The configuration is located in /plugins/FarmLimiter/config.yml. In this page are listed the sections of the configuration, with the default values and information about each option.

If you want to see the full default configuration, click the button below.

Spoiler: default config.yml

Check interval

check-interval: 180

Farm Limiter periodically runs a cleanup task that checks mob farms and eventually removes exceeding entities, based on the rules. check-interval sets the interval in seconds of that periodic task.

Broadcast message

  enable: true
  message: '&6[FarmLimiter]&e Removed {amount} entities.'
  minimum: 1
  require-permission: false

Every time the periodic cleanup task terminates, Farm Limiter broadcasts a message in chat informing how many entities have been removed. You can configure if the message is enabled (enable), the message itself (message), and the minimum amount of removed entities to broadcast the message (minimum). If require-permission is set to true, the message will be displayed only to players with the permission farmlimiter.receive-broadcast.

# Generic rule to limit groups of any mob type (except villagers) to 50.
- entities: ALL
  exclude: villager
  worlds: ALL
  distance: 3
  max-amount: 50
# Rule for passive mobs farms, limiting the amount of mobs to 25.
- entities: pig, cow, sheep, chicken
  worlds: ALL
  distance: 5
  max-amount: 25
# Rule for spawner grinders, limiting dense groups of hosting mobs to 10.
- entities: zombie, skeleton, spider, cave spider
  worlds: ALL
  distance: 1
  max-amount: 10

Rules control how mob farms (or groups of entities, in general) should be limited and how many entities to remove. FarmLimiter tries to find groups of nearby entities (based on the distance between them) and eventually removes exceeding entities from group that are too big.

The rules section contains a list of YAML objects, where each object is a single rule.

The recommended way to add a new rule isto copy and paste an existing one, and then edit it.
Don't forget to include the dash at the beginning of each rule!

Each rule has the following options:

Option Value type Description
entities string

List of entity types to check, separated by a comma. Open entities.yml to see a list of valid entity types.

ALL can be used to indicate all living mob types. Inanimate objects (boats, armor stands, dropped items, etc.) should be listed individually.

Note: the rule is applied separately for each specified entity type, even if multiple types are listed. Entities of different types will not be considered a single group even if near.

exclude string List of entity types to exclude from the rule (useful if using ALL in the entities option). This option has higher priority than entity types listed in entities.
worlds string

List of worlds where the rule is active, separated by a comma.

ALL can be used to apply the rule to all the worlds.

distance number

Distance used to determine if two or more entities should be considered part of the same group.

-1 can be used as value to always group together entities of the same type, regardless of the distance. Useful to limit the total amount of entities in each world.

max-amount number

Maximum amount allowed of entities in each group found by this rule, exceeding ones will be removed.
The following criteria determine which mobs are considered the most important to keep, in order:

  1. Tamed mobs
  2. Mobs with a saddle
  3. Mobs with a nametag
  4. Newer mobs (babies are "newer" than adults)

For example, tamed mobs will always have priority over untamed mobs (regardless of other criteria), so untamed mobs will be removed first. If two mobs are both tamed or both untamed, the one with a saddle will have priority over the one without it, and so on.

Group separately

  mythic-mobs: false

If you enable this option, MythicMobs will not be grouped with normal entities. Instead, they will have their own type, based on their internal name, and you will have to explicitly add them to rules (in entities or exclude).

The format is MythicMobs:<internal name>. You can use MythicMobs:ALL to apply a rule to all MythicMobs types (different types of MythicMobs will not be grouped together, as with normal entities).

Example (the rule would apply to creepers and to all MythicMobs except SkeletonKing):

- entities: MythicMobs:ALL, creeper
  exclude: MythicMobs:SkeletonKing

  portal-spawn-rate: '100%'
  exclude-tamed: true
  exclude-nametagged: false

Option Value type Description
portal-spawn-rate number Reduces the spawn rate of mobs from nether portals, by keeping only a percentage of mobs spawned in this way (others will be removed). If set to 100% the spawn rate is not changed, if set to 0% mobs will not spawn from portals.
exclude-tamed boolean If enabled, prevents tamed entities from being removed. They will still count towards the limit in groups.
exclude-nametagged boolean If enabled, prevents entities with a nametag from being removed. They will still count towards the limit in groups.


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How Often Does Your Equipment Need Temperature Calibration?

Home > Temperature Monitoring Blog > How Often Does Your Equipment Need Temperature Calibration?

How Often Does Your Equipment Need Temperature Calibration?If your business operations rely on temperature and humidity sensors to ensure that your temperature-sensitive products remain safe, then you also know you need accurate information every time you collect a reading. In order to achieve the best results from sensors, it’s important to schedule temperature calibration with regularity. Here are some important considerations for determining how often your equipment might need temperature calibration:

  • Recalibrate Between Batches- Even if you use the same manufacturer for all of your temperature sensors, there can sometimes be minute differences in the calibration time between the different batches. If you’re operating using multiple sensors from different batch purchases, you’ll want to keep track of when you purchased each batch of sensors to better know when you’ll want to schedule temperature calibration.
  • Routine Calibration is Better Than Guessing- While a manufacturer may not offer recommended temperature calibration schedules, it’s important to keep track of when the sensors have been calibrated. For example, if you have a new batch of sensors, it is likely that they were calibrated prior to shipment to your facility. If your sensors are six months to a year old, however, temperature calibration would be a recommended step to keep them in their best working order.
  • Age Plays a Factor- Like any equipment that gets regular use, temperature and humidity sensors will eventually become less accurate due to wear and tear. You’ll want to make sure to replace your sensors as often as needed to ensure the accuracy of the data they provide.

At Global Sensors, not only do we offer a competitive line of temperature and humidity sensors for a variety of industries, but we also provide temperature calibration services to ensure that you get the most from our products. If you have questions about our products or need to request calibration services, reach out to us today.


Plant Care of Ginger Lilies

Perfumed flowers rising on tall stems with bold tropical foliage make ginger lily (Hedychium spp.) the flashy cousin to edible gingerroot (Zingiber officinale). Native to the Eastern Himalayas, these plants are hardy in USDA zones 8 through 10. Ginger lilies are dramatic additions to your garden that are easy to grow and propagate. Starting with one small rhizome, ginger lilies multiply to form a flowering clump in beds or containers.

Features and Function

Like gingerroot, ginger lilies grow from rhizomes, underground stems that grow horizontally just under the soil surface. If you break a rhizome, you’ll notice the familiar ginger fragrance, although it's less pungent than the culinary herb. Butterfly ginger lily (H. coronarium) has a fragrance that’s a blend of gardenia (Gardenia spp.) and honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.). Its flowers, which are woven into Hawaiian leis, look like white butterflies perched at the top of plants. Spiky ginger lily (H. coccineum) bears flowers in tall spikes and comes in colors including red, orange, yellow and peach. Ginger lilies are grown primarily for their sweetly fragrant flowers, but they are also prized for their tropical foliage, which forms an attractive backdrop for shorter plants.

Site Selection and Planting

Ginger lilies grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 7 through 11, where they perform best in sun to partial shade. In warmer regions, morning sun is good but afternoon sun is too harsh for them and will make their leaves curl. They thrive in moist, acidic soil that is rich in organic matter. Plant Care Today suggests giving these plants plenty of room outdoors as they quickly grow up to 5 feet tall with a spread just as respectable.

In cooler regions, you can grow ginger lilies in containers or dig rhizomes after the first frost and store them indoors for the winter. Since their rhizomes will multiply, use containers with plenty of horizontal room for them to grow.

Culture Ginger Lilies

Ginger lilies are not drought-tolerant plants and must be watered in times of insufficient rainfall. Since they prefer moist soil, you may have to water several times weekly in hot weather. Feed ginger lilies weekly with a balanced fertilizer. Southern Living Magazine recommends that you cut the stalks and fading leaves of these plants back to ground level in the fall. Trimmed ginger lily materials are completely compostable.

If you grow ginger lilies in containers, or your landscaping ginger lilies overgrow their area, you should divide them each year by breaking rhizomes in pieces, with each section containing an “eye,” or growth bud. Since some species grow up to 10 feet tall, with butterfly ginger averaging 5 feet, you may need to stake tall stems so that heavy rains and wind do not buffet plants.

Pest Management

Essential oils of some ginger lily species contain insecticidal properties. This explains why these plants are bothered by few insect pests. Although plants like moist soil and many species tolerate wet substrates, waterlogged sites may exacerbate fungal root-rot diseases in some varieties. Plants flower in late summer through autumn, which leaves them safe from butterfly and moth larvae that pupate earlier in the season. Deer may browse on the sweet flowers and succulent stems.


2017 Abstracts

Updated – 2 7 17

Do the math: behavior evaluations flunk

Janis Bradley, Amy Marder

Shelters use batteries of provocative stimuli referred to as behavior evaluations for various purposes. One purpose is as screening tools to predict, in dogs deemed possible candidates for adoption (i.e., those not screened out at intake) whether they will later exhibit dangerous behaviors in a home. However, there is wide agreement that such tests have not been validated or uniformly administered and there are ongoing attempts to develop better instruments. This presentation will illustrate how existing data and principles of diagnostic test evaluation demonstrate that reliably predicting problematic behaviors in future adoptive homes is vanishingly unlikely, even in theory, much less under the logistical constraints of real world shelters. In other words, when a shelter dog tests positive for dangerous behavior on one of these formal tests, it is much more likely that the test has failed the dog, rather than the dog having failed the test. Among numerous barriers to validating a behavior evaluation is the relatively low level of incidence of the behaviors of interest in the general population of shelter dogs, making the occurrence of many false positives inevitable. As a result, formal behavior evaluations of dogs in shelters are unlikely to ever be better than or even as good as tossing a coin in predicting whether dogs will express threatening or biting behavior once adopted. This raises the question of whether it is humane or prudent with regard to public safety to use these tests to make adoptability decisions. The predictably unreliable results can create an unjustified sense of security and can have life and death consequences for the dogs. It is time to consider low tech, low cost, readily available alternatives that may be more likely to reveal the true personalities of dogs and make them better candidates for adoption in the process.

