Nonprofit Board Talk
Nonprofit Board Discussion – What is Cloud Computing?

It’s difficult to have a true discussion on cloud computing if most of the people in the room don’t know what it is.  It’s a buzz phase so everyone has heard of it but how many board members really know what it means?  I’m a person with an IT background so I’m usually asked to explain what cloud computing is.  I can see faces change as I explain it and understanding hits.

Most nonprofit boards will face this question at some point.  Here’s a short version of the explanation I give to this question.  I hope it helps when your board has the discussion.  The explanation is simple.  The best way to understand cloud computing is to compare it to the other forms of computing available to most nonprofits:

“Local” Computing – You are computing locally if all your programs (or software) and data is stored on your PC’s (or laptop’s) hard drive.  If you have a flash drive or external hard drive, you are still computing “locally”.

Server Computing (or Client/Server Computing) – Your nonprofit owns or leases a server.  When you connect to the office network, you can open files stored on that server.  In this case, the programs (Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, etc.) are installed on your PC but you store the files (or data) on the server.  This is very common with databases.

Enterprise Computing – In this case, both the software and the data is stored on your office server.  All the user has to do is type a web address.  You don’t have to make sure the software in installed first.  (There are exceptions to this but that’s another blog post.)

The key here is your nonprofit owns or leases the server.  The server is in your office or downstairs in the basement or at the data center.  You can see it, hug it, or take a picture of it.  You have a staff person or contractor that has to maintain it.  From time-to-time, you have to fix it or replace it.  The good part is, you have a server that gives you extended computing power.  The bad part is, you have a costly server that requires specialized skills to maintain.

Cloud Computing (or Cloud Services) – Do you want the extended computing power without the costly server?  Cloud computing can do it!  There are companies with data centers full of servers.  You can “rent” or “share” space on those servers.  You can get access to the software on those servers.  Just sign up as a customer and type in a web address.  Google Docs, Microsoft 360, Yahoo Mail, Evernote, and are all cloud services.  When you log into your account to get your data, you have no idea where that server is located.  That’s cloud computing!

This is a VERY simple explanation of cloud computing.  Experts spend hours talking about the types of service, levels of service, software options and vendors available in the cloud world?  This explanation is only to begin the discussion.  You need advice and support from experts as you move into the cloud.  Good luck on the journey!

Thanks for reading the Nonprofit Board Talk Blog!  Follow on Twitter @NPBoardTalk

Brent Jackson


1. Technology

What is an ESD File?

Question: What is an ESD File?

Did you find an ESD file on your computer and wonder what program should open it? Maybe someone emailed you an ESD file but you're not sure how to use it. Perhaps you tried to open the ESD file but Windows told you that it could not open it.

Before you can open an ESD file (assuming it's even a file format that's intended to be viewed or edited), you'll need to determine what kind of file the .ESD file extension refers to.

Answer: A file with the ESD file extension is an ExpertScan Survey Document file.

Other types of files may also use the ESD file extension. If you know of any additional file formats that use the .ESD extension, please let me know so I can update this information.

How To Open an ESD File

The easiest way to open an ESD file is to double-click on it and let your PC decide which default application should open the file. If no program opens the ESD file then you probably don't have an application installed that can view and/or edit ESD files.

ESD files can be opened with Expert Scan, by AutoData.

Some ESD files are from Microsoft when downloading software upgrades. These files can then be opened in Windows without any additional software.

If you know anything else useful about ESD files, please let me know so I can update this page.

Tip: Use Notepad or another text editor to open the ESD file. Many files are text-only files meaning no matter the file extension, a text editor may be able to properly display the file's contents. This may or may not be the case with ESD files but it's worth a try.

If you find that an application on your PC does try to open the ESD file but it's the wrong application or if you would rather have another installed program open ESD files, see my How To Change the Default Program for a Specific File Extension guide for making that change in Windows.

How To Convert an ESD File

There are two main ways to attempt to convert an ESD file to another file type:

The first option involving opening the ESD file in its native program is preferable because it's both easier and will probably result in a more accurate file conversion. Of course if you don't have a program that opens ESD files, a third-party file conversion tool (the second option) could be very useful.

Important: You cannot usually change a file extension (like the ESD file extension) to one that your computer recognizes and expect the newly renamed file to be usable. An actual file format conversion using one of the methods described above must take place in most cases.

Still Having Problems Opening or Using an ESD File?

See Get More Help for information about contacting me on social networks or via email, posting on tech support forums, and more. Let me know what kinds of problems you're having with opening or using the ESD file and I'll see what I can do to help.

©2014 About.com. All rights reserved.


Flooding in Venice, tourists swimming

AP Photo/Luigi Costantini

It's true that canal-lined Venice is known for its regular flooding, but usually that means residents and tourists shuffle through ankle-deep water. This week, however, nearly three quarters of the city faced floods nearing the five-foot mark after an onslaught of rain and bad weather hit northern Italy, according to Reuters.

Two hundred people were forced to evacuate from their homes in Tuscany, and shops, homes and palaces were inundated with water in Venice. Water levels reached 149 cm (5ft)—the sixth highest level since records began in 1872.

While residents desperately tried to save their homes and possessions, tourists seemed to revel in the flooding, sitting at cafe tables in their bathing suits, playing in the waist-deep water, and swimming through St. Mark's square.


Browse Cal Poly

Cal Poly Alcohol Policy

Students of any age are not allowed to consume, possess or dispense alcohol on campus except by exclusive permission of the Cal Poly Corporation.

Campus Administrative Manual 270.1

Possession or consumption of alcoholic beverages on the campus is prohibited. Exception to this policy may be granted by the President or his designee to allow the service (sale or nonsale) of alcoholic beverages under established guidelines. Factors to be considered in granting exceptions include the nature of the event, the adequacy of supervision, and the benefit to the university. Exceptions will not be granted for events open to the public, unless by the President or a designee for bona fide public eating places.

Campus Administrative Manual 270.2

Service of alcoholic beverages at campus events shall be the exclusive privilege of the Cal Poly Corporation. The Cal Poly Corporation may grant exceptions to this privilege as appropriate.

Alcohol and Other Drug Protocol: Student Response Procedures

A student should not hesitate to report an incident of possible alcohol poisoning or other drug overdose due to concerns about potential disciplinary action for violating the Standards for Student Conduct.  Student safety and health are paramount considerations.  Obtaining necessary medical assistance could be considered a mitigating factor on a case-by-case basis when evaluating the imposition of campus disciplinary charges for consuming or providing alcohol or other drugs.  Even if no disciplinary charges are imposed, students may still be required to participate in educational programs designed to promote student safety.  This protocol does not preclude disciplinary action for other violations such as assault, hazing, or sexual misconduct that might arise from the same incident.

A student reporting another student's alcohol poisoning or other drug overdose must take the following steps:

  1. Contact emergency personnel immediately by calling 911;
  2. Stay with the incapacitated student until told but the responding officials to leave;
  3. Cooperate with emergency personnel and University employees during the incident and during any subsequent investigation.

If the consumption of alcohol or other drugs occurred during an event sponsored, organized, or supported by a student group or club, Cal Poly will consider the reporting of the incident as a mitigating factor when determining any disciplinary action imposed on the student group or club.  Other mitigating circumstances could include the efforts made by hosts or officers to prevent the situation, participation in Cal Poly educational programs designed to prevent such incidents, and cooperation with any Cal Poly investigation of the incident.  Conversely, failure to report such an occurrence would be considered an aggravating factor when imposing any disciplinary sanctions.

aware awake al!ve  provides information about caring for others


Psychology Wiki

Changes: Thomas Hobbes

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'''Thomas Hobbes''' (April 5, [[1588]]–December 4, [[1679]]) was an [[English (people)|English]] [[philosophy|philosopher]], whose famous 1651 book ''[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan]]'' set the agenda for nearly all subsequent Western [[political philosophy]].
'''Thomas Hobbes''' (April 5, 1588–December 4, 1679) was an [[English (people)|English]] [[philosophy|philosopher]], whose famous 1651 book ''[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan]]'' set the agenda for nearly all subsequent Western [[political philosophy]].
Although Hobbes is today best remembered for his work on [[political philosophy]], he contributed to a diverse array of fields, including history], geometry, [[ethics]], general philosophy and what would now be called political science. Additionally, Hobbes's account of human nature as self-interested cooperation has proved to be an enduring theory in the field of [[philosophical anthropology]].

