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Indigo In Motion" brought together three very different choreographers with three very distinct missions. And while, over the course of their highly-acclaimed professional careers, each has melded many different kinds of music with their own styles of dance, they all faced new challenges designing the movements that fused Pittsburgh jazz with classical ballet.

Choreographer Kevin O'Day

"... on the Spot" by Kevin O'Day

O'Day was thrilled at the opportunity to work with two living jazz legends, tenor saxophonist Stanley Turrentine and bassist Ray Brown, who composed original pieces to fit his choreography. A classically trained and oriented musician, O'Day made his mark as a dancer with such companies as Joffrey Ballet, American Ballet Theater, and Twyla Tharp. Now, his own contemporary dance company, O'Day Dances, is in demand around the world.

"My challenge was to marry the physical possibilities and ranges of classical ballet-dancers on pointe-with the character of the music, and not have the dancers seem self-conscious or as a kitsch representation of the music," he said. "Each night was spontaneous, with the dancers responding to the musical solos, which kept everyone open and edgy. Although this was a challenge to the dancers, most of them intuitively understood and worked with the cadence of the music, because it's part of the fabric of our American culture."

Choreographer Lynn Taylor-Corbett

"More Than A Song"

A Tribute to Lena Horne by Lynn Taylor-Corbett

With one foot in theater and one in ballet, Lynn Taylor-Corbett, who previously worked with PBT in its 1995 homage to Pete Seeger, was enamored of Lena Horne's enormous talent and her place in history. Drawing on her talent as a storyteller, Taylor-Corbett approached her piece as a documentary in order to show how Horne evolved from a naive young performer to a star artist and activist. Taylor-Corbett not only researched Horne's life, she wrote the script of text and music that revealed the essence of her tale and her character. Taylor-Corbett then worked with Broadway star and Pittsburgh native Vivian Reed to "make the words comfortable in her mouth."

"I had to think of the total impact of Horne's life, not just of her work, and because this was just a short piece, I wanted to capture the seminal events," she explained. "I created the choreography to play to the strengths of the ballet dancers and selected songs that were in the spirit of the events we tried to portray."

Choreographer Dwight Rhoden

"StrayLifeLushHorn" by Dwight Rhoden

Dwight Rhoden, who performed as a principal dancer with Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, brought his reputation for combining modern, jazz, and street dance into his ballets to PBT. He used all of these approaches to shape a work that would recognize the scope and genius of Billy Strayhorn, the author of such enduring compositions as "Take the 'A' Train," "Chelsea's Bridge" and "Satin Doll," as well as honor the various live musicians and their instruments.

"The intricacies of the rhythms, the syncopation, and the emotional levels of Strayhorn's music created an amazing dynamic to work with," he explained. "The challenge for the dancers was to become loose and react spontaneously. They had the road map of the choreography to move them through the dance, yet the timing, nuance and inflection were decided in the moment, depending on how the music was played that evening. It sort of turned the theater into a night club type of environment where the audience was also factored into the equation, and the outcome was original, to some degree, every night."


Evidence Based Practice

California Superior Court Judge rules patient deceived.
Victim says, "I know I am not the only one."

LOS ANGELES: Atze Akkerman was a devoted husband, father and professional musician who after receiving electroshock (shock treatment) could no longer remember his wife of 20 years, his children, or how to play music.  In the five years since receiving the brutal treatment, his memory has not returned.  Akkerman and his wife filed suit against Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital and psychiatrist Dr. Joseph Johnson, who performed the shock, claiming they were negligent and had deceived Mr. Akkerman by withholding from him the dangers of the treatment and misrepresenting that it was "safe and effective."

Santa Barbara Superior Court Judge Denise deBellefeuille agreed.  The judge ruled that a psychiatrist and a psychiatric hospital deceived its patients by failing to tell them that electroconvulsive therapy (or ECT) - better known as shock treatment - causes irreversible memory loss, and prohibited the hospital from giving shock treatments. The court ordered that the hospital must  "immediately cease providing ECT to patients, and advise its attending physicians that the hospital has lost the right to perform such treatment."

The Akkerman's attorney, Kendrick Moxon stated,  "The psychiatrist who shocked Mr. Akkerman simply betrayed a patient who came to him for help.  He admitted that the so-called treatment couldn't cure anything. Why is shock treatment still being done at all?  Because the psychiatric community is lying to the patients that come to it for help."

Expert witnesses who testified during the 6-week trial, said shock treatment is well known to cause permanent, irreversible memory loss.  "No one who knew what they were getting into would ever agree to this damaging treatment.  It destroys memory, and creates chaos in the lives of the patients who are betrayed, " said one expert.

The Court noted that -Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital argued that it was the psychiatrist's responsibility to provide informed consent to the patient.  The court disagreed, finding the argument "disingenuous" because the hospital and psychiatrist work in concert.  The Court stated, "Here the hospital undertook a duty and cannot pass the buck."

Contrary to psychiatrists' assertions that shock treatment is "safe and effective" patients who have had the treatment tell a different story-if they can remember it.  Many patients report loss of huge volumes of their memories, their childhood, even their own children.  Patients often report of 5, 10, and 20 years of memory being wiped out.

Moxon asserts, "Psychiatrists pretend shock treatment is no longer like the violent bone breaking practice of the past, as portrayed in enduring images of "One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest."  They are lying.  There is no difference in what happens to the brain during shock treatment in 1954 or 2004.  The violence exerted on the brain is exactly the same."

In fact, the result to patients is identical.   Like Akkerman, another more notable figure suffered the same loss, the ability to execute his art.  In 1961, after receiving shock treatments, Nobel Prize winning author Ernest Hemingway noted, "What is the sense of ruining my head and erasing my memory, which is my capital, and putting me out of business?  It was a brilliant cure, but we lost the patient."  No longer able to write, Hemingway committed suicide.

Akkerman chose to fight back, and turn his ordeal into a crusade. "I am hopeful that this case may serve to help others," he says, "I was lied to, and I know I am not the only one."


Typically, most people don’t work through the entirety of their life to their last living days on Earth (unless you’re Steve Jobs and your life is your work). No – instead, people settle down and enjoy the simpler things in life without worrying about the hussle and bussle of working life.

However, not working means no income from a job. In order to reach that light at the end of the tunnel (a.k.a. retirement), we must regularly set aside funds into our superannuation account?

What is Superannuation?

Superannuation (often shortened to super) is a term used to describe compulsory payments made to a ‘super fund’ on a regular basis for your long savings.

Super contributions are compulsory by law (employees over 18 years old). The payments are made by your employer to ensure regularity. However, these payments are not additional to your income, they are deducted from your weekly salary.

Generally speaking, you will have access (permitted to withdraw) to your super fund when you retire which will be discussed below.

For the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 financial years the compulsory contribution rate is 9.5% of an employee’s annual income.

Do I Pay Tax on My Super?

Normally, super will be taxed at 15% which would usually be less than your marginal income tax rate.

Can I Voluntarily Contribute to My Super?

Ideally, you should voluntarily top up these payments made into your super fund for maximum growth. Of course it must be stressed that you do not have to add extra money on top of what is provided by your employer. Although, as an added incentive to voluntarily contribute to your super fund, the government will tax super contributions less than similar non-super investments. For instance, the money that you make from your super fund will be taxed less than money made by other means. This is still the case even if you invested in the exact same investments.

When can You Withdraw from Your Super Fund?

You can access your super in any one of three ways:

  • When you turn 65 years of age, regardless of whether or not you have retired;
  • When you reach ‘preservation age’ and retire (the minimum age set by the government, dependent on your birth date as seen in this table); or
  • When you reach your preservation age and choose to continue to work.

When you are able to qualify to access your money, you can choose to get your super in any of the following three ways.

First, as a lump sum for you to spend however. Second, as an income stream (such as monthly installments). Third, as a mix of the first two – a partial lump sum and the remainder as regular payments.

The second and third options of receiving money in installments is ideal because it allows the remainder of the money to continue to grow for you through interest earned.

Choosing the right amount of super to aim for down the track will depend on your personal circumstances.

This could include your age, income, lifestyle and ideal retirement age. You will need to sit down and consider all these factors to be confident that you can completely rely on your future super income.

How to Set-up Your Super

As an employee you can nominate your own super fund of choice. If you do not nominate your own fund, your employers will generally have a default super fund which they will contribute to.

Final Thoughts

We all aspire towards financial freedom one day, superannuation, if done correctly is one of the ways to get us there. Superannuation impacts all Australians and a significant part of our lives. Make sure you know how to make the most of your early savings to be able to enjoy retirement the way you envisioned.

Anthony Fong

Anthony Fong

Anthony is a Paralegal at Lawpath. Pursuing his interest for Insolvency and Commercial Law, he is currently completing his third year of a combined degree in a Bachelor of Laws/Bachelor of Commerce at University of New South Wales.


