.

Require great skill and care while administering a drug

INHALATIONAL Rapid absorption.

Targeted delivery. Metered dose inhalers now available.

Bioavailability depends on patient’s inhaler technique and the size of drug particles generated by the delivery technique.

To be effective, any medication need to reach a certain level in blood plasma and must be able to reach the site of action to produce the expected therapeutic effect. The choice of drug administration mode plays very critical role and depends on pharmacodynamic as well as pharmacokinetic properties of a drug. The amount of a drug and the rate at which the drug reaches the target site depend in part on the route taken to administer the drug. The mode of administration affects the rate,  extent of absorption of a drug and amount of drug reaching the target site. If one chooses a incorrect manner of taking a drug, it might get metabolized or excreted out unchanged without displaying required biological effect. Sometimes unwanted side effects results due to mistaken selection of route of administration.  Drugs can be administered by a wide variety of routes, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore making a right choice of route might upshot the therapeutic value of certain medications and may be the start of a successful therapeutic intervention.

Dr. Suman Rohilla

Assistant Professor

SGTCP, SGT University, Gurgaon


Buying Opportunity for Gold

September 15th, 2016 by

There is a well-known strategy used by Wall St traders that is also relevant for the gold market: “buying the dips.”

This approach essentially relies on identifying markets that are firmly in an uptrend and then capitalizing any time prices face a momentary “dip” by scooping up more shares—or, in the case of gold, more ounces—at the temporarily lower prices.

Particularly if you’re of the mind that the gold market is generally on an upward trajectory, buying on the dips is a viable approach for growing one’s gold stockpile.

What Is “Buying the Dips”?

stock rallyMarkets do not move in a perfectly linear fashion. If they did, it would be a sign of the end of human involvement in trading: Only computer programs that are divorced from reality could produce that kind of “perfect” result. Even though most traders behave rationally, there will always be peaks and valleys in prices over any given time span. This is why stock charts and the like always have those jagged, zig-zag lines.

This holds true even in a firm market trend. During an upswing, there are still going to be days in which unfavorable news, low trading volumes, or some other factor causes prices to drop. These moments are the aforementioned “dips” that can be so attractive to savvy investors.

The logic is simple: the dip represents a brief moment where prices are cheaper than normal (even though the fundamentals of the underlying asset haven’t changed). It’s like someone is telling you, “I’ll give you this dollar for 90 cents,” and you’re reasonably confident that it will again be worth $1 (or more) in the coming days or weeks.

The Opportunity for Gold

After rising nearly 30% through the first half of the year, the gold market has been in a bit of a lull over the past month or so. This has something to do with the increasing speculation that the Federal Reserve might choose to raise interest rates sooner than was previously expected—specifically, as soon as the next meeting of the Fed’s Open Market Committee (FOMC) on September 20th and 21st.

custom-fed-sealGold is very sensitive to changes in interest rates, hence the recent pullback. However, the smart money doesn’t seem to expect any movement from the Fed in the current economic environment. A tool called FedWatch used to represent the likelihood (and timing) of rate hikes based on the trading of futures contracts for the federal funds rate only gives a 12% chance of a September move by the FOMC.

Perhaps more importantly, over the longer run, the Fed has virtually no clear path to continue raising interest rates at a steady pace. In other words, irrespective of what the Fed does in September (or November or December, for that matter), the interest-rate landscape should remain low in the U.S. for the next year or two at minimum. This works in gold’s favor—and makes any jitters that send gold prices lower a prime candidate for buying on a dip.

Besides the influence of the Fed and monetary policy, keep in mind that a controversial or contested presidential election in the U.S. has the potential to stimulate safe haven flight into gold. No matter which party wins the election, more than half of the country is going to be appalled with the result in this cycle. Don’t be shocked if this general dissatisfaction generates some added demand for gold, as well.


Suspension of Disbelief

Suspension of Disbelief: House, MD.

Hell for you!
ActivismAnti-ScienceCreationismEnvironmentFeminismPhilosophyPoliticsReligion and SpiritualitySkepticism

Religion, Memes and Circular Logic: How Religion Invades People’s Minds

A theme that often comes up in religious debates — often with fellow non believers of some stripe and practically never with traditionalists or mainstream believers — is the idea that religion isn’t really harmful. Furthermore, there is the idea that religion isn’t really what motivates people. In this view, religion does …


Silencers are a greatly misunderstood component of firearms, due in large part to their portrayal in video games and actions movies.

A pistol equipped with a silencer, for example, is slightly louder than a thunder clap — while being a tad quieter than a dish breaking.