Assessing and addressing pet owner obstacles to companion animal care: Parvovirus prevention in Milwaukee

Jenna Buley

As with many companion animal behavioral problems, changing dog owner behaviors is often the greatest obstacle to addressing dog veterinary issues. In Milwaukee, rates of parvovirus are much higher than other areas of the state and country. This is an easily preventable disease from a medical standpoint and as such, its continued occurrence is likely due to human/owner variables. With data gathered from a Milwaukee, inner-city veterinary clinic and an inner-city charter school with extensive bilingual resources, we will attempt to quantify barriers to obtaining basic preventative care for pet dogs. This will include data related to geography, income, transportation, language & cultural barriers between pet-owners and animal care professionals, and community and cultural knowledge of a specific disease (parvovirus) and its prevention. We then hope to analyze these data to promote the dispersion of knowledge and to improve access to vaccination. This model is important in that it addresses a significant disease and can model how to identify and change human variables to better improve other aspects of the complex relationships that we have with domestic and companion animals.

Assessment of a Sleepover Program on the Cortisol Levels of Shelter Dogs

Erica N. Feuerbacher, Lisa M. Gunter

One of the greatest stressors for dogs living in animal shelters is social isolation. Many studies have demonstrated that human interaction reduces cortisol in shelter dogs and incorporating longer periods of interaction yields even greater effects. These interventions are contingent upon removing the dog from the kennel with cortisol reductions often lost when the dog returns to the kennel. Increasingly, shelters are utilizing short-term fostering to give dogs a break from the shelter. However, such programs have not been assessed to determine whether they have the intended effect on stress. We assessed the Best Friends Animal Society’s sleepover program in which shelter dogs go home with a volunteer for an evening. We measured the creatinine:cortisol levels from three urine collections: 1) the morning prior to the sleepover, 2) the morning after the sleepover and before the dog returned to the shelter and 3) the morning after the dog returned the shelter. We found that the urinary cortisol levels dropped significantly while on the sleepover, but returned to baseline levels within a day of returning to the shelter. Our data suggests that such programs are useful for reducing short-term stress levels and opens many questions for these programs including what the long-term effects of such programs are and how to enhance them.

It’s a dog’s life: Investigating behavioral, cognitive, and memory differences between owned and shelter dogs

Lisa M. Gunter & Clive D. L. Wynne

Previous research has found significantly elevated levels of cortisol in dogs living in shelters compared to dogs living in homes. However few studies have examined possible behavioral and cognitive differences between these two groups of dogs. We compared dogs living in an animal shelter and owned dogs on a series of behavioral persistence, affective bias, memory, and reversal tasks. In Study 1, we trained dogs to touch their nose to an experimenter’s hand for a food reinforcer, and their persistence was measured when food was no longer delivered. We found dogs living in homes persisted longer in this resistance-to-extinction task than shelter dogs. In Study 2, dogs were tested in a spatial location affective bias task to infer differences in their underlying state as measured by latency to approach ambiguous and unbaited probe locations. We found shelter dogs perceived the near negative probe location more pessimistically than owned dogs. In Study 3, we tested dogs’ short-term memory at varying intervals of time on a novel task: a treat was placed behind a box with an identical distractor nearby, and the number of errors was recorded. We found that while owned dogs were more often correct than shelter dogs at all intervals, the difference was not significant. Finally, dogs’ sensitivity to reinforcement contingency was tested in a reversal learning task. Dogs were presented two identical boxes, one baited, and the other not. After a dog reached a criterion level of success in selecting the baited box, the baiting of the boxes was reversed. Reversals continued for 30 trials, and number of correct choices was recorded. Preliminary results from this and the previous studies will be presented and discussed.

Relational Aggression

Suzanne La Croix

Relational aggression is behavior which harms others through purposeful manipulation and damage of their peer relationships (Crick and Grotpeter, 1995). This is currently a hot topic in elementary school circles, especially as applied to aggressive and manipulative behaviors among young girls. It umbrellas social exclusion, friendship withdrawal threats, giving the silent treatment, and spreading malicious secrets, lies or gossip. Relational aggression and its proximate biological bases are of interest to Applied Animal Behaviorists because they provide a new perspective for examining social (mis)behavior in adolescent dogs and offer a construct for describing differential aggressive behavior between male and female adolescent dogs.

The over-under on urine marking in dogs

Anneke Lisberg, Tina Harasha

While many mammals use countermarking (scent marking in response to a conspecific mark) and over-marking (marking over a conspecific mark) as communicative signals, the function of mark placement as a possible signal component is largely untested. In dogs, high-status and high tail-postured male dogs countermark and overmark at higher rates than low-status and low-tailed males, and overmarking appears to follow different sexual and social patterns of use than adjacent-marking (in dogs, urine-marking a few feet away from the original mark.) But does “overmark” placement affect the signal? If so, in what way? Overmarks could a) hide the previous signal, b) blend with the previous signal, c) create a “bulletin board” in which each mark is considered similarly but distinctly, or d) be given preferential or more significant attention than the previous signal. Using a habituation model previously used to test the effects of overmarking in rodents, we tested dogs’ responses to overmarks to differentiate between these four hypotheses. We will share the new results of this ongoing study.

When will I trust my dog again? Re-establishing trust as part of behavior modification

Jessica Lockhart & Amanda Florsheim

Working with clients who are dealing with aggressive dogs can be a delicate balance between treating the behavior issue in the dog and counseling the owner’s lack of confidence. The clients are dedicated to their animals and are committed to making things work; however, they all sing the same refrain, “When will I trust my dog again?” The emotional betrayal that people feel when an otherwise “normal” dog suddenly acts out is on par with being betrayed by a loved one or close personal friend. Owners seem at a loss for how to deal with an emotional slight from a non-human companion. This discussion group will focus on ways to help clients regain lost trust and re-forge a relationship with their companion animal. We will pay particular attention to situations involving new children in the home and circumstances where the owners are almost too stressed/worried to work with their dogs.

The science of animal happiness

Frank McMillan

Happiness (referred to in the scientific literature as subjective well-being) has been an elusive concept to study in humans. However, in the past few decades the research has determined many of the causes and influences of one’s experience of happiness. Short-term, or momentary, happiness refers to the feelings of the moment, and its existence in mammals is not seriously disputed. However, the form of happiness that makes up the primary focus in human psychological research is that which exists as a long-term, life-as-a-whole experience. Happiness has an enduring effect that transcends and outlasts the pleasures and pains of day to day living. It is a pervasive sense over time that all is well, a consideration of life overall. Happiness in humans has been found to consist of an affective and cognitive component – the evidence for an affective component stable over time and comparable to human long-term happiness now exists in non-human primates. The key question is whether animals have the capacity for the cognitive, or evaluative, component. Recent empirical research on inequity aversion as well as anecdotal observations suggest that they do. Moreover, recent research has demonstrated that subjective well-being in animals is, as has been well-established in humans, strongly correlated with personality. This presentation will discuss the scientific evidence for the existence of a long-term happiness state in animals, and why it matters.

ARF’s Shy Dog Socialization Program

Barbara Pezzanite

The Animal Rescue Fund of the Hamptons rescues dogs from across the United States as well as from Puerto Rico. In some cases, such as dogs rescued from puppy mills and the streets of Puerto Rico, the dogs have been inadequately socialized with people, novel situations, and novel objects, rendering them unadoptable upon arrival at ARF. Typically, however, these dogs are highly social with other dogs. ARF’s Shy Dog Socialization Program was designed to socialize these dogs with unfamiliar people and objects en masse. With the help of a highly social dog, taking advantage of aspects of social learning theory, and the use a small amount of training, more of ARF’s “shy” dogs can be socialized at once, helping them progress faster to suitability for adoption.

The Effects of Temperament on Stress and Upper Respiratory Disease in Dogs in Animal Shelters

Sasha Protopopova & Kelsea Brown

Individual variability is evident in behavior and physiology of human and non-human animals. The influence of temperament on immune function and the endocrine response in dogs has not received much attention. An inquiry into the relationship of these systems is not only interesting from a basic science perspective, but, more crucially, may influence the management of dogs housed at animal shelters. While normally associated with mild disease and low mortality rates, respiratory disease nevertheless poses significant challenges to the management of dogs in the highly stressful environment of animal shelters. Therefore, the aim of the study is to characterize the relationship between temperament, the HPA axis, immune function, and occurrence and progression of upper respiratory disease in dogs at animal shelters. In a correlational study, close to one hundred dogs were assessed throughout their 2-week stay at a city animal shelter. The dogs were subjected to a temperament test, continuous in-kennel behavioral observations, and the collection of physiological stress and immune function markers (urinary and fecal cortisol and salivary IgA). The occurrence and progression of upper respiratory disease was monitored through repeated clinical exams (rectal temperature, body condition score, and occurrence of nasal and ocular discharge). Understanding the role of temperament in immune responses to disease, disease progression, and sickness behavior may improve shelter management practices, and in turn, result in improved live-release outcomes.

