Ousted Park to attend hearing on arrest warrant

Assembly ratifies US FTA as GNP rams through motion

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Published : 2011-11-22 15:22
Updated : 2011-11-22 20:28

The National Assembly on Tuesday passed the long-pending Korea-U.S. free trade agreement, with the ruling Grand National Party pressing ahead with the ratification process despite vehement objection from opposition parties.

Upbraiding the majority GNP and the government for “unilateral action,” the main opposition Democratic Party pledged to stage an “all-out struggle” to invalidate the pact, part of which it claims should be renegotiated to protect local industries.

The passage is expected to escalate the persistent partisan standoff at the National Assembly at a time when ruling and opposition parties should cooperate to handle a series of key bills, including the 2012 state budget plan.

A total of 151 lawmakers voted in favor of the deal while seven voted against it with 12 abstaining. Out of the total 295 lawmakers, 170 participated in the full-house vote during the unicameral legislature’s plenary session.

The Assembly also passed 14 related bills needed for the implementation of the pact.

The passage came more than four years after the two governments signed the landmark deal to tear down trade barriers between the allies. The U.S. Congress passed it last month when President Lee Myung-bak visited Washington.

The Seoul government said that it would make the “utmost efforts” to effectuate it on Jan. 1 as the two governments have agreed. It claims that the pact would help boost the export-driven economy and further strengthen the Korea-U.S. alliance.

When the pact with the U.S. takes effect next year, Korea will have free trade agreements with a total of 45 countries including Chile, Singapore, India and Peru.

As widely expected, a rowdy scene unfolded as Rep. Kim Sun-dong of the leftwing Democratic Labor Party set off a tear gas canister at the Assembly speaker’s seat in the main chamber to block the voting procedure.

It was the first time in history that a tear gas canister was detonated to hamper the legislation process.

The long-awaited vote came after Vice Speaker Chung Ui-hwa of the GNP bypassed the panel session to set up a full-house vote. The bill had been pending at the Assembly’s trade committee with opposition legislators blocking lower-level deliberation sessions.

Assembly Speaker Park Hee-tae, a former GNP chairman, delegated his authority to Chung to call and preside over the plenary session after mobilizing his security personnel to maintain order and forestall physical clashes among the political foes.

The ruling party took a surprise action to pass the bill after its eleventh-hour efforts to find common ground with the rival DP failed.

Earlier in the day, GNP floor leader Rep. Hwang Woo-yea met with his DP counterpart Rep. Kim Jin-pyo, but failed to reconcile differences. After their general meeting, GNP lawmakers occupied the main chamber in a surprise move for ratification.

The GNP holds 169 seats out of a total of 295. In order to pass the motion, a minimum of 148 was required to attend the plenary session.

DP leader Rep. Sohn Hak-kyu expressed deep anger over the passage, vowing to invalidate the pact.

“From this time onward, we declare the passage is invalid as the GNP unilaterally rammed it through parliament. We will stage a campaign to nullify it,” he told reporters.

“This government staged another ‘coup’ again. We, the DP, deeply apologize to the citizens for failing to block the coup.”

The major bone of contention was a set of controversial clauses on the Investor-State Disputes settlement mechanism. The DP demanded that they, at the very least, should be removed from the FTA agreement.

The ISD system allows U.S. investors to seek settlements on disputes with the Korean government in the courts of a third country. The DP argues that this would work mostly favor the U.S. as a super power.

Cheong Wa Dae said that it would draw up follow-up measures to support farmers and other mid- and small-business operators who are likely to be affected by the free trade deal.

“We thank citizens for their long support for the FTA with the U.S. We are also grateful to the lawmakers for making efforts for a long time to pass the motion,” said Choe Geum-nak, senior presidential secretary for public relations.

“The government will actively consider issues for farmers and local businesses ― raised through the parliamentary deliberation process ― and craft follow-up measures to help strengthen their competitiveness.”

Choe also stressed that President Lee Myung-bak’s earlier offer to seek renegotiations over the ISD clauses after the pact takes effect is still valid.

“After the pact goes into effect, one of the clauses in it states that if any side takes issue with it, a renegotiation is possible within 90 days of the effectuation. The government will accept it should the Assembly make a request based on the clause,” he said.

Assembly Speaker Park expressed regret for failing to reach bipartisan consensus over the pact.

“I have tried my best to reach a bipartisan agreement over the pact, but failed to do so. For that, I am sorry,” he said in a press release.

The GNP said that the surprise move was an “inevitable choice.”

“It was an inevitable choice to overcome the limits at the Assembly where we had difficulty taking even one step ahead due to the objections for the sake of political gains from the opposition parties including the DP,” said GNP spokesperson Rep. Kim Gi-hyeon.

By Song Sang-ho (sshluck@heraldcorp.com)


More than 200 artifacts from Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region of China, are currently on display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County through May 22. According to museum officials, the exhibition is the first collaboration between an American museum and the Government of the People's Republic of China.

The exhibition, titled "Genghis Khan: Treasures from Inner Mongolia," spans 3,500 years of Mongol history from the second millennium B.C. to the 14th century, culminating with the reign of Genghis Khan.

During the 13th century, the infamous Genghis Khan, or "oceanic or universal ruler," conquered and reigned over an empire that extended from eastern Hungary across Asia to Korea. Known for his legendary brutality, Genghis Khan is credited, nonetheless, with the development of a written Mongol language, a comprehensive legal system and the efficient "orto" courier system, an earlier-- and more rigorous -- version of the pony express.

The collection includes gold and silver plates and vessels, bronze weapons, documents, pottery and Chinese blue and white porcelain.

Some highlights are a bronze Yin-Yang sword with the figure of a man on one side of the hilt and a woman on the other, once used by the Eastern Hu people (11th to the 4th century B.C.), a pair of tomb guardian figures dating from the Northern Wei Dynasty (A.D. 386 to 534), and flat-bottomed gold cups used to ladle wine similar to the ones Marco Polo described seeing at the courts of Genghis Khan and his grandson Kublai Kahn.

In addition to the artifacts, the multimedia exhibit will also include a full-size re-creation of the recently excavated 14th-century tomb of a Mongol nobleman.

The exhibit is scheduled to travel to the American Museum of Natural History in New York in September and to the Tennessee State Museum in Nashville in December before continuing on to Canada.