(1) Acute Stroke Study.
(2) Auckland Stroke Study.

adjective Referring to the buttocks and anus.

noun The buttocks and anus.

see donkey.
References in classic literature ?
Come, come," returned Hawkeye, uncasing his honest countenance, the better to assure the wavering confidence of his companion; "you may see a skin, which, if it be not as white as one of the gentle ones, has no tinge of red to it that the winds of the heaven and the sun have not bestowed.
This feature may be described as a series of glass-enclosed parlors CLINGING TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSE, one against each and every bed-chamber and drawing-room.
I reckon I was up in the tree two hours; but I didn't see nothing, I didn't hear nothing -- I only THOUGHT I heard and seen as much as a thousand things.
She met Magdalen, later in the day, as if nothing had happened: no formal reconciliation took place between them.
As we began to be more used to one another, Miss Havisham talked more to me, and asked me such questions as what had I learnt and what was I going to be?
Now, as I look back, I think it was sheer priggishness to resist so human and yet so reverent an impulse.


You really shouldn’t label those who are struck with addiction.

Pray instead they find the strength to overcome it.

Nothing is so strong as gentleness.

And nothing as gentle as real strength.

Imagine, when you looked in the mirror, you did not see your face.
Instead, you saw your character looking back at you.


Ben Hartmann

Learn More
The abundant proteins in human milk have been well characterized and are known to provide nutritional, protective, and developmental advantages to both term and preterm infants. However, relatively little is known about the expression of the low abundance proteins that are present in human milk because of the technical difficulties associated with their(More)
Pasteurizing donor human milk inactivates bacteria that may be of concern to the preterm infant. However, current practice for Holder Pasteurization (62.5 degrees C for 30 min) is detrimental to the bioactivity of human milk. An experimental pasteurizer was used to determine the maximum temperature at which 90% of secretory IgA, lysozyme, and lactoferrin(More)
Until the establishment of the PREM Bank (Perron Rotary Express Milk Bank) donor human milk banking had not occurred in Australia for the past 20 years. In re-establishing donor human milk banking in Australia, the focus of the PREM Bank has been to develop a formal and consistent approach to safety and quality in processing during the operation of the(More)
BACKGROUND Holder pasteurization (milk held at 62.5°C for 30 minutes) is the standard treatment method for donor human milk. Although this method of pasteurization is able to inactivate most bacteria, it also inactivates important bioactive components. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate ultraviolet irradiation as an alternative(More)
Donor human milk has emerged as the preferred substrate to feed extremely preterm infants, when mother's own milk is unavailable. This article summarizes the clinical data demonstrating the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of feeding donor human milk to premature babies. It describes the current state of milk banking in North America, as well as(More)
BACKGROUND Human milk possesses bacteriostatic properties, largely due to the presence of immunological proteins. Heat treatments such as Holder pasteurization reduce the concentration of immunological proteins in human milk and consequently increase the bacterial growth rate. This study investigated the bacterial growth rate and the immunological protein(More)
Human milk proteins provide term and preterm infants with both nutrition and protection. The objective of the present study was to examine longitudinal changes in the protein composition of term and preterm milk during the first 2 months of lactation, focusing on protein phosphorylation and glycosylation. Using gel electrophoresis, the relative(More)
Concentrations of different adipokines in human breast milk are thought to be able to affect energy intake of the infant. Leptin is a hormone synthesized by adipose tissue and the human placenta and favors satiety. The availability of leptin in breast milk is influenced by epithelial cells of the mammary gland that are known to be able to produce leptin, as(More)
The provision of donor human milk avoids the risks associated with early infant formula feeding only when maternal milk is unavailable. Donor human milk-banking services (DHMBS) should provide an effective clinical service that causes no harm to donors or recipients. This article aims to begin the process of defining the minimum acceptable standard required(More)


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Iran Criticizes UN Draft Resolution on Syria

Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative of Iran to the United Nations Gholamhossein Dehqani blasted a draft resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on the situation in Syria, and said it is not based on realities on the ground.

"Iran will vote against a draft resolution on the situation in Syria as it has failed to show 'realities on the ground' in the war-torn state," Dehqani said on Friday, addressing a meeting of the UN General Assembly held to consider a draft resolution proposed by Canada on the situation in Syria.

He underlined that the world states should make collective effort to solve the Syrian crisis through a comprehensive and exclusive settlement of the crisis through Syrian-Syrian dialogue.

The following is full text of Dehqani's statement read before the UN General Assembly meeting:

Mr. President,

The draft resolution on the Syrian Arab Republic, placed before us today as L.39, is a one-sided document and divorced from the reality on the ground in Syria.

"We agree that the situation in the Syrian Arab Republic has been alarming in the past several years and the humanitarian situation has been deteriorating. We also fully agree that the international community, represented by the United Nations, should do whatever in its power to address the humanitarian crisis in Syria.

From the outset of the crisis, Iran, through its Red Crescent Society, has been actively engaged in humanitarian operations in Syria.

Iran, bearing in mind its moral and international commitments, will continue to assist Syrians in need for humanitarian assistance.

However, it is evident that this crisis is only the effect, and the draft is totally silent on its root cause.

It is an established fact that terrorism and violent extremism are the root causes of the disaster, and it is the very issue that should be first and foremost addressed by the international community.

Militants and terrorists that are let in Syria, mostly through lax borders, and are supported by some foreign countries, are responsible for the very difficult situation and the ongoing humanitarian disaster.

It is again an established fact that a number of armed terrorist groups, such as Daesh (ISIL), Jebhat al-Nusra (Al-Nusra Front) and Jeish al-Fatah, have been in control of and active in parts of a fellow member-state of this Organization and the occupation by them of some densely populated regions has exacerbated the situation.

The actions of these groups have been the main source of the suffering for the civilians and have and continue to be a tremendous challenge for humanitarian operations.

They have spread terror and intimidation among the population, who they have forcibly used as human shields. Such a control of territory by feckless and reckless groups, no matter where it occurs, creates major threats and can kick off humanitarian crises, FNA reports.

This is exactly at the core of the problem we are facing in Syria.

Given this established fact, I have a question for the main sponsors of this draft resolution, and this question simply goes to the distinguished representative of the UK, who blames others for their fight against terrorism: What they would do, had parts of their own territory been occupied by similar terrorist groups? Wouldn't they take military action to dislodge them?

To resolve the crisis in Syria, we need to put an end to terrorist activities and at the same time continue our efforts towards a comprehensive and exclusively Syrian-led and Syrian-owned political settlement, based on dialogue among Syrians without preconditions to end hostilities and reestablish peace and tranquility.

These two actions should go hand in hand.

This draft resolution is totally silent on these two major, necessary actions. Thus, we will vote against this resolution.

Thank you

Source: Al Alam


Here at STYLEWITHSTRENGTH my goal is to teach  and show you all how to incorporate fitness,dieting and style as a gateway to improving other areas of life. But how?

You see, anyone can embark on a diet, anyone can incorporate a training program, but those who can successfully blend dieting and training into their life without sacrificing the beauty the rest of the world has to offer in other areas are going to succeed indefinitely, and feel the positive energy they gain through sufficient progression with what can now be called a sustainable lifestyle.

Nobody wants to feel deprived of life having to live in the gym! and nobody wants to give up delicious gourmet meals for the sake of dietary myths and bland food, all for it to be spinning their wheels in place. it isn’t the way we are programmed to work, no matter how hard you try.

It’s taken me down a winding road to gather the essentials to such extraordinary balance, but now that iv mastered my craft and cracked the code, I want to give back the information iv gathered through trial and error that I so badly wanted when I didn’t have it.

To you and your success
– style with strength


Of Latin origin.

Means victory.

In Roman mythology, Victoria was the goddess of victory, the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Nike.

It was a rare name until the ruling of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, who reigned for almost 64 years from 1837 to 1901.

Several cities and one Australian state are named after her, in places that were parts of the former British Empire.

Masculine form of the name is Victor.

Alternative forms are: Vicki, Viktoria, Vittoria, Vic, Tori, Vicky.

Famous bearers are Victoria Azarenka, Victoria Beckham, Victoria Woodhull, Victoria de los Angeles, Victoria Justice, Victoria Moroles, Victoria Stilwell, Victoria Song, Victoria Smurfit, Victoria Duffield, Victoria Tennant, Victoria Clark.

Victoria Beckham, is an English businesswoman, who’s career started with the female band “Spice Girls”.

She’s married to David Beckham and is considered an international style icon.


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Advance Badminton : Advance Skills Set to Upgrade How you Play

Discussion in 'Techniques / Training' started by shooting stroke, Jun 6, 2012.

  1. shooting stroke

    shooting stroke Regular Member

    Jan 6, 2009
    Likes Received:
    Professional / Badminton Coach
    Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Malaysia
    The process that every player needs to go through before upgrading the level of badminton skills they possess will always be the same that is:

    Basics Skills -------------upgrade------------------ > Advance Skills

    e.g. Basic Skill = Net Play -----Upgrade------ > Advance skill = Tight spinning net play

    If the above process is fully understood therefore, to master advance skills is to master your basic skills first. In another word, you need to fully understand the correct knowledge and correct technique application of such knowledge for every basic skill there are in badminton before you can upgrade your skills into a more advance level.

