Applying Psychological Science, Benefiting Society

Tag: aging

Accepting Help is Hard: Here’s Why There’s No Shame in Getting a Personal Care Assistant

Our society places the highest value on independence; doing things by ourselves for ourselves. Because of this, we rarely think about what it would be like to need someone else’s assistance with even the most basic activities: getting dressed, brushing teeth, eating, driving, or filling out paperwork. Thus, when individuals are faced with changes in their physical abilities, the adjustment to using personal care assistance can be challenging.

What’s the Secret to Combating Ageist Stereotypes? It’s Complicated

How do we counter the negative impact of ageist stereotypes pervasive in Western society? It’s more complicated than it appears. Even embracing positive age-related stereotypes can have unintended consequences. Here’s an overview of what research suggests might really work.

Elder Financial Abuse is Here to Stay and It’s Time We Do Something About It

On February 13, 2015 the Elder Justice Reauthorization Act (H.R. 988) was introduced in the House of Representatives. The bill addresses the growing problem of elder financial abuse and emphasizes the role the federal government should take in coordinating and leading state support efforts. It provides a legal framework for necessary cooperation between federal and state agencies that handle health, legal and social services.

5 Ways to Become Better Involved In Medical Decisions as You Age

Facilitating physician and patient engagement in a shared, or collaborative, decision-making process is gaining more attention within healthcare. Using shared decision-making strategies gives physicians more opportunity to provide patients with the necessary medical information to make informed choices.

What Macaque Monkeys Might Tell Us About Our Friendships as We Age

A rather decent-sized bombshell has rocked the world of lifespan developmental theory and research. Specifically, it is a rather elegant and well-designed study on the social behavior of Barbary macaques in captivity, one that has, at least a little bit, changed the field of lifespan development theory from now on.

Why We Should Celebrate Senior Citizens Everyday

Have you heard of National Senior Citizens Day? If not, you aren’t alone. This holiday is not often listed on most, if any, calendars. There are usually no headlines or special sales or promotions that accompany this holiday. Why is National Senior Citizens Day virtually forgotten? Probably for the same reasons that led to its establishment in 1988 by President Reagan. Older adulthood is not universally celebrated and valued.

It’s Never Too Late to Find Your Inner Athlete

Exercise and competitive sports can feel like they are worlds apart, and if you’ve never considered yourself an athlete, it may feel like it’s too late to change that part of your self-concept. If you consider the inspirational work of master athletes, you realize that it’s never too late to become an athlete – and that finding your sport can bring a variety of physical and psychological benefits, including an opportunity for fun!

Starting a Conversation: How We Can Reduce Health Disparities Among Older Adults

Reducing health disparities among older adults overall is a massive undertaking and managed healthcare significantly reduces time spent with patients. However, there are still small steps that providers and older adults themselves can take. Providers and older adults can talk to each other about barriers to receiving care, barriers to achieving healthier lifestyles, and their own values and beliefs.

As we age, it’s natural to worry about possible declines in our mental and brain health. Research shows that mindfulness can improve brain functioning, resulting in thinking and feeling better as we get older.

We Get Happier as We Get Older (As Long as We Stay Fit)

People over the age of 85 have more life satisfaction and less negative affect (in other words, less stress, anxiety, and depression) than people in midlife – as long as physical health and functioning are considered.

American Psychological Association
Public Interest Directorate
750 First Street, NE
Washington, DC 20002-4242
Phone: (202) 336-6056


9224 Yahoo bulk backlink checker

Hello everyone, My name is Jonathan Regan :) Thank you for taking the time to read this project. Please check my feedback if you have any concerns about me or this project. I would like you to create a script, that records the amount of backlinks pointing to the top 3 ranked sites, for any keyword combination that I supply to the Yahoo search engine. The script will work like this ... I will visit the script, and provide a list of keywords. I will be able to cut and paste the keywords into a text box. Each keyword will then be submitted as a normal query to the Yahoo search engine. The top 3 ranking webpages will be recorded for each individual keyword. The script will then ask Yahoo how many backlinks are pointing to these top 3 ranked pages. The results will be recorded. The script will then move to the next keyword. So, a list of 10 keywords - will require 10 intial queries. This will produce 3 top ranked pages for each query, for a total of 30 pages. The script will then query Yahoo to find how many backlinks each of these 30 pages has. The results, will be recorded in a database, or simply displayed on the next page. Hopefully this makes sense. If you have any questions, please post them via the messageboard. Please do not be offended if I do not answer your question. Thanks for reading, and goodluck. Cheers, Jonathan

Taidot: kaikki käy, Perl, PHP

Näytä lisää: top query, top backlink sites, top 10 backlink sites, search engine ask question, question search engine, check backlink, ask questions search engine, ask a question search engine, answer my query, yahoo search page, search yahoo, reading answer question, perl keyword, bulk project work, create yahoo, backlinks database, backlink work, bulk post, list questions engine, post project yahoo, thanks time reading, database search engine results page, perl php text database, yahoo top keywords, bulk create webpages

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Peacock Heart Fascinator - antique brass deco

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Large peacock feather fascinator/ headpiece in nostalgic style with 3 carefully selected, curly feathers of which two are fair ones. Fair feathers have a color range from cream and beigt to ivory and gold. This precious eye-catcher is decorated with an antique brass decoration - perfect for festive occassions (wedding, for brides and bridesmaids, prom, baptism ...), Goth & steampunk style, boho chic....

This peacock feather headpiece is about 13 cm/ 5.1 inches long and almost as wide.

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Publisher's column

Russia’s Victory, new Concert of Nations

Editor's column

Atlantic Drift: Russia and the U.S.-Europe Divide

Revolution, War and Empire

My aim in this piece is to look at the international context of the Russian Revolution and to assess its influence on the Revolution’s causes, course and consequences.

Why Immigrants Voted For The Far Right in Germany (Hint: It’s Not Entirely The Kremlin’s Fault)

The far-right party Alternative for Germany (AfD) is about to take up its seats in German parliament. How did we get here?

The Arctic In An Age Of Geopolitical Change: Assessment And Recommendations

Arctic remains one of the world’s last great, pristine and undeveloped areas. Equivalent to one-sixth of the world’s landmass, the region is home to just 4 million people. The region is rich in both renewable and non-renewable resources.

Great Power Interventions and the Future of Responsibility to Protect

Turkey and Russia, Erdogan and Putin


学術雑誌論文 Influence of light exposure at nighttime on sleep development and body growth of preterm infants

Kaneshi, Yosuke  ,  Ohta, Hidenobu  ,  Morioka, Keita  ,  Hayasaka, Itaru  ,  Uzuki, Yutaka  ,  Akimoto, Takuma  ,  Moriichi, Akinori  ,  Nakagawa, Machiko  ,  Oishi, Yoshihisa  ,  Wakamatsu, Hisanori  ,  Honma, Naoki  ,  Suma, Hiroki  ,  Sakashita, Ryuichi  ,  Tsujimura, Sei-ichi  ,  Higuchi, Shigekazu  ,  Shimokawara, Miyuki  ,  Cho, Kazutoshi  ,  Minakami, Hisanori

6p.21680 , 2016-02-15 , Nature Publishing Group
Previous studies have demonstrated that a light-dark cycle has promoted better sleep development and weight gain in preterm infants than constant light or constant darkness. However, it was unknown whether brief light exposure at night for medical treatment and nursing care would compromise the benefits brought about by such a light-dark cycle. To examine such possibility, we developed a special red LED light with a wavelength of > 675 nm which preterm infants cannot perceive. Preterm infants born at < 36 weeks' gestational age were randomly assigned for periodic exposure to either white or red LED light at night in a light-dark cycle after transfer from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to the Growing Care Unit, used for supporting infants as they mature. Activity, nighttime crying and body weight were continuously monitored from enrolment until discharge. No significant difference in restactivity patterns, nighttime crying, or weight gain was observed between control and experimental groups. The data indicate that nursing care conducted at 3 to 4-hour intervals exposing infants to light for < 15 minutes does not prevent the infants from developing circadian rest-activity patterns, or proper body growth as long as the infants are exposed to regular light-dark cycles.

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Welcome to the Pierobon English Blog!

Wednesday, 2 November 2016

Jekyll & Hyde

By Robert Louis Stevenson (1886)

A lawyer named Mr Utterson came to know that one night a man called Mr Hyde accidentally hurt a little girl while he was walking on the street.

To avoid the police, Hyde paid her family with a cheque signed by Dr Henry Jekyll, a respected doctor and one of Utterson’s friends.

Utterson thought that maybe Hyde was blackmailing Jekyll.  In fact, Utterson had Jekyll’s will in which, in case of his death, he wanted to leave all his possessions to Hyde.

Utterson decided to discover who Hyde was. He waited for him and was shocked when he saw Hyde’s deformity.

So, he asked Jekyll about Hyde, and Jekyll answered that Hyde wasn’t a problem for him and that he could rid himself of Hyde if he wanted.

Almost a year passed without incident. One night, a servant saw Hyde killing a man with a walking stick: it was the stick that Utterson gave as a present to Jekyll.

The attack was so ferocious that the stick broke in two. The police found the other half of the walking stick in Hyde’s room.

When Utterson asked Jekyll for information, his friend said that Hyde left London forever. He also gave Utterson a letter from Hyde saying that. But, when Utterson examined the letter, he saw that the writing was Jekyll’s.

More time passed and there was no news about Hyde.

Suddenly, one day, Jekyll closed into his study at home and didn’t want to see anyone. Then, Jekyll’s butler, Poole, went to Utterson and asked him to come to Jekyll’s house. He said that Hyde killed Jekyll.