Admission to the Los Angeles exhibit and museum, which is open Wednesday to Sunday, is $8. Information: (213) 744-3466.

Photo: Painted wooden coffin, early Liao dynasty, (10th century). (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County)


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The Routledge History of Literature in English: Britain and Ireland

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Santrauka: This new guide to the main developments in the history of British and Irish Literature uniquely charts some of the main features of literary language development and highlights key language topics. Clearly structured and highly readable, it spans over a thousand years of literary history from AD 600 to the present day. It emphasizes the growth of literary writing, its traditions, conventions and changing characters but also includes literature from the margins, both geographical and culturally. Key features of the textbook include: * an up-to-date guide to the major periods of literature in English in Britain and Ireland * extensive coverage of post-1945 literature * language notes spanning AD 600 to the present * extensive quotations from poetry, prose and drama * a timeline of the important historical and political events * a special text design to enhance its usefulness * a foreword by novelist Malcolm Bradbury The Routledge History of Literature in English will interest students and teachers of literature and language worldwide.

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Tallest Man Ever – Robert Wadlow

For reasons that are probably best left to be explained by psychiatrists and psychologists, we humans seem to have a real fascination with things that set records – and it doesn’t seem to matter what kind! Most everyone is familiar with the Guinness Book of World Records which is all about the biggest, the smallest, the tallest and just about anything else you can think of that sets some kind of record. In this particular case, we’re interested in the tallest man who ever lived, or perhaps it should be stated as the tallest man on record who ever lived, since it is possible that someone taller could have lived long before humans started keeping records of such things.

Alton, Illinois was home to the tallest man whoever lived in recorded history. His name was Robert Wadlow, and he was born on February 22, 1918 to Addie Johnson and Harold Wadlow. The Wadlows would go on to have four more children after Robert, who was their first born. It did not take long for Robert to show signs that he was destined to grow taller than anyone else in recorded history. By the time he was just 12 years old he was already taller than his father who stood at 5 feet 11 inches tall, and certainly would not have been considered a man of short stature. At that time his weight was recorded to be 287 pounds (130 kg).

His size resulted in many challenges that started early in life. Around the same time he surpassed his father’s height, the school he attended had to construct a special desk to accommodate is unusually large frame. Robert eventually decided to study law, and enrolled in Shurtleff College after he graduated from high school in 1936. By that time he was already standing 8 feet 4 inches tall, and was already well on his way to becoming the tallest person ever.

The human body is not well-suited to deal with the demands that such a large frame places on it, and Robert began to experience problems with his lower extremities. Leg braces helped him overcome the difficulties he had with the feeling in his legs and feet, and he managed to get around without ever having to use a wheelchair. It’s quite likely that a specially-designed wheelchair would have been required if he had.

Wadlow became very well-known for his size, and was considered a celebrity which was probably due in large part to his promotional work he did with Ringling Brothers Circus during 1938. There’s little doubt that custom-tailored clothes were necessity of life for Robert, and thanks to a promotional agreement with a show manufacturer he was able to get his size 37AA shoes free of charge. Some of his shoes are on display in the Alton Museum of History and Art to this day.

As a member of the Freemasons, Robert Wadlow was affiliated with Lodge #25 in Alton, Illinois, and was eventually elevated to the level of Master Mason. Whether or not his size had anything to do with that is not known, but it is known that the ring that was awarded to him was the largest ever created for one of their members.

It took until 1939 for Wadlow to surpass the person who held the record of the tallest person who ever lived. John Rogan stood 8 feet 9.5 inches tall when he died in Sumner County, Tennessee in 1905 at the age of 37.

On July 4, 1940 Wadlow was appearing at the Manistee National Forest Festival when an ill-fitting leg brace caused a minor injury on his ankle. The wound allowed a parasitic infection to set in and doctors eventually treated him with emergency surgery and with a blood transfusion. Due to an auto-immune disease that he was suffering from, his condition continued to decline and he died on July 15, 1940 at the age of 22. He reportedly passed away in his sleep. Just 11 days prior to his death his height was recorded as being 8 feet and 11.1 inches by two doctors from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. His weight at the age of 22 was recorded as 439 pounds (199 kg).

Alton’s celebrity status has diminished over the years, but he is still well-known to the people of Alton, Illinois where a statue in his honor still stands on College Avenue across from the Alton Museum of History and Art. It actually took some time for the town to recognize Robert Wadlow in that way, erecting the statue in 1986, some 46 years after his death. The Guinness Museum in Niagara Falls, New York also erected a statue in recognition of Wadlow, and there are a number of others that can be found in some Ripley’s Believe It or Not Museums.

During his life, Wadlow earned a reputation as a kind and gentle person, and is still referred to by many as the “Gentle Giant.” A song inspired by Wadlow called “The Giant of Illinois,” was recorded by The Handsome Family in 1998, and another artist named Sufjan Stevens recorded another song inspired by Wadlow in 2005 called “The Tallest Man, The Broadest Shoulders” for an album called Illinois. A better-known group, The Talking Heads, featured a photo of Wadlow and his family on the back side of the cover for their video music compilation entitled Storytelling Giant in 1988.

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Times are changing. With a growing number of consumers turning to the web to get their news, the journalistic realm is forced to change with the times. Media outlets and journalists alike are charting new territories. One trend online journalism has seen is judging journalists based on their popularity. Many sites get paid “per click” on a website by advertisers. In other words, the more page views a site recieves, the more money the writer or news source gets.

This idea makes sense— however, it can lead down a dangerous road. In an article published in Big Lead Sports outlining USA Today’s plan for page view pay, a flaw to this model is stated. If a journalist is judged, and therefore paid, based on their popularity, journalists are more likely to focus on what is most attractive, popular and interesting to the majority of the population. The article goes on to state:

The goal, obviously, is to get writers thinking digital. But once writers start scrutinizing their page view tallies, and realize slide shows, rumors, and celebrities drive traffic, what will be the impact?

Sure, prominence is a factor in determining what makes news, but the majority of the popular and appealing gossip and celebrity rumors are not always newsworthy. The lives of reality TV stars and athletes may be attractive, but does that mirror what is going on in the rest of the world? Not really. News should help society stay current and informed so they can be aware of the world around them and make informed decisions. If journalism becomes a field where a journalist’s salary depends on popularity, reporting and news coverage may become selective or even biased. Journalists should not be paid for their popularity, but by their ability to thoroughly and accurately report on issues and events to the masses.