    Once you’ve already strengthen all the basic techniques in performing all the basic skills then, upgrading yourself in acquiring advance techniques in performing advance skills will be easier either through proper guidance (preferably) or it will eventually, slowly, naturally develop. Then, while at this higher level, the advance skills set and requirements that you can learn and strengthen as to give you that extra winning advantage while playing will include:

    A. Advance skills set

    Level of difficulty

    + = difficult
    ++ = very difficult
    +++ = extremely difficult

    1. Net play skills
    - Tumbling net cord net play (+++)
    - Tight spinning straight net play (+ /++)
    - Deep tight cross court net play (++)
    - Fast Net kill (++)
    Example: Ability to execute a fast net kill from a weak net return

    2. Offensive skills
    - Attacking the clear (+)
    Example: Ability to execute an effective smash from a clear
    - Sudden fast attacking mode (++)
    Example: Ability to execute an effective around the head straight smash from a fast drive
    - Attacking the attack (++)
    Example: Ability to execute a kill from a weak drop shot
    - Repetitive multi angle attack (+)
    Example: Ability to execute an effective repetitive smash at different strategic placement
    - Rise and attack (++)
    Example: Ability to execute an effective smash quickly starting from a lying position (after defending in a dive mode)
    - Deceptive attack (++/+++)
    Examples: (i) Ability to execute an effective jumping smash which your opponent nearly clueless where you're going to place it (ii) Ability to execute a drop shot which its preparation convincingly like a smash

    3. Clear skills
    - Offensive forehand clear (+)
    Example: Ability to execute an effective deep and fast forehand clear to your opponent back court
    -Offensive backhand clear (++)
    Example: Ability to execute an effective deep and fast backhand clear to your opponent back court
    - Deep defensive forehand clear (++) - Recovery shot
    Example: Ability to execute an effective deep and high forehand clear to your opponent back court as a recovery shot
    - Deep defensive backhand clear (+++) - Recovery shot
    Example: Ability to execute an effective deep and high backhand clear to your opponent back court as a recovery shot

    4. Defense Skills
    - Offensive defense (++)
    Example: Ability to execute an effective flat drive to an empty space when returning a smash
    - Cross court defense (++)
    Example: Ability to execute a deep, cross, front court return when replying a smash
    - Diving (+)
    Example: Ability to return effectively a smash while on diving mode

    5. Lift skill
    - Deep back court high lift (+) - Recovery shot

    6. Deceptions (++/+++)
    What makes deception difficult is hugely due the fact that it requires the player to execute it so well but in fact, it's not easy in order to create that convincing deceptive scenario. The more difficult the deception e.g double motion, the requirement for the player to master the basic skills is far demanding.

    7. Serve
    - Deep corner back court flick serve (++)
    - Low corner front court serve (+)

    Having the ability to serve extremely well, especially in double will always open a high opportunity for the server to be on the dominant side. For example: Ability to execute an effective low serve will force the opponent to lift the birdie that create the chances for an attack.

    8. Drive
    - Fast, flat multi angle drive (++)

    B. Requirements

    1. Basic Requirements

    As earlier stated, none of the above advance skill is executable if the below requirements are not mastered first.

    1.1 Fitness
    1.2 Footwork
    1.3 Technique (e.g grip technique,swing technique etc)
    1.4 Mentality (e.g Positive mind set that you can execute such skill as a winning shot when the opportunity comes )

    2. Specific Requirement

    Below requirement plays an important contribution to facilitate the quality aspect as far as executing any advance skills is concern:

    2.1 Physical requirements
    a. Wrist power
    b. Forearm power

    Difficult skills such as executing an effective fast, around the head, straight whip smash or hold and hit deception demands an extreme wrist power ability to execute such skills.

    2.2 Vision
    a. Acute peripheral vision

    The more acute and effective your peripheral vision, it's simply to say that you're more aware in regards of your own surrounding in refer to your opponent position before executing your next following shot.

    The more constant you are to aware where your opponent is located then, your next following shot at whatever skill sets that you're executing will be constantly hard to retrieve and this also can facilitate you to plan and produce your next best shot as a killer.

    b. Sharpness

    Your eye should constantly focus on the trajectory of the birdie so that it can facilitate you to address the birdie earlier to produce quality execution of such advance skills and also avoid being deceive.

    2.3 Installing Good Badminton Habits
    a. Racket head level high
    b. Address the birdie earlier
    c. Pref ably perform around the head shot rather than backhand

    In summary,

    Badminton skills.JPG

    Advance skills set is an important skills to acquire especially if you're a competitive player that needs all the advantages there are in winning a game. For players that in the learning path to acquire such skills, just remember that the key to master in executing effectively all the advance skills set as mention above or other advance skills that is not included here comes down to the fact that you must master all your basic skills first.

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Learn to Skate

Whether it's your first time on the ice or a reacquaintance with an old pair of skate's ice skating can be a fun and invigorating activity for everyone.

CanSkate volunteer skating coach, Katie Cumby offers these six steps to help you glide across the ice:

1. When you first get on the ice, take small steps. Take time to find your centre of balance and get comfortable on the ice. Avoid holding onto the boards as much as possible.

2. Once you're able to take small steps confidently, move on to bigger, longer steps.

3. Eventually you'll find yourself gliding. Remember to push with one foot and then the other. Try to push with the side of your blade and never with the toe pick, if you have one!

4. As strange as it might sound, you should practice falling down. That way, when you lose your balance out of nowhere, your body will be trained to fall in such a way that you can avoid injury. Start off by bending your knees and squatting down toward the ice. Gently fall to the side and lean forward slightly. You want to avoid leaning too far forward or backward so that you don't hit your head.

5. To go along with falling down, you should also train yourself to get up. Start by kneeling on one leg. Put both hands on the leg that is NOT on the ice. Push yourself up to a standing position.

6. It's very important that you learn to stop. Start with a simple practice exercise. Stand on the spot with your feet close together and parallel to each other. Bend your knees and push out to the side with one foot. You should see some "snow" forming on the ice. Try the same movement on the other foot. Once you're confident with that exercise, try it with a little speed. Take five steps, glide with your feet close together and then push out with one foot.

Take the Live Right Now challenge and Go Skating today!

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Ask Basic Finance Expert

3. For the following income statement and balance sheet, fill in the missing information for the calendar year ending December 31.

Sales $__________
COGS $200,000
Gross Profit $__________
Expenses $300,000
EBIT $___________
Interest Expense $ 10,000
EBT $___________
Tax Expense(40%) $ 36,000
Net Income $___________

Retained Earnings
(Jan 1) $150,000
Dividends Paid $ 25,000

All assets, liabilities, and equity items are as of the end of the year.
Current Assets $150,000
Non-current Assets $____________
Total Assets $____________
Current Liabilities $ 75,000
Long-term Liabilities $____________
Total Liabilities $171,000_____
CS and Capital in excess of par $300,000
Retained Earnings $____________
Total Stockholders' Equity $____________

Basic Finance, Finance

  • Category:- Basic Finance
  • Reference No.:- M929129

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Little Crackers

John Bishop's Little Cracker

A 13-year-old John sells teddy bears door-to-door as he tries to earn enough money to buy the same boots as his footballing idol - Liverpool's Kenny Dalglish. He teams up with his brother and turns out to be a successful salesman and quite the charmer. Autobiographical comedy short, written by and starring John Bishop.


In pictures: ISIS sets up checkpoints across Marawi, 80 Philippine soldiers killed

By Chris Tomson
DAMASCUS, SYRIA (9:45 P.M.) – New details have emerged regarding the ongoing battle for Marawi, a predominately Sunni city in the southern Philippines which is home to over 200,000 residents and witnessed a large-scale ISIS insurgency on Thursday.
According to Amaq Agency, some 70 soldiers of the Philippine Armed Forces have been killed in the battle for Marawi since Tuesday while an additional 10 were killed in an ambush on two armored vehicles patrolling the Jolo municipality on the island of Jolo.
In contrast, the Philippine Army said they had only sustained 8 deaths and 31 injuries to their forces while 13 ISIS militants had been killed. Meanwhile, the Phillipine Air Force conducted dozens of pinpoints airstrikes over the city on Thursday.
Islamic State forces in the Philippines are composed of the two franchise groups, known as Maute and Abu Sayyaf, both of whom have sworn alliegence to ISIS leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi.
Pictures of ISIS militants inside Marawi, backing up earlier exclusive reports by Al-Masdar News which indicated jihadists had captured most of the city:

ISIS reportedly also captured a lot of military vehicles, ammunition storages and weapons from the Philippine Army which temporarily withdrew from much of the city on Tuesday, allowing ISIS to capture Marawi’s main hospital, police station and prison among other key facilities.
Some 500 ISIS insurgents are estimated to be scattered across Marawi, controlling much of the city despite a somewhat succesful army counter-offensive on Thursday.
Unless Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and his army are able to defeat the jihadist rebellion quickly, the Islamic State may use Marawi as regional capital to expand its influence in southeast Asia.


Multi-Functional Materials and Structures III

Volumes 123-125

doi: 10.4028/

Paper Title Page

Authors: Harry Ku, Mohan Trada, Rezwanul Huq

Abstract: Vinyl ester resin was filled with of glass powder with a view to increasing the flexural strength of the composites for civil and structural...

Authors: Ho Sung Lee

Abstract: In this study, thermal responses of advanced fiber/epoxy matrix composite materials are considered for spacecraft thermal design. These...

Authors: Chen Yu Chang, Yu Jie Chang, Yung Hsu Hsieh, Ching Hsing Lin, Shih Hung Yen

Abstract: . The study combined UV/TiO2 with ultrasonic procedure to degrade azo dye wastewater of Acid Yellow 17. The effects of factors including pH...