Poole said that Hyde was locked in Jekyll’s study – he could hear a different voice. Hyde ordered Poole to get supplies from chemists all over London. Utterson and Poole broke into the study and found Hyde’s body – he had committed suicide when he heard them.

Utterson and Poole looked around but they couldn’t find Jekyll. All they found was a letter from Jekyll and a new will in which Jekyll left his possessions to Utterson.

Utterson read the letter. It revealed that Jekyll was fascinated by the duality of man. He made experiments and he discovered a potion that turned him into evil Mr Hyde. Taking the same solution a second time, he could become good Dr Jekyll again.

At first, Jekyll liked becoming Hyde, but then he felt deep remorse. However, he had more and more difficulties to eliminate Hyde.

At the end, Jekyll turned into Hyde even without the potion. Meanwhile, the supply of the special salt needed as a vital ingredient of the potion could not be found anywhere in London.

So, Jekyll took the final dose and wrote the letter, saying that he hoped Hyde could kill himself.

1.      What was Jekyll’s and Utterson’s job?
2.      What happened between Hyde and a little girl?
3.      How did Utterson discover a link between Jekyll and Hyde?
4.      What did the first Jekyll’s will say?
5.      Why was Utterson shocked when he saw Hyde?
6.      What did Hyde do with a walking stick?
7.      What did the police discover?
8.      Why did Jekyll say that Hyde wasn’t in London anymore?
9.      What was strange in that letter?
10.  Why did Poole ask for Utterson’s help?
11.  What did Hyde want from Poole?
12.  What did Utterson and Poole see in Jekyll’s study?
13.  Where was Jekyll?
14.  How was the second will different from the first one?
15.  What was written in the final letter?
16.  How did the potion work?
17.  What was the main ingredient of the potion?
18.  What was Jekyll’s problem in his last days?
19.  What did Jekyll hope?
20.  What is your opinion on this story?


You may want to review the case with a common denominator and finding common denominators first.

If the two rational functions you want to add or subtract don't have a common denominator, you need to rewrite them so they do, just as with fractions. For example, if you have to subtract (x + 1)/(x − 1) − x, the common denominator is x − 1. We need to rewrite x so it has this denominator too, so we write it as x(x − 1)/(x − 1) = (x2x)/(x − 1). Now subtracting gives us (−x2 + 2x + 1)/(x − 1). Finally, we look for common factors of the numerator and denominator to reduce; there aren't any, so we're done.


The Baha'is of Winnipeg

Study Circles
     Winnipeg Baha’is are meeting in small groups, or “study circles,” joining thousands of others in more than 180 countries, applying spiritual principles to their lives and communities. The purpose of Baha’i study circles is to provide participants with the knowledge, spiritual insights and skills to enable them to “walk a path of service” for humanity. This is done through the study of a sequence of courses, each one concentrating on a specific path of service.

Bahá’ís get together in small groups, inviting anyone that wants to join them, and use discussions and practical exercises to systematically study those spiritual and moral principles that can be directly applied to improving and transforming their lives and expanding their commitment to and desire for personal and collective change.

Find out more about Study Circles in your area by contacting


In the current status quo, the judiciary system of Korea is facing a lot of criticisms due to its unfair post-giving. There are many unqualified judges in the Supreme Court. The unfairness mainly arises because the judiciary system is not independent enough. To solve this problem, I suggest the judges to take judge elimination test every quarter, and evaluated by the general public of their abilities. The elimination test will be able to sort out those who are capable and then evaluation will be able to figure out judges relatively free of corruption. Fairness in the judge selection is especially important since citizens are dependent on the law, and should be provided with the protection of the law.

A Place for problems and solutions

Team Innovating Forum

Are there forums for team innovating? Normally peo[…]

Whats your favorite Xbox game?

Mine is outrun2


Energy in the Auction Rooms

- by Bruce E. McKinney

Bidders felt good at this sale. The value of their inventory was confirmed.

By Bruce McKinney

On February 10th, 16th and 18th interesting book auctions were held in New York at Swann, and in San Francisco by Dorothy Sloan and at John's Western Gallery. Both the Swann and Sloan sales did well while the Gilchriese presentation at John's found buying interest to be as narrow as the Gilchriese collecting focus: Wyatt Earp manuscript and memorabilia. At Swann the material was the remainder of a large Americana consignment and at Sloan it was actually two sales. The first was No. 14, Americana with an Emphasis on Borderlands, Texas, California, Mexico & Central America. The second, No. 15, was the Daniel G. Volkmann, Jr. collection of Californiana. In these sales a substantial portion of the lots sold: clear evidence of broad strength in the marketplace.

At Swann the material was mainly mid-market. It was a combination of lesser known items combined with better known material with occasional condition problems. The estimates were relatively low and almost everything sold. Of 358 lots 324 sold. There has been plenty of talk that the market for important, essentially perfect material is almost unlimited while the middle-market is less certain. At Swann's on the 10th there were plenty of buyers to bid and almost everything, at a price, sold. In the mid-market the variable isn't interest. It's price. The total hammer price was $227,460 and the average lot realization an affordable $702.

Susannah Carter's Frugal Housewife, or Complete Woman Cook brought $9,775 against an estimate of $3,000 to $4,000. The engraving on silk of the Declaration of Independence [1818] brought $21,850 against the estimate of $10,000 to $15,000. And for the person who purchased the 1753 Poor Richard's Almanack they won't need to wait for Poor Richard's predictions of book prices. Against an estimate of $7,000 to $10,000 it brought $19,550.

In the first Sloan sale [No. 14] there were 64 lots of which 48 sold at the auction. During the following two days several more were sold at the low estimate plus 15% commission. Several bidders, who left order bids that failed to win, later converted their unspent funds into purchases of unsold lots. Twelve lots sold at the low estimate and another 12 remain unsold but available. The average hammer price was $4,870.


Using ChatOps in an open and conversational workflow

ChatOps has been around for a while now but it is still a method of working, communicating and collaborating that likely means different things to different people.

This talk provides a Cloudsoft perspective on ChatOps and how it relates to deploying and managing applications in/across hybrid clouds.

Murdo Aird

Murdo is currently VP Operations for Cloudsoft. It’s a busy, varied and always changing role in a globally distributed team.

He has 20 years of experience in the industry and has operated successfully in a wide range of roles (engineer, architect, consultant, information security manager, project and service delivery lead).

Having built and managed mid-sized development and operations teams, Murdo understands the importance of enabling teams to move quickly yet be self-sustaining.


The Medical Medium – junk medicine with psychic reading

Every time I think I’ve read it all, apparently I haven’t. I was pointed in the direction of someone – the Medical Medium – who pushes pseudoscience online. Worse yet, he mashes together alternative medicine and psychic readings.

What is a medium?

One doesn’t really hear the word “medium” much any more, unless you’re watching 1950s horror movies. But it has a real definition. A medium is someone who claims to speak with spirits, non existent entities that have been the subject of myths since humans could communicate with one another. Most mediums are charlatans who trick people out of giving up their money, while using a series of psychological tricks to make it appear that they really do communicate with the nonexistent spirits.

A real physician can, through observation and casual conversation, diagnose serious diseases like neurological disorders, many cancers, infections, and many many other serious conditions. A cough may be just be a cough. It could be an allergy. It could be an infection. Or it could be a symptom of a serious form of cancer.

Maybe William has one a “gift” of superior observational skills, and can use psychology to figure out a few medical conditions. But because he lacks medical training and education, beyond maybe watching 15 seasons of E.R. on TV, he can’t diagnose more serious diseases just from his observation.

Here’s what he claims about his powers:

If William isn’t a charlatan, but genuinely believes he has a gift (based on real evidence based observation skills), and if he were a real physician, he probably good do good things. But, are you going to trust your diagnosis to someone who thinks he speaks with nonexistent spirits? Sadly, over 1 million people “Like” his page on Facebook, so we have to assume that a lot of people do trust their diagnosis to someone like the Medical Medium.

The Medical Medium and junk medicine

Well, there’s a lot of evidence that he is a total believer in alternative medicine. For example, he’s a supporter of homeopathy, which we all know is nothing but water, and has no clinical usefulness other than quenching thirst. There is absolutely no evidence that homeopathy can treat any disease.

In fact, the whole basis of homeopathy is the pseudoscience of water memory, which has been thoroughly implausible according to every single bit of physics, chemistry and physical chemistry known to man. If water memory was real, the discoverer would be renowned throughout the world, and we’d have to throw out all that we know in science. Sure, that could happen, but it would be along the lines of proving evolution untrue.

medical medium

But it gets worse.

medical medium

The Medical Medium claims that artichokes stabilize blood sugar, an important issue for diabetics. Sure choosing the right foods can help maintain a proper blood glucose level. But artichokes will not do that alone. For type 1 diabetics, there’s only one thing that can control blood sugar accurately, and it’s injected insulin. Period. End of story.

A type 1 diabetic can eat all the artichokes they want, all day long, and without insulin, they will die. Moreover, since one cannot live on artichokes alone, a real diabetic looks at all of their diet and activity to control blood sugar. Yes, there is an artichoke that may be important to blood glucose control. It’s called a Jerusalem artichoke, which is unrelated to the artichoke we eat, and it may be useful because of a particular type of glycoprotein in the tuber, which can add fiber to other foods.

medical medium

So, cucumbers are the next super food. William, using his magical abilities to speak to nonexistent spirits, has diagnosed you with a long list of diseases, and recommends a freaking cucumber?

First of all, a cucumber is 95% water. So, there’s not a lot there. Cucumbers are not “rich in nutrients,” except for Vitamin K, which is important to blood clotting.