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Monjon S.,Center International Of Recherche Sur Lenvironnement Et Le Developpement Cired | Monjon S.,Center dEtudes Prospectives et dInformations Internationales | Quirion P.,Center International Of Recherche Sur Lenvironnement Et Le Developpement Cired
Climate Policy | Year: 2011

This article compares several configurations of a border adjustment (BA) to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that are designed to maximize their World Trade Organisation (WTO) compatibility, either with the GATT general regime or with Article XX (its environmental exception rule). The different BAs are assessed quantitatively using the partial equilibrium model CASE II, which represents four sectors included in the EU ETS (cement, aluminium, steel and electricity). The main findings indicate that the inclusion of imports and exports would reduce world emissions more than the inclusion of imports alone,that an obligation to buy EU allowances is more compatible with WTO rules than one based on a tax, and would be better at reducing world emissions. Moreover, if the BA is based on best available technologies, more precisely on the recently defined EU product-specific benchmarks, then the adjustment would only be partial and carbon leakage would nevertheless be significantly reduced. The popular view that a BA contributes to both carbon leakage limitation and to domestic production preservation is discussed, and it is argued on the contrary that although a BA would efficiently limit leakage, a decrease in European production of GHG-intensive products is to be expected. Industries that consume cement, aluminium and steel would pay more for these goods with a BA. Consequently, the price signal should be preserved and diffused in downstream sectors, an expected key result of climate policy. On the contrary, free allocation efficiently preserves domestic production, but does not preserve and diffuse the price signal and is less efficient in limiting leakage. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

Agency: Cordis | Branch: FP7 | Program: CP-FP | Phase: SSH-2009-1.2.1. | Award Amount: 3.11M | Year: 2010

The primary objective of this research project is to produce a comprehensive study on the impact of market services on aggregate economic growth in the EU and its comparative performance relative to competitor regions, especially the US. The research is divided into three areas: Productivity and its drivers in service industries; Firm strategies in the knowledge-based economy and Internationalisation of service markets and growth. In the first area the project will explore the impact of intangible assets such as R&D and firm- specific training in explaining the EUs poor performance relative to the US. It will also examine interactions between information and communications technology and intangible investments to gauge to what extent these are complementary strategies to enhance productivity and growth. This area will also contain a detailed investigation of linkages between service sectors and manufacturing through trade in intermediate inputs, and the effect of the competitive and regulatory environment of service industries on growth in the EU. Area 2 on the knowledge based economy will investigate external sources of knowledge creation through an analysis of outsourcing of service functions in the service and the manufacturing sectors and will provide a detailed analysis of productivity and employment effects of innovation activities in different services industries and countries. The third area on internationalisation of services will analyse the extent of international trade, international investment and international outsourcing of services and investigate their impacts on productivity, employment and growth. The methods employed will be mostly quantitative economic analysis, supplemented by case studies. The results of the project will provide a significant advancement of the knowledge base on the impact of service industry performance for strengthening productivity, growth and employment in the EU and so will be a useful resource for policy makers.

Agency: Cordis | Branch: FP7 | Program: CP-IP | Phase: SSH-2007-1.2-01 | Award Amount: 3.91M | Year: 2008

The chances of European countries to grow, prosper and provide well being to their citizens rest on the ability of their firms to become successful traders and producers in foreign markets within and outside the EU. This project examines the pattern of internationalisation of European firms. With a clear focus on defining adequate and effective policy measures, it looks at the broad factors constraining or enhancing companies foreign operations, like growth in size and productivity; type of ownership and corporate governance; access to financial markets; innovation; the macroeconomic environment. It will do so by combining theoretical and empirical research at the frontier of the academic and policy debate with the gathering of new data through a cross country survey. The main questions addressed by the project are: What are the features of European firms that successfully compete in international markets? To what extent do they contribute to productivity and employment? Does access to foreign market enhance firm performance through a learning process? Why are some countries more successful in international trade and FDI? What are the policies that can improve a nations foreign trade performance? Does integration within the Single Market foster productivity improvements? Has the euro led to a wider participation of firms in cross-border business? What policies can promote the participation of other European firms that are currently excluded from international markets? What are the gains and the adjustments involved in reducing barriers to trade and foreign direct investment (FDI)? What policies can best maximise gains and smooth adjustments?

Agency: Cordis | Branch: FP7 | Program: CP-FP | Phase: SSH-2007-1.2-03 | Award Amount: 1.27M | Year: 2008

The main purpose of FINESS is to get a clear understanding of the implications of ongoing financial market integration in Europe on economic growth, employment and competitiveness, to identify likely future paths of the development and to draw policy relevant conclusions. Several main breakthroughs will be achieved throughout the project. On the macroeconomic level, the role of financial systems and their transmission channels on growth will be explored by innovative and tailor made econometric techniques, taken dynamic interactions between financial, product and labour markets into account. A range of indicators to measure the degree of financial integration will be constructed, and their development in time will be addressed. Moreover, insights into the working of financial institutions will be provided for the microeconomic level. The comparative approach undertaken by FINESS is especially useful to uncover catalysts and bottlenecks in the architecture of financial systems. By investigating unique datasets, the role of the financial structure, i.e., the banking sector, markets for private equity and venture capital, for improving efficiency and sustainable expansion of start ups and established firms is studied. The impacts of different degrees of financial integration on the portfolio decisions of households are explored with simulation models. Topics specifically related to the transition period of the New Member States as well as the gender dimension in turning impulses from the financial system into efficiency and growth are covered by the project. By fulfilling its goals, FINESS will provide in-depth knowledge on the relationship between financial systems and sustainable economic growth in a changing environment.