Authors: Wei Feng Zhao, Guo Hua Chen

Abstract: Epoxy composites with nanomagnetite-coated graphite nanosheets (GNs) aligned parallel to each other within the matrix were fabricated via...

Authors: B. Sudhakar Reddy, K. Vemasevana Raju, S. Sailaja, C. Nageswara Raju, D. Sreekantha Reddy

Abstract: This paper reports on the development and the near infra-red emission(NIR) analysis of Er3+/Yb3+ and Er3+/ Tm3+ ions doped TeO2 - B2O3 –...

Authors: Robert A. Shanks, Susan Wong, Christopher M.L. Preston

Abstract: Fire-barrier performance is an important property where the polymer composite can continue to provide a barrier to spread of fire after the...

Authors: Chih Long Shen, Po Cheng Kuo, S.C. Chen, C.D. Chen, S.L. Hsu, G.P. Lin, K.T. Huang

Abstract: The Co3Pt magnetic layer with thickness of 7~28 nm was deposited onto the Pt underlayer. The as-deposited Co3Pt/Pt double-layered films with...

Authors: Hong Yan, Huang Xin, Qang Hu

Abstract: Magnesium matrix composites SiCp/ AZ61 reinforced with SiC particulates was fabricated by stirring-melt casting technique. The damping...

Authors: Xin Xin Nie, Zi Nian Zhao, Xiao Yan Cheng

Abstract: By mixing PEG or LiCl respectively into the casting solution, the polyurethane (PU)/SiO2 hybrid membranes were prepared by means of immerged...

Showing 1 to 10 of 319 Paper Titles


Cooking is a regrettable necessity in some people’s eyes. But for many, cooking is an enjoyable hobby, something to look forward to. Cooking can also be used as a way to promote a healthy lifestyle. Good cooks are continuously learning and trying to improve their craft. Here, we will offer you some great tips to further your knowledge and love of cooking.

There is a trick to save your hard work and be able to use it instantly. In a small bowl, combine two tablespoons of water and 3 teaspoons of corn starch. Slowly stir the mixture into the sauce to thicken it. When adding, do so gradually and continue to stir so as to avoid making your sauce too thick.

If making stir-fry, meat must be cut on the bias and sliced thinly. Getting the perfect cut can sometimes be a challenge. Once the meat has become more firm, you should slice against the grain at 45 degrees.

When using knives to prepare your food, it is critical that they all have a sharp edge. You are more likely to injure yourself using a dull knife. You are more likely to cut yourself by using a dull knife, as opposed to when cutting using a sharp knife.

When cooking with oil, add it not to the bottom but to the pan’s sides. This will allow the oil to heat up as it works its way down to the center. This will give your food maximum flavor when it is done cooking.

Freeze your meat slightly and you will find that it slices with ease. Asian inspired dishes such as Chinese and Thai will particularly benefit from this technique. Using partially frozen meats, your slicing can be cleaner due to the fibers not stretching and tearing as easy. However, be sure to allow the meat strips to thaw before cooking them, for even cooking.

This can be applied on many other foods other than just meat. Try using it to season roasted potatoes or chickpeas. Everyone will wonder what your secret is.

Boiling takes time and removes the nutrients from veggies. For nutrient preservation, saute, blanch or steam your vegetables or simply enjoy them raw.

Before purchasing items to prepare any type of dish, it is important that you read the labels of the item. Cooking staples can be full of not-so-nice things that can spoil your health. Make sure anything you buy does not have too much sugar or salt or it can hurt you.

Nutritional Value

If you’re feeling stressed at the idea of making dinner for the family, try to do most or all of your prep work the evening before cooking. You can marinate the meat, make a sauce and cut up some vegetables and onions before going to bed. With so much already prepared, you will likely be less stressed.

When cooking vegetables, cook them as quickly as possible to keep their nutritional value. Vegetables which are cooked slowly can lose their taste and valuable nutrients. If you do this, it will provide you a vegetable that is higher in nutritious value. Only cook vegetables as much as you have to, in order to preserve their taste and nutritional value.

You can dry out your own tomatoes. Cut Romas tomatoes in lengthwise halves, or slice ripe regular tomatoes into half inch slices for drying. Take a cooling rack and place the tomatoes on it. Sprinkle them with salt. Place the rack on top of a cookie sheet, and bake the tomatoes in an oven set at 190 degrees Fahrenheit for approximately 10 hours. You can store your dried tomatoes in your freezer. You can pack dried tomatoes in a jar stuffed with organic olive oil and your favorite freshly cut herbs. Use them within two weeks of refrigerating.

This can be applied on many other foods other than just meat. Add it to seeds and nuts, or even scramble it with eggs. Everyone will love the flavor and ask you for your secret ingredient!

It’s necessary for a cook to organize all cooking supplies. An unorganized kitchen is an unhappy kitchen. You will have difficulty finding what you want to make your delicious recipes. Store similar items together in the same place. As an example, you may want to keep all of your spices together.

By staying organized while cooking you can avoid making mistakes, such as burning your food. Organizing your kitchen cooking area creates a more productive kitchen. When you are disorganized, misplacing items or making food inedible becomes much more likely.

When cooking with fresh herbs like parsley or dill, bunch them together and cut them with a pair of scissors. Chopping herbs often makes herbs wet and wilted. Using scissors gives your herbs a light, fluffy appearance.

Try to read all the labels of the ingredients that you buy. Cooking staples can be full of not-so-nice things that can spoil your health. You must make sure that your ingredients are not high in either sodium or sugar because these may cause health problems if consumed in large amounts.

While engaged in cooking, get in the habit of cleaning dishes as you finish using them. Keep a fresh sink of hot soapy water in one side of your sink and clear rinse water in the other. If you wash them right away, it will be easier and leave more room for preparing food. This will also make the dishes available for use if you need them again.

While engaged in cooking, get in the habit of cleaning dishes as you finish using them. Keep one side of the sink full of sudsy hot water and use the other side to rinse clear. Cookware is easier to clean right after it has been used, and it will be ready for another use immediately.

Use salt liberally in the water used to cook pasta. This allows the seasoning to soak into the pasta, which will retain its flavor. Adding salt after the pasta is cooked will cause the flavor to not be absorbed as well.

Ground Meat

When chopping fresh herbs, try shaking a small amount of salt on your cutting board first. This adds flavor and keeps the herbs on the board. Then monitor the amount of salt that you add to the food as it is cooking. The salt sprinkled on the board adheres to the herbs, which takes the flavor up to 11.

Blot any ground meat you eat before you cook it. If your meal includes ground meat, then blotting the moisture is especially important. If you leave it there, the meat will not cook properly. The moisture will start to sizzle and steam away when it hits the heat of the pan. This can steam the meat, which will make it difficult to sear it.

Run cold water over the onions after you cut them, if you plan to make salsa and keep it more than half an hour. Then use a towel to get the water off the onions. Chopping raw onions releases sulfurous gases. This gas can taint the flavor of your fresh salsa. Rinsing and drying the raw onions gets rid of the sulfurous gas.

Use a generous amount of salt in your pasta water when making pasta. The seasonings in the water will infuse the pasta thoroughly. When you salt your pasta after cooking, the flavor is not as full.

When preparing simple, understated dishes, always opt for fresh herbs and spices. Dried herbs can work beautifully in complex dishes. However, a fresh herb provides a more potent and fresh flavor. Using them as for the main flavor in a simple dish will give you the best taste! Growing your own herbs in an herb garden, is an easy way to add fresh herbs to a meal anytime.

When you are using your cutting board to chop herbs, sprinkle a little salt on the board. Doing this not only adds some flavor, but it also ensures that the herbs are right where they need to be, which is on the board. You don’t need to add extra salt to the food you are preparing. This will over-salt the dish. Salt is known to boost the flavors of the items you use in your recipe, including herbs.

As was stated at the beginning of the article, good cooks never stop learning. The fun is not only in the cooking, but in the learning about new foods, styles and techniques to try. Cooking is also about sharing your knowledge with others. Cooking is more than a skill; it is also a gift that needs to be shared.