Latest revision as of 19:20, April 24, 2010

Western Philosophers
17th-century philosophy
(Modern Philosophy)
Thomas Hobbes (portrait)
Thomas Hobbes
Name: Thomas Hobbes
Birth: April 5, 1588 Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England
Death: December 4, 1679 Derbyshire]], England
School/tradition: Social contract, realism
Main interests
Political philosophy, history, ethics, geometry
Notable ideas
Plato, Aristotle |
All subsequent Western political philosophy

Although Hobbes is today best remembered for his work on political philosophy, he contributed to a diverse array of fields, including history], geometry, ethics, general philosophy and what would now be called political science. Additionally, Hobbes's account of human nature as self-interested cooperation has proved to be an enduring theory in the field of philosophical anthropology.

Early life and educationEdit

Hobbes was born in Westport, Wiltshire, England on April 5, 1588 (some sources say Malmesbury). His father, the vicar of Charlton, and Westport, was forced to leave the town, abandoning his three children to the care of an older brother Francis. Hobbes was educated at Westport church from the age of four, passed to the Malmesbury school and then to a private school kept by a young man named Robert Latimer, a graduate from [Oxford University. Hobbes was a good pupil, and around 1603 he was sent to Oxford and entered at Magdalen Hall The principal of Magdalen was the aggressive Puritan John Wilkinson, and he had some influence on Hobbes.

At university, Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum; he was "little attracted by the scholastic learning". He did not complete his degree until 1608, but he was recommended by Sir James Hussee, his master at Magdalen, as tutor to William, the son of William Cavendish, Baron of Hardwick (and later Earl of Devonshire), and began a lifelong connection with that family.

Hobbes became a companion to the younger William and they both took part in a Grand Tour in 1610. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour in contrast to the scholastic philosophy which he had learned in Oxford. His scholarly efforts at the time were aimed at a careful study of classic Greek and Latin authors, the outcome of which was, in 1628, his great translation of Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War, the first translation of that work into English. Hobbes believed that Thucydides's account of the Peloponnesian War showed that democratic government could not survive war or provide stability and was thus undesirable.

In ParisEdit

Civil war in EnglandEdit

The English Civil War broke out in 1642, and when the Royalist cause began to decline from the middle of 1644 there was an exodus of the king's supporters to Europe. Many came to Paris and were known to Hobbes. This revitalised Hobbes's political interests and the De Cive was republished and more widely distributed. The printing was begun in 1646 by Samuel de Sorbiere through the Elzevir press at Amsterdam with a new preface and some new notes in reply to objections.

The company of the exiled royalists led Hobbes to produce an English book to set forth his theory of civil government in relation to the political crisis resulting from the war. It was based on an unpublished treatise of 1640. The State, it now seemed to Hobbes, might be regarded as a great artificial man or monster (Leviathan), composed of men, with a life that might be traced from its generation under pressure of human needs to its dissolution through civil strife proceeding from human passions. The work was closed with a general "Review and Conclusion," in direct response to the war which raised the question of the subject's right to change allegiance when a former sovereign's power to protect was irrecoverably gone. Also he took advantage of the Commonwealth to indulge in rationalistic criticism of religious doctrines. The first public edition was titled Elementa philosophica de cive.

Main article: Leviathan (book)
File:Leviathan gr.jpg

In Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of societies and legitimate governments. In the natural condition of mankind, while some men may be stronger or more intelligent than others, none is so strong and smart as to be beyond a fear of violent death. When threatened with death, man in his natural state cannot help but defend himself in any way possible. Self-defense against violent death is Hobbes' highest human necessity, and rights are borne of necessity. In the state of nature, then, each of us has a right to everything in the world. Due to the scarcity of things in the world, there is a constant, and rights-based, "war of all against all" (bellum omnium contra omnes). Life in the state of nature is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (xiii).

But war isn't in man's best interest. According to Hobbes, man has a self-interested and materialistic desire to end war — "the passions that incline men to peace are fear of death, desire of such things as are necessary to commodious living, and a hope by their industry to obtain them" (xiii, 14). He forms peaceful societies by entering into a social contract. According to Hobbes, society is a population beneath an authority, to whom all individuals in that society covenant just enough of their natural right for the authority to be able to ensure internal peace and a common defense. This sovereign, whether monarch, aristocracy or democracy (though Hobbes prefers monarchy), should be a Leviathan, an absolute authority. Law, for Hobbes, is the enforcement of contracts. The political theory of Leviathan varies little from that set out in two earlier works, The Elements of Law and De Cive (On The Citizen). (A minor aside: Hobbes almost never uses the phrase "state of nature" in his works.)

Hobbes's leviathan state is infinitely authoritative in matters pertaining to aggression, one man waging war on another, or any matters pertaining to the cohesiveness of the state. It should say nothing about what any man does otherwise; so long as one man does no harm to any other, the sovereign should keep its hands off him (however, since there is no power above the sovereign, there is nothing to prevent the sovereign breaking this rule). In actuality, however, the extent to which this sovereign may exercise this authority is conditioned by the sovereign's obligations to natural law. Although the sovereign has no legislative obligations, it is more beneficial for him to abide by those laws which prescribe peace for security (the laws of nature.) Thus this conditions the authority of the sovereign with a prudential morality, or, more accurately, a moral obligation. A sovereign also maintains equality within the state, since the common people would be "washed out" in the glare of their sovereign; Hobbes likens this "washing out" of the common people in their sovereign's presence to the fading of the stars in the presence of the sun. In essence, Hobbes's political doctrine is "do no harm." His negative version of the Golden Rule, in chapter xv, 35, reads: "Do not that to another, which thou wouldst not have done to thyself." This is contrasted with the Judeo-Christian golden rule, which encourages actively doing unto others: for Hobbes, that is a recipe for social chaos.

The word "Hobbesian" is sometimes used in modern English to refer to a situation in which there is unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilised competition. This usage, now well-established, is misleading for two reasons: first, the Leviathan describes such a situation, but only in order to criticise it; second, Hobbes himself was timid and bookish in person. Other uses, popular immediately after Hobbes published, carry connotations of atheism and the belief that "might makes right."

With BramhallEdit

Hobbes now turned to complete the fundamental treatise of his philosophical system. He worked so steadily that De Corpore was first printed in 1654. Also 1654 a small treatise, Of Liberty and Necessity was published by Bishop John Bramhall addressed at Hobbes. Bramhall, a strong Arminian, had met and debated with Hobbes and afterwards wrote down his views and sent them privately to be answered in this form by Hobbes. Hobbes duly replied, but not for publication. But a French acquaintance took a copy of the reply and published it with "an extravagantly laudatory epistle". Bramhall countered in 1655, when he printed everything that had passed between them (under the title of A Defence of the True Liberty of Human Actions from Antecedent or Extrinsic Necessity). In 1656 Hobbes was ready with his Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance, in which he replied "with astonishing force" to the bishop. As perhaps the first clear exposition of the psychological doctrine of determinism, Hobbes's own two pieces were important in the history of the free-will controversy. The bishop returned to the charge in 1658 with Castigations of Mr Hobbes's Animadversions, and also included a bulky appendix entitled The Catching of Leviathan the Great Whale. Hobbes never took any notice of the Castigations.

With WallisEdit

Beyond the spat with Bramhall, Hobbes was caught in a series of conflicts from the time of publishing his De Corpore in 1655. In Leviathan he had assailed the system of the original universities. In 1654 Seth Ward (1617-1689), the Savilian professor of astronomy, replying in his Vindiciae academiarum to the assaults by Hobbes and others (especially John Webster) on the academic system. Errors in De Corpore, especially in the mathematical sections, opened Hobbes to criticism from John Wallis, Savilian professor of geometry. Wallis's Elenchus geomeiriae Hobbianae, published in 1655 contained an elaborate criticism of Hobbes's whole attempt to put the foundations of mathematical science in its place within the general body of reasoned knowledge - a criticism which exposed the utter inadequacy of Hobbes's mathematics. Hobbes's lack of rigour meant that he spent himself in vain attempts to solve the impossible problems that often waylaid self-sufficient beginners, his interest was limited to geometry and he never had any notion of the full scope of mathematical science. He was unable to work out with any consistency the few original thoughts he had, and thus was an easy target. Hobbes took care to remove some of the worst mistakes exposed by Wallis, before allowing an English translation of the De Corpore to appear in 1656. But he still attacked Wallis in a series of Six Lessons to the Professors of Mathematics in 1656.