Are Underweight Dogs More Likely To Guard Food in an Animal Shelter?

Kat Miller & Pam Reid

Common animal shelter “lore” suggests that dogs who are underweight or were previously starved are more likely than normal weight dogs to display resource guarding behavior, warning or aggressing towards a human that approaches while the dog is eating. As a result of our anti-cruelty work with law enforcement agencies, each year the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) receives hundreds of dogs that are underweight or emaciated, as well as normal and overweight dogs. These dogs come from large scale cases of dog fighting, hoarding, substandard puppy breeders, and defunct animal “sanctuaries”, as well as individual cases of cruelty and neglect. We administer standardized forensic medical and behavioral examinations soon after intake for all animals seized by law enforcement officers. We analyzed this dataset to examine the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and food and chew guarding behavior as expressed in a shelter behavior evaluation. The goals of this study were to:

1) Describe the prevalence and severity of food guarding among canine victims of cruelty or neglect when assessed in a shelter setting,

2) Examine whether prevalence of food guarding varies by dogs’ cruelty case type,

3) Describe the range of body condition scores found in this population,

4) Analyze the relationship between case type, body condition score, and food guarding behavior,

5) Examine the odds that an underweight dog will be a food guarder compared to normal or overweight dogs.

We had previously collected, analyzed and presented data from a sample of 469 dogs, with ambiguous results concerning the effect of cruelty case type. We therefore collected data from an additional 431 dogs and will now present our revised results from a sample of 900 dogs.

Case(s) Study: Equal Dogs/interdog Aggression (Or, Where I was confused and failed to help)

Melissa Shyan-Norwalt

The goal of the present discussion is to share a few cases where I had no idea what to do, and to generate a group discussion about how similar cases were handled by others. There have been a few instances in my behavior consulting where I felt totally confused. These cases involved interdog aggression within a home environment: two dogs fighting in apparent dominance-related activities. (I have been successful with interdog/home aggression under other circumstances: possessive aggression, fear aggression, reactive aggression.) But the few cases I’ve had where the dogs appear to be equal in status, show dominance postures, and fight upon sight just stymie me. (Yes, I know about the operant conditioning elements in these circumstances.) I will present two cases, what I tried and what happened. Then I hope we will generate a discussion of what techniques others have used, what we used to be told to use (deference, selecting the “top dog,” et cet.) and what works. I know that “dominance” terms are not popular now, and I do not have many of these cases. But they completely flabbergast me and I’m not embarrassed to say so.

The Human Component of Behavior Consultations

Beth L. Strickler, Ellen Mahurin, & Ayelet Berger

The essential components of pet behavior consultations include gathering information from the client, engaging the client in the development and implementation of the treatment plan, and ensuring that the client is making progress through the patient’s treatment. Many clients are apprehensive when entering into behavioral treatment for their pet as the unknown can be discomforting. Training of individuals involved in behavioral therapy for pets often concentrates on the interaction with and comfort of the pet while ignoring the human-human interactions. An open discussion of techniques utilized from first contact through resolution of the behavior problem(s) will be discussed by our team. Topics and techniques to be discussed include but are not limited to: Identifying and affirming the client’s emotional state throughout consultation and treatment, reading body language and replying, environmental relaxation tools, and goal setting with reward systems for clients.

Attitudes Toward and Perceptions of Canine Problem Behaviors

Kelsea Brown, Sasha Protopopova, Janis Bradely

Up to 15% of adopted dogs are subsequently returned. Owner dissatisfaction with their dog’s behavior has been linked to a high risk of both initial surrender and return of adopted dogs. However, only a small proportion of people who subsequently adopted the same dog reported the same behavioral issue, and only half of the problem behaviors indicated by the relinquishing owner were observed by the new adoptive owners, indicating that perception of the behavior as a problem, and not the presence of the behavior per se, may contribute to relinquishment. These effects were particularly evident in Marder, Shabelansky, Patronek, Dowling-Guyer, and D’Arpino (2013), who found that the presence of food-guarding in a new home was not correlated with owner perception of this behavior as problematic. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and compare dog trainers’ and the lay public’s attitudes toward potentially problematic canine behavior in large and small dogs. In a web-based experimental mixed-design, 251 professional dog trainers and 495 non-trainers (N=746) were randomly assigned to view videos of either small or large dogs behaving in various ways. The participants’ perception towards the behavior clips and the attitudes towards the dogs were assessed using quantitative and qualitative measures. Results showed effects of both dog size and profession on perception of behavior as problematic. The findings highlight the importance of perception of behavior when considering education, behavior consulting, and relinquishment interventions.

Social Facilitation as a Tool for Treating Extreme Fear in Undersocialized Dogs

Kristen Collins & Pia Silvani

ABS certified behaviorists on the ASPCA®’s Anti-Cruelty Behavior Team have the unique opportunity to work with animals seized from abusive situations. One of the more common populations we deal with is fearful, undersocialized dogs. The case study we’ll showcase describes the treatment protocols we implemented to address extreme fearfulness in an adult male Australian Shepherd mix. After being trapped as feral, Ozzie was sent to the ASPCA®’s Behavioral Rehabilitation Center. He made little progress over his first weeks in the program. Initially he was terrified of both people and dogs. In an attempt to reduce his incapacitating anxiety, we focused on socializing him with other dogs first. Only after he became comfortable with conspecifics was Ozzie able to progress through our other treatment protocols. Social facilitation proved a useful tool; Ozzie appeared less anxious and more playful interacting with people and engaging in novel experienc es when in the presence of confident dogs. Eventually, Ozzie learned to bond with people, to enjoy being handled and to feel at ease with strangers. Ozzie graduated from the program after 32 weeks in treatment and was successfully adopted into a pet home.

Effects of Therapy Dogs on Mood States of College Students

Scott Coleman

Purpose: Human interaction with dogs and other domesticated animals affords multiple physiological and psychological benefits. Numerous studies show a reduction in anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate among other well-being indices. These effects have been identified in critical human populations with cognitive, development, social, and cardiovascular health disorders. More recently, research has investigated the impact of human/animal interactions in pedagogical domains. The present study investigated the effect of human-animal interactions on the short-term mood states of college students.

Method: Two hundred-forty college students served as participants in this study. Participants were recruited from a large pool of students that attended regularly scheduled therapy dog visitation at the central library on the UTA campus. This study utilized a questionnaire format to assess the mood states of participants immediately before and after interaction with therapy dogs. Mood states were measured using the Profile of Mood States short form (POMS-SF) Shacham (1983). In addition to mood state assessment, participants indicated areas of physical contact (i.e., petted) on the therapy dog using a check list. The duration of the interaction with the therapy dog was also obtained. Thus, the questionnaire provided measurement of length of time and topographical characteristics of the participants’ human-animal interaction.

Results: As expected, total negative mood disturbance decreased from before (M = 47.60, SE = 1.73) to after (M = 21.61, SE = 1.08) engaging in physical contact with a therapy dog, F(1, 224) = 368.16, p < .001, ηp2 = .62. Participants with higher negative mood prior to the session had larger decreases during the session, b = -0.65, SE = 0.03, t(221) = -20.21, p < .001. However, this effect was enhanced by both greater time spent with the therapy dogs, b = -0 006, SE = 0.003, t(217) = -2.28, p = .02, as well as the more total contact areas, b = -0.025, SE = 0.007, t(217) = -3.64, p < .001. However, time spent and areas touched were only marginally associated, r(223) = .13, p = .05.

Conclusions: College students face challenging day-to-day situations that provoke negative mood states, stress, and anxiety. Our study demonstrated the efficacy of instituting an on-campus therapy dog program to ameliorate negative mood in college students. Given the current findings, we anticipate the existence of a wide range of therapeutic effects stemming from human-animal interaction in academic settings. We discuss our finding in relation to the application of therapy of therapy dog in areas of research relevant to health psychology. Future research will investigate the relationships between antecedent factors, such as attitude toward pets, personality, and test anxiety for the potential beneficial role of human-animal interactions.

More than just playing around

Claire F. Cario

By designing a tool that assesses a dog’s intraspecific sociability while measuring changes seen over time, we can provide valuable information to potential adopters, rescues or fosters and evaluate the impact of off leash interaction among conspecifics in a shelter environment. This information may also decrease length of stay as well as returns. Animal Care Centers of NYC is an open admission shelter with an intake of 10,000 plus dogs every year. In Brooklyn alone, we receive an average of 400 dogs every month. The average length of stay is between 10-14 days with a handful of long stays here 3 months or more. The primary form of enrichment that is provided is daily playgroup. Initially the program was introduced to reduce stress and to assist in the daily cleaning of the kennels. However, it now serves both those purposes as well as an opportunity to gather behavioral information on the population and provide socialization sessions for fearful and under-socialized dogs. The development of a scale that assesses a dog’s level of sociability, tolerance and energy level in relation to other dogs may provide a simple, yet informative way to convey behavioral information to adopters, rescues or fosters. This may also may improve the chance that a dog will be rehomed into an environment that would be most compatible with who they are. Additionally, we intend to track changes (eg: Day 1, 4, 7, 14, and 30) throughout the dog’s stay to measure the effect playgroup has on the population.