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رقم العضو : 1
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تاريخ التسجيل : 02/10/2010
تاريخ الميلاد : 11/09/1992
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مُساهمةموضوع: بحث كيميائي   السبت 30 أكتوبر 2010 - 15:52

Carboxylic Acids

Faculty Of Science
Departement of chemistry

The carboxyl functional group that characterizes the carboxylic acids is unusual in that it is composed of two functional groups described earlier in this text. As may be seen in the formula on the right, the carboxyl group is made up of a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbonyl group. It is often written in condensed form as –CO2H or –COOH. Other combinations of functional groups were described previously, and significant changes in chemical behavior as a result of group interactions were described (e.g. phenol & aniline). In this case, the change in chemical and physical properties resulting from the interaction of the hydroxyl and carbonyl group are so profound that the combination is customarily treated as a distinct and different functional group.
1. Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
As with aldehydes, the carboxyl group must be located at the end of a carbon chain. In the IUPAC system of nomenclature the carboxyl carbon is designated #1, and other substituents are located and named accordingly. The characteristic IUPAC suffix for a carboxyl group is "oic acid", and care must be taken not to confuse this systematic nomenclature with the similar common system. These two nomenclatures are illustrated in the following table, along with their melting and boiling points.
Formula Common Name Source IUPAC Name Melting Point Boiling Point
HCO2H formic acid ants (L. formica) methanoic acid 8.4 ºC 101 ºC
CH3CO2H acetic acid vinegar (L. acetum) ethanoic acid 16.6 ºC 118 ºC
CH3CH2CO2H propionic acid milk (Gk. protus prion) propanoic acid -20.8 ºC 141 ºC
CH3(CH2)2CO2H butyric acid butter (L. butyrum) butanoic acid -5.5 ºC 164 ºC
CH3(CH2)3CO2H valeric acid valerian root pentanoic acid -34.5 ºC 186 ºC
CH3(CH2)4CO2H caproic acid goats (L. caper) hexanoic acid -4.0 ºC 205 ºC
CH3(CH2)5CO2H enanthic acid vines (Gk. oenanthe) heptanoic acid -7.5 ºC 223 ºC
CH3(CH2)6CO2H caprylic acid goats (L. caper) octanoic acid 16.3 ºC 239 ºC
CH3(CH2)7CO2H pelargonic acid pelargonium (an herb) nonanoic acid 12.0 ºC 253 ºC
CH3(CH2)8CO2H capric acid goats (L. caper) decanoic acid 31.0 ºC 219 ºC
Substituted carboxylic acids are named either by the IUPAC system or by common names. If you are uncertain about the IUPAC rules for nomenclature you should review them now. Some common names, the amino acid threonine for example, do not have any systematic origin and must simply be memorized. In other cases, common names make use of the Greek letter notation for carbon atoms near the carboxyl group. Some examples of both nomenclatures are provided below.

Simple dicarboxylic acids having the general formula HO2C–(CH2)n–CO2H (where n = 0 to 5) are known by the common names: Oxalic (n=0), Malonic (n=1), Succinic (n=2), Glutaric (n=3), Adipic (n=4) and Pimelic (n=5) Acids. Common names, such as these can be troublesome to remember, so mnemonic aids, which take the form of a catchy phrase, have been devised. For this group of compounds one such phrase is: "Oh My Such Good Apple Pie".

2. Carboxylic Acid Natural Products
Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature, often combined with other functional groups. Simple alkyl carboxylic acids, composed of four to ten carbon atoms, are liquids or low melting solids having very unpleasant odors. The fatty acids are important components of the biomolecules known as lipids, especially fats and oils. As shown in the following table, these long-chain carboxylic acids are usually referred to by their common names, which in most cases reflect their sources. A mnemonic phrase for the C10 to C20 natural fatty acids capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic is: "Curly, Larry & Moe Perform Silly Antics" (note that the names of the three stooges are in alphabetical order).
Interestingly, the molecules of most natural fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms. Analogous compounds composed of odd numbers of carbon atoms are perfectly stable and have been made synthetically. Since nature makes these long-chain acids by linking together acetate units, it is not surprising that the carbon atoms composing the natural products are multiples of two. The double bonds in the unsaturated compounds listed on the right are all cis (or Z).
Formula Common Name Melting Point
CH3(CH2)10CO2H lauric acid 45 ºC
CH3(CH2)12CO2H myristic acid 55 ºC
CH3(CH2)14CO2H palmitic acid 63 ºC
CH3(CH2)16CO2H stearic acid 69 ºC
CH3(CH2)18CO2H arachidic acid 76 ºC
Formula Common Name Melting Point
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H palmitoleic acid 0 ºC
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H oleic acid 13 ºC
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linoleic acid -5 ºC
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linolenic acid -11 ºC

The following formulas are examples of other naturally occurring carboxylic acids. The molecular structures range from simple to complex, often incorporate a variety of other functional groups, and many are chiral.

3. Related Carbonyl Derivatives
Other functional group combinations with the carbonyl group can be prepared from carboxylic acids, and are usually treated as related derivatives. Five common classes of these carboxylic acid derivatives are listed in the following table. Although nitriles do not have a carbonyl group, they are included here because the functional carbon atoms all have the same oxidation state. The top row (yellow shaded) shows the general formula for each class, and the bottom row (light blue) gives a specific example of each. As in the case of amines, amides are classified as 1º, 2º or 3º, depending on the number of alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen.

Functional groups of this kind are found in many kinds of natural products. Some examples are shown below with the functional group colored red. Most of the functions are amides or esters, cantharidin being a rare example of a natural anhydride. Cyclic esters are called lactones, and cyclic amides are referred to as lactams. Penicillin G has two amide functions, one of which is a β-lactam. The Greek letter locates the nitrogen relative to the carbonyl group of the amide.

Physical Properties & Acidity
Properties of Carboxylic Acids
1. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Physical Properties of Some Organic Compounds
Formula IUPAC Name Molecular Weight Boiling Point Water Solubility
CH3(CH2)2CO2H butanoic acid 88 164 ºC very soluble
CH3(CH2)3CHO pentanal 86 103 ºC slightly soluble
CH3CO2C2H5 ethyl ethanoate 88 77 ºC moderately soluble
CH3CH2CO2CH3 methyl propanoate 88 80 ºC slightly soluble
CH3(CH2)2CONH2 butanamide 87 216 ºC soluble
CH3(CH2)3CN pentanenitrile 83 140 ºC slightly soluble
CH3(CH2)4C hexane 86 69 ºC insoluble

2. Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
Compound pKa Compound pKa
HCO2H 3.75 CH3CH2CH2CO2H 4.82
CH3CO2H 4.74 ClCH2CH2CH2CO2H 4.53
FCH2CO2H 2.65 CH3CHClCH2CO2H 4.05
ClCH2CO2H 2.85 CH3CH2CHClCO2H 2.89
BrCH2CO2H 2.90 C6H5CO2H 4.20
ICH2CO2H 3.10 p-O2NC6H4CO2H 3.45
Cl3CCO2H 0.77 p-CH3OC6H4CO2H 4.45

Vinylagous Acids
To see examples of such compounds Click Here

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
The carbon atom of a carboxyl group has a high oxidation state. It is not surprising, therefore, that many of the chemical reactions used for their preparation are oxidations. Such reactions have been discussed in previous sections of this text, and the following diagram summarizes most of these. To review the previous discussion of any of these reaction classes simply click on the number (1 to 4) or descriptive heading for the group.

Two other useful procedures for preparing carboxylic acids involve hydrolysis of nitriles and carboxylation of organometallic intermediates. As shown in the following diagram, both methods begin with an organic halogen compound and the carboxyl group eventually replaces the halogen. Both methods require two steps, but are complementary in that the nitrile intermediate in the first procedure is generated by a SN2 reaction, in which cyanide anion is a nucleophilic precursor of the carboxyl group. The hydrolysis may be either acid or base-catalyzed, but the latter give a carboxylate salt as the initial product.
In the second procedure the electrophilic halide is first transformed into a strongly nucleophilic metal derivative, and this adds to carbon dioxide (an electrophile). The initial product is a salt of the carboxylic acid, which must then be released by treatment with strong aqueous acid.

An existing carboxylic acid may be elongated by one methylene group, using a homologation procedure called the Arndt-Eistert reaction.. To learn about this useful method Click Here.

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
1. Salt Formation
RCO2(–) Na(+) + CO2 + H2O
RCO2H + (CH3)3N:
RCO2(–) (CH3)3NH(+)
RCO2δ(-) Agδ(+) + H2O
2. Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen
RCO2–H + E(+)
RCO2–E + H(+)

3. Substitution of the Hydroxyl Group

H2O + CH3CO-OCH2CH3 H-substitution

Reduction & Oxidation Reactions
Reductions & Oxidations of Carboxylic Acids
1. Reduction

4 RCO2H + 3 LiAlH4 ether

4 H2 + 4 RCH2OM + metal oxides H2O

4 RCH2OH + metal hydroxides

2. Oxidation

Chemistry of Amines
1. Nomenclature and Structure of Amines

The IUPAC names are listed first and colored blue. This system names amine functions as substituents on the largest alkyl group. The simple -NH2 substituent found in 1º-amines is called an amino group. For 2º and 3º-amines a compound prefix (e.g. dimethylamino in the fourth example) includes the names of all but the root alkyl group.
Natural Nitrogen Compounds

To see these features Click on the Diagram.

2. A Structure Formula Relationship
Rings + Double Bonds
in a CnHm Hydrocarbon = (2n + 2 - m)
Compound Molecular
Formula Revised
Formula Calculated
Rings + C=Z
Coniine C8H17N C9H18 1
Nicotine C10H14N2 C12H16 5
Morphine C17H19NO3 C18H20 9

• The presence of oxygen does not alter the relationship.