And there is NO erepsin, a term that has been deprecated for decades because it is inaccurate, in cucumbers. Erepsin, a group of intestinal enzymes, are produced by the intestinal tract and is not from a cucumber. And it’s not going to destroy parasites, since most have evolved resistance to these enzymes over millions of years.

But let’s go on. Is it a diuretic? It contains no compounds that are diuretic, except for that 95% water. I guess if you ate a dozen cucumbers, your osmoregulation would expel some of that excess water.

It’s not high fiber, containing maybe 1g of fiber per one cucumber. Seriously, a slice of wheat bread has 5X that amount.

Let’s look at depression. It is extraordinarily complex, and can be a part of a broader diagnosis, like bipolar disorder, borderline personality, and psychotic disorders. Untreated depression can lead to a psychotic break, which could lead to suicide or violent behavior. It isn’t a mystery, as William claims, it is well-understood. Treatment is complicated, requiring a team of mental health professionals, like cognitive behavioral therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and counselors. And yes, real medication.

The Medical Medium shouldn’t give medical advice

Let me digest that down to the basics:

  2. The FDA has not reviewed or been provided with any data whatsoever that William has the ability to diagnose disease nor the skills to treat those diseases.
  3. Typical of these types of disclaimers, William states that his diagnoses and treatments should not be substituted for real evidence based medicine.
  4. His medical information is not vetted by anyone with a biomedical background.

Not only do I think that the Medical Medium shouldn’t be practicing medicine, he also states it publicly and in big bold font.

Editor’s note – this article was first published in December, 2015. It has been updated with new information, and reformatted for style purposes.

Key citations:

The Original Skeptical Raptor
Chief Executive Officer at SkepticalRaptor


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The University of Waikato - Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato
Faculty of Science and Engineering - Te Mātauranga Pūtaiao me te Pūkaha
Waikato Home Waikato Home > Science & Engineering > BioBlog
Staff + Student Login

tuskless elephants - natural selection & genetic drift

Blogging on Peer-Reviewed ResearchIn an earlier post I mentioned that natural selection (hunting pressure) had the potential to increase the proportion of tusklessness in African elephants. But I also noted that this was probably not  the full story! And in fact it turns out to be quite a complex tale.

For a start, male & female African elephants (Elephas maximus) differ in tusk development. Most males have tusks, while many females are tuskless, or have small tusks. (This suggests that the genetic contol of tusk development must be quite complex.) And tusk size increases with age, because these modified teeth grow throughout the animal's life: this means that broken tusks can regrow. However, in South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park, 98% of females are tuskless (Whitehouse, 2001).

Because elephants have been extensively hunted for ivory for more than 300 years, natural selection is often proposed as the underlying mechanism for an increase in the proportion of tuskless or small-tusked elephants in a population. After all, it does sound right: if animals with small or no tusks are more likely to survive, & their relative lack of tusk is heritable, then you'd expect that trait to spread through the population. Whitehouse tested this hypothesis in the Addo elephant population - & rejected it.

To begin with, if natural selection (hunting) did have this effect, then you'd expect that tusklessness would be a feature of both male & female Addo elephants. But in 2000, when Whitehouse surveyed the population, female tusklessness was at 98% but all the males had tusks. (Tusklessness in populations elsewhere in Africa - generally attributed to selective hunting - had also been noted as increasing, but not to the levels observed in Addo.)

Whitehouse began by looking at the history of the Addo elephants. While elephants were widespread in South Africa prior to European settlement, by 1900 their numbers had dropped precipitously right across the country. The largest remaining population, of around 130 animals, was in Eastern Cape Province. This was further reduced during 1919-20 by a professional hunter, who'd been contracted to kill the animals by local farmers. By 1931 only 11 elephants remained in the Province, and the Addo park was created in an attempt to preserve that population. Mortality remained relatively high until an elephant-proof fence was built in 1954 to keep the animals within the reserve, & by December 2000 the population had grown to 324 animals. However, there's been no immigration into the Addo herd since 1931.

In other words, the Addo elephants have been through a substantial population bottleneck. That founding population of 11 comprised 8 females & 3 males, but only one adult male (which had tusks) bred with the females. Of those 8 founding females, 4 (50%) were tuskless & 3 had at least one tusk; Whitehouse could find no details of the 8th. This compares with a tuskless frequency, in populations elsewhere in Africa, of 2-20%.

Whitehouse comments that the tusked/tuskless state is likely to be sex-linked, given the strong difference between the sexes. But she also notes that the actual pattern of inheritance is likely to be complex, given that there are several possible phenotypes involved (tusked, having a single tusk [right or left], and tuskless), and that the few tusked mothers in Addo tend to have tuskless calves.

She proposed four hypotheses to explain the high proportion of tuskless females in Addo. The first relates to the vegetation of the area - it's mainly shrubs & succulent plants. The elephants may not need tusks to feed on this sort of vegetation. But the time for which this population has been isolated (no more than 300 years) hardly seems long enough for a lack of selection pressure to produce the observed result.

The second possibility is also related to the vegetation in the area: there could be a link between the availability of nutrients & tusk development. But as Whitehouse comments, since this hypothesis is based on dietary influence on tusk development, the absence and size of tusks would primarily be acquired traits, and so would not be inherited.

The third option is the result of natural selection (selective hunting). Whitehouse notes there is evidence for this from studies of elephant populations elsewhere in Africa. But her comparison of tuskless trends and the hunting pressure faced by the Addo herd failed to support this hypothesis for the Addo animals.  For example, they've been fully protected from hunting since 1954, while tusklessness has continued to increase. And while the elephants were hunted between 1919 and 1954, records suggest this was not selective: the animals were generally killed to reduce their impact on farming, & not directly for their ivory.

Which brings us to hypothesis #4. Both the rate of genetic drift and the frequency of inbreeding increase at small population sizes. This final hypothesis suggests that tusklessness may primarily result from population bottlenecks, and non-selective genetic changes occurring due to the subsequent small population size (Whitehouse, 2001). Remember that initial population: 11 animals, with only 8 females and a single breeding male. This must have resulted in a high degree of inbreeding, and that will have continued given the absence of immigration. Whitehouse concludes that relatively high rates of genetic drift and inbreeding occurring due to small pre-1919 population size are primarily responsible for the observed high level of tusklessness in the 1919 Addo elephant population, and that the extreme 1931 bottleneck only made this effect even more pronounced.

So - while natural selection is an important mechanism driving genetic change in populations, it's not the only such mechanism. And it's likely that genetic drift - via the Founder effect - has also been an important player in the evolution of many of New Zealand's plants & animals.

A.M. Whitehouse (2001) Tusklessness in the elephant population of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Journal of Zoology 257: 249-254

| | Comments (1)

Very interesting blog article. There is reference only to the Addo elephants and the small population. I hunt in Zimbabwe and particular the Zambezi Valley and Matetsi area and there is a large number of Tuskless Elephant there, we have seen only cows. It would be interesting to hear your comments on the reason why this occurs in huge population and in a very large area.

Leave a comment


The Methodology of Economics

Nineteenth Century British Contributions

History of British Economic Thought

Published by Routledge/Thoemmes Press

Set copyright 1997
ISBN/ISSN: 0-415-15380-8
Price: Pounds Sterling 675.00

The nature of economic analysis was subject to a profound change in the second half of the nineteenth century. The "battle of methods" ("Methodenstreit") in Germany between the pure theory and advocated by Carl Menger and the empirically based historical methods of Gustav Schmoller is well documented, but the equally significant debates in the UK have not been as widely covered. This set charts this crucial transition between classical and neo-classical economics. Containing texts from such significant figures as: * J.S. Mill * J.E. Cairns * J.M. Keynes * Nassau Senior * Henry Sedgwick * Alfred Marshall The collection illustrates the gradual transformation of economics from the fully contextualized political economy of the early classical economists to the abstract, deductive theory of neo-classical economics.

Table of Contents

On the definition of political economy \[1836] The logic of the moral sciences \[1843] J S Mill 173pp, The Character and Logical Method of Political Economy \[1875] NJ E Cairnes 246pp, The Scope and Method of Political Economy and other essays on Methodology \[1891] J N Keynes 420pp, The Method of Classical Economics: 1827 - 1870 Senior, Jones, Malthus, McCulloch, Whewell 171pp, Historical Economics: 1870-1907 Cliffe, Ingram, Rogers, Ashley 195pp, Theoretical Economics: 1876 - 1914 Jevons, Lowe, Sidgwick, Bagehot, Foxwell, Edgeworth, Flux, McKenzie, Johnson, Wicksteed, Nicholson, Bastable 307pp, Marshall and Cunningham \[1885-1905] 299pp

1875 pages
Status: Available


A shadow has crept over the Ancient Lands. For years the peoples of light have been at peace. Elves, men, centaurs, horses, unicorns, griffons, dwarves, and the other peoples of light have lived safely under the protection of the Guardian Wizards. But all is not as it seems. The enemy, Opirion, has been reborn. And the armies of evil are beginning to sweep across the lands. Those who once were guardians have split in power, half falling to the darkness. And the peoples of light struggle to unite as the shadow takes them by surprise. Enter a land filled with war, chaos, and the struggle of good and evil in the debut epic fantasy.

Matthew Brumfield
Matthew D Brumfield was born and raised in Akron, Ohio. He began dreaming the concept of Everstone at the age of 14, where he started crafting his first draft of the story. Dreamin More...


Canker Sores – AboutKidsHealth

His reaction to other nuts products very mild but he gets cold sore everything he has eaten any kind of nuts. Contagious —The movement of disease between people. Or will you resent your partner? And it is also true that for most kids all of these things are normal childhood illnesses that cause no lasting harm, so please don’t be alarmed. J Am Acad Dermatol. Some cold viruses can live on surfaces (such as countertops, door handles, or toys) for as long as one day. You can also infect yourself, if you touch your mouth and then your genitals or vice versa.