However, in response to the more personal attacks Hobbes wrote a letter about himself in the third person, Considerations upon the Reputation, Loyalty, Manners and Religion of Thomas Hobbes. In this biographical piece, he told his own and Wallis's "little stories during the time of the late rebellion" with such effect that Wallis did not attempt a reply.

With geometersEdit

Later lifeEdit

The king was important in protecting Hobbes when, in 1666, the House of Commons introduced a bill against atheism and profaneness. On October 17 of that year, it was ordered that the committee to which the bill was referred "should be empowered to receive information touching such books as tend to atheism, blasphemy and profaneness... in particular... the book of Mr. Hobbes called the Leviathan." ( House of Commons Journal Volume 8. British History Online. URL accessed on January 14, 2005.) Hobbes was terrified at the prospect of being labelled a heretic, and proceeded to burn some of his compromising papers. At the same time, he examined the actual state of the law of heresy. The results of his investigation were first announced in three short Dialogues added as an Appendix to his Latin translation of Leviathan, published at Amsterdam in 1668. In this appendix, Hobbes aimed to show that, since the High Court of Commission had been put down, there remained no court of heresy at all to which he was amenable, and that nothing could be heresy except opposing the Nicene Creed, which, he maintained, Leviathan did not do.

In October 1679, Hobbes suffered a bladder disorder, which was followed by a paralytic stroke from which he died in his ninety-second year. He was buried in the churchyard of Ault Hucknall in Derbyshire, England.

Selected bibliography Edit

Hobbes in popular culture Edit

Quotations Edit

  • Strauss, Leo (1959). "On the Basis of Hobbes's Political Philosophy," in What Is Political Philosophy?, Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, chap. 7.

External linksEdit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
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INSIDER – Favors minutes compared to his draft class

Since posting the surprising numbers of Favors minutes compared to similar bigs in recent years numerous people have said what about Favors draft class. It does feel as though Favors has been held back in his playing time compared to his draft class.

Both DeMarcus Cousins and Greg Monroe have been integral starting players for their respective teams. Ed Davis who was drafted by Toronto and since traded to Memphis has had consistent playing time as well. However, both Cousins and Monroe entered the league a year older than Favors as did Ed Davis. Other big men in the draft were Ekpe Udon ,23 and Cole Aldrich was 22.

When equalizing his draft class Favors has still played more minutes by the same age. Favors total minutes as of 21 years old, 4,698 surpass Greg Monroe and DeMarcus Cousins.

Additionally, surprising is how close Favors is in production to Greg Monroe when you equalize for minutes played. They both are taking the same shots per minute, rebounding the same and scoring at similar rates. Favors blocks more shots. Cousins 44% shooting is abysmal.

favors compared to draft class

In conclusion, I don’t disagree that Favors could have played more or that Millsap and Jefferson presence restricted his minutes on the floor. However, these last two comparisions show very clearly that Favors is not behind in development or that his development has been stunted in any way.

If you would you like to discuss this please do at the Locked on Sports Google + Community page


Discussion Forum

Studies Enrolling Subjects

ClinicalTrials.gov provides searchable information on Clinical Trials and Human Research Studies. Click here for the Trial List for a search on “Congenital Heart Disease.”

Click here to visit CenterWatch, a source of clinical trials information for both clinical research professionals and patients.

Quality of Life in Adults with Atrial Septal Defects

What is the purpose of the study?
The goal of this study is to explore the quality of life in adults newly diagnosed with an atrial septal defect (ASD). An ASD is a hole between the upper chambers of the heart.

Who is eligible?
Newly diagnosed adults (21 years of age or older) with an ASD that will be repaired in the cardiac catheterization lab who can speak, read and write in English.

What factors exclude eligibility?
Adults with any other type of congenital heart defect will be excluded.

What are the major risks and benefits of participation?
There is a potential minimal risk of the loss of confidentiality or privacy through your participation in this study. There may be no direct benefit to you for being in this study, but others may benefit in the future from your participation.

What is the time commitment?
You will be asked to complete five questionnaires at three different times, for a total of 12 questionnaires: Before ASD closure in the catheterization lab, one month after ASD closure, and six months post-ASD closure. It should take about 25-35 minutes to complete the questionnaires. You will receive a $15 gift card after you answer the pre-closure questionnaires and a $10 gift card after you have completed the study.

How do people interested in joining the study get involved?
Interested participants should email Mary Heitschmidt RN, APN, at Mary_Heitschmidt@rush.edu or call her at 312-942-9615.


Diode switching circuits

Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and reverse bias switch a diode between the low and high impedance states, respectively. Thus, it serves as a switch.

Diodes can perform digital logic functions: AND, and OR. Diode logic was used in early digital computers. It only finds limited application today. Sometimes it is convenient to fashion a single logic gate from a few diodes.

Diode AND gate

An AND gate is shown in Figure above. Logic gates have inputs and an output (Y) which is a function of the inputs. The inputs to the gate are high (logic 1), say 10 V, or low, 0 V (logic 0). In the figure, the logic levels are generated by switches. If a switch is up, the input is effectively high (1). If the switch is down, it connects a diode cathode to ground, which is low (0). The output depends on the combination of inputs at A and B. The inputs and output are customarily recorded in a “truth table” at (c) to describe the logic of a gate. At (a) all inputs are high (1). This is recorded in the last line of the truth table at (c). The output, Y, is high (1) due to the V+ on the top of the resistor. It is unaffected by open switches. At (b) switch A pulls the cathode of the connected diode low, pulling output Y low (0.7 V). This is recorded in the third line of the truth table. The second line of the truth table describes the output with the switches reversed from (b). Switch B pulls the diode and output low. The first line of the truth table recordes the Output=0 for both input low (0). The truth table describes a logical AND function. Summary: both inputs A and B high yields a high (1) out.

A two input OR gate composed of a pair of diodes is shown in Figure below. If both inputs are logic low at (a) as simulated by both switches “downward,” the output Y is pulled low by the resistor. This logic zero is recorded in the first line of the truth table at (c). If one of the inputs is high as at (b), or the other input is high, or both inputs high, the diode(s) conduct(s), pulling the output Y high. These results are reordered in the second through fourth lines of the truth table. Summary: any input “high” is a high out at Y.

OR gate: (a) First line, truth table (TT). (b) Third line TT. (d) Logical OR of power line supply and back-up battery.

A backup battery may be OR-wired with a line operated DC power supply in Figure above (d) to power a load, even during a power failure. With AC power present, the line supply powers the load, assuming that it is a higher voltage than the battery. In the event of a power failure, the line supply voltage drops to 0 V; the battery powers the load. The diodes must be in series with the power sources to prevent a failed line supply from draining the battery, and to prevent it from over charging the battery when line power is available. Does your PC computer retain its BIOS setting when powered off? Does your VCR (video cassette recorder) retain the clock setting after a power failure? (PC Yes, old VCR no, new VCR yes.)

Analog switch

Diodes can switch analog signals. A reverse biased diode appears to be an open circuit. A forward biased diode is a low resistance conductor. The only problem is isolating the AC signal being switched from the DC control signal. The circuit in Figure below is a parallel resonant network: resonant tuning inductor paralleled by one (or more) of the switched resonator capacitors. This parallel LC resonant circuit could be a preselector filter for a radio receiver. It could be the frequency determining network of an oscillator (not shown). The digital control lines may be driven by a microprocessor interface.

Diode switch: A digital control signal (low) selects a resonator capacitor by forward biasing the switching diode.

The large value DC blocking capacitor grounds the resonant tuning inductor for AC while blocking DC. It would have a low reactance compared to the parallel LC reactances. This prevents the anode DC voltage from being shorted to ground by the resonant tuning inductor. A switched resonator capacitor is selected by pulling the corresponding digital control low. This forward biases the switching diode. The DC current path is from +5 V through an RF choke (RFC), a switching diode, and an RFC to ground via the digital control. The purpose of the RFC at the +5 V is to keep AC out of the +5 V supply. The RFC in series with the digital control is to keep AC out of the external control line. The decoupling capacitor shorts the little AC leaking through the RFC to ground, bypassing the external digital control line.