The main benefit of silencers isn't in the element of surprise, but in helping to reduce hearing damage. Hearing loss is the most common disability claimed by veterans.

The following infographic from SilencerCo helps clarify some basic facts about firearm silencers.


Before we can discuss what it means to create an ethical climate and how this might be achieved I believe it is important to clarify what we mean by “ethics.” My brand of Ethics includes several fundamental components. The first is that when we refer to the discipline of ethics we find it is grounded in a fundamental existential question: How ought we to live? This question challenges us to consider the type of choices we make as living is fundamentally about making choices. Everything we do (or do not do) is as a result of a choice. We cannot not make choices and the choices we make, will most often determine the future choices we have to make. Ethics is therefore a living question. The ethical question lives within us always asking us to consider whether the choices we are making are helping us to live the life we truly want to live.

The second fundamental component of ethics is that it is both prescriptive and reflective. Ethics as a discipline prescribes principles intended to guide our moral choices. There are many ethical principles available to us. The ethical task is to determine which principle is the most apt for the situation and will lead us to select the best moral choice of action. Determining the right principle takes reflection and deliberation. It requires a competency in discernment that only comes with frequent practice in reflection and deliberation.

The third fundamental component of ethics is that it concerns our moral reasoning regarding the choices we make. Ethics invites us to examine the intellectual effort that went into deciding what to do. Here we consider which factors we took into account and which factors we ignored or possibly forgot about in deciding our path of action. It asks us to think about how we prioritized our concerns and how we decided which ethical principle/s to inform us and which to ignore.

The fourth and final fundamental component of ethics is the reflection on why things are they way they are and how, as social circumstances evolve, how value conflicts should be understood and mediated. This reflection includes asking questions as to whether known and used ethical principles are relevant or irrelevant to the times in which people are living. Do principles require alteration or revision? The issue of slavery provides a good example. The idea that people should be treated equally goes back 2500 years. The problem with this principle was that it only applied to “equal” people, i.e., only equal people were to be treated equally. In other words those not considered “equal,” women, children and slaves did not fall within the ambit of this principle. Thankfully our approach to equality has largely changed since the days of endorsed slavery.

Another example is the new understanding that ethics is not only about relationships between people but also between other living things. We now recognize that animals have certain moral rights and we are now concerned with our relationship to the environment and with the earth itself.

What we notice about ethics is that it is complex, continually questioning and analyzing, and as circumstances change, and our social consciousness alters, always evolving. Ethics is a living question! To be ethical therefore requires actively and consciously living the ethical question.

This approach to ethics brings with it certain critical implications when it comes to creating an ethical climate. Quite clearly this approach demands an environment in which living the ethical question is actively encouraged. It also means there needs to be a climate that fosters mutual exploration and where there is time and space for this exploration. Open questioning also requires an environment that is not judgmental and which encourages a certain amount of humility and self-doubt. In this environment people pay tribute to the genuine human struggle that attention to ethics entails and they recognize that it is in the muck of that struggle that often the gold is found.

Now that we have defined ethics and explored some of the implications for creating an ethical climate, let us consider the systemic factors that come to play in any organization. A grasp of systems theory is essential if one wants to develop an ethical climate. Leader/s (which includes senior management) of any organization must understand that all organizations are systems, and that systems always exhibit certain dynamics. Let us see what system theory can teach us about developing a healthy ethical climate.

What is a system? A system is a regularly interacting and interdependent group of items or people that form a unified whole. A system is always embedded in other systems; so we always have a combination of systems and sub-systems. A nation is a system and Corporate America is a sub-system. A company is both a sub-system of Corporate America and a system in its own right where its board is a sub-system of the company.

Systems import all kinds of elements from the other systems of which they are part. For example if the larger system is feeling insecure and experiencing fear, the sub-systems will import these emotions into their environments and they will be insecure and fearful too. If the larger system is at war, the sub-systems will become warlike too. If the company as a whole behaves as a corporate bully, its divisions and departments will also mirror this kind of behavior. Similarly if the company as a whole lacks rigor, has no checks and balances and behaves recklessly, the Board of Directors, as a sub-system, will be no different.

In order to be healthy, systems need to be open to external forces and thus be open to and responsive to change. Systems are therefore by necessity dynamic. This makes them complex to understand and to manage. This complexity is exacerbated by the fact that systems resist change as change always implies giving up something for something else. This giving up is experienced as loss. Usually this loss relates to a sense of identity and self-worth. A very common example of change and loss is the pace of changing technology. Organizations have to keep pace with rapidly changing technology in order to remain competitive. This means they are continually giving up old practices and embracing new ones. These changes have implications across the organization. The image of the company needs to be honed in tune with the changes; the corporate culture will change as work practices change, and employees will require continuous retraining. Continuous, rapid change demands that the system is called to continuously renew itself. This is no easy task!