Properties of Amines
Properties of Amines
1. Boiling Point and Water Solubility
It is instructive to compare the boiling points and water solubility of amines with those of corresponding alcohols and ethers. The dominant factor here is hydrogen bonding, and the first table below documents the powerful intermolecular attraction that results from -O-H---O- hydrogen bonding in alcohols (light blue columns). Corresponding -N-H---N- hydrogen bonding is weaker, as the lower boiling points of similarly sized amines (light green columns) demonstrate. Alkanes provide reference compounds in which hydrogen bonding is not possible, and the increase in boiling point for equivalent 1º-amines is roughly half the increase observed for equivalent alcohols.
Mol.Wt. 30 32 31 44 46 45
Point ºC -88.6º 65º -6.0º -42º 78.5º 16.6º
The second table illustrates differences associated with isomeric 1º, 2º & 3º-amines, as well as the influence of chain branching. Since 1º-amines have two hydrogens available for hydrogen bonding, we expect them to have higher boiling points than isomeric 2º-amines, which in turn should boil higher than isomeric 3º-amines (no hydrogen bonding). Indeed, 3º-amines have boiling points similar to equivalent sized ethers; and in all but the smallest compounds, corresponding ethers, 3º-amines and alkanes have similar boiling points. In the examples shown here, it is further demonstrated that chain branching reduces boiling points by 10 to 15 ºC.
Compound CH3(CH2)2CH3 CH3(CH2)2OH CH3(CH2)2NH2 CH3CH2NHCH3 (CH3)3CH (CH3)2CHOH (CH3)2CHNH2 (CH3)3N
Mol.Wt. 58 60 59 59 58 60 59 59
Point ºC -0.5º 97º 48º 37º -12º 82º 34º 3º
The water solubility of 1º and 2º-amines is similar to that of comparable alcohols. As expected, the water solubility of 3º-amines and ethers is also similar. These comparisons, however, are valid only for pure compounds in neutral water. The basicity of amines (next section) allows them to be dissolved in dilute mineral acid solutions, and this property facilitates their separation from neutral compounds such as alcohols and hydrocarbons by partitioning between the phases of non-miscible solvents.

2. Basicity of Amines
A review of basic acid-base concepts should be helpful to the following discussion. Like ammonia, most amines are Brønsted and Lewis bases, but their base strength can be changed enormously by substituents. It is common to compare basicity's quantitatively by using the pKa's of their conjugate acids rather than their pKb's. Since pKa + pKb = 14, the higher the pKa the stronger the base, in contrast to the usual inverse relationship of pKa with acidity. Most simple alkyl amines have pKa's in the range 9.5 to 11.0, and their water solutions are basic (have a pH of 11 to 12, depending on concentration). The first four compounds in the following table, including ammonia, fall into that category.
The last five compounds (colored cells) are significantly weaker bases as a consequence of three factors. The first of these is the hybridization of the nitrogen. In pyridine the nitrogen is sp2 hybridized, and in nitriles (last entry) an sp hybrid nitrogen is part of the triple bond. In each of these compounds (shaded red) the non-bonding electron pair is localized on the nitrogen atom, but increasing s-character brings it closer to the nitrogen nucleus, reducing its tendency to bond to a proton.

pKa 11.0 10.7 10.7 9.3 5.2 4.6 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -10.0
Secondly, aniline and p-nitroaniline (first two green shaded structures) are weaker bases due to delocalization of the nitrogen non-bonding electron pair into the aromatic ring (and the nitro substituent). This is the same delocalization that results in activation of a benzene ring toward electrophilic substitution. The following resonance equations, which are similar to those used to explain the enhanced acidity of ortho and para-nitrophenols illustrate electron pair delocalization in p-nitroaniline. Indeed, aniline is a weaker base than cyclohexyl amine by roughly a million fold, the same factor by which phenol is a stronger acid than cyclohexanol. This electron pair delocalization is accompanied by a degree of rehybridization of the amino nitrogen atom, but the electron pair delocalization is probably the major factor in the reduced basicity of these compounds. A similar electron pair delocalization is responsible for the very low basicity (and nucleophilic reactivity) of amide nitrogen atoms (last green shaded structure). This feature was instrumental in moderating the influence of amine substituents on aromatic ring substitution, and will be discussed further in the section devoted to carboxylic acid derivatives.

By clicking on the above diagram, the influence of a conjugated amine group on the basicity of an existing amine will be displayed. Although 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) might appear to be a base similar in strength to pyridine or N,N-dimethylaniline, it is actually more than ten thousand times stronger, thanks to charge delocalization in its conjugate acid. The structure in the gray box shows the locations over which positive charge (colored red) is delocalized in the conjugate acid. This compound is often used as a catalyst for acyl transfer reactions.
Finally, the very low basicity of pyrrole (shaded blue) reflects the exceptional delocalization of the nitrogen electron pair associated with its incorporation in an aromatic ring. Indole (pKa = -2) and imidazole (pKa = 7.0), see above, also have similar heterocyclic aromatic rings. Imidazole is over a million times more basic than pyrrole because the sp2 nitrogen that is part of one double bond is structurally similar to pyridine, and has a comparable basicity.
Although resonance delocalization generally reduces the basicity of amines, a dramatic example of the reverse effect is found in the compound guanidine (pKa = 13.6). Here, as shown below, resonance stabilization of the base is small, due to charge separation, while the conjugate acid is stabilized strongly by charge delocalization. Consequently, aqueous solutions of guanidine are nearly as basic as are solutions of sodium hydroxide.

The relationship of amine basicity to the acidity of the corresponding conjugate acids may be summarized in a fashion analogous to that noted earlier for acids.
Strong bases have weak conjugate acids, and weak bases have strong conjugate acids.

3. Acidity of Amines
We normally think of amines as bases, but it must be remembered that 1º and 2º-amines are also very weak acids (ammonia has a pKa = 34). In this respect it should be noted that pKa is being used as a measure of the acidity of the amine itself rather than its conjugate acid, as in the previous section. For ammonia this is expressed by the following hypothetical equation:
NH3 + H2O ____> NH2(–) + H2O-H(+)
The same factors that decreased the basicity of amines increase their acidity. This is illustrated by the following examples, which are shown in order of increasing acidity. It should be noted that the first four examples have the same order and degree of increased acidity as they exhibited decreased basicity in the previous table. The first compound is a typical 2º-amine, and the three next to it are characterized by varying degrees of nitrogen electron pair delocalization. The last two compounds (shaded blue) show the influence of adjacent sulfonyl and carbonyl groups on N-H acidity. From previous discussion it should be clear that the basicity of these nitrogens is correspondingly reduced.

pKa 33 27 19 15 10 9.6
The acids shown here may be converted to their conjugate bases by reaction with bases derived from weaker acids (stronger bases). Three examples of such reactions are shown below, with the acidic hydrogen colored red in each case. For complete conversion to the conjugate base, as shown, a reagent base roughly a million times stronger is required.
C6H5SO2NH2 + KOH C6H5SO2NH(–) K(+) + H2O a sulfonamide base
(CH3)3COH + NaH (CH3)3CO(–) Na(+) + H2 an alkoxide base
(C2H5)2NH + C4H9Li (C2H5)2N(–) Li(+) + C4H10 an amide base

4. Important Reagent Bases
The significance of all these acid-base relationships to practical organic chemistry lies in the need for organic bases of varying strength, as reagents tailored to the requirements of specific reactions. The common base sodium hydroxide is not soluble in many organic solvents, and is therefore not widely used as a reagent in organic reactions. Most base reagents are alkoxide salts, amines or amide salts. Since alcohols are much stronger acids than amines, their conjugate bases are weaker than amide bases, and fill the gap in base strength between amines and amide salts. In the following table, pKa again refers to the conjugate acid of the base drawn above it.
Base Name Pyridine Triethyl
Amine Hünig's Base DBU Barton's
Base Potassium
t-Butoxide Sodium HMDS LDA

(CH3)3CO(–) K(+) [(CH3)3Si]2N(–) Na(+) [(CH3)2CH]2N(–) Li(+)
pKa 5.3 10.7 11.4 12 14 19 26 35.7
Pyridine is commonly used as an acid scavenger in reactions that produce mineral acid co-products. Its basicity and nucleophilicity may be modified by steric hindrance, as in the case of 2,6-dimethylpyridine (pKa=6.7), or resonance stabilization, as in the case of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (pKa=9.7). Hünig's base is relatively non-nucleophilic (due to steric hindrance), and like DBU is often used as the base in E2 elimination reactions conducted in non-polar solvents. Barton's base is a strong, poorly-nucleophilic, neutral base that serves in cases where electrophilic substitution of DBU or other amine bases is a problem. The alkoxides are stronger bases that are often used in the corresponding alcohol as solvent, or for greater reactivity in DMSO. Finally, the two amide bases see widespread use in generating enolate bases from carbonyl compounds and other weak carbon acids.
Nonionic Superbases
An interesting group of neutral, highly basic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus have been prepared, and are referred to as superbases.
To see examples of these compounds Click Here.