With all three digital control lines high (≥+5 V), no switched resonator capacitors are selected due to diode reverse bias. Pulling one or more lines low, selects one or more switched resonator capacitors, respectively. As more capacitors are switched in parallel with the resonant tuning inductor, the resonant frequency decreases.

The reverse biased diode capacitance may be substantial compared with very high frequency or ultra high frequency circuits. PIN diodes may be used as switches for lower capacitance.


Patent Details
Navigation and fingerprint sensor
A pressure sensitive cursor control suitable for applications that include cellular phones and personal data assistants includes a pressure sensor array suitable to detect a human fingerprint. Cursor control is provided by subtle finger movement. Sequential images of the finger are captured and compared to determine planar movement or data entry. Performance may be improved by sampling zones within the captured image and comparing the zones with those in an earlier image. Performance could also be improved by subsampling the array. While the full resolution of the pressure-sensing array is needed to capture ones fingerprint and execute an authentication function only a subsampled image from the array is needed to derive meaningful navigation data. The pressure sensor array is designed on a glass substrate in order to drive down the unit cost. The silicon companion chip where the data is interpreted also drives the array and can therefore sub-sample the array when navigating and/or get a full resolution image when authenticating.
Report Generation Date:
Patents to Consider:


Gregory Ferguson represented me through the mediation process in a sexual harassment case involving a coworker. I felt supported and protected from retaliation ONLY during the time I was being represented by Mr. Ferguson. He was knowledgeable and diligent and saw to it that my former employers ceased the harassment that had continued throughout my ordeal. While it was my personal choice to settle at the time of mediation due to the toll the experience has taken prior to being represented, my attorney build a strong case and was ready and willing to move forward with it.


17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2004-04-01 2004-04-01 false DELIVERY PERIOD REQUIRED 100 PART 100 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION Pt. 100 PART 100—DELIVERY PERIOD REQUIRED Authority:

§ 100.1 Delivery period required with respect to certain grains.

[41 FR 3211, Jan. 21, 1976]


For an abbreviated overview of the Conference, click here.

Professional Development Workshop Set 1

Your Session ROI

Geno Church, word-of-mouth inspiration officer at Brains on Fire, will explain why the time is now for businesses to go beyond the product conversation to understanding, sparking and sustaining “the passion conversation,” or why your business is in business.


Costs + Facial Plastic Surgery

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Apart from paying for the anesthesia once for both multiple procedures, can you get discount for having multiple procedures. For example, let's say... READ MORE

Brown Bone Reduction - Cost - Risk - Results

I am a male with a prominent brow bone and I was wondering if it would be possible to get the same results as the simulated image below. I was also... READ MORE

Is There a Surgery Which Can Reduce the Size of my Forehead?

I've heard of browlifts but that sounds like only raising my eyebrows when I want my actual hairline about 2cm shorter (6.5cm currently) If there is,... READ MORE

What Would the Estimated Cost for a Nose Job, Cheek Implants, and Chin Augmentation Be?

I want to have all of these surgeries done at once, what would the estimated cost be? READ MORE

Considering Brow Furrow and Under Eye Procedure. What Are My Options And The Cost? (photo)

Photo on left taken in 2005, photo on right taken 2009 I am 45 yeaers old now, never had any kind of cosmetic surgery, I would like to regain the look... READ MORE

Recommended Procedures to Achieve Younger Face?

Temple Implant or Fat Grafting For Concave Temples?

Can Jawline Bone Be Removed and What Does It Cost?

I feel my jaw line is to much in side profiles. No fat or double chin. Can bone be removed? What purcedure is it called when some of the jaw line bone... READ MORE

How Much Should It Cost for Brow Bone Redution in India?

I have a bump on my forehead which looks extremely awful would be glad if i am able to get it straight at a rite price. READ MORE

Skull Cranioplasty and Forehead Augmentation Using Kryptonite?

Hello My occipital zone in the right side is not symmetric as that at the left. It's more flat. I want to round it. I want to augment it using... READ MORE

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Do all cockroaches have wings?

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Insect wing

The physical dynamics of flight are composed of direct and indirect flight. Those species that employ direct flight have wing muscles directly attached to the wing base, so that a small downward movement of the wing base lifts the wing itself upward. However, insects with indirect flight have muscles that attach to the thorax and deform it; since the wings are extensions of the thoracic exoskeleton, the deformations of the thorax cause the wings to move as well.

Oggy and the Cockroaches

Oggy and the Cockroaches (also known as Oggy et les Cafards in French, often shortened to Oggy) is a French/American animated comedy series produced by Xilam and Gaumont Film Company.

The Pennsylvania wood cockroach (Parcoblatta pennsylvanica) is a common species of roach in Eastern North America.

Adult males are approximately 1 inch long; females grow to about 3/4 inch long. Males are dark brown; the sides of the thorax and the front half of the wings are margined with yellow. Adult males are fully winged, while females have conspicuous wing pads (actually short wings like that of the female oriental roach), which are functionless. Wings of the male are longer than its body, while wing pads of the female cover only one-third to two-thirds of the abdomen. The males fly swiftly but do not have the ability to sustain themselves in the air for long periods.

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How are electrons arranged around the nucleus?

Electrons, which are negatively charged, are arranged with even distribution outside the nucleus surrounding it. Go AnswerParty!

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Atomic physics

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This includes ions as well as neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, for the purposes of this discussion it should be assumed that the term atom includes ions.

The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English. However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone.

Charge carriers

Introductory physics

Quantum chemistry

Quantum chemistry is a branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. It involves heavy interplay of experimental and theoretical methods:

In these ways, quantum chemists investigate chemical phenomena.

Electron Ion
Electric charge

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when close to other electrically charged matter. There are two types of electric charges – positive and negative. Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively charged substances, but attracted to negatively charged substances; negatively charged substances are repelled from negative and attracted to positive. An object will be negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and will otherwise be positively charged or uncharged. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C), although in electrical engineering it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah), and in chemistry it is common to use the elementary charge (e) as a unit. The symbol Q is often used to denote a charge. The study of how charged substances interact is classical electrodynamics, which is accurate insofar as quantum effects can be ignored.

Atomic orbital

An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.

Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers n, , and m, which correspond to the electron's energy, angular momentum, and an angular momentum vector component, respectively. Any orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons, each with its own spin quantum number. The simple names s orbital, p orbital, d orbital and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number = 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. These names, together with the value of n, are used to describe the electron configurations. They are derived from the description by early spectroscopists of certain series of alkali metal spectroscopic lines as sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental. Orbitals for > 3 are named in alphabetical order (omitting j).

Effective atomic number has two different meanings: one that is the effective nuclear charge of an atom, and one that calculates the average atomic number for a compound or mixture of materials. Both are abbreviated Zeff.

The effective atomic number Zeff, (sometimes referred to as the effective nuclear charge) of an atom is the number of protons an electron in the element effectively 'sees' due to screening by inner-shell electrons. It is a measure of the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons in the atom. One can view the electrons in an atom as being 'stacked' by energy outside the nucleus; the lowest energy electrons (such as the 1s and 2s electrons) occupy the space closest to the nucleus, and electrons of higher energy are located further from the nucleus.

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Identify and treat Pancreatitis

Techniques to treat pancreatitis naturally or by traditional methods If you have Pancreatitis, you need to seek treatment as soon as possible. Pancreatitis is often a starting point of Pancreatic Cancer. Dealing with pancreatitis will help you to stop the pain that likely got your attention in the first place, reverse the issues causing it and keep future complications to a minimum. Unfortunately, pancreatitis can return and it is important to both handle it quickly and get information regarding a long-term blueprint for keeping repeat attacks to a minimum.

Immediate Treatment You will receive treatment in a hospital to allow your pancreas to heal and make sure your body does not shut down. You will get intravenous (IV) fluids to replace lost fluids and maintain your blood pressure. Medicines to deal with pain can help you until the inflammation stops. Most acute pancreatitis can usually be treated relatively easily (from a medical standpoint). However, in some cases if you are suffering from severe pancreatitis, you may require intense medical support for your heart, potential ventilation for your lungs if they fail and occsionally dialysis to support the kidneys. Almost all patients require intravenous nutrition and to be taken off solid foods during treatment. You may get an infection in the places where regions of your pancreas have died. This type of infection can be fatal if left unchecked and needs skilled treatment to manage the infection and even potentially remove the infected dead pancreas material or drain certain areas with different procedures. A nutritionist will begin to interact with you as you will likely not be given anything to eat for up to a week to help "rest" your pancreas. They will regulate your IV nutrition and speak to you about eating the right foods.