Neural correlates of memorized associations and cued movements in archistriatum of the domestic chick

Naoya Aoki, Ei Ichi Izawa, Shin Yanagihara, Toshiya Matsushima

研究成果: Article査読

27 被引用数 (Scopus)

The archistriatum mediates a neural pathway from the medial part of intermediate hyperstriatum ventrale (in the dorsal pallium) to the lobus parolfactorius (in the medial striatum), thus is possibly involved in memory formation in the domestic chick. To elucidate the functional roles, we examined single neuron activities from archistriatum in unconstrained chicks during execution of a GO/NOGO task. In this task, a brief motor sound was given as initial cue, and immediately followed by presentation of a coloured bead. Chick was required to recall the memorized associations between the colour and reward, and pecked at the bead to gain food after a delay (GO trials) or stayed not pecking (NOGO trials). The ventral part of intermediate archistriatum proved to contain a group of neurons that selectively responded to the reward-associated colours before the reward was actually presented, possibly coding the memorized associations. Another group of neurons fired during the reward period, thus could code aspects of the food reward. Yet another group of neurons started to fire immediately on the cue sound and prior to the cued movements nonselectively in both GO and NOGO trials, thus could be involved in the sensori-motor link between the sound and the targeted body movements. It is concluded that even a subregion of archistriatum contains diverse neural codes for memorized associations and food rewards, and neural codes of movements cued by sounds, suggesting that archistriatum is a complex of different functional systems, possibly corresponding to striatum, limbic amygdala, and prefrontal cortex in mammals.

ジャーナルEuropean Journal of Neuroscience
出版ステータスPublished - 2003 5月 1

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • 神経科学（全般）

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Coding and programming are both used to develop digital material. The two terms are often used interchangeably, but they still have some crucial differences. Let’s take a closer look at what each of these terms means!

Coding is a process whereby a computer program is created from a source code written by a programmer in an imperative programming language, for example, Java, C, Python, or an object-oriented programming language such as JavaScript. These code segments are compiled and often optimized into executable programs that can be run on computers or mobile devices like smartphones and tablet computers.

Programming creates algorithms and computations using programming languages and their associated types, values, control structures, libraries, etc. The difference between the two is that coding is a process, while programming is the act of creating an algorithm.

The essence of programming lies in understanding algorithms. Algorithms can be defined as specific rules for accomplishing a task. This set of rules is described using some logical notation and then transformed into instructions given to the computer so that it can solve the problem.

Coding consists of converting this logical notation or algorithm into instructions given to a computer to get it to perform some tasks. Coding can also be done systematically by following a set of rules.

  1. Eliminating all the unneeded information by transforming them into abstract data types representing data that is not visible to the computer.
  2. Replacing each new line with a tab character so that the programmer can easily distinguish statements from other lines.

Programming languages describe the problem, algorithms for solving problems, and data types represent data. The program is then written in these languages, defined as computer code, which is transformed into an actual program that can be executed on the computer. Thus, programming languages are a tool used by programmers to express their thoughts in a form that computers can understand.

Coding is done using what is called pre-processors. These pre-processors include compilers and byte-code interpreters. They are used to compile the code written in a programming language into machine or byte codes executed by the processor. Visit Live Science for more information.

In conclusion, coding can be considered writing a computer program using a programming language. Programming is expressing some ideas in the form of an algorithm or step-by-step instructions for completing a task.


User Experience is Enhanced With Website Translation

Before we dive into the subject of this blog post, let’s shed some light on what website localization and user experience essentially are. Website localization When an existing website is adapted to the local language

localized seo strategy

Why You Need a Personalized SEO Strategy

Website localization comes with a set of challenges, and one of the greatest is the need to localize your content for a target audience in another country. However, the most effective way for a local

data localization

How Data Translation Drives Economic Growth and Employment

Data has is now one of the world’s most valuable resources because of the increasing digital transformation of international industries. Consumer data could be thought of as the new oil driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Data gives

UX Writer

What Is a UX Writer’s Role in Global Expansion?

You may have heard of the term ‘UX writer’ and may have wondered what a UX writer does. A UX writer is someone who writes to produce the best user experience for their audience. They

Regional Translation for Global Websites

The way that you communicate with your target customers is crucial if you wish to expand internationally and do it successfully. Localization is the key to attracting and engaging new audiences in different parts of

The History of Locale-specific Translation

Localization – the process of adapting a product or content to a specific market or geographical location – goes back to the 1980s when American software giants started expanding operations globally. As computer software moved

Image: a screenshot of a localization style guide

6 Benefits of an Internationalization Style Guide

When teammates around the globe collaborate on your localization project, a style guide helps to keep everybody on the same page. Read to find out why style guides are important, and how to create one.


Hänvisas till: English translation, definition, meaning

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Se hela listan på eforms.com 40+ Awesome Personal / Character Reference Letter Templates [FREE] At some point in your life you would be required to write a reference letter for someone. This could be a reference letter for a friend or a former employee or a student in your institution. At times it could be even a family member or just a close friend. Sample Character Reference Letter (Written for Friend) A character reference letter is also known as a personal reference letter.

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The guide also includes a sample letter. > What are the benefits of Personal Reference Letters? Sample reference letters always point the reader to the right direction. For example, when you write a school reference letter for a friend, you are simply trying to tell them you want them to consider doing their studies from that particular school because it is a better institution. 14+ Sample Personal Reference Letter Templates Personal reference letters can be or varied types – this can be a note of gratitude and gratefulness from a colleague to another colleague; it can also take a form of a colleague recommending a friend for an open job position and so on. Illustrate their exceptionally good character traits using anecdotes that elaborate on real-life experiences that you witnessed.

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2021 — Personal Rental Reference Letter Sample. House key ,calculator on paper advertisement. This property has a seating capacity of 10 People  The Swedish alphabet (Swedish: Svenska alfabetet) is a basic element of the Latin writing system used for the Swedish language. The 29 letters of this alphabet are the modern 26-letter basic Latin alphabet 3 See also; 4 Notes; 5 References letter.

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Reference personal letter sample

Review the sample reference letters here—including professional references, academic references, personal references, and letters asking for a recommendation—to help you write your own. Plus, review guidelines and tips for requesting and writing reference letters. A character reference letter provides employers with a third-party account of a candidate’s personal attributes and character traits. While application documents like resumes highlight professional qualifications, the character or “personal” reference letter focuses on characteristics that help someone perform well in a job. A character reference (also known as a personal reference) is a letter written by someone who knows the job candidate and can speak to their character and abilities.Unlike professional references, the person writing the reference is not an employer.

On one hand, you want to approach the person with a  If you've been asked to give someone a personal reference then you need to make sure you don't land yourself in legal trouble. If you want to say anything  Steps to follow before you ask your professors to write letters of recommendation, plus a sample letter.
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5 recommendation letter samples. Now that you have a sense of what makes a strong recommendation, check out these practices in action in these five recommendation letter samples.

[Candidate's Name] and my daughter are close friends and attend the same school and church.
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Dear Mr. Banks, Personal Recommendation Letter (25+ Sample Letters and Examples) Personal recommendation letters are also known as written references. These letters are designed to give an insight to your character to the recipient. Sample Personal Reference Letter For a Friend.

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25 Letter to Immigration Officer Sample . Invitation Letter Burgos and Bandillo A Professional Reference Letter Template plays a great role in deciding your recruitment in a company. Yes, you will definitely submit your resume and cover letter to the hiring manager but your recommendation from another person goes a long way in sealing your position with your new company. A professional reference letter is a letter written by an employer recommending his employee who would like to move to another city or has gotten a new job somewhere, without this letter, your chances of being recruited in a particular company are limited, but with it, your current employers will have the information of what your previous employer thinks about you and what he is saying about Donna Stockman • Sotheby’s International Realty New York City • www.donnastockman.com !! PERSONAL!REFERENCE!LETTER!SAMPLES! Personal NYC Co-op Reference Letter Sample 3: Michaela K. [Reference Address, Email & Phone] January 27 th, 2017 Board of Directors [Coop Corporation] New York, NY 11372 Sample Work Reference Letters.


Explaining the meaning behind song “YMCA” – Village People

Meaning of the song behind "YMCA" - Village People songs

When you think of the song “YMCA” by the Village People, what comes to mind? For many people, this iconic song brings back memories of childhood and summertime. But do you know the meaning behind the lyrics? YMCA stands for Young Men’s Christian Association, and the song is actually a call to action for young men to get involved in their communities. The lyrics challenge young men to use their gifts and talents to make a difference in the world. Are you up for the challenge?

In the modern world, every day, every second, people experience countless different emotions and feelings. Sometimes they are so strong that a person turns them into things and exposes them in poems or songs. There are billions of songs; and some are world-famous, and some exist only for the heart of one and only. The music that is covered in this article certainly belongs to two categories at once: no person does not know about her, and she has sunk into everyone’s heart. Rhythm, text, message and meaning, clip? What attracts you exactly?

The groovy American song that Trump performed at election conventions has been making noise worldwide for decades. The hit is all over the news, does not cease to please people, and is not going to leave their playlists. An immortal classic? How does this song attract listeners? Is there something more exciting and profound in it than trivial motivation in the lines: “don’t be sad, man.” And what do the interesting abbreviation and the track itself mean?

There are already answers to all such questions in this article.