Reactions of Amines
Amine Reactions
1. Electrophilic Substitution at Nitrogen
Ammonia and many amines are not only bases in the Brønsted sense, they are also nucleophiles that bond to and form products with a variety of electrophiles. A general equation for such electrophilic substitution of nitrogen is:
2 R2ÑH + E(+) R2NHE(+) R2ÑE + H(+) (bonded to a base)
A list of some electrophiles that are known to react with amines is shown here. In each case the electrophilic atom or site is colored red.
Electrophile RCH2–X RCH2–OSO2R R2C=O R(C=O)X RSO2–Cl HO–N=O
Name Alkyl Halide Alkyl Sulfonate Aldehyde
or Ketone Acid Halide
or Anhydride Sulfonyl Chloride Nitrous Acid
It is instructive to examine these nitrogen substitution reactions, using the common alkyl halide class of electrophiles. Thus, reaction of a primary alkyl bromide with a large excess of ammonia yields the corresponding 1º-amine, presumably by a SN2 mechanism. The hydrogen bromide produced in the reaction combines with some of the excess ammonia, giving ammonium bromide as a by-product. Water does not normally react with 1º-alkyl halides to give alcohols, so the enhanced nucleophilicity of nitrogen relative to oxygen is clearly demonstrated.
2 RCH2Br + NH3 (large excess) RCH2NH2 + NH4(+) Br(–)
It follows that simple amines should also be more nucleophilic than their alcohol or ether equivalents. If, for example, we wish to carry out a SN2 reaction of an alcohol with an alkyl halide to produce an ether (the Williamson synthesis), it is necessary to convert the weakly nucleophilic alcohol to its more nucleophilic conjugate base for the reaction to occur. In contrast, amines react with alkyl halides directly to give N-alkylated products. Since this reaction produces HBr as a co-product, hydrobromide salts of the alkylated amine or unreacted starting amine (in equilibrium) will also be formed.
2 RNH2 + C2H5Br RNHC2H5 + RNH3(+) Br(–) RNH2C2H5(+) Br(–) + RNH2

Unfortunately, the direct alkylation of 1º or 2º-amines to give a more substituted product does not proceed cleanly. If a 1:1 ratio of amine to alkyl halide is used, only 50% of the amine will react because the remaining amine will be tied up as an ammonium halide salt (remember that one equivalent of the strong acid HX is produced). If a 2:1 ratio of amine to alkylating agent is used, as in the above equation, the HX issue is solved, but another problem arises. Both the starting amine and the product amine are nucleophiles. Consequently, once the reaction has started, the product amine competes with the starting material in the later stages of alkylation, and some higher alkylated products are also formed. Even 3º-amines may be alkylated to form quaternary (4º) ammonium salts. When tetraalkyl ammonium salts are desired, as shown in the following example, Hünig's base may be used to scavenge the HI produced in the three SN2 reactions. Steric hindrance prevents this 3º-amine (Hünig's base) from being methylated.
C6H5NH2 + 3 CH3I + Hünig's base C6H5N(CH3)3(+) I(–) + HI salt of Hünig's base
Reaction with Benzenesulfonyl chloride (The Hinsberg test)
Another electrophilic reagent, benzenesulfonyl chloride, reacts with amines in a fashion that provides a useful test for distinguishing primary, secondary and tertiary amines (the Hinsberg test). As shown in the following equations, 1º and 2º-amines react to give sulfonamide derivatives with loss of HCl, whereas 3º-amines do not give any isolable products other than the starting amine. In the latter case a quaternary "onium" salt may be formed as an intermediate, but this rapidly breaks down in water to liberate the original 3º-amine (lower right equation).

The Hinsberg test is conducted in aqueous base (NaOH or KOH), and the benzenesulfonyl chloride reagent is present as an insoluble oil. Because of the heterogeneous nature of this system, the rate at which the sulfonyl chloride reagent is hydrolyzed to its sulfonate salt in the absence of amines is relatively slow. The amine dissolves in the reagent phase, and immediately reacts (if it is 1º or 2º), with the resulting HCl being neutralized by the base. The sulfonamide derivative from 2º-amines is usually an insoluble solid. However, the sulfonamide derivative from 1º-amines is acidic and dissolves in the aqueous base. Acidification of this solution then precipitates the sulfonamide of the 1º-amine.
2. Preparation of 1º-Amines
Although direct alkylation of ammonia by alkyl halides leads to 1º-amines, alternative procedures are preferred in many cases. These methods require two steps, but they provide pure product, usually in good yield. The general strategy is to first form a carbon-nitrogen bond by reacting a nitrogen nucleophile with a carbon electrophile. The following table lists several general examples of this strategy in the rough order of decreasing nucleophilicity of the nitrogen reagent. In the second step, extraneous nitrogen substituents that may have facilitated this bonding are removed to give the amine product.
Example Nitrogen
Reactant Carbon
Reactant 1st Reaction
Type Initial Product 2nd Reaction
Conditions 2nd Reaction
Type Final Product
1. N3(–) RCH2-X or
R2CH-X SN2 RCH2-N3 or
R2CH-N3 LiAlH4 or
4 H2 & Pd Hydrogenolysis RCH2-NH2 or
2. C6H5SO2NH(–) RCH2-X or
R2CH-NHSO2C6H5 Na in NH3 (liq) Hydrogenolysis RCH2-NH2 or
3. CN(–) RCH2-X or
R2CH-CN LiAlH4 Reduction RCH2-CH2NH2 or
4. NH3 RCH=O or
R2C=O Addition /
Elimination RCH=NH or
R2C=NH H2 & Ni
or NaBH3CN Reduction RCH2-NH2 or
5. NH3 RCOX Addition /
Elimination RCO-NH2 LiAlH4 Reduction RCH2-NH2
(urea) R3C(+) SN1 R3C-NHCONH2 NaOH soln. Hydrolysis R3C-NH2
A specific example of each general class is provided in the diagram below. In the first two, an anionic nitrogen species undergoes a SN2 reaction with a modestly electrophilic alkyl halide reactant. For example #2 an acidic phthalimide derivative of ammonia has been substituted for the sulfonamide analog listed in the table. The principle is the same for the two cases, as will be noted later. Example #3 is similar in nature, but extends the carbon system by a methylene group (CH2). In all three of these methods 3º-alkyl halides cannot be used because the major reaction path is an E2 elimination.

The methods illustrated by examples #4 and #5 proceed by attack of ammonia, or equivalent nitrogen nucleophiles, at the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl group. A full discussion of carbonyl chemistry is presented later, but for present purposes it is sufficient to recognize that the C=O double bond is polarized so that the carbon atom is electrophilic. Nucleophile addition to aldehydes and ketones is often catalyzed by acids. Acid halides and anhydrides are even more electrophilic, and do not normally require catalysts to react with nucleophiles. The reaction of ammonia with aldehydes or ketones occurs by a reversible addition-elimination pathway to give imines (compounds having a C=N function). These intermediates are not usually isolated, but are reduced as they are formed (i.e. in situ). Acid chlorides react with ammonia to give amides, also by an addition-elimination path, and these are reduced to amines by LiAlH4.
The 6th example is a specialized procedure for bonding an amino group to a 3º-alkyl group (none of the previous methods accomplishes this). Since a carbocation is the electrophilic species, rather poorly nucleophilic nitrogen reactants can be used. Urea, the diamide of carbonic acid, fits this requirement nicely. The resulting 3º-alkyl-substituted urea is then hydrolyzed to give the amine.
One important method of preparing 1º-amines, especially aryl amines, uses a reverse strategy. Here a strongly electrophilic nitrogen species (NO2(+)) bonds to a nucleophilic carbon compound. This nitration reaction gives a nitro group that can be reduced to a 1º-amine by any of several reduction procedures.
The Hofmann rearrangement of 1º-amides provides an additional synthesis of 1º-amines.
To learn about this useful procedure Click Here.

3. Preparation of 2º & 3º-Amines
Of the six methods described above, three are suitable for the preparation of 2º and/or 3º-amines. These are:
(i) Alkylation of the sulfonamide derivative of a 1º-amine. Gives 2º-amines.
(ii) Reduction of alkyl imines and dialkyl iminium salts. Gives 2º & 3º-amines.
(iii) Reduction of amide derivatives of 1º & 2º-amines. Gives 2º & 3º-amines.
Examples showing the application of these methods to the preparation of specific amines are shown in the following diagram. The sulfonamide procedure used in the first example is similar in concept to the phthalimide example #2 presented in the previous diagram. In both cases the acidity of the nitrogen reactant (ammonia or amine) is greatly enhanced by conversion to an imide or sulfonamide derivative. The nucleophilic conjugate base of this acidic nitrogen species is then prepared by treatment with sodium or potassium hydroxide, and this undergoes a SN2 reaction with a 1º or 2º-alkyl halide. Finally, the activating group is removed by hydrolysis (phthalimide) or reductive cleavage (sulfonamide) to give the desired amine. The phthalimide method is only useful for preparing 1º-amines, whereas the sulfonamide procedure may be used to make either 1º or 2º-amines.

Examples #2 & #3 make use of the carbonyl reductive amination reaction (method #4 in the preceding table. This versatile procedure may be used to prepare all classes of amines (1º, 2º & 3º), as shown here and above. A weak acid catalyst is necessary for imine formation, which takes place by amine addition to the carbonyl group, giving a 1-aminoalcohol intermediate, followed by loss of water. The final reduction of the C=N double bond may be carried out catalytically (Pt & Pd catalysts may be used instead of Ni) or chemically (by NaBH3CN). The imine or enamine intermediates are normally not isolated, but are immediately reduced to the amine product.
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
A Substitution Reaction Which Starts With Addition

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Substitution by Addition-Elimination
Esters - Preparation and Mechanisms
Amides - Preparations

Here's a general statement of the mechanism:

South valley university
Faculty of science
Rfer to Dr: Rgaab Faheem fendy
Prepared by : antonios nagah kelayd

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
ادارة المنتـــدي
الرجوع الى أعلى الصفحة اذهب الى الأسفل
بحث كيميائي
استعرض الموضوع السابق استعرض الموضوع التالي الرجوع الى أعلى الصفحة
صفحة 1 من اصل 1

صلاحيات هذا المنتدى:لاتستطيع الرد على المواضيع في هذا المنتدى
منتدي احبــــــــــاء الانبا تكلا بدشنا  :: المعلومـــــــــــات العامــــــــــــــــــة :: المعلومات العامة-
انتقل الى:


Friday, February 4, 2011

Saint Valentine's Day

Valentine’s Day is one of the most anticipated days of the year. Not to say that we are in need of an excuse to engage in romance with the significant person in our life, but there is much more emphasis made of this particular day to go over and beyond our everyday ordinary nights and evenings that we spend with each other. What we generally do isn’t much different so long as we do it bigger and better than we normally would.