Surgery Surgery is done only if your pain and pancreatitis tests demonstrate have not reacted to other treatment. There are several procedures which can be done; two of these procedures have already been used for many years, but one remains experimental. Relieve blockage - Surgery called pancreaticojejunostomy removes the blockages and resulting pressure in the pancreatic ducts. It alleviates pain in about 80 percent of people. For unknown reasons, pain returns within twelve months in some people who undergo this technique. Remove a part of the pancreas - Removing very specific damaged parts of the pancreas can relieve pain in some individuals with chronic pancreatitis. Remove the pancreas and transplant islet cells - An experimental method to fix the pancreatitis recently conducted in Japan involved removing the pancreas and then replacing the insulin-producing elements (called islets).

Stop The Pain down the road A health care provider can help stop painful symptoms of chronic pancreatitis. Simple things can aid you if you are diagnosed early, but more intensive measures may be required if you have waited and done harm to your pancreas.

It is advisable to Stop Drinking - This is the MOST important treatment for people with pancreatitis that drinking caused.

You might want to move to low-fat meals - Eating more but smaller, low-fat meals and drinking plenty of fluids can reduce your pain of chronic pancreatitis. You can take Pain medication - Nonprescription pain medications like Ibuprofen (to decrease swelling) usually decrease pain. Take Pancreatic enzyme supplements - Pancreatic enzyme replaces the enzymes normally excreted by the pancreas, letting the pancreas "rest." This often reduces swelling and in turn, pain. You may want to try Narcotic pain medicines - These medicines are often recommended if pancreatic enzymes don't stop pain and are typically used in the hospital during an acute pancreatitis attack. Treatments that fix the pancreatic ducts - Pancreatitis creates pain if there is blockage of the pancreatic ducts that restrict secretions from the pancreas. The back-up of pancreatic fluid in creates inflammation and pain of the pancreas. Sometimes the doctor needs to place a tube into the narrowed area (called stenting). This is not a typical option however as it carries its own set of risks.

Ways to get More Information

Pancreatitis From Medication Resource Line - This resource line can help in understanding your treatment options if your Pancreatitis could have been caused by medication. You can find treatment in your area and discuss compensation for treatment and loss of income, etc. Call: 888-240-1521 or go t their website at ways to treat Pancreatitis . Also visit the National Pancreas Foundation - This organization supports research of diseases of the pancreas and the website includes low-fat recipes. Call: 866-726-2737 or visit .

Herramientas personales


By Tim Lambert

The Tudors used linen to make shirts and underwear. However only the rich could afford cotton and silk clothes. Rich Tudors also embroidered their clothes with silk, gold or silver thread. Rich Tudor women wore silk stockings.

In the 16th century men wore short trouser-like garments called breeches. They also wore tight fitting jackets called doublets. Another jacket called a jerkin was worn over the doublet. Over the jerkin rich men wore a gown, or later in the 16th century a cloak or cape.

However instead of a doublet many workingmen wore a loose tunic. It was easier to work in. Some workingmen wore a leather jerkin called a buff-jerkin. Men also wore stockings or woolen socks, which were called hose.

Under their dresses Tudor women wore a garment like a nightie called a shift or chemise. It was made of linen or wool. A linen or wool dress went over it. A woman's dress was made of two parts, a bodice or corset like garment and a skirt. Sleeves were held on with laces and could be detached. Workingwomen wore a linen apron.

In the 16th century women did not wear knickers. However Tudor men sometimes wore linen shorts as underwear.

All Tudors wore hats. Poor women often wore a linen cap called a coif. After 1572 by law all men except nobles had to wear a woolen cap on Sundays.

In the 16th century buttons were usually for decoration. Clothes were often held together with laces or pins. Furs in Tudor times included cat, rabbit, beaver, bear, badger and polecat.

The most expensive dyes were bright red, purple and indigo. Poor people often wore brown, yellow or blue. Incidentally in the 16th century scarlet was not a colour it was the name of a fine, expensive wool.

Women who could afford it would hang a container of sweet smelling spices on their belt. This was called a pomander and it disguised the horrid smells in the streets! However it is a myth that in Tudor times people were very dirty and smelly. Most people tired to keep themselves clean (see Historical Myths) but it was difficult to keep free of vermin. On the wreck of the Mary Rose many lice combs were found. A bone ear scoop and a bone manicure set were also found.

A History of Clothes

A History of Women's Clothes

Tudor Food

Tudor Homes

Tudor Women

Tudor Children

Tudor Medicine


But the separation is not to last. When Mika returns a few months later, filled to bursting with the good news that she is pregnant, she is confident that the impending arrival of his child will shame the father-to-be into accepting a more "normal" line of work. Kobayashi, who has harbored a deep-seated resentment against his own dead-beat father for many years, struggles to cope with his conflicting emotions as his personal life becomes even more closely intertwined with his professional activities.

In a resolution that is wonderfully apt (if perhaps a trifle too tidy for complete plausibility), the young couple becomes drawn more-closely together by the very ceremonies that previously pushed them apart. After a lifetime of anger and denial, the young comforter finds himself in need of comforting, and what has been nothing more than a ritualistic exercise in the past becomes deeply personal. In the striking final scene, life and death are brought together into a wonderful simultaneity, as both husband and wife are transformed through their grief and resignation.

The story is spiritual rather than religious. Kobayashi participates in ceremonies for nearly every denomination, suggesting that his role as nokanshi is primarily a cultural one. But the film is also unashamed and uncompromising in its clear belief that death is far from the end of all things. As one character puts it, "Death is like a gateway. Dying doesn't mean the end. You go through it, and on to the next thing." For a society increasingly obsessed with extending life no matter the cost, the characters' matter-of-fact, fearless acceptance of their wholly natural worldly demise is both refreshing and inspiring.


7 SECRET HOME REMEDIES FOR WHEN YOUR CHILD IS SICK OR IN PAIN. 1. The B.R.A.T. for diarrhea. It stands for- Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast 2. BLACK LICORICE will cure their constipation nine times out of ten! 3. The chemical reaction between baking soda and vinegar creates a cooling effect that will soothe your child’s minor burns. Just pour equal amounts of the ingredients into a bowl to bathe your child’s hand till the burning stops. 4. For an earache, use a hot pack ...

Simple Homemade Remedies For A Variety of Respiratory Illnesses


Australia passed 54 anti-terror laws post 9/11

Australia passed 54 anti-terror laws post 9/11 Sydney: Australia passed 54 new anti-terror laws in the decade after the 9/11 terror attack, according to a study. The new laws formed in response to the attack even surpassed measures taken in the US, Sydney Morning Herald reports.

Most of the laws were passed under the prime ministership of John Howard, on an average a new anti-terror statute was passed nearly every seven weeks until he was defeated.

Labor in opposition supported most of the statutes, commonly running to hundreds of pages.

In the Rudd-Gillard era, from November 2007 to September 11, 2011, only six anti-terror laws were enacted. University of New South Wales' Professor George Williams, who conducted the first count undertaken of national anti-terror laws, said that the scope exceeded measures in countries facing more severe threats.

He also cited power given to the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation to be able to detain and question ''non-suspect citizens' for up to a week as unique among comparable legal systems.

Australia has also copied many anti-terror measures from Britain without replicating equivalent safeguards such as a national human rights law. The legacy was an ''extraordinary bout of lawmaking'' in the post-9/11 decade, with many measures challenging long understood assumptions of criminal and other law, he said. Key aspects of anti-terror laws had been ''almost exclusively'' applied to members of the Muslim community and their organisations, Professor Williams said.


There are certain situations that the debugger cannot handle, because of the way the Python programming language works. If you are having problems getting the debugger to stop at breakpoints or to display source as you step through your code, one or more of these may apply.

Always read the Trouble-shooting Failure to Debug section first. If that fails to uncover your problem, refer to the following detailed documention of debugger limitations (many of which are extremely rare and esoteric):

(2) Running without saving will lead to incorrect display of breakpoints and run position because the debug process runs against the on-disk version of the source file. Wing will indicate in the Messages tool and Stack Data status indicator that some files are out of sync so this case should only occur if you ignore its warnings.