Most people get infected during infancy or childhood from an infected family member or friend. Refraining from kissing or sharing eating utensils with someone with an open cold sore can help prevent the spread of infection. Compare ingredients in the ‘Drug Facts’ box so you don’t risk giving your child an overdose. 8th ed. Following the prodrome, the disease process is rapid. posted by abirae at 9:49 AM on January 6, 2011 Get a new toothbrush, and replace all your chapsticks. Shadkam, M.

You probably know that I don’t advise over-the-counter medications in general, but the hydrogen peroxide treatment referred to by Wendy Frye in the above email she sent to me is surprisingly effective against upper respiratory infections. cold sore bonus, yay! Your body does not easily absorb zinc, unless the zinc is first attached to another substance. This sooths the sore and speeds up healing. Symptomatic primary infection, with multiple, small, clustered vesicles in numerous locations, can occur anywhere in the oral cavity, on the perioral skin, on the pharynx, or on the genitalia. The women who are most at risk for the disease are women who do not have regular check-ups that include Pap tests. This was a good result.

Du, X., Zhu, M., Zhang, J. CNN. Meanwhile, it is worth asking – why are they unwilling to share the information they have? H&E stain. Tim purchases a new stereo set, which causes many complications with the volume and Jill’s paranoia for new gadgets since she suffers from technophobia and hates new things. Within five to 10 days, the bruise color lightens up to a green or yellow, followed by days 10 to 14 where the bruise will become light brown until it dissolves away. But you can tell that it is not acne by noticing there are no comedones (blackheads or whiteheads).

The Patriot (1998) A unnamed highly contagious airborne virus which has been stolen from a government biological warfare laboratory. Approximately 20% the development of tailored options for adjuvant of patients with early-stage breast cancer who receive radiation therapy delivering the prescription dose breast-conserving surgery forgo radiation treatments to the peri-lumpectomy tissues alone, as opposed (10-12), which places them at a threefold increased to the whole breast and fi rst level of regional lym- risk of local recurrence when compared to patients phatics. A BMI of between 18.5 and 25 is ideal. Claudia Hoyen, director of pediatric infection control at University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital. Widespread use of the vaccine this way would probably reduce genital herpes for both sexes, since it would lower the chance of men coming in contact with infected females. Reyes could start the season in the bullpen in an effort to limit his workload. In a truly cashless society, governments would be able to track where everybody is and what everybody is doing all the time.

The Knicks jumped out to a 16-2 lead and shot 73 percent in the first quarter to take a 39-27 lead. In Pennsylvania, at least 10 children whose parents belong to various branches the fundamentalist sect have died of treatable illnesses in the last several decades. I checked him and I couldn’t find a pulse. There are few official statistics on how many people as a whole suffer from pneumonia in the UK as the causes for it are so wide-ranging. The medical name for the specific virus that causes cold sores is herpes simplex. It can cause cold sores later in childhood and adulthood. I take 1000mg a day, and then if I’m feeling tired, run down or stressed I will increase this to around 3000mg a day.

When we arrived at the park I saw a little raised bump where he had made contact with the gate. Mouth ulcers usually look like round, white sores on the inner lining of your child’s mouth, or on the surface of her gums or tongue. Impetigo is seldom serious, and minor infections may clear on their own in two to three weeks. If your child has asthma, make sure he takes all medications as prescribed. Kaiden McCormick’s tiny body shut down after catching a cold sore virus from Carl Maclaren. Several strains of bacteria, including staphylococcus and streptococcus species, are known to cause lesions in the mouth.


Child eating cereal from a food container

• Potential increases in productivity and lower processing costs
• Designed for polypropylene modification and filler masterbatch applications
• Suitable for food packaging applications that use thin wall injection molding

ExxonMobil Chemical has extended the portfolio of its Vistamaxx™ performance polymers with the introduction of Vistamaxx 6502.  With a high melt flow rate of 48, Vistamaxx 6502 can enhance the processing efficiencies of polypropylene compounds and filler masterbatch applications to deliver potential increases in productivity and processing cost reductions.  The new grade is U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Union compliant for food contact applications, and is on the Chinese Positive List for resins permitted in food packaging products.

In polypropylene compounding applications, the use of Vistamaxx 6502 can enhance the flow properties while improving the physical property balance of the compound.  Flexibility can be increased, impact strength improved, stress whitening reduced and clarity maintained.  Used with existing compounding equipment, it can deliver cost-effective solutions as it enables lower melt pressures and reduced power consumption for energy savings.  In addition, the need for processing aids may be eliminated.

“Vistamaxx 6502 is well-suited for polypropylene rigid food packaging applications, especially those that use thin wall injection molding.  Beverage cups and food containers are two examples,” said Andre Dallaire, Vistamaxx molding and extrusion segment manager, ExxonMobil Chemical.  “The new grade could provide growth potential for our customers.”

In homopolymer polypropylene applications such as beverage cups, Vistamaxx 6502 provides excellent toughness to reduce breakage, while maintaining clarity after blending.  In applications like storage containers, it provides transparency equivalent to random copolymer polypropylene but with improved impact strength.  In impact copolymer polypropylene applications such as luggage, it can reduce stress whitening while providing an excellent property balance.

As a polymer carrier in masterbatch applications, Vistamaxx 6502 enhances flow while allowing high filler loading of materials, such as calcium carbonate.  This enables compounders to differentiate their products and develop cost-effective solutions for customers.


<cell biology, molecular biology> Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity, it is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome, the existence of which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms.

Genes are formed from DNA, carried on the chromosomes and are responsible for the inherited characteristics that distinguish one individual from another. Each human individual has an estimated 100,000 separate genes.

Given the occurrence of split genes, it might be redefined as the set of DNA sequences (exons) that are required to produce a single polypeptide.

(09 Oct 1997)


Official reprint from UpToDate®

Medline ® Abstract for Reference 71

of 'Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis'

La Cava A, Nelson JL, Ollier WE, MacGregor A, Keystone EC, Thorne JC, Scavulli JF, Berry CC, Carson DA, Albani S
J Clin Invest. 1997;100(3):658.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with HLA-DRbeta1 alleles which contain the QKRAA amino acid sequence in their third hypervariable region(s). The QKRAA sequence is also expressed by several human pathogens. We have shown previously that an Escherichia coli peptide encompassing QKRAA is a target of immune responses in RA patients. Here we address two questions: first, whether QKRAA may function as an "immunological cassette" with similar, RA-associated, immunogenic properties when expressed by other common human pathogens; and second, what is the influence of genetic background in the generation of these responses. We find that early RA patients have enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus and Brucella ovis and Lactobacillus lactis antigens which contain the QKRAA sequence. These results suggest that the QKRAA sequence is an antigenic epitope on several different microbial proteins, and that RA patients recognize the immunological cassette on different backgrounds. ANOVA of immune responses to "shared epitope" antigens in monozygotic twin couples shows that, despite significantly elevated responses in affected individuals, a similarity between pairs is retained, thus suggesting a role played either by hereditary or shared environmentalfactors in the genesis or maintenance of these responses.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0663, USA. antonio@ucsd.edu


Farmers Defeat POSCO Steel, Turn to Reclaim Betel Leaf Economy

In a unique case of victory of the agrarian economy over mineral-based industrial economy, betel leaf farming in the Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha proved to be more dependable and promising than the proposed $12 billion integrated steel plant project planned by one of the world’s largest steel producer POSCO.

The betel leaf stood firm against steel and forced the South Korean steel major out of its Odisha project. POSCO confirmed the withdrawal of its project by requesting the Odisha government to take back the land transferred in its name, according to a statement by Odisha’s Industry Minister Devi Prasad Mishra made on 18 March.

POSCO had suspended its the project in July 2015, and later decided to temporarily freeze the project in 2016.

Experts say POSCO had to drop the idea of investment in Odisha as the project couldn’t make any progress over the years due to strong resistance by local people. Since signing a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Odisha government for the project on 22 June 2005, POSCO faced consistent opposition from local people, many of whom were betel leaf cultivators.

Betel Leaf Economy

It’s important to realise the economic importance of betel leaf in order to understand the factors behind people’s fight against the gigantic project that would have attracted the largest investment by a foreign company to India.

“This is not just a leaf, but the soul of our life and economy, and the source of income that no industry can offer us,” said Ramesh Chandra Pashayat of Govindpur village, who had lost his betel vineyard for the POSCO project.

Sridhar Swain, of Govindpur village said:

Sridhar Swain After meeting all expenses and making the labour payments, I used to earn around Rs 50,000 a month from my vineyard on nearly 40 decimal of land. Besides this, the cashew plants around it fetched me be Rs 30,000-40,000 in a season. The mango and moringa trees in the vicinity always supported our food and income as well.

“Given the fact that I don’t have any formal education, can POSCO or any other industry offer me an opportunity of this kind?”

Sridhar told

This is the reason why we opposed POSCO and wanted to protect our land and the dependable source of livelihood — the betel vines

A transit camp lies abandoned after supporters of the POSCO project were evicted (Photo: The Village Square)

Stronger Than Steel

According to the farmers, the vineyards raised by the villagers had the potential to employ thousands of people from this locality and even from outside. The daily transaction in the betel leaf business in the area exceeded Rs 5 million.

Based on facts collected on the ground, the Routledge International Handbook of Criminology and Human Rights notes:

The cultivation of betel leaf generated significant income. Destruction through the project development promised little compared to the social, economic and cultural benefits of existing livelihoods.