Agency: Cordis | Branch: FP7 | Program: CP-FP | Phase: KBBE-2007-1-4-08 | Award Amount: 3.74M | Year: 2008

International trade reflects complex dynamic processes driven by demographic, socio-economic, technological and political changes. Therefore, future evolution of world markets is highly uncertain. The project builds on past research but emphasizes issues usually overlooked by standard assessments of trade liberalization such as: the impact of demand from energy markets which could affect agriculture and reverse the decline of real farm product prices; the demographic changes, which in some developing and transition countries modify the demand for food, especially that for industrial food processing; the concentration of firms in many global markets, which could modify the expected size and distribution of gains from trade liberalization among stakeholders; the impact of trade liberalization on price volatility, which is a key concern but remains to be thoroughly evaluated; the growing importance of sanitary and technical measures and their potential impact on food security, health issues, and trade. AGFOODTRADE helps answer the following questions: what are major trends and driving forces affecting world trade? What is their impact and how should trade policies deal with these processes in the future? A set of scenarios will be: a) assessed by analysing trends of a selection of indicators; b) quantified by a large scale dynamic general equilibrium model, a spatial trade model and a model of the EU farm sector; and c) tested in five case study countries. The project will provide information, expertise, and operational instruments to policymakers involved in trade negotiations, and agricultural policy design. Project outcomes databases and trade methodologies will have a strong foundation in policy realities thanks to the involvement of stakeholders. The quantitative instruments will ensure a forward-looking assessment of future agreements, including their effects on EU27 trade and the CAP, and answer the Commissions need for quantitative simulations.

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A Crow-stepped gable is a stair-step type of design at the top of the triangular gable-end of a building. more..

In Ancient Roman architecture a cryptoporticus (from Latin crypta and porticus) is a covered corridor or passageway. more..

In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped or quadrilateral-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. more..

Cupronickel is an alloy of copper, nickel and strengthening impurities, such as iron and manganese. more..

Decoupage (or découpage) is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cut outs onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf, etc. more..

Delftware, or Delft pottery, denotes blue and white pottery made in and around Delft in the Netherlands and the tin-glazed pottery made in the Netherlands from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. more..

Diamond is an allotrope of carbon. more..

Doge of Venice

For about a thousand years, the chief magistrate and leader of the Most Serene Republic of Venice was styled the Doge (in ven. Doxe), a rare but not unique Italian title derived from the Latin Dux, as the major Italian parallel Duce and the English Duke. more..

Doric order

One of the three orders or organisational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture characterised by columns which stood on the flat pavement of a temple without a base more..

Dry stone

Dry stone is a building method by which structures are constructed from stones without any mortar to bind them together. more..

Earthenware is a common ceramic material, which is used extensively for pottery tableware and decorative objects. more..

An eave is the edge of a roof. more..

Ecclesiastical Architecture

Church architecture or ecclesiastical architecture refers to the architecture of buildings of Christian churches. more..

Egg-and-dart is an ornamental device often carved in wood, stone, or plaster quarter-round ovolo mouldings, consisting of an egg-shaped object alternating with an element shaped like an arrow, anchor or dart. more..

Emeralds are a variety of the mineral beryl, colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. more..

A facade or façade is generally one side of the exterior of a building, especially the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear. more..

Fachwerk is a German term that often describes timber-framed buildings in general, but refers in particular to a certain kind of wall framing with small square panels more..

Ferranti’s Deptford Power Station

This supplement is extracted extensively from a pamphlet published by the CEGB in 1986 entitled “Cradle of Power – The Story of Deptford Power Stations” and written by Rob Cochrane. more..

The finial is an architectural device, typically carved in stone and employed to decoratively emphasise the apex of a gable, or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure more..

Forum (Roman)

The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city. more..

A traditional fountain is an arrangement where water issues from a source (Latin fons), fills a basin of some kind, and is drained away. more..

Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related painting types. more..

Fritware is a type of pottery more..

Garnet is a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. more..

Geison (often interchangeable with somewhat broader term Cornice) is an architectural term of relevance particularly to ancient Greek and Roman buildings, as well as archaeological publications of the same. more..

A gemstone, gem or also called precious or semi-precious stone is a highly attractive and valuable piece of mineral, which — when cut and polished — is used in jewelry or other adornments. more..

Gilding is the art of applying a thin layer of gold or something simulating gold to a surface. more..

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, also known as Gianbattista or Giambattista Tiepolo (March 5, 1696 - March 27, 1770) more..

Gold leaf

Gold leaf is gold that is beaten into extremely thin sheets. more..

Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. more..

Gothic Revival architecture

The Gothic Revival was an architectural movement which originated in mid-18th century England. more..

Greco Deco

Greco deco is a term coined by art historian James Goode to describe a style of art and architecture popularized in the late 1920s and 1930s. more..

Greek temple

Greek temples differed from their Roman counterparts in that the colonnade formed a peristyle around the whole structure, rather than merely a porch at the front; and also in that the Greek temple was not raised above ground level on a high podium, but rather stairs on either end. more..

When used in conversation, grotesque commonly means strange, fantastic, ugly or bizarre, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as Halloween masks or gargoyles on churches. more..

Hamstone is the colloquial name given to stone from Ham Hill, Somerset, England. more..

Hematite, also spelled hæmatite, is the mineral form of Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides. more..

Henbury Hall

The 18th century Henbury Hall, near Macclesfield in Cheshire, was demolished by Sir Vincent de Ferranti when he bought the estate in 1957. more..

Hispanic-Moorish style (Moorish architecture)

Construction of the Great Mosque at Cordoba (now a Christian Cathedral) beginning in 785 AD marks the beginning of Islamic architecture in the Iberian peninsula and North Africa (see Moors). more..

A hypocaust is an ancient Roman system of central heating. more..

I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura

I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture) was published in 1570, in four volumes written by the architect Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), whose name is identified with an architectural movement named after him known as Palladian architecture. more..

The impluvium is the sunken part of the atrium in a Greek or Roman house (domus). more..

Incan architecture

Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. more..

Indo-Islamic (Mughal) architecture

Ionic order

The Ionic order forms one of the three orders or organizational systems of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric and the Corinthian. more..

Isabelline Gothic

Isabelline Gothic (in Spanish, Gótico Isabelino), is the name of an architectural style that was developed in Spain, during Isabella of Castile reign (1474 to 1505). more..

Ishtar Gate

Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures within the sphere of Islamic culture. more..

Islamic calligraphy

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is Khatt ul-Yad) is an aspect of Islamic art that has evolved alongside the religion of Islam and the Arabic language. more..

Iznik pottery

A jali (or jaali) is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy and geometry. more..

Jasper is an opaque, impure variety of quartz, usually red, yellow or brown in color. more..

The Jurassic Period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 199.6 ± 0.6 Ma (million years ago) to 145.4 ± 4.0 Ma, the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous. more..

Lapis lazuli

Lead came and copper foil glasswork

Lead came and Copper foil glasswork are the arts and crafts of cutting colored glass and joining the pieces into picturesque designs. more..

Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or flint, as well as varying amounts of clay, silt and sand as disseminations, nodules, or layers within the rock. more..

Limestone - Uses

Limestone is especially popular in architecture, and many landmarks around the world, especially in North America and Europe, are made primarily of the material. more..

The Louvre (French: Musée du Louvre) in Paris, France, is the most visited and one of the oldest, largest, and most famous art galleries and museums in the world. more..

Malachite is a carbonate mineral, copper(II) carbonate hydroxide Cu2CO3(OH)2. more..

Mamluk architecture

Marble is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock resulting from the metamorphism of limestone, composed mostly of calcite (a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3). more..

Marble sculpture

Marble sculpture is the art of creating three-dimensional forms from marble. more..

Mashrabiya, Shanashil is the Arabic term given to a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood latticework located on the second storey of a building or higher, often lined with stained glass. more..

In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. more..

Metropolitan Museum of Art

The mica group of sheet silicate minerals includes several closely related materials having highly perfect basal cleavage. more..

Micro mosaic

Micro mosaics are a special form of the mosaic arts that utilize unusually small mosaic components to craft what often are extraordinarily complex and detailed patterns or images. more..

Modern Islamic architecture

Modern mosaics

Monolithic architecture

Monolithic architecture is a style of construction in which a building is carved, cast or excavated from a single piece of material. more..

Moorish architecture

Moroccan style

Moroccan style is a new trend in decoration. more..

Mosaic is the art of decoration with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material. more..

Mosaics - Medieveal Rome

Christian mosaic art also flourished in Late Antique and medieval Rome. more..

Mosaics - Western and Central Europe

Beyond the Alpes the first important example of mosaic art was the decoration of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen, commissioned by Charlemagne. more..

Moss agate

Moss agate (also called mocha stone) is a semi-precious gemstone formed from silicon dioxide. more..

Mother of Pearl

Mother of pearl, also known as Nacre , is an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks. more..

Mughal architecture

Mughal architecture is the distinctive style of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture. more..

Neolithic architecture

Neolithic architecture is the architecture of the Neolithic period. more..

Obsidian is a type of naturally-occurring glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. more..

Opus reticulatum

Opus reticulatum (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork that uses diamond-shaped bricks of tufa that are placed around a core of opus caementicium. more..

Opus sectile

Opus sectile refers to an art technique popularized in Rome where materials were cut and inlaid into walls and floors to make a picture or pattern. more..

Opus tessellatum

Opus tessellatum refers to a type of mosaic made from tesserae. more..

Organic architecture

Ottoman Turkish architecture

The most numerous and largest of mosques exist in Turkey, which obtained influence from Byzantine, Persian and Syrian-Arab designs. more..

Palladian architecture

Patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides or carbonates formed on the surface of metal during exposure to weathering. more..

A pebble is a clast of rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimeters based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology. more..

A pediment is a [assical architecture|classical architectural]] element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure (entablature), typically supported by columns. more..

Peridot (pronounced "pair-i-dot" or "pair-i-doe", IPA: /p???d?t/ or Fr. /pe?ido/) is the gem quality variety of forsteritic olivine. more..

Persian architecture

One of the first civilizations that Islam came into contact with during and after its birth was that of Persia. more..

Persian calligraphy

Persian calligraphy is the calligraphy of Persian writing system. more..

Persian Empire

The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. more..

Phoenicia was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria. more..

A piazza is an open square in a city, found in Italy, and also in some other places on the Dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions. more..

Pietre dure

Pietre dure (or Parchin kari, in south Asia) is an art-historical term for the technique of using small, exquisitely cut and fitted, highly-polished colored stones to create what amounts to a painting in stone. more..

A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption. more..

A pilaster, as used in architecture, is a slightly-projecting column built into or onto a wall. more..

Plateresque refers to the 15th and 16th century art form in Spain, characterized by an ornate style of architecture. more..

A plinth is the base of a cabinet in cabinet making. more..

A porch is a platform structure attached at the front or back entrance of a building. more..

A portico is a porch that is leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. more..

Post and lintel

Post and lintel (also called an Architrave) is a simple construction technique, also called "post and beam", where a horizontal member (the lintel) is supported by two vertical posts at either end. more..

A Propylaea, Propylea or Propylaia (in Greek) is any monumental gateway based on the original Propylaea that serves as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. more..

Pygmalion (mythology)

Pygmalion is a legendary figure found in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Pygmalion is a sculptor who falls in love with a statue he has made. more..

The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron sulfide, FeS2. more..

A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. more..

Quartz is the second most common mineral in the Earth's continental crust, feldspar being the first. more..

Rayonnant is a term used to a period in the French Gothic architectural style circa 1240-1350. more..

Reflecting pool

A reflecting pool is a structure often used in memorials. more..

Repoussé and chasing

Repoussé is a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side. more..

A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids. more..

Rock cut architecture

Rock-cut architecture is the practice of creating buildings by carving natural rock. more..

Roman bridge

Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built. For a list, see Bridges in Rome. more..

Roman theatre

A Roman theatre is a theatre building built by the Romans more..

Rose quartz

Rose quartz is a type of quartz which exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue. more..

A rosette is a round, stylized flower design, used extensively in sculptural objects from antiquity. more..

A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan, often covered by a dome. more..

Ruby is a light pink to blood red gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). more..

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. more..

Sawley Abbey

Sawley Abbey was an abbey of Cistercian monks in the village of Sawley, Lancashire, in Great Britain. more..

A sculpture is a man-made three-dimensional object intended for special recognition as art. A person that creates sculptures is called a sculptor. more..

The Shikumen or literally "stone gate" is a style of housing in Shanghai, China, which blended features of east and west. In the past up to 80% of the city's population lived in these types of houses, but today the proportion is much lower. more..

Sikhara, a Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak", refers to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North India. more..

Sino-Islamic architecture

The first Chinese mosque was established in the 7th century during the Tang Dynasty in Xi'an. more..

Solomonic column

A spandrel (less often spandril or splaundrel) is the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure. more..

Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture

St. Peter's baldacchino

St. Peter's baldacchino is a large sculpted bronze artwork designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and located over the high altar of the Basilica of St. Peter in Vatican City. more..

Stained glass

The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured glass or to the art and craft of working with it. Throughout its thousand-year history the term "stained glass" was applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches, cathedrals and other significant buildings. more..