(3) You cannot run the debug program using the -O or -OO optimization options for the Python interpreter. This removes information about line numbers and source file names, making it impossible to stop at breakpoints or step through code.

(4) There are several cases where Wing may fail to stop at breakpoints or exceptions, or may fail to find source files corresponding with breakpoints or exception points. All of these are caused by storage of incorrect file names in *.pyc files:

  • A similar problem may result from use of compileall.py and some other utilities that don't record a correct filename in the *.pyc file.
  • If you run the same code twice using different paths to the same working directory, as is possible on Linux/Unix with symbolic links, the file names left in *.pyc may contain a mix of each of these paths. If the symbolic link that was used is subsequently removed, some of the file names become invalid.

(5) For code that spends much of its time in C/C++ without calling Python at all, for example as in a GUI main loop, the debugger may not reliably stop at breakpoints added during a run session, and may not respond to Pause requests. See section Debugging Non-Python Mainloops for more information.

(6) You cannot use pdb or other debuggers in code that you are running within the Wing debugger. The two debuggers conflict because they attempt to use the same debugger hooks in the Python interpreter.

(7) If you override __import__ in your code, you will break the debugger's ability to stop at breakpoints unless you call the original __import__ as part of your code whenever a module is actually imported. If you cannot call the original __import__ for some reason, it may be possible to instead use wingdbstub and then call wingdbstub.debugger.NotifyImport(mod) from your import handler (where mod is the module that was just imported).

(9) If you use an extension module to call C/C++ level stdio calls instead of using the Python-level facilities, the debug process will remain unresponsive to Wing IDE while waiting for keyboard input, I/O redirection to the Debug Probe in Wing Pro will fail, and you may run into out-of-order character reads in some cases. Details can be found in Debug Process I/O.

(10) Using partial path names in module __file__ attribute can in rare cases cause Wing to fail to stop on breakpoints and exceptions, to fail to display source files, or to confuse source files of the same name.

A partial path name may end up in __file__ only when (a) invoking Python code with a partial path name, for example with python myfile.py instead of python /path/to/myfile.py, (b) sending partial path names into exec, (c) using partial path names in your PYTHONPATH or sys.path, or (d) using compileall.py or similar tool to compile modules with a partial path name.

  • When modules are loaded with partial path names and os.chdir() is called before debugging is started. This is only possible when using wingdbstub or otherwise starting debug after your debug process is started.
  • When code objects are created on the fly using compile(), the C API, or the new module, a relative filename or an incorrect filename are used for the filename argument, and os.chdir() is called before the code is executed.

(12) In very rare cases, when using the wingdbstub.py, if you set sys.exitfunc after debugging has been started, the IDE will time out on a broken network connection after the debug program exits on an exception. This only happens in some exception handling modes with exceptions that look like they will be handled because a try/except block is present that might handle the exception, but where the exception is not in the end handled and the debug program exits without calling StopDebug(). Work-arounds include setting sys.exitfunc before importing wingdbstub.py or adding a top-level try/except clause that always calls StopDebug() before exiting the debug program.

« 13.9. Debugging Code Running Under Py2exeTable of Contents14. Integrated Version Control »

Debugger Limitations


Vent-A-Hood® Range Hoods - Articles

Glossary of Ventilation Terms

To make the field of kitchen ventilation systems easier to understand we have compiled a list of common terms that you might hear while dealing with professionals from the ventilation industry or while installing a range hood in your house. Just knowing the language can simplify the entire procedure.

BTU - British Thermal Unit. BTU’s are used to measure the heat output of gas cooking appliances.

Canopy - The physical exterior portion of the hood. Also may be referred to as a “shell”. The purpose of a range hood canopy is to collect cooking vapors as they rise up from the cooking surface.

CFM - Cubic Feet of Air per Minute. A measurement of the volume of air that is flowing into or out of a space.

Duct or Ducting - Duct is attached to the top of a range hood and serves to exhaust cooking contaminants to the outside air. The duct should be attached to an appropriate wall louver or roof jack.

External Blower - A blower unit that is mounted outside of the home on the wall or roof. The range hood canopy will contain mesh or baffle filters to extract grease.

Grease - A sticky film, that can become rancid, turn into fungus, and attract insects. Over one gallon of grease per year is generated in the average American home.

Heat - Created when a range burner is turned on. The heat from a standard four burner cooktop cancels out the efforts of one ton air conditioning if it is not removed from the home.

Hazardous Gases - Gases that are generated as a by-product of ignited natural gas. Nitrogen Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide are of the most concern if not removed from the home.

Holding Capacity - The interior space of a canopy. Generally speaking, the more powerful the cooking equipment beneath it, the larger the holding capacity that is required.

Liner or Liner Insert - A specialized range hood that is designed specifically to fit inside of a wood hood or other enclosure.

Mounting Height - The height off the cooking surface. The range hood should be hung at the recommended mounting height to allow for appropriate capture of cooking vapors.

Odor - The smell that is created during cooking. Odors are clingy, acidic, and will fade and deteriorate fabrics if not removed from the home.

Overlap - Sizing the range hood to be wider than the cooking equipment. Whenever possible, the range hood should overlap the cooking surface by 3” on each end. For island hoods, this recommendation should be considered mandatory.

Remote Blower - See external blower.

Roof Jack - An external venting piece on a roof of the home that connects to the duct on the range hood.

Smoke - Airborne carbon particles mixed with sulfuric acid. Smoke is an irritant to the eyes and poisonous to houseplants if not removed from the home.

Steam - Vaporized water. Steam can act as a “carrier” for other cooking contaminants if not removed from the home.

Wall Louver - An external venting piece on a side wall of the home that connects to the duct on the range hood.

Watts - A measurement of the heat output of electric cooking appliances.


Lincoln's Assassination Teacher Resources

Find Lincoln's Assassination educational ideas and activities

Showing 41 - 60 of 237 resources
In this word search worksheet, learners find the answers to 20 questions about President Lincoln in the puzzle. Students must have prior knowledge to complete, but answers are given "upside down" on worksheet.
Students examine the impact of the assassination of President Lincoln. After researching the Republican positions on Reconstruction and analyzing documents related to the Reconstruction, students take a position and explain their support of Lincoln or the Radical Republicans. In groups, they debate the question, "Would Reconstruction have been different had Lincoln lived?"
Pupils, in groups, use the Internet to research Abraham Lincoln. They role-play the part of a newspaper journalist and write an article about him.
Young scholars analyze the Civil War and the effects it had upon one person in particular, Abraham Lincoln, by analyzing images of the president at various stages in time. Students will also analyze an original drawing of Lincoln's arrival in Richmond, VA at the end of the war.
Young scholars examine the motivating factors that prompted Lincoln to draft the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. They examine Lincoln's social and political beliefs, particularly as they pertained to slavery and race in the United States.
True to its titles, this engaging and appealing presentation brings the 1860's into close focus with a number of images and statistics that would delight any Civil War buff. A few graphs allow for pupil input, such as listing the advantages and disadvantages of the American North and South in 1861. The slides take viewers through the strategies and main events of the war, culminating in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
In this Abraham Lincoln crossword learning exercise, students read 20 clues pertaining to this famous President. Students fit their answers in a crossword puzzle.
Discuss the differences between the North and the South and how those differences led to the Civil War. Middle schoolers examine and analyze a famous speech or writing by President Lincoln in order to better understand the speaker's argument and discuss the conflicting opinions of the President during the war. After analyzing the speech or writing, learners write an essay in which they briefly summarize the speech.
Learners investigate the details of the October 27, 1999 assassinations in Armenia's Parliament - by developing a series of questions related to the causes of the attack, the effects on national and international scales.
Students examine the history of the penny.  In this Lincoln Bicentennial One Cent teachers guide, students connect the life of President Abraham Lincoln to the 1-cent coin in his honor through a variety of lessons and activities.
Bring out the inner artist with this Abraham Lincoln lesson. Elementary students work on a home project creating a hat similar to Abraham Lincoln's hat. They will use geometry and measurement to create the scale of the hat, then construct it. This fascinating lesson covers many areas of the curriculum; art, history, mathematics and language arts. Great for all ages.
Students conduct research to compare the lives of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Students work in teams to collect data and use a graphic organizer to display the results of their research then share their research. Students complete project by creating an acrostic poem for the President they researched.
The Civil War is such an exciting topic, now it can be exciting to review. Play this millionaire-style game to study or review the American Civil War. Lincolns assassination, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the battles between the North and South are all covered.
Ninth graders explore the presidency of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.  In this US History lesson, 9th graders examine the life of Abraham Lincoln.  students write an essay describing the presidency and the people's relationship to it.
Eighth graders explore the Civil War, and people and events surrounding the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and his funeral procession.
Students examine primary sources as related to Nevada and the Civil War. In this United States history lesson, students gather and analyze various primary sources in small groups and interpret unknown vocabulary words by using context clues.
Students examine Lincoln's life. In this U.S. history lesson plan, students examine facts about Abraham Lincoln and then complete 6 extension activities that require them to complete research regarding the Civil War.
Learners investigate George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and other American Presidents. They complete a Webquest, take a virtual tour of Mount Vernon, answer discussion questions, and evaluate newspaper articles about the current president.
Students read background information about Abraham Lincoln. They research to examine the major battles of the Civil War. Locate and label them on a map of the United States. Indicate which side was victorious in each.
Take your traditional timeline project on the Civil War to the next level! From the attack on Fort Sumter in 1861 to the assassination of President Lincoln in 1865, your class members will research a particular event and then teach their classmates about the significance of their event.

