How Long Does It Take To Boil Chicken Thighs?

How long should chicken thighs be boiled? It’s not just you. This is a frequently asked question, and the response varies depending on who you speak to. Chicken thighs are a terrific alternative if you’re searching for a quick, wholesome supper.

Learning “how long does it take to boil chicken thighs” is crucial whether you’re cooking chicken thighs for the first time or you simply want to be sure you’re doing it right.

Contrary to popular belief, boiling chicken is a healthful and convenient method for preparing fowl. You can have soft and juicy chicken thighs in no time with a little preparation work and a pot of boiling water.

In this blog article, we’ll discuss the many techniques for boiling chicken thighs as well as the ideal amount of time to boil chicken thighs for consistently delicious results.

We’ll also provide some advice on how to prepare chicken thighs that are fully cooked and juicy. By the time you’re done reading, you’ll understand precisely “how long do you boil chicken thighs” to make them consistently soft and tasty.

Boiling chicken thighs without the bones

Your chicken thighs will cook more rapidly if they are boneless and skinless than if they are bone-in or have skin on. Boiling time for 5 pieces of boneless chicken thighs should be between 10 and 15 minutes (about 2.2 pounds or 1 kilogram) (apply to the fresh chicken thigh and not frozen). It’s vital to keep in mind that the chicken requires an extra 5 minutes of cooking time if you want to shred it, making it extremely soft and easy to do so.

Boiling chicken thighs with the bone

Cooking time for bone-in chicken thighs is a little bit longer than for boneless thighs. Boiling 5 pieces of bone-in chicken thighs should take, on average, 15 to 20 minutes (about 2.2 pounds or 1 kilogram) (using fresh chicken thighs or fully thawed). Make sure to take your chicken from the saucepan of boiling water as soon as it is thoroughly cooked so that it doesn’t continue to cook.

As you can see, depending on whether the chicken thighs are bone-in or boneless, the boiling time might vary.

It’s essential to remember that these cooking times are just estimates, and depending on the size and thickness of your chicken thighs, it might take your chicken less or more time to cook completely.

Use a meat thermometer to determine for sure if your chicken is done. When chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, it is finished cooking and safe to consume.

How long do frozen chicken thighs take to boil?

You can boil chicken thighs directly from freezer if you’re wondering how to cook chicken thighs from frozen. Your chicken doesn’t need to be thawed beforehand. However, compared to beginning with fresh or frozen chicken, the cooking time will be increased by 50%.

To make sure frozen bone-in chicken thighs are well cooked, we advise boiling them for 40 to 50 minutes. You must boil boneless, frozen chicken thighs for 35 to 45 minutes if you’re using them.

Why Should Chicken Thighs Be Boiled?

Cooking your chickens by boiling the thighs is a healthy and simple method. The advantages of boiling chicken thighs are numerous:

First off, preparing chicken by boiling uses little calories. Boiling chicken is healthier than frying or sautéing since there is no need to add butter or oil.

Second, cooking chicken in water helps the meat’s nutrients stay intact. When you boil chicken, vitamins and minerals that are leached from the flesh are dissolved into the water. Boiling chicken is a more nutrient-dense cooking choice than other cooking techniques since these nutrients are then incorporated back into the flesh while it cooks.

Third, cooking chicken in a pot of boiling water is a quick and simple method. It may be completed in just a few minutes and needs very little preparation time. Due of this, it’s a fantastic choice for hectic weeknights or times when you don’t have time to prepare a sophisticated dinner.

Fourthly, flesh from boiled chicken is moist and soft. Chicken thighs that have been properly boiled will be fully cooked yet still moist and tasty.

Chicken may be cooked in a variety of ways, including by boiling. To flavor the meat while it cooks, you may add various herbs or spices to the water. The cooked chicken may also be used in a wide range of dishes, including salads, soups, and casseroles.

How Are Chicken Thighs Prepared?

1. Remove any extra fat from your chicken thighs by washing them in cold water.

2. If the chicken thighs are not all the same size, cut them into even pieces. They will cook more evenly as a result.

3. There is no preparation required if you use boneless chicken thighs. Simply cook the chicken by submerging it in a kettle of water.

4. You must remove the skin off bone-in chicken thighs before cooking them. Simply slice the skin around the thigh with a sharp knife to do this. Avoid cutting into the actual meat while cutting. After scoring the skin, it ought to effortlessly come off the flesh with little effort.

5. Add your prepared chicken to a saucepan of boiling water. Make careful to cover the chicken completely with water before adding it.

Advice on Handling Raw Chicken Safely

1. After handling raw chicken, always wash your hands with soap and water.

2. Make careful to clean any surfaces, such as worktops, cutting boards, and knives that come into touch with raw chicken.

3. For chopping up raw chicken and other items, use a different cutting board.

4. Keep raw chicken away from other food items in your kitchen to prevent cross-contamination.

5. Make careful to throw away any marinade you used if it has touch with raw chicken.

How should chicken thighs be spiced?

1. One benefit of boiling chicken is that it may be seasoned to any taste. To flavor the chicken while it cooks, you may add whatever herbs or spices you choose to the water. Garlic, onion, bay leaves, or thyme are a few excellent choices.

2. You may just season the chicken with salt and pepper before cooking it if you want to keep things easy.

3. We advise adding a bouillon cube to the water when using frozen chicken thighs to help give the chicken more flavor.

4. When the chicken is finished cooking, you may add any extra seasonings or sauces you choose.

5. You may eat boiled chicken on its own or include it into a number of dishes. Salads, soups, and casseroles are some common choices.

How To Perfectly Boil Chicken Thighs?

Source: Pintrest

Let’s dive into the specifics of how to boil chicken thighs now that we’ve covered all the fundamentals. Putting chicken thighs in a saucepan of cold water and bringing it to a boil is the ideal method for cooking them. The meat will cook more uniformly and won’t dry out as a result of this. The steps for boiling chicken thighs are as follows:

1. Place the chicken thighs in a large Dutch oven or saucepan.

2. The chicken should be covered by 1-2 inches of water in the pot.

3. To flavor the meat, add salt and any other herbs or spices you choose.

4. Over high heat, bring the water in the saucepan to a boil.

5. When the water reaches a rolling boil, lower the heat to a low setting and simmer the chicken for 10-15 minutes for boneless chicken or 15-20 minutes for bone-in chicken.

6. Check the internal temperature of the chicken with a meat thermometer. When the chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, it is fully cooked.

7. With a slotted spoon, take the chicken from the saucepan after it is fully cooked and set it aside on a plate or cutting board to rest.

8. Before chopping the chicken into pieces or using it in your preferred dish, let it five to ten minutes to cool. Enjoy!

You can see that boiling chicken thighs is a quick and easy procedure. Just be careful to monitor the cooking time to prevent overcooking and dry chicken.

How Can I Faster Boil Chicken Thighs?

There are a few techniques to expedite the boiling process if time is of the essence.

Before cooking, one technique is to chop the chicken into smaller pieces. As a result, the chicken will cook more quickly overall since more of its surface area will be in contact with the water. Moreover, you have the option of cooking the chicken at a higher temperature. Just be sure you watch it carefully to prevent overcooking.

Another option is to heat the water in the saucepan until it is boiling before adding the chicken. The total cooking time will be cut by a few minutes as a result. However, since it may result in the chicken drying out, this procedure is not advised. If you decide to use this technique, be sure to adjust the cooking time appropriately.

Finally, you may cook your chicken thighs in a pressure cooker or Instant Pot. This process is really quick. Just be careful to adhere to the pressure cooker’s directions to avoid overcooking the chicken.

Different Ways to Boil Chicken Thighs

While cooking chicken thighs in the boiling water is the simplest and safest approach, there are a few other ways you may prepare your fowl. Here are a few different ways to prepare chicken thighs:

1. When using the microwave, put your chicken thighs in a dish that is microwave-safe and cover them with water by one to two inches. Check the internal temperature of the chicken after 5 minutes on high in the microwave. Up until the chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, microwave the chicken for one additional minute at a time.

2. 1-2 cups of water or chicken broth should be added to the slow cooker along with the chicken thighs. Cook the chicken completely on low for 6 to 8 hours or on high for 3 to 4 hours.

3. Instant Pot: Put your chicken thighs and 1-2 cups of water or chicken broth in the Instant Pot insert. Put the pot in “manual” mode, cook at high pressure for 6–8 minutes, then let the pressure naturally drop for 5 minutes. Release any residual pressure quickly, then take the chicken out of the

4. The healthful and calorie-efficient cooking technique of steaming is ideal for preparing boneless, skinless chicken thighs. Place chicken thighs in a steamer basket or on a rack over a saucepan of boiling water to steam them. Cook the chicken for 10 to 15 minutes, or until done. Before taking the chicken out of the steamer, check its internal temperature to make sure it is fully cooked.

To maintain food safety, cook your chicken until it reaches an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, regardless of the technique you choose.

Tips for Perfectly Boiling Chicken Thighs

Here are some pointers to assist you in perfecting the technique of boiling chicken thighs:

1. Before cooking, season the chicken thighs with salt, pepper, and any other spices or herbs that you’d like. The meat will taste better as a result while it cooks.

2. Water should be added until the chicken is submerged by 1-2 inches. By doing this, you can make sure that the chicken cooks evenly and doesn’t dry out.

4. Remember to take the chicken out of the saucepan as soon as it is finished cooking to prevent it from continuing to cook in the hot water.

5. Before cutting into the chicken, let it rest for 5 to 10 minutes to allow the liquids to re-distribute. Juicier chicken will result from this.