As per rough estimates, a vineyard raised on an acre (100 decimal) of land usually fetches the farmer a profit over Rs 1 million every year. This means every decimal of land pays the farmer at least Rs 10,000 a year. This economics probably made the betel leaf stronger than steel, and a better choice for people.

“While acquiring land for POSCO, the government offered us Rs 11,500 per decimal of land as one-time compensation money. How could a farmer sacrifice the land permanently for such a meagre compensation?” questioned Bishnu Das, a betel leaf grower.

Forceful Demolition

Despite strong opposition from the farmers, the government didn’t heed to their voice and demands. Going by its unilateral decision in favour of POSCO, the local administration demolished hundreds of acres of vineyards by force. “Some of the vineyard owners were forced to accept the compensation money and vacate their land, while at least 32 farmers didn’t get any compensation for their vineyards,” said Nibha Samal, a farmer.

60-year-old Shiba Bardhan told

I had spent nearly Rs 3 lakh to raise my vineyard on 60 decimals. The administration demolished it but didn’t pay any compensation money. The list of farmers published by the administration listed many who never had a vineyard, while several of the real farmers didn’t feature in the list. We have filed cases against such injustice done to us by the administration.

“They not only destroyed the betel vines, but also cleaned the area by cutting trees around, and made our green surrounding look like a desert,” said Gouri Das, a woman farmer.

An anguished Gouri Das, seen here with her son Ranjan Das, has lost her land to the now-abandoned steel project. (Photo: The Village Square)

Battle Won, But Challenges Remain

Despite all efforts to curb the people’s movement and acquire the land, POSCO is now a lost dream for the Odisha government. On the other hand, though the people’s movement came out victorious so far, it’s only a lose-lose situation for the people who lost their land, livelihood sources and everything for POSCO.

Their betel vines were demolished with promises that the upcoming project would provide an alternate livelihood. As the industry didn’t come, their livelihood is now completely lost.

“The compensation money they paid has been exhausted by now because we had to live without any immediate employment. The project didn’t happen. We are now reduced to daily wagers. How will we survive with a daily wage of 200 rupees?” asks an angry Gouri Das who has lost his land.

Also Read: 1 Dead in Gas Leak at Odisha Steel Plant; 5 Hospitalised

“The government forgot all its promises like an interim stipend, alternate livelihood etc. So, once farmers, we live like beggars today,” said Ramesh Das, who has not only lost his land but has also broken his hand in the conflict between people and the government over the POSCO project.

Those who extended whole-hearted support for the project and submitted their land are living a more miserable life. “The government betrayed us. We surrendered all our resources to see the industry in our area, and enjoy the benefits of industrialisation. But the government couldn’t make it possible.

Nor has it returned the land to us to continue our traditional economic activities like raising betel vines to make a survival,” said Tamil Pradhan, leader of people who supported the government.

The most pathetic story is of the people who sacrificed everything for POSCO and were kept by the government in a transit colony. “They were the first supporters of the project. But as POSCO decided to freeze the project, we suddenly became a burden on the government.

The administration threatened to disconnect electricity and lock the houses unless we vacate the transit colony immediately and return home,” said Chandan Mohanty of Patana village, who was also the president of the POSCO Transit Colony Association.

“The administration didn’t even bother to shift us to our village safely. So we had to negotiate with people who opposed POSCO project and came back to our village to live our own destiny,” he said with agony.

Sounds of Another Battle

As the plights of people keep increasing since POSCO has shown indications to withdraw its Odisha project, the discontent among people of the project area is simmering too. “Since POSCO has scrapped the Odisha project and the government has not taken any responsibility of the affected people and the land losers, the lands must be returned to people immediately,” said Tamil Pradhan who also hinted that the affected people and land losers are to hold a meeting soon to decide on the issues and to reoccupy their land.

“If the government was not sure about the intentions of POSCO, why did it take away and ruin our guaranteed source of livelihood? Even if we get the land, where shall we get money to raise our vineyards again?” asked Jayanti Pashayat and many other farmers who have lost their land that was acquired for the POSCO project.

Also Read: A King-Sized Guava That Keeps Farmers Smiling

Even the POSCO Pratirodh Sangram Samiti (PPSS), which opposed the steel project, has announced to start a mass repossession drive in the affected villages.

However, there is very little chance for the land losers to get back their land because as per Odisha government’s revised policy for land acquisition notified on 7 February 2015, “land acquired and possession taken over but not utilised within a period of five years from the date of possession, shall in all cases, revert back to the State and deposited in the Land Bank automatically.”

“The acts of the government are highly questionable because it destroyed the sources of people’s livelihood, and couldn’t bring the industry to fulfil its promises of alternate livelihood.

Putting people in such a miserable state is purely anti-people, and against the very spirit of democracy. We won’t allow this to continue and won’t allow the farm lands to be converted for any other use,” said Abhay Sahu, president of PPSS.

PPSS Spokesperson Prashant PaikrayShortly, we are going to start another movement against the government and mobilise people to repossess their farmlands and reconstruct their vineyards for the cultivation of betel leaves.

The sounds of another war to reoccupy the land and revival of the betel leaf economy have started reverberating in the villages surrounding the land acquired in the name of the POSCO project.

(Read the original article on The Village Square)


Explore Monkeys, Poland and more!

#staroscin #poland #holiday #monkey #mine

#staroscin #poland #holiday #monkey #mine

LOL...Sea Monkeys ~ This is what I thought was going to grow in my water at the age of 10!!

Sea-Monkeys are probably the easiest pets you can ever own, and they were probably the first pet I ever had. This article tells you more about Sea Monkeys and where to buy them.

r u mine // arctic monkeys satisfaction feels like a distant memory, and I can't help my self, all I wanna hear you say is "R U mine?"

This song is from the Arctic Monkeys called, "R U Mine". The Arctic Monkeys is a indie rock band. Indie rock is typically chill and gives off a calming vibe. I think that today if Siddhartha was listening to this, he would probably be meditating to it.

I remember the banana that mine held in his hand. They all did, but that is the first thing I thought of when I saw this. Yes, she had one too! We also had imaginary monkeys. Mine as Chad and hers was Chipper. Funny the things you can remember. Sweet memories!

My nana still has hers on my dads bed and the monkey is like 50 years old


Carnage ★★★

Based on a stage-play, Polanski doesn't shoot CARNAGE in any radical way. Instead you get four great 'big' performances from a fine cast in this brisk no fuss comedy.

The Count's Verdict: If you find plays on film inherently uncinematic then give this a pass. However, if like me, you still think a strong performance by a talented actor is engaging regardless of the medium then you'll find plenty to entertain in this exaggerated comedic farce.


The tatara (鑪) is the traditional Japanese furnace used for smelting iron and steel. The word later also came to mean the entire building housing the furnace.

The steel, or tamahagane (玉鋼), used in the forging of Japanese swords, nihontō (日本刀), commonly known as katana (刀?)) by contemporary Japanese forge masters like Kihara Akira and Gassan Sadatoshi is still smelted in a tatara. One of the few remaining tatara is the Nittoho tatara in Shimane Prefecture, Japan.


시간 제한 메모리 제한 제출 정답 맞은 사람 정답 비율
1 초 128 MB 7 3 3 50.000%

The great hall of the national museum has been robbed few times recently. Everyone is now worried about the security of the treasures on display. To help secure the hall, the museum contracted with a private security company to provide additional guards to stay in the great hall and keep an eye on the ancient artifacts. The museum would like to hire the minimum number of additional guards so that the great hall is secured.

The great hall is represented as a two dimensional grid of R × C cells. Some cells are already occupied with the museum’s guards. All remaining cells are occupied by artifacts of different types (statues, sculptures, . . . etc.) which can be replaced by new hired guards. For each artifact, few other cells in the hall are identified as critical points of the artifact depending on the artifact value, type of vault it is kept inside, and few other factors. In other words, if this artifact is going to stay in the hall then all of its critical points must have guards standing on them. A guard standing in a critical position of multiple artifacts can keep an eye on them all. A guard, however, can not stand in a cell which contains an artifact (instead, you may remove the artifact to allow the guard to stay there). Also you can not remove an artifact and leave the space free (you can only replace an artifact with a new hired guard).

Surveying all the artifacts in the great hall you figured out that the critical points of any artifact (marked by a ⊗) are always a subset of the 12 neighboring cells as shown in the grid below.

Accordingly, the type of an artifact can be specified as a non-negative integer where the i-th bit is 1 only if critical point number i from the picture above is a critical point of that artifact. For example an artifact of type 595 (in binary 1001010011) can be pictured as shown in the figure below. Note that bits are numbered from right to left (the right-most bit is bit number 1.) If a critical point of an artifact lies outside the hall grid then it is considered secure.

You are given the layout of the great hall and are asked to find the minimum number of additional guards to hire such that all remaining artifacts are secured.

Your program will be tested on one or more test cases. Each test case is specified using R+1 lines. The first line specifies two integers (1 ≤ R, C ≤ 50) which are the dimensions of the museum hall. The next R lines contain C integers separated by one or more spaces. The j-th integer of the i-th row is -1 if cell (i, j) already contains one of the museum’s guards, otherwise it contains an integer (0 ≤ T < 212) representing the type of the artifact in that cell.

The last line of the input file has two zeros.

For each test case, print the following line:

k. G

Where k is the test case number (starting at one,) and G is the minimum number of additional guards to hire such that all remaining artifacts are secured.