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Lincoln's Assassination


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Stock watch:

Potential Pitfalls As Economy Gains Momentum

hulu videos 2:19 mins

After the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, the economy may be ready to take off again, but rising mortgage rates and tight lending could threaten housing, and unforeseen political or economic events could topple stock prices.


1. Education

What Is Sociology?

An Introduction To Sociology

What Is Sociology?

Sociology, in the broadest sense, is the study of society. Sociology is a very broad discipline that examines how humans interact with each other and how human behavior is shaped by social structures (groups, communities, organizations), social categories (age, sex, class, race, etc.), and social institutions (politics, religion, education, etc.). The basic foundation of sociology is the belief that a person's attitudes, actions, and opportunities are shaped by all of these aspects of society. The sociological perspective is fourfold: Individuals belong to groups; groups influence our behavior; groups take on characteristics that are independent of their members (i.e. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts); and sociologists focus on behavior patterns of groups, such as differences based on sex, race, age, class, etc.

Sociology originated from and was influenced by the industrial revolution during the early nineteenth century. There are five major founders of sociology: August Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. August Comte is thought of as the "Father of Sociology" as he coined the term sociology in 1838. He believed that society should be understood and studied as it was, rather than what it ought to be. He was the first to recognize that the path to understanding the world and society was based in science. Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, and Weber further helped define and develop sociology as a science and discipline, each contributing important theories and concepts still used and understood in the field today.

Current Approaches

Today there are two main approaches to studying sociology. The first is macro-sociology, or the study of society as a whole. This approach emphasizes the analysis of social systems and populations on a large scale and at a high level of theoretical abstraction. Macro-sociology does concern individuals, families, and other aspects of society, but it always does so in relation to the larger social system to which they belong. The second approach is micro-sociology, or the study of small group behavior. This approach focuses on the nature of everyday human social interactions on a small scale. At the micro level, social status and social roles are the most important components of social structure and micro-sociology is based on the ongoing interactions between these social roles.

Areas Of Sociology

Sociology is a very broad and diverse field. There are many different topics and scopes in the field of sociology, some of which are relatively new. The following are some of the major areas of research and application within the field of sociology. For a full list of sociology disciplines and areas of research, visit the sociology disciplines page.

Family. The sociology of family examines things such as marriage, divorce, child rearing, and domestic abuse. Specifically, sociologists study how these aspects of the family are defined in different cultures and times and how they affect individuals and institutions.

Deviance And Crime. These sociologists, also called criminologists, examine cultural norms, how they change over time, how they are enforced, and what happens to individuals and societies when norms are broken. Deviance and social norms vary among societies, communities, and times, and often sociologists are interested in why these differences exist and how these differences impact the individuals and groups in those areas.

Demography. Demography refers to a population's composition. Some of the basic concepts explored in demography include birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and migration. Demographers are interested in how and why these demographics vary between societies, groups, and communities.

Social Inequality. The study of social inequality examines the unequal distribution of power, privilege, and prestige in society. These sociologists study differences and inequalities in social class, race, and gender.

Health And Illness. Sociologists who study health and illness focus on the social effects of, and societal attitudes towards, illnesses, diseases, disabilities, and the aging process. This is not to be confused with medical sociology, which focuses on medical institutions such as hospitals, clinics, and physician offices as well as the interactions among physicians.

Work And Industry. The sociology of work concerns the implications of technological change, globalization, labor markets, work organization, managerial practices, and employment relations. These sociologists are interested in workforce trends and how they relate to the changing patterns of inequality in modern societies as well as how they affect the experiences of individuals and families.

Race And Ethnicity. The sociology of race and ethnicity examines the social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. Topics commonly studied include racism, residential segregation, and the differences in social processes between racial and ethnic groups.

Military. Military sociology looks at the military as a social group rather than an organization and examines issues related to coerced collective action, survival in vocation and combat, civilian-military relations, and interactions between other groups or government agencies.

Education. The sociology of education is the study of how educational institutions determine social structures and experiences. In particular, sociologists might look at how different aspects of educational institutions (teacher attitudes, peer influence, school climate, school resources, etc.) affect learning and other outcomes.

Religion. The sociology of religion concerns the practice, history, development, and roles of religion in society. These sociologists examine religious trends over time, how various religions affect social interactions both within the religion and outside of it, and relations within religious institutions.

The Internet. Sociology of the Internet includes the analysis of online communities (newsgroups, social networking sites, etc.) and virtual worlds. Sociologists are interested in the social implications of the Internet and how virtual communities and worlds are transforming real communities and societies across the globe.

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That a society controls, to a greater or lesser extent, the behavior of its members is a universal; but the methods, the particulars of that control, vary from one culture to another.

Kenneth L. Pike


Create a Trust, in Case of Tragedy

Most parents know how important it is to choose a guardian to take care of their children in case something terrible happens. But what about your children's financial needs? There needs to be a plan in place for those, too. That's why parents should consider creating a trust. Here's what you need to consider.


U.S. Edition
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ETFs Unsociable To Social Media

ETFs Unsociable To Social Media

The Nasdaq OMX Group recently shortened the seasoning period for possible entrants into the Nasdaq 100 Index, which may provide the social media industry with an opportunity to integrate into major ETFs, according to an article on Barron’s.

The period was shortened to three months, most likely to allow social media giant Facebook to be eligible to join the Nasdaq-100 by the end of this year. The change could allow promising companies like Groupon and LinkedIn into the fray as well, the article said.

Currently, social-media-focused ETFs have yet to attract much attention, and there aren’t enough U.S. social media stocks to build a U.S.-focused ETF, according to the article.

Head over to Barrons.com to read more.

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Closing In On Quantum Chemistry

September 9, 2005

BERKELEY, CA – Researchers in the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California at Berkeley have simulated the process by which a quantum computer could calculate to high precision an important basic property of two small molecules. Simulated quantum calculations of the ground-state energies of water (H 2O) and lithium hydride (LiH) are the first of this kind ever done for specific molecules.

Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Anthony Dutoi, Peter Love, and Martin Head-Gordon report on their work in the 9 September issue of the journal Science. Head-Gordon is a staff scientist in Berkeley Lab’s Chemical Sciences Division and a professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley; Aspuru-Guzik is a postdoctoral fellow and Dutoi a graduate student in the Head-Gordon group. Love is a senior applications scientist on the staff of D-Wave Systems, Inc. in Vancouver, B.C.

The researchers developed a quantum-computational algorithm and ran it on a classical computer to demonstrate that quantum computers comprised of only tens or a few hundreds of quantum bits (qubits) could calculate significant information about real molecular systems to high accuracy. Thus a relatively small quantum computer could surpass the most powerful quantum-chemistry calculations possible with today’s classical supercomputers.

“What we have done is demonstrate “” by using a quantum algorithm to determine the states of minimum energy for two real molecules “” that quantum computing can deliver on the promise of giving highly accurate practical solutions to interesting chemical problems,” says Aspuru-Guzik.