Stone carving

Stoneware is a category of clay and a type of ceramic distinguished primarily by its firing and maturation temperature (from about 1200°C to 1315 °C). more..

Stucco is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water which is applied wet, and hardens when it dries. more..

Sub-Saharan African Islamic architecture

In West Africa, Islamic merchants played a vital role in the Western Sahel region since the Kingdom of Ghana. more..

The Sudano-Sahelian is an architectural style common in the Sahel. more..

Synagogue architecture

Unlike other types of religious architecture where worship buildings often conform to consistent rules for a given architectural period such as the cruciform plan of Gothic churches, or beehive-shaped shikaras of Hindu temple architecture, dominant styles and periods are not present in the history of synagogue architecture. more..

Tadelakt is a bright, nearly waterproof lime plaster which can be used on the inside of buildings and on the outside. more..

Derived from the Ancient Greek tainia : "band" or "ribbon", taenia is the latin word for a small "fillet" molding near the top of the architrave in a Doric column. more..

Tapestry is a form of textile art. It is woven by hand on a vertical loom. more..

Terra cotta

Terra cotta (Italian: "baked earth") is a ceramic. more..

A tessera (plural: tesserae, diminutive tessella) is an individual tile in a mosaic, usually formed in the shape of a cube. Also known as an abaciscus, abaculus. more..

Tiger iron

Tiger iron is an altered rock composed chiefly of tiger's eye, red jasper and black hematite. The undulating, contrasting bands of colour and luster make for an attractive motif, and it is mainly used for jewelry-making and ornamentation. more..

Tiger's eye

Tiger's eye (also Tigers eye, Tiger eye) is a chatoyant gemstone that is usually yellow- to red-brown, with a silky luster. more..

The tourmaline mineral group is chemically one of the most complicated groups of silicate minerals. Its composition varies widely because of isomorphous replacement (solid solution). more..

Tracery is a series of intersecting ribs used in Gothic architecture, especially windows and, in the Perpendicular style of Gothic, vaulting. more..

Triumphal arch

A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war, actually used to celebrate a ruler. more..

Trompe-l'œil is an art technique involving extremely realistic imagery in order to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects really exist, instead of being mere, two-dimensional paintings. more..

Turkistan (Timurid) architecture

Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of Islamic art in Central Asia. more..

A tympanum (plural, tympana) is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance bounded by a lintel and arch. It often contains sculptures or other ornaments. more..

A Vault (French. voute, Italian. volta, German. Gewölbe, Polish. sklepienie) is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof. The parts of a vault exert a thrust that require a counter resistance. more..

A verandah or veranda is a roofed opened gallery or porch. It is also described as an open pillared gallery, generally roofed, built around a central structure. more..

Viaduct is a bridge composed of several small spans. The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via for road and duco to lead something. more..

Victorian house

A Victorian house as built in the United States and Canada is a type of house popularized in the Victorian era. more..

A villa was originally an upper-class country house, though since its origins in Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably. more..

Villa Adriana

The Hadrian's Villa (Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy. more..

Villa Foscari

Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. more..

A voussoir is a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch. more..

Water feature

William Morris

William Morris (March 24, 1834 – October 3, 1896) was an English artist, writer, socialist and activist. more..

Zellige (also Zellidj, Zillij, Zellij) is terra cotta tilework covered with enamel in the form of chips set into plaster. more..

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583 Kings Road, Chelsea, London SW6 2EH United Kingdom


Teen Kept Terminal Cancer Secret From Friends To Not Upset Them

Liam Wright
Liam Wright hid that he had terminal cancer, a form of bone cancer called osteosarcoma from his friends and relatives so they wouldn't have to worry for him during his final months on this planet.

We all carry a lot on on shoulders, but you never know what those closest to you are really going through.

In the case of a teenage boy that kept his terminal cancer a secret from his friends entirely because he wanted to shield them from the sadness and not have them worried.

Liam Wright, only age 18, had a rare form of bone cancer called osteosarcoma which was discovered after he tore ligaments in his leg while playing football with friends.

At first he looked to be recovering fine, but was soon told that he had terminal cancer earlier this year.

This brave young man did not want to upset his friends, so the only people he told were his mom and sisters. He carried all that weight on his shoulders, facing imminent death and was braver than any of us can imagine.

His mom, Jane, shared in an interview with the Mirror:

“It was a shock to a lot of people. He didn’t want any of his friends to know; he wanted to protect everybody.

Right up until the day before he died, he controlled his own tablets. He knew what he wanted for when we got the dreaded news.”

During the interview, his sister, Kerry chimed in:

“I went to tell his friends when he passed away. They just thought I was coming to tell them his cancer had got worse. Even our own nan didn’t know, because he didn’t want her to worry.”

He passed away at home with his close family around him.

READ  Patriotic Chicken Plays 'America The Beautiful' On The Keyboard

This is what a real man does. He takes the heavy burden put upon himself and carries it. He doesn’t burden those he loves with the information. He makes the most of every day, regardless of the obstacles and bleak projected outcome.

We can all learn a lot from this young, brave man. We can all strive to be more like him. Even with terminal cancer looming in the back of his mind, he made the most of his life and ensured that those around him were able to as well.

What a selfless act. In doing so, he was able to be treated normal in his last months on this earth and prevented everyone from grieving his loss before he was gone.

I just shed a tear filled with testosterone for Liam Wright. It is truly only the good that die young.

Let’s honor Liam Wright by sharing his story with your friends and family this holiday season.

Featured image credit: Facebook


Design 2: FINAL, the notes

The notes below are ripped from my sketchbook.  They include thoughts and ideas that need to be represented in the FINAL:

Show a place of study/reflection/observation

1. A place of Study
*To show in this space
Focus: By making the materials direct the eye to certain areas.
Interest:  By directing the eye to catching/hidden areas in the model
Investigation: Is sparked by the interest caused by strategically placed stereotomic pieces.
Knowledge:  Is gained by studying the model.  Interest and investigation helps the self pursuit of knowledge

2. A place of Reflection
*To show in this space
Light: Brings in warmth making space accepting.  Materials will focus light into space.
Peaceful: Felt in space by the light that comes in through openings in the material
Secluded: By obscuring space with materials, space of reflection is open without being exposed

3. A place of Observation
*To show in this space
- Open: Space that is welcoming and has minimal obstructions
- Accessible: Easy to follow/clear path of elements.
- Exposed: Materials allow space to be shown.  From inside out.

Keep The Ideas of Anni Albers In Mind!!!

- Create a "weave" of materials
- Let them intertwine on different planes
- Stereotomic to represent mass.  This element adds the "pattern" of the mass.
- Basswood to represent structure.  The sticks will intersect as an overlay "pattern"
- Glass to represent places.  Try the skin/outer layer on the model. Sets the limit.

Design 2: FINAL, the pictures

  This was a preliminary chipboard model made to incorporate the ideas I want to represent.  I drew on it with sharpie to show vertical flow.  I also reconsidered some pieces as I moved on to the final iteration.  This helped me in the final step as I cut the board maximizing every face of the model is as fluid as possible.

almost there!  this is one of the rare times I actually touched the model without using gloves.  The white material made any/every smudge show.

I laid the model down and traced it with a pencil, then went over it with a sharpie.  The focus of this drawing was for me to sketch possible solutions for the basswood and plexi glass.  The different colors represent different variations.  This process allowed me to figure out what worked and did not, without cutting and discarding material.

Early Inspiration:

Water Color Cadmium Yellow & Burnt Siena.
Canvas: Cold Press Water Color Paper

Related Posts with Thumbnails


Instalasi Buku dari Batu sebagai Representasi Reinkarnasi Ilmu dalam Pengkaryaan Tiga Dimensi Seni Patung Kontemporer

Gabriel Aries Setiadi, A. Rikrik Kusmara, Tisna Sanjaya

Book Installation from Stone as a Scientific Reincarnation Representation in a Contemporary Three-dimensional Art Sculpture

The invention of script, more than 5000 years ago, brought enlightenment to human civilization. Script enabled the transfer of ideas, experiences and wisdom to the next generation. The book is an arrangement of writings embodying ideas and experiences, containing words that convey meanings. The book as a physical object consists of the cover and the book block, i.e. a voluminous stack of paper sheets. The book’s title and the author’s name are printed on the cover and on the side of book. At first, script was enscribed on rocks or pieces of clay, but as time went by and needs changed, the rocks and clay were replaced by separate sheets of leather, leaves and wood. After some time, leather, wood and leaves were no longer used and paper became the mainstream medium. During its evolution, the appearance of the book has changed, but it has always essentially remained a medium for writing and reading. Books will always play the same role in human existence, i.e. as a knowledge transfer medium, either in the form of scientific publications, novels, fairy tales or holy scriptures. Through the influence of books, civilization has changed significantly. Many books have changed people’s way of thinking, many people have been influenced by a good book, and many changes have occurred because of one single writing. Through all the physical changes of the book, from the very beginning until now, things have been written about feelings, ideas, and experiences. Through all this time, also a physical and psychological interaction between humans and the book was created. Human individuals have a large influence on the life cycle of knowledge, based on their desires and ideas. Passion and imagination are important triggers of change in cultures and civilizations. This artwork is a way of creating a physical interaction with the book by giving it a different visual appearance, that is by fossilizing the book.

Full Text:

Kramer, S., Tempat Lahir Peradaban, Jakarta: Tira Pustaka, 1985.

Bachtiar, T. & Syafriani, D., Bandung Purba, Panduan Wisata Bumi, Bandung: Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2012.

Shaoqiang, W., Installation Art, Cina: Shandu Publishing, 2010.

Saphiranti, Dona, 2010.

Miksic, J., Indonesian Heritage, Ancient History, Jakarta: Buku Antar Bangsa, 1996.

Perroud, P., The Swiss Magazine,, 1996 (12 September 2012).

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J. Phys. IV France
Volume 12, Number 4, June 2002
Page(s) 1 - 8

J. Phys. IV France
12 (2002) Pr4-1
DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20020070

Molecular ways to nanoscale particles and films

H. Shen and S. Mathur

Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbruecken, Germany

Chemical routes for the synthesis of nanoparticles and films are proving to be highly efficient and versatile in tailoring the elemental combination and intrinsic properties of the target materials. The use of molecular compounds allows a controlled interaction of atoms or molecules, when compared to the solid-state methods, resulting in the formation of compositionally homogeneous deposits or uniform solid particles. Assembling all the elements forming the material in a single molecular compound, the so-called single-source approach augments the formation of nanocrystalline phases at low temperatures with atomically precise structures. To this end, we have shown that predefined reaction (decomposition) chemistry of precursors enforces a molecular level homogeneity in the obtained materials. Following the single-step conversions of appropriate molecular sources, we have obtained films and nanoparticles of oxides (Fe 3O 4, BaTiO 3, ZnAl 2O 4, CoAl 2O 4), metal/oxide composites (Ge/GeO 2) and ceramic-ceramic composites (LnAIO 3/AI 2O 3; Ln = Pr, Nd). For a comparative evaluation, CoAl 2O 4 nanoparticles were prepared by both single- and multi-component routes; whereas the single-source approach yielded monophasic high purity spinels, phase contamination, due to monometal phases, was observed in the ceramic obtained from multicomponent mixture. An account of the size-controlled synthesis and characterisation of the new ceramics and composites is presented.

© EDP Sciences 2002

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Stephen nails it yet again. Find the text, audio and/or video that interests you (it could be yours or others!) and engage with it through text, video and audio blogging!

From Educational Blogging - Educause.:

Despite obvious appearances, blogging isn't really about writing at all; that's just the end point of the process, the outcome that occurs more or less naturally if everything else has been done right. Blogging is about, first, reading. But more important, it is about reading what is of interest to you: your culture, your community, your ideas. And it is about engaging with the content and with the authors of what you have read--reflecting, criticizing, questioning, reacting. If a student has nothing to blog about, it is not because he or she has nothing to write about or has a boring life. It is because the student has not yet stretched out to the larger world, has not yet learned to meaningfully engage in a community. For blogging in education to be a success, this first must be embraced and encouraged.

From time to time, we read about the potential of online learning to bring learning into life, to engender workplace learning or lifelong learning. When Jay Cross and others say that 90 percent of our learning is informal, this is the sort of thing they mean: that the lessons we might expect to find in the classroom work their way, through alternative means, into our day-to-day activities.