All systems have both explicit and implicit goals both of which relate in some way to survival. Change threatens survival and hence systems (people) resist. This resistance can take many forms. Often, fear and insecurity within the system provides the seedbed for unethical behavior. Calm, well-balanced systems usually experience less insecurity and fear and thus are less likely to develop a culture that encourages misconduct. Misconduct is invariably a sign of distress.

Systems self-select, in other words some people are drawn to some systems rather than others. People do not pick systems, the systems pick them. A good system appoints good leaders not the other way around. A thoughtful leader of an organization asks him or herself why he or she is part of a particular system. What is it that has attracted him or her to that system and what can he or she learn from this information?

Systems assign people roles; both formal, overt, and technical roles, as well as informal, emotional and covert roles. These roles help the system achieve it goals. The kinds of roles assigned reflect the nature of the system, i.e. its culture, its concerns, its pre-occupations, its strengths, weaknesses, its hopes, its fantasies and its fears. A thorough study of the roles taken up in the organization provides important information about the culture and climate of that organization. For example if there are many or predominant roles that reflect positions of anger and fear, the system is struggling with something as a whole. It is not just the fault of difficult people misbehaving!

Now let us add the perspective of group dynamics to systems theory.

Any group is a system and all systems are groups and comprise sub-groups. The Board of Directors, for example is a group as well as its own system.

Where there is a group we have group dynamics. Group dynamics center on keeping the members of the group in line and in role in the service of the survival of the group. As I have already mentioned systems need to change to survive, but due to fear they resist. This resistance is played out by certain roles in the group who have been recruited to assist the system to return to the status quo. This resistance is usually manifested in all kinds of dysfunctional behavior, some of which might be ethical misconduct.

Group dynamics are always about leadership, authority, and power. This means that members of the group are always supporting or resisting leadership; aligning or challenging authority; and positioning themselves in various power coalitions. These activities are an inherent part of all group processes and need to be understood as such. Trying to suppress these activities is impossible as they are the lifeblood of groups. Suppression simply adds to group distress and more covert dysfunctional behaviors. Recognizing the necessity of these behaviors can lead to channeling the energies into more productive work.

Groups are both creative and coercive; they harness creative energy and can destruct this at the same time. The same goes for moral energy. Group pressure to conform; to surrender to the group mind; not to stick out; to be loyal and so on is one of the prime causes of both continuous and rampant dishonesty within organizations. The power of the group to keep people silent and to dissuade them from taking the moral high road and challenge the survival of the system is enormous! We only have to look at Enron, WORLDCOM, Tyco and the like to see evidence of this powerful phenomenon.

So what conclusions can we draw from our discussions regarding systems and groups? To develop a healthy ethical environment requires an understanding of systems theory and group dynamics. It means understanding that systems and groups are always primarily concerned with survival. Poor attention to this fact in a world of challenging and fearful change will result in insufficient attention to the distress of the system and its sub-systems or groups. Distress and fear leads to inappropriate and often unethical behavior.

Another important aspect about systems theory and group dynamics is that one cannot address the behavior of the individual apart from the group. Individual behavior is always to some extent a reflection of group dynamics. This does not totally exonerate the individual, as he or she must carry some responsibility for being recruited by the group to act in a particular way. But to seek true causation and address the problem one needs to evaluate what is going on both at the system and group level. The ethics and morals of the company are always both a system and group problem!

We all know that ethics begins at the top. But what does this really mean? In this short talk I have tried to provide some of the answers.

The top of the organization is considered to be the CEO and his or her senior management team and certainly the Board of Directors. The Board is in one of the highest positions of corporate governance in the organization. As such it should provide high level checks and balances on the behavior of the CEO and his or her management team.

The Board is a sub-system of the organization. As such it exhibits system behavior and certainly group dynamics. The Board is the mirror image of the company.

Good companies select good Boards.

Who typically sits on Boards? These are usually people who are experts in some field. They have some status in the community. They have money or know someone who does. They have egos! If we look at the Board as a system, the stakes are high! It will be a challenge to create an environment of humility, non-judgment, open questioning and an appropriate element of self-doubt into this system. Who on the Board is likely to challenge a fellow expert? Who on the Board is going to admit they do not really understand what is going on or they do not have sufficient time to do due diligence as a Board member? Who is prepared to be vulnerable to the projections of others in this system? Who will help the Board as a system seeking survival and a return to the status quo in the face of challenge to be “above board?”

Clearly these are difficult and challenging questions. If good systems select good Boards and bad systems select bad Boards how can one make changes where they are required?

For one the CEO and Board need to embrace the challenges of living the ethical question. They need to realize that ethics is a quest. It is a pursuit of excellence that can begin at any level and simply engaging in that pursuit will improve the moral compass of the entire system.

Next the CEO and the Board must consciously work together to grasp the organization as a system and the group dynamics that are part of that system. They need to help the organization deal with change and the fears that change brings. Together they need to engender a passion for the product or service that the organization makes or distributes as people seldom harm what they truly love.

Further the CEO, with the help of the Board needs to take the time and the energy to create a climate of real trust given the high stakes within the Board system. Trust comes with a non-judgmental space for open questioning and reflection where people can express appropriate self-doubt.

Finally the CEO with the assistance of the Board needs to understand their organization as a place of imperfection from which they can together advance to greater prosperity and ethical awareness, for it is in the struggle of the human condition, in the searching and striving, in the muck, one often finds the real gold.

Annabel Beerel, MBA, Ph.D.

November 8, 2006

HCS readers are invited to view other articles about SNHU or business ethics at our extensive, permanent archives under the Business Ethics section at the URL http://www.helleniccomserve.com/archivebusinessethics.html or the Christos and Mary Papoutsy Distinguished Chair in Business Ethics at Southern New Hampshire University at http://www.helleniccomserve.com/archivepapoutsychairbizethics.html.

The purpose of the distinguished chair in ethics is to promote and enhance students and community members awareness of ethics in personal and professional settings through teaching, community lectures and conferences. These events will foster understanding and assist in the application of lessons taught by current and classical ethicists to 21st-century settings.The chair serves as the cornerstone for an integrated university program in business ethics that encompasses the undergraduate and graduate levels. For more information about these events or about the ethics chair, contact Jane Yerrington at SNHU (603-668-2211 x2488) or visit the webpages of the ethics chair at http://www.snhu.edu/1301.asp.

2000 © Hellenic Communication Service, L.L.C. All Rights Reserved.


You Can Be Successful At Organic Gardening

A lot of people feel gardening is difficult to do, but it can be easy if you are aware of what to do. With the correct knowledge, anyone can be an expert gardener. This article provides valuable guidance that can help you on your road to becoming a master gardener.

Choose the varieties of plants that will produce a higher yield. Hybrids are usually hardier in terms of disease and weather resistance, and are designed to produce more.

If you have any mildew on the plants, do not go out and buy anything. The best solution is mixing baking soda, a drop of liquid dish detergent and water together in a spray bottle. Once a week, spray this on plants to eliminate the mildew. Baking soda will bring no damage to your plants, and will treat the mildew in a gentle and efficient manner.

In the cold winter months, you can salvage certain plants by bringing them into the house. Your best bet would be try to save the best or most hearty plants. When you dig up the plant, carefully avoid the roots then place it in a container.

Before you start planting your garden, plan it out. Having a planting plan will help you correctly identify the young plants once they start to sprout. You are also less likely to lose smaller members of the larger garden in the overall mix.

Do some research to find out the best time for harvesting your vegetables. Each variety of vegetable has a specific time to be harvested so that you may enjoy its fullest flavor. Harvesting zucchini is best done when they are small and baby peas should be harvested when they are young. However, tomatoes should be as ripe as they can be when pulled from the vine to ensure the best taste. So, be aware of the best harvest time to pick your veggies.

When planting anything, think about planting for color so that you have something to enjoy in the fall. That doesn’t have to be the case. Fall foliage provides for the most colorful season of the year. Maple trees can range from beautiful reds and yellows in addition to Beech or Dogwood trees. Cotoneaster, barberry and hydrangea can provide vibrant color if you are considering shrubs for your garden.

You can keep your dog away from your garden by spraying perfume or aftershave in the grass. Your dog will find more interesting scents to explore elsewhere and leave your garden alone.

Make sure to wear sun protection gear if you’ll be working in the garden in the sun. This includes wide-brimmed hats, sunscreen, and sunglasses. Proper protection from the sun means a lower chance of sunburn, as well as a decreased risk of skin cancer.

Keep your tools handy to work more efficiently. You can do this by using a bucket, or you can wear rugged pants or a gardening apron that has several pockets. If you have your pruning shears, spade, trowel and gloves handy, you will be able to get your horticulture chores done much more quickly.

Pine Needles

Include both green and dry plant refuse in your compost. Examples of green plant material are spent flowers, fruit and vegetable waste, grass clippings, weeds, and leaves. Dried plant material comprises shredded paper, cardboard, sawdust, and straw. Do not include charcoal, ashes, meat, carnivorous animal manure or diseased plants.