예제 입력

1 3
512 -1 2048
2 3
512 2560 2048
512 2560 2048
0 0

예제 출력

1. 0
2. 2


Call For a Licensed Plumber: (317) 859-9999

green_plumbing-150x150GREEN PLUMBING IDEAS

Green Plumbing Ideas #1: Start by Limiting water use and eliminate water waste

The earth has a limited supply of water and a constantly growing use pattern, and adding “green” fixtures and plumbing to your home will save the environment, and save you money.

When most people think of high water use, sinks and toilets are first to come to mind, which are two great places to start, but green plumbing possibilities do not end there. There are several ways to be more responsible and cost effective with your water consumption.

Green Plumbing Ideas #2:  Toilet designed for limited water use

Cut water utilization with low flow toilets. There are Dual flow toilets which allow regular flush, or a low flow flush- based on need.  There are also power-flush toilets which use a vacuum suction flush.

Green Plumbing Ideas #3:  Sinks and Shower water usage

All sinks can be fitted with low flow faucets which produce plenty of water for normal use without overloading the system and wasting water. The kitchen sink faucet can be equipped with a hose device for easily turning on water to rinse and automatically shut off the flow when the handle is released. One of the most water wastes of a home is a kitchen sink where water runs constantly during rinsing and washing dishes, pots, and pans.

Sensor operated water flow faucets can be installed in all of the bathrooms to prevent wasting water. The sensor recognizes when a hand is in front of the spigot and turns on and off accordingly.  Sensor operated faucets also help control germs from touching faucets with dirty hands.

Install a low-flow showerhead to control the amount of water used during bathing.

Green Plumbing Ideas #4:  Water Heaters and Other Devices designed with Green in mind!

Water heaters with reservoirs which store large amounts of water and heat it constantly even when there is no demand, not only waste water but huge amounts of energy to heat the container. Tankless water heaters allow hot water to be generated only when called upon and eliminates heating element costs during times water is not being used.

There is the option of installing point of use water heaters. These units do not supply the entire house, but rather specific areas where more hot water may be desired quickly such as showers.

Another alternative is to install a solar powered water heater. This cuts the energy used to heat the water in the containment system.

Green Plumbing Ideas #5: Leak Detection

If you have an unusually high water bill, you may have a plumbing leak and some common areas to look are the toilet and leaky faucets.  Water leak detection can help locate a leak underground or other hard to find leaks. Some plumbers may offer this service, or have a leak detection specialist they work with.


List of Tallest Buildings in India

India is one of the economically developing countries in the world, the buildings which constructed that for commercial purpose and has thousands of buildings that identified as tallest. Mumbai is the largest city and major commercial hub is owns many tallest buildings compared to other cities of India. The Imperial Tower 1 and 2 is the tallest in India with height of 254 meters has 61 floors which was opened in 2010.

RankNameCityHeight (m)(ft)FloorsYear
1Imperial Tower 1Mumbai254 (833 ft)612010
2Imperial Tower 2Mumbai254 (833 ft)612010
3Lodha Bellissimo A & BMumbai222 (728 ft)532012
4Lodha Bellissimo CMumbai222 (728 ft)532012
5Vivarea 1Mumbai200 (656 ft)452012
6Vivarea 2Mumbai200 (656 ft)452012
7Vivarea 3Mumbai200 (656 ft)452012
8Ashok Towers DMumbai193 (633 ft)492009
9The RubyMumbai191 (627 ft)402011
10Orchid Woods 1Mumbai190 (623 ft)552012
11Orchid Woods 2Mumbai190 (623 ft)552012
12Orchid Woods 3Mumbai190 (623 ft)552012
13Urmi EstateMumbai182 (597 ft)452012
14Planet GodrejMumbai181 (594 ft)512009
15Sunshine TowerMumbai180 (591 ft)402011
16Imperial Heights 1Mumbai180 (591 ft)492011
17Imperial Heights 2Mumbai180 (591 ft)492011
18AntiliaMumbai173 (568 ft)272010
19Vasant GrandeurMumbai172 (564 ft)362010
20Raheja LegendMumbai167 (548 ft)40
21SpringsMumbai160 (525 ft)41
22Rustomjee Elanza 1Mumbai160 (525 ft)36
23Rustomjee Elanza 2Mumbai160 (525 ft)36
24Rustomjee Elanza 3Mumbai160 (525 ft)36
25RNA MirageMumbai158 (518 ft)402008
26Tabrez TowerMumbai158 (518 ft)452008
27World Trade Center MumbaiMumbai156 (512 ft)351970
28Shangri LaMumbai155 (509 ft)402012
29Shreepati ArcadeMumbai153 (502 ft)452002
30Vasant PolarisMumbai151 (495 ft)302009


Which is cheaper? Find a house in Tokyo.

Jul 19, 2016

Finding a house in Tokyo is difficult even for Japanese. I started living in Tokyo 10 years ago. I still remember finding house was a tough job because there were too many options and too many new words I’ve never heard. If you have to find the place to live by yourself, you need to prepare for the information flood. Here I introduce some clues to swim in the flood. I give you 2 options for each question, so guess which is cheaper.

<Apartment vs. Mansion(Condominium)>

The definitions of these 2 words in Japan are different from other countries. Both mean apartment house in Japanese. But apartment (“Apaato”) is made of wood, and mansion is made of reinforced concrete. Apaato are usually older than mansion. So if the same condition, Apaato is cheaper. But wooden houses are colder in winter, and easier to hear the noise from neighbors.

Some old Apaato have been renovated and look pretty nice.
スクリーンショット 2016-07-18 12.43.43

[Reference: realTokyoEstate (http://www.realtokyoestate.co.jp/renovation/case_1r.php)]

<1LDK(One Bed Room) vs. 1K(Bachelor Room)>

They may look like a cipher or something. But when you go to real estate in Japan, you’ll see these words a lot. L means living room, D means dining room and K means kitchen. 1K has 1 room and 1 small kitchen. 1LDK has 1 big room used as a living room, a dining room and a kitchen. Plus 1 more extra room usually used as a bedroom. 1K is usually smaller than 1LDK and cheaper.

Let’s see other types.

2DK room has 3 rooms – 1 dining and kitchen room and 2 extra rooms.

3LDK room has 4 rooms – 1 living, dining and kitchen room and 3 extra rooms.

Typical 1LDK room in Tokyo
スクリーンショット 2016-07-18 12.43.51
[Reference: MONKEY (http://mnky.jp/23039/3)]

<Northern side of Tokyo vs. Southern side of Tokyo>

Northern Tokyo includes cities like Ikebukuro and Sugamo. It’s near Saitama prefecture and far from Tokyo bay.
Southern Tokyo has cities like Shinagawa and Toyosu. It’s near Kanagawa and Kanagawa prefecture and by the bay. All of the cities have Yamanote Line station. Yamanote Line is one of the most used lines by commuters in Japan.

But residences in northen Tokyo is much cheaper than those of southern Tokyo. Southern Tokyo is more like a business area than a residential area. Of course, there are Manshions there, but it’s way expensive so mostly for rich people. I myself live in northern Tokyo. My sister who is a composer lives in southern Tokyo. Our Manshions are the same size but her rent is twice as expensive as ours. Lucky for her, her company pays half so she can afford to live.

Expensive Mansions in Toyosu
スクリーンショット 2016-07-18 12.43.59
[Reference: Wikipedia (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/豊洲)]

Having many options also mean you can find whatever you want. Get as much information as you can and enjoy the adventure.

Move To Japan // Shopping / Service // Houseの最新記事


. .... .

 Below is the progress I've made in the studio this week...a painting I let wait all through the winter and am now trying to finish.  It's 4'x4' and the detail in the sky is done in ink with a script pen nib.  It's taking far longer than I would like and is causing my hand some trouble so it's time to take another, hopefully shorter, break from it.
Above are two sweet little cameras that arrived in the mail yesterday.  A gift from someone thoughtful enough to provide the perfect distraction from the drawing.  I haven't shot film in years and am very much looking forward to playing around with these and seeing what kind of surprises appear....the kind of magic that only happens with film.  It's not just the fact that they are cute and vintage and analogue, but that this is a gift colors the nature of the object....in a very good way.

Vintage Cambodian Accordion

I found this vintage accordion book in an antique store in Saigon years ago.  I'm told it is a Camodian book of tales mixing Hindu and Buddhist stories.  It appears to be a sort of "primer" book....as if someone was learning to illustrate.  There are these beautiful traced lines and, while some of it is drawn gracefully and confidently, some of it appears a bit clumsy, with erasure marks and a sort of titanium "white-out" applied.
I love it for all its flaws and grace.
The calligraphy is amazing....I'm told it is Khmer.
I've never measured the length unfolded but it's about 15" in height and I would guess it might unfold to nearly 12' in length.

Artist Book Collection

Stumbled upon this backyard shed destined for demolition and spent a sweet bit of time just looking and looking and soaking in the details with our cameras.  A pretty perfect way to spend an afternoon.

Brian Dettmer

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Brian Dettmer
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gave myself a deadline in the studio this week.
thought i had got nothing done by 3 pm but when i set out to photograph i found several finished books
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In the Studio

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Katherine the Great....reconstructed
approx dimensions...fits in the palm of your hand
butterfly fold with circles
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Forgotten Girl: Season One - Episode 1 (Steampunk OZ) - Steve DeWinter, S.D. Stuart
I had the honor of meeting the author at a recent convention, and enjoyed talking with him about his books. So, I decided to give this title a try.

"Forgotten Girl" is the first book in a series (which does explain the cliff-hanger at the end). The "Steampunk OZ" series is positioned for mid-grade (8- to 12-year-old) readers ... but I would say that it really depends on the reader and parents may want to prepare themselves for some discussions. A lot of the material is pretty dark, as the tale begins with Dorothy Gale losing her parents and going to live with Uncle Henry and Aunt Em in New Kansas.