The Story of the Song “YMCA” – Village People

This track is written by the American disco group Village People. It was performed in 1978 as the only single from Cruisin’s third studio album, also published in 1978. The song’s author is Jacques Morale, and in combination producer, another author is singer Victor Willis. The potpourri with “Hot Cop” achieved number 2 on the Billboard Dance Music chart, while the song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1979, losing to “Le Freak” by Chic and the song “Da Ya Think I’m Sexy? “Rod Stewart’s. Beyond the USA, “YMCA” achieved number 1 in the UK simultaneously, becoming the musical group’s most successful hit.

It is one of fewer than 40 singles that have sold 10 million physical duplicates worldwide. The track stays popular nowadays and is performed at many sporting tourneys in the USA and Europe, and crowds join in the dance, where hand movements are used to write the letters of the song title. In September 2000, “YMCA” was used as the Space Shuttle wake-up signal on the 11th day of STS-106. In 2009, “YMCA” set a Guinness World Record when more than 44,000 people danced to a live performance of the Village People song on the spacecraft STS-106.2008 Game Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas.

US President Donald Trump danced to this song during a meeting with his supporters in Florida. A video with the participation of the head of state was published on the Twitter account of one of the participants of the event. The recording demonstrates that the American leader is dancing rhythmically in public, and the audience is trying to repeat the movements of the country’s leader. Before that, Donald Trump performed an incendiary dance to the song YMCA on October 14, speaking at a rally in front of his supporters. The song was a staple of Trump’s campaign rallies throughout his presidency, leading to speculation about whether he or his staff knew about the suggestive effects of homosexual liaisons.

READ:  Explaining the meaning behind song «Zombie» — The Cranberries

 The Short Story of the band

In the early 1980s, Morali and Belo changed the style of the collective, striving to improve it. At this time, a new album was added to the band’s discography. We are talking about the Renaissance record. Fans, including music critics, did not very warmly receive the collection. At the same time, Jeff Olson joined the team who received the image of a cowboy.

Victor Willis was invited to join the band to record a new record. In 1982, the musicians presented the album Fox on the Box. The CD was presented to the European and Chinese fans of the band. In the United States of America, the record was released under a different name – – In the Street. During this period, two members left the band at once — David Hodo and Ray Simpson, and mark Lee and Miles Jay replaced the musicians.

In the mid-1980s, the band presented another album to the world, and it was called Sex Over the Phone. The producers and band members made a big bet on him. However, from a commercial point of view, the long-play turned out to be a complete “failure.”

The producers decided to suspend the group’s activities. For about two years, the band did not appear and disappeared for fans. The musicians did not have tours around the world or new compositions. In 1987, the band returned to the stage with this composition:

Alex Briley — Marine

(He was born in 1951. one year in Harlem, New York. Son of a Christian pastor. Brierly sang in the church at a very young age and studied singing at the University of Hartford in Connecticut.

Brilia was introduced to producer/composer Jacques Morali by fellow Village People member Victor Willis. He first played in jeans and a t-shirt, but in 1978.in 1979, he took the role of a soldier in the album Cruisin’, and 1979. in a year, he did it as a sailor when the group was registered in the navy.)

David Hodo — Construction Worker

Meaning of the song behind "YMCA" - Village People

(Dancer/singer from America. In the group, he was a character builder from 1978 to 1982 and from 1987 to 2013.

Hodo was born in San Andreas, California, and grew up in Sacramento. He was present as a guest on What’s My Line as a fire eater on roller skates.)

Glenn Hughes — Biker

(Vocalist, bass guitarist, songwriter, known for performing in the bands Deep Purple, Trapeze, Black Country Communion, Tony Iommi, Phenomenon, HTP, and a solo career. From England.)

Randy Jones — Cowboy

(Randy attended high school in Raleigh, North Carolina, where he became an organizer of the Dramatic Arts Club and graduated from 1970 to 1977-1980. He was one of the members of the village people’s musical choir, dove time Forrest messages. Currently lives in New York.)

 Philip Rose — The Indian

(As usual, when he was part of a group, he wore a costume consisting of a hood, a suit in yellow, and a theatrical vest, whose character was puss. From 1977 to 2017 was the vocalist of the original line-up RoseWills; a year later, the group’s name was changed. In 2018, after a solo tour, Rose released the single “equilateral.”)

Ray Simpson – Cop

READ:  The meaning behind the song "Rocket Man" by Elton John

(In August 1979, he replaced the original singer Victor Willis in the role of the policeman, a position he played until 1982, and again from 1987 until Willis back in 2017. Simpson sang in the first year of the group’s existence, which is why he was hired (in a concise time) to join the group when Willis left.

Simpson starred in the movie “Village people “I can’t stop the music,” released in 1980.

Born and raised in the Bronx, he graduated from City College in New York with a degree in English and music.)

What does “YMCA” mean?

People familiar with urban America should know the YMCA. In short, it is an organization of the “Young Men’s Christian Association, “which was created to serve poor citizens (especially men and boys).

This youth volunteer institution puts at the forefront the development and upbringing of boys and girls based on three principles: a healthy mind, a healthy body, and a developed intellect. It has gained popularity owing to the creation of children’s camps. It was founded in London in 1844 by George Williams, who lived from 1821 to 1905, and has about 64 million members in more than 120 countries worldwide.

Albeit the YMCA is a Christian organization by its roots and goals, it has no official ties with any church, government, or state. The objectives of YMCA programs are to strengthen people’s moral and physical health, unite them for socially valuable activities, and foster respect for universal values.

The Russian Orthodox Church abroad has repeatedly stated its negative attitude to the SIMCA, linking the activities of the YMCA with Freemasonry and the spread of the ideas of ecumenism and non-Christian humanism. Russian Orthodox Church traditions, Russian spirituality, and culture are one of the declared goals of the YMCA in Russia.

Meaning of the song “YMCA” – Village People

The song’s meaning lies in the narration of the band about a person, “greenhorn in town,” who appears stuck chiefly, that is, without a roof over his head and broke, that the YMCA is a place to go. In particular, they’ll take care of his necessities. Additionally, he’ll meet people like himself with whom he can hang out. In the following part, the listener understands that the YMCA can contribute to improving his life and implementing his daydream. And it was too proud to allow yourself the help of the charity. But it’s evident that he requires ingesting his pride and asking for appropriate support.

In the last verse, the singer directly sympathizes with the addressee, stating that he was once in the same situation. Once upon a time, he also faced a difficult situation; he did not receive care and kindness and did not believe that the world was hypocritical. Or he was just depressed. But since he is currently advising a young man, someone recommended that he seek help from the YMCA. And perhaps, considering how he supports the institute, everything went well.

(Demonstrating the continuity of generations, a third character appears on the stage in the finale – someone named someone. Who once came to the narrator, who was in a state close to suicide, and literally took him by the hand to the Association. And there, when he was still a very young man, lost and lost, he was given food and fragrant soap, as well as a costume of a Cuban rebel, builder, biker, cowboy, Indian, or cop.)

At first, it may seem that the song is quite straightforward. Residents stumbled upon a guy who got into trouble and jeopardized. They wanted to take him to a place where, in their opinion and experience, he would get help, to the equivalent “troubleshooter.” Nevertheless, it should accept to account denied that this track can be classified as a public advertisement.

READ:  Explaining the meaning behind song «The Sound Of Silence» — Simon & Garfunkel

YMCA, it’s fun to stay at the

Young man, young man, are you listening to me?

Young man, young man, what do you want to be?

YMCA, you’ll find it at the

No man, no man does it all by himself

Young man, young man, put your pride on the shelf

YMCA and go to the

Young man, young man, I was once in your shoes.

It is impossible not to mention fascinating facts.

  • In addition to the fact that dear Donald flexed under the song, numerous parodies were made for this composition. The author of one of them is Boy George. His real name is George Alan O’Dowd, a British singer, and composer, one of the pioneers of the new Romance movement. In the past, a member of such groups as Culture Club and Jesus Loves You.
  • And here is a version of the performance of this song at a time when Robyn Adele Anderson did not yet perform the music itself. American vocalist and theater actress from New York. Cast member and acclaimed artist Scott Bradlee’s Postmodern Jukebox with over 250 million views on YouTube of her music videos. She is credited with the band’s breakthrough covers of the songs “Charity Shop” and “We Can’t Stop” in 2013.
  • Does a piece of music praise gay people? Why is this composition considered the gay anthem of all time? The fact is that the Village People group, inextricably linked with gay culture, was believed to be singing in a veiled form, not at all the Christian virtues of the Association.
  • The rumor began because the organization was unofficially famous for its rich opportunities for gay recreation and a place convenient for finding a partner. The band’s musicians denied composing their song implying references to the gay context, but its ambiguous sound was always tacitly welcomed.
  • The day before, news came from the USA that the YMCA association decided to rename itself, and now it will be called simply Y., that is, Young. Thus, its organizers allegedly seek to emphasize its youth orientation further.
  • The group wrote: “We are deeply alarmed by the current announcement that the YMCA organization has decided to rename itself after having existed under this name for 166 years,” the statement said. “But some things remain the same. We deeply admire the organization’s work, but get used to the name Y. I don’t think we can.”
  • “YMCA” is number Seven on VH1’s list of the 100 Greatest Songs of the 20th century.

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Agrify: Implications of the Senior Secured Note

by | Mar 22, 2022 | Company Analysis

Agrify announced that it borrowed $65 million under a new $135 million senior secured note, and yet the stock dropped 25% shortly after the announcement. Why did the stock drop? Why did they borrow $65 million when they already had $100 million of cash on hand? What does this imply about their business? What is this lender’s long-term interest?