Confronting virtually unsolvable problems

The Head-Gordon group concentrates on calculating the electronic structure of molecules from first principles “” that is, from a quantum-mechanical description of the states of all the particles in the system. Electronic structure calculations allow scientists to predict how molecules react with other molecules and are key to understanding and controlling their physical and chemical properties.

The practical challenge of such calculations was famously expressed by Paul Dirac in 1929, who remarked of quantum mechanics that “The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble.”

Indeed, exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation, the fundamental expression of quantum mechanics, are so complicated that classical computers are only able to exactly solve very small molecules, about the size of water, because the time needed for computation increases exponentially with size. Practical calculations on real molecules are performed using approximations such as density functional theories. These are useful and usually accurate, but nonetheless are still approximations, which can sometimes fail. As long ago as 1982 Richard Feynman suggested that an easier way to calculate a quantum system might be by using quantum computers.

Unlike classical computing, where each bit represents either a 0 or a 1 but not both at once, a quantum bit simultaneously superposes 0 and 1 and only resolves (or “collapses”) to a single value when measured. While a classical computer operates serially, essentially dealing with one bit after another, a quantum computer’s qubits interact to form very large computational spaces that, when measured, quickly deliver the solution to a complex problem.

Various physical systems have been used to perform quantum computations, but no one has yet built a quantum computer large enough to compete with classical computers. Hardware is only part of the challenge. Another is devising practical algorithms that can run on quantum computers; in principle these can be run “” if much more slowly “” on classical simulations of quantum computers, provided only a few qubits are involved.

Aspuru-Guzik calls this the Russian doll approach: “You begin with the physical system you want to describe “” that’s the biggest doll, with the most information. Inside that is the basic equation that describes the system. Inside that is an ‘emulation’ of the system using a quantum computer. And inside that is a simulation of the quantum computer on a classical computer.”

The limits to computation

Classical supercomputers are hardly tiny; rather they are limited by the number of operations they can manage within a reasonable time. Only very small molecular systems have been solved exactly from first principles, because the orbital states of each particle in the system must be represented in what’s known as a basis set, which in a molecule with many electrons is very large indeed. As the size of the system increases, the number of calculations “” and thus the time needed to solve the problem “” increases exponentially (the larger the number gets, the faster it grows).

Using quantum algorithms on a quantum computer, however, the number of calculations (and thus the time) grows only polynomially “” faster than linearly, but still “efficiently” “” as the size of the basis set grows.

Aspuru-Guzik says, “We chose to calculate water and lithium hydride because three-atom water is a good-sized molecule with a small basis set, while two-atom lithium hydride is a small molecule but has a comparatively large basis set.”

Two factors were key to the group’s success. One was finding an efficient way to achieve the essential starting point of any calculation, an approximation of the ground-state energy sufficiently close to the actual state “” the process of “preparing the state that you will simulate,” as Aspuru-Guzik puts it. The researchers showed that by using a method called adiabatic state preparation (ASP), even a relatively crude initial estimate was practical.

“‘Adiabatic’ in this context means reiterating approximations of the state slowly,” he says. “How fast you can prepare the state is determined by the gap between the ground state of the molecule and its lowest excited state. We found a way to keep this gap large.” The researchers confirmed the accuracy of the ASP method by calculating the ground state of the two-electron hydrogen molecule (H 2).

Even more important was their adaptation of a quantum algorithm called a phase estimation algorithm (PEA), proposed by Daniel Abrams and Seth Lloyd six years ago. The original version required a read-out register of about 20 qubits “” prohibitively large for early quantum computers. By modifying PEA so that it performed recursively, approaching greater accuracy with each repeated calculation, the researchers reduced the size of the read-out register to a manageable four qubits.

Don’t try this at home

Applying these and other measures, the researchers were able to simulate a quantum computer’s calculation of the ground states of water and lithium hydride with accuracy to six decimal places. A real quantum computer could have performed the same calculations almost instantly. Its classical simulacrum, however, was an order of magnitude less efficient than the best conventional methods now available, leading the authors to emphasize that “while possible as experiments, such simulations are not competitive as an alternative” to what people already do on classical computers.

“In other words, we’re saying don’t try this at home,” says Aspuru-Guzik. “What we’ve done is illustrate the truth of the conjecture that to exceed the limits of classical computing, quantum algorithms running with at least 40 to 100 qubits are needed.”

The members of Head-Gordon’s group at Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley continue to explore new theoretical approaches and define more specifics for the design of practical algorithms to enable quantum chemistry on quantum computers. Making the vast power and speed of quantum computers available to industrial customers is the goal of Vancouver’s D-Wave Systems, Inc., the Head-Gordon group’s research partner and sponsor in the work.

“Simulated quantum computation of molecular energies,” by Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Anthony D. Dutoi, Peter J. Love, and Martin Head-Gordon, appears in the 9 September 2005 edition of Science.

On the World Wide Web:

DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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Brits: Give us £1m and we'll build a crack ALIEN-HUNTING TEAM

First we're snooping on the world, now we'll snoop on the galaxy

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A group of British scientists have launched a new mission to find signs of extraterrestrial life way out in the depths of space.

Boffins from 11 different universities and scientific bodies have joined forces to organise a search for little green men. The group - called the UK Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Research Network - held its first formal session on Friday at the annual National Astronomy Meeting held in Scotland's University of St Andrews.

The brainstorming get-together was the first time British boffins had gathered to discuss the search for aliens since 2010. Now they need to work out how to fund the effort.

The US spends far more time and money looking for aliens than all other nations - but that's private money, not taxpayers' cash. Donors to the US SETI Institute have included William Hewlett, David Packard and Gordon Moore.

Meanwhile, UK SETI Research Network coordinator Alan Penny said the group will be asking for a piece of the British government's science budget. Sir Martin Rees, English Astronomer Royal, will serve as the group's patron and hopes to plead its case for the £1m in annual funding Penny reckons it needs.

"If we had one part in 200 - half a per cent of the money that goes into astronomy at the moment - we could make an amazing difference. We would become comparable with the American effort," he said.

Penny added: "I don't know whether [aliens] are out there, but I'm desperate to find out. It's quite possible that we're alone in the Universe. And think about the implications of that: if we're alone in the Universe then the whole purpose in the universe is in us. If we're not alone, that's interesting in a very different way."

At the alien finders' first meeting, they discussed ways to conduct the search. Eamonn Ansbro, an Irish astronomer, suggested looking closely at our local solar system to find alien probes. Another speaker, Anders Sandberg, later performed a game theory analysis of a "deadly probes scenario", in which sociopathic aliens send out robo-drones to destroy any fledgling civilisations they come across.

However, this may be unlikely if Austin Gerig's Universal Doomsday theory is true. The Oxford University research fellow discussed the thought that civilisations don't really last long enough to find extra-terrestrial life because they spend too much time killing each other. Cheery stuff indeed.

Radio silence

Much of past SETI research has relied upon listening out for radio signals from far-off civilisations, which would not only prove their existence, but give human pop fans some really far-out tunes to listen to.

Jodrell Bank's Lovell Telescope has been previously used in SETI projects seeking alien radio comms.

Although it is far from certain that cash-strapped British funding bodies will hand over cash to alien hunters, Jodrell Bank associate director Tim O'Brien said it could easily be done on the cheap by piggybacking current projects.

For example, Jodrell Bank has now joined up with a network of seven radio telescopes across Britain in the e-Merlin project to research important scientific phenomena such as the formation of stars and black holes. The telescopes are connected to Jodrell Bank by a superfast optical fibre network, effectively allowing them to work simultaneously. The network has just come online.

"You could do serendipitous searches," said O'Brien.

"So if the telescopes were studying quasars, for example, we could piggy-back off that and analyse the data to look for a different type of signal - not the natural astrophysical signal that the quasar astronomer was interested in, but something in the noise that one might imagine could be associated with aliens. This approach would get you SETI research almost for free.

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White Noise

I can’t listen to music or podcasts while I do anything that requires my brain, but I still like to have some consistent white noise in the background. Here are a few things for that I’m using lately:

Coffitivity sounds like a coffee shop. Bven better than a real coffee shop does.

Rainy Mood sounds like it’s raining. I like to put this on when it’s raining outside but I can’t hear it.

Nature Sounds sounds like whatever part of being outside I want it to sound like.