Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Published by European Geosciences Union
For the period 1860-2100 (SRES scenario A1B for 2000-2100), the impact of road transport, maritime shipping and aviation on climate is studied using an Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM). In addition to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from these transport sectors, most of their non-CO2 emissions are also taken into account, i.e., the forcing from ozone, methane, black carbon, organic carbon, sulfate, CFC-12 and HFC-134a from air conditioning systems in cars, and contrails. For the year 2000, the CO2 emissions from all sectors together induce a global annual-mean surface air temperature increase of around 0.1 K. In 2100, the CO2 emissions from road transport induce a global mean warming of 0.3 K, while shipping and aviation each contribute 0.1 K. For road transport, the non-CO2 impact is largest between 2000 and 2050 (of the order of 0.1 K) becoming smaller at the end of the 21st century. The non-CO2 impact from shipping is negative, reaching -0.1 K between 2050 and 2100, while for aviation it is positive and its estimate varies between 0 and 0.15 K in 2100. The largest changes in sea-level from thermal expansion in 2000 are 1.6 mm for the CO2 emissions from road transport, and around -3 mm from the non-CO2 effects of shipping. In 2100, sea-level rises by 18 mm due to the CO2 emissions from road transport and by 4.6 mm due to shipping or aviation CO2 emissions. Non-CO2 changes are of the order of 1 mm for road transport, -6.6 mm for shipping, and the estimate for aviation varies between -1.2 and 4.3 mm. When focusing on the geographical distribution, the non-CO2 impact from road transport and shipping on the surface air temperature is only slightly stronger in northern than in southern mid-latitudes, while the impact from aviation can be a factor of 5 stronger in the northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. Further it is observed that most of the impacts are more pronounced at high latitudes, and that the non-CO2 emissions from aviation strongly impact the NAO index. The impacts on the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and the Niño3.4 index are also quantified.
We present mean altitude profiles of NOx, NOy, O3, and CO as measured by the DLR Falcon aircraft during the MINOS 2001 campaign over the Mediterranean in August 2001 and compare the data with results from other aircraft campaigns, namely the SIL 1996 (North Atlantic flight corridor), the POLINAT-2 (North Atlantic flight corridor), and the EXPORT 2000 (central Europe) campaigns. The MINOS NOy, O3, and CO mixing ratios in the free troposphere, especially between 4?8 km, are very similar to those measured during the EXPORT 2000 campaign. However, compared to the other campaigns the MINOS O3 and CO were significantly higher in the boundary layer, by about 20 ppbV and 50 ppbV, respectively. In the second part of the paper the D[O3]/D[NOy], D[O3]/D[CO], D[CO]/D[NOy], and D[NOx]/D[NOy] trace gas correlations were calculated for the MINOS 2001 campaign. It was found that, within the scatter of the data, the overall average altitude profiles of the correlations compared well with data from a literature survey. The analysis of the mean vertical correlation profiles as measured during MINOS 2001 does therefore not single out special meteorological conditions and air mass origins over the Mediterranean in summer but reflects a more general condition of the free troposphere in the northern hemisphere. Correlation analyses for single flights at different altitudes, however, unambiguously identify air masses influenced by the stratosphere, whereas pollution plumes could only be identified with the help of back trajectories.
Range of values of γ d , γ w , w and n for case 1 to case 3 for the two altitudes (6000 and 7000 m) considered.
Number density versus time for the simulation along the back trajectory started on 24 May at 6000 m
Sulfuric acid mixing ratio versus the number density encountered at the end of simulation, thus at the time when the measurement was performed. The gray shaded area marks the number density of the nucleation mode particles (4-13 nm) measured on 24 May during ASTAR 2004. Shown are only the number densitities for the trajectories which were started on 22, 24 and 26 May at 6000 and 7000 m near the location were the flight was performed.
During the ASTAR (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation) campaign nucleation mode particles (4 to 13 nm) were quite frequently observed at altitudes below 4000 m. However, in the upper free troposphere, nucleation mode particles were only observed once, namely during the flight on 24 May 2004 (7000 m). To investigate if vertical motion are the reason for this difference that on one particular day nucleation mode particles were observed but not on the other days we employ a microphysical box model. The box model simulations were performed along air parcel trajectories calculated 6-d backwards based on European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological analyses using state parameters such as pressure and temperature in combination with additional parameters such as vertical stability. Box model simulations were performed for the 24 May where nucleation mode particles were observed (nucleation event) as well as for the day with measurements before and after (22 and 26 May) which are representative for no nucleation (none nucleation event). A nucleation burst was simulated along all trajectories, however, in the majority of the simulations the nucleation rate was either too low or too high so that no nucleation mode particles were left at the time were the measurements were performed. Further, the simulation results could be divided into three cases. Thereby, we found that for case 1 the temperature was the only driving mechanism while for case 2 and 3 vertical motion have influenced the formation of new particles. The reason why nucleation mode particles were observed on 24 May, but not on the other day, can be explained by the conditions under which particle formation occurred. On 24 May the particle formation was caused by a slow updraft, while on the other two days the particle formation was caused by a fast updraft.
Operating flow conditions at the DUALER reactor during AMMA.
Geometrical features of main components of the calibra- tion set up.
Example of calculation of effective calibration parameters on the basis of O 3 DLR-Falcon measurements at 330 mbar on the 13 August 2006 (900 data points) (a) comparison between [O 3 ] in ppbv and background volt signals of the luminol detectors (B1 and B2, respectively), (b) D1 and D2 detector signals in ppbv calculated with the obtained calibration parameters (A Det1 =28.2±4.5; A Det2 =16.8±3.1; B Det1 =16.9±1.9; B Det2 =14.3±1.5).
Mixing ratios measured on the 11 August 2006 within a vertical profile taken between 360 and 960 mbar. The [RO * 2 ] error bars represent the statistical error of the 20 s averages. The total [RO * 2 ] error remains below 45% (see text).
A DUALER (dual-channel airborne peroxy radical chemical amplifier) instrument has been developed and optimised for the airborne measurement of the total sum of peroxy radicals during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) measurement campaign which took place in Burkina Faso in August 2006. The innovative feature of the instrument is that both reactors are sampling simultaneously from a common pre-reactor nozzle while the whole system is kept at a constant pressure to ensure more signal stability and accuracy. Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterise the stability of the NO2 detector signal and the chain length with the pressure. The results show that airborne measurements using chemical amplification require constant pressure at the luminol detector. Wall losses of main peroxy radicals HO2 and CH3O2 were investigated. The chain length was experimentally determined for different ambient mixtures and compared with simulations performed by a chemical box model. The DUALER instrument was successfully mounted within the German DLR-Falcon. The analysis of AMMA data utilises a validation procedure based on the O3 mixing ratios simultaneously measured onboard. The validation and analysis procedure is illustrated by means of the data measured during the AMMA campaign. The detection limit and the accuracy of the ambient measurements are also discussed.
During the POLARCAT summer campaign in 2008, two episodes (2–5 July and 7–10 July 2008) occurred where low-pressure systems traveled from Siberia across the Arctic Ocean towards the North Pole. The two cyclones had extensive smoke plumes embedded in their associated air masses, creating an excellent opportunity to use satellite and aircraft observations to validate the performance of atmospheric transport models in the Arctic, which is a challenging model domain due to numerical and other complications. Here we compare transport simulations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART, the Eulerian chemical transport model TOMCAT, and for numerical aspects the limited-area chemical transport model WRF-Chem. Retrievals of total column CO from the IASI passive infrared sensor onboard the MetOp-A satellite are used as a total column CO reference for the two simulations. Main aspect of the comparison is how realistic horizontal and vertical structures are represented in the model simulations. Analysis of CALIPSO lidar curtains and in situ aircraft measurements provide further independent reference points to assess how reliable the model simulations are and what the main limitations are. The horizontal structure of mid-latitude pollution plumes agrees well between the IASI total column CO and the model simulations. However, finer-scale structures are too quickly diffused in the Eulerian models. Aircraft data suggest that the satellite data are biased high, while TOMCAT and WRF-Chem are biased low. FLEXPART fits the aircraft data rather well, but due to added background concentrations the simulation is not independent from observations. The multi-data, multi-model approach allows separating the influences of meteorological fields, model realisation, and grid type on the plume structure. In addition to the very good agreement between simulated and observed total column CO fields, the results also highlight the difficulty to identify a data set that most realistically represents the actual state of the atmosphere.
Altitude profiles of mean and 1σ-standard deviation of HCHO for different airmass origins in the upper troposphere. Red data represent observations from MINOS flights No. 1-5 performed under the influence of the Indian summer monsoon, while the blue data are from flights No. 6-14 (North Atlantic/North American airmass origin).
Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) observations of tropospheric water vapour over Brazil and between Brazil and south Europe in March 2004 are compared to 1-hourly short-range forecasts of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). On three along-flight sections across the tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic between 28° S and 37° N humidity fields are observed which represent typical low latitude conditions. H2O mixing ratios vary between q≈0.01–0.1 g/kg in the upper troposphere (UT), in subsiding air layers and a stratospheric intrusion. They reach up to 0.5 g/kg at UT levels inside the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and exceed 10 g/kg at lower levels. Back-trajectories reveal that the humidity fields are largely determined by transport. The observed water vapour distributions are properly reproduced by 1-hourly ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) short-range forecasts at T799/L91 spectral resolution. As transport largely determines the water vapour fields, the IFS skill is to a large extend based on a good representation of the dynamics. The mean relative bias accounts to few percent (0%, 3% and 6% for the three sections) being about or even below the accuracy of the DIAL measurements of 5%. The larger deviations between analyses and observations on small scales are due to relative spatial shifts of features with large gradients. The correlation is quite high, ranging between 0.71 and 0.88. Over sea the analyses tend to underestimate the PBL height. At mid-levels near deep convection the mid-troposphere tends to be analyzed too humid indicating shortcomings in the convection parameterization. Humid tendencies are also found in the upper troposphere, particularly in tropical regions.
The photochemical evolution of an anthropogenic plume from the New-York/Boston region during its transport at low altitudes over the North Atlantic to the European west coast has been studied using a Lagrangian framework. This plume, originally strongly polluted, was sampled by research aircraft just off the North American east coast on 3 successive days, and 3 days downwind off the west coast of Ireland where another aircraft re-sampled a weakly polluted plume. Changes in trace gas concentrations during transport were reproduced using a photochemical trajectory model including deposition and mixing effects. Chemical and wet deposition processing dominated the evolution of all pollutants in the plume. The mean net O3 production was evaluated to be -5 ppbv/day leading to low values of O3 by the time the plume reached Europe. Wet deposition of nitric acid was responsible for an 80% reduction in this O3 production. If the plume had not encountered precipitation, it would have reached the Europe with O3 levels up to 80-90 ppbv, and CO levels between 120 and 140 ppbv. Photochemical destruction also played a more important role than mixing in the evolution of plume CO due to high levels of both O3 and water vapour showing that CO cannot always be used as a tracer for polluted air masses, especially for plumes transported at low altitudes. The results also show that, in this case, an important increase in the O3/CO slope can be attributed to chemical destruction of CO and not to photochemical O3 production as is often assumed.
We examine the effect of nanometer-sized aircraft-induced aqueous sulfuric acid (H2SO4/H2O) particles on atmospheric ozone as a function of temperature. Our calculations are based on a previously derived parameterization for the regional-scale perturbations of the sulfate surface area density due to air traffic in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (NAFC) and a chemical box model. We confirm large scale model results that at temperatures T > 210 K additional ozone loss - mainly caused by hydrolysis of BrONO2 and N2O5 - scales in proportion with the aviation-produced increase of the background aerosol surface area. However, at lower temperatures (< 210K) we isolate two effects which efficiently reduce the aircraft-induced perturbation: (1) background particles growth due to H2O and HNO3 uptake enhance scavenging losses of aviation-produced liquid particles and (2) the Kelvin effect efficiently limits chlorine activation on the small aircraft-induced droplets by reducing the solubility of chemically reacting species. These two effects lead to a substantial reduction of heterogeneous chemistry on aircraft-induced volatile aerosols under cold conditions. In contrast we find contrail ice particles to be potentially important for heterogeneous chlorine activation and reductions in ozone levels. These features have not been taken into consideration in previous global studies of the atmospheric impact of aviation. Therefore, to parameterize them in global chemistry and transport models, we propose the following parameterisation: scale the hydrolysis reactions by the aircraft-induced surface area increase, and neglect heterogeneous chlorine reactions on liquid plume particles but not on ice contrails and aircraft induced ice clouds.
Airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosol particles have been made in two aged biomass burning (BB) plumes over the East Atlantic (Gulf of Guinea). The plumes originated from BB in the Southern Hemisphere African savanna belt. On the day of our measurements (13 August 2006), the plumes had ages of about 10 days and were respectively located in the middle troposphere (MT) at about 3000–5500 m altitude and in the upper troposphere (UT) at about 10 800–11 200 m. In the more polluted MT-plume, numerous measured trace species had markedly elevated abundances, particularly HNO3 (5000–8000 pmol/mol), SO2 (up to 1400 pmol/mol), and smoke particles with diameters larger than 250 nm (up to 2000 cm−3). Our MT-plume measurements indicate that SO2 released by BB had not experienced significant loss by deposition and cloud processes but rather had experienced OH-induced conversion to gas-phase sulfuric acid. By contrast, a large fraction of the released NOx had experienced loss, most likely as HNO3, by cloud processes and deposition. In the UT-plume, loss of NOy and SO2 by cloud processes and deposition was more pronounced compared to the MT-plume. Building on our measurements and accompanying model simulations, we have investigated trace gas transformations in the ageing and diluting plumes and their role in smoke particle processing and activation. Emphasis was placed upon the formation of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and ammonium nitrate, and their influence on the activation potential of smoke particles. Our model simulations reveal that, after 13 August, the lower plume traveled across the Atlantic and descended to 1300 m and hereafter ascended again. During the travel across the Atlantic, the smoke particle mean diameter and sulfuric acid mass fraction increased sufficiently to allow the processed smoke particles to act as water vapor condensation nuclei already at very low water vapor supersaturations of only about 0.04%. Thereby, aged smoke particles had developed a potential to act as water vapor condensation nuclei in the formation of maritime clouds, including not only cumulus but even stratiform clouds.
Locations and sizes of the areas where vertical aerosol backscatter ratio (R 532 nm , dimensionless) and depolarization (δ 532 nm , dimensionless) profiles were taken on 18 May 2004. The different size of the area corresponds to the area boundaries listed in Table 1. (a) Western Part of Svalbard with the Isfjorden between 14 and 17 • E and north of 78 • N. (b) Zoom into the Adventdalen which is centred around 16 • E and 78.2 • N. As listed in Table 1, consecutive periods of the AMALi observations onboard the Polar 2 were used to calculate the averaged R 532 nm and δ 532 nm-profiles in the respective areas as shown in Figs. 5 and 6: The color code of a particular area refers to the color code of the associated profile.
Backscatter ratio (left column) and volume depolarisation (right column) at 532 nm inside the Adventdalen as measured along the Polar 2 flight path on 18 May 2004. (a) and (b) depict profiles calculated in areas No 15 to 17 at the eastern part, (c) and (d) profiles calculated in areas No 10 to 14 at the western part of the Adventdalen. Additionally, profile No 8 is added to facilitate the visualisation of the dust plume evolution from the Adventdalen to its exit in the Isfjorden. The color coding refers to the respective segments of the flight path, see Fig. 4 and Table 1.
Vertical profiles of the aerosol concentrations, the magnitude of the horizontal wind speed, and the potential temperature at the marked locations in Figs. 9 and 10 after 18 h simulation time. The four positions are labeled from west to east in the following order: solid, dotted, dashed, dash-dotted. The colors of the concentration lines denote the different aerosol species: red-sea salt aerosol, green-dust, blue-ice crystals, and black-total concentration. Top row: results from a run without surface heat flux; bottom row: results from a run with surface heat flux.
This paper reports on backscatter and depolarization measurements by an airborne lidar in the Arctic during the ASTAR 2004 campaign. A unique weather situation facilitated the observation of the aerosol concentration under strongly forced atmospheric conditions. The vigorous easterly winds distorted the flow past Svalbard in such a way that mesoscale features were visible in the remote-sensing observations: The formation of a well-mixed aerosol layer inside the Adventdalen and the subsequent thinning of the aerosol plume were observed over the Isfjorden. Additionally, mobilization of sea salt aerosols due to a coastal low-level jet at the northern tip of Svalbard resulted in a sloped boundary layer toward north. Mesoscale numerical modelling was applied to identify the sources of the aerosol particles and to explain the observed patterns.
The chemical composition of submicron (fine mode) and supermicron (coarse mode) aerosol particles has been investigated since 1999 within the GAW aerosol monitoring program at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland). Clear seasonality was observed for all major components in the last 9 years with low concentrations in winter (predominantly free tropospheric aerosol) and higher concentrations in summer (enhanced vertical transport of boundary layer pollutants). In addition, mass closure was attempted during intensive experiments in March 2004, February–March 2005 and August 2005. Ionic, carbonaceous and refractory components of the aerosol were quantified as well as the PM1 and coarse mode total aerosol mass concentrations. A relatively low conversion factor of 1.8 for organic carbon (OC) to particulate organic matter (OM) in winter (February–March 2005) was found. Organics, sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate were the major identified components of the fine aerosol fraction, while calcium and nitrate were the two major measured components in the coarse mode. The aerosol mass concentrations for fine and coarse mode aerosol during the intensive campaigns were not typical of the long term seasonality due largely to dynamical differences. Average fine and coarse mode concentrations during the intensive field campaigns were 1.7 μg m-3 and 2.4 μg m-3 in winter and 2.5 μg m-3 and 2.0 μg m-3 in summer, respectively. The mass balance of aerosols showed higher contributions of calcium and nitrate in the coarse mode during Saharan dust events (SDE) than without SDE.
The nonlinear features of the relationships between concentrations of aerosol and volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in urban environments are derived directly from data of long-term routine measurements of NOx, VOC, and total suspended particulate matter (PM). The main idea of the method used for the analysis is creation of special empirical models based on artificial neural networks. These models which are in essence the nonlinear extension of commonly used linear statistical models are believed to provide the best fit for the real (nonlinear) PM-NOx-VOC relationships under different atmospheric conditions. It is believed that such models may be useful in context of various scientific and practical problems concerning atmospheric aerosols. The method is demonstrated by the example of two empirical models created with independent data-sets collected at two air quality monitoring stations at South Coast Air Basin, California. It is shown that in spite of considerable distance between the monitoring stations (more than 50 km) and thus substantially different environmental conditions, the empirical models manifest several common qualitative features. Specifically, it is found that, under definite conditions, the decrease of the level of NOx or VOC may lead to the increase of mass concentration of aerosol. It is argued that these features are caused by the nonlinear dependence of hydroxyl radical on VOC and NOx.
Schematic overview of the database structure. For all three database grids there are 90 latitude bins. The number of altitude levels changes for the different database grids: Grid I and II have 70 levels while Grid III has 8 levels.
Variables stored in version 1.0 of the BDBP, together with their units and data source(s).
B-factors for O 3 , NO 2 and H 2 O as a function of changing time period (panels (a), (c) and (d) respectively) and for O 3 as a function of changing data source (panel (b)). The 80% level in all panels is shown for reference.
(a) Monthly mean ozone number density (in DU/km) at the equator and 25 km from the BDBP (red crosses with lines joining adjacent values) and from R&W (black open circles with lines joining adjacent values). To investigate the effects of adding data to the BDBP in addition to SAGE I and SAGE II, monthly means calculated from SAGE I and SAGE II only are also shown (blue dots with lines joining adjacent values). (b) A comparison of the mean annual cycles calculated from the monthly means plotted in panel (a) where R&W values were excluded when BDBP values were not available to avoid any temporal biasing. (c) The monthly mean ozone anomaly times series calculated by subtracting the mean annual cycles plotted in panel (b) from the time series plotted in panel (a).
(a) Ozone anomalies (left) and mean annual cycle (right) for data extracted from the BDBP, for altitudes between 1 km and 70 km and for the latitude zone from 40 • N to 50 • N. (b) same as a), for data extracted from R&W. White areas indicate where no values are available.
Water activity as a function of solute mass fraction in aqueous solutions for three selected temperatures. Results are shown for pure sulfuric acid (a), a 1:1 molar mixture of sulfuric acid and malonic acid (b), and pure malonic acid (c). Throughout this work we use malonic acid as a surrogate for the thermodynamic behavior of water soluble organics, as discussed in Sect. 2.2.2. The filled circles indicate the conditions where homogeneous ice nucleation commences according to the water-activity-based freezing model, assuming that the freezing particles are in thermodynamic equilibrium with water vapor, i.e., a w =RH /100%. For any given T , freezing occurs at the same a w in each particle type, but the corresponding particle volumes (∝1/W ) may differ significantly.
Number of frozen aerosol particles with variable mass accommodation coefficient relative to the total number of ice particles formed in air parcels cooling at 10 K h −1 at different freezing temperatures. In all cases, the aerosol is composed of one pure inorganic particle mode (SUL) with α=1, to which another inorganic mode (a), the internally mixed inorganic/organic mode (b), and a mode composed of pure organic (c) is added, each with variable α. The solid curves represent cases where the initial dry size distribution of all modes were identical. The dashed (dash-dotted) curves represent cases where the initial dry sizes of the modes with variable α were half (twice) as large.
Peak ice saturation ratio (a) and total number of ice crystals nucleated in the cooling air parcels as a function of the mass accommodation coefficient for pure inorganic particles (SUL, filled circles), pure organic particles (ORG, solid curves), internally mixed inorganic/organic particles (SUL/ORG, dashed curves), and the two particle system containing equal numbers of pure inorganic and internally mixed inorganic/organic particles (SUL+SUL/ORG, dash-dotted).
Initial dry size distributions for the two particle system containing equal numbers of pure inorganic and internally mixed inorganic/organic particles (SUL+SUL/ORG), internally mixed inorganic/organicd particles only (SUL/ORG), and pure organic particles only (ORG), all shown as black curves. Results are given assuming α=0.1 (α=0.001) for SUL/ORG and ORG in the top (bottom) panel. As before, red (blue) curves denote freezing temperatures of 230 (200) K. The colored solid curves (including the dashed SUL/ORG contribution in the left column that contributes for α=0.1 only) are the respective freezing aerosol distributions, defined as the difference of the distributions before and after freezing plotted versus dry particle size. In all figures the freezing distribution for case SUL (with α=1) is shown (filled circles) for comparison.
Fraction of frozen aerosol particles in the two particle system SUL+SUL/ORG versus air parcel cooling rate for selected temperatures and mass accommodation coefficients of the SUL/ORG component.
Recent field observations suggest that the fraction of organic-containing aerosol particles in ice cloud particles is diminished when compared to the background aerosol prior to freezing. In this work, we use model calculations to investigate possible causes for the observed behavior. In particular, homogeneous freezing processes in cooling air parcels containing aqueous inorganic particles and organic particles are studied with a detailed microphysical model. A disparate water uptake and resulting size differences that occur between organic and inorganic particles prior to freezing are identified as the most likely reason for the poor partitioning of organic aerosols into the ice phase. The differences in water uptake can be caused by changes in the relationship between solute mass fraction and water activity of the supercooled liquid phase, by modifications of the accommodation coefficient for water molecules, or by a combination thereof. The behavior of peak ice saturation ratios and total ice crystal number concentrations is examined, and the dependence of the results on cooling rate is investigated. Finally, processes are discussed that could possibly modify the homogeneous freezing behavior of organic particles.
Distributions (black histograms) of number densities n i of ice crystals for the Punta Arenas data set (SH, top) and the Prestwick data set (NH, bottom). The underlying data sets represent measurements inside cloud below 235 K. Measurements in strongly polluted air masses affected by rapid vertical transport and convection are removed in the green distribution shown in the bottom panel. Mean values of n i are indicated. A logarithmic concentration grid was used and number densities were binned into constant n i /n i = 0.4 intervals (sucessive bin center values n i increase by a factor of 1.5).
Calculated distribution functions of ice particle number densities for the SH (a-c) and the NH (d-f). Mean values of n i are indicated. See text for details.
Calculated (red stair steps) and observed (black histograms, taken from Fig. 2) distribution functions of ice particle number densities for the SH (left) and the NH (right). Mean values of n i are indicated. The modeled distributions account for mesoscale wave-driven variability (in the range 10 − 100 cm s −1 ) and noise (±5 cm s −1 ) in the vertical velocity data and are calculated at average temperatures using average aerosol parameters. See text for details.
Distributions of updraft speeds (left panel) from the NH data set (black), from upper tropospheric synoptic-scale winds caluclated by the ECMWF weather forecast model (green), from upper tropospheric large-scale winds caluclated by the ECHAM general circulation model (red), and from corresponding ECHAM simulations where a subgrid-scale component was added to the large-scale vertical wind (Lohmann and Kärcher, 2002) (blue). The distributions of n i obtained from calculations are shown in the right panel. No additional artificial noise or wave-driven variability was added to calculate the distributions of n i .
Calculated distribution functions of ice particle number densities using the NH wind data (top panel) and the SH wind data (bottom panel). The black distributions use the respective aerosol parameters given in Table 1 and are repeated from Fig. 4 (shown there in red). The blue distributions use exchanged aerosol parameters. Mean values of n i are indicated.
The effect of nitric acid on the equilibrium size distributions of upper tropospheric aerosols is calculated as a function of relative humidity. It is shown that HNO3 concentrations above a few tenths of a ppb can cause substantial increases in haze mode particle concentrations at relative humidities at about 60% and above. The effect can be strongly magnified when letovicite particles are present in addition to sulfuric acid aerosols. This is mainly due to the lowering of the deliquescence RH of letovicite in the presence of gaseous nitric acid at low temperatures. We have also compared equilibrium calculations of the HNO3 effect with observations of increased haze mode concentrations at relative humidities above 50% (Petzold et al., 2000). Nitric acid mixing ratios on the order of 0.5-2 ppb may explain the observed increase of haze mode particles at least partially.
Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) brightness temperatures over West Africa on 6 August 2006 for 03:30 (a), 06:30 (b), 09:30 (c) and 12:30 UTC (d) (red 195 K, orange 210 K, yellow 225 K). Superimposed is the Falcon flight track from Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso (colour-coded according to UTC time). The position of the MSC during take-off is indicated in (c) and the position during landing in (d). Capital cities of Mali and Niger are indicated with black dots (B = Bamako to the west, N = Niamey to the east).
Vertical profiles for CO, O 3 , HCHO, and NO (a), wind velocity (b), temperature (c), and (equivalent)-potential temperature (d) derived from Falcon measurements on 6 August 2006.
Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) brightness temperatures over West Africa on 6 August 2006 at 11:00 UTC (orange 210 K, yellow 225 K). Superimposed are the Falcon flight track from Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso (colour-coded according to UTC time) and the sequences with elevated NO mixing ratios (≥0.3 nmol mol −1 ) labelled 1–9. Capital cities of Mali and Niger are indicated with black dots (B=Bamako to the west, N=Niamey to the east). The white arrow indicates the direction of the storm motion and the yellow arrow the main wind direction in the anvil outflow (not scaled according to velocity).
Equivalent potential temperature (color shading, ◦ C), and Figure 1 horizontal wind (barbs) at the 850 hPa pressure level on 26 May
1st panel: Time-series of cloud in situ parameters: Conc and C100: Concentration of ice particles (d > 3 µm and d > 100 µm, respectively); Ext: Extinction, g: Asymmetry parameter; Deff : Effective diameter; IWC: Ice water content and Z: Reflectivity factor. 2nd panel: Attenuated backscatter ratio (at 1064 nm) from WALES lidar. 3rd panel: Time-series of retrieved parameters from SEVIRI observations along the Falcon flight: Effective radius, Optical depth and Brightness temperature (green curve) in the IR channel (10.8 µm) with the air temperature measured by the Falcon (black curve). The first sequence reports cirrus (12:42-12:55 UT). The sequence from 13:03 to 13:13 UT describes the overshooting convective cloud sampled near the top at 11 080 m/−58 • C level.
The demand for intercontinental transportation is increasing and people are requesting short travel times, which supersonic air transportation would enable. However, besides noise and sonic boom issues, which we are not referring to in this investigation, 5 emissions from supersonic aircraft are known to alter the atmospheric composition, in particular the ozone layer, and hence affect climate significantly more than subsonic aircraft. Here, we suggest a metric to quantitatively assess different options for supersonic transport with regard to the potential destruction of the ozone layer and climate impacts. Options for fleet size, engine technology (nitrogen oxide emission level), cruis10 ing speed, range, and cruising altitude, are analyzed, based on SCENIC emissions scenarios for 2050, which underlay the requirements to be as realistic as possible in terms of e.g. economic markets and profitable market penetration. This methodology is based on a number of atmosphere-chemistry and climate models to reduce mode dependencies. The model results differ significantly in terms of the response to a re15 placement of subsonic aircraft by supersonic aircraft. However, model differences are smaller when comparing the different options for a supersonic fleet. The base scenario, where supersonic aircraft get in service in 2015, a first fleet fully operational in 2025 and a second in 2050, lead in our simulations to a near surface temperature increase in 2050 of around 7mK and with constant emissions afterwards to around 21mK in 2100. The related total radiative forcing amounts to 22 mW/m2 20 in 2050, with an uncertainty between 9 and 29 mW/m2 . A reduced supersonic cruise altitude or speed (from March 2 to Mach 1.6) reduces both, climate impact and ozone destruction, by around 40%. An increase in the range of the supersonic aircraft leads to more emissions at lower latitudes since more routes to SE Asia are taken into account, which increases ozone 25 depletion, but reduces climate impact compared to the base case.
During the TROCCINOX field experiments in February–March 2004 and February 2005, airborne in situ measurements of NO, NOy, CO, and O3 mixing ratios and the J(NO2) photolysis rate were carried out in the anvil outflow of thunderstorms over southern Brazil. Both tropical and subtropical thunderstorms were investigated, depending on the location of the South Atlantic convergence zone. Tropical air masses were discriminated from subtropical ones according to the higher equivalent potential temperature ( Θe ) in the lower and mid troposphere, the higher CO mixing ratio in the mid troposphere, and the lower wind velocity in the upper troposphere within the Bolivian High (north of the subtropical jet stream). During thunderstorm anvil penetrations, typically at 20–40 km horizontal scales, NOx mixing ratios were distinctly enhanced and the absolute mixing ratios varied between 0.2–1.6 nmol mol−1 on average. This enhancement was mainly attributed to NOx production by lightning and partly due to upward transport from the NOx-richer boundary layer. In addition, CO mixing ratios were occasionally enhanced, indicating upward transport from the boundary layer. For the first time, the composition of the anvil outflow from a large, long-lived mesoscale convective system (MCS) advected from northern Argentina and Uruguay was investigated in more detail. Over a horizontal scale of about 400 km, NOx, CO and O3 absolute mixing ratios were significantly enhanced in these air masses in the range of 0.6–1.1, 110–140 and 60–70 nmol mol−1, respectively. Analyses from trace gas correlations and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model indicate that polluted air masses, probably from the Buenos Aires urban area and from biomass burning regions, were uplifted by the MCS. Ozone was distinctly enhanced in the aged MCS outflow, due to photochemical production and entrainment of O3-rich air masses from the upper troposphere – lower stratosphere region. The aged MCS outflow was transported to the north, ascended and circulated, driven by the Bolivian High over the Amazon basin. In the observed case, the O3-rich MCS outflow remained over the continent and did not contribute to the South Atlantic ozone maximum.
An aircraft plume model has been developed on the basis of two coupled trajectory box models. Two boxes, one for plume and one for background conditions, are coupled by means of a mixing parameterization based on turbulence theory. The model considers comprehensive gas phase chemistry for the tropopause region including acetone, ethane and their oxidation products. Heterogeneous halogen, N2O5 and HOx chemistry on various types of background and aircraft-induced aerosols (liquid and ice) is considered, using state-of-the-art solubility dependent uptake coefficients for liquid phase reactions. The microphysical scheme allows for coagulation, gas-diffusive particle growth and evaporation, so that the particle development from 1s after emission to several days can be simulated. Model results are shown, studying emissions into the upper troposphere as well as into the lowermost stratosphere for contrail and non-contrail conditions. We show the microphysical and chemical evolution of spreading plumes and use the concept of mean plume encounter time, t 1 to define effective emission and perturbation indices ( EEI s and EPI s) for the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (NAFC) showing EEI (NOy) and EPI (O3) for various background conditions, such as relative humidity, local time of emission, and seasonal variations. Our results show a high sensitivity of EEI and EPI s on the exact conditions under which emissions take place. The difference of EEI s with and without considering plume processes indicates that these processes cannot be neglected.
The MINOS (Mediterranean INtensive Oxidant Study) campaign was an international, multi-platform field campaign to measure long-range transport of air-pollution and aerosols from South East Asia and Europe towards the Mediterranean basin during August 2001. High pollution events were observed during this campaign. For the Mediterranean region enhanced tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO), which are precursors of tropospheric ozone (O3), were detected by the satellite based GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) instrument and compared with air-borne in-situ-measurements as well as with the output from the global 3D photochemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC (Model of Atmospheric Transport and CHemistry - Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry). The increase of pollution in that region leads to severe air quality degradation with regional and global implications.
The scavenging of black carbon (BC) in liquid and mixed phase clouds was investigated during intensive experiments in winter 2004, summer 2004 and winter 2005 at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580m a.s.l., Switzerland). Aerosol residuals were sampled behind two well characterized inlets; a total inlet which collected cloud particles (droplets and ice particles) as well as interstitial (unactivated) aerosol particles; an interstitial inlet which collected only interstitial aerosol particles. BC concentrations were measured behind each of these inlets along with the submicrometer aerosol number size distribution, from which a volume concentration was derived. These measurements were complemented by in-situ measurements of cloud microphysical parameters. BC was found to be scavenged into the condensed phase to the same extent as the bulk aerosol, which suggests that BC was covered with soluble material through aging processes, rendering it more hygroscopic. The scavenged fraction of BC (FScav,BC), defined as the fraction of BC that is incorporated into cloud droplets and ice crystals, decreases with increasing cloud ice mass fraction (IMF) from F(Scav, BC) = 60% in liquid phase clouds to F(Scav,BC) = 5–10% in mixed-phase clouds with IMF>0.2. This can be explained by the evaporation of liquid droplets in the presence of ice crystals (Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process), releasing BC containing cloud condensation nuclei back into the interstitial phase. In liquid clouds, the scavenged BC fraction is found to decrease with decreasing cloud liquid water content. The scavenged BC fraction is also found to decrease with increasing BC mass concentration since there is an increased ompetition for the available water vapour.
During the EU-project QUEST atmospheric gaseous sulphuric acid was measured and its influence on particle formation and growth was investigated building on aerosol data at two measurement sites (Hyytiälä, Finland, March–April 2003 and Heidelberg, Germany, March–April 2004). From a comprehensive data set including particle number size distributions, sulphuric acid, and meteorological data, particle growth rates, particle formation rates and source rates of condensable vapors were calculated. Growth rates were determined in two different ways, from particle size distributions as well as from a so-called timeshift analysis. Moreover, correlations between sulphuric acid and particle number concentration between 3 and 6 nm were examined.
(a) Scale height of saturated water vapor h v (z) (Eq. 24), hydrostatic scale height of water vapor h n (z) (Eq. 26), and scale height of moist air h(z) (Eq. 20) in the column with moist adiabatic lapse rate (Eq. 22) for three values of surface temperature T s ; (b) condensationinduced drop of air pressure at the surface (Eq. 27) as dependent on surface temperature T s ; (c) pressure difference versus altitude z between atmospheric columns A and B with moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates, Eqs. (30) and (31), respectively, for three values of surface temperature T s. Height z c at which p A (z c )−p B (z c )=0 is 2.9, 3.4 and 4.1 km for 283, 293 and 303 K, respectively. Due to condensation, at altitudes below z c the air pressure is lower in column A despite it being warmer than column B.
Condensation force f C (solid curves) and buoyant force f B (dashed) acting at height z on a moist air volume ascending in an environment with dry adiabatic lapse rate 9.8 K km −1 (a) and mean tropospheric lapse rate 6.5 K km −1 (b) for different values of surface temperature T s .
Projection of the daily Z500 anomaly field for July and August months for 43 years in the two-dimensional vector space spanned by the two leading EOFs.
We present a new statistical method to optimally link local weather extremes to large-scale atmospheric circulation structures. The method is illustrated using July-August daily mean temperature at 2m height (T2m) time-series over the Netherlands and 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) time-series over the Euroatlantic region of the ECMWF reanalysis dataset (ERA40). The method identifies patterns in the Z500 time-series that optimally describe, in a precise mathematical sense, the relationship with local warm extremes in the Netherlands. Two patterns are identified; the most important one corresponds to a blocking high pressure system leading to subsidence and calm, dry and sunny conditions over the Netherlands. The second one corresponds to a rare, easterly flow regime bringing warm, dry air into the region. The patterns are robust; they are also identified in shorter subsamples of the total dataset. The method is generally applicable and might prove useful in evaluating the performance of climate models in simulating local weather extremes. Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 14 eps figure files; to appear in J. Atmos. Chem. Phys
This study shows that it is possible to retrieve the temporal evolution of cloud base heights in convective broken cloud fields from data of the SEVIRI instrument onboard the geostationary satellite Meteosat-9. Presented and discussed are time dependent base heights with a temporal resolution of 15 min from morning to afternoon. Cloud base heights retrieved from SEVIRI data are also compared with independent measurements of a ceilometer, with condensation levels calculated from radiosonde data and with base heights obtained from an application of the method to NOAA/AVHRR data. The validation has been performed for three days in the year 2007 and for seven test areas distributed over Germany and neighbouring countries. The standard deviations of the absolute differences between cloud base heights from Meteosat-9 and radiosonde measurements as well as between NOAA/AVHRR and Meteosat-9 results are both of the order of ±290 m. The correlation coefficient is 0.53 for the comparison of satellite with radiosonde measurements and 0.78 for the intercomparison of the satellite measurements. Furthermore, it is shown that the method retrieves the temporal evolution of cloud base heights in very good agreement with time dependent ceilometer measurements.
Properties of the ice supersaturation layer measured in the radiosonde profile.
Formation and evolution of the ISSR (filled square) along the main trajectories Tr 29,1 −Tr 34,1 with open squares). The time is shown relatively to the radiosonde ascent at 29 November 2000, 06:00 U
Evolution of the ice supersaturation layer, measured by the radiosonde at 29 November 2000, 06:00 UTC along the trajectory Tr 31,1 (-24 h →-6 h): (a) t=−24 h, p=258 hPa; (b) t=−18 h, p=243 hPa;
A case study is presented on the formation and evolution of an ice-supersaturated region (ISSR) that was detected by a radiosonde in NE Germany at 06:00 UTC 29 November 2000. The ISSR was situated in the vicinity of the outflow region of a warm conveyor belt associated with an intense event of cyclogenesis in the eastern North Atlantic. Using ECMWF analyses and trajectory calculations it is determined when the air parcels became supersaturated and later subsaturated again. In the case considered, the state of air parcel supersaturation can last for longer than 24h. The ISSR was unusually thick: while the mean vertical extension of ISSRs in NE Germany is about 500m, the one investigated here reached 3km. The ice-supersaturated region investigated was bordered both vertically and horizontally by strongly subsaturated air. Near the path of the radiosonde the ISSR was probably cloud free, as inferred from METEOSAT infrared images. However, at other locations within the ISSR it is probable that there were cirrus clouds. Relative humidity measurements obtained by the Lindenberg radiosonde are used to correct the negative bias of the ECMWF humidity and to construct two-dimensional maps of ice supersaturation over Europe during the considered period. A systematic backward trajectory analysis for the ISSRs on these maps shows that the ISSR air masses themselves experienced only a moderate upward motion during the previous days, whereas parts of the ISSRs were located just above strongly ascending air masses from the boundary layer. This indicates qualitatively that warm conveyor belts associated with mid-latitude cyclogenesis are disturbances that can induce the formation of ISSRs in the upper troposphere. The ISSR maps also lead us to a new perception of ISSRs as large dynamic regions of supersaturated air where cirrus clouds can be embedded at some locations while there is clear air at others.
BC column mass concentrations retrieved from FLEXPART analysis between 6 May 2008 and 16 May 2008. BC column mass concentrations retrieved from FLEXPART analysis between 6 May 2008 and 16 May
A solar eclipse is a rare but spectacular natural phenomenon and furthermore it is a challenge for radiative transfer modelling. Whereas a simple one-dimensional radiative transfer model with reduced solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere can be used to calculate the brightness during partial eclipses a much more sophisticated model is required to calculate the brightness (i.e. the diffuse radiation) during the total eclipse. The reason is that radiation reaching a detector in the shadow gets there exclusively by horizontal transport of photons in a spherical shell atmosphere, which requires a three-dimensional radiative transfer model. In this study the first fully three-dimensional simulations for a solar eclipse are presented exemplified by the solar eclipse at 29 March 2006. Using a backward Monte Carlo model we calculated the diffuse radiation in the umbra and simulated the changing colours of the sky. Radiance and irradiance are decreased by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude, depending on wavelength. We found that aerosol has a comparatively small impact on the radiation in the umbra. We also estimated the contribution of the solar corona to the radiation under the umbra and found that it is negligible compared to the diffuse solar radiation in the wavelength region from 310 to 500 nm.
Contributions of NO x sources to the ozone concentration derived with an online diagnostic for January (%).
Estimated error F r (%) of the changes of ozone contributions from various ozone sources caused by a 5% increase in each emission relative to ozone concentration for January.
Temporal development of the NO x and NO y contributions (%) from a NO x source simulated with a two-box model with characteristics of a GCM simulation representing mid latitudes at 300 hPa (see text and appendix for details).
Nitrogen oxide (NOx=NO+NO2) emissions from various sources contribute to the ozone budget. The identification of these contributions is important, e.g. for the assessment of emissions from traffic. The non-linear character of ozone chemistry complicates the online diagnosis during multi-decadal chemistry-climate simulations. A methodology is suggested, which is efficient enough to be incorporated in multi-decadal simulations. Eight types of NOx emissions are included in the model. For each a NOy (=all N components, except N2 and N2O) tracer and an ozone tracer is included in the model, which experience the same emissions and loss processes like the online chemistry fields. To calculate the ozone changes caused by an individual NOx emission, the assumption is made that the NOx contributions from various sources are identical to the NOy contributions. To evaluate this method each NOx emission has been increased by 5% and a detailed error analysis is given. In the regions of the main impact of individual sources the potential error of the calculated contribution is significantly smaller than the contribution. Moreover, the changes caused by an increase of the emissions of 5% were detected with a higher accuracy than the potential errror of the absolut contribution.
Matrix displaying the grades (see color bar) for application of each diagnostic test to each CCM. Each row shows a different test, and each column a CCM. The right most column is the "mean model". A cross indicates that this test could not be applied, because the required output was not available from that model.
Comparison of t-statistic with grading metric g for (a) Temp-NP and Temp-SP tests or (b) CH 4-EQ and CH 4-SP diagnostic tests. The solid lines show the theoretical relationship given by Eq. (6) for (a) n=20 and (b) n=11.
A set of performance metrics is applied to stratospheric-resolving chemistry-climate models (CCMs) to quantify their ability to reproduce key processes relevant for stratospheric ozone. The same metrics are used to assign a quantitative measure of performance (“grade”) to each model-observations comparison shown in Eyring et al. (2006). A wide range of grades is obtained, both for different diagnostics applied to a single model and for the same diagnostic applied to different models, highlighting the wide range in ability of the CCMs to simulate key processes in the stratosphere. No model scores high or low on all tests, but differences in the performance of models can be seen, especially for processes that are mainly determined by transport where several models get low grades on multiple tests. The grades are used to assign relative weights to the CCM projections of 21st century total ozone. For the diagnostics used here there are generally only small differences between weighted and unweighted multi-model mean and variances of total ozone projections. This study raises several issues with the grading and weighting of CCMs that need further examination. However, it does provide a framework and benchmarks that will enable quantification of model improvements and assignment of relative weights to the model projections.
Simulations of contrail-to-cirrus transition over up to 6 h were performed using a LES-model. The sensitivity of microphysical, optical and geometric contrail properties to relative humidity RHi, temperature T and vertical wind shear s was investigated in an extensive parametric study. The dominant parameter for contrail evolution is relative humidity. Substantial spreading is only visible for RHi≳120%. Vertical wind shear has a smaller effect on optical properties than human observers might expect from the visual impression. Our model shows that after a few hours the water vapour removed by falling ice crystals from the contrail layer can be several times higher than the ice mass that is actually present in the contrail at any instance.
Statistical distributions (non-normalised) of relative humidity wrt ice inside (dashed line) and outside (dotted line) clouds, and the sum of both (solid line), obtained from INCA measurements. Obviously the bulge in the "sum" distribution originates from measurements inside clouds. It should also be noted that the slopes of the distributions at humidities above ice saturation are similar.
Non-normalised probability distributions of relative humidity over ice, after baseline subtraction for tropospheric MLS data: (a) tropical (south of 30 • N) MLS data on pressure levels 147 (solid) and 215 hPa (dashed) (b) extratropical northern hemispheric (north of 30 • N, solid) and southern hemispheric (south of 30 • S, dashed) MLS data on pressure level 215 hPa. Because of cloud clearing there remains after baseline subtraction only a flat distribution of noise along the zero line.
We have analysed relative humidity statistics from measurements in cirrus clouds taken unintentionally during the Measurement of OZone by Airbus In-service airCraft project (MOZAIC). The shapes of the in-cloud humidity distributions change from nearly symmetric in relatively warm cirrus (warmer than -40°) to considerably positively skew (i.e. towards high humidities) in colder clouds. These results are in agreement to findings obtained recently from the INterhemispheric differences in Cirrus properties from Anthropogenic emissions (INCA) campaign (Ovarlez et al., 2002). We interprete the temperature dependence of the shapes of the humidity distributions as an effect of the length of time a cirrus cloud needs from formation to a mature equilibrium stage, where the humidity is close to saturation. The duration of this transitional period increases with decreasing temperature. Hence cold cirrus clouds are more often met in the transitional stage than warm clouds.
Top-cited authors
Meinrat O Andreae
  • Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Markku Kulmala
  • University of Helsinki
Christine Wiedinmyer
  • University of Colorado Boulder
Ulrike Lohmann
  • ETH Zurich
Alex B. Guenther
  • University of California, Irvine


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5 reasons why the four-day week won’t work

26 Aug 2022

It has been suggested that four-day work weeks could be the way of the future. But UCC’s Prof Wim Naudé believes there are less risky ways to improve working life.

Click here to view the full Future of Work series.

The four-day working week continues to gain momentum, with pilots taking place in the UK, Ireland, the US, Canada and Australia. Over six-month periods between February and November, employees at participating businesses are working only 80pc of their time but still receiving 100pc of their salary and benefits.

These schemes, which are being driven by non-profit coalition 4 Day Week Global, are supposed to “benefit everyone” by raising workers’ productivity, improving work-life balance and happiness levels, and reducing unemployment.

But is this too good to be true? While many firms may find it a better arrangement than a five-day working week, there are several reasons why the concept needs further research and debate before we talk seriously about rolling it out.

Click here to visit The Conversation.

1. The productivity problem

A four-day week is unlikely to enhance productivity unless it’s already low. Countries like Ireland and the UK already boast very high worker productivity, measured as GDP per hour worked.

Indeed, Ireland’s productivity is among the highest in the world, hitting a whopping $125 per hour in 2019 (admittedly somewhat distorted by the presence of over 1,500 multinationals). And while there has been much discussion about UK productivity struggling to keep pace with other major economies, it is still very high in overall terms at $54 per hour. China and India’s equivalent figures are respectively $11 and $8.

To even maintain these productivity levels while working four days a week, employees would need to increase output per hour significantly. This is simply because total GDP will fall if everyone works 20pc less.

In 1988, Japan shortened the work week from 46 to 30 hours. Productivity did not increase enough to compensate, and economic output between 1988 and 1996 was 20pc lower than it otherwise would have been.

Countries like Ireland or the UK may require draconian work-floor practices to squeeze enough productivity out of a four-day week, including requiring employees to work more daily hours than before. This would increase the chances of excessive stress, industrial accidents and so on.

2. The truth about happiness

Claims that we would all be happier working four days overlook the theory of the hedonic treadmill, which argues that permanent extra happiness is a mirage.

People may feel happier over, say, a six-month period. But over a longer duration, they would arguably revert to their previous level of happiness. In 2000, France reduced the working week from 39 hours to 35 hours among large firms. An assessment later concluded that it had failed to improve workers’ happiness.

The hedonic treadmill explains why many retirees go back to work or why lottery winners continue in their jobs. Or why, in the case of France, many workers got second jobs or moved to smaller firms. It is also why, at the very least, we would need to pilot the four-day work week over longer periods than six months.

Furthermore, there is little evidence of crises in work-life balance or job unhappiness in Ireland or the UK.

According to a 2018 Eurostat survey, 38pc of Irish people rated their job satisfaction as ‘high’ – sixth highest in the EU after Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Austria and Switzerland. UK job satisfaction was 29pc, still above the average. And according to the 2021 UK census: “Overall, personal wellbeing levels have increased in the UK.”

3. Some will suffer

A four-day working week may worsen inequities at work. Ireland and the UK already suffer from “hollowed-out” and polarised labour markets, which is to say that the proportion of middle-ranking jobs to lower-ranking jobs has been falling over decades.

The four-day week would lead to a variation of this issue. People already working four days a week – at four-day wages – would find themselves doing the same work for a smaller salary than those whose working days had just reduced.

Also, older workers would be potentially disadvantaged by the need to do more in a shorter period of time. This is what happened in the US when the average working week was reduced during the great depression from about 48 hours to 41. This should be of concern in Ireland and the UK with their ageing populations.

4. Part-time prejudices

There is a strong association between reduced working hours and increased part-time employment. This is because companies whose full-time workers reduce their hours have to hire part-timers to ensure output does not drop, especially in the service sector.

Part-time jobs are, however, associated with “low pay and temporary contracts”. A surge in part-time employment would therefore lead to reduced earnings overall.

It would also increase job insecurity and may worsen productivity. Though the evidence around productivity is fairly limited here, it is unlikely to rise given that firms invest less in their part-time workers. This is partly because these workers increase firms’ management and transaction costs.

5. Unemployment benefit?

One supposed benefit of shortening the working week is reduced unemployment. This was why working weeks were reduced in the US in the 1930s – which was reasonable, given that unemployment was 25pc in 1933.

Today, unemployment in the UK is 3.7pc, the lowest in more than 20 years. In Ireland it is 4.7pc, while long-term unemployment is a negligible 1.2pc. As the Irish Times recently said: “There are loads of job vacancies in Ireland, but where are the workers?”

When labour markets are so tight, it would be strange to reduce the labour supply by cutting everyone’s working hours (unless, of course, workers managed to be as productive as over five days). Such a reduction would exacerbate labour shortages. It would also squeeze public finances – for example, health services would require more staff, thus raising the wage bill.

A four-day week would also put extra demand on leisure services. Imagine wanting to spend your extra time travelling for a long weekend away, only to end up in long queues at Heathrow or Dublin airports. Oh wait, this is happening already.

There are other less risky ways to improve working conditions that may be more effective. These include flexible retirement schemes and more official vacation days and bank holidays.

Or if governments provided better support for innovative entrepreneurs, it could stimulate productivity growth, job satisfaction and de-carbonisation in one sweep.

The Conversation

By Prof Wim Naudé

Wim Naudé is professor of economics at University College Cork. His research focuses on the relationship between entrepreneurship, technological innovation, trade and sustainable economic development.

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Plan your visit

There are no toilets in the castle premises. The toilets are about one hundred meters away from the Rabí Castle and they are situated in the house Nr. 50 (in a white building along which visitors go from/to the square).

The Rabí Municipal Authority (Městský úřad v Rabí) runs car parks. It defines parking places as well as it sets the parking charges and the way they are collected.

In the square there stands a parking meter, but charges can be collected by an accredited person.

From July 2021 cars should be parked on the southern periphery of the Rabí Town, on a meadow near a former collective farm. Either an accredited person (an employee of the Rabí Municipal Authority) or brown guideposts direct you to that car park. An undemanding and lightly ascending path among family houses leads from the car park to the ticket office of the Rabí Castle (it is about 800 meters distance).

A few parking places are situated on the town square. But the charge for parking is quite high.

Parking places in the Rabí Town could be variously changed. Please, respect instuctions of accredited persons who ought to organize traffic and parking.

Parking charges

A car: 50  CZK / day (an official car park)

A car: 120 CZK / hour (the town square)

A car with mobile home: 100 CZK / day (an official car park)

A caravan up to 3,5 t: 50 CZK / day (an official car park)

A motocycle: 0 CZK

A bus: 150 CZK / day (a bus is not allowed to park on the square)

The Rabí Castle is an example of the Gothic architecture and therefore it will never be fully barrier-free.

Currently, people with difficulty moving or people in a wheelchair can get to the large courtyard with assistance (the path to other parts of the castle is unfortunately complicated/impossible because of the steep terrain and large number of steps).

The entry to the castle premises with pets is allowed. But it is necessary to keep pets on a leash or in a transport box (except for assistance dogs) and to be considerate of other visitors.

Entrance for pets is admission free. People with pets can visit all the premises, even guided tours.

Free running of pets (running without a leash) is forbidden.

In the area of the Rabí Castle there are no bike stands or bike storage. If visitors go in Rabí by bike, they can take advantege of several bike stands around the castle.

Child facilities

Unfortunately, we can not provide mothers adequate facilities (for example a baby changing  table, a microwave oven for warming up the food).

In summer, visitors can have some refreshment in the courtyard - they can refresh with cold drinks, taste a cup of fine coffee or tea and eat something small.

In the settlement around the castle and in square of Rabí, there are one restaurant, two fast-food restaurants and two grocery stores.


Random Number Between 1 and 10

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6 5 7 4

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Analysis of stripes and bars of the hottest prints

  • Detail

Analysis of print streaks (bars)

causes and solutions of two white streaks

white streaks are generally caused by the water conveyance part, so they are called water streaks. The causes and solutions are as follows:

1 the pressure between the water roller and the printing plate or the water roller is too heavy

the pressure between the water roller and the printing plate or the water roller is too heavy, which makes the water roller jump when in contact with the printing plate, and the friction between the plates causes streaks

solution: correct the pressure between the water roller and the printing plate or water roller, reduce the runout of the water roller and avoid streaking

2 printing plate water breaks the technological monopoly of Europe, Japan and other developed countries. There is too much ink on the surface of the roller

due to the long-term use of the water roller, the ink dirt accumulated on the surface is not cleaned in time, and even dried into a solid, gradually losing hydrophilicity, which affects the water transmission performance. At the same time, the China Mining Federation also awarded Jixi the title of "graphite city of China", which is easy to rub with the layout. The light one, the water roller has a slight jump, and the heavy one, Damage to the pattern foundation and sand holes, both of which will cause streaks

overcoming method: when the ink accumulation is light, remove the cleaning water roller, and when it is heavy, renew the water roller

3, the water roller bearing or shaft is seriously worn

the water roller has obvious axial movement, and the runout causes friction with the printing plate during operation, causing streaks

solution: repair or replace bearings and wear parts

4。 The water supply of the layout is too large, which makes the layout too wet, causing water layer isolation between the ink rollers, between the ink rollers and the printing plate text, and hindering the positive transmission of ink. Under the action of pressure, the ink is seriously emulsified, the viscosity is weakened, and the pigment particles of the ink accumulate on the layout, blanket and ink roller, increasing the pressure and friction between each other and causing streaks

overcoming methods; Reduce water supply rubber blanket and ink roller

5, the fountain solution is too acidic. Cleaning

dissolves the phosphate generated by the layout, and the inorganic salt layer cannot survive. The fountain solution does not play a role. In addition, the acidity is too strong, which corrodes the sand holes in the layout, destroys the spots, accelerates the emulsification of ink, and the layout loses the balance of ink and water, causing streaks

overcoming methods:; The medium light fountain solution is acidic, which can appropriately improve the ink viscosity. If necessary, the ink on the ink roller should be removed or the ink roller should be cleaned. In serious cases, a new printing plate can be considered

to sum up, it is only part of the factors that produce streaks, and there are more and more complex reasons that cannot be listed if there is no initial straight line segment in the tensile stress-strain curve of the measured material. Therefore, once you encounter streaks in production, you must analyze the relevant factors and find out the causes of streaks according to the location and characteristics of streaks

(author/Yang Yong, Shanghai Jielong)

this book includes an analysis of the composite market and material potential, and an excerpt from "packaging and printing technology offset lithography"

Copyright © 2011 JIN SHI


Wednesday 9 December 2020

With the growing number of large and complex fire claims, Zurich Municipal are concerned about the impact the losses have upon the wellbeing of the individuals and organisations involved. Over the last decade there have been 7,000 fires affecting education premises. This has resulted in a large impact to the communities involved. Pupils have had their education disrupted, staff have had to relocate or even lose their job and the community has lost a valuable asset. In addition, council staff faced extra pressure and demands providing assistance as the council's have a statutory duty to provide a place of education.

Davina Lonsdale, Chartered Insurer at Zurich Municipal, will look at the impact a fire loss will have on individuals and the community. She will explore the causes of fires and actions that can be taken to prevent them. She will discuss how you can manage your risk profile in respect of fire and changing building characteristics and challenges. With the likelihood and severity of large and complex fires increasing, the human cost of fire has never been greater. This has major implications for municipal organisations and the individuals and community they serve. Managing fire has never been so important.

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FN Archimer Export Format PT J TI Development and validation of the new ProvBioII float BT AF LEYMARIE, Edouard POTEAU, Antoine ANDRE, Xavier BESSON, F BRAULT, Patrice CLAUSTRE, Herve DAVID, Arnaud D'ORTENZIO, Fabrizio DUFOUR, A LAVIGNE, Heloise LE RESTE, Serge LE TRAON, Pierre-Yves MIGON, Christophe NOGRE, David OBOLENSKY, G PENKERC'H, C SAGOT, Jerome SCHAEFFER, Christophe SCHMECHTIG, C TAILLANDIER, V AS 1:1,2;2:1,2;3:4;4:1,2;5:3;6:1,2;7:3;8:1,2;9:1,2;10:1,2;11:4;12:5;13:1,2;14:3;15:1,2;16:1,2;17:3;18:3;19:2,6;20:1,2; FF 1:;2:;3:PDG-REM-RDT-SI2M;4:;5:;6:;7:;8:;9:;10:;11:PDG-REM-RDT-SI2M;12:PDG-ODE-ADM3;13:;14:;15:;16:;17:;18:;19:;20:; C1 CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche sur-Mer, France Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France NKE Instrumentation, Z.I. de Kerandré, Rue Gutenberg, 56700 HENNEBONT, France IFREMER, Département Recherches et Développements Technologiques, Service Electronique, Informatique et Mesures in situ, Centre de Brest, BP 70, Plouzané, France IFREMER & MERCATOR OCEAN, 8-10 rue Hermès Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 RAMONVILLE ST AGNE, France CNRS, UMS 829, Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche sur-Mer, France C2 CNRS, FRANCE UNIV PARIS 06, FRANCE NKE INSTRUMENTATION, FRANCE IFREMER, FRANCE IFREMER, FRANCE CNRS, FRANCE SI AUTRE BREST SE AUTRE PDG-REM-RDT-SI2M PDG-ODE-ADM3 TC 0 UR https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00219/32989/31438.pdf LA English DT Article AB In the last ten years, a productive collaboration has grown between the Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), NKE and IFREMER to implement biogeochemical sensors on profiling floats. A first project (2003) was dedicated to the design of the so-called ProvBio floats (models A and B) that consisted of a PROVOR-CTS3 float instrumented with three new optical sensors: a Wetlabs transmissometer (C-Rover), a 3-wavelength Satlantic radiometer (OCR-503) and an “ECO3” Wetlabs sensor, measuring chlorophyll-a fluorescence, colored dissolved organic matter and particle backscattering coefficients (see First Success of ProvBio floats, Coriolis Letter n°5). Then, the integration of biogeochemical sensors continued in the framework of ProNuts project (2009, autonomously profiling the nitrate concentrations in the ocean: the pronuts project, Coriolis Letter n°8), by equipping a PROVOR with a nitrate concentration sensor. In parallel within the framework of the Carbocean EU project, the ProvCarbon and ProvDo floats were developed as in 2006 by fitting on a PROVOR a C-Rover and a 3830 Aanderaa optode, respectively. They were used to investigate new tools to assess marine carbon sources and sinks. These initial developments have led to a first invaluable dataset and to subsequent papers (Xing et al. 2012, Xing et al. 2011) and report (IOCCG 2011). Nevertheless, the above projects have grown partially dissociated, as related to specific and project-related needs, while a more integrated solution may have a lot of advantages. Undoubtedly, the scientific exploitation of data would be strongly improved if a unique multidisciplinary float, able to measure all accessible parameters, was available. Such a multidisciplinary float would also strongly reduce costs, by sharing the float itself, and by reducing deployment, validation and communication costs. The idea to merge all these sensors on the same profiling float was thus at the origin of the ProvBioII float project, which was developed in the framework of the remOcean and NAOS programs. PY 2013 PD JUL SO Mercator Ocean - quaterly newsletter PU Mercator Ocean VL 48 BP 26 EP 30 ID 32989 ER EF


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Massachusetts casinos’ rake in $92 million, matching 2021 figures

The Plainridge Park, MGM Springfield, and Encore Boston Harbor casinos raked in approximately $92 million in gross gaming revenue (GGR) during the month of August, according to the reports from the state agency that regulates gambling, the Massachusetts Gaming Commission (MGC).

The total amount of GGR generated by the three casinos did not exceed the amount of revenue that was recorded for the same time period the previous year. In point of fact, the GGR that was recorded for the month of August in both this year and 2021 was $92 million.

The Plainridge Park Casino brought in $12 million, while the MGM Springfield Casino was responsible for $22 million in income, and the Encore Boston Harbor disclosed hauling in $58 million.

Over the course of the previous month, Plainridge Park Casino recorded the lowest GGR. The slots-only establishment has generated a total of $12 million in GGR. A 5.5% drop can be seen when compared to the previous month’s total of $12.7 million, recorded in August 2021.

The MGM Springfield reported the second-highest GGR for the month that just passed. The monthly gross gaming revenue for the venue reached $22 million in August, representing a modest increase when compared to the $21.8 million that was recorded for the exact same month in 2021. The $22 million in gross gaming revenue is broken down as follows: Table games contributed $4.5 million, while slot machines contributed $17.5 million.

Encore Boston Harbor reported the highest GGR. Overall, the venue reported a GGR of $58.1 million, which is a little improvement in comparison to the GGR of $57.9 million that was recorded for the same time period the previous year. According to the MGC, Encore Boston Harbor’s GGR for its table games was $22.7 million in the previous month, while the venue’s GGR for its slots was $35.4 million.

Tax generated to the Massachusetts state

The GGR for the previous month did not exceed the figure from the previous year, and neither did the amount of taxes generated for the state. The three operators in Massachusetts were responsible for a total tax payment of $25.9 million. This number was not able to beat the result that was released in August 2021, which stated that the state had received $26.2 million in taxes.

In contrast to the previous year, the state experienced a decrease in GGR of 0.4%. Although it is anticipated that this statistic will change in 2023 as a direct result of the legalization of sports betting in the state.

According to the analysis that was provided by the MGC, Encore Boston Harbor paid approximately $14.5 million in taxes. The gaming establishment is subject to a 25% tax. Plainridge Park Casino, which exclusively offers slot machines and is imposed at a tax rate of 49%, recorded the second-highest amount of taxes paid during the past month. The venue ended up spending close to $5.9 million overall. MGM Springfield, which is required to pay taxes at a rate of 25%, shelled out $5.5 million in taxes during the previous month.

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Singapore / 8th July 2020 — ProximaX SiriusID Decentralized Identifier (“DID») method was accepted and published by the World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”), the leading international standards organization for the Web. The W3C DID standards are designed to enable interoperability of identification systems across different autonomous decentralized networks.

A DID is a new unique type of identity identifier that enables verifiable and decentralized digital identities.  It allows individuals and organizations to generate identifiers using trusted systems and to prove control of those identifiers (authenticate) using cryptographic proofs (for example, digital signatures, privacy-preserving biometric protocols, and so on).

In contrast, the vast majority of unique identifiers currently used are not under our control, such as communication addresses (telephone numbers, email addresses, usernames on social media), ID numbers (for passports, drivers licenses, tax IDs, health insurance), and product identifiers (serial numbers, barcodes, RFIDs).  These are all issued by external authorities that decide who or what they identify and how they are recovered and revoked.  They are useful only in specific contexts and recognized only by particular bodies (not of our choosing).  They may disappear or cease to be valid with the failure of an organization.  They may unnecessarily reveal personal information, and in many cases, can be fraudulently replicated and asserted by a malicious third-party («identity theft»).

DIDs enable a human-centric control over the generation and assertion of unique identifiers.  Each individual and organization can have as many DIDs as needed to represent and respect the desired separation of identities and personas in specific contexts.  Using these identifiers, we can interact with other people, institutions or systems that require us to identify ourselves (or things we control) while maintaining control over how much personal or private data should be revealed, and without depending on a central authority to guarantee the continued existence of the identifier.

One key advantage of Sirius ID is that it uses the ProximaX Sirius platform as the resilient, and secure data storage component. Solutions that incorporate SiriusID will not only adhere to the global W3C standard, but also have access to a robust decentralized technology stack to securely manage massive amounts of private and personal data.

About SiriusID

SiriusID by ProximaX is a W3C-compliant digital identity solution that uses the self-sovereign identity («SSI») security model.  As a complete plug-n-play stack, it is a blockchain-powered platform that allows anyone to develop their digital ID solution via its APIs and SDK.  The solution uses the ProximaX Sirius platform as the resilient data storage mechanism that incorporates several decentralized services, including storage, streaming, database, and Supercontract (enhanced smart contract).  Also available is the SiriusID identity wallet mobile app, a ready-to-use white-label product to manage identifiable data and credentials.

About W3C

The World Wide Web Consortium (“W3C”) was founded in October 1994 to lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing standard protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability.  Today, W3C has over 450 Members and nearly 70 full-time staff worldwide who contribute to the development of W3C specifications and software.

About ProximaX

ProximaX is a blockchain-based infrastructure and development platform project that integrates blockchain technology with further distributed and decentralized service layers: storage, streaming, database, and Supercontract (enhanced smart contract).  This creates an all-in-one, easy-to-use platform.  ProximaX is built for scalability and can include more services in the future without compromising on performance.  It is a unique enterprise-grade platform developed on proven technologies and is available in a private, public, and hybrid network configuration.

ProximaX’s extensive utility and flexibility can be used for a wide range of use cases that include, but are not limited to, W3C-compliant digital identity, KYC, video streaming and chat, IoT and robotics, big data and AI, records and reporting, business continuity, legal and notary services, medical records, land registry, capital markets, e-payments and core banking, and supply chain management.

Media Contact: Sue Ng,


Benefits of Continuous Integration in the Cloud

Best Practices of Continuous Integration

Continuous Integration can dramatically improve software quality. At the same time, it also reduces development time, cost, and effort. Cloud is a concept of computing infrastructure. It is very enabling and transformative. It helps to gain control of the data. CI in the cloud is the most effective technology to maintain flexibility, scalability, and configuration.

Instead of manually integrating, using CI is more effective. Here are the top advantages of using CI in the cloud:

Cost Reduction

The first benefit of CI in the cloud is lowering the cost. A business that chooses to store physically has to invest in both hardware and employees. They have to collect resources to build and document the initial process. To maintain the servers, they need software. They need to upgrade the software and hardware over time. But in the cloud, they can easily avoid the physical storage and maintenance cost.

CI in the cloud significantly reduces the need for configuration. There are also options to default. Using these developers can suit the nature of the software. After choosing the best fits, they need to make additional changes. They can build some basic commands and default pipelines to meet default build commands. To meet the changes in the code, they need to update the default options from time to time.

Cloud has elastic nature, which means it can be scaled both up and down with the needs. If the organization is small, developers can get started with the features they need. Thus they can avoid over-investing and minimize the cost. With the increasing user or complexity, they can scale up the resources and efficiently meet the demand.

Another benefit of using CI is enjoying flexibility. If developers have intermittent periods of loads that may last only a few hours or days, they can get flexibility. It also helps to handle unpredictable traffic or seasonal holidays. In some cases, there is the availability of multiple versions of servers. It ensures the flexibility of testing the software in multiple environments.

With the changing technology, building and delivering software is getting complex. To cope with the changing situation, businesses need to adopt new technologies. Continuous Integration in the cloud is such a technology that can bring the developers’ vision into reality.


When Bonds Don’t Hedge Stocks

When Bonds Don’t Hedge Stocks

The traditional formula of investing mainly in stocks and hedging with Treasury bonds has finally failed in the face of the 2022 market, contends an article in Morningstar by John Rekenthaler. Both stocks and long bonds have plunged, and the refuge that balanced funds offered isn’t safe anymore. The article offers 3 options of how to readjust your portfolio:

Stay the course. Keep your portfolio as it is and turn off the news to avoid panic selling or changing allocations based on fear. This option could help you weather the storm; since the end of the financial crisis in 2008, the standard 60% stocks/40% bonds portfolio would have brought in returns just as high as a portfolio that switched out bonds for liquid alternatives, as many were advised to do in the wake of that crisis. But there’s no guarantee that this bear market will follow the same path.

Change Your Allocation. Instead of relying on stocks to garner high returns and bonds as a hedge, investors should broaden their portfolios, Morningstar’s Amy Arnott suggests in the article. Allocating a good portion into international stocks and bonds as well as 5% positions in commodities such as gold, high-yield bonds, and REITs would provide better diversification. Of course, it requires more effort than owning just two investments, and probably more money. And if inflation subsides and Treasuries rebound, investors who reallocated could lose some of the gains from that shift.

Get tactical. Shareholders in balanced-funds could temporarily adjust their allocations into commodities and liquid alternatives, which tend to be resistant to inflation, and then switch back to Treasuries when the economy rebounds and inflation subsides. But predicting the precise moment to make that switch is nearly impossible. Out of the 22 funds that promised “tactical allocation” to their investors a decade ago, only 5 still exist. Unless this is a skill you are sure you possess, Rekenthaler writes that he “cannot recommend tactical allocation.”

None of these options are the perfect answer, and long Treasury yields are still unattractively low. But Rekenthaler writes that Arnott’s “advice is perpetually sound” and that adding in some assets to your portfolio could provide a better refuge when both stocks and bonds are stormy.


Silence Crossword Clue 3 Letters

Silence Crossword Clue 3 Letters – The circled letters on the grid mark the SECONDS in the different series, and each of those SECONDS is DIVIDED in half by the black square. SECONDS are:

The planet Venus is the second planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is very bright in the night sky, brighter than any other planet or any star. When visible after sunset, Venus can be called the Evening Star. If it appears before sunrise, it is called a morning star.

Silence Crossword Clue 3 Letters

Silence Crossword Clue 3 Letters

John Adams was the second president of the United States. I have to admit that I learned most of what I know about President Adams from the excellent, excellent HBO series John Adams, based on David McCullough’s 2001 biography of the same name. Having said that, I have visited the Adams home in Quincy, Massachusetts several times. He must have had a great sense…

Friday, July 22, 2022

For those who start the week on Monday, Tuesday is the second day of the week. The name “Tuesday” comes from the Old English word “Tiw’s Day”. In turn, “Tiw” was the Old English name of the Norse god “Týr”. Tyr was the Norse god of single combat, victory and heroic glory.

Beta is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. The term “beta” comes from the Phoenician letter “bet”.

The Gobi, a large desert in Asia, is located in northern China and southern Mongolia. The Gobi Desert is growing at an alarming rate, especially towards the south. This “desertification” is due to increased human activity. The Chinese government is trying to stop the development of the desert by planting large areas of new forests known as the “Green Wall of China”. The name “Gobi” means “land without water, desert” in Mongolian.

The state of Mongolia in East Asia is located between Russia in the north and China in the south. With an area of more than 600,000 square miles and a population of about 3 million, Mongolia is the least populous sovereign nation on the planet. Almost half of the Mongolian population lives in the capital Ulan Batyr.

Snc1d Biology: The Silence Of The Frogs Ws#2 Pages 1 3

The FBI Academy is located at the Marine Corps Base in Quantico, Virginia. The academy was opened for the first trainees in 1972. The campus includes a 10-acre mock city called Hogan Alley.

Mireille Enos is an actress from Kansas City. Enos may be best known for her work on television, playing Sarah Linden in The Killing and twins Katie and JoDean Marquardt in Big Love. Enos is married to actor Alan Ruck, who I mostly remember playing Cameron Frye in the excellent Ferris Bueller’s Day Off.

“The Killing” is an excellent crime series that has been shown for four seasons since 2011. It stars Mireille Linden as a Seattle homicide detective. The US-filmed show is based on the English-language Danish TV series The Crime.

Silence Crossword Clue 3 Letters

Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut was founded in 1701, making it the third oldest university in the United States. Originally called Collegiate School, it was renamed Yale University in honor of Elihu Yale, a retired merchant who contributed generously to the institution. Yale University’s nickname is “Old Eli,” a nod to the benefactor.

Puzzle Page Challenger February 25 2022 Answers (all In One Page) » Qunb

The muscles known as the “lats” are the latissimi dorsi and are the widest muscles in the back. “Latissimus” is Latin for “widest” and “dorsum” is Latin for “back.”

Len Dawson, retired AFL-NFL linebacker, played for the Kansas City Chiefs (originally the Dallas Texans). Dawson played in his first Super Bowl for the Chiefs, losing to the Green Bay Packers. However, he was on the winning team in Super Bowl IV when the Chiefs defeated the Minnesota Vikings. Boxer Dawson was named MVP that day.

Feta is a Greek cheese made from sheep’s milk or a mixture of sheep’s and goat’s milk. The cheese is salted and cured in brine for several months before eating.

Amsterdam is the cultural and commercial capital of the Netherlands, but not the administrative capital. That honor goes to The Hague. The name Amsterdam translates as “dam on the river Amstel”.

Rex Parker Does The Nyt Crossword Puzzle: Temporarily Banished From A Dorm Room, In A Way / Sat 9 3 22 / Cartoon Known For Bursting Out Of A Drum / Somers In The

The Anne Frank House is a museum in the center of Amsterdam. It was in this canal house that Anne Frank and her family hid from the Nazis for more than two years. The house was opened as a museum in 1960 and is now one of the most visited museums in the Netherlands.

Actress Teri Garr played many minor roles in her youth, including nine Elvis movies. Garr’s big break came as Inga in Young Frankenstein and her supporting role in Tootsie earned Garr an Academy Award nomination. Unfortunately, Teri Garr has multiple sclerosis. He is a national ambassador for the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.

“Mr. Mom is a 1983 comedy film written by John Hughes and starring Michael Keaton and his son Teri Garr. The film is about an engineer in the auto industry in Detroit who loses his job and then takes over the household when his wife returns to work. This is a funny thing…

Silence Crossword Clue 3 Letters

“Toilet water” (toilet water) is diluted perfume. It is said that a French man pays attention to his “toilet” when dressing.

Online Crossword & Sudoku Puzzle Answers For 09/03/2022

Five species of rhinoceros survive today, with the smaller Javan rhinoceros being the rarest. Thanks to poaching, the rhino may be the rarest large mammal on the planet. Rhino horn is primarily prized by hunters because it is used in powdered form in traditional Chinese medicine.

Rodin’s famous sculpture called “The Thinker” has been reproduced several times. Rodin’s original version of The Thinker is actually a detail of a much larger work called The Gates of Hell. The original plaster version of the Gates of Hell can be seen at the magnificent Musée d’Orsay in Paris.

The coastal city of Daytona Beach, Florida is known for its hard sand on the beach. This makes for a good surface for motor vehicles to drive on and has led to Daytona Beach becoming a motorsports hub. The Daytona 500 is the biggest purse event on the NASCAR calendar.

Julius Richard Petrie was a German bacteriologist and the man after whom the Petri dish is named. At the bottom of a Petri dish there may be an agar gel that acts as a nutrient source for the specimen to be grown and studied, in which case the dish and agar are called an “agar plate”.

Solve The Puzzle

The famous “Colonel” of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) was Harland Sanders, a businessman from Henryville, Indiana. Although not actually a “colonel,” Sanders did indeed serve in the military. He was drafted into the army as a private soldier in 1906 at the age of 16 and lied about his age. He spent all his time in the army as a soldier in Cuba. Later, in the 1930s, Sanders went into the restaurant business, making his signature fried chicken. By 1935, his reputation as a “hero” had grown to such an extent that Kentucky Governor Ruby Laffoon gave Sanders the honorary title of “Colonel of Kentucky.” Later in the fifties, Sanders developed his trademark white suit, string, mustache and goatee. When Sanders was 65, his business failed, and Dave Thomas, the founder of Wendy’s, stepped in. Thomas Sanders simplified his menu, paring it down from more than a hundred items to fried chicken and salads. This was enough to launch KFC into the fast food business. Sanders sold the US franchise in 1964 for just $2 million and moved to Canada to grow KFC north of the border. He died in 1980 and was buried in Louisville, Kentucky. The Colonel’s secret recipe of 11 herbs and spices is actually a trade secret. There appears to be only one copy of the recipe, a handwritten paper written in pencil and signed by Colonel Sanders. Since 2009, the paper has been locked away in a computer vault surrounded by motion detectors and security cameras.

Ana de Armas is an actress from Cuba. He studied at the National Theater School of Cuba and moved to Spain at the age of 18. Three, he made a name for himself in a Spanish TV series called El Internado. De Armas moved to Los Angeles in 2014, after which his performance opposite Ryan Gosling in 2017’s Blade Runner 2049 received critical acclaim.

Knives Out is a 2019 murder mystery film. There is a great cast including Daniel Craig, Jamie Lee Curtis, Toni Collette and Christopher Plummer. I really enjoyed it, partly because it’s a smart, modern take on the classic whodunit…

Silence Crossword Clue 3 Letters

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was written by American suffragette leader Alice Paul. Although Paul successfully campaigned for the passage of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution (guaranteeing the right to vote regardless of sex), his 1923 Equal Rights Amendment did not enter the Senate until 1972. The amendment was passed by the Senate and then led by the Senate

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“Have confidence in the midst of your ignorance that ignorance does not matter, as long as you have learned where to find the information you need.” John D. Hannah

Ignorant overconfidence is a huge problem–one we see loudly expressed in the public square. On the other hand, there’s also a risk of being so intimidated by what we don’t know that we become mute, or paralyzed. A huge part of your ongoing education is learning what you don’t know, who your resource persons are, and how to access their expertise. Then confidently moving forward with your team.

If you need help identifying who these resource persons are, ask the wisest person you know who their “go-to” persons are in any given category. People love giving referrals.