Premium Members can read more below…

Agrify also reports its 4Q21 results tomorrow before the open; call will be 8:30 am ET, webcast at this link.


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What is self-assembled monolayer in nanotechnology?

What is self-assembled monolayer in nanotechnology?

A Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) is a one molecule thick layer of material that bonds to a surface in an ordered way as a result of physical or chemical forces during a deposition process. Silanes can form SAMs by solution or vapor phase deposition processes. Most commonly, chlorosilanes or alkoxysilanes are used.

How do you create a self-assembled monolayer?

Figure 1 Self-assembled monolayers are formed by simply immersing a substrate into a solution of the surface-active material. The driving force for the spontaneous formation of the 2D assembly includes chemical bond formation of molecules with the surface and intermolecular interactions.

What are self-assembled monolayers used for?

SAMs can serve as models for studying membrane properties of cells and organelles and cell attachment on surfaces. SAMs can also be used to modify the surface properties of electrodes for electrochemistry, general electronics, and various NEMS and MEMS.

What are self-assembled materials?

Self-assembly is the process in which a system’s components—be it molecules, polymers, colloids, or macroscopic particles—organize into ordered and/or functional structures or patterns as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction.

How thick are self assembled monolayers?

SAMs as Components of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. SAMs are themselves nanostructures with a number of useful properties (Figure 1). For example, the thickness of a SAM is typically 1−3 nm; they are the most elementary form of a nanometer-scale organic thin-film material.

How does self-assembly work?

How thick are self-assembled monolayers?

Is self-assembly reversible?

Self-assembly in the classic sense can be defined as the spontaneous and reversible organization of molecular units into ordered structures by non-covalent interactions. In such a way, highly organized covalent molecules may be formed in a specific manner.

What are the two types of self-assembly?

There are two types of self-assembly, intramolecular self-assembly and intermolecular self-assembly. Most often the term molecular self-assembly refers to intermolecular self-assembly, while the intramolecular analog is more commonly called folding.

What is meant by monolayer?

: a single continuous layer or film that is one cell, molecule, or atom in thickness.

Why is self-assembly important?

Self-assembly has the potential to provide the basis for a new form of molecular synthesis. Classical, covalent synthesis now is so accomplished and successful as an art and a technology that it can make most target molecules.

What is supramolecular self-assembly?

A supramolecular assembly is a complex of molecules held together by noncovalent bonds. Thus they allow access to nanoscale objects using a bottom-up approach in far fewer steps than a single molecule of similar dimensions. The process by which a supramolecular assembly forms is called molecular self-assembly.

How are self assembled monolayers of organic molecules formed?

Self-assembled monolayer. Self-assembled monolayers ( SAM) of organic molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption and are organized into more or less large ordered domains. In some cases molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the substrate.

Why are self assembled monolayers of noble metals special?

Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on noble metals are a special case because the metal-metal bonds become reversible after the formation of the thiolate-metal complex. This reversibility is what gives rise to vacancy islands and it is why SAMs of alkanethiolates can be thermally desorbed and undergo exchange with free thiols.

How are SAMs formed in a self assembled monolayer?

SAMs are created by the chemisorption of “head groups” onto a substrate from either the vapor or liquid phase followed by a slow organization of “tail groups”.

Which is the best description of a monolayer?

Monolayer. A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of atoms, molecules, or cells. In some cases it is referred to as a self-assembled monolayer. Monolayers of layered crystals like graphene and molybdenum disulfide are generally called 2D materials .


The National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) joins the celebration of the National Peace Consciousness Month 2022 with the theme,”Pagkakaisa at Paghilom: Isang Bansa para sa Kapayapaan“.

It is celebrated in the Philippines every month of September due to Presidential Proclamation No. 675, which was issued to instill consciousness and understanding of the importance of peace in the Filipino people.


Pranab Mukherjee’s condition continues to remain critical

New Delhi : Former President Pranab Mukherjee’s health condition continued to remain critical after undergoing emergency surgery for a brain clot and was on a ventilator currently, the Army Hospital, where he has been admitted, informed on Wednesday.

Presently, he is hemodynamically stable and on a ventilator.

On Tuesday, Army Hospital stated the former president who underwent life-saving emergency surgery for brain clot on August 10 has not shown any improvement and his health status had worsened.


Ndamukong Suh Wife

Ndamukong Ngwa Suh is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent.

He played college football at Nebraska, where he earned All-American honors, and was drafted by the Detroit Lions second overall in the 2010 NFL Draft.

He also played for the Miami Dolphins, Los Angeles Rams, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Ndamukong Suh Wife

Ndamukong Suh Wife: Who is Katya Suh?

Who is Ndamukong Suh married to? Who is Ndamukong Suh’s wife?

Katya Suh is the wife of American football defensive tackle, Ndamukong Su.

Suh proposed to his college sweetheart in May 2019 in France. Katya and Ndamukong married the following year on May 23, 2020.

Because of the global pandemic, they had a Zoom wedding. Although the Buccaneers defensive tackle’s teammates were unable to attend the wedding, they celebrated the newlyweds on social media.

Ndamukong Suh Wife

On March 26, 2021, Ndamukong and Katya Suh welcomed their twin sons, Kingston Rudolph Bongjo Suh and Khari David Fombuh Suh.


How do you anchor a gazebo to concrete?

How do you anchor down a gazebo on concrete?

Wedge anchor into concrete DIY. How to bolt down a gazebo, shed, or …

How do you anchor a gazebo to concrete without drilling?

Using leg weights is the best option for securing your gazebo without drilling into the ground. Gazebo leg weights work on any surface and can easily be filled with either water or sand. They are also capable of holding down your gazebo without fear of it getting blown away.

Can gazebos go on concrete?

Grass, Patio, Concrete, Decking or Gravel

As you can imagine rough, uneven ground will be less stable than flat, smooth ground. So gravel or pebble-dash could make the gazebo less stable.

How do you keep a gazebo from blowing off concrete?

Common ways to secure gazebos from wind include using leg weights, rope and pegs, anchoring kits, polypropylene straps and threaded rods.

How do you weigh a gazebo down on a patio?

Heavy weights: Using heavy gazebo leg weights is the most popular method for anchoring gazebos down on hard surfaces. Any heavyweight should be strapped directly to the gazebo, try and avoid using straps to a weigh down a short distance away from the gazebo in case the weight moves and the strap can loosen.

Do gazebos need to be anchored?

How much weight do you need to hold down a gazebo?

The recommended minimum seems to be around 24 pounds per leg. For a standard 10 x 10 gazebo, 40 pounds per leg is a good weight to aim for to be extra safe. Don’t worry if this sounds incredibly heavy, as there are ways of creating a heavy weight without taking up too much space.

How do you secure a gazebo patio without drilling?

To avoid any injuries or damage to property, do the following to secure your gazebo properly without drilling:

  1. Use sandbags. …
  2. Tie the gazebo to surrounding objects. …
  3. Use furniture to secure it. …
  4. Use gym weights. …
  5. Large plant pots. …
  6. Buy special gazebo weights. …
  7. Can you anchor a gazebo to the ground? …
  8. Will grass die under a gazebo?

How do you anchor a gazebo to the ground?

How do you attach a pergola to a concrete patio?

How To Install a Pergola Column Using a Concrete Mounting Kit

How do you bolt into concrete?

Simply drill a hole into the concrete, hold the fixture you’re fastening over the hole, then use a hammer to tap the anchor into the hole. As you drive in the pin, the sleeve expands outward, trapping the anchor in the hole.

What wind speed can a gazebo stand?

A good strength gazebo will only stand against wind up to 60m/h, so take it down if wind speed is more than that. But if the weather is light to moderate, you should always consider some accessories for gazebo, e.g: sand bags/weights, pegs and guy ropes to help secure your gazebo.

How much wind can gazebo withstand?

Most heavy-duty gazebos can withstand wind speeds of up to 50-55 kph (31-34 mph) if properly secured. Some of the permanent gazebos can handle even higher wind speeds so keep that in mind when considering what kind of gazebo to buy.

Should a metal gazebo be grounded?

A metal gazebo should be grounded if you want to keep it safe from lightning strikes. You can ground it by mounting copper rods to the base of the gazebo. Drive the rods into the ground, ensuring that they’re at least six inches deep. This placement will keep your gazebo safe from lightning.

How do you hold down a canopy on concrete?

The use of tent weights is perhaps the best way to secure the canopy on any concrete floor. It allows you to set up the tent without piercing the floor. Plus, these weights are heavy enough to keep the tent in its place even during storms without a doubt. These weights are also available in various shapes and options.

How do I stop my canopy from blowing away?

In addition to using tent stakes, try attaching sandbags or weights to the legs of your canopy. Canopy sandbags can be filled with a material like sand or pebbles and provide additional weight to help your canopy resist the wind.

How heavy should a gazebo weight be?

Once filled you can expect each to weigh approximately 8kgs (water) and 11 kgs (sand). If you are particularly concerned about anchoring your gazebo, you may also want to consider combining use of these weights with gazebo wind bars.

How do you attach a pergola to a brick patio?

Set your pergola legs on the patio and mark them. Use a screwdriver or flat nail bar to pry up only the pavers where the legs will go. Use one of those augur type bulb planter to drill a hole into the soil where the pavers were removed. Place the legs in the holes and pour concrete into the hole and around the leg.

How do you anchor a metal pergola to concrete?

Use wedge anchors to attach a metal gazebo frame to a cement patio to keep it secure against wind and other elements. After wedge anchors are inserted into the patio, the gazebo legs can be bolted directly into place.

How do you secure a hard top gazebo to the ground?

You can secure a portable gazebo from the wind by hammering stakes directly into the grass. Tie the gazebo to the ground with rope and stakes for extra support. You can weigh each gazebo post with a planting pot filled with concrete, bricks, or gravel.

How do you anchor something to the ground?

How do I anchor a post to a concrete slab?

How to attach wood posts / railing to concrete with Simpson Strong Tie …

How do you secure pergola posts to concrete?

How do you set post stirrups in concrete?

  4. MIX CONCRETE &amp, WATER. …

Can I screw directly into concrete?

Concrete screws are a quick and convenient way to fasten to concrete. The best thing about these screws is that you can screw directly into concrete without any need for hammering or an anchor or shield to install. All you have to do is drill a hole and drive in the screw.

Where do anchor bolts go in concrete?

Anchor Bolt Location For Concrete Foundation – YouTube

How do you attach metal to concrete without drilling?

How to Fasten to Concrete – EASY WAY – Walls/Floors/Block – YouTube

How do you reinforce a gazebo?

How to Reinforce Your Gazebo – YouTube

Do you need to anchor pergola?

Do I have to anchor a pergola? To prevent a pergola from blowing away in bad weather or warping with time, it’s highly recommended that you anchor it to the ground. Anchoring a pergola will help your structure last longer, but it will also protect your family and neighbors should you experience high winds.

What is the most sturdy gazebo?

Best Hard-Top: Palram Martinique Aluminum Frame Rectangle Gazebo. The Palram Martinique is a rectangular gazebo with a sturdy aluminum frame and a hard-top roof with a powder-coated finish. It’s designed to offer year-round protection from rain, hail, snow, and blazing-hot sun.

Can lightning strike a gazebo?

Gazebos Vulnerable to Lightning

Gazebos and similar structures such as garden pavilions don’t provide adequate protection against lightning. You are therefore recommended not to seek shelter from thunderstorms within a gazebo. … The risk of lightning strike is there whenever there is a thunderstorm.

Can a gazebo be struck by lightning?

Ultimately, gazebos of any type are not safe in lightning – so if you get caught in a thunderstorm you should run into the house straight away. … However, this is more to protect the gazebo itself, and will not help protect you from lightning strikes.

Is it safe under a gazebo during lightning?

Don’t shelter under trees, near water, on high ground or in open fields. Canopy shelters or gazebos containing metal frames should also be avoided. It should go without saying, but swimming during a storm is a big no-no!

How much weight do you need to hold down a 10×10 canopy?

Determining how much weight you’ll need for your canopy tent is very simple. American Tent manufacturers recommend 40 lbs at each tent leg for a small, 10×10 tent. Anything larger than that and the number doubles. Simple!

How do you make a wind proof canopy?

How to Make a Canopy Windproof – YouTube

How do you secure a canopy in the wind?

How to Secure a Canopy in High Winds – YouTube


Roberta, Tina…what ya saying?

1 John 4:16 says,

Don’t Forget To Remember…

No..He is NOT in Control

If He Is In Control, It’s Out of Control.

One of the things that we hear especially when things go chaotic in life is that God is in control. To our human intellect this would ring true. After all He is God and we are mere mortals. But to have that thought introduces several questions that we cannot answer especially from the unbeliever. Why does He allow bad things to happen to good people? Why did He not intervene in the Sandy Hook situation or the Las Vegas situation or the church shootings? Where was He when slavery and racism took the lives of millions of people? How could He allow His own to die under the hand of the Nazis? He is in control and He is our Father but millions have died via illness, disease and starvation? Children, babies are innocent victims yet bare the ultimate penalty? Where is your God? Where is this Heavenly father? Why, does He let the wicked prosper and allow others suffer? These are valid questions that we sometimes must field from the unbeliever and if you are honest with yourself, ones you have asked yourself. To be honest these questions creates a wrestling in your soul that struggles to produce an answer that is Biblically supported, an answer that makes sense. If that is how He looks after His children, His creation then something is wrong.

But and because He is a good good Father how do we reconcile? I would submit for your consideration that God is not in control. Before you hang me from the highest tree let’s consider if the Word supports this conclusion. Logically, a good place to start is in the beginning. In Genesis 1:26-28 through we read “And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created He Him; male and female created He them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it. So what I am hearing that He gave man the authority the edict to run things and rule over His creation. While He is in charge, all powerful, and sovereign that does not mean He is in control of the earth.

Now I know you are probably saying to yourself wait a minute, the Bible says that “the Earth is the Lords and the fullness thereof, the world and they that dwells therein.” (Psalm 24:1) True…but there is a notable difference between ownership and sovereignty and being in control. As I was thinking on this point, the Father showed me an example. He said you have a car that you own. It is yours, however if you give the keys to someone whom you allow to drive it, say to run an errand, who is in control of that car? What if an accident takes place? Who is in control, the one who owns it or the one who possesses the keys and is behind the steering wheel? A king can be sovereign over a nation having not to answer to anyone yet still not be in control of the activities of his subjects. Consider Psalm 115:16. “The heaven, even the heavens, arethe LORD’S: but the earth hath he given to the children of men.” Yes, the Father created it for man’s use supplying everything needed for man to live and thrive, howbeit retaining ownership. Understand, He has given control of the earth to men and we will have to give an account how we maintained it. I am afraid, however, that we have advocated our responsibility of being a mindful tenant. Being a renter of my place of residence does not mean that my landlord is in absolute control of the residence. It is given to me.

There is a point in the New Testament that many miss that illustrates this point. When Jesus is tempted in the wilderness by Satan in Luke 4:6-7 Satan declares that he would give Jesus the kingdoms of the world along with their authority and splendor, because it was given to him…through the fall, but with the resurrection of Christ ALL power was given to Him. His desire is that God’s will be done on EARTH as it is being done in Heaven. This would point to a probable fact that His will is not always being done on earth. We have advocated our responsibility in parenting, in governance, in the earth maintenance, and nature itself. Sadly we have not demonstrated loving our fellow man. Even to those proclaiming the banner of Christendom have advocated our call, our duty to love our fellowman with the unshakable, the unbiased love of Christ. As a renter it is MY duty to maintain the property as I am answerable to the owner. We Are answerable to the Owner and will one day give an account for that which He left in our hands. God’s sovereignty and ultimate ownership does not abate or eliminate man’s accountability.

Breaking News! Escape Plot Foiled….

It ALMOST happened just this week. One of the world’s most heinous prisoners almost escaped again. If this prisoner is ever let loose or escapes imprisonment he causes irrevocable harm to individuals and societies as a whole. What is the name of the prisoner? Last name- Quit, first name, Just! His power is immeasurable and his lasting effect is unknown, but we must continually, steadfastly and with diligent relentlessness guard this villain in order to achieve our potential and calling.

When we think of “guard” we immediately think to protect from harm, keep watch over: as in to guard a bank or guard the President.  But in this case I am applying the second definition of the word “guard”. That is to prevent escape or violence as in guarding a prisoner, or in other words, to surround, enclose, and to keep watch.

I was thinking on this passage the other day and I thought how true these words are.

Psalm 27:3 – “I had fainted, (I would let “Just Quit” free) unless I had believed to see the goodness of the LORD in the land of the living.”

We have all been there and yes sometimes we revisit this place periodically. This place is the mindset of wanting to quit. It’s funny. You see other day “Just Quit” was talking to me from his cell, whispering set me free. I was thinking why am I writing a blog? Are there people really interested in reading my thoughts? Why am I persevering through this change and why am I putting up with this environment? Open your eyes, nothing is happening. Yes I almost abandoned my duty and set “just Quit” free, but I remembered one of my loyal friends named “Just Believe” and thought I may not see it with my natural eye at this moment but I will guard my “quit”.

I grew up in the generation where cowboy shows on American television was big in the 1960s. Sometimes there would be an episode where a man was arrested and put into the jail and the sheriff or deputy would have to guard the prisoner. He would be assigned to make sure he did not escape but on top of that he would have to deal with external influences. Those influences were prisoner’s relatives that would issue threats and ultimatums. They would shout out warnings and demand that their relative be set free from the prison cell. That is the same scenario we go through today. The enemy of our goals speaks to our mind words of discouragement. This is mainly a blog on Christian thoughts but the scenario is not limited to Christian or religious experiences. It is relevant in all scenarios. You see there are many areas we are tempted to “just quit”. There are areas of relationships, personal disciplines, educational and career pursuits, eating and health habits, exercise and we are tempted to throw in the towel and let “Just Quit” out of jail. We get tired of the struggle, we get tired of the amount of time and effort it takes to achieve our goal that seems to move further away despite our pursuit of it. We get discouraged when we see others who have seemingly succeeded and everything for them has turned out right. But yet even more, we should guard against our “just quit”. Possibly, just possibly those who have achieved stayed on their post and guarded their “just quit”.

It is during the roughest, darkest times that we are tempted to abandon our position and to let “just quit” out of jail. We hear the voices of the external influences in the midnight hour demanding a choice of surrender and release. Understand this is not a religious issue. It’s a human issue that we all face. It does not the matter the religion, the denomination, the culture, creed or race. We all continually are tempted to give up and set free, “Just Quit”. No one is exempt. In guarding “just quit” do not submit to the relatives that are trying to get you to let him go free. I had fainted unless I believed to see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the living. I would have quit, I would do something else, I would try it my own way when being a follower of Jesus Christ seems to be a slow unproductive journey at times had not I believed to see. I would have  “just quit” pursuing my Bachelors degree after starting college at the tender age of 50 had I not believed. I would have pursued unethical business practices had I not believed. I would not chase entrepreneurism had I not believed.

Let me state this, failure is not related in any way to “just quit”. Failure at least shows attempt. When you fail at attempting something it rules out one formula and makes clearer the right formula. Many whom we most admire in the world have failed in their pursuit before grasping success but they did not give up and “just quit”.  No, do not shy from failure, but stay away from “just quit’s” best friend, the FEAR of failure. Their DNA is almost identical.

The Bible says Galatians 6:9 – “And let us not be weary in well doing: for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not.” (If we do not fail to guard our “Just Quit”)

So if you’re doing well and your intentions, motives and heart is to do well, guard your “just quit” however if you’re not doing well and in your heart you know it is not your objective to do well, set the prisoner free and “Just Quit” it.


More and more companies are realising in order to retain existing clients and gain new clients; they need to stand out from the crowd. One way they do this is in their product offerings, however as we know people buy people, so it is therefore vitally important that customer facing staff are fully trained in all aspects of customer service and sales. We want to ensure our clients feel every interaction with us is a valuable one, that we appreciate their custom and that we ensure we meet all their needs in a professional and friendly way, using clear and effective communication to ensure that customer value is maximised and potential business is not lost. If your staff are not trained properly on sales, how much business your company is losing?

Type of Program: Local Achievement Unit Program (B)

Duration: 24 hours


Thursday, October 06, 2022

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II. The Return of African-American Males to Institutionalized De Facto Slavery

The legal institution of slavery in the United States ended in 1865 with the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, the badges of slavery and bondage have lingered on into the twenty-first century as African-American males' constitutional rights are marginalized and abridged. Moreover, the Fifteenth Amendment was passed to ensure that the newly freed slaves had the right to vote. Yet, African-American males are systematically denied the opportunity to vote. Who would have thought that more than 100 years later, the descendents of newly freed slaves would be denied the right to vote under various state disenfranchisement laws? These laws have been upheld in most states, and achieve what slaves owners attempted to do with the Black Codes--prevent African-Americans from exercising their constitutional right to vote.


Church of Saint Nicholas of the Market, Ioannina

Προτεινόμενοι Προορισμοί:

Eleni Michou, Archaeologist
The church of Saint Nicholas of the Market is located in Ioannina, on today’s Hatzikonsta Street, in the historic center of the city. It seems that it already existed from the beginning of the 17th century, according to a reference in a document from July 1628, as well as from a reference in the Menaion of July of the church of Saint Nicholas Kopanon, where it is mentioned that on February 19, 1630 his son Recep Aga destroyed Saint Nicholas of the Market. Until December 2, 1647, the temple has not been rebuilt, while it is mentioned again in March 1749, without, however, making known the exact year of its erection. The only clear fact is that the temple was rebuilt between the years 1647-1749. It was destroyed again during the bloody clashes between Ali Pasha and Hurshid Pasha and the destruction of Ioannina in 1822 by the Sultan’s troops. Its second reconstruction, due to its current form, began in 1837, with the sponsorship of the Zosimadon brothers and G. Hatzikonstas, founder and of the adjacent hospital, who completed the church in 1842. However, little is known about the history of the temple after its completion.
Saint Nicholas of the Market is a large timber-roofed, three-aisled basilica with a seven-sided arch to the east. Two colonnades, with five built columns each, separate the aisles and support the raised roof. It is surrounded on the west and north by a picturesque loggia, supported by square pillars, which has a second floor in its entirety, open to the inside of the church and form its galleries, which have separate access from built external stairs to the north and south. The chapel of Saint Eleftherius has been formed at the end of the northern gallery. Above the entrance of the precinct, which opens to the south, raises the two-storey bell tower.
The church has limited frescoes on the inside, like some other modern temples of the city. The most important parts of the temple in terms of theological message are selected for the illustration, such as the apses of the Sanctuary and the dome (tholos) in the middle of the ceiling, with the Pantocrator in place of the dome, surrounded by angels and prophets. In the parts of the walls between the windows there are full-length saints. On the fronts of the sides, in a zone, there are individual representations, which do not constitute a single iconographic set, but fragmentary depictions of religious themes, wishes of individual donors. The whole iconographic approach of the church reflects the slow but gradual influence of western art, with strong Baroque elements, but also of the Nazarene painters in the formation of religious painting in an urban center, such as Ioannina, during this period.
The temple houses icons and objects of Russian origin, many of which are donated by Hatzikonsta, such as the despotic icons, strongly influenced by the style of Nazarene painters, which he donated to the temple in 1841. The transfer to the temple of portable works of Russian laboratories of the time is closely connected with the personality of its sponsors, who were active members of the Greek-Russian community of the 19th century.

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99000099000099000099000099000015300Crimson Red 🎨 RGB Color Code: #990000

The hexadecimal RGB code of Crimson Red color is #990000. This code is composed of a hexadecimal 99 red (153/256), a 00 green (0/256) and a 00 blue component (0/256). The decimal RGB color code is rgb(153,0,0). Closest WebSafe color: OU Crimson Red (#990000)
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Red (King Crimson album)
Red is the seventh studio album by English progressive rock band King Crimson. It was released on 6 October 1974 through Island Records in the United
Crimson/Red is the tenth studio album by English pop band Prefab Sprout, although for this album "Prefab Sprout" consists entirely of singer/songwriter
Look up crimson in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Crimson is a rich, deep red color, inclining to purple. It originally meant the color of the kermes
King Crimson
King Crimson are a progressive rock band formed in 1968 in London, England. The band draws inspiration from a wide variety of music, incorporating elements
Shades of red
cosmos, or red cosmos is the color of Cosmos atrosanguineus species. The color is described as dark red, deep crimson, deeper burgundy, deep red chocolate
Crimson King
House (2001). Described as "Gan's crazy side", the Crimson King is the ultimate ruler of the Red (also called the Random and the Outer Dark), and the
Flag of Nepal
combination of two single pennons (or pennants), known as a double-pennon. Its crimson red is the symbol of bravery and it also represents the color of the rhododendron
Chekka Chivantha Vaanam
Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (transl. Crimson Red Sky) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language crime drama film directed by Mani Ratnam, co-written with Siva Ananth
Crimson Peak
Crimson Peak is a 2015 gothic romance film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Matthew Robbins. The film stars Mia Wasikowska,
φοινικόπτερος phoinikopteros, lit. 'crimson/red-feathered'); other genera names include Phoeniconaias, which means "crimson/red water nymph (or naiad)", and


What Country is South West London?

What Country is South West London?

United Kingdom

South West England
Region of England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Largest city Bristol

What happened London Country bus?

London Country Bus Services was a bus company that operated in South East England from 1970 until 1986, when it was split up and later sold as part of the bus deregulation programme.

When did Staines bus garage close?

It closed in 1996 and the site is now occupied by serviced office space and meeting rooms, housed in a Postmodernist building called Centurion House. According to one office space-finding website, it is a “sensitive conversion of the old Staines Bus Depot”.

What country is north west of London?

North West England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Largest city Manchester
Largest urban area Greater Manchester Built-up Area

Where does the South West Region start?

The South-West includes Bunbury, the largest city outside the Perth and Peel regions with a population of about 68,000 in Greater Bunbury. The region stretches from Yarloop in the North to Walpole in the South and Boyup Brook to the west.

Where does the South West start?

However, archeologist, Erik Reed, gives a description which is the most widely accepted as defining the American Southwest, which runs from Durango, Colorado in the north, to Durango, Mexico, in the south, and from Las Vegas, Nevada in the west to Las Vegas, New Mexico in the East.

When were London buses introduced?

In 1829 George Shillibeer started the first omnibus service in London. Over the next few decades, horse bus services developed in London, Manchester and other cities. They became bigger, and double deck buses were introduced in the 1850s.

When did buses start in London?

4 July 1829
The very first bus route opened on 4 July 1829. The horse-drawn service carried paying passengers between the Yorkshire Stingo pub in Paddington and the Bank of England in the City.

Which country is Liverpool located in?

Liverpool, United Kingdom
Liverpool F.C./Locations

Are Scotland and Ireland part of England?

Why is it called the South West?

The southwest monsoon derives its name from winds which blow from a south-westerly direction in the Indian subcontinent. We often read about “southwest winds” in various news reports or weather forecasts.

Where is the South West region?

The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that generally includes Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent portions of California, Colorado, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.

Where is London Country south west bus company?

London Country South West (LCSW) was a bus operator in South East England and London. It was formed from the split of London Country Bus Services in 1986 and operated a fleet of around 415 buses from 10 garages, with its headquarters in Guildford.

When did the County of London become a county?

County of London. The County of London was a county of England from 1889 to 1965, corresponding to the area known today as Inner London. It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of the Local Government Act 1888.

How is London divided into North and South?

It was divided into two parts (north and south) by the River Thames, which was the most significant geographic feature. It was bordered by Essex to the north-east, Kent to the south-east, Surrey the south-west and Middlesex to the north.

When did LCSW change to London and country?

On 19 February 1988, LCSW was sold to the Drawlane Group. In 1989 the London & Country trading name was adopted, being applied to a new two-tone green and red livery.

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