6. Make careful to chop the chicken against the grain while cutting it. This will lessen the risk of the bird being torn apart.

With these pointers, cooking chicken thighs will be second nature to you in no time! So the next time you’re searching for a quick and tasty method to prepare chicken, go ahead and give it a try.

How Can Common Chicken Thigh Boiling Issues Be Solved?

1. If your chicken is dry and overdone

When chicken is boiled, the most frequent issue is that it is overdone and gets dry. Several factors, like using an excessively high heat, cooking for an excessively long time, or not adding enough liquid to the pot, might cause this. Use low or moderate heat and cook the chicken for the specified period of time to prevent this issue. Additionally, be sure to fill the pot with enough water or broth to cover the chicken by 1-2 inches.

2. In case your chicken is not fully cooked

If your chicken is undercooked, you may have not cooked it for a sufficient amount of time, used insufficient heat, or added too much liquid to the pot. Make sure you cook the chicken for the necessary period of time and use high heat so that the water immediately comes to a boil in order to solve this issue. In order to give the chicken enough space to cook correctly, be careful not to add too much liquid to the pot.

3. If the chicken is hard

If your chicken was overcooked or exposed to excessive heat, it may be the reason of its toughness. Use low or moderate heat and cook the chicken for the specified period of time to prevent this issue. Using a marinade to soften the meat before cooking is another option.

4. When chicken is rubbery

If your chicken is rubbery, you may not have cooked it long enough or with insufficient heat. Make sure you cook the chicken for the necessary period of time and use high heat so that the water immediately comes to a boil in order to solve this issue. In order to give the chicken enough space to cook correctly, be careful not to add too much liquid to the pot.

5. if the chicken is flavorless

If your chicken tastes bland, it may be because you didn’t apply poultry seasoning or added insufficient spice to the water. Make careful to season the water before boiling the chicken with salt, pepper, and poultry seasoning to avoid this issue. Adding more aromatics to the pot, such as herbs, onions, and garlic, is another option.

How Can I Tell If Cooked Chicken Thighs?

Using a meat thermometer is the best method to determine whether chicken thighs have finished cooking. When the chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, it is fully cooked.

If the chicken’s fluids flow clean, it is another sign that it is fully cooked. The chicken has to be cooked longer if the juices are still pink.

Finally, cutting into a chicken thigh will reveal if it is cooked through. The chicken is fully cooked once the flesh is no longer pink and the fluids are clear. It has to simmer for a few minutes longer if there is any pink still present.

How Should I Prepare Boiling Chicken Thighs?

Boiling chicken may be used in a wide variety of ways. It may be used in a variety of dishes, such as salads, soups, and casseroles. The chicken may also be torn into shreds and used to tacos or burritos.

Making homemade chicken stock is a wonderful additional use for boiling chicken. Any leftover chicken flesh or bones may be used in this recipe. The chicken bones or flesh should simply be added to a pot of water and simmered for several hours. After straining, put the broth in the freezer or refrigerator for later use.

How Should Boiled Chicken Thighs Be Stored and Freezed?

Chicken that is left over may be kept in the refrigerator for up to four days. The chicken should be placed in an airtight container or securely wrapped in plastic wrap for the best storage.

Additionally, boiled chicken may be frozen for up to four months. To do this, put the chicken in the freezer in a bag or container that is freezer-safe. The chicken should be defrosted in the refrigerator the night before usage and consumed within four days.

How Are Leftover Chicken Thighs Reheated?

The oven is the ideal place to reheat chicken thighs. Place the chicken on a baking pan and preheat the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Bake the chicken for approximately 10 minutes, or until it is well heated.

Another option is to reheat the chicken over low heat in a pan on the stove. Over medium heat, add the chicken to a pan and cook for approximately 5 minutes, or until cooked through. To prevent the chicken from drying out, add a little water or chicken broth to the pot.

You may also reheat the chicken in the microwave if you’re pressed for time. The chicken should be cooked thoroughly after being placed on a microwave-safe dish and heated for 1–2 minutes at 50% power.

Steamed Chicken Thighs (How to Boil Chicken Thighs on The Stove)

– A pot big enough to accommodate every chicken thigh

– The pot’s cover

– Tongs or a spoon for stirring

– A serving dish or chopping board

– 2 pounds of chicken thighs, either with the skin on or removed or with the bone (5-6 thighs)

Olive oil, 1 tbsp

– Water

Salt, 1 teaspoon

– 1/2 teaspoon pepper, black

– 1/4 teaspoon seasoning for poultry (optional)

1) Put the chicken thighs in the saucepan and cover them with water.

2) Fill the saucepan with the poultry seasoning, salt, pepper, and olive oil.

3) Combine everything and heat the water in the saucepan to a rolling boil.

4) As soon as the water begins to boil, turn down the heat and let it simmer for 20 minutes, or until the chicken is well cooked.

5) When the chicken thighs are done cooking, turn off the heat and allow the meat sit in the liquid to cool for 5 to 10 minutes.

6) Take the chicken out of the cooking vessel and set it on a dish or chopping board.

7) Take pleasure in your boiling chicken thighs!

1. Can chicken be over boiled?

Chicken will become overdone and dry if it is boiled for an excessively long time. Using a meat thermometer is the best method to determine if the chicken is overdone. When chicken achieves an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, it is said to be cooked.

2. How long should chicken thighs be boiled before falling apart?

You’ll need to cook the chicken thighs for a longer time if you want them to come apart. The chicken thighs should be cooked thoroughly after 30 to 40 minutes of boiling.

3. Is water from cooked chicken safe to drink?

Chicken broth is the liquid used to cook the chicken. A tasty and nourishing beverage, chicken broth may be consumed on its own or as a foundation for soups and stews.

4. What is the white substance that emerges from boiling chicken thighs?

Albumin is the white substance that emerges from boiling chicken thighs. A protein called albumin is present in chicken and other meats. Albumin hardens and becomes white when meat is cooked because the proteins coagulate and denature.

5. How long is cooked chicken good for?

The boiled chicken will keep for 3–4 days in the refrigerator or 3–4 months in the freezer if stored properly. Boiling chicken can be kept in an airtight container or tightly wrapped in aluminum foil or plastic wrap.

6. Does boiling chicken thighs longer make them more tender?

No, boiling chicken thighs longer won’t make them softer. When chicken achieves an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, it is said to be cooked. Over boiling the chicken will produce dry, overdone chicken.

7. How can bland boiled chicken be improved?

There are a few ways to lessen the blandness of boiled chicken. One method is to season the water with some herbs or spices before cooking the chicken. Cooking the chicken in chicken broth as opposed to water is an alternative. While the chicken is cooking, you may also add some veggies to the pot, such carrots, celery, or onions. After the chicken has been cooked, you may finish it by sautéing it in a little oil.

8. Can I keep the chicken thighs’ skin on?

When cooking chicken thighs, you may leave the skin on. The skin will aid in preserving the chicken’s taste and moisture. However, you may wish to remove the skin before eating if you are monitoring your fat consumption.

9. Before cooking the chicken thighs, should I rinse them?

The chicken thighs shouldn’t be rinsed before cooking. The germs may end up spreading around your kitchen if you rinse the chicken since not all of the bacteria will be removed. The chicken should be cooked without being rinsed beforehand.

10. How can I cook chicken thighs such that the skin is crispy?

Broiling chicken thighs for a few minutes after cooking is the best approach to get crispy skin on boiling chicken thighs.

In order to do this, turn on the broiler setting of your oven and arrange the chicken thighs on a wire rack that has been coated with cooking spray. The skin should be crisp and golden brown after 3 to 5 minutes under the broiler. Make sure to keep a close eye on the chicken to prevent overcooking.

Cooking boiled chicken thighs in a pan and then frying them is another method for getting skin that is crispy.

To achieve this, warm one tablespoon of oil over medium-high heat in a big skillet. When the skin is golden brown and crispy, add the chicken thighs to the pan and cook for 3 to 5 minutes. To ensure that the chicken thighs cook equally on both sides, be sure to flip them.

11. Do chicken thighs need to be boiled before frying?

No, boiling chicken thighs before frying them is not necessary. Although it’s not strictly essential, boiling chicken thighs makes the flesh softer and makes it simpler to cook. The chicken thighs will just take a bit longer to cook through in the pan if you decide without boiling them.

12. Should I use salt when I cook chicken?

No, salt is not required when boiling chicken. While cooking, the chicken will release some of its own natural juices, which will flavor the water. You can always boil the chicken without salt and add salt to taste once it’s finished cooking if you’re worried about your sodium intake.

12. To boil chicken thighs, how many cups of water are required?

You will need 1 cup (240 ml) of water for every pound (450 g) of chicken. Therefore, you will use 2 cups (480ml) of water to boil 2 pounds (900g) of chicken thighs.

13. What should I put on boiling chicken thighs?

Boiling chicken thighs are often served with rice, mashed potatoes, and steamed vegetables as a side dish. The chicken would also go well with a simple pasta dish or salad.

15. Can I make this recipe with frozen chicken thighs?

For this recipe, frozen chicken thighs are acceptable. Just remember to cook the chicken for a few minutes longer since it will take longer for the frozen chicken to cook thoroughly.

16. Can boiling chicken be frozen?

Yes, boiling chicken may be frozen. Up to 4 months might pass before the cooked chicken loses its freshness in the freezer. To avoid freezer burn, make sure to store the chicken in an airtight container.

17. What dishes call for boiled chicken thighs?

Some dishes that call for boiled chicken thighs include:

– Risotto with chicken and mushrooms

– Pot Pie de Poulet

– Soup with chicken and rice

Chicken Salad

– Chicken curry in Thai

– Soup with chicken noodles

18. How nutritious are cooked chicken thighs?

Boiling chicken thighs is a healthy choice, no doubt. Chicken is a lean protein that is rich in a number of crucial elements and low in saturated fat. Chicken maintains moisture when it is cooked, making it an even healthier choice.

19. When boiling, are the chicken thighs covered?

When cooking chicken thighs, there is no need to cover them. However, the chicken will cook more quickly if you choose to cover it.

20. Can a little pink remain on chicken thighs?

To some extent, chicken thighs may be pink. The chicken is not undercooked and this is completely normal. Myoglobin, a protein that gives meat its red color, is what gives the pink hue to the food. Myoglobin becomes white when it is cooked, which is why chicken breasts often have a white tint.

21. How long should chicken thighs be boiled for soup?

You must cook chicken thighs for 30-35 minutes while boiling them for soup. By doing this, the chicken will be fully cooked and the flesh will be soft.

22. How long should chicken thighs be boiled before being grilled?

You must cook chicken thighs for 15-20 minutes if you are boiling them before grilling. The meat will become more tender as a result, making it simpler to grill.

23. Can I pre-boil chicken thighs?

Chicken thighs may be boiled in advance. Just be sure to keep the cooked chicken in the refrigerator in an airtight container. For up to 4 days, the cooked chicken will remain fresh.

The next time you’re searching for a quick and wholesome supper choice, consider boiling chicken thighs for the specified amount of time. Don’t forget to try out various techniques and times until you discover what works best for you.

This technique for cooking is easy to follow and yields delectable results. Chicken may be easily and consistently cooked to perfection by being boiled, whether you’re preparing for a small family or a huge crowd.

Remember to check the internal temperature of your chicken thighs with a meat thermometer before serving. Additionally, be sure to experiment with various herbs and spices to flavor your chicken to your taste.

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Portfolio construction in the age of uncertainty

Diversifying an investment portfolio with different asset classes helps to smooth out the return of your investments over time and reduces the dependency on the performance of a single asset class. But what should you do when bonds and equities fall at the same time?

Never too much or too little

Success in investing over the long-term isn’t just about picking winners. The safest way to grow your wealth over the long-term is to construct a portfolio that is able to navigate different market environments.

This means spreading your investments over as wide a terrain as possible, minimizing your exposure should your stake in any single sector, company or fund take a tumble. Putting your money in as many pots as possible can help to capture new opportunities when they arise, too.

There may be chances to make strong short-term returns in individual sectors or companies—the recent surge in oil prices is a good example. But making bets on which stocks will perform well is a difficult game with uneven results. Even if your hunch proves correct, it’s difficult to time any anticipated rise or plunge correctly.

By adopting a balanced diversified approach (which means avoiding concentration of your wealth in one single asset class), your portfolio stands a better chance of achieving a stable return over time.

Fixed income comes under scrutiny

Government and corporate bonds are usually referred to as fixed income assets because they pay investors a set return until the maturity date, then get reimbursed. In a rapid rising environment for equity markets, we expect fixed income to underperform against equities, but the risk attached to them is much lower. A smartly diversified portfolio should have both, to avoid the sharp variability of performance that equity markets generate.

The recent performance of fixed income markets has generated some questions around the ability of that asset class to offer relevant diversification at a time where equity markets were falling. The reality is that fixed income investments have faced a perfect storm of unique market circumstances since the beginning of the year. The post-pandemic surge in inflation has been aggravated by the war in Ukraine (causing commodity prices to skyrocket), and by further lockdowns in China (which have further disrupted global supply chains). To keep up with these rapidly changing market dynamics, central banks have been forced to end their ultra-loose monetary policies and have therefore been raising their benchmark rates. As a result, fixed income investments have fallen in value. At the same time, equity markets have been selling off as well, as a result of the consequences of the war in Ukraine and the risk of an economic slowdown following rapid change in monetary policy. So, against this backdrop of severe volatility, bonds and equities sold off at the same time and therefore, bonds failed to act as a safe haven.

Bonds still smooth out returns over time

When considering the value of a particular investment, it’s important to look at the bigger picture. Bonds didn’t offset falling equity values in the first quarter. But if we look at returns over a longer investment period, investors without any fixed income in their portfolio would have been worse off. The same was true during the depths of the COVID-19 pandemic, when having fixed income smoothed out returns at a time when equities were down close to 35%.

Research has tracked the performance of bonds versus stocks since 1976. Of all the negative quarters we’ve seen for stocks in that time, bonds have outperformed equities 47 out of 50 times. This is one of the strongest correlations between asset classes that there is.

The simultaneous selloff of bonds and stocks earlier this year came at a time when the world turned abruptly and monetary policy and markets had to adapt to higher interest rates, soaring inflation and slow growth. Over the longer-term however, the value of fixed income in controlling overall exposure is unambiguous.

Risk management in uncertain times

Investors today are trading in an environment that the world has not seen since the 1980s. That era was another time of high inflation and low growth. Most investors weren’t active then and some weren’t even born.

We belief that risk tools are more important now than ever. It’s easy to say today that a portfolio should have more money in commodities, but that ignores the fact that commodities consistently performed poorly for the previous eight years. The top performing asset class has changed every year for the past decade.

Commodity prices were hurting for years due to bad public relations and a shift toward renewables. Meanwhile, low interest rates were not favorable to value stocks—like banks—but fueled the rise of the tech companies helping to digitize our societies. Few would have predicted the reverse in fortunes we are seeing today.

Winners rotate, so picking the right stock one year is no guarantee of success in the future. Investors in a single asset class can find themselves vulnerable when the winds change.

The bottom line

It’s important to have conviction and place bets when you believe that one asset class or manager will overperform, but balance is key. Success over the long-term means constructing a portfolio that is resilient and can perform well in multiple scenarios, not just one.

Putting all your eggs in one basket might work for a while. But if there is a market reversion—and there’s always one eventually—you will find yourself badly exposed without proper diversification. This strategic approach might mean that you’re never top of the pile in terms of returns over a short investment horizon, but it should also mean that you avoid the bottom of the pile as well. However, over the long term, being invested in a well-diversified portfolio means that you are much likely to achieve your long-term objective with limited stress.


Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (IDUA)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, also known as Hurler syndrome, is a pan-ethnic, autosomal recessive disease caused by pathogenic variants in the gene IDUA. This gene encodes the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase, which breaks down specific molecules in cell lysosomes. When this enzyme does not function properly, excess molecules are retained in the lysosomes of various cells in the body. This storage disorder results in progressive symptoms including coarsening of the facial features, skeletal dysplasia, excess organ size, intellectual disability, vision impairment and hearing loss. Growth is stunted and death occurs due to failure of the heart and lungs, usually by the age of 10 years. Some patients have a milder disease course, which may be called Hurler-Scheie or Scheie syndrome. In this form, the disease is course is variable; some patients may die of complications in young adulthood, whereas others may life a natural lifespan with no major intellectual disability. Skeletal abnormalities and cardiac disease are usually the most severe symptoms in this form of the disease. The milder form of the disease occurs when at least one variant results in some residual enzyme activity, but not all pathogenic variants will allow for the prediction of disease severity.

This gene is included on the following panel(s):


Benefits of Cardiovascular Exercise

Benefits of Cardiovascular Exercise

Choosing what exercises to undertake can be stressful if you're new to working out or returning to the gym. There are some workouts that will be more helpful to achieve your goals – it’s good to try a few different exercises.

Some people hate the word "cardio" while others can't get enough of it. Regardless of your perspective, cardiovascular activity is one of the essential elements that should never be overlooked when creating a fitness plan.

There are countless cardiovascular workouts you may do to raise the quality of life you currently have. Some of these exercises are cycling. Running. Dancing. Kickboxing, hiking, etc.

These motivational factors will persuade you to start exercising.

1. Boosts Energy Naturally

People frequently drink coffee and energy drinks throughout the day to stay alert. Cardio exercise is one of the healthier options hence some people choose to start their day spending at the gym. Running is an example of an energy-intensive activity that causes our bodies to release endorphins.

2. Better Sleep

Did you know that exercise can also help you sleep better? People who exercise frequently reported better sleep quality and quantity, according to a study that was published in the Journal of Sleep Research. Comparing exercisers to non-exercisers, the researchers discovered that the former reported sleeping an average of 7.5 hours every night.

3. Exercise improves digestion

Exercise enhances the composition of your gut flora, speeding up food digestion, according to studies. The health of your intestines depends on this. Additionally, it promotes intestinal movement to ward off gastrointestinal issues including diarrhea or constipation.

4. Improve Heart Health

The same as any other muscle, your heart has to be worked on in order to grow strong. If you don’t exercise it, it Can deteriorate gradually and this might have a number of harmful implications for your health. You may keep the heart in good form and health by regularly getting it to beat faster. The main cause of why too many people experience dizziness when doing straightforward workouts like going upstairs is that they don’t exercise their heart muscles.

5. People who do cardio are less apt to get sick

Your immune system is strengthened by cardiovascular activity, which lowers your risk of getting sick. Your risk of developing conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or high blood pressure is reduced by regular exercise. You breathe more easily because it keeps your lungs healthy. Your heart is under less strain because of the decreased heart rate. Overall, cardiovascular workouts plus a good diet increase your chances of living longer and in better health.


The secret of psychic ability is in the entrainment of brain waves

There is a secret to accessing your inherent psychic ability and yes, there is plenty of evidence that psychic abilities do exist and that, like any other skill or ability in life, they can be developed.

It’s all about brain wave frequency.

The secret step to developing your psychic ability lies in the alpha brain wave frequency.

This brainwave state is a slow, high-amplitude frequency that is between 14 and 7 hertz, or cycles per second, and is believed to be where you need to be to connect with “the other side, the “universe, your source, spirit guide, angels, God…”

Your normal day-to-day mental state must calm down enough to access the alpha state, which is essential for developing your psychic ability.

It has been said that our spirit guides are in the alpha wave frequency as a middle ground where we can communicate with them and they with us.

Why brainwave entrainment can help develop psychic ability

  • Entrainment can slow the mind quickly, efficiently and easily by putting you in the driver’s seat.
  • Brainwave entrainment uses audio pulses, as a repeating rhythmic stimulus, to induce the brain to sweep or follow the alpha wave frequency.
  • When the alpha wave is applied, two regions of the brain are stimulated, favorable to psychic ability. These regions are the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Isochronic tones, the strongest form of entrainment, are particularly successful in engaging these areas at rates that favor psychic development.
  • Brainwave entrainment facilitates a faster development of psychic ability than conventional methods such as meditation. Specialized sessions will bring your brain to the same brainwave frequencies you access during meditation, giving you the same benefits, only faster and deeper. When meditating conventionally, it is very difficult to maintain a constant alpha wave for a long time. With a brainwave sync recording, the alpha wave remains constant, bringing you into a deeper state of consciousness for a longer period of time.
  • You will be in an altered state of consciousness for a longer period of time, exposing yourself to other dimensions and communication, for a longer period of time.
  • The results of listening to the recording are long-lasting, if used regularly over several months, because new neural pathways develop in your gray matter, changing the type of electrochemical substances you use, putting you in a state different

Psychic ability used to be seen as something magical, something unattainable by ordinary humans and a secret only possessed by mystics and shamans.

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Best Time to Fish for Crappie is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to

Freshwater species seem to be an easy feat, but this doesn’t seem to be the case with all species, particularly crappie. A lot of fishermen have been wanting to get their hands on them, but analyzing their behavior patterns can be frustrating. This guide aims to help to track them and find out when the Best Time to Fish for Crappie.

Best Time to Fish for Crappie

The crappie is a freshwater species that can be found in lakes, ponds and calm sections of slow-moving rivers. Clear waters with muddy or sandy bottoms are their favorite environments, mainly because it allows them to dig their nest, without mentioning that there is a lot of vegetation for them to go around. Not only it shelters them but also provides them oxygen, crucial to their survival. Their preferred feeding times are mainly during the dark hours, which will be explained below.

It cannot be stressed enough how important it is to track the behavior and feeding patterns of the fish that are going to be caught. This information is a key piece of the strategy since certain timeframes provide better or worse results, which may vary between species. When it comes to fishing for crappie, it is highly recommended to catch them during their feeding time, but more on that later.

When they feed…

The crappie is known to feed between the hours of midnight and 2 am. This means that nighttime fishing can provide good results, as well as dawn and dusk since they grab their lunches at these timeframes too, These fellows prefer feasting on shallower areas, where they can easily find minnows and insects, their favorite meal. With this in mind, it crucial to prepare the bait accordingly to obtain the best results. Another thing to take into consideration is that they spend daylight hours on the deeper parts of the water, making them harder to catch.

The crappie’ spawning season tends to provide good results when it comes to daylight fishing. This is mainly because the males guard their nests, which are usually in the shallows. Since they will attack anything and everyone that dares to disturb the eggs, this can be a great opportunity to get the rods ready and take advantage of the male crappie’s paternal instinct. On the other hand, fishing in the afternoon has proven to be effective during winter, since the water temperature rises and the fish will often swim closer to the surface to find their next meal.

Best Time to Fish for Crappie in Winter

According to Kayak Guru, fishing for crappie during winter can provide great results. Thus, it’s considered one of the best times to get ahold of these creatures. The reason? They haven’t gotten into their semi-hibernation state yet. Crappie can be very active during winter months, which means that ice fishing will go smoothly.

However, it is important to know that crappie will be in deeper water during winter, around 15 to 20 ft. This is mainly because they’re moving in groups and can be found near underwater structures, boat docks, trees or brush, to name a few. On the other hand, the water tends to be warmer in southern areas, which means that there will be more fish to go around. During these cold months, it is recommended to combine sonar equipment with the knowledge of their possible locations if the plan is to fish for them in the ice.

Best Time of Day to Catch Crappie in Summer

The crappie’s behavior during summer is interesting. Once the hotter months reach their peak, they tend to head back into the deeper waters, leaving their nesting sites defenseless. Twilight hours tend to be the best time to catch them in this season since this is the timeframe where they tend to feed. Nighttime can provide the same results as well, especially because crappie usually swim closer to the surface before and after dusk.

However, fishing for crappie can be difficult during summer, so special equipment and trolling will be required, alongside a whole bunch of patience. It might take time, but the places where they’re cooling off can be found. With this in mind, deciding whether to catch them during summer or not is completely up to the fishermen, but they will need to consider all the details above before making their choice.

Best Time to Fish for Crappie in the Fall

Another season that will require patience, since fishing for crappie during autumn is not an easy feat either. This is mainly because the water temperature tends to remain the same at all depths, with no exceptions. Thus, it is likely that crappie will be constantly changing locations, making their behavior more unpredictable and, as a result, they become harder to track down. Fishing for crappie during fall can be frustrating but it will be rewarding once they’re ready to be served.

One thing to take into consideration is that crappie schools are preparing for the upcoming winter, which means lesser food. This means that they will be looking for minnows nonstop, so they’ll be easily tempted if their favorite meal is used against them as bait. In Kayak Guru, the author recommends going fishing during the night, since they come closer to the shallows during their feeding time. Fishermen will need to play their cards correctly and plan accordingly to come home with an excellent bite. Of course, this will mean picking the best bait, something that will determine how productive the fishing trip is.

The crappie is a freshwater species that can be found in lakes, ponds, and calm sections of slow-moving rivers since they tend to have muddy bottoms and vegetation that allows them to dig their nest and provides them shelter and oxygen. They tend to be easier to spot during their feeding time, which happens during dawn, dusk, and from midnight to 2 am. Daylight fishing is especially possible during their spawning season because the male crappie tends to guard its nest and attack ferociously anyone who dares to disturb its eggs. Winter is the best time to fish for them.


R.O.C.S. Magic Whitening

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Composition analysis

The main carrier for all ingredients.
Helps dissolve other soluble ingredients. Helps the mechanical process of cleaning teeth in mouthwashes.

Bromelain is a group of enzymes found in the fruit and stem of the pineapple plant. Pineapple is native to the Americas but is now grown throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions. Historically, natives of Central and South America used pineapple for a variety of ailments, such as digestive disorders. Bromelain is promoted as a dietary supplement for reducing pain and swelling, especially of the nose and sinuses, gums, and other body parts after surgery or injury. It is also promoted for osteoarthritis, cancer, digestive problems, and muscle soreness. Topical bromelain is promoted for burns.
Few side effects of bromelain have been reported in studies. The most commonly reported side effects have been stomach upset and diarrhea. Allergic reactions may occur in individuals who are sensitive or allergic to pineapples or who have other allergies. Little is known about whether it’s safe to use bromelain during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Bromelain may interact with some medicines, such as the antibiotic amoxicillin. If you take medicines, talk to your health care provider before taking bromelain.

Calcium glycerophosphate is a Calcium salt of glycerophosphoric acid
It is thought that calcium glycerophosphate may act through a variety of mechanisms to produce an anti-caries effect , These include increasing acid-resistance of the enamel, increasing enamel mineralization, modifying plaque, acting as a pH-buffer in plaque, and elevating Calcium and phosphate levels. When used as an electrolyte replacement, calcium glycerophosphate donates Calcium and inorganic phosphate. Calcium glycerophosphate is preferable to calcium phosphate due to its increased solubility. Compared to combination calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate, calcium glycerophosphate produces greater phosphate retention which allows for increased Calcium retention and ultimately greater incorporation of the ions into bone structure
By FDA, calcium glycerophosphate is considered a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient as a nutrient supplement (source of calcium or phosphorus), or in food products such as gelatins, puddings, and fillings. It is also present in dental or oral hygiene products due to its cariostatic effects.

The takeaway. Silicon dioxide exists naturally within the earth and our bodies. There isn't yet evidence to suggest it's dangerous to ingest as a food additive, but more research is needed on what role it plays in the body. Chronic inhalation of silica dust can lead to lung disease.

Studies suggest that sodium benzoate may increase your risk of inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, ADHD, and allergies. It may also convert to benzene, a potential carcinogen, but the low levels found in beverages are deemed safe. In the United States, sodium benzoate is designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration. The International Programme on Chemical Safety found no adverse effects in humans at doses of 647–825 mg/kg of body weight per day.

Ingesting large amounts of sorbitol can lead to abdominal pain, flatulence, and mild to severe diarrhea. Habitual sorbitol consumption of over 20 grams (0.7 oz) per day as sugar-free gum has led to severe diarrhea, causing unintended weight loss or even requiring hospitalization. In early studies, a dose of 25g of sorbitol, eaten through the day, produced a laxative effect in only 5% of individuals. As a result of the large molecular weight of sorbitol, when large amounts of sorbitol are ingested, only a small amount of sorbitol is absorbed in the small intestine, and most of the sorbitol enters the colon, with consequent gastrointestinal effects.

For most people, eating foods that contain xanthan gum appears to be completely safe. While many foods contain it, it only makes up about 0.05–0.3% of a food product. Moreover, a typical person consumes less than 1 gram of xanthan gum per day. Amounts 20 times that have been proven to be safe. In fact, the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives assigned it an acceptable daily intake of “not specified.” It gives this designation when food additives have a very low toxicity, and levels in foods are so small that they do not pose a health hazard. But people should avoid inhaling xanthan gum. Workers who handled it in powder form were found to have flu-like symptoms and nose and throat irritation. So even though you may eat many foods containing it, your intake is so small that you’re unlikely to experience either benefits or negative side effects.

Xylitol is generally well tolerated, but some people experience digestive side effects when they consume too much. The sugar alcohols can pull water into your intestine or get fermented by gut bacteria. This can lead to gas, bloating and diarrhea.

The unique formula of the toothpaste is based on the latest generation of a multistage cleaning system containing special granules that clean and polish the teeth. Thanks to their structure, the granules effectively, quickly and safely remove soft dental plaque during the initial stages of brushing.

During the brushing process the granules split into even smaller, more round particles that ensure that the enamel is polished in the final stages of brushing, giving it a sparkling shine.

A high-quality removal of discolored plaque is achieved with the help of a proteolytic enzyme of natural origin.

– Restores natural whiteness
– Gives an impeccable shine
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– Ensures a complex protection of the teeth and gums

An effective protection from the most common dental diseases* (caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, etc.) and strengthening of the enamel structure* is ensured by the patented MINERALIN® complex: natural enzyme bromelain, xylitol, calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride.

Does not contain fluorides, sodium lauryl sulphate, parabens, triclosan or chlorhexidine.

*Confirmed during laboratory and clinical trials

Treatment-and-prophylactic R.O.C.S. toothpaste for adults containing the MINERALIN® complex, which is a patented combination of ingredients: the natural proteolytic enzyme bromelain, xylitol, calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride.

Thanks to their structure, the special cleaning and polishing granules in the toothpaste effectively, quickly and safely remove soft dental plaque.

BROMELAIN – a purified enzyme from pineapple fruit and stalks – gently dissolves dental plaque; prevents the attachment of bacteria to the teeth and oral mucosa; possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Has been used with success in various fields of medicine for over 30 years, including as part of pharmaceutical products, and has a high clinical effectiveness.

XYLITOL – (found in grains) protects against cariogenic bacteria in high concentrations, has prebiotic qualities; promotes the absorption of calcium

CALCIUM GLYCEROPHOSPHATE AND MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE – minerals that are known and beneficial to the human body – strengthen the enamel and dentin, restore the teeth’s whiteness*

The special cleaning and polishing granules in the toothpaste effectively, quickly and safely remove soft dental plaque during the initial stages of brushing.

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Eddington Formulates the Mass-Luminosity Law for Stars Summary

  • Last updated on November 10, 2022

Arthur Stanley Eddington’s demonstration of the relationship between a star’s mass and its luminosity led to an understanding of how stars evolve.

Summary of Event

In the early twentieth century, astronomy was changing. Until that time, astronomers had concerned themselves chiefly with the motions of heavenly objects and the laws and forces that describe those motions. With the advent of the analysis of starlight (spectrography) Spectrography and the use of photography, the science of astrophysics Astrophysics began to take shape. Scientists could now learn more about the properties of stars other than their motions and could begin the task of understanding what stars are like internally, how they form, and what fuels their existence. New data were becoming available that scientists could use to discover patterns or relationships among different properties of stars, as revealed by their light. The interpretation of these patterns and relationships was to be one of the first tasks of the science of astrophysics. [kw]Eddington Formulates the Mass-Luminosity Law for Stars (Mar., 1924) [kw]Mass-Luminosity Law for Stars, Eddington Formulates the (Mar., 1924)[Mass Luminosity Law for Stars, Eddington Formulates the (Mar., 1924)] [kw]Luminosity Law for Stars, Eddington Formulates the Mass- (Mar., 1924) [kw]Stars, Eddington Formulates the Mass-Luminosity Law for (Mar., 1924) Astronomy;stars Stars;mass-luminosity relationship[mass luminosity relationship] Mass-luminosity law[Mass luminosity law] Stellar evolution [g]England;Mar., 1924: Eddington Formulates the Mass-Luminosity Law for Stars[06030] [c]Science and technology;Mar., 1924: Eddington Formulates the Mass-Luminosity Law for Stars[06030] [c]Astronomy;Mar., 1924: Eddington Formulates the Mass-Luminosity Law for Stars[06030] Eddington, Arthur Stanley Halm, Jacob Karl Ernst Campbell, William Wallace Hertzsprung, Ejnar Russell, Henry Norris

Arthur Stanley Eddington.

(Library of Congress)

One type of new data concerned the luminosities (brightnesses) and spectral types of stars. A star’s spectral type is a classification assigned to it after a study of its light, as spread out by a prism or a grating (its spectrum). A program at Harvard College Observatory Harvard College Observatory and other research provided astronomers with catalogs of spectral type and luminosity for many stars. In 1905, Ejnar Hertzsprung, a Danish astronomer, revealed a relationship between a star’s brightness and its type. This relationship was demonstrated in the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram, developed by Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell in the United States. Its discovery raised issues regarding the meaning of this relationship and its implications for why stars are of differing colors and brightnesses.

Another type of new data concerned the masses of stars. When studying double-star systems, Double stars astronomers can use one of the laws formulated by Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century to determine the sum of the masses of the two stars in the system. In some cases, a ratio of the masses of the two stars can also be obtained, and this information can be used to determine the mass of each individual star. This can be done either with stars that are visibly pairs of stars (visual doubles) or with stars that look like a single star to the eye but have spectra that reveal that two stars are actually present.

Jacob Karl Ernst Halm, at the Cape Observatory in South Africa, reviewed research conducted by William Wallace Campbell and by Russell with these double-star masses and postulated a relationship between a star’s mass and its spectral class. Halm then combined these two relationships in 1911 (spectral type-brightness and mass-spectral type) and suggested that there is a relationship between a star’s mass and its brightness. This possible relationship was also discussed by Russell in 1913 and by Hertzsprung in 1918.

In 1924, Arthur Stanley Eddington was a professor of astronomy at the University of Cambridge in England and director of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. He analyzed mass and luminosity data for many stars and plotted a diagram of mass versus luminosity. The diagram showed a relationship between the two that generally indicated that the brighter a star is, the more massive it is. Stars range from dim low-mass stars to bright high-mass stars along a diagonal line stretching across the plot. Eddington not only demonstrated this relationship but also began the discussion of its cause and implications.

Eddington’s theoretical explanation for the mass-luminosity relationship was based on the law of perfect gases. Perfect gas law This law describes the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. The temperature of a star is related to its luminosity, which is actually a measure of the amount of energy radiated away from the star in a given amount of time (“brightness” is commonly used as an equivalent term for luminosity, given that energy is seen in the form of visible light). At the time, H-R diagrams of spectral type versus luminosity for groups of stars showed that there are two types of stars: those recognized by Hertzsprung as being larger (the giants) and the main-sequence stars, Main-sequence stars[Main sequence stars] or dwarf stars. Dwarf stars The giant stars Giant stars occupy one place on the diagram, with fairly constant luminosity and varying spectral types. The dwarf stars demonstrate Hertzsprung’s color-luminosity relationship: Color-luminosity relationship of stars[Color luminosity relationship] Blue stars Blue stars are brighter than yellow stars, Yellow stars which, in turn, are brighter than red stars. Red stars At the time when Eddington formulated this explanation, it was thought that only giant stars were composed of gases that would follow the perfect gas laws (which applied only under certain conditions), thus the mass-luminosity relationship should apply only to giant stars. Eddington tested the idea that only giants should exhibit the relationship between their masses and their luminosities and was surprised to discover that the relationship held for stars on the main sequence too. This was in conflict with the prevailing assumption that main-sequence stars were too dense for the perfect gas laws to apply to them and their relatively low luminosities (relative to the giants) were accounted for by their high densities. Eddington’s discovery indicated that their low luminosities could be accounted for simply by their low masses. He explained that the perfect gas laws applied at higher densities than expected for stars, because the material of which the stars were composed was highly ionized; that is, the individual atoms were missing some of their electrons because of the presence of high temperatures. This ionization reduced the bulk of the atoms, and the net result was that the perfect gas laws “worked” for much higher densities than could otherwise have been expected.

An interesting feature of the mass-luminosity diagram is the relatively broad range of luminosities and much smaller range of masses. The most massive star then known was estimated to be about one hundred times the mass of the Sun; the least massive was about one-sixth the mass of the Sun. Eddington had also considered the problem of radiation pressure in a star, and he used radiation pressure to explain the relatively small range of stellar masses. He showed that there is a condition of equilibrium in a star, with gravitational pressure inward balanced by gas pressure and radiation pressure outward. Beyond a certain mass, the radiation pressure becomes so great that a star would be blown apart by it; therefore, mass is the upper limit to stellar masses. (Today, the most massive star known has been estimated to be only about sixty-five times the mass of the Sun.) Eddington developed an equation to describe equilibrium in a star that is still used today. This equation involved the assumption of perfect gas conditions and therefore at first he thought it should apply only to giant stars. The discovery that perfect gas conditions are also maintained in dwarf or main-sequence stars extended the applicability of this equation and the model of a star’s interior that resulted.

The demonstration of the mass-luminosity relationship for stars gave astronomers new areas to investigate and revealed something about the conditions in main-sequence stars that had not been known before. It was an important step in the development of the current understanding of what makes stars shine and how they change over time.

After documenting the mass-luminosity relationship, Eddington began sorting out problems of the structure of stars and their energy sources. The fact that the perfect gas law can be applied to both main-sequence and giant stars was a great help to scientists studying stellar structure. The basic problem of stellar structure is that of producing a model star, that is, a description of the physical properties of a star at various depths below the star’s surface, such as the temperature and density. In order to know these properties, one must know the degree to which the gas prevents the free outward flow of radiation. The perfect gas law gives astronomers a tool for calculating this quantity, calculating the temperature and density at various depths in the star, and producing stellar models that are compared with actual stars. Eddington’s calculations assumed an average particle mass (for the particles of gas in stars) that today is known to be too high. This resulted from the fact that at the time the proportions of the various gases composing the stars were not known. It was not until Russell’s discovery that the Sun is almost entirely hydrogen that astronomers could use a particle weight more closely corresponding to reality.

The discovery of the mass-luminosity relation was important to theories of how stars change with time. In 1913, Russell had presented a scheme of stellar evolution in which all the stars on the main sequence were of different ages. The main sequence represented the path a star took throughout its lifetime, beginning as a bright blue star and cooling down to a dim red star as its energy source (heat from contraction under gravitational force) ran out. With Eddington’s discovery, however, astronomers realized that stars on the main sequence had differing masses (because mass and luminosity are related and they have different luminosities): The stars on the dim red end of the main sequence were less massive than stars at the bright blue end. If the main sequence is an evolutionary path that stars follow, then mass loss must occur as stars age. This was difficult to explain; it was not until later discoveries on stellar evolution that astronomers realized that the main sequence is not an evolutionary path.

The questions of how stars evolve and what their energy source is were solved in the 1930’s with the discovery of atomic fusion and the realization that fusion is occurring in stars. When two atoms fuse in the interior of a star, energy is released, and it is this energy that is seen as starlight and other types of radiation. Scientists now know that the mass of a star determines how quickly the fusion reactions take place inside it (how long it lives) and its place on the main sequence. A more massive star is brighter, hotter, and bluer, and when it comes to the end of its fuel supply, it has a more spectacular ending to its life than do less massive, cooler stars. Astronomy;stars Stars;mass-luminosity relationship[mass luminosity relationship] Mass-luminosity law[Mass luminosity law] Stellar evolution

Further Reading
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Abell, George O. Realm of the Universe. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 1994. Introductory college textbook explains various stellar properties and introduces the mass-luminosity relation and the diagram of this relation. Explains how data are gathered on masses of binary stars and discusses the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and its relevance to stellar masses and evolutions. Includes illustrations, diagrams, glossary, and annotated bibliography.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Degani, Meir H. Astronomy Made Simple. Rev. ed. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976. Explains the mass-luminosity law in the context of the sequences of stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Discussion of stellar evolution emphasizes the importance of a star’s mass in determining how it will change with time. Includes line diagrams and glossary.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Eddington, A. S. Stars and Atoms. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1927. Collection of a series of lectures given in 1926. Describes the then-current knowledge of stellar structure in a manner intended for the amateur willing to apply new ideas. First section concerns stellar interiors and the mass-luminosity relation. Dated, but valuable for Eddington’s own view of the work he performed and for his clear, engaging style.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Motz, Lloyd, and Jefferson Hane Weaver. The Story of Astronomy. New York: Plenum, 1995. Presents the history of astronomy from ancient times to the end of the twentieth century. Chapter 15 is devoted to the origin and development of the field of astrophysics. Features bibliography and index.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Pannekoek, A. A History of Astronomy. 1961. Reprint. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1989. Scholarly classic work includes a chapter titled “Common Stars” that discusses the mass-luminosity relation in the context of the development of astrophysics in the early twentieth century, the development of the H-R diagram, and theories of stellar evolution. Includes some line drawings and black-and-white photographs.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Struve, Otto, and Velta Zebergs. Astronomy of the Twentieth Century. New York: Macmillan, 1962. Discusses the work on stellar properties that culminated in Eddington’s discovery of the mass-luminosity law, including mass determination for binary stars. Also gives background on stellar evolution and H-R diagrams. Cowritten by an astronomer who participated in some of the astronomical history he describes. Includes drawings, diagrams, black-and-white photographs, glossary, and bibliography.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Zeilik, Michael, and Stephen A. Gregory. Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics. 4th ed. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1997. Provides a useful overview of general astronomy, including basic spectral issues and the use of H-R diagrams.

Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation Is Confirmed over Newton’s Theory

Michelson Measures the Diameter of a Star

Eddington Publishes The Internal Constitution of the Stars

Chandrasekhar Calculates the Upper Limit of a White Dwarf Star’s Mass

Categories: History Content


Kanō School Flourishes Summary

  • Last updated on November 11, 2022

In 1513, Kanō Motonobu painted his masterpieces at the Daisen-in Temple in Kyōto, “Patriarchs of Zen Buddhism” and “Birds and Flowers.” These represented a new style of painting that came to be known as the Kanō school, which flourished for centuries as the official and dominant painting academy.

Summary of Event

From about 1192 in the Kamakura period (1185-1333) until the Meiji Restoration (1868-1869), hereditary military dictators called shoguns governed Japan. The emperors were rulers in theory only. During the Muromachi period (1333-1573), the Ashikaga family shogunate Ashikaga shogunate (bakufu) officially governed from its residence at Muromachi in Kyōto. Chinese-style ink painting and Zen Buddhism flourished, centered in the Zen monasteries. The Ashikaga shoguns promoted the Chinese-style of painting, which produced monochromatic ink paintings depicting Chinese landscapes and subjects. Many Zen monks were outstanding painters, and the shoguns were patrons of artists such as the Zen monk Tenshō Shubūn (fl. 1418-1463), whose expressionistic ink-monochrome landscapes were in the kanga style of the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) Dynasties of China. Another Zen monk and one of the foremost artists of Japan was Sesshū (1420-1506). He had actually traveled to China, and his work was inspired by Chinese landscape paintings. Kanō school[Kano school] Painting;Japan Kanō Motonobu Kanō Masanobu Kanō Eitoku Tenshō Shubūn Sesshū Kanō Masanobu Ashikaga Yoshimasa Kanō Motonobu Ashikaga Yoshiaki Oda Nobunaga;art patronage Kanō Eitoku

In the latter part of the Muromachi period, a new and truly Japanese style of ink painting developed outside the Zen community. The founder of this new school was a layperson, Kanō Masanobu, who was from a warrior family of Kanō village in eastern Japan. He moved to Kyōto, became the official artist in the court of the shogun Yoshimasa (r. 1449-1473), and eventually became the first lay artist to paint in the ink-wash medium. His paintings of birds, landscapes, and people were popular with the military class. Masanobu’s art retained Chinese themes and style but incorporated occasional touches of pale tints, which were a deviation from the prevailing monochromatic or black Chinese ink-painting technique.

However, it was his son, Kanō Motonobu, who firmly established the Kanō school of painters and defined the Kanō stye of painting. Like his father, Motonobu was the official painter for the Ashikaga shogunate. In 1513, he painted shoheki-ga Shoheki-ga[Shoheki ga] , or sliding-door panel paintings, for the new Daisen-in subtemple of the Daitokuji monastery in Kyōto. These shoheki-ga clearly established the fundamental characteristics of the new Kanō style. Although retaining the Chinese subjects or themes of the established style of ink painting, they integrated the qualities of the traditional, classic Japanese style or yamato-e Yamato-e[Yamato e] (Japanese pictures). Motonobu’s paintings showed a decorative style: balanced compositions with large flat areas, vivid colors, and sharply defined line work. The shoheki-ga included two of Motonobu’s masterpieces: The Patriarchs of Zen Buddhism Patriarchs of Zen Buddhism, The (Motonobu) and Birds and Flowers of the Four Seasons Birds and Flowers of the Four Seasons (Motonobu) .

Originally six sliding-door panels composing a single scene, The Patriarchs of Zen Buddhism has been remounted and survives as six hanging scrolls in the Tokyo National Museum collection. The Tokyo Imperial Museum (which became the Tokyo National Museum) had acquired them during the Meiji era (1868-1912), and they were designated as “important cultural property.” The painting portrays Zen patriarchs in various activities. There are two figures in a rowboat, another drawing a bow and arrow, a patriarch in front of a great waterfall looking across the water, a group of three figures on large rocks, and two figures in conversation. A famous section from this set is the scene titled “Zen Patriarch Xiangyen Zhixian [Hsiang-yen] Sweeping with a Broom.”

Originally eight sliding-door panels depicting a single scene, Motonobu’s other great work, Birds and Flowers of the Four Seasons, has been remounted as eight hanging scrolls in the collection of the Kyōto National Museum and has also been designated an “important cultural property.” The highly decorative composition revolves around a large pine tree and a waterfall. Richly colored birds of various types and sizes swim, fly, or rest. Many varieties of flowers are also painted in bright colors.

With these shoheki-ga, Motonobu began the art of large-scale mural composition and laid the foundation for the future prosperity and popularity of the Kanō school. In 1543, he completed another impressive set of shoheki-ga in the Reiun-in temple in the Myōshinji monastery at Kyōto. These decorative paintings depict landscapes, flowers, birds, and landscapes with figures.

With a genius for organization, he arranged for large groups consisting of family members and followers to complete commissions from monasteries, merchants, and court nobles. Appealing to every sector of society was a practical necessity, for Motonobu lived in turbulent times. The Ashikaga shogunate had never been a strong central administration. During this period, hundreds of autonomous daimyo (feudal warlords and their families) Daimyos controlled independent territories, protected by samurai (the warrior class). Throughout the Ashikaga period, there was bitter fighting between the various daimyo.

In 1573, the last Ashikaga shogun, Yoshiaki (r. 1568-1573), was driven out of Kyōto by the warlord Oda Nobunaga, who began the process of unifying Japan. His successor, the warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi, continued the unification efforts. The era camed to be called the Momoyama period (1573-1603), after the place near Kyōto where Hideyoshi built one of his castles.

Throughout this period, the Kanō school continued to be the official painting school. Both Nobunaga and Hideyoshi became patrons of Motonobu’s grandson and designated successor, Kanō Eitoku. Eitoku created elegant screen, wall, sliding door, and ceiling paintings for his patrons’ palaces and castles.

The Kanō school continued until the end of the Edo period (1603-1863), when Western art became popular. During this period, it split into many branches over time but nevertheless remained the official academy. The most inspired of the later Kanō artists were Kanō Tanyu (1602-1674) and his brother Kanō Naonobu (1607-1650). Numerous schools of painting coexisted during this period. A notable example is the classic genre of woodblock prints called ukiyo-e (pictures of the floating world), many of which depicted scenes from places such as restaurants, teahouses, and theaters.

What is most important about the Kanō School is that it was Japan’s first truly professional secular school of artists. The largest of its kind, this hereditary line of painters found patrons from among the wealthy merchant class, court nobility, and Zen monasteries, as well as the military. Motonobu’s panel paintings at the Daisen-in subtemple initiated the art of large-scale mural composition in architectural formats, such as the immense wall surfaces of monasteries and palaces. Motonobu established a high standard for successfully soliciting commissions, and his system of group workmanship continued with later generations of Kanō painters. He thus laid the foundation for a prosperous painting academy.

Motonobu also created a new style of painting, the Kanō style, a synthesis of Zen-inspired Chinese ink painting and themes with traditional Japanese (yamato-e) lyricism, painting techniques, and decorative arrangement. The Kanō style influenced landscape painting for centuries. The bold compositions, large flat areas, and rich colors would later appear in the popular ukiyo-e or classic woodblock print genre depicting landscapes or everyday life during the Edo period. Numerous ukiyo-e artists were originally trained in the Kanō academy.

Further Reading
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Doi, Tsugiyoshi. Momoyama Decorative Painting. New York: Weatherhill, 1977. Includes the history of the Kanō school painters and their role in the development of decorative painting on screens and sliding partitions. Inlcudes illustrations on almost every page.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Jordan, Brenda, and Victoria Weston, ed. Copying the Master and Stealing His Secrets. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. Focuses on the transmission of painting traditions from one generation to the next in the prestigious Kanō painting academy, which shaped the structure of painting pedagogy in premodern Japan. Includes illustrations and bibliography.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Morse, Anne Nishimura. Japanese Art in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1998. Includes numerous examples of early Kanō school painting.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Takeda, Tsuneo. Kanō Eitoku. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1977. This was the first critical work on the Kanō school to appear in English. Includes illustrations, index, and glossary.
  • citation-type="booksimple"

    xlink:type="simple">Yamane, Yuzo. Momoyama Genre Painting. New York: Weatherhill, 1973. Describes the significant impact of the Kanō school on the development of true genre painting. Includes illustrations on almost every page.

1457-1480’s: Spread of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism

1467-1477: Ōnin War

1477-1600: Japan’s “Age of the Country at War”

Mar. 5, 1488: Composition of the Renga Masterpiece Minase sangin hyakuin

1532-1536: Temmon Hokke Rebellion

1549-1552: Father Xavier Introduces Christianity to Japan

1550’s-1567: Japanese Pirates Pillage the Chinese Coast

1550-1593: Japanese Wars of Unification

Sept., 1553: First Battle of Kawanakajima

June 12, 1560: Battle of Okehazama

1568: Oda Nobunaga Seizes Kyōto

1587: Toyotomi Hideyoshi Hosts a Ten-Day Tea Ceremony

1590: Odawara Campaign

1592-1599: Japan Invades Korea

1594-1595: Taikō Kenchi Survey

Oct., 1596-Feb., 1597: San Felipe Incident

Oct. 21, 1600: Battle of Sekigahara

Categories: History Content


The Moon – the Most Important Planet in Relationships

The moon is the most important planet in our chart when it comes to personal relationships. How a person’s moon is situated, and the aspects to that Moon tell the story of what happens in their most important relationships. Come as we discuss this planet and all the various aspects that create the life experiences you know.

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Warning of a possible tropical depression in the western Caribbean Sea

A possible tropical depression is expected to develop north of Venezuela and over the Caribbean Sea in the next few days.

Miami.- A large area of low pressure located in the north of Venezuela and on the Caribbean Sea It could become a tropical depression in the coming days, the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC) warned on Saturday.

The cyclonic disturbance is slowly moving west or west-northwest over the Caribbean Sea center and already is producing a large area of showers and thunderstorms disorganized, detailed the observatory.

Environmental conditions are expected to be conducive to its development, with a 70% chance of formation in five days. However, it added that the tropical depression would likely form early next week.

This is the targeted area. Notice the circling winds.

Regardless of development, warns the NHC, based in Miami, Florida. Locally heavy rain is possible for parts of the Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico this weekend.

On the other hand, in the western Atlantic, an area of low pressure located about 150 miles (241 km) west-northwest of the Bermuda Islands is producing showers and thunderstorms as it begins to interact with a front near this system.

Upper-level winds are forecast to increase over the system this afternoon and Saturday evening, although no further development is anticipated. His chances of growth are low within five days, at 20%.

The last cyclone in the Atlantic basin this season, which ends on November 30, was Karl, a tropical storm that hit the Mexican coast of the Gulf of Mexico in mid-October.

Since its formation in the center of the Caribbean Last September, Ian, the fourth hurricane of 2022, left a trail of destruction, especially in western Cuba and Florida, where it crossed the peninsula from west to east to reach the Atlantic.

Ian made landfall in southwestern Florida, USA, on September 28 as a category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale, out of a maximum of 5, causing 119 deaths and billions of dollars in property damage. in the southern state.

After crossing the peninsula from west to east, it came out into the Atlantic and later impacted South Carolina.


End Hep C SF, SF Public Health Foundation

San Francisco, California, USA

Saved on 17 projects and calls

End Hep C SF envisions a San Francisco where hepatitis C is no longer a public health threat, and hepatitis C related health inequities have been eliminated. Our mission is to support all San Franciscans living with and at risk for hepatitis C to maximize their health and wellness. We achieve this through prevention, education, testing, treatment, and linkage to reduce morbidity and mortality related to hepatitis C. We believe that everyone should have equal access to prevention and care regardless of individual characteristics.

What We Do

Provide interventions that are evidence based, and continuously review our progress to determine areas where we need to improve, through the regular collection of and use of local data related to hepatitis C.
Work to end stigma about hepatitis C and people living with hepatitis C.
Maximize the health and wellness of people who use drugs by treating them with respect, ensuring access to appropriate services, and empowering them to reduce harm and make choices to improve their health.
Continue to invest in populations that have frequently been characterized as "difficult to engage," as we realize that these groups often have the greatest unmet need for services and support.

Joanne K
Joanne K.

Program Coordinator

Rachel G.

Volunteer Manager

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Book Launch

06 July 2022: The Department of Livestock launches the following documents:

  1. Fishes of Eastern Bhutan

A book titled “Fishes of Eastern Bhutan”, is developed by the National Research and Development Center for Riverine & Lake Fisheries (NRDCRLF), Haa.  It represents the second edition in a two-volume series documenting the diversity of fishes in Bhutan and lists 115 fish species from Eastern Bhutan.

The book is part of the study on Species Composition and Distribution of Fish in Aiechhu, Nyera-Amarichhu and the Manas river basin. The study was f

unded by the Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation.

Bhutan’s rivers are home to one of the rich and unique aquatic biodiversity. As Bhutan’s water reserves, they get developed through numerous anthropogenic activities, the riverine ecosystem will inevitably be impacted. When this happens, it is necessary to mitigate these impacts in the form of management and conservation programs. A comprehensive fishery database in that regard, is crucial for developing sound management plans. Thus, this book, provides data and information needed to help guide management and mitigation strategies for aquatic biodiversity in Bhutan.

  1. National Yak Breeding Strategy Plan (NYBSP)

Yak genetic improvement is one of the critical components to ensure sustainable livelihood of highland communities in the country. Yaks are not only the main source of livelihood for highland communities but also play a key role in maintaining rangeland ecosystems and preservation of highland culture and traditions.

There is concern on the deteriorating status of yak genetic resources in the country due to lack of a strategic breeding plan coupled with difficulty in getting breeding bulls even though the population has remained largely the same. This document will provide timely and critical technical guidance for the improvement of yak genetic resources in the country to enhance productivity and the overall economy of yak rearing highland communities.

  1. National Strategic Plan for Breeding of Bhutanese Mastiff (NSPBBM) – Bjop-Khyi

The Bjop-Khyi is found in highland communities, mainly with yak herders and play a significant dual role of companion and guard dog, protecting highland domestic animals and properties aga

inst wild predators and human encroachers. The Bjop-Khyi is highly valued and cherished for its excellent guarding characteristics and has strong presence in the highland landscape.

However, there has been a decline in the population of Bjop-Khyi over the years due to uncontrolled mating with stray and feral dogs as well as decreasing trend of yak herding communities. The NSPBBM was launched to provide scientific and technical guidance in implementing mastiff dogs (Bjop-Khyi) breeding program in the country.

  1. Queen Breeding Rearing Handbook (QBRH)

Beekeeping unlike other livestock commodities can be easily taken up by poor and marginalized group of people and is a potential income generating activity and many farmers and groups in Bhutan have now chosen to expand number of improved hives to enhance honey production for better income. Currently, honey production is being carried out in Bumthang, Samtse, Sarpang, Tsirang, Dagana, Chukha, Haa, S/jongkhar, Trongsa, Zhemgang, Wangdu, Haa and Trashigang.

Subtropical districts of Bhutan viz. Tsirang, Sarpang, Dagana, Chukha, and Samtse is home for many local species of honeybees such as Apis dorsata, Apis laboriosa, Apis florea, Apis cerana and Trigona species from which honey is produced in various flowering seasons.

To sustain the bee farming it is crucial to have one’s own queen breeding and rearing capacity in the field. For this reason, the National Highland Research and Development Center has come with a handbook which will guide the beekeepers to breed their own queen and rear in their own farms with minimum cost.

  1. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Yak Semen Donor Bull Selection and Management.

Although, the yak rearing is highly remunerative and eco-friendly livestock farming system, yak development is still confronted with many challenges, one being low productivity due to genetic decline.The seasonal movement of herders from place to place and transboundary movement was critical in getting access to good quality yak breeds for maintaining viable population and sustaining yak production. As a consequence, yak populations have suffered from in-breeding and reduced productivity. Therefore, genetic improvement needs to be initiated through supply of good breeding bulls or making access to Artificial Insemination where possible.

Cryopreservation of semen from quality yak donor bulls and use of artificial insemination can be of the best tools for yak genetic improvement. Hence, selection of quality bulls as a semen donor is crucial in the breeding procedure. This SOP will provide general guidelines for selection of quality donors and their management for production of quality Yak semen in the country.

The Honorable Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture & Forests graced the launching of the books, at the DoL conference hall.


Tragedy in Sicily Pushes Italian Storm Deaths Above 30

A river overran banks in Sicily Saturday night, flooding a villa and drowning nine members of two families who were staying inside, The New York Times reported.

The tragedy brought the death toll from Italy’s week of punishing wind and rain to more than 30, The Guardian said, as the country endures what the civil protection agency called “one of the most complex meteorological situations of the past 50 to 60 years.”

Giuseppe Giordano was one of the only family members to survive, since he had left the villa with a child to run an errand. Another child who had clung to a tree also survived. Giordano, who lost his wife, two sons, parents, brother and sister in the deluge, had been renting the riverside house for two years.

“Why did they rent to us this house in such a place,” Giordano lamented to The Guardian. “I’ve lost everything now. Why didn’t they tell us that this was a flooding area?”

Giovanni Di Giacinto, the mayor of the town where the flooding occurred, confirmed that the home had been illegally built too close to the river and that the owners had appealed a demolition order. But blame for the week’s storms and their consequences goes beyond local construction decisions, as U.S. Climate Action Network Executive Director Keya Chaterjee told USA Today.

Chatterjee noted that the storms in Italy followed other devastating weather events this year, including hurricanes Florence and Michael in the United States and Super Typhoon Yutu that hit Guam and the Philippines.

“What we’re seeing is part of a trend,” Chaterjee said. “It is happening as part of a climate that we have altered through the burning of fossil fuels. Unfortunately, it it totally consistent with what has been predicted for decades and decades at this point.”

Here are some of the other ways that extreme weather has devastated Italy this past week.

1. Tens of Thousands of Trees Flattened

Winds as strong as 118 miles per hour toppled trees in the famous Violin Forest where Antonio Stradivarius sourced wood for his iconic instruments, CNN reported. In the region of Veneto, around 300,000 trees were “felled like toothpicks,” regional council president Roberto Ciambetti said.

2. Historic Damage

EcoWatch already reported that Venice survived its highest tide in at least a decade last week, but that flooding also damaged the floors of St. Mark’s Basilica.

“In a single day, the basilica aged 20 years, but perhaps this is an optimistic consideration,” head of the Basilica board Carlo Alberto Tesserin said in a statement reported by CNN.

3. Villages Cut Off

Landslides triggered by the storms have cut off entire villages, authorities said, including the popular fishing village of Portofino, near Genoa, where the main road collapsed and an emergency path was deemed unsafe to use.

“It won’t be easy or quick but we count on returning Portofino next summer to the millions of tourists who come to visit it,” regional governor Giovanni Toti said, according to The Guardian.

Correction: An earlier version of this article reported the wind speed as 188 miles per hour and the number of trees felled as 30,000. This has been corrected to list the wind speed as 118 miles per hour and the number of downed trees as 300,000.

EcoWatch Daily Newsletter


Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology

ea0029p1323 | Paediatric endocrinology | ICEECE2012

Kearns-Sayre syndrome: clinical and molecular diagnosis of the disease and treatment with recombinant GH (rGH) complicated by a severe cardiac conduction deficit and cardiomyopathy

Obara-Moszynska M. , Maceluch J. , Bobkowski W. , Baszko A. , Jaremba O. , Krawczynski M. , Niedziela M.

Introduction: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial cytopathy. The diagnosis of KSS is made on the classical triad of symptoms: onset of the disease <20 years of age, progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) and pigmentary retinopathy (PR). KSS is manifested also by other systemic abnormalities: cardiac conduction defects, different neurological abnormalities and several endocrine disorders. A variety of deletions and/or duplications in mtDNA, affecting gen...

ea0035p338 | Developmental Endocrinology | ECE2014

Genome-wide survey for clinically relevant structural abnormalities contributing to pathogenesis of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) with childhood onset.

Budny Bartlomiej , Rydzanicz Malgorzata , Szymczak Klaudia , Szkudlarek Malgorzata , Wolinski Kosma , Wrotkowska Elzbieta , Baszko-Blaszyk Daria , Goleb Monika , Bednarczuk Tomasz , Ambroziak Urszula , Niedziela Marek , Obara-Moszynska Monika , Rabska Barbara , Derebecka Natalia , Bluijssen Hans , Wesoly Joanna , Ruchala Marek , Ziemnicka Katarzyna

Introduction: Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) results in deficit of growth hormone and coexisting failure of synthesis or excretion at least another pituitary hormone. Transcription factors controlling expression of genes required for pituitary organogenesis are orchestrating entire development process and certain cell lineages differentiation, contributing therefore significantly to CPHD pathogenesis with childhood onset.Aims: The purpose o...


Mexico Roots Piston Vacuum System

Mexico Root Piston Vacuum System is a commonly used mechanical equipment in industry. It is a variable displacement vacuum pump. Root piston vacuum system is widely used in chemical industry, food sublimation drying, high altitude simulation experiment and so on because of its advantages.

Mexico Root Piston Vacuum System is a mechanical vacuum pump which uses a pair of high-speed rotating double-blade rotors (i.e. “S” type, straw shoes type) to extract gas. Its structure and working principle are similar to Roots blower. Because the gap between the pump rotor and the cavity is often small (0.1-0.15mm), which ensures a larger pumping speed between 10-1-10-2 gum. This just makes up for the defect that the pumping speed of oil seal mechanical pump and oil diffusion pump is very small in this pressure range. It plays a role of boosting in vacuum system, so it is also called mechanical booster pump.

Under high pressure, the average free path of the gas molecule is smaller than the width of the gap (< 0.1-0.15mm), and the gap has relatively large conductivity. It is easy for a large amount of gas to flow back into the pumped container through the gap, which makes the pump unable to work effectively. On the contrary, under low pressure. When the average free path of gas molecule increases, the conductivity of slot slot decreases greatly, that is, the resistance of gas leakage through small slot increases, which makes the pump work effectively and achieves a higher compression ratio, i.e. a higher vacuum.

Therefore, the root piston vacuum system can not directly discharge the exhausted gas to the atmosphere, so it must be equipped with a front-stage vacuum pump, so that the exhaust end of Roots pump causes a certain pre-vacuum, otherwise it can not obtain a higher vacuum. And the rotor will be stuck or even damaged due to overload and overheating.

According to the purpose of the pumping system, the front-stage pumps needed for Mexico root piston vacuum system can be selected from atmospheric pressure, such as air pumps for oil seal machinery, water ring vacuum pumps and water ring vacuum pumps with atmospheric ejectors. The size of the front-stage pump, according to the conditions of use and the pumping characteristics of the front-stage pump, it is generally appropriate to choose Roots pump pumping speed of 1/10-1/2. When the pump is running continuously under high pressure, the front pump with large pumping speed should be selected. When the pump works under high vacuum, the front pump with small pumping speed should be selected. For oil seal mechanical vacuum pump, the pumping speed is only 1/4-1/10 of Roots vacuum pump’s pumping speed, but when water ring vacuum pump is selected, its gas volume should be 1/2^-1/3 of Roots pump. In addition, when small Roots pump is used between Roots pump and front pump, its pumping speed is 1/2.5-1/5 of large Roots pump.

Therefore, in order to ensure the normal operation of the piston vacuum system, the parameters of the above contents must be clear, which helps to observe whether the piston vacuum system exceeds the limit value in operation and use. Once it exceeds, the unit can also be found and stopped in time, so as to reduce the damage to the unit.

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