Blogging can and should reverse this flow. The process of reading online, engaging a community, and reflecting it online is a process of bringing life into learning. As Richardson comments, "This [the blogging process] just seems to me to be closer to the way we learn outside of school, and I don't see those things happening anywhere in traditional education.see note And he asks: "Could blogging be the needle that sews together what is now a lot of learning in isolation with no real connection among the disciplines? I mean ultimately, aren't we trying to teach our kids how to learn, and isn't that [what] blogging is all about?(see note 40)


increasing CO2

Increase in atmospheric CO2 from 1960 to 2010, [Wikipedia].

carbon dioxide in the ocean

The flow of CO2 from the atmosphere and rivers into the ocean. In the ocean CO2 is in equilibrium with carbonate and bicarbonate. Carbonate combines with calcium ions to form crystals of aragonite and calcite. The equilibrium between these species is dependent on pH.

Essay for January 2013: More CO2 in the atmosphere makes ocean acidic

This month's essay was motivated by two articles in the July 13th, 2012 issue of Science. The first, "Rising acidity brings an ocean of trouble" [1], is a summary of the problem: people have burned so much carbon (fossil fuels) in the last 100 years that the resulting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased the acidity of the oceans which impares the ability of marine organisms to produce calcium carbonate shells. The second article [2] makes predictions for the future acidity of the West coast of North America.

The chemistry

The chemistry is a little complicated. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is in (approximate) equilibrium with carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean surface. However, the dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to produce bi-carbonate and carbonate ions, releasing hydrogen ions (acid) in the process. The ratio of these ions depends on temperature and other factors. Deep ocean water is colder and is often not in equilibrium with the present atmosphere. Thus, variable upwelling of deep water can cause significant variability in the acidity and chemical composition of ocean shallow waters.

Magnitude of changes

The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) before the industrial revolution to 390 ppm today. Very accurate measurements are available for the last 50 years, and they show an accelerating increase of about 2 ppm each year at the present time (see graph upper right). The increase is completely consistant with the amount of fossil fuel burned, which is also still accelerating.

Acidity of the ocean (and other liquids) is usually expressed as pH, which is the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of the ocean has decreased by about 0.1 pH unit. This corresponds to an increase in H+ of about 25 percent. This may not seem large, but it has a significant effect on the stability of some solid forms of calcium carbonate, which form the shells and skeletons of many marine organisms.

The biochemistry

Some marine organisms use silicon to fabricate shells and skeletons, e.g. diatoms, but most employ calcium carbonate. The shells of mollusks and corals are composed of micro-crystals of calcium carbonate in a protein matrix. There are two types of crystals, calcite, which has a rhomboidal symmetry, and aragonite, which has a hexagonal symmetry. Even though both are made of Ca and CO3 units, since the physical arrangement is different, the stability at higher pH is different. Aragonite is the least stable at higher pH.

The biology

The first article [1] describes the problems an oyster farm on Netarts Bay Oregon is having with ocean acidification. After several years of searching for the cause of low yields of oyster survival, they identified pH (and the resulting solubility of aragonite) as the problem. They realized that failure of oyster larvae survival was correlated with the upwelling of deep, cold water with high CO2 levels. Their only solution was to control the flow of water into their oyster beds so this high CO2 water excluded.

The future

The second paper [2] models the decreasing pH along the West coast of the United States. It concludes that by the year 2050 more than half of the coast will be undersaturated with respect to aragonite, and in the next 20-30 years the entire coast will be in this state.

[1] Rising Acidity Brings An Ocean of Trouble. Science, 13 July, 2012, Vol 337 pg 146. link to abstract: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6091/146.summary

[2] Rapid Progression of Ocean Acidification the California Current System. Science, 13 July, 2012, Vol 337 pg 220. link to abstract: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6091/220.short

Unfortunately these articles are not "open access", so you must have a subscription to Science, or access to a library that has one, or wait 6 months after the publication date to get access to the entire contents.


What’s the treatment for a subdural hematoma?

A subdural hematoma (or hemorrhage) occurs when blood vessels near the surface of the brain burst. Blood collects beneath the dura mater. That’s the outermost layer of the brain’s protective covering. Here is an illustration of a subdural hematoma:

Subdural Hematoma:

Most subdural hemorrhages result from trauma to the head. In some cases, blood accumulates rapidly after injury, putting pressure on the brain and causing symptoms within just a few days. This is an “acute” subdural hemorrhage. It can cause loss of consciousness, paralysis or even death. It usually requires emergency surgery to drain the hematoma and control bleeding.

Other times, as in your mother’s case, bleeding may develop over weeks or even months. If symptoms begin more than two weeks after the head trauma, it’s called a “chronic” subdural hematoma. The symptoms your mother experienced — double vision and trouble with balance — are typical. Other symptoms can include headache, nausea and vomiting, memory loss, and weakness, numbness or tingling in the arms and legs.

Although subdural hematomas can occur at any age, they are most likely to occur in people your mother’s age. That may be because blood vessels are more fragile as people reach their 70s.

Sometimes, chronic subdural hematomas develop without any head trauma at all — or at least without any head trauma a person remembers. I once had a patient with a subdural hematoma who had no memory of any head trauma. Later, his wife remembered that he had banged his head walking into the edge of a partially opened door at night.

Some conditions can cause subdural hematomas that occur without any head trauma. Weakness in artery walls can cause them to start leaking blood. Certain types of cancer that spread to the brain’s protective covering also can cause bleeding.

Treatment is based on symptoms and the size of the hematoma. A doctor can determine the amount of bleeding from a computed tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. If your mother’s hematoma is small and has caused only minimal symptoms, then it’s reasonable for the doctor to recommend bed rest and medications. The medications should help control swelling and prevent seizures. Symptoms should improve as her body gradually reabsorbs the blood. The doctor should carefully monitor your mother during treatment.

If your mother’s hemorrhage was larger or was causing more severe symptoms, a doctor would likely recommend surgery.


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Digital X-rays

Digital X-rays are created when a focused beam of X-ray particles passes through bone. It produces an image on special film, showing the structure through which it passed. This creates the familiar black and white images that doctors and dentists use to diagnose problems. X-rays are a necessary part of the diagnostic process. They are an important way of detecting many injuries and diseases. Without an X-ray of the whole tooth and supporting bone and gum tissues, you and your care won’t have critical information that can detect infection and pathology.

In our office, we use digital radiography. This allows us to take X-rays using 50-70% less radiation than conventional X-rays. When combined with computer monitoring, digital X-ray technology allows us to enhance images for a clearer diagnosis.