This includes everything from when the flowers are delivered, where we have dinner, what we wear on the date, and how we are transported for the evening. In most scenarios it can be more beneficial when we can achieved romance while simultaneously gaining something exceptional as custom drapery, that will extend well beyond the day.

This 1500 year old holiday is one that is celebrated by couples exhibiting or professing their love for one another through the expression of flowers, chocolates, and / or gifts. Heart shapes and the color red are commonly considered when making selections that can range from fruits such as cherries or strawberries to a bedroom make over utilizing silk fabric curtains along with a coordinating comforter and complimentary  pillows.

While many will follow the obvious path, placing their emphasis on greeting cards, roses, chocolates, dinner, lingerie, or jewelry. Some may want to explore the road less traveled by making over the master bedroom, creating a space that will add ambiance and serve as a retreat and romantic suite for many Valentine’s Days to follow.

Take this year to avoid the temporal items such as greeting cards that are likely to end up somewhere in the bottom of a draw or waste basket along with the wither flowers. Attempt foregoing the fancy dinner and dessert that will be all but forgotten by breakfast.

Instead consider well thought out window dressings with coordinating pillows and throws that can accomplish dual purposes, creating a five star master suite that is your very own to keep and expand as often as you desire, while fulfilling your urge to expand the decor of your home.

Valentines Days going forward should be much easier to facilitate after establishing a foundation of a warm and ambient master suite with the use of custom made drapery, comforter, and pillows.


Project : Refuge

As a design and built team we want to propose a performant design in term of constructability, comfort and space, but we also want that new Martian explorer feel like at home in the “Refuge”. This Habitat will be the center, the safest place on mars for this news habitants. This goal leads us to propose this project to meet the challenge.

1. Architectural and design concept
1.1 Site choice
The Korolev Crater’s site was chosen for its accessibility, the raw materials available, the security of the location, and possible presence of underground frozen water.
1.2 Design
The interior and exterior design are constrained by the structure and the methodology of 3D printing however, these limits became an inspiration for the design. Because the shelter will be printed on site, there is flexibility in design and optimization, therefore the parametric design can fluctuate in accordance with data collected by probes that will be processed by AI. The characteristics of the structural design are the center of the project. The central bearing element where the 3D printer is anchored, or “the tree”, supports and protects the shelter and its occupants.
1.3 Vision
The windows are an essential part of the design. Apart from bringing natural light into the habitat, windows reduce feelings of isolation and depression by offering a connection to the outside world.
1.4 Access and safety
Two big airlock chambers allow the inhabitants to access the shelter securely and with ease. The additional chamber was added as an alternative exit, in case of emergency. Aside from their practical use, these chambers provide a calm, tranquil welcoming to the explorers – in attempt to make them feel at home.
1.5 Space optimization
The chosen excavation technique allows us to gain important naturally insulated underground space.
The space will be optimized on every level of the habitat, individually, in order to take full advantage of the qualities of each space. Data obtained by probes and processed by the AI of our parametric design will optimally orient the habitat. For example, the openings and space layout will be conditioned intimately by local environmental factors.
1.6 Space repartition
Space has been allotted according to the physiological and emotional needs of the explorers. Avoiding feelings of confinement and claustrophobia were motivating factors when considering space repartition.
Leisure areas include a bar with various games and a sports room equipped with facilities that take into account Mars’s low gravity. Water facilities are designed on top of each other to optimize pipe and duct routes. Hydroponic greenhouse farming facilities will be available.
2. Constructability principle
2.1 3d Printing concept + Methods concept
The excavation of raw material for 3D Printing allows us to build up the structure, in doing so we can optimize available space and reinforce the implantation of the habitat on site.
The robot must be extremely reliable and robust, it will be used as an excavator and 3D printer. It will have 2 heads (each of them has 1 printer head and 1 excavation head), 2 arms, stabilization tools, foraging tools, and a furnace. The robot may also need blow and suction pipes. The heads on the printers must be interchangeable.
The printer will be used to cover parts of the habitat with soil to improve insulation and act as a wind barrier.
Keeping the objective to bring minimal materials in mind, all furniture (bed, bench, kitchen…) will be printed along with the rest of the habitat. Some needs, such as airlock doors, will have to be imported.
2.2 AI conception and realization and learning
The AI Parametric Design is a major part of the project and is imperative to the success of such an enterprise. The goal of our AI is to adapt the design according to the constraints, issues, mechanical and physical characteristics of the raw materials on site and the challenges facing construction. The information will be processed by the AI in order to select the best location, best orientation, best structural framing, density, and overall nature of the foundation. After the construction the AI will be used as home facility manager by up-keeping the habitat and providing comfort for its habitants.
2.3 Structure, protection
The parametric structure calculated by AI considers all parameters encountered on Mars (quality and composition of the raw material, site, wind , foundation …) in order to achieve optimal performance and durability while using minimal energy and resources.
2.4 Insulation
The insulation is primarily provided by Martian soil which will cover the shelter as needed. The structure will protect explorers from radiation and will be used as thermal insulation.
The complexity of the structure implies an empty space which will be used as an insulator from cold and various temperatures on Mars. Beneath the skin, or the outermost layer, there is an intentional space intended to act as an additional layer of insulation. On Earth it is proven that “air” is the best insulation.
2.5 Auto repair
The printer will stay in place and will be use to prevent and repair all eventual damage to the habitat.
2.6 Energy production
Renewable energy options should be explored first. A small wind farm built close to the habitat would generate more than enough energy. In addition to energy harnessed from the wind, the exterior wall and windows can be equipped with solar panels. Provided that wind-solar energy is not adequate, nuclear fusion could act as a primary energy source.
3. Living concept
3.1 Well being
Quality of life is among the most important aspects of the first Martian mission. Residents should feel comfortable and at home. After their long journey, and days of exploration, explorers must be able to recover peacefully in their dwelling.
We foresee the importance of a shared common space. Whether it be to exchange thoughts and ideas, share a meal, or exercise. With this in mind there will be multiple, shared, facilities to encourage community and improve quality of life. The spaces are placed intentionally with favorability regarding the act or activity.
The sub-level of the refuge is compartmentalized in order to allot appropriate space for working, research and agricultural experiments.
3.2 Personal Space and Development
Sleeping quarters are an intimate space where individuals can meet with one another, communicate back to Earth with their loved ones, or simply find solitude. These spaces are completely personal and may be utilized however seen fit by its’ inhabitant.
Personal spaces are located above the ground floor and have wide openings on their sloped ceilings offering a stunning view of Martian starry nights and allowing the inhabitants to be waken up by natural light.
Well being is a key element for the success of such an adventure and those personal spaces were at the heart of our intentions during the overall design process.
contact will create a bond between the explorers and their new environment.
3.4 Virtual reality and community
In order to escape feelings of isolation and abandonment a virtual immersion facility will be available to the inhabitants. This equipment will allow individuals to return to the familiarity of Earth and participate in an augmented reality.
Complete immersion simulates familiar and comforting situations. It can also portray a more social and exciting environment, such as a bar or music venue.
3.5 Wide Open Vision
The presence of windows will provoke a sensation of freedom and will permit Martian explorers to let his or her spirit wander across Mars while in total safety of the shelter. This permanent visual contact will create a bond between the explorers and their new environment.
Future Developments
Our 3D printed habitat can be considered as a simple start in Mars exploration and colonization. To confront this challenge, the small habitat can be replicated in greater numbers in order to build small villages. Foraging for water will remain another challenge.
The Habitat can also be considered as a small autonomous terraforming unit, releasing internal CO2 production and some CO2 production plant around the habitat. The habitat can deploy a sort of magnetic umbrella in order to contain the gas around it. This might permit the development of small ecosystems. This shelter will be the first step of humanity on Mars.
That’s one small habitation for a man, one new home for mankind.


Directors' Weighted Voting

In general all directors have equal voting rights. Each director will have one vote, and decisions will be carried by a simple majority on a show of hands. The chairman may have the right to exercise a casting vote if votes in favour of and against a motion are equal. It should also be remembered that on certain issues individual directors may be prevented from voting by a conflict of interest.

It is, however, possible for the company's articles of association or a shareholders' agreement to establish some other system. A company may wish to avoid a deadlock situation or (in this case afford directors more protection from being removed from office in general meeting) by adopting a provision giving weighted voting rights, possibly in proportion to the directors' shareholdings in the company, on certain matters.

For a competitive quote or to request a call back to discuss your specific requirements please email: