The incline barbell bench press is a great way to add variety to your pressing routine and to hit muscle groups from different angles leading to new growth. Taking nothing away from the barbell bench press, the incline press can allow you to really focus on your upper and inner chest muscles and shoulders. The strictness of the exercise takes away any arching of the back to shorten your range of motion and decreases the help from leg drive. Let’s take a look at how this exercise can help you round out your physique and bust through any plateaus you might have with the flat bench press.

Muscles Targeted:

The incline barbell bench press focuses on similar muscle groups as the flat bench, but puts more stress on the shoulders and includes the trapezius muscles. Your upper chest or pectoralis minor is recruited more heavily than in the flat bench. This extra recruitment can help build the chest muscles near the collarbone and give a more rounded look to your chest. Your anterior deltoids and triceps still play a major part in raising the bar.

Exercise Instructions:

  • This exercise is very similar to the regular barbell bench press except that you will be using an incline free weight bench and your upper chest will be the muscle group targeted.
  • Lift the barbell off of the rack and slowly lower it to about 3 inches above your clavicle (top of the chest) and then press the bar back up to the start position.
  • Repeat this movement for as many repetitions as you can until failure.
  • Remember to always use a spotter when performing this exercise.

Why This Exercise is Important:

The incline barbell bench press is a great alternative to the flat bench. Not only can it give you a break mentally from trying to break through plateaus on the flat bench, it can also strengthen muscle groups that can help add poundage to your flat bench. The incline bench press is stricter than the flat bench due to the legs being taken out of the equation. The athlete can’t use their legs to drive the weight up or arch their back to shorten the range of motion. This emphasis on strict form can help the lifter focus on working the muscle groups being used in the exercise.

Things To Avoid:

The number one rule to effective pressing is to stop bouncing the bar off your chest. This takes stress off the muscles and can also hurt your chest. Make sure that the bench isn’t angled too steeply. The optimal angle for the incline is somewhere between 30 and 45 degrees. This will put the emphasis on the upper chest without turning it into a seated military press. Avoid having the racks too far back from the bench and placing unnecessary strain on your shoulders. When pressing make sure to go straight upwards and don’t let the bar angle back over your face.

Reps and Sets:

The incline barbell bench press is a versatile exercise. You can use higher reps in the range of 8-12 with sets of 2-4 to really hone in on the muscles while they are working. If you’re looking to build strength in the movement stick with repetitions in the 3-6 range with sets in the 3-5 range.

Other Exercises To Use:

Typically the incline bench press is used as an alternative to the flat bench press or military press. However, if you are intending to design a program around the incline bench press then when it is time to use other exercises consider these options. The standing deltoid military press targets similar muscle groups but also forces you to use your core to stabilise the weight while pressing. The decline bench press goes in the other direction but still works the same muscles. Or you can even substitute the flat bench press as well. View our extensive database of exercise guides for a comprehensive list of exercises that target the chest.

The incline barbell bench press is great to strengthen your shoulders and add size to your upper chest. It also cuts down on cheating and will let you know where you stand in regards to pressing strength. Use this variation of the bench press often to balance out your physique.


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English-Hindi > atom smasher" sentence in Hindi

atom smasher in a sentence

11.Within a decade they hope to plonk it above an atom smasher as big as a city.

12.In a sense, it was the first particle accelerator, a device best known as an atom smasher.

13.On January 20, 2015, Silversmith had the atom smasher removed from its supports and laid on its side.

14.In 1993, federal deficit hawks canceled the dlrs 11 billion Superconducting Super Collider, the world's largest atom smasher.

15.These atom smashers were just coming of age at this time and created the new discipline of particle physics.

16.Atom Smasher remains in the Middle Eastern nation for a time, although he eventually begins to question Adam's motives.

17.Unromantically dubbed 116 and 118, they were created inside a cyclotron, or atom smasher, at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

18.He accidentally got caught in a room with a device called an atom smasher, and, inevitably, the experiment went awry.

19.But these long-missing particles can be coaxed back into fleeting existence inside high-energy collisions in huge " atom smashers ."

20.Research at the world's largest atom smasher has produced a number of spinoffs that have successfully transferred to the marketplace.

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How to say atom smasher in Hindi and what is the meaning of atom smasher in Hindi? atom smasher Hindi meaning, translation, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by Hindlish.com.


Structural Development In Agriculture - A Global Perspective

Agricultural structure - the size, number, specialization, concentration etc. of farms - is changing heavily these years. To a large extent this development is a result of the economic and technological development, which takes place in a developed society. The development follows a rather common global pattern, all though there will be different trends and structures from country to country.

Author(s): Hansen Henning Otte (1)

Organization(s): Danish Agricultural Council (1)


Takt Time

Definition of Takt Time:

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The customer just placed a new order requesting 100 widgets by the end of the week. If we keep producing at our current rate, will our cycle time be able to provide the parts in time? What is the rate we must produce the widgets to meet their deadline? Well, that rate has a name, and it is takt time. We use this time to compare it to the system cycle time to determine whether we have the ability to meet customer demand.

An overview: What is takt time?

Takt time is the amount of time an item or service needs to be completed if a customer’s on-time delivery deadline will be met. The amount of time between one part being completed and the next part being completed must be the same or less than the takt time, or we can assume that the parts will not be produced per the customer’s schedule.

The actual word was borrowed from the German language, and loosely translated, it means “beat,” like a music beat or rhythm.

A closer look at takt time

The calculation for takt time is simple: Take the available amount of time being used to produce the item and divide it by the product demand.

Takt Time = Customer Demand / Available Time

For example, an order for 80 bicycles has been placed at the beginning of the week and is due for the customer to pick up at the end of the week. For this case, we will assume that the manufacturing facility runs a single shift, lasting eight hours. So, the available time is 40 hours, and the demand is 80 units. Using the formula, we take 80 and divide it by 40, and get a Takt Time of two units per hour, or one bicycle per half hour. This means that one bicycle must be completed and ready for the customer every 30 minutes. If the bicycles are completed any slower than every 30 minutes, the customer order will not be complete by the end of the week, and you will have a disappointed customer on your hands.

This is where cycle time enters the equation, cycle time being how long it takes for a product to be produced. It is important to know the cycle times of your processes, and compare them with the takt time, to verify that cycle time is always less than takt time. Both values are variable over time, though cycle time should shift more slowly, and takt time can change any time the customer decides to increase or decrease an order size.

Using the previous example, if it takes the facility 50 minutes to produce one bicycle, and the takt time is 30 minutes per unit, the facility will not be able to meet the on-time delivery demands of the customer.

What can the company do about this problem? There are multiple options.

  • Solution 1: First, they could consider running two shifts. This would change the takt time formula for available time from 40 minutes to 80 minutes, changing the takt time from 30 minutes/unit to 60 minutes/unit. This would allow takt time to be met.
  • Solution 2: The facility can run two production lines instead of one, allowing for two bicycles to be produced every 60 minutes, changing the cycle time to 30 minutes a unit, and decreasing the cycle time to a value less than the takt time.
  • Solution 3: Managers could examine the existing production line and look to remove inefficiencies that slow production. It is possible that part shortages, defects, overprocessing and other wastes are complicating the process, lengthening the total cycle time. By removing these wastes, the cycle time may decrease under 30 minutes, lower than the takt time requirements.

Takt time is key when looking at how to properly balance a production line. When setting up a production line with multiple steps, it is best to level-load the line so that each step in the process takes approximately the same amount of time, and that all steps take less time than the takt time. The step that takes the longest amount of time, known as the bottleneck, must be lower than the takt time or customer demand cannot be met.

Cycle time and takt time shown on a bar chart

3 takt time best practices

Remember not to confuse takt time with cycle time. Many professionals make this mistake. Companies have been known to state that their processes have a takt time value; they do not. Takt time is a function of customer demand and available time, and for many products, takt time is in constant flux as customer demand changes. A change to the system will not impact takt time, but it will impact cycle time. Note that if you duplicate and run additional production lines or increase the hours available for use on a production line, takt time changes.

Remember that since takt time is a function of customer demand, whenever you have large changes in demand from the customer, you’ll need to review the process and verify that the cycle time can meet the new demand levels.

If a production line for one product is also used for other products during the time period in question, remember to not count the time that the production line is producing other products. Availability of the production line will impact the true available time value for the takt time calculation. Also, availability can be impacted by machine breakdown, personnel availability, etc. If the process lacks the ability to produce at times, due to sharing tools or personnel with other product or service efforts, then those times should not be considered as available time in the calculation.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about takt time

My takt time and cycle time are the same, so things are good to go, correct?

Not really. The problem with this assumption is that things must go perfect, which simply does not happen in the real world. It is recommended that your takt time be between 5% and 17% larger than your cycle time.

There are many reasons for this. For example, are their personnel breaks inside your available time? Does your company occasionally have all employee meetings, or supervisor stand up meetings that occur during the traditional available time? Do personnel occasionally have personal issues that keep them from working at 100% peak efficiency? Is one of the machines having temporary issues causing a slight slowdown, or is possibly off-line for a couple of hours for maintenance? Does the time account for the occasional rework issue?

Give yourself some room for everyday process time-consuming problems, and aim for your cycle time to be slightly lower than your takt time.

My process produces in batches, so is the takt time the amount of time between batches?

When working in batches, you will need to take the time between batches and divide it by the quantity in the batch to obtain the takt time, since takt time is the time between individual pieces.

My customer wants a lot, and they want it now. How do I calculate takt time when the customer wants it yesterday?

The customer may want it all now, but there is an absolute time where they will become irritated, become negative regarding the relationship, and eventually they will look for a new supplier. Even in today’s fast-paced world, instantaneous is rarely an option for some types of orders. You must use your judgement as well as social cues from your relationship with your customer to properly determine the true delivery date expectations when not provided an exact date from the customer.

Is takt time what I want to use to measure for office environments?

While the use of takt time is far more prevalent in manufacturing and construction, takt time is just as valuable a tool to utilize in the office environment. The key issue with using takt time in an office environment is just how much time is being used for each task, document, or service, sometimes making it difficult to know the true available time value to use in the takt time formula.

Takt time represents the maximum cycle time we can maintain and still meet customer demand

Takt time is a quick calculation that allows you to verify that your processes can keep up with customer demand. It can be a tricky value to maintain, as it is always in flux whenever the customer changes the demand level. When you know the takt time, you are always in tune with customer on-time requirements, and less likely to miss a deadline due to ignorance of your own capabilities. Know your customer, know your process, and know whether the processes as they currently stand can continue to meet your customer’s demand.

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Effective ways of securely collecting customer data

For companies to succeed, they must be able to deliver value to their customers. This entails having a deep understanding of their clients’ needs and interests by collecting and segmenting customer data. However, they should first ensure that they are compliant with data privacy laws to avoid corresponding fines and penalties. Here are safe and […]

Improve customer data collection with these tips


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What is Dashboard And How To Create a Dashboard To Demonstrate Your Team's Results

The Dashboard is a tool to help organize information, monitor metrics and analyze business data.

Do you want to understand in detail what a dashboard is, what is the value of this tool, the tips that should be followed and the mistakes that should be avoided?

Keep reading and check out all this and more in the post we prepared on the topic!

What is a dashboard?

Image description

A dashboard is a dashboard, a business tool.

It contains data that helps to monitor and analyze the actions, strategies and investments made.

Thus, the dashboard serves to visualize relevant information for decision making.

This type of resource can be used for the company as a whole, for each of the sectors or even for more specific campaigns and actions.

What are the benefits of using dashboards?

Companies only grow and have good financial results if they also have good control over business operations.

And the dashboard is an exploitable and important resource for anyone who wants to:

Monitor indicators in real time

Imagine that your superior arrives with a demand for an urgent report.

Or that you need, at the last minute, to make a presentation to the board.

Going out in search of data, if it is not organized, will be much more work and will also take up time that you may not have.

With the use of dashboards, you and your team have access to updated area data at any time.

Centralize data

Another advantage is that the data is arranged in a single panel.

If you work in marketing and sales, you know how many of the metrics are “spread out” across the different tools and platforms used by the team.

So, with a dashboard as a single pane, access is simplified and the most important data can be visualized easily.

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Dashboard example created to track the evolution of a specific objective.

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Dashboard example of the performance of an ongoing case study.

Support decision making

With accurate data, it is possible to make decisions that are truly strategic — and that are aligned with the main objectives.

Facilitate the visualization of results

As the dashboard is a very visual tool (as you can see in the examples above), information and results are easily understood, through features such as tables, graphs, indexes, numbers, percentages, comparatives, etc.

What are the types of dashboards?

Dashboards are used for different purposes, which define what type they are:

1. Strategic Dashboard

The main function of this type of dashboard is to follow the evolution in relation to a strategic objective for the business.

This is also the format sought for decision-making, such as the distribution of financial resources, prioritization and performance of different areas of the company.

2. Operational Dashboard

Widely used by each sector to evaluate and monitor internal metrics and those related to the efforts developed by the teams.

Operational dashboards are aligned with business objectives, but show information on area activities, which serve as a basis for adjustments, optimizations and task corrections.

3. Financial Dashboard

If the strategic dashboard helps in the decision on the distribution of resources, the financial dashboard is totally focused on monitoring the financial health of the company.

Tips for creating an effective dashboard

Once you understand what a dashboard is and what type of ideal it is according to your needs, it's time to start assembling a dashboard.

There are several models and tools that can be sought for your industry and intended purpose, but they all need you to:

Set your goal

The first great tip for creating your dashboard is to define the main objective and the goals that will be pursued to achieve this objective.

For example, if we are talking about a marketing dashboard, the main objective of the area may be to increase the generation of qualified leads.

Establish metrics and indicators

Then, it is necessary to define and include in the dashboard the data and information that should be monitored.

For this decision, we must think of those data that are aligned with the objective and goals, related to the Return on Investment (ROI) and that provide information for strategic decision making.

Focus on the right data

In addition to getting the metrics right, a good dashboard must gather the data accurately — or all the necessary tracking is lost.

So, after choosing the tool used, make sure that the updates and integrations are entering the data correctly.

Top mistakes when creating a dashboard

Here are four mistakes that can be observed in the market and that are practices you should avoid when building your dashboard:

Insert a lot of irrelevant information

You might be tempted to include all the information on your dashboard, but that's not a good idea. With too much data, the report becomes extensive, confusing and relevant information is lost.

Use lots of colors and images

The dashboard is a visual tool that makes use of elements to facilitate quick understanding of data. But be careful not to overdo it.

Understand what should be visually highlighted on the dashboard, choose colors that quickly show the positive and negative evolutions and metrics, and keep the visual focus on graphical schemes.

Run away from the goal

Another temptation might be to include some vanity metrics , ones that appear to quantify relevant numbers but are actually unrelated to business goals.

These are metrics that sometimes end up being included because they seem more positive.

Always ask yourself about the impact of this data in relation to the main objective. Do they relate to him? If not, they shouldn't have space on the performance dashboard.

3 main tools to create a dashboard

Here we have selected three of the main tools used by the market to create single-pane dashboards.

1. Google Data Studio

To centralize information online, with ready-made and customized templates, in addition to being easy to read and visually attractive, Google Data Studio was created .

This solution is part of the Google Analytics 360 enterprise suite and is free.

Examples of Google Data Studio dashboards:

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2. Excel

In Excel (or Google Sheets) you can also create a dashboard with the data.

The tool is free, but there are some limitations in terms of integrations and visual layout. More in-depth knowledge of the tool is required to be able to enter all the desired data.

3. Power BI

Power BI is a Microsoft tool for building dashboards that allows you to automate part of reporting updates and easily visualize data.

With a simple interface and several templates, the tool offers a free trial after creating an account on the site .

Image description

Example of a dashboard made with Power BI

Is it clearer what a dashboard is and how this tool is useful to achieve the company's goals? If you have any questions, leave them in the comments of the post!

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» Getahead » WFH: 10 Tips To Manage Your Team

WFH: 10 Tips To Manage Your Team

November 11, 2021 12:22 IST
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When you schedule team meetings, keep the meetings short, understand that everyone has a different schedule and life style, advises Indira Ramachandra, chief human resources officer, AscentHR.

How to manage your team while WFH

Kindly note the image has been posted only for representational purposes. Photograph: Kind courtesy Jopwell/

A manager's role is challenging. And now, the role is more challenging than ever before as the business landscape has changed significantly.

Work is performed remotely.

New work models are emerging.

Hiring has become a non-contact activity.

The skill gap is widening.

And finally, communication has become more asynchronous -- communication doesn’t happen in real-time or instantly like it used to happen in an office set-up.

With all these challenges, it has become imperative for leaders to step up and motivate co-workers to deliver their best.

Here are 10 tips for leaders to effectively manage their teams while WFH:

1. Hire right. Choose your team wisely

Hiring in these times is different than hiring during the previous crisis times.

Managers should realign their hiring strategies according to the prevailing post-Covid scenario.

These strategies could be related to hiring remotely and calibrating the candidate assessment process to ensure a fair and malpractice-free hiring process.

The calibrations can include leveraging appropriate technologies, or recording the interview process, browser monitoring, validating identity of the candidate through an authentication process, etc.

For example, the recorded interview process may help the manager to share the interview process with other panel members to validate the feedback on the candidate. Bringing in multiple reviewers will enhance the chances of hiring the right talent.

2. Encourage upskilling and reskilling

The new normal ways of working has impacted the job roles and skill requirements for both the organisations (to remain resilient) and employees (to remain competitive and employable).

Managers must utilise these circumstances to build operational resilience by encouraging team members to upskilling (learning new skills) and reskilling (learning new skills to perform different tasks outside their routine tasks and assignments).

By encouraging these effective strategies, managers can demonstrate that they care for their team members's career growth and professional development.

3. Use the right communication technology tools

Choosing the right communication channels such as phone calls and video calls to make tone of voice, body language, and facial expressions visible can help overcome common communication challenges that occur due to technological limitations.

Although these communication channels may not produce the same result as in-person meetings, they are far better than other communication channels such as instant messaging apps and email as these communications are devoid of body language and tonal cues.

4. Engage in team building activities

Employee birthdays, ice breaker sessions, and other team building activities are not just meant for conducting in an office set-up.

Managers can find ways to organise and conduct these activities virtually as well.

These team building activities can give an opportunity for candor and facilitate conversations among employees as they get to know each other’s’ interests, talent, and personalities.

5. Have more regular, intentional meet-ups

Having regular one-on-one meetings and daily stand-up meetings can increase communication and accountability in the team.

These intentional and regular meetings are a great tool not only for technology teams but also for any kind of teams.

They help to keep the team aligned, synchronise project activities, and plan for the course of the day.

Basically, these meetings help to keep everyone on the same page.

However, there are three things to keep in mind while scheduling these meetings.

  • Keep the meetings short
  • Understand that everyone has a different schedule
  • Understand that everyone has a different life style

The first one is obvious; the meetings need to be of short. The industry standard of a typical stand-up meeting is 10-15 minutes at the beginning of the work day.

The next two aspects are equally important.

Everyone has different schedules and different life styles. For instance, a team member may need to drop off their kid to school, or a day care, or may have other personal activities.

In other cases, the stand-up meeting timing may conflict with a team member's other activities.

The team member may be commuting to office when the meeting is ongoing. So, the manager needs to factor in all these aspects while deciding on the timing of these meetings.

The idea is to ensure maximum attendance and participation without making it much harder on the team.

There will be instances of inconvenience, but as a leader, you can ensure to limit it wherever you can.

6. Take feedback and improvise your leadership style

Taking feedback from team members is as important as giving feedback to team members.

Making a course correction upon receiving the feedback sends a signal to the team that you are listening to their needs and concerns.

7. Be flexible with your communication style

The remote work is here to stay permanent. This has impacted not only the frequency of the communication but also how it is sent and received.

Depending on the circumstances, managers may need to be extremely flexible to change their communication style with ease.

For instance, they should be able to make action items more effective by being succinct and using fewer words as possible.

Sometimes, they may need to be detailed oriented to elaborate project scope with added explanations, links to resources and relevant documents, or email threads while kicking off the project.

For instance, in remote working set up, sending out an instant message saying 'Hey, call me on this later. Let's discuss' may actually result in loss of time.

If the team member is working on a different time zone, the reply could be delayed even further. In these cases, sending out a detailed email may make sense.

8. Influence rather than command

This can be done by delegating the tasks and empowering them by giving autonomy and flexibility to complete the tasks.

At the same time, managers should set expectations, make them accountable for team members'S goals, and make it clear to them as to how their performance will be measured.

These are some appropriate strategies while granting autonomy and flexibility.

This type of delegation of work can also build trust between managers and team members.

9. Make a personal connection

Get to know your team members in terms of their interests and hobbies, or what they do outside their professional world.

Even simple acts like showing interest to know them beyond work (without digging deeper) and showing empathy and genuine concern towards team members can help managers build a good rapport.

Likewise, managers can open up and be transparent themselves.

They can share their interests and life stories with the team members.

These efforts can make team members feel at ease and help create an environment that shows managers care about team members as people.

10. Be a guide, coach, or a mentor

Managers play a crucial role in shaping the team members' cognitive, emotional, and resilience and adaptability skills.

Based on the context, managers can wear different hats to enable team members’ success at work.

With their technical skills, they can be a coach.

With their interpersonal skills, they can be a guide or a mentor.

With many different roles to play, managers can inspire and motivate the team in any situation, help them to see a bigger picture, help them find their footing when the team is transitioning from a remote work model to a hybrid work model.

For instance, when there’s a miscommunication or a conflict in the team, as a guide, a manager can resolve the issue by changing the fixed perspective of a team member and helping him or her gain a new perspective.

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Related News: WFH, Indira Ramachandra


19 Sep, 2022 21:16

OSCE workers sentenced for high treason in Donbass

Two local citizens have been sentenced to 13 years behind bars for espionage
OSCE workers sentenced for high treason in Donbass

The Supreme Court of the Lugansk People’s Republic (LPR) on Monday sentenced two employees of the now-defunct Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) monitoring mission, for high treason.

In two separate cases, a translator with the mission, Maksim Petrov, and one of its employees, Dmitry Shabanov, were found guilty of committing high treason. Each was sentenced to 13 years in prison.

According to Lugansk’s State Security Service, Petrov had been collecting information about a military unit, working directly for a handler with a US spy agency. Shabanov is said to have also colluded with an unspecified foreign intelligence service. The cases were heard behind closed doors and the exact circumstances of the treason remain unknown.

The head of the LPR, Leonid Pasechnik, banned the OSCE monitoring mission from the republic back in April. He explained that during the conflict between the Donbass republics and Ukraine, which has dragged on since 2014, the mission never actually contributed to the peace process, routinely failed to properly register numerous violations by Kiev, and ultimately became popularly known as “blind observers”.


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A Greenhouse Gathering Amid Floral Beauty

Arrange for a greenhouse gathering ensconced in the enchanting ambience of a botanical hideaway stocked with treasures in bloom.

A greenhouse gathering within a green-and-glass greenhouse

Relishing the interlude between summer’s splendor and autumn’s arrival, set a table for four amid the lush foliage of a conservatory. See the splendid details of the this setting on the following pages.


• youthopeian

July Heatwave

Written by Youthopeian's Hyderabad Chapter

Temperatures have been rapidly rising since the 1980s due to the ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions, gap in the ozone layer, and natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions. Temperature changes have caused rising sea levels, increases in heat strokes, wildfires, and droughts around the world. In the summer of 2021, temperatures peaked around the world and the hottest month ever was recorded. The death toll of the heatwave was over 1,500. The effects of the high temperature can be seen in the Pacific Northwest especially.

The Pacific Northwest experienced a record-breaking heatwave last summer. The heatwave extended from Alaska, through British Columbia, all the way down to California and lasted from late June into mid-July. During this heatwave temperatures in Canada reached just under 50℃ or 120℉.

The effects of this heatwave were tremendous. The heatwave itself caused wildfires that released 343 megatonnes of carbon or 343,000,000,000 kilograms of carbon. In 2020 alone, over 6.4 million hectares of land were burned in California and Oregon. Additionally, the heat caused damage to infrastructures such as public roads. Roads started to crack and warp, causing them to become dangerous to drive on and expensive to repair. Many businesses also had to close due to the extreme temperature.

Alongside damages to infrastructure and the economy, agriculture also suffered. Crops were damaged which will likely raise global food prices. Furthermore, low-income sustenance farmers who only grow crops for themselves suffered from the damage to the agricultural sector.


Toyota AVAS – What Is It and Why It Exists

In the ever-evolving world of electric and hybrid vehicles, there has been an introduction of new issues that need to be resolved to ensure the community and roads are safe and pleasant environments for everyone. The Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS) is a new technology that has been designed to address these issues and provide a safer environment for all.

The Toyota AVAS has been introduced into their electric and hybrid range of cars to address this issue. It is mandatory for all newly registered hybrid and electric vehicles within the United States to be equipped with AVAS. In short, AVAS is a system that produces an external sound for electric and hybrid cars to alert people around the vehicle of its presence since hybrid and electric cars lack sound, especially at low speeds.

The Toyota AVAS solution is a simple yet effective one which is purely aimed at creating a safer environment for the community to ensure people of all ages and walks of life can safely manoeuvre around whilst being aware of vehicles that may otherwise be too difficult to hear approaching. In this article we go through everything you need to know about the Toyota AVAS system, let’s get right into it.

What Is Toyota AVAS and How Does It Work?

Governments around the world have been well aware of the impending issue of electric cars and the lack of noise they produce. Whilst many may feel that a reduction in road noise may be a positive thing for communities to keep a peaceful environment, it also has a negative side effect. This side effect is that it has become increasingly difficult for people to hear electric and hyrbid vehicles approaching, especially at lower speeds.

Toyota AVAS

As regulations were issued throughout the world, the U.S was fairly quick in approving new legistation. The initial U.S legislation was approved in December of 2010 by the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) with the final ruling issued in February of 2018.

The legislation is very simple to understand and directly influenced the creation of the Toyota AVAS solution from the Japanese manufacturer for the U.S market. The regulation states that electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles must produce a sound to warn other road users and pedestrians that the vehicle is in motion. The sound must be emitted from the vehicle whilst it’s in motion from 0 to 18.6 mph (30km/h).

Vehicles must comply with this new regulation by September 2020, although 50% of cars which were deemed to be quiet vehicles must produce a sound when travelling less than 18.6 mph by September 2019. Regardless of these dates, we’re now in 2022 and all electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid cars must comply with these regulations.

How Does Toyota AVAS Work?

As previously stated above, there must be a sound produced by all electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid cars when the car is travelling from 0 mph up to 18.6 mph. How does the Toyota AVAS produce this sound? Quite obviously, there’s a speaker located somewhere on the vehicle, which usually seems to be at the front of the car, usually hidden between the front bumper and the front of the engine.

When the speaker is triggered it produces a sound between the regulations upper and lower limits of 56 dBA to 75 dBA. Not only does this occur when driving up to speeds of 18.6 mph but it has also been implemented for when the vehicle is in reverse to ensure any pedestrians are aware the car is moving.

Since 99.9% of the time reversing is done at very slow speeds, I don’t think you need to worry about reaching the 18.6 mph limit to turn off the AVAS. Interestingly, the sound produced by the Toyota AVAS is generally louder when the car is in reverse than when it’s moving forward.

RAV4 Toyota AVAS

A lot of people have found the noise to be fairly strange and many new owners have complained of it as an issue, thinking there’s something wrong with the transmission or engine. There have been many instances of people going back to dealers to complain, just to find out the Toyota AVAS is an artificial sound to warn people around the vehicle that it’s in motion.

Unfortunately whilst some may want to ‘turn off’ the sound, there’s no switch or option to do that from the factory settings. Although there are many guides online on how to bypass the sound.

Just for your knowledge, regardless of which model the Toyota AVAS is installed in, the sound that’s produced is almost identical throughout the entire 2022 Toyota electric/hybrid range.

Why the Toyota AVAS Exists and Who It’s for?

Toyota AVAS simply exists for one reason, it’s to improve the safety of others that surround a vehicle, this includes other road users but the main focus is people that aren’t in cars such as pedestrians, children, cyclists, etc. Whilst the safety of these groups is greatly improved with the addition of sound to what would usually be considered a quiet or silent car, the other focus demographic is people who are visually impaired and rely on their hearing to navigate around different environments.

The Toyota AVAS system is not intended for the driver or passengers inside the moving car, therefore there’s no sound which is produced inside the car whilst in reverse or travelling at slow speeds. Although sometimes the externally produced sound is fairly loud and can be heard from inside the car, especially if the windows are down.

toyota bz4x

The Toyota AVAS system simply alerts these people mentioned above that a car is nearby, running and moving at slow speeds (up to 18.6 mph or in reverse). This directly results in more awareness in an ever-evolving society where electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrids will inevitably become more and more common. Beyond 18.6 mph in the U.S, regulators feel comfortable enough that the noise rolling tires make is more than sufficient for bystanders to be aware of a moving electric or hybrid vehicle, hence there’s no ongoing humming noise from the AVAS speaker.

I can imagine a huge improvement to the safety of pedestrians, especially for crowded areas, children in playgrounds or schools and people in environments that would have a difficult time hearing if there’s a car approaching due to excessive noise, visual obstruction or visual impairment.

The Sound That AVAS Produces

So at this point, we know what the Toyota AVAS is, who it’s targeted to help and why it exists. But what about the actual sound itself? Whilst the community would’ve expected and in some cases hoped an AVAS would mimic the sound of a conventional internal combustion engine, manufacturers have essentially conformed to making sure all hybrid and electric cars sound like a spaceship.

It’s everything you’d imagine an electric/hybrid car would sound like but at the same time is a massive opportunity, not only for the Toyota AVAS but all manufacturers which have to implement an AVAS system, to create a brandable sound.

Whilst the Toyota AVAS system has been described by owners as a harmony of angels and others complaining of how annoying it sounds, other manufacturers such as Mercedes and Porsche have managed to create a somewhat cool sound. Maybe not something that uniquely identifies a Porsche as easily as a Porsche 911‘s engine note would, but an improvement on the Toyota AVAS sound.

The Toyota AVAS Problems in the Real World

After going through all of the wonderful benefits the Toyota AVAS will provide to society, there are also a few drawbacks which effect the driver and the people around the car. In the real world, drivers have been left feeling awkward, particularly in quiet neighbourhoods or high density residential areas, especially in the early hours of the morning. There have been complaints that the sound the Toyota AVAS produces is too loud, echoing off walls, amplifying it into homes waking people up or just annoying them.

bz4x Charing Cable Toyota AVAS

This subsequently leads to the next problem, as this causes people to want to remove the Toyota AVAS sound altogether as there’s usually not a switch to turn it on and off as you desire. With lots of guides available on the internet, and the process of removal being quite easy, people have been removing their AVAS speakers. This re-introduces the initial problem of people not being able to hear electric and hybrid cars and also brings two new potential problems into the picture.

Firstly, non-compliance with the new laws around the AVAS being implemented in cars sold after September 2020 and secondly the insurance implications if you hit someone whilst the AVAS speaker has been disabled. This may cause complications in compliance, insurance claims and the courtroom.

Also not to forget, if you don’t face any of the more serious issues above, you’ll still be faced with an annoying error on the dash when you disconnect the Toyota AVAS. This error will come in the form of a warning stating ‘Proximity Notification System Malfunction’. My advice would be, that it’s probably best to leave the Toyota AVAS untouched and to let it play its harmony of angels to serve its purpose, hence allowing you to avoid the above mentioned issues.

Is AVAS Necessary in Today’s Society?

There is a discussion lurking around that AVAS might not be necessary for today’s society as the inclusion of multiple safety features should be implemented on electric and hybrid vehicles as standard. The major safety feature we’re referring to here is a radar braking system or emergency braking system that detects people and objects surrounding the vehicle and brakes without driver input to avoid a collision.

Whilst in theory this is a great idea and should be standard for cars with AVAS, it doesn’t rule out the need for AVAS. This is due to the compounding effect of safety features. Whilst the Toyota AVAS can sometimes be louder than a few of the newer internal combustion engine cars that don’t have an AVAS system, it still serves the purpose of alerting others that a car is nearby and moving.

That plus additional features to avoid colliding with others is invaluable. You can’t put a price on potentially saving someone’s life or preventing serious injury. If AVAS and other safety features are implemented and improve the chance of not hitting someone by any percentage, then it is a vital technology in society for electric and hybrid cars.

Our Verdict On AVAS

All in all, AVAS, whether it’s the Toyota AVAS or an AVAS implemented by any other manufacturer, definitely serves a purpose and will improve safety for all different types of people that come across electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles. It’s great to see that the U.S adopted it quite early and implemented it on all relevant vehicles.

Although, my one critique would be, there could be some fine tuning on the volume depending on how loud the environment is and the type of sound that is produced from an AVAS. This would make it easier for the owners to accept the system and would make it less tempting for them to remove the AVAS speaker completely. It may even make one electric or hybrid car more desirable than another competitors.

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Profiling, the extrapolation
In mathematics, extrapolation is the process of constructing new data points. It is similar to the process of interpolation, which constructs new points between known points, but the results of extrapolations are often less meaningful, and are subject to greater uncertainty. It may also mean...

 of information about something, based on known qualities, may refer specifically to:
  • Profiling practices
    Profiling practices
    Profiling refers to the whole process of construction and application of profiles generated by computerized profiling technologies. What characterizes profiling technologies is the use of algorithms or other mathematical techniques that allow one to discover patterns or correlations in large...

     (Information science
    Information science
    -Introduction:Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information...

  • Forensic profiling
    Forensic profiling

    , used in several types of forensic sciences
  • Offender profiling
    Offender profiling
    Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling, is a behavioral and investigative tool that is intended to help investigators to profile unknown criminal subjects or offenders. Offender profiling is also known as criminal profiling, criminal personality profiling, criminological profiling,...

  • Profiling (computer programming) in software engineering
  • Racial profiling
    Racial profiling

  • Sexual orientation profiling

See also

  • APML
    APML is an XML-based format for expressing a person's interests and dislikes.-Overview:APML allows people to share their own personal attention profile in much the same way that OPML allows the exchange of reading lists between news readers...

     (Attention Profiling Mark-up Language)
  • Attribution (psychology)
    Attribution (psychology)
    Attribution is a concept in social psychology referring to how individuals explain causes of behavior and events. Attribution theory is an umbrella term for various theories that attempt to explain these processes. Fritz Heider first proposed a theory of attribution The Psychology of Interpersonal...

  • Cultural bias
    Cultural bias

  • Racism

  • Sexism
    Sexism, also known as gender discrimination or sex discrimination, is the application of the belief or attitude that there are characteristics implicit to one's gender that indirectly affect one's abilities in unrelated areas...

  • Labelling

    • Labeling theory
      Labeling theory

  • Stereotype


The value of Trustworthiness and Rely upon Relationships

Honesty in a relationships is highly important. Nevertheless , honesty in a relationship is often challenging to maintain. The reason is , lying or dishonesty can sometimes feel good to the partner. Therefore , in spite of almost everything honesty in a relationship often possesses a hill to climb. Nevertheless , let nasiums begin with the….

Let h begin with an evident example, that we know most of you will agree with. Let s say someone is depressed in a romantic relationship and wishes to get out. There is absolutely no harm in trying to work it out, even. Nevertheless , simply disregarding it and/or not being honest regarding it is actually very much worse.

At this point think about the same situation within a different lumination. Imagine women wanting away of a relationship with a person because the girl didn’t truly feel fulfilled in it and didn’t just like being treated like a lover. That is integrity in a marriage, because as particular case honesty would have a chance penalized beneficial. The problem with honesty within a relationship is usually when the integrity is masking a deeper issue. It is the kind of honesty which usually would be helpful in building a firm base for a new relationship, rather than a single based on is placed.

A lot of people mix up honesty within a relationship with trust. Yet , the two will be completely different facts. Trust in an intimate relationship is created on a lot of elements. These elements include simply how much the couple trusts each other, and how very much they believe the other knows about their personal lives. If you choose certainly not build that kind of good foundation with honesty in a relationship, then you certainly will never genuinely know if you can trust them enough actually with all of them.

Honesty and trust happen to be two areas that require completely different behaviors. The type of behaviors that make up asian bride a proper relationship are different than the behaviors that bring down a relationship. For example , lying down is a major part of a liar’s personality. This behavior will only damage trust in a long-term marriage. So , trustworthiness and trust cannot be blended in any long-term relationship.

Consequently , the kind of actions that are important in any long-term relationship must be honesty and trust. The moment these are the only behaviors, then honesty and trust can be right now there, but they are not the foundation that is needed to produce a strong base. Honesty and trust may be there, however they will not be the main appeal. You need something diffrent to attract integrity and trust. The thing that gives honesty and trust is the ability to start looking inside you to ultimately find the actual you.

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the emotional brain summary

Read a quick 1-Page Summary, a Full Summary, or watch video summaries curated by our expert team. The most successful number learners seemed to have two things going for them: They grew up talking about numbers with adults so they had opportunities to learn about counting and math vocabulary early on, and they spent plenty of time playing games focusing on numbers and making patterns out of arrays of objects such as plastic beads or buttons. Emotional Intelligence. Understanding this theory will explain why some “anxious” patients don’t remember trauma that could cause them to be fearful in civilian life; their response is merely genetic. Have too much to read? Brain development in early childhood is extremely important as it sets the stage for the rest of your child’s life. One of the principal researchers profiled in Daniel Goleman's Emotional Intelligence, LeDoux is a leading authority in the field of neural science. We’ve scoured the Internet for the very best videos on The Emotional Brain, from high-quality videos summaries to interviews or commentary by Joseph Ledoux. Therefore, mild stress may enhance memory, but over time the prolonged modulators start to adversely affect memory. As the emotional brain is the survival brain, the inspiration for the tools was the optimal dyadic emotional processing associated with a responsive parenting style and a secure attachment. MacLean's model suggests the human brain is organized into a hierarchy, which itself is based on an evolutionary view of brain development. The core of an emotion is not an introspectively accessible conscious representation. The Emotional Brain What Is an Emotion? What's special about Shortform: Sound like what you've been looking for? Some researchers say there is a “limbic system” that deals with emotions only, while others believe the location of emotion generation is dictated by our evolution into different brains over time. The same may be the case for the prefrontal cortex. Negative emotions correlate to increased activity in the right frontal area of the brain while positive emotions correlate to activity in the left frontal area. Researchers have tried to determine where in the brain emotions are generated for a long time. About The Emotional Life of Your Brain. Some thinkers argued that emotions were important to human life. In other words, what we feel is the byproduct of evolutionary selection for things our sensory systems are exposed to and unconsciously harness. I'll send you notes on entrepreneurship and summaries of the best books I'm reading. The Amygdala (Fear system) is given special attention as it is the lens that LeDoux uses to study emotions mechanisms. When both systems are functioning properly, people can start to feel an emotional response to something before they even finish perceiving it. Many of the body’s response systems operate automatically without engaging conscious cognition; for example, if you were in danger your heart would start beating faster even before you realized that there was a threat around you. Patients with brain damage who cannot form new conscious memories can nonetheless form “emotional memories.” They consistently associate particular emotional responses with particular stimuli. The discipline of affective neuroscience is concerned with the neural bases of emotion and mood. However, consciousness is not like computation. The ancient Greeks believed that emotion and reason were constantly battling for control over the human psyche. Study Delves Into Emotional Wellness in the Human Brain - Neuroscience News - FeaturedNeuroscienceOpen Neuroscience ArticlesPsychology. Summary (TL;DR) In conclusion, the brain development of children from 0-6 years is a complex process that we are constantly learning more about. This shows that emotions and memories are separate, but related things. Some theorists focused too much on subjects’ reports about their emotions and neglected the important role of appraisal in emotion. Said another way, the features we commonly associate with feelings we experience are distractions from the study of their biological mechanisms. They focused on other aspects of the mind and ignored emotions. The first part “The Emotional Brain” consists of two sections which focus upon the physical side of the emotional intelligence. If you would like to support Forces of Habit, please use these links. The Emotional Brain Journal Entry Notes: The core of an emotion is not an introspectively accessible conscious representation. When this ha Here are 3 titles that I recommend based on what was discussed in The Emotional Brain. Why Do We Have Emotions? The Emotional Life of Your Brain Richard Davidson’s 2012 New York Times best seller offers a new model for understanding our emotions – their origins, their power and their malleability. It is important to remember why this work on emotion succeeded where past efforts failed. To feel an emotion, you must first experience a stimulus. ... our emotional reaction would be less intense and we’d be less likely to simply turn around and run out of fear. - Summary: NAA, a compound in the brain, plays a key role in emotional agency and flexibility in healthy people. The Emotional Brain: Character, Personality, and Temperament. Sometimes people can sever overly intense associations from events – for example, psychologists help veterans recall battles without reliving the traumatic feelings they associate with their experiences.”. The book is comprised of five parts with 16 chapters and six appendixes. Note About The Test: Emotional Intelligence 2.0 comes with a test. Want to get smarter, faster? View. Thinking and Feeling about Thinking and Feeling. To experience emotion, two things must happen: the emotional system of the brain must operate and you have to be aware of it. Consequently, the stimuli permit us to study emotional mechanisms relatively directly. Scientists focused on rationality during the early 20th century, trying to study feelings in a vacuum without emotions. On page 69 LeDoux summarizes the brain organization of emotion contained in the rest of his book. Check Out More 52 in 52 Challenge Summaries. Full Summary of The Emotional Brain Emotions and the Brain: A New Area for Researchers. He has discovered that personality is composed of six basic emotional “styles,” including resilience, self … However, these habits aren’t always helpful when they make you overreact to situations that don’t pose real danger to you anymore or when your emotional reactions no longer match what’s really dangerous in your life. While some early research overstated the implications of subliminal exposure, scientists now know definitively that appraisals happen unconsciously and sometimes people don’t even know why they’re upset or how they feel. However, animals have natural fears of threats including snakes and they don’t experience this anxiety when presented with these items in a lab setting. The book is comprised of five parts with 16 chapters and six appendixes. Shortform has the world’s best summaries of 1000+ nonfiction books and articles. Jan 11, 2019 - The journal entries I created to record each book I read. The three regions are as follows: Reptilian or Primal Brain (Basal Ganglia) Paleomammalian or Emotional Brain (Limbic System) Neomammalian or Rational Brain … Subscribe to get summaries of the best books I'm reading. Brief Review A prominent researcher who focuses on the “emotional brain,” Joseph LeDoux contends that, contrary to the belief of some experts, there is no single emotional or “limbic” system in the brain, but different systems for different emotions. This allows scientists to link an emotion with a specific stimulus, something they rarely get from more complex emotions. The past 30 years have witnessed an explosion of research in affective neuroscience that has addressed questions such as: which brain systems underlie emotions? long term, short term, explicit, implicit, declarative, procedural, episodic, semantic. If emotional feelings and emotional responses are effects caused by the activity of a common underlying system, we can then use the objectively measurable emotional responses to investigate the underlying mechanism, and, at the same time illuminate the system that is primarily responsible for the generation of conscious feelings. Synaptic Self Journal Entry Notes: This is my book summary of Synaptic Self. William James, for example, said that people feel afraid because they run away from danger. The reason for this is because these emotions are biologically primitive and common across species boundaries. Written by the psychotherapists Bruce Ecker, Robin Ticic and Laurel Hulley, it claims to offer a neuroscience-grounded, comprehensive model of how effective therapy works. For example, if someone is afraid of heights, that person will experience fear when he’s around high places or even think about them. Full Summary. From our earliest days, the brain rapidly develops thinking, mobility, and communication skills. When these elements form a feedback loop, you can continue to be focused on your emotions even if the original stimuli disappear. Therapy, medication, and other treatments try to “rewire” the brain so that new thoughts replace old ones. E.g. The Journal write up includes important messages and crucial passages from the book. Chapter 1: What are Emotions for? A Review by Ray A.

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Measurement and real-time display of critical spee

  • Detail

Measurement and real-time display of critical speed of rotating shaft

in the operation of rotating machinery, when the speed of rotating shaft reaches a certain value, the operation of rotating shaft will become unstable and vibration will occur, and the shape of rotating shaft will also have obvious bending deformation; When the rotating speed of the shaft continues to rise, the above phenomenon gradually disappears; However, when the rotating speed of the shaft continues to rise to another new fixed value, the above phenomenon will reappear. The speed of the shaft when the above phenomena occur is called the critical speed. Since the rotating shaft will vibrate when it is at (or close to) the critical speed, and even damage the whole machine in serious cases, the working speed of the rotating shaft should be designed away from the critical speed. If the rotating speed of the rotating shaft cannot be changed at will, the critical speed value can be changed by changing the size of the rotating shaft, so as to ensure the normal operation of the shaft, shafting and the whole machine. Although the measurement of the critical speed of the rotating shaft is very important, most of the methods to determine the critical speed are still in the theoretical calculation stage, and the theoretical calculation value is often inconsistent with the measured value. Therefore, we have developed a measuring device that can measure the critical speed of rotating machinery in real time. The device can display the measurement curve in real time on the computer, directly reflect the change process of speed and displacement, and the measured critical speed value can be in good agreement with the actual speed

2 measurement principle

the measurement principle of critical speed is to determine the speed value (i.e. critical speed value) at the maximum displacement by tracking the change of shaft vibration displacement. Since the measurement of speed and displacement needs to be one-to-one corresponding, the speed pulse can be used as the starting measurement point to measure speed and displacement at the same time on a time scale. The measurement method is as follows: when the speed pulse arrives, turn on the timer T1 to measure the time, turn on the timer T0 to measure the speed, and conduct a/d conversion at the same time; After the a/d conversion is completed, enter the interrupt, and store the conversion result and the time value at this time in the corresponding storage area; After the speed measurement, the speed value and the time value at this time are stored in the corresponding storage area

when the speed is measured by the timing method (i.e. the principle of perimeter measurement), the clock pulse is interpolated between two adjacent speed pulses as the counting pulse. If the design value is n, the speed pulse period is TX, and the clock pulse period is TC, then tx=ntc=n/fc, and the speed v=60/tx=60fc/n. The clock pulse can be obtained by single chip microcomputer clock or after frequency division. The measurement error of rotating speed measured by timing method is ± 1 clock pulse. In order to improve the measurement accuracy, the frequency of interpolation clock signal can be increased. This measuring device adopts a 16 bit counter of single chip microcomputer, and the crystal oscillator frequency is 12Mhz, so the frequency of interpolating clock signal between adjacent speed pulses is 1MHz, and the maximum error of each cycle is 1 s, which can meet the measurement requirements even in high-speed measurement occasions

3 hardware design

hardware circuit design of this measuring device. ATMEL's high-performance microcontroller (MCU) AT89C51 is used as the lower computer. The standard configuration of AT89C51 is 4K byte flash memory, 256 byte on-chip RAM, 32 i/o ports, and 2 16 bit timers/counters. In order to measure the speed, a keyway with a depth of several millimeters is pre machined on the rotating shaft, and an electromagnetic switch is used as the speed sensor. When the rotating shaft rotates, the electromagnetic switch outputs a pulse signal (one pulse per revolution), and the generated pulse meets the interrupt trigger requirements of the single chip microcomputer. Two mutually perpendicular eddy current sensors are installed in the direction perpendicular to the rotor plane and the axis. They have no direct contact with the measured object and have a wide frequency range (DC ~ 10kHz), which is particularly suitable for measuring the vibration of the rotor. The eddy current sensor converts the displacement change with the measured object into voltage change, and then sends the voltage value to the a/d conversion chip for a/d conversion. 2. Because the gapless drive a/d conversion chip adopts 12 bit parallel ADC chip MAX197, its power supply voltage is +5v, the conversion time is 6 s, the sampling rate is 100ksps, and there are 8 analog input channels (all or part can be selected by programming). Through serial communication, the data of single chip microcomputer can be transmitted to the upper computer. The level conversion is realized by MAX232

led display can realize the real-time display of speed adapting to the new normal measurement, such as oil industry, gasification industry, nuclear power industry and so on. MAX7219 is selected as the display chip, which is called conditional yield limit or conditional yield strength. MAX7219 is a new type of serial input and output common cathode LED display driver. Its 3-wire serial interface can be easily connected to various general-purpose microcontrollers. The serial data is a 16 bit packet, which is sent to the din end. The rising edge of each CLK is moved into the internal 16 bit shift register, and then the data is latched on the rising edge of load. The display mode is on-chip dynamic scanning mode, and the brightness can be controlled by programming. In order to prevent the LED display from getting out of control, a 47 f tantalum capacitor is connected in parallel near the MAX7219 power end. The display circuit has the characteristics of simple structure, low power consumption and good flexibility

4 software design

connect the speed pulse signal to p3.2 of AT89C51. Timer T0 is set as mode 1, the pre installed value is 0, and the crystal oscillator frequency used is 12Mhz, so the timing time is 65536 s; Timer T1 is set to mode 1, and the pre installed value is 0. When the falling edge of the speed pulse arrives, it will enter the interruption process, open timers t0 and T1 to start timing, and open MAX197 to start a/d conversion at the same time. After the speed measurement and displacement measurement, the measurement results and the time value at this time are stored in the corresponding storage area. When measuring the speed, a total of 8 pulses are calculated. When the falling edge of the 8th pulse arrives, tr0 is cleared and the timing is stopped, and the speed value can be calculated. Set the pulse period as t, the overflow times of the timer as N1, and the last timing value in the timer as N2, then t is set =65536n1+n2 (s). Since there are 8 pulses in the timer, the speed calculation formula is

v=60/t=60 (/t set/8) = (60 × eight × 106)/(65536n1+n2) (r/min)

compile the lower computer program. The initialization procedure of single chip microcomputer is as follows:

clr EA

MOV SP，# 60H；

MOV TMOD，# 01H； The preset value of timer T0 is 0

mov tl0, # 00h

mov Th0, # 00h

mov tmod, # 10h; The preset value of timer T1 is 0

mov TL1, # 00h

mov Th1, # 00h

mov scon, # 00h; The serial port is initialized to mode 0

setb p3.2; Interrupt port set 1

setb EA; Open total interrupt

setb ET0; Timer T0 interrupt overflow position 1

setb ET1; Timer T1 interrupt overflow position 1

setb ex0; Open INT0 interrupt, and enter the speed measurement module

setb px0 when the interrupt comes; Make INT0 high priority

setb it0; Set INT0 as the edge to trigger

setb EX1; Turn on INT1 interrupt, and enter AD conversion measurement module

setb it1 when the interrupt comes; Set INT1 as the edge to trigger

here:ajmp here; Block diagram of interrupt program when waiting for the arrival of interrupt

speed pulse. Ad interrupt program block diagram

this measuring device realizes remote data acquisition through serial communication. The PC sends data acquisition commands to the lower computer through serial communication. After receiving the commands, the lower computer carries out on-site data acquisition, and sends the data to the PC through serial communication. Compared with parallel communication, serial communication has the characteristics of long transmission distance, simple connection and high reliability of data transmission. The upper computer communication program is written in visual c++6.0. It can provide an active control MSComm, which can be used to realize the reading and writing management of the serial port of AT89C51 single chip microcomputer. Through the main interface, you can enter the speed change interface, displacement change interface and speed displacement change interface respectively to monitor the speed and displacement change curve in real time

5 conclusion

the circuit design of this measuring device is simple and reliable. After actual testing, the upper computer can draw the working curve of the rotating shaft in real time, monitor the change of the rotating speed, and the measured critical speed value is consistent with the actual processing state, achieving satisfactory results

Copyright © 2011 JIN SHI


Quattro studi dal vero alla maniera di Domenico Gnoli (Four Studies from Life in the Manner of Domenico Gnoli), is the title of one of Calvino’s finest essays, which collects four short writings on four paintings by Gnoli depicting: a woman’s shoe, a button, a man’s shirt collar, a pillow.

Each of these ‘simple’ painted objects are actually depicted on canvas as if they were huge details, staggering monuments, as if Gnoli with a magnifying glass has chosen what we should look at.

He could well have completed the work by inserting the human presence, drawing for example not only a woman’s shoe but also the instep, the leg, the human presence wearing it.

Every single element is ‘allowed to live’ in Gnoli’s paintings and in Calvino’s written works, that detail on which one focuses is considered – to paraphrase Musil – as a habit of thought and an attitude of life that makes its exemplary power influence everything else.

Robe verte, 1967, by Domenico GnoliPrivate Collection courtesy of Luxembourg + Co © Domenico Gnoli, by SIAE 2021.

These objects suffice themselves, they are independent, alive, but above all, both Gnoli and Calvino propose them in a new light. Both invite us to rethink our everyday reality, working by value addition, to associate even to an embroidery on a tablecloth a value that is not its own.

Think of Gnoli’s men’s shirt, which, in its being both object and defined space, possesses a geometric autonomy.

“Not only is the shirt no longer a garment, it even becomes a space, a place in which to draw lines and axioms. The shirt eludes any comparative method, it resembles nothing, so all that remains is to define it as a table, according to an apparently sterile language: the geometric one.”

In Calvino’s text, the shirt is defined as: “the amphitheatre as a very low truncated cylinder inscribed within a truncated cone of irregular shape (perhaps with an elliptical base)”.Gnoli’s bed, collar, chair and, more generally, his works can be said to be precise and defined works, which respond perfectly to the three criteria of exactitude set out by Calvino: “1. To realise a well-defined and well-calculated design of the work; 2. To evoke sharp, incisive, memorable visual images; 3. To generate language that is as precise as possible in terms of vocabulary and in terms of rendering the nuances of thought and imagination”.

The coincidental, well-described objects are no longer what they were before they were depicted. They have become like Pomian’s semiophors: emptied things

of their primary function that they acquire a new utility and value.  Franz Steiner in Theories of Economies argued the uncertain entity of these semiophors, far from practicality, from tangibility. “The more meaning there is in a thing, the less useful it will be”. This brings us back to the hierarchical system of vertical matrix whereby at the top we find the God, the powerful, and at the base of the pyramid the humble, or the ‘simple’ community that has to do with everyday reality, with the real world. The further one moves away from God or any power figure, the more one goes towards the visible. The higher you go, the more you have semiophors around you. Every attempt is made in Pomian to define these half-empires as masters of the field of the invisible, of the imaginary, of what is ‘infinitely vast’.

And it is interesting how it is precisely from an object, from a thing, from a precise and delineated detail that represents the ultimate in concreteness that one can speak of abstraction.  How can something specific be the key to the understanding of the indefinite? Leopardi knew something about this, yet the poet of the infinite claimed to deal with this theme of the vague at 360 degrees without starting from an object of non-sensible reality. However, as Calvino shows us, always speaking of exactitude, Leopardi does the opposite of what he says. The poet from Recanati actually formulates an accurate and precise description; the author cannot help but make use of exactitude to delineate an abstract image. Infinite pleasure is the goal of strict descriptivism. What is distant and unknown starts from Recanati, from his home, from the analysis and study of the objects and places he always had before his eyes. The vague is ‘nella chiusa bottega alla lucerna’, ‘su la piazzuola in frotta’: it is that hedge.

Calvino knows this because when he writes a story, he starts it with a description of an object or a place, which, as it is described, ends up being just an appendix. The plot and the life of the story is what revolves around the object. “The relationship between that given subject and all its possible variants and alternatives, all the events that time and space can contain. It is a devouring, destructive obsession that is enough to block me. To fight it, I try to limit the field of what I have to say, then to divide it into even more limited fields, then to divide them again, and so on. And then I get another vertigo, that of the detail of the detail of the detail, I get sucked into the infinitesimal, the infinitely small, just as I used to disperse into the infinitely vast)’.

Domenico Gnoli, Apple, 1968. Courtesy Sa Bassa Blanca Museum-Yannick e Ben Jakober Foundation.

The ekphrasis of Gnoli’s works proceed in this geometry of sufferings, in which the Genoese author tries to come to terms with his own collections.

The pillow, it is: “the only form in the world that unites the stability of the square (or rather the rectangle) and the fullness of the sphere (or at any rate of a body convex and curved throughout its surface)”. Movement and stasis, the sign of the passage of life on things: the footprint of a presence. “Absence, however, does not appear as a negation of presence; on the contrary, it is precisely the latter that is the effect of a generalised absence”.

Gnoli’s Beds series is the exact translation of what has just been said, the artist paints beds made and unmade, detailing their contours, the patterns on the blankets, the wrinkles on the pillows. Who has passed by is irrelevant, what counts is the action that has taken place, this continuous emptiness, this absence that wants to be filled by the viewer, the visitor. The imagination of the viewer is fundamental, it forms presence where there is none. Gnoli continually paints a fantasy starting from the everyday, the same theory that Calvino in a RAI interview said was the prerogative of modern man to oppose routine one must use imagination.

Domenico Gnoli, Two Sleepers, 1966, Private Collection © Domenico Gnoli, by SIAE 2021.

Titta da Girolamo in The Consequences of Love said it over and over again, for him the worst thing in the world was to have no imagination. Because life, already boring and repetitive in itself, becomes a deadly spectacle in the absence of imagination. However, the Genoese writer argues the need not to fall into the trap of the eternal quest for abstraction, because ‘imagination in power’ can do damage to the individual by concealing his habits, tasks, work, family and friends. An abstraction is only possible through a slow, complex, correct and systematic labor limae, capable of generating a language that is not approximate, but precise and exact.

Calvino was terrified of the misuse of words in communication, not only referring to others, but especially to himself. If during a conversation it often happens that one does not pay too much attention to the use of language, in writing this does not happen.  One can write as much as one can delete and edit.

Calvino proposes as a fight against the ‘plague of language’, the uniformity that flattens everything, literature and art capable of counteracting this ‘disease’ through defined representation.

Imaginary realism is rooted here, starting from everyday life and arriving at sensible reality, two worlds that coexist.  Both artists, Gnoli and Calvino, possess what they talk about, paint or describe to such an extent that they can reconstruct it ad infinitum.


Do all electric motors have carbon brushes?

Which motor does not have brushes?

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors

Which type of electrical motors have brushes?

How do I know if my motor has brushes?

THIS IS IMPORTANT:  Question: What causes a broken motor mount?

Do small AC motors have brushes?

Just about any speed controlled ac motors have “brushes” or a retracting form of. Armature motors, certain induction motors, and synchronous motors.

Does a single phase motor have brushes?

The most common type of AC motor, be it the single phase or 3 phase induction motor does not have brushes.

Can AC motors be brushed?

How do I know if I have brushed or brushless?

Whilst in a brushed motor there is typically a red positive and a black negative wire connected (as seen in the photo above), brushless motors rely on the ESC to switch up the power signals sent down these three wires.

Do DC motors have brushes?

All DC motors are built of 3 main sub-assemblies; the stator, the rotor and the brush system. The main body of the motor is the stator, consisting of the permanent magnet which is centrally located around the shaft, within the housing and the mounting flange.

Which is better brushed or brushless?

Are carbon brushes universal?

Carbon brushes are fitted in what are known as universal motors. They are known as universal motors not because they fit every situation but because they work on both DC and AC current electricity.

THIS IS IMPORTANT:  What else should I replace When replacing an engine?

What happens if carbon brushes are worn?

Once the carbon brushes are completely worn the motor will begin to underperform before failing – running a motor with worn carbon brushes can result in extensive damage to the motor.

Does an electric motor have brushes?

If you have seen sparks through the motor cooling vents on a power drill, you have seen electric motor brushes at work. … Brushes are the part of the stator of an electric motor that conduct the electrical current to the rotor.

Do 3 phase motors have brushes?

Why carbon brushes are used in AC motor?

Why are carbon brushes used in electric motors? Carbon brushes work by reducing the damage to the motor, by carrying the current back and forth between the stationary and moving parts of the motor.


What is the normal range for estradiol?

What is the normal range for estradiol?

What does it mean if your estradiol is low?

If your estradiol levels are low, it can indicate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hypopituitarism. Women with eating disorders or who practice extreme endurance exercising may have low levels of estradiol. After menopause, estradiol levels are also low.

What causes high estradiol levels in females?

Elevated levels of estradiol can also be the result of certain hormone supplements, liver disorders, or elevated levels of androgens (such as testosterone or progesterone).

What is estradiol 2mg tablet for?

How do I read my estradiol results?

Does low estradiol cause weight gain?

Can estradiol cause weight gain?

One reason why people might gain weight around menopause is changing hormone levels. One form of estrogen called estradiol decreases at menopause. This hormone helps to regulate metabolism and body weight. Lower levels of estradiol may lead to weight gain.

Can estrogen pills increase breast size?

Can estradiol stop your period?

The effects of estradiol are clearly seen in women experiencing menopause. During this process, women naturally have lower levels of estradiol as the ovaries no longer produce it, causing the menstrual cycles to stop.

What is 17 beta-estradiol?

17 beta-estradiol for postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy After physiological or surgical menopause, women are suddenly deficient in their main estrogenic hormone, 17 beta-estradiol. Only a very small amount of estradiol is still produced from adrenal precursors.

How is estradiol converted from androstenedione?

The major pathway involves the formation of androstenedione, which is then converted by aromatase into estrone and is subsequently converted into estradiol. Alternatively, androstenedione can be converted into testosterone, which can then be converted into estradiol.

What is the difference between estrone and estradiol?

Estradiol is reported to be approximately 12 times as potent as estrone and 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic activity. As such, estradiol is the main estrogen in the body, although the roles of estrone and estriol as estrogens are said not to be negligible.

What is the normal range of estradiol levels during pre-ovulation?

At the time of pre-ovulation (a period of about 24 to 48 hours), estradiol levels briefly surge and reach their highest concentrations of any other time during the menstrual cycle. Circulating levels are typically between 130 and 200 pg/mL at this time, but in some women may be as high as 300 to 400 pg/mL,…


Vukšić & Volkova

Ekaterina Volkova and Iskra Vukšić ontvingen een ontwikkelbijdrage van Amarte.

Vukšić & Volkova spent summer 2021 at Kamen artist residency in Bosnia and Herzegovina where they explored stories of the production of moonshine alcohol. Javna Tajna (public secret) is a performance-installation derived from interviews and observations — set in a vineyard without grapes. It unravels the connection between intergenerational knowledge and shrinking rural communities, emigration, laws, conflict and care through rakija: the spirit of the Balkans.

Vukšić & Volkova is an artistic partnership between Ekaterina Volkova and Iskra Vukšić.


📚 node [[avoiding the gravity well of webbiness in gopher]]
📕 text contributed by @enki

Avoiding the gravity-well of webbiness in gopher

A response to Pondering what’s inbetween Gopher and the web

Avoiding the gravity-well of webbiness in gopher

A response to Pondering what’s inbetween Gopher and the web

<gopher://zaibatsu.circumlunar.space:70/0/~solderpunk/phlog/pondering-whats- inbetween-gopher-and-the-web.txt>

With regard to formats:

The author suggests that the ‘default format’ should not be ‘plaintext’ but a ‘minimal markup’. Gophermaps are, in fact, a minimal markup. They are suitable for adding links to gopher documents. We ought to write new documents as gophermaps. Writing documents as gophermaps is in line with the general gopher philosophy of: if you’re not gonna do it cleanly and easily, don’t do it at all.

Any markup format that supports more features than just links is a waste, particularly if we build it from scratch. Gophermaps are an ideal compromise, because only links are supported, and because the line-based structure prevents the overhead & complexity associated with most forms of embedded markup (for instance, no complex escaping is necessary because links can only occur at the beginning of lines). Markdown would be a step down here.

The primary feature that the author suggests as a driver for this format change — protocol and media type selection — is already fully supported in vanilla gopher.

With regard to TLS:

I’m not sure whether or not encryption for gopher makes sense. Gopher is mostly static (though it needn’t be) & the absence of encryption means authentication is off the table as a driver for dynamic content. We should never send sensitive data through gopher.

Now, TLS doesn’t protect the bits of information that maybe might be sensitive in the context of a static retrieval: the endpoints. (It protects particular requests, and maybe if you keep a ‘secret’ document around on gopher TLS will protect you from man-in-the-middle attacks, but why would you do such a thing? In particular, why keep an unencrypted document on public gopher & expect to keep the key to access it a secret?)

Right now, nobody pays much attention to gopher traffic. If they start, it will be because all these weird politically-radical nerds are using it, & rather than being content-focused it’ll be blocks or monitoring of who is using the protocol at all (like bittorrent).

We know what happened when the web got crypto support: Extremely quickly, it also got for-profit sites (because you could enter credit card numbers), access-gating, registration-walls, and client-side scripting (to log people out so reg-walls and access-gating worked better).

My take on how to encrypt gopher is: Gopher itself remains plain-text, but encrypted proxies exist that can nest encrypted payloads in gopher requests & nest those payloads inside more layers of proxies (like TOR). Connections on either end are plaintext. This doesn’t protect content except insofar as content can be used to identify the path from origin to endpoint (and thus deanonymize traffic).

In general:

Folks only bother to use gopher because the web’s design philosophy doesn’t suit them. Those who would like to extend gopher ought to think critically about which elements of gopher’s underlying design philosophy are valuable. After all, the web is the way it is because of an absence of this kind of deep thought in favor of a seemingly-pragmatic short-termism — one that ultimately favors the desires of developers and the corporations that employ them over the needs of users.

Gopher is pragmatic in a different way: it does not favor what can be incrementally added to existing systems, but what could be useful without making it substantially harder to produce a new client or server from scratch. As a result, gopher has very few of the features that sound interesting in the short term but are nearly impossible to get right or make non-toxic in the long term.

Gopher is the forth of internet protocols not because the user community is the same as the developer community (since the same is true of basically every small platform), but because the developer community prefers to cut out conceptual and code complexity even when the result conflicts with the assumptions of casual developers — to favor making understanding the whole stack easier, even at the cost of initial difficulty for newbies.

This makes it harder for folks to unilaterally add features that users don’t need or want: lots of folks need to independently decide that a feature is worth implementing on the client or server they developed (or worth doing by hand if they use netcat or telnet to browse gopher). The ease with which gopher can be implemented keeps it small, and that smallness keeps it easy.

(This article is mirrored on gopher at <gopher://fuckup.solutions/1/enkiv2/avoiding-the-gravity-hole-of-webbiness-in- gopher>)

By John Ohno on April 17, 2019.

[Canonical link](https://medium.com/@enkiv2/avoiding-the-gravity-well-of- webbiness-in-gopher-68a52a1094e5)

Exported from Medium on September 18, 2020.

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