As previously mentioned, becoming a skilled gardener is not difficult as long as you know what to do. With just a little good information, you can find out all you need to know regarding gardening, and making your space a masterpiece.


Husbandry Information for D. pachea

Food requirements

In order to raise the D. pachea flies, we first take a piece of the Senita cactus (Lophocereus schottii) and let it get good and rotten for several days at room temperature. Next, stir up a vial of banana Opuntia food. Then, add some of the rotten cactus and mix thoroughly.

18 - 25°C is the range they will grow at. They grow slower at the lower temperatures. Embryo to adult will take 25 to 35 days depending upon the temperature.

Pupation conditions

Add in some pieces of wood (popsicle stick) or dental cotton (pre-soaked) for a pupation surface

Special requirements

They are very sensitive to the levels of cactus in the food. If you are trying to expand your stock, you will need to transfer the adults to new food about every 3 days.

Adults require many days to reach sexual maturity, if you transfer adults to new vials immediately after they eclose you will not get eggs for over a week. One solution is to combine old and new vials when you transfer.


Public Release:

New math theories reveal the nature of numbers

Finite formula found for partition numbers

Emory Health Sciences

IMAGE: Emory mathematician Ken Ono and colleagues devised new theories that answer famous old questions about partition numbers, the basis for adding and counting. view more

Credit: Photo by Carol Clark.

"Ken Ono has achieved absolutely breathtaking breakthroughs in the theory of partitions," says George Andrews, professor at Pennsylvania State University and president of the American Mathematical Society. "He proved divisibility properties of the basic partition function that are astounding. He went on to provide a superstructure that no one anticipated just a few years ago. He is a phenomenon."

Child's play

"Partition numbers are a crazy sequence of integers which race rapidly off to infinity," Ono says. "This provocative sequence evokes wonder, and has long fascinated mathematicians."

"In the mathematical universe, that's like not being able to see further than Mars," Ono says.

A mathematical telescope

"This is like Galileo inventing the telescope, allowing you to see beyond what the naked eye can see, even though the view may be dim," Ono says.

In 1937, Hans Rademacher found an exact formula for calculating partition values. While the method was a big improvement over Euler's exact formula, it required adding together infinitely many numbers that have infinitely many decimal places. "These numbers are gruesome," Ono says.

In the ensuing decades, mathematicians have kept building on these breakthroughs, adding more pieces to the puzzle. Despite the advances, they were unable to understand Ramanujan's enigmatic words, or find a finite formula for the partition numbers.

Seeing the forest

Ono's "dream team" wrestled with the problems for months. "Everything we tried didn't work," he says.

"We were standing on some huge rocks, where we could see out over this valley and hear the falls, when we realized partition numbers are fractal," Ono says. "We both just started laughing."

The term fractal was invented in 1980 by Benoit Mandelbrot, to describe what seem like irregularities in the geometry of natural forms. The more a viewer zooms into "rough" natural forms, the clearer it becomes that they actually consist of repeating patterns. Not only are fractals beautiful, they have immense practical value in fields as diverse as art to medicine.

Their hike sparked a theory that reveals a new class of fractals, one that dispensed with the problem of infinity. "It's as though we no longer needed to see all the stars in the universe, because the pattern that keeps repeating forever can be seen on a three-mile walk to Tallulah Falls," Ono says.

Ramanujan's congruences are explained by their fractal theory. The team also demonstrated that the divisibility properties of partition numbers are "fractal" for every prime. "The sequences are all eventually periodic, and they repeat themselves over and over at precise intervals," Ono says. "It's like zooming in on the Mandelbrot set," he adds, referring to the most famous fractal of them all.

The oracle

But this extraordinary view into the superstructure of partition numbers was not enough. The team was determined go beyond mere theories and hit upon a formula that could be implemented in the real world.

For more sciences news from Emory, visit:


Aquatic Treatments

Pond Saver is a natural, biodegradable product and is nontoxic to plants, humans or animals, including fish. However, there are a few unusual situations where Pond Saver should not be used. Learn more.

Maintenance program intended to utilize selected strains of safe, natural aquatic bacteria to keep ponds clean and odor-free.

Nursery irrigation ponds, used to supply water for irrigation of the container or bed nursery, need careful monitoring of certain parameters in order to keep water clean using bacterial treatment.

Answers to common questions about Pond Saver, including how it works, how to apply.

Strategies for an algae control program to keep pond water clean while taking steps to manage algae blooms and reduce the use of algaecides.