Because it's steampunk, there are airships and magical devices all over the place, but not in a "we slapped these in here for no reason" way. The mechanical wonders advance the plot and make for some scientific interest at the same time.

This is an entertaining start to a series, and I look forward to reading more in the future.


earthinspace Earth may once have had a single shell, not tectonic plates. Buddy_Nath / Pixabay

The lithosphere is the rigid outermost shell of a planet, and on Earth, it is divided into tectonic plates. These plates travel around, grind against each other, get submerged underneath each other and provide answers for why we get earthquakes and how mountain ranges form.

However, the Earth may not have always been set up like this. New research from the University of Maryland, Curtin University and the Geological Survey of Western Australia suggests the Earth's first outer layer was a single, solid but malleable shell — it wasn't until later that this shell began to crack into tectonic plates. The study was published in the journal Nature

It has been long debated in the geology community about whether plate tectonics were always around, and this new study suggests that probably wasn't the case. Dr Michael Brown, a Geology professor at the University of Maryland and co-author of the paper likened the single shell to a "stagnant lid."

To come to the conclusion that a single shell was more likely on early Earth,  the team studied rocks collected from the East Pilbara Terrane — a large area of ancient crust in Western Australia, where some of the oldest rocks in the world are found, ranging from 3.5 to 2.5 billion years old.

volcano The Nyiragongo Volcano in Virunga National Park. Cai Tjeenk Willink / Wikimedia Commons

They selected basalt rocks (produced when volcanoes erupt) and granites specifically, which had the same chemical composition as rocks found at volcanic arcs, which are volcanoes that form on a subducting plate — one sinking underneath another. Volcanic arcs are a giveaway that tectonic activity is occurring.

They wanted to find out whether the basalts had melted into granite in a different way other than subduction of the basalt beneath Earth's surface. If subduction wasn't the answer, that would mean plate tectonics weren't happening when the Pilbara granites formed.

To work it out, the team performed thermodynamic calculations to measure how the rocks behaved under various temperature and pressure conditions. They found through a series of modeling experiments that the Pilbara granites could in fact have formed from the Coucal basalts, and this transformation could have happened in the same pressure and temperature conditions associated with a "stagnant lid" or single shell.

When one plate sinks underneath another, the rock starts of relatively cool and then heats up over time. When it reaches a high temperature, it's made it quite far down, and so it's also subjected to high pressure. In comparison, if there was a single shell, rocks would be very hot at relatively shallow depths and low pressures, which is known as a   "high thermal gradient."

"Our results suggest the Pilbara granites were produced by melting of the Coucal basalts or similar materials in a high thermal gradient environment," Brown said in a statement. "Additionally, the composition of the Coucal basalts indicates that they, too, came from an earlier generation of source rocks.

"We conclude that a multi-stage process produced Earth's first continents in a 'stagnant lid' scenario before plate tectonics began."

What would a 'stagnant lid' look like?

Brown told Business Insider that Earth with a single outer shell may have looked like a water world with volcanoes poking through, a bit like Hawaii or the Ontong Java Plateau.

You could assume that there wouldn't be as many mountain ranges and rifts if the Earth had a single shell, because of the lack of tectonic movement, but Brown said this is unlikely.

"There might have been differences in crustal thickness, and therefore depth of water above," he told Business Insider. "There would have been many, many more volcanic edifices because magmatism is the way the inner Earth loses heat."

As for why the Earth formed tectonic plates rather than staying in this state forever, Brown said this is the million dollar question.

"It must relate to formation of a more evolved crust, weakening of the lithosphere due to down-welling and maybe accumulation of damage in the lithosphere over time," he said. "This is the tough question that we have yet to answer."


Home / Commentary / Selecting the Right Gyroscope

Selecting the Right Gyroscope

Tom KevanLast month’s column looked at the rise of motion sensing and its role in expanding the functionality of mobile devices. Against this backdrop, we reviewed the basics of accelerometer technology. This month, let’s look at another leading motion sensor: The gyroscope, a technology that offers a way of measuring angular rotation across three axes, providing data on roll, pitch and yaw. In addition to measuring these parameters, design engineers can use a gyroscope to improve the accuracy of an accelerometer operating in the same inertial measurement unit.

While these features made traditional gyroscopes a logical candidate for mobile interfaces designed to serve context-aware applications, a few obstacles still remained. These included size and sensitivity. Before gyroscopes could achieve their full potential in mobile applications, sensor makers had to address these shortcomings.

Gyroscopes 101

Enter MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) technology, a microfabrication technique that delivers greater sensitivity in a smaller form factor. By making the shift to MEMS-based devices, design engineers can take on a new class of applications, changing the mobile landscape in the process.

Although MEMS gyroscopes include piezoelectric- and laser-based designs, many rely on a tuning-fork configuration that uses the Coriolis effect to measure the angular rate. With this approach, the two tines of the tuning fork oscillate, moving in opposite directions. When angular velocity is applied, the Coriolis force on each tine acts in opposite directions, resulting in a change in capacitance proportional to the applied angular rate. The sensors convert this change in capacitance into output voltage for analog gyroscopes or LSBs for digital gyroscopes.

An important strength of this type of sensor is its ability to measure complex motion accurately in multiple dimensions. As a result, it can track the position and rotation of a moving object, unlike accelerometers that only determine that an object is moving in a particular direction. In addition, errors related gravitational and magnetic fields do not affect the performance of this type of gyroscope. Armed with these features, these sensors go a long way toward enabling advanced motion applications in consumer devices, such as gesture control.

Selection Criteria

The challenge for design engineers has been to identify the parameters that help them choose the most appropriate gyroscope for an application. While much has been written about nonlinearity, noise density and bias repeatability, experts generally consider bias instability and acceleration sensitivity to be the key parameters engineers should focus on during the selection process.

Bias instability describes the resolution floor of the gyroscope, specifying the device’s detection limitations. The bias of a vibratory gyroscope represents the device’s average output when it is at rest, a state referred to as the zero rate output. Bias instability measurements describe how the bias of a gyroscope changes over a specific period of time under constant temperature and pressure. These measurements are usually expressed in degrees per hour or degrees per second.

Designers must also consider sensitivity to acceleration and vibration because these forces affect the output of the gyroscope. Sensitivity results from asymmetries in the gyroscope’s mechanical design or micromachining inaccuracies. Gyroscopes manifest acceleration sensitivity in several ways, and the degree of their reactions varies from one design to another. Sensitivity to linear acceleration–or g sensitivity–produces the most significant errors, especially in mobile devices.

Knowing the importance of these two parameters is half the equation. We also have to minimize the impact of error sources. Environmental factors like temperature adversely affect bias instability. Most MEMS gyroscope data sheets, however, specify the impact of temperature, so a designer can use this information to calibrate the application to compensate for this type of error.

Correcting for g sensitivity is another matter, and it often proves more difficult. The most common approach is to add a mechanical anti-vibration mount, where the gyroscope assembly is isolated by rubber. The trouble with the technique is that the mount can be difficult to engineer because of its flat response over a broad frequency range and the fact that vibration-reduction characteristics change over temperature and the operating life of the device. Ultimately, the most important step is to select a gyroscope based on its vibration-rejection capabilities.

About Tom Kevan


Broccoli has long been known as one of the vegetables that are healthy because of the various benefits and nutritional value in it. Broccoli not only contain antioxidants including vitamin C, broccoli is also a natural source of folic acid. Intake of folic acid helps prevent heart disease. Green vegetables and also potentially protect against the development of cancer.

Broccoli is one of the foods that are full of nutrients, but it has a low calorie, other than that, this vegetable is also often a healthy choice for those who want to lose weight.

Broccoli Nutrition Facts

Here are raw Broccoli nutrition fact per 100 g based on USDA
Energy141 kJ
Carbohydrates6.64 g
Sugars1.7 g
Dietary fiber2.6 g
Fat0.37 g
Protein2.82 g
Water89.3 g
Vitamin A equiv.31 μg
beta-carotene361 μg
lutein and zeaxanthin1403 μg
Thiamine0.071 mg
Riboflavin0.117 mg
Niacin0.639 mg
Pantothenic acid0.573 mg
Vitamin B60.175 mg
Folate63 μg
Vitamin C89.2 mg
Vitamin E0.78 mg
Vitamin K101.6 μg
Calcium47 mg
Iron0.73 mg
Magnesium21 mg
Manganese0.21 mg
Phosphorus66 mg
Potassium316 mg
Zinc0.41 mg

Health benefits of Broccoli

1. Anti cancer
The American Cancer Society recommends eating broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables because they contain anti-cancer phytochemicals. Epidemiological studies indicate that a diet rich in broccoli can reduce the risk of some types of cancer such as breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer.

2. Anti aging
Broccoli also has anti-aging properties that can reverse the effects of aging.

3. Helps digestion
Broccoli is rich in fiber, which aids digestion and helps prevent constipation.

4. Detoxifying
The presence of vitamin C, sulfur amino acids make broccoli a very good antidote. Broccoli helps eliminate free radicals and toxins like uric acid from the body.

5. Help control diabetes

6. Boost the immune system
Broccoli is a good source of vitamin C, an essential nutrient that helps maintain the immune system.

7. Keeping healthy eyes
Studies have shown that beta-carotene in broccoli can protect the eyes against macular degeneration and prevent cataracts.

8. Protects against ultraviolet radiation
Researchers found that the compound sulforaphane in broccoli helps reduce skin damage and inflammation caused by exposure to UV radiation.

9. Strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis
Because it is rich in calcium, magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus, broccoli helps maintain strong bones and keep the bones strong. Eating broccoli is very beneficial to the elderly and pregnant women, because people are more susceptible to osteoporosis.

10. Preventing anemia
Anemia is usually directly related to iron deficiency. Iron and folatyang acid found in broccoli can help prevent iron deficiency anemia.

11. Helping a healthy pregnancy
Broccoli is a good source of folate which helps prevent neural defects such as spina bifida in the fetus. All women need a source of folate during pregnancy.

12. Reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease
A study showed that a diet high in folate may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease and broccoli is one of the foods that contain this substance.

13. Lowering cholesterol and high blood pressure
Broccoli is rich in cholesterol-lowering fiber, chromium and potassium fiber that can help lower cholesterol and control blood pressure.

14. Reducing the risk of heart disease
Lutein is a carotenoid contained in broccoli can prevent thickening of the arteries in the heart, thus reducing the risk of heart disease, especially stroke.

15. Weight loss when dieting
Broccoli is very low in calorie content. Approximately 146 grams of broccoli contains less than 50 calories and therefore broccoli is very good for people who want to lose weight. Therefore, it would be better if you could eat broccoli every day as a healthy food.

How to Cook Broccoli

  • Before Cooked broccoli should be cleaned first by rinsing with cold water, but do not soak. Because of by soaking broccoli can remove most of the nutrients contained in it.
  • In order for vitamins contained in broccoli is not lost in processing broccoli should be cooked briefly, no more than 5 minutes.
  • Boil broccoli will eliminate the important nutrients in it, ie 50% of folate in broccoli will be lost.
  • Cooking broccoli by steaming is much better to maintain the positive benefits and efficacy of these vegetables. But if you still want to cook broccoli by boiling, use the amount of water that is not too much, and boil the broccoli in a pan covered so as not to waste a lot of vitamins through the steam that comes out during the boiling process.
  • When wanting cook broccoli, you should cook the stems first (approximately 1-2 minutes), followed by cooking flowerets. This is because part of the stalk harder and takes longer to cook.

How to Store Broccoli

Broccoli sometimes does not last long. How to save the broccoli is one of the problems that often arise separately. Good storage is stored in a plastic bag, then put in the fridge. Do not wash the broccoli when will be saved. The vegetables should be eaten as soon as possible is to maintain the freshness and nutrition
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China house

When you are visiting Penang, Malaysia China House Restaurant should be on your list. Whether you want to have a meal or a snack, you should stop here at China House. It is famous and people all over the world goes there to eat. Compared to other restaurants in the area, that is popular and has the most people gathering there. The other name for Malaysia should be the ultimate travel destination and it is not all about bathing in the sun or shopping. It is also about eating at a heritage building. That is when China House comes into action.

China house

Most of the people who come here says that they came for eating the cakes. After it opened during 2011, the restaurant has redefined Penang’s café ground entirely. It is not those regular cafés where people grab a cup of coffee or a slice of cake. The place itself has three division with completely dissimilar menus and it is not just a place to eat. It is an art gallery, wine bar, library, swimming pool etc.

Located between Victoria Street and Beach Street, China House is the stretched café at Penang, calculating to be about 120 meters (400 feet) from one end to other. The whole place contains three attached buildings that are connected altogether by a common courtyard. People can come here from both streets.

There are 14 parts to this place and is full of elegance and grace. The planning of the floor plan is to some extent resembling a maze: It takes more than a minute to find your way out.

Kopi C is the most popular eatery over there. It is an Australian-style snack bar remains open throughout the day, serving dishes that people in Penang eats regularly and guests like those dishes as well. They also have Western breakfast, sandwich and salad at lunch and entrees that are quick and easy at dinner.

Kopi C has more staffs more to prepare coffee, to be exact there are seven baristas that work for the customers to satisfy their coffee needs. The coffee beans come from Singapore and there is more barista than any other place in the area.

For fine dining, the BTB Restaurant (Bon Ton Bistro restaurant) is the place for dining. There are various kinds of delicacies on the menu: Malay, Middle Eastern and Western. It opens at 6:30 PM and closes at 10:30 PM.

If you are a night owl like most people are right now because of technology, there is a place for you. People likes to stay up at night now rather than waking up early in the morning. It is the canteen where you can eat and stay there at night.

China house Restaurant

You can take Bento box for eating at home and convenience. The place is full of people during Saturdays and Sundays. Music plays there after 9 PM. There is performance that starts in the afternoon of weekends. There is a show called Comedy Night that happens once a month. That will be an exceptional night for you because you will get to laugh out loud by hearing jokes from comedian from all over the world.

You can get any drink you want and feel free to talk to anyone. If you are on a journey, you can stop at “The Canteen” to grab a drink or get something to eat so that you can energize yourself during the tour.  There is a portion which allows extra guests. You do not have to worry if there is a crowd. There is always going to room for you! For parties, it can fit 80 people and for proper dining you can have 40 guests.

Vic’s Upstairs is upstairs from The Canteen. It is a stylish and cozy place. There are sofas and sophisticated furniture offer a unique background for private occasions. There is the pool billiard table which will let you have a great time with your friends.

An astonishing feature of China House is its bakery arm – Beach Street Bakery. A team containing 12 pastry chefs who work to make many kinds of cakes at any time you want. There are cheesecakes, sponge cakes, cookies and pies just to name some of them. There is nothing constant here and new items add it occasionally.

The Beach Street Bakery remains open the whole day, and you cannot miss their cake. If you want to order a cake, you have to inform them 24 hours before. If you have some time and want to spend it beautifully, there is a Reading Room. You can also donate books if you want. The books are amazing and they will take you get your mind off the daily disturbances.

If you are a visitor who loves art, you should not miss the art gallery above the BTB restaurant. There are many arts displayed there which will let you have a wonderful time at China House. The best part is when you come across an art that you want to keep with yourself forever, you can buy that by asking the price from the staff.

There is a shop beside the gallery where you can get anything you want for yourself as a remembrance your visit to this place. When you are going to have, a meeting related to your business do not settle for somewhere boring. Rather have the conference at 14 Chairs. The room has an elegant setting perfect for any official meeting.

In the middle of the place there is a landscape just like the Suzhou Chinese Gardens. One of the fun part is that you can sit anywhere you like still enjoy the menu. For example, being at Kopi C you can choose food from the bakery, the Canteen or the BTB. The food of the place is delicious. They also serve many interesting sides such as prawn crackers, mango and cashew nut kerabu, achar (pickled vegetables) and sambal belacan (dehydrated shrimp chili paste) etc. You can have sea bass with moist mashed potato. All these exotic tastes will make your trip to China House much more exciting.


Resource sheets

Feel free to download these resource sheets created by our staff.

Formation of the Seneca Nation of Indians

For one century, the Onöndowa´ga:´ (Seneca) faced warfare and political turmoil associated with land grabbing.  The influx of European immigrants onto the Onöndowa´ga:´ territories affected the social, religious, and political institutions.  Warfare ceased by the end of the 18th century, but the pressure to assimilate to American culture practices as well as to sell land continued to exist.  The Onöndowa´ga:´ lost all their territories by 1838.  The Compromise Treaty of 1842 and the 1857 Tonawanda Treaty returned present day Onöndowa´ga:´ lands.

The history of detrimental land sales, the influence of the Quakers, and the dispute between the people and the Chiefs in 1848 culminated into a government revolution on December 4, 1848 on the Cattaraugus Territory.  The Onöndowa´ga:´ formed an elective government with executive, legislative, and judical branches, mirroring the United States form of government, who ironically modeled their new republic on the Hodinöhsö:ni´ (People of the longhouse) democratic form of government.

The Executive Branch (President, Treasurer, and Clerk) rotates every two years with the President and Clerk from one territory and Treasurer from the other territory.  The Legislative Branch has 8 elected Councilors from the Allegany Territory and 8 elected Councilors from the Cattaraugus Territory.  The Judicial Branch has 6 Peacemakers, 2 Surrogate Judges, and a Court of Appeals, which was created in 1993.  The Onöndowa´ga:´ are known as the Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI).

The SNI is a federally recognized tribal nation and holds title to three territories in the western region of New York State.  The Cattaraugus Territory is located in the counties of Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, and Erie and extends along the Cattaraugus Creek from Gowanda, N.Y. to the shore of Lake Erie.  The Allegany Territory  is located in Cattaraugus County and extends from the Pennsylvania border up the Allegany River to Vandalia, N.Y.  The Oil Springs Territory, which is one square mile, is located in Allegany County near Cuba Lake.

814 Broad Street
Salamanca, NY
(716) 945-1760


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Identify the Warning Signs

When you ride along with an older driver to look for signs of poor driving, keep in mind it doesn’t necessarily mean the person should not drive. Often, poor driving behaviors can be improved with training or by addressing an underlying medical condition that affects driving. A trained medical professional can help identify treatment options that may help improve – not limit – safe driving ability.

Here are common warning signs:

  • Do other senior drivers honk or pass frequently, even when the traffic stream is moving relatively slowly? This may indicate difficulty keeping pace with fast-changing conditions.
  • Does the senior driver get lost or disoriented easily, even in familiar places? This could indicate problems with working memory or early cognitive decline.

If you ride with a driver who exhibits one or more of the warning signs, consider discussing the benefits of getting a comprehensive driving assessment to help identify and address any risky driving behaviors and maximize safe driving.

Most people know when their driving skills and abilities aren’t as sharp as they used to be. Two of the most common coping mechanisms used by unsafe senior drivers include:

  • Driving too slow or too fast for conditions. Driving too slow can be a sign that the driver is compensating for slowed reflexes or reduced reaction time. Those who drive too fast may not realize how fast they are traveling or be overcompensating due to a fear of being noticed for driving too slowly.

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration