Decentralized Finance News – DEFI NEWS

What is Daisy Protocol?

Août 22, 2021
4.91 (835 votes)

What is Daisy Protocol? Daisy is a decentralized crowdfunding community, but not only, discover all its features.

What is Daisy Protocol? Daisy amplifies success by amalgamating its decentralized crowdfunding model with innovative cryptocurrency projects.

In the recent five-year span, DeFi has achieved unimaginable heights. This can be easily traced back and monitored with the unbridled rise in popularity of Decentralised Exchanges (DEX), the prevalence of which starts to shift the overall consensus of the whole structure of the Cryptocurrency Market. Simple inquiry in the recent statistics will yield an unprecedented curve of funds flowing into DEX every day. Not only have DEXes become the ever-turning catalyst of funds turnover but they have also poised themselves as a great facilitator and driver of development in the Crypto Scene.

The most prominent and widely used DEXes currently operate within two main networks: Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain. Both of these are agile in certain respects and excel where the other one lacks. Ethereum offers an all-encompassing, reliable, and widely-used choice for DApps development and a slew of other not less inferior options. Where the myriad of flaws on Ethereum starts to manifest themselves is when there is a scaling involved. Ethereum network has yet to adapt and equip its network with scalable and efficient modus operandi. As of yet it visibly staggers when there is a significant network usage which drives gas fees prices to soar, transaction speeds to suffer, and people to sullen.

This patently shows that in the current Cryptocurrency space we don’t have a clear winner that surpasses and supersedes everyone and everything by a wide margin.

This is the reason why Daisy Protocol utilizes cross-chain solution as a way to incorporate the positive sides of all of the networks and bring interoperability as a groundwork of its operation.

What is Daisy Protocol?

What is Daisy Protocol?

Being tied to a single network imposes a number of constraints in terms of accessibility, scalability and overall interoperability. The essence of interchain is the unlimited ability to use the network best suited to the user’s current needs. Most IDO platforms currently available operate within the confines of a single blockchain.

This unfortunate reality leads to the following problems: a certain stratum of users will inevitably be excluded from the platform simply based on subjective inconvenience or complaints about the blockchain on which the IDO operates. It is also contradictory to impose constraints of any kind, when the very idea and concept of Blockchain is to unbind oneself in the choice one makes.

This is exactly what Daisy is all about. Daisy protocol allows for an uninhibited IDO platform that works in a way that doesn’t restrict its users to any extent while also delivering an unprecedented level of freedom for projects from various blockchains including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain to join and conduct IDO on the revolutionary Daisy Launchpad.

The main idea and concept behind Daisy is to facilitate and foster the growth of a manifold of projects in the Daisy ecosystem. Daisy launchpad is uniquely designed to be adaptive, fair, and welcoming to the projects of all rungs.

At the heart of the Governance in Daisy Ecosystem laurels community. The Governing method of Daisy is simple, democracy-driven, and overt. We are putting the community as a governing head because we believe in the fair vote by the majority and we detest any underhanded monopoly being pandered or pushed in crypto.

The Goal of Daisy is to lay out the ground for projects and startups on the interoperable and decentralized infrastructure. The main use case of Daisy then is delivering the much-needed infrastructure that helps raise funds for the promising projects indiscriminately of what Blockchain they operate on.

On top of that Daisy introduces a fair and reliable Round system that seeks to ensure that those who support the promising projects are valued equally and rewards are being distributed proportionally.

Did we arouse your curiosity? Find us on our website.

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Workplace Violence and Harassment Against Emergency Medicine Residents

Benjamin H. Schnapp, MD; Benjamin H. Slovis, MD; Anar D. Shah, MD, MBA; Abra L. Fant, MD, MS; Michael A. Gisondi, MD; Kaushal H. Shah, MD; Christie A. Lech, MD

Western J Emerg Med. 2016;17(5):567-573.

In This Article

The study was based on self-reported survey responses, so the results may be vulnerable to recall bias; as with all surveys, there is no way to objectively verify the accuracy of the reported incidents. This was a cross-sectional study and therefore represents only one moment in time. The time of year of the survey, as well as several well-publicized incidents of violence in the depertment in the months before the survey may have influenced the residents' recall. This study asked residents at all stages of their training to report their exposure to violence without controlling for the number of months spent in the ED (due to PGY year or off-service rotations), which may have affected reported levels of violence. This survey was provided to residents at urban, academic hospital centers and may not be representative of other hospital or clinical settings with a different patient populations and less alcohol/substance abuse or psychiatric disease. However, given the number and variety of New York hospitals surveyed, the results are likely representative of the experience in the city at large. The response rate for this study was 84%. We were unable to account for demographic information for those residents who did not participate in the survey, as we did not collect data from this group. However, we did attempt to compare the demographics of those who completed the survey with the residency populations as a whole based on each residency's respective website. While participation holds the potential for selection bias, we presume a lack of participation was most likely due to missing the ABEM ITE. Missing the ABEM ITE was most likely due to clinical responsibilities or vacation; therefore, those who did not respond to our survey were unlikely to be systematically different from our respondents, and our analysis of the demographics of the residency websites seems to confirm this. It is possible that residents who responded to the survey may have had experienced a greater or fewer number of episodes of violence than the population at large, but we consider systematic bias unlikely. While we attempted to include all of the most commonly cited reasons for ED violence in our survey, it is possible there were other reasons missed by our instrument. Additionally, our modified survey instrument has not been validated for use in the ED population, though modifications for our study were minimal.


Thanks to SpaceX, NASA regains a capability it lost for a decade

Enlarge / The Crew-1 mission streaks into the Florida sky on Sunday evening.

A skinny black-and-white rocket streaked skyward on Sunday evening, climbing into Florida’s darkening twilight skies. Its nine engines burned brightly as the Falcon booster pushed a spacecraft carrying four astronauts toward orbit.

And soon, they were there.

By all appearances, SpaceX’s first operational Crew Dragon flight started off successfully, sailing smoothly through the arduous ascent phase of the mission. A couple of hours after launch, SpaceX engineers were troubleshooting an issue with heaters on fuel lines leading to the spacecraft’s Draco engines. But this will likely be solved, and on Monday night an hour before midnight, Florida time, the crew—NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Shannon Walker, and Victor Glover; and Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi—should dock with the International Space Station.

If all goes well, their flight to the space will be entirely autonomous. The crew will not need to touch a flight control on Crew Dragon’s touchscreens.

This Crew-1 mission comes after more than a decade of work by SpaceX and NASA to build a spaceship capable of safely launching humans into orbit, getting them to the space station, and safely back to Earth. Although Sunday’s launch was just the first step, it was a critical step.

“It’s been quite a journey,” said Kathy Leuders, the associate administrator at NASA in charge of human exploration. “I’m pretty choked up thinking about the folks who have spent years of their lives getting ready for this mission.”

NASA’s big bet

The flight of a Dragon named Resilience by its crew represents a huge win for NASA, for multiple reasons. First of all, nearly a decade after the space shuttle retirement in July, 2011, NASA finally has an independent means of getting its astronauts to the International Space Station.

While it will continue to work with Russia to maintain the orbiting laboratory, the space agency is no longer beholden to a power with which the United States maintains tenuous relations. Moreover, in the unlikely event of a problem with the Russian Soyuz launch system, there will now be a second lifeline to the space station.

Additionally, NASA took a big risk with its “commercial crew” program by relying on private companies to replace the space shuttle. After this public-private program was created a decade ago, key members of Congress who authored NASA’s budget were skeptical this would work, and chronically under-funded it for years. And there were plenty of people who doubted an upstart company like SpaceX had the goods to safely put humans into space.

NASA faced a critical decision in 2014, when it came to selecting finalists to complete development of shuttle replacements. The agency had a finite amount of money, and three finalists—Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corp., and SpaceX. Boeing, with its legacy of success and status as a long-time contractor for NASA, was the favorite. With his limited budget, NASA’s chief of human spaceflight, Bill Gerstenmaier, faced pressure to select just a single contractor to ensure the program’s success.

“I will say that we had many healthy discussions about the number of awardees, and I believe most people involved in the selection thought we were only going to make one award,” Phil McAlister, director of commercial spaceflight development at NASA, told Ars. “I was adamant that we had to maintain competition, and I was probably the loudest voice advocating for that at the time, but ultimately it was Bill’s decision. I know he put a lot of thought into the question of ‘how many,’ and he ultimately chose two, which I think was one of the most consequential decisions we made.”

Ultimately, NASA chose both Boeing and SpaceX. The ensuing competition spurred both companies to move faster. With Sunday’s flight the newer, less-proven SpaceX delivered first. Boeing has performed a test flight of its Starliner spacecraft, but because that mission failed to reach the International Space Station due to multiple errors, Boeing must fly a uncrewed do-over mission in 2021. Boeing’s first operational mission is unlikely to occur until sometime in 2022.

Finally, by betting on commercial spaceflight, NASA has opened the door to a future in which more and more people will be able to go to space. Already, a commercial mission on Crew Dragon carrying Tom Cruise is scheduled for a little more than a year from now. On Sunday evening, during a post-launch news conference, President Gwynne Shotwell suggested, complete with a wink, there would be more commercial flights to follow.

“It’s really the beginning of a new era in human spaceflight,” she said. And she may just be right.

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How often is it you get to see the groomsmen arrive at the wedding ceremony galloping in on horseback? In my eight years experience filming weddings, I can say not very often!

That was one of many reasons why I was so excited for Josh and Melissa's big day. Part of the joy of my job is going on adventures with couples, and the badlands were a new experience for me. Being based in Edmonton, I don't get to see the southern part of the province very often, and this was my first time ever in Medicine Hat. It was a lot dustier than I'm used to, that's for sure!

I love the vast open landscapes, they set the scene of an epic romance. In fact, I felt like I was living in a real life western throughout the day! It was breathtakingly beautiful.

I was very saddened to hear from Melissa that she lost her brother several years ago and he would never get to see her wedding day, but she did drive to the aisle in his black truck, which was an incredibly moving moment.

My second shooter John and I had fun after the ceremony getting some amazing shots of the groomsmen riding their horses. This was such an exhilarating experience for me as I grew up around horses and miss them enormously. Give me a saddle and stirrups over a fast car any day!

As the evening finally came to a close, I felt warm and fuzzy after spending the day with beautiful people and capturing their most precious memories on film. Once again, I feel like I have the most incredible job in the world. There is nothing I would rather be doing, and no adventure I would rather be on than telling another love story in this beautiful country.

Courtney and Dustin contemplated downsizing their wedding due to the pandemic and my heart really went out to them. They ultimately decided to keep their date and have their wedding day as normal as possible. They moved their reception from a venue to Courtney's parents back yard and, I have to say, I think I preferred the backyard! It was beautifully decorated, personal and intimate. We had the gorgeous natural light and warmth of the setting sun. What more could you ask for?

I began my day with Courtney at her parents' house in Stoney Plain. I couldn't have hoped for a better location, with bright and airy walls and large windows the lighting was so beautiful!

Photography | https://www.ptography.ca

Ceremony Venue | https://theredtinbarn.ca

Florist | https://www.facebook.com/blackdoorbouquets/

DJ | https://www.nyquestentertainment.com

Caterer | https://www.thrivecateringco.com

Cake | https://cakeaffair.ca

Make-up | https://www.facebook.com/MackenzieShuyaMUA/

Bride Attire | https://www.enzoani.com/en/collections/blue-by-enzoani

Bridal Boutique | https://novellebridal.com

Groom Attire | https://www.mooresclothing.com

Rentals | https://alphatentrentals.com/?gclid=CjwKCAjwkJj6BRA-EiwA0ZVPVrfFXsfOV0Bq2Z8QHBbMYUgoXKDYS8wsEtLiBCYukdoXg74plYJ2QhoCAYAQAvD_BwE

I was so excited that Kim and Cosam were still able to go ahead with their wedding this year. They had to make to difficult decision to postpone their reception to next October, but they were still able to tie the know this summer as planned!

Excitingly, they had two outfits to wear for their big day.

Photography | Jillian Ila Photography

Ceremony | Hope City Church


22 October 2016 Ride

We’ve had fickle weather over the last week with mild windless days to windy and wet weather. Tomorrow is slated to be wet however looking at it positively the morning might be reasonable for a ride. Rug up for a cool ride. Still departing from Darnum at 8am. Ian will be at the Gardenvalia Bonsai exhibition at the Drouin Library and will be unable to ride. Its open to the public so why not visit. Its an indoor exhibition.

Tomorrow is forecast to be partly cloudy. Very high (95%) chance of rain, most likely in the morning and afternoon. Snow falling above 800 metres. The chance of a thunderstorm in the afternoon and early evening. Possible hail. Winds west to southwesterly 20 to 30 km/h tending south to southwesterly 25 to 35 km/h in the middle of the day then tending west to southwesterly 15 to 20 km/h in the late evening. Overnight temperatures falling to between 1 and 6 with daytime temperatures reaching between 8 and 15


Ukraine’s horrors show the importance of a free press reporting facts

Look at the pictures of the massacres in Ukrainian, bodies strewn on the streets of Bucha, hands tied behind their backs, bullet holes in the back of their heads execution-style, and thank God for the journalists who risk their lives every day to bring you the truth in its rawest and ugliest form.

“Fake news” is what Russian President Vladimir Putin would call it, and any journalist who dared report it would be sentenced to up to 15 years in prison.

Fortunately, American journalists do not risk jail time for telling the truth. Instead, they face an onslaught of verbal and often physical attacks and are labeled “enemies of the people” by American politicians and commentators, using terms favored by Soviet and Nazi dictators.

John Winn Miller
John Winn Miller

Now, consider for a moment the damage wrought by those who would have you believe journalists make up “fake news,” when what they do is expose inconvenient truths and outright lies with facts.

Facts are not opinions. They can’t be faked. Like good science, facts must be verifiable and withstand the scrutiny of others repeating the same discovery process. This is what journalism is: reporters ask tough questions or take painful pictures and videos, verify information through multiple sources and experts, and tell/show readers what they have learned and what questions can’t be answered.

That is what is happening in Ukraine. Brave journalists from all over the world are documenting and verifying each other’s reporting–some at the cost of their own lives–so we know for a fact that atrocities were committed in areas once occupied by the Russians. As a result, we don’t have to take any government’s word for what is happening; we can see it in real-time and make our own judgments.

We may find fault with some of the reporting. Unfortunately, mistakes and misinterpretations can always happen in the middle of such dangerous events. It’s like taking a snapshot of a fast-moving train: you don’t know where it came from or even where it is going. All you can do is report what you observe at the moment.

The Yucatan Times

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  4. Virat returns to his family

Nima Denzongpa

E172 - Virat returns to his family

21m | Hindi | Drama | 2022
U/A 13+ | Social Theme;Women Centric Drama

While Priyal faces punishment for her crime, Manya apologises to Virat for suspecting him of the crime. Meanwhile, Virat is infuriated at his mother for mistreating Nima. Will Virat bring Nima back along with him?


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The Khatra Khatra Show

Pratik's comical date

4m | Hindi | Game-Show | 2022
U/A 13+ | Comedy Show;Crude Humour

Pratik Sehajpal goes on a date with a girl but has to obey Farah Khan and Parineeti Chopra's every order. How will Pratik justify his actions and words? Find out in this clip, exclusively on Voot!


European Training Standard

training standards mean qualified earth builders

The PIRATE project brought together eighteen organisations from eight countries to write standards for training in the various earth building disciplines for workers who can already build and train others. ECVET Earth Building shows earth building is a process which can to be taught and assessed as a normal part of construction training, either on site or in a training environment.

There are already training standards for earth plasters, which you can download at the link above. There are also a lot of people working at all levels in earth building, from labourers to PhD's, but there is not system of assessment for skilled workers in earth structures and certainly not one which covers the European area. To allow people to train, and to travel to train and have valid qualifications which crosses borders is an ambitious task. But there are earth building and training organisations across Europe, each with their own national and regional situations. Finding the common ground between them takes time and a lot of discussion.

Earth Building UK and Ireland is the UK and Irelands partner in earth building training,  which co-ordinated the monolithic structures working group, which covers rammed earth and cob. This group covers training levels 3 and 4, skilled workers who can work alone at level 3 or direct others, at level 4. This group of workers is the heart of earth building and where we face the greatest shortage.

  The future, trained workers gaining earth building certificates in Europe, for use across Europe

This is not a training manual or system, training cam be done 'on the job', in a technical college, in a workshop, or a combination of all three. Trainees might be working with a skilled team, or with a parent, may be self taught or transferring skills from other building practice. The point of the ECVET project was to allow assessment of workers however they were trained to ensure their understanding is at the same level as others in the same field.

The project has already brought an amazing amount of understanding about the different conditions in a number of different countries, those with 'living' traditions, those having to re-invent traditions or start from scratch. Each situation may bring different understanding and approach which helps the others. Networking between national organisations also brings co-operation which helps them all.

The three year project began in 2012 and ends in 2015, by which time the outputs will begin to be disseminated. Over time we should see trained workers, a new breed, coming into the field with different understanding and expectations than the generation which came before. this means both risks and opportunities to be faced and understood, but a group of people better placed to do so.

EBUKI have worked with the Construction Industry Training Board to change the National Occupational Standard (NOS) to bring it in line with the ECVET Earth Units of Learning Outcomes. The current NOS is in the Heritage Skills suite of standards and stays there but now allows new build as well as conservation skills. Not only that but the language of ECVET Earth, clay, rammed earth, cob and masonry have been brought in to facilitate changes in the  National Vocational Qualification, which was published in 2016.

Test assessments have been run in France, see image above, and Germany, so earth structures will have a structure of testing and assessment recognised by a wide group of organisations across 17 countries as others join the European MoU for earth training.

    Units of learning outcomes, a teaching tool and guide for national bodies

    Meetings allow visits to exemplar earth building projects


Sitting here in Hawaii in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, I’m appalled and aghast with the way the Imperialist Western media has covered the Earthquakes, Tsunami and Nuclear Devastation in Japan. CNN, ABC, MSNBC and FOX news and the “talking head experts” all reported that it was ok for the winds to blow off shore and the nuclear contaminated debris’ to move toward the Ocean never giving one thought to the people who live downwind.

Dotting the Pacific, spanning 1/3rd of the world’s surface are places unknown to most people in America and Europe. No nations are more isolated geographically than those in the Pacific Ocean, making them among the least known and least understood parts of the globe.

Thousands of different indigenous people inhabit these Islands. They have families, voices, languages, customs and cultures. Google states that there are 20,000 to 30,000 Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

These islands include Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia as well as the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador; the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, the Russian islands of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands; Taiwan and other islands of the Republic of China; the Philippines; islands in the South China Sea, the islands of Indonesia; plus the Ryukyu Islands in the Japanese Archipelago.

I am convinced after an extended period of observation that there is very little television programming that addresses these people and their way of life, the effects of the downwinds and ocean currents. In 1954 fallout from the Bravo H-bomb Blast was estimated to cover 7,000 sq miles. However particles of radioactive materials were found as far north as Lake Ontario. The fish were “hot” in Japan, as well as radioactive horses in New Zealand and radioactive rain in Sydney.

Due to winds, rains and other weather patterns, particles of radiation contamination have been located in all parts of the planet making all of us “downwinders”

One of our problems today is that we are not well acquainted with the literature and the geography of the world. We’re interested in the news of the day and the problems of the hour and its immediate affects on us. When the concerns of the day have all been attended to, we turn to American Idol.

For decades, children have been taught American and European myths and legends, believing that all history springs forth from Europe. They have no concept of the wealth of contributions made by the peoples of Asia, Africa, North and South America, as well as the thousands of Island nations.

If you know the story of other places and people, then you see its relevance to something happening in your own life. It gives you perspective on what’ s happening to you. With the loss of that knowledge, we’ve really lost something because we don’t have a comparable to take its place. The quality of a society’s life improves as its sense of connection with history and a future improves. Some have called this sense of connection, a continuity of consciousness.

The Marshall Islands, 3,000 miles west of Honolulu, in the Central Pacific, consists of two archipelagic island chains of 1,152 islands and 30 atolls, including Majuro Atoll, the capital; Ebeye Island in Kwajalein Atoll; and Bikini and Enewetak Atolls, which were targets of U.S. nuclear testing programs.

More than 4,500 years ago the archipelago of Belau was settled. Today it is officially the Republic of Palau, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, some 500 miles (800 km) east of the Philippines and 2,000 miles (3,200 km) south of Tokyo.

In 1981, Palau voted for the world’s first nuclear-free constitution. This constitution banned the use, storage, and disposal of nuclear, toxic chemical, gas, and biological weapons without first being approved by a 3/4 majority in a referendum. This ban held up Palau’s transition to independence because while negotiating a Compact of Free Association with the United States the U.S. insisted on the option to operate nuclear propelled vessels and store nuclear weapons within the territory. After several referendums that failed to achieve a 3/4 majority, the people of Palau finally approved the compact with the U.S. in 1994.

About the fish in the ocean! Once the nuclear contaminates wash ashore, the plankton eat from the debris laden shore. They provide a crucial source of food to larger, more familiar aquatic organisms such as fish and cetacea. The little fish eat the plankton, the medium size fish eat the little fish and the big fish that swim the length and breadth of the Pacific Ocean eat the medium fish. And People eat the big fish. The major fishing industry is in the Pacific Ocean. Even pet foods are made from fish by-products.

The atomic/nuclear age has wrought worldwide havoc beyond belief. It has had such an impact on our lives, that we should not ignore the history but study it and learn from it.

MarshaRose Joyner, is a resident of, and an activist in many civil rights and other causes in, the Hawaiian Islands.


barracuda, or cuda for short, is a large, predatory, ray-finned fish known for its fearsome appearance and ferocious behaviour. The barracuda is a saltwater fish of the genus Sphyraena, the only genus in the family Sphyraenidae which was named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[2] It is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide ranging from the eastern border of the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, on its western border the Caribbean Sea, and in tropical areas of the Pacific Ocean. Barracudas reside near the top of the water and near coral reefs and sea grasses.[3] Barracudas are targeted by sport-fishing enthusiasts.


মুখ্য Contemporary Politics

Contemporary Politics

প্রকাশক: Taylor and Francis Group
ISSN (আন্তর্জাতিক স্ট্যান্ডার্ড সিরিয়াল নম্বর): 1356-9775 / 1469-3631

The relative certainties of the post-war modern world with its dominant values and norms of progress - industrialisation, economic growth, welfarism, social mobility, eradication of disease, inequality and commitment to even development - have been fundamentally challenged in the last twenty years. Far-reaching changes in the worlds political and economic structures have to some extent eclipsed traditional ideological and methodological disputes, and have led to the emergence of new intellectual agendas. Contemporary Politics creates a new international forum for these agendas to be explored and developed. The journal is interested in issues, processes and debates rather than institutions. Politics is defined broadly to include social, economic, developmental, environmental and gender issues. The journal publishes rigorous analysis and articulation of contemporary issues, controversies and theoretical debates - whatever is significant in theory or practice in a world where events themselves are driving towards a broader definition of politics. Contemporary Politics is primarily aimed at academics working in the field of political studies. However, the journal is also of interest to all those disciplines which have an interface with politics including development, environment, race, gender, sexuality, culture, religion, philosophy and economics. It is an indispensable tool for opinion makers, practitioners of politics, academics and students.

পত্রিকার ইস্যু নির্বাচন করুন

পত্রিকার নম্বর


This course presents the inland valley selection criteria for the Smart-Valleys approach. These criteria are essential in the inland valley selection process.

After an overview on the factors favoring each of the three phases of the  inland valleys selection, the course presents the documentation of field data and shows how the factors are hierarchized to ensure the best possible inland valleys selection.

The course then presents a practical description of the criteria to facilitate their use in the field.


The main objective of the cmRNAbone project is to create a novel bone regenerative therapeutic approach based on a combination of chemically modified RNA vector systems embedded in a 3D-printed guiding material tailored to the needs of trauma and osteoporotic patients.

To this end, cmRNAbone aims to:

  • Develop chemically modified RNA encoding specific proteins targeting neurogenesis, vasculogenesis and osteogenesis
  • Ensure safe and optimal cmRNA delivery by vehicles based on lipid and polysaccharide nanocapsules
  • Synthesise and characterise a biomaterial matrix that can be loaded and release cmRNA vectors
  • Optimise the 3D-printed cmRNA-based therapy and demonstrate the effective bone tissue regeneration in a comprehensive experimental setting
  • Exploit and advance the cmRNAbone regenerative solution for clinical trial readiness


How do you get audio clips on TikTok?

Adding TikTok Sounds To Existing Videos

To begin, tap “+”. Upload your content and then tap “Sounds” in the bottom left corner.

How do you do a good lip sync?

Practice singing the song out loud with emotion. Your mouth and facial expressions will change when you sing the notes. One, you feel something when you sing and two, you must engage your muscles when you sing. Once you practice singing the song out loud, then practice lip syncing it in the mirror.

What does lip sync mean?

How do you spot a lip sync?

Who caught lip syncing?

In a time before social media watchdogs and when lipsyncing to live performances was commonplace, Milli Vanilli got away with their ruse for longer than they might have today. But now their name is pretty much synonymous with the biggest lipsyncing scandal in pop culture history.

Is it lip syncing or lip syncing?

Terminology. Lip sync is also referred to as lipsync or lipsynch. The term sync or synch is pronounced /sɪŋk/, the same as the word sink. (Listen).

Is lip syncing illegal?

Did MJ lip-sync?

Michael Jackson did not lipsync completely during his HIStory tour as some people have said.

Did Beyonce lip-sync Super Bowl?

Katy Perry also admitted that some of her halftime performance was pre-recorded. “I think a lot of it will be live,” she said in 2015, according to Reuters. And Beyoncé was guilty of the same tactic during her Super Bowl appearance.

Who lip synced the national anthem?

Because the Super Bowl is primarily a television spectacle with a thousand moving parts, the producers years ago started asking to hear the anthem tracks a week before airtime, just so they would have one less potential variable. That’s why [Jennifer Hudson] was lip-syncing.”

Did Beyonce do Super Bowl twice?

While this will be The Weeknd’s first time on the Super Bowl stage, past halftime performances featured a number of repeat performers, including Justin Timberlake, Gloria Estefan, Beyoncé and more. Check below for six artists who have performed at the halftime show multiple times.

How long was Beyonce’s Coachella performance?

Then on April 14, 2018, both the singer and the music festival reached new levels of fame with Beyoncé’s two-hour performance which combined performers from HBCUs, surprise reunions and her greatest hits.

How much did Beyonce get paid at Coachella?

However, Billboard reported yesterday that Bey was paid between $8 million and $12 million. Sources also told The Blast that both Grande and Beyoncé were paid $4 million for each of their two headlining weekends.

What schools did Beyonce use for Coachella?

In the program’s second year, it will support one student at each of eight HBCUs: Texas Southern University, Morehouse College, Fisk University, Grambling State University, Xavier University of Louisiana, Wilberforce University, Tuskegee University and Bethune-Cookman University.

What college did Beyonce attend Coachella?

How the Black Colleges Beyoncé Honors in Homecoming Have Played a Vital Role in American History. Beyoncé performs during the 2018 Coachella Valley Music And Arts Festival on April 14, 2018, in Indio, Calif.

How much is Beyonce worth?

As of 2021, Beyonce has a net worth of $500 million.

What does the BAK stand for Beyonce?

Throughout her entire performance, Beyonce made it feel like we were all pledging her sorority, Beta Delta Kappa. The Greek letters, read in English as BAK, or “back.” Fans believe it could mean that Beyonce is saying that after last year, she’s back. Literally.

How old is Blue Ivy today?

Blue Ivy Carter/Age

Who is Beyoncé’s daughter?

Blue Ivy Carter

Rumi Carter

Who is Beyonce with now?


Mental Health Training

We help address mental health stigma in our communities and within workplace by offering mental health training, facilitating conversations, raising awareness, and supporting development of strong champion base to tackle discrimination and stigma. Time to Change support, expertise, and resources has helped us to establish Nottingham’s African hub for mental health and wellbeing. We champion mental health needs for BAME communities.

John Green

Mental Health

Mental health training is one of our key ways of changing the experience of young people affected by poor mental health in our communities. We aim to enable people to feel more comfortable and confident to talk about mental health and know more about how to respond when problems arise.

Through this, you are able to:

  1. Recognise the symptoms of mental ill health
  2. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding in order to to support team members who may be experiencing mental ill health
  3. Provide practical advice on steps to take when supporting a colleague experiencing mental ill health
  4. Guide the person experiencing mental ill health towards professional help
  5. Identify practical ways to improve your own mindfulness

Mental Health First Aider

This two-day course gives delegates the skills to be mental health first aiders. Delegates will get a deep understanding of what mental health is and what factors can affect wellbeing. The course teaches delegates practical skills to spot the signs of mental illness and gives them the confidence to step in and support a person who needs assistance.

Mental Health Champion

This one day mental health awareness and skills course qualifies community members as MHFA Champions, giving them:

    1. Knowledge and confidence to provide Mental Health First Aid for the most common mental health issues
    2. An understanding of how to help build a mentally healthy workplace, challenge stigma and support positive wellbeing


A Mermaid Dress

If you have an hourglass figure, you may want to consider a mermaid style dress for your formal event. The elegant mermaid formal dress styles are perfect for a woman with curves who is not afraid to flaunt them. The mermaid style dress can accentuate your curves and ensure you make an excellent impression when you arrive. There are many different options available for this style of dress.

A One Should Dress

You may also want to consider getting a beautiful one-shoulder a-line prom dress from Peaches Boutique or from your nearest dress stores for the formal occasion to make you look sophisticated and elegant. This dress style is suitable for almost all body shapes, and there are lots of options available when shopping for formal dresses. They are highly popular, which means almost all dress designers will have a one-shoulder dress in their collection, so there is plenty from which you can choose.

A Full Sleeved Formal Dress

Another style of dress that is an excellent choice for formal events is a full sleeved dress. It is an excellent choice when the event you are attending is in the colder months, as it will help keep you warm, while remaining looking sophisticated. These styles of dresses are often figure hugging and are available in various sizes. If you get one that does not fit correctly, you will want to have it altered before your event to ensure it hugs your figure and looks fantastic when you wear it.

A Half-Sleeved Dress

If the event you are attending is in the warmer months of the year, you can consider a half sleeved formal dress for your event. They are similar to a full-sleeved dress, and the only difference is the length of the sleeves. Again, these are often figure-hugging dresses, and for them to look their best, you need to ensure it fits snugly, so you may need to get it altered.

A Little Black Dress

Every lady should have a little black number in their wardrobe, and this is a type of dress that you can wear for any occasion, including formal events. You will want to ensure it is not too short, so get one with a reasonable hemline, and the neckline will depend on how much cleavage you have or want to show off. It is a dress suitable for all occasions, and when you do not know what to wear, this dress can be the perfect answer for you.


You asked: Can a baby eat food cooked in wine?

Does wine cook out of food?

The longer you cook, the more alcohol cooks out, but you have to cook food for about 3 hours to fully erase all traces of alcohol. … After an hour of cooking, 25 percent of the alcohol remains, and even after two and a half hours there’s still 5 percent of it.

What does cooking wine do to food?

Wine has three main uses in the kitchen – as a marinade ingredient, as a cooking liquid, and as a flavoring in a finished dish. The function of wine in cooking is to intensify, enhance, and accent the flavor and aroma of food – not to mask the flavor of what you are cooking but rather to fortify it.

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Does alcohol burn off in cooking?

Add alcohol to the end of the cooking process and you’re going to evaporate just 10-50 per cent of the wine off. Even the long, slow simmering of an alcohol-laced dish will leave you with about 5 per cent of the original amount of alcohol remaining in the dish.

Is it haram to eat food cooked with alcohol?

Can you get drunk from eating food cooked with alcohol?

Is Merlot or Shiraz better for cooking?

“A lighter red, like pinot noir, is great with pork, mushrooms and salmon,” says Jacobs. “Other reds that go well in lots of cooking, especially with red meat, are the classic shiraz, merlot or cabernet merlot varieties. … For example, a young Coonawarra cabernet might overpower the dish.”

How long does wine keep for cooking?

How long can you keep red or white wine for cooking?

Unopened Pantry
Past Printed Date
White Wine lasts for 1-3 Days
Red Wine lasts for 1-2 Weeks
Cooking Wine lasts for 1-2 Months

Which wine is best for cooking?

Best Varietals of Red Wine For Cooking

  • Cabernet sauvignon is a popular full-bodied wine. It’s an excellent choice for braising proteins such as ribs. …
  • Pinot noir is a much lighter varietal that cooks nicely with a meaty stew. …
  • Merlot is a silky red wine that’s fruit-forward with low tannins.
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Is it safe to eat food cooked with alcohol during pregnancy?

Is it OK to cook with alcohol when pregnant?

Eating cooked dishes containing wine while pregnant has adverse effects on the baby.

Does alcohol burn off in microwave?

Alcohol, like any liquor, is flammable. Your microwave could burst into flames. From all the previous “do-not-does,” this one you should REALLLY not do. There is a lot of exploding alcohol videos on YouTube: some look massive, and others are more likely to be the real deal.

Can Muslims eat food prepared with wine?

As for your question, wine is not allowed in any form. So, it is not allowed for Muslims to cook or eat food cooked with wine. Hence, it is not allowed for Muslims to use wine in any form or shape.

Is it haram to eat chocolate with alcohol?

If it contains alcohol (any amount, even very small amounts) then it is haram (forbidden). Two definitions from the Chocolate glossary: Chocolate Liquor: A bitter cocoa paste (or mass) that makes chocolate chocolate.

How much percentage of alcohol is halal?

Any ethanol produced by anaerobic fermentation and ranging between 1 and 15% is considered to be Haram (non-Halal, Forbidden), whereas ethanol produced by natural fermentation and less than 1% is considered as preserving agent and its Halal status is allowed.

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Helping moms


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Three Wise Women

Practical gifts towards Peace on Earth

Three Wise Women thanks to Jim Serritella

The setting for a better Christmas Nativity scene

Women Liberteens - Archie Bunker

Wisdom outweighs any wealth. - Sophocles

He was a wise man who invented God. - Plato

In youth and beauty wisdom is rare. - Homer

The fool wonders, the wise man asks. - Benjamin Disraeli

Kisses are a better fate than wisdom. - e e cummings

I'm a woman who wants her chocolate. - Jessica Simpson

Man has his will, but woman has her way. - Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr

Time ripens all things, no man is born wise. - Miguel de Cervantes

The wise learns many things from their enemies. - Aristophanes

Her husband was infidelicate with another woman. - Archie Bunker

Never argue with a woman, a winner, or a weapon. - Frank Dane

Silence makes idiots seem wise even for a minute. - Carlos R Zafon

Chocolate: God's apology to women for periods. - Unknown

All women are crazy, it's only a question of degree. - WC Fields

Mistakes are the usual bridge between inexperience and wisdom. - Unknown

In examinations, the foolish ask questions the wise cannot answer. - Oscar Wilde

As long as she thinks of a man, nobody objects to a woman thinking. - Virginia Woolf

How do you feel about women's rights? I like either side of them. - Groucho Marx

I wouldn't be caught dead marrying a woman old enough to be my wife. - Tony Curtis

High heels were invented by a woman who had been kissed on the forehead. - Christopher Morley

If women didn't exist, all the money in the world would have no meaning. - Aristotle Onassis

He who has two women loses his soul. But he who has two homes loses his mind. - Ancient Proverb

I will buy any creme, cosmetic, or elixir from a woman with a European accent. - Erma Bombeck

Women give us solace, but if it were not for women we would never need solace. - Don Herold

Bimbo: Any woman to whom you pay a compliment, while in the company of your wife - Daffynitions joe-ks.com

The next best thing to being wise oneself is to live in a circle of those who are. - C S Lewis

When once a woman has given you her heart, you can never get rid of the rest of her body. - John Vanbrugh

If women ran the world we wouldn't have wars, just intense negotiations every 28 days. - Robin Williams

I believe in loyalty: I think when a woman reaches an age she likes, she should stick to it. - Eva Gabor

Self-pity is our worst enemy and if we yield to it, we can never do anything wise in the world. - Helen Keller

The fickleness of the women I love is only equalled by the infernal constancy of the women who love me. - George Bernard Shaw

That's the price she has to pay. - Groucho Marx

I love writing for women. The willingness to go from laughter to tears in a moment is the greatest palette you can paint with as a writer. - Michael P King

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Build It - They Will Come

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False Dreams

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They All Look So Jacozy

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Flight of the Ladybug

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Log Sticks


Lewis Structure of BrO4- (With 5 Simple Steps to Draw!)

Lewis Structure of BrO4-

I’m super excited to teach you the lewis structure of BrO4- ion in just 5 simple steps.

Infact, I’ve also given the step-by-step images for drawing the lewis dot structure of BrO4- ion.

Lewis structure of BrO4- ion contains three double bonds and one single bond between the Bromine (Br) atom and Oxygen (O) atoms. The Bromine atom (Br) is at the center and it is surrounded by 4 Oxygen atoms (O).

Let’s draw and understand this lewis dot structure step by step.

5 Steps to Draw the Lewis Structure of BrO4-

Step #1: Calculate the total number of valence electrons

Here, the given ion is BrO4. In order to draw the lewis structure of BrO4 ion, first of all you have to find the total number of valence electrons present in the BrO4 ion.

So, let’s calculate this first.

Calculation of valence electrons in BrO4- ion

  • For Bromine:

Bromine is a group 17 element on the periodic table.

  • For Oxygen:

Oxygen is a group 16 element on the periodic table.

Hence, the valence electron present in oxygen is 6 (see below image).

Hence in a BrO4- ion,

Valence electrons given by Bromine (Br) atom = 7
Valence electrons given by each Oxygen (O) atom = 6
Electron due to -1 charge, 1 more electron is added
So, total number of Valence electrons in BrO4 ion = 7 + 6(4) + 1 = 32

Step #2: Select the center atom

While selecting the center atom, always put the least electronegative atom at the center.

Here in the BrO4 molecule, if we compare the bromine atom (Br) and oxygen atom (O), then bromine is less electronegative than oxygen.

So, bromine should be placed in the center and the remaining 4 oxygen atoms will surround it.

step 1

Now in the above sketch of BrO4, put the two electrons (i.e electron pair) between each bromine atom and oxygen atom to represent a chemical bond between them.

step 2

These pairs of electrons present between the Bromine (Br) and Oxygen (O) atoms form a chemical bond, which bonds the bromine and oxygen atoms with each other in a BrO4 ion.

In the Lewis structure of BrO4 ion, the outer atoms are oxygen atoms.

So now, you have to complete the octet on these oxygen atoms (because oxygen requires 8 electrons to have a complete outer shell).

step 3

Now, you can see in the above image that all the oxygen atoms form an octet.

Also, all the 32 valence electrons of BrO4 ion (as calculated in step #1) are used in the above structure. So there are no remaining electron pairs.

Hence there is no change in the above sketch of BrO4 ion.

Let’s move to the next step.

Step #5: Check the formal charge

You can see from the above image that the central atom (i.e bromine), is having 8 electrons. So it fulfills the octet rule.

But, in order to get the most stable lewis structure, we have to check the formal charge on BrO4 ion.

step 4
  • For Bromine:
    Valence electrons = 7 (as it is in group 17)
    Nonbonding electrons = 0
    Bonding electrons = 8
  • For Oxygen:
    Valence electron = 6 (as it is in group 16)
    Nonbonding electrons = 6
    Bonding electrons = 2
Formal charge=Valence electronsNonbonding electrons(Bonding electrons)/2

Let’s keep these charges on the atoms in the above lewis structure of BrO4 ion.

step 5

As we know that bromine can hold more than 8 electrons, we can further reduce the charges as mentioned below.

step 6

By doing this, the formal charges on the three oxygen atoms as well as the central bromine atom becomes “zero”, and this gives us the most stable lewis structure of BrO4-.

There is one -ve charge left on the oxygen atom, which indicates the -1 formal charge on the BrO4 ion.

step 7

Each electron pair (:) in the lewis dot structure of BrO4 ion represents the single bond ( | ). So the above lewis dot structure of BrO4 ion can also be represented as shown below.

bro4- lewis structure

Related lewis structures for your practice:
Lewis Structure of NO2F
Lewis Structure of XeOF4
Lewis Structure of ICl
Lewis Structure of H2SO3
Lewis Structure of HSO4-

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55 Blood Vessels

Blood is carried through the body via blood vessels. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, where it branches into ever-smaller vessels. Eventually, the smallest arteries, vessels called arterioles, further branch into tiny capillaries, where nutrients and wastes are exchanged, and then combine with other vessels that exit capillaries to form venules, small blood vessels that carry blood to a vein, a larger blood vessel that returns blood to the heart.

Arteries and veins transport blood in two distinct circuits: the systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit. Systemic arteries provide blood rich in oxygen to the body’s tissues. The blood returned to the heart through systemic veins has less oxygen, since much of the oxygen carried by the arteries has been delivered to the cells. In contrast, in the pulmonary circuit, arteries carry blood low in oxygen exclusively to the lungs for gas exchange. Pulmonary veins then return freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped back out into systemic circulation. Although arteries and veins differ structurally and functionally, they share certain features.

Cardiovascular Circulation
The pulmonary circuit moves blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. The systemic circuit moves blood from the left side of the heart to the head and body and returns it to the right side of the heart to repeat the cycle. The arrows indicate the direction of blood flow, and the colors show the relative levels of oxygen concentration.

This diagram shows how oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow through the major organs in the body.

Figure 9.14: Cardiovascular Circulation

Shared Structures

Different types of blood vessels vary slightly in their structures, but they share the same general features. Arteries and arterioles have thicker walls than veins and venules because they are closer to the heart and receive blood that is surging at a far greater pressure. Each type of vessel has a lumen—a hollow passageway through which blood flows. Arteries have smaller lumens than veins, a characteristic that helps to maintain the pressure of blood moving through the system. Together, their thicker walls and smaller diameters give arterial lumens a more rounded appearance in cross section than the lumens of veins.

Structure of Blood Vessels
(a) Arteries and (b) veins share the same general features, but the walls of arteries are much thicker because of the higher pressure of the blood that flows through them. (c) A micrograph shows the relative differences in thickness. LM × 160. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

The top left panel of this figure shows the ultrastructure of an artery, and the top right panel shows the ultrastructure of a vein. The bottom panel shows a micrograph with the cross sections of an artery and a vein.

Figure 9.15: Structure of Blood Vessels

By the time blood has passed through capillaries and entered venules, the pressure initially exerted upon it by heart contractions has diminished. In other words, in comparison to arteries, venules and veins withstand a much lower pressure from the blood that flows through them. Their walls are considerably thinner and their lumens are correspondingly larger in diameter, allowing more blood to flow with less vessel resistance. In addition, many veins of the body, particularly those of the limbs, contain valves that assist the unidirectional flow of blood toward the heart. This is critical because blood flow becomes sluggish in the extremities, as a result of the lower pressure and the effects of gravity.

The walls of arteries and veins are largely composed of living cells and their products (including collagenous and elastic fibers); the cells require nourishment and produce waste. Since blood passes through the larger vessels relatively quickly, there is limited opportunity for blood in the lumen of the vessel to provide nourishment to or remove waste from the vessel’s cells. Further, the walls of the larger vessels are too thick for nutrients to diffuse through to all of the cells. Larger arteries and veins contain small blood vessels within their walls known as the vasa vasorum—literally “vessels of the vessel”—to provide them with this critical exchange. Since the pressure within arteries is relatively high, the vasa vasorum must function in the outer layers of the vessel or the pressure exerted by the blood passing through the vessel would collapse it, preventing any exchange from occurring. The lower pressure within veins allows the vasa vasorum to be located closer to the lumen. The restriction of the vasa vasorum to the outer layers of arteries is thought to be one reason that arterial diseases are more common than venous diseases, since its location makes it more difficult to nourish the cells of the arteries and remove waste products. There are also minute nerves within the walls of both types of vessels that control the contraction and dilation of smooth muscle. These minute nerves are known as the nervi vasorum.

Both arteries and veins have the same three distinct tissue layers, called tunics (from the Latin term tunica), for the garments first worn by ancient Romans; the term tunic is also used for some modern garments. From the most interior layer to the outer, these tunics are the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica externa.The following table compares and contrasts the tunics of the arteries and veins.

Table 9.2: Comparison of Tunics in Arteries and Veins
Arteries Veins
General appearance Thick walls with small lumens

Generally appear rounded

Thin walls with large lumens

Generally appear flattened

Tunica intima Endothelium usually appears wavy due to constriction of smooth muscle

Internal elastic membrane present in larger vessels

Endothelium appears smooth

Internal elastic membrane absent

Tunica media Normally the thickest layer in arteries

Smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers predominate (the proportions of these vary with distance from the heart)

External elastic membrane present in larger vessels

Normally thinner than the tunica externa

Smooth muscle cells and collagenous fibers predominate

Nervi vasorum and vasa vasorum present

External elastic membrane absent

Tunica externa Normally thinner than the tunica media in all but the largest arteries

Collagenous and elastic fibers

Nervi vasorum and vasa vasorum present

Normally the thickest layer in veins

Collagenous and smooth fibers predominate

Some smooth muscle fibers

Nervi vasorum and vasa vasorum present

Tunica Intima

The tunica intima (also called the tunica interna) is composed of epithelial and connective tissue layers. Lining the tunica intima is the specialized simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium, which is continuous throughout the entire vascular system, including the lining of the chambers of the heart. Damage to this endothelial lining and exposure of blood to the collagenous fibers beneath is one of the primary causes of clot formation. Until recently, the endothelium was viewed simply as the boundary between the blood in the lumen and the walls of the vessels. Recent studies, however, have shown that it is physiologically critical to such activities as helping to regulate capillary exchange and altering blood flow. The endothelium releases local chemicals called endothelins that can constrict the smooth muscle within the walls of the vessel to increase blood pressure. Uncompensated overproduction of endothelins may contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure) and cardiovascular disease.

Next to the endothelium is the basement membrane, or basal lamina, that effectively binds the endothelium to the connective tissue. The basement membrane provides strength while maintaining flexibility, and it is permeable, allowing materials to pass through it. The thin outer layer of the tunica intima contains a small amount of areolar connective tissue that consists primarily of elastic fibers to provide the vessel with additional flexibility; it also contains some collagenous fibers to provide additional strength.

In larger arteries, there is also a thick, distinct layer of elastic fibers known as the internal elastic membrane (also called the internal elastic lamina) at the boundary with the tunica media. Like the other components of the tunica intima, the internal elastic membrane provides structure while allowing the vessel to stretch. It is permeated with small openings that allow exchange of materials between the tunics. The internal elastic membrane is not apparent in veins. In addition, many veins, particularly in the lower limbs, contain valves formed by sections of thickened endothelium that are reinforced with connective tissue, extending into the lumen.

Under the microscope, the lumen and the entire tunica intima of a vein will appear smooth, whereas those of an artery will normally appear wavy because of the partial constriction of the smooth muscle in the tunica media, the next layer of blood vessel walls.

Tunica Media

The tunica media is the substantial middle layer of the vessel wall. It is generally the thickest layer in arteries, and it is much thicker in arteries than it is in veins. The tunica media consists of layers of smooth muscle supported by connective tissue that is primarily made up of elastic fibers, most of which are arranged in circular sheets. Toward the outer portion of the tunic, there are also layers of longitudinal muscle. Contraction and relaxation of the circular muscles decrease and increase the diameter of the vessel lumen, respectively. Specifically in arteries, vasoconstriction decreases blood flow as the smooth muscle in the walls of the tunica media contracts, making the lumen narrower and increasing blood pressure. Similarly, vasodilation increases blood flow as the smooth muscle relaxes, allowing the lumen to widen and blood pressure to drop. Both vasoconstriction and vasodilation are regulated in part by small vascular nerves, known as nervi vasorum, or “nerves of the vessel,” that run within the walls of blood vessels. These are generally all sympathetic fibers, although some trigger vasodilation and others induce vasoconstriction, depending upon the nature of the neurotransmitter and receptors located on the target cell. Parasympathetic stimulation does trigger vasodilation as well as erection during sexual arousal in the external genitalia of both sexes. Nervous control over vessels tends to be more generalized than the specific targeting of individual blood vessels. Local controls, discussed later, account for this phenomenon. (Seek additional content for more information on these dynamic aspects of the autonomic nervous system.) Hormones and local chemicals also control blood vessels. Together, these neural and chemical mechanisms reduce or increase blood flow in response to changing body conditions, from exercise to hydration. Regulation of both blood flow and blood pressure is discussed in detail later in this chapter.

The smooth muscle layers of the tunica media are supported by a framework of collagenous fibers that also binds the tunica media to the inner and outer tunics. Along with the collagenous fibers are large numbers of elastic fibers that appear as wavy lines in prepared slides. Separating the tunica media from the outer tunica externa in larger arteries is the external elastic membrane (also called the external elastic lamina), which also appears wavy in slides. This structure is not usually seen in smaller arteries, nor is it seen in veins.

Tunica Externa

The outer tunic, the tunica externa (also called the tunica adventitia), is a substantial sheath of connective tissue composed primarily of collagenous fibers. Some bands of elastic fibers are found here as well. The tunica externa in veins also contains groups of smooth muscle fibers. This is normally the thickest tunic in veins and may be thicker than the tunica media in some larger arteries. The outer layers of the tunica externa are not distinct but rather blend with the surrounding connective tissue outside the vessel, helping to hold the vessel in relative position. If you are able to palpate some of the superficial veins on your upper limbs and try to move them, you will find that the tunica externa prevents this. If the tunica externa did not hold the vessel in place, any movement would likely result in disruption of blood flow.

An artery is a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart. All arteries have relatively thick walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart. However, those close to the heart have the thickest walls, containing a high percentage of elastic fibers in all three of their tunics. This type of artery is known as an elastic artery. Vessels larger than 10 mm in diameter are typically elastic. Their abundant elastic fibers allow them to expand, as blood pumped from the ventricles passes through them, and then to recoil after the surge has passed. If artery walls were rigid and unable to expand and recoil, their resistance to blood flow would greatly increase and blood pressure would rise to even higher levels, which would in turn require the heart to pump harder to increase the volume of blood expelled by each pump (the stroke volume) and maintain adequate pressure and flow. Artery walls would have to become even thicker in response to this increased pressure. The elastic recoil of the vascular wall helps to maintain the pressure gradient that drives the blood through the arterial system. An elastic artery is also known as a conducting artery, because the large diameter of the lumen enables it to accept a large volume of blood from the heart and conduct it to smaller branches.

Types of Arteries and Arterioles
Comparison of the walls of an elastic artery, a muscular artery, and an arteriole is shown. In terms of scale, the diameter of an arteriole is measured in micrometers compared to millimeters for elastic and muscular arteries.

The left panel shows the cross-section of an elastic artery, the middle panel shows the cross section of a muscular artery, and the right panel shows the cross-section of an arteriole.

Figure 9.16: Types of Arteries and Arterioles

Farther from the heart, where the surge of blood has dampened, the percentage of elastic fibers in an artery’s tunica intima decreases and the amount of smooth muscle in its tunica media increases. The artery at this point is described as a muscular artery. The diameter of muscular arteries typically ranges from 0.1 mm to 10 mm. Their thick tunica media allows muscular arteries to play a leading role in vasoconstriction. In contrast, their decreased quantity of elastic fibers limits their ability to expand. Fortunately, because the blood pressure has eased by the time it reaches these more distant vessels, elasticity has become less important.

Notice that although the distinctions between elastic and muscular arteries are important, there is no “line of demarcation” where an elastic artery suddenly becomes muscular. Rather, there is a gradual transition as the vascular tree repeatedly branches. In turn, muscular arteries branch to distribute blood to the vast network of arterioles. For this reason, a muscular artery is also known as a distributing artery.

An arteriole is a very small artery that leads to a capillary. Arterioles have the same three tunics as the larger vessels, but the thickness of each is greatly diminished. The critical endothelial lining of the tunica intima is intact. The tunica media is restricted to one or two smooth muscle cell layers in thickness. The tunica externa remains but is very thin.

With a lumen averaging 30 micrometers or less in diameter, arterioles are critical in slowing down—or resisting—blood flow and, thus, causing a substantial drop in blood pressure. Because of this, you may see them referred to as resistance vessels. The muscle fibers in arterioles are normally slightly contracted, causing arterioles to maintain a consistent muscle tone—in this case referred to as vascular tone—in a similar manner to the muscular tone of skeletal muscle. In reality, all blood vessels exhibit vascular tone due to the partial contraction of smooth muscle. The importance of the arterioles is that they will be the primary site of both resistance and regulation of blood pressure. The precise diameter of the lumen of an arteriole at any given moment is determined by neural and chemical controls, and vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the arterioles are the primary mechanisms for distribution of blood flow.

A capillary is a microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissues themselves, a process called perfusion. Exchange of gases and other substances occurs in the capillaries between the blood and the surrounding cells and their tissue fluid (interstitial fluid). The diameter of a capillary lumen ranges from 5–10 micrometers; the smallest are just barely wide enough for an erythrocyte to squeeze through. Flow through capillaries is often described as microcirculation.

The wall of a capillary consists of the endothelial layer surrounded by a basement membrane with occasional smooth muscle fibers. There is some variation in wall structure: In a large capillary, several endothelial cells bordering each other may line the lumen; in a small capillary, there may be only a single cell layer that wraps around to contact itself.

For capillaries to function, their walls must be leaky, allowing substances to pass through. There are three major types of capillaries, which differ according to their degree of “leakiness:” continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries.

Continuous Capillaries

The most common type of capillary, the continuous capillary, is found in almost all vascularized tissues. Continuous capillaries are characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells. Although a tight junction is usually impermeable and only allows for the passage of water and ions, they are often incomplete in capillaries, leaving intercellular clefts that allow for exchange of water and other very small molecules between the blood plasma and the interstitial fluid. Substances that can pass between cells include metabolic products, such as glucose, water, and small hydrophobic molecules like gases and hormones, as well as various leukocytes. Continuous capillaries not associated with the brain are rich in transport vesicles, contributing to either endocytosis or exocytosis. Those in the brain are part of the blood-brain barrier. Here, there are tight junctions and no intercellular clefts, plus a thick basement membrane and astrocyte extensions called end feet; these structures combine to prevent the movement of nearly all substances.

Types of Capillaries
The three major types of capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid.

The left panel shows the structure of a continuous capillary, the middle panel shows a fenestrated capillary, and the right panel shows a sinusoid capillary.

Figure 9.17: Types of Capillaries

Fenestrated Capillaries

A fenestrated capillary is one that has pores (or fenestrations) in addition to tight junctions in the endothelial lining. These make the capillary permeable to larger molecules. The number of fenestrations and their degree of permeability vary, however, according to their location. Fenestrated capillaries are common in the small intestine, which is the primary site of nutrient absorption, as well as in the kidneys, which filter the blood. They are also found in the choroid plexus of the brain and many endocrine structures, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, and thyroid glands.

Sinusoid Capillaries

A sinusoid capillary (or sinusoid) is the least common type of capillary. Sinusoid capillaries are flattened, and they have extensive intercellular gaps and incomplete basement membranes, in addition to intercellular clefts and fenestrations. This gives them an appearance not unlike Swiss cheese. These very large openings allow for the passage of the largest molecules, including plasma proteins and even cells. Blood flow through sinusoids is very slow, allowing more time for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes. Sinusoids are found in the liver and spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes (where they carry lymph, not blood), and many endocrine glands including the pituitary and adrenal glands. Without these specialized capillaries, these organs would not be able to provide their myriad of functions. For example, when bone marrow forms new blood cells, the cells must enter the blood supply and can only do so through the large openings of a sinusoid capillary; they cannot pass through the small openings of continuous or fenestrated capillaries. The liver also requires extensive specialized sinusoid capillaries in order to process the materials brought to it by the hepatic portal vein from both the digestive tract and spleen, and to release plasma proteins into circulation.

Metarterioles and Capillary Beds

A metarteriole is a type of vessel that has structural characteristics of both an arteriole and a capillary. Slightly larger than the typical capillary, the smooth muscle of the tunica media of the metarteriole is not continuous but forms rings of smooth muscle (sphincters) prior to the entrance to the capillaries. Each metarteriole arises from a terminal arteriole and branches to supply blood to a capillary bed that may consist of 10–100 capillaries.

The precapillary sphincters, circular smooth muscle cells that surround the capillary at its origin with the metarteriole, tightly regulate the flow of blood from a metarteriole to the capillaries it supplies. Their function is critical: If all of the capillary beds in the body were to open simultaneously, they would collectively hold every drop of blood in the body and there would be none in the arteries, arterioles, venules, veins, or the heart itself. Normally, the precapillary sphincters are closed. When the surrounding tissues need oxygen and have excess waste products, the precapillary sphincters open, allowing blood to flow through and exchange to occur before closing once more. If all of the precapillary sphincters in a capillary bed are closed, blood will flow from the metarteriole directly into a thoroughfare channel and then into the venous circulation, bypassing the capillary bed entirely. This creates what is known as a vascular shunt. In addition, an arteriovenous anastomosis may bypass the capillary bed and lead directly to the venous system.

Although you might expect blood flow through a capillary bed to be smooth, in reality, it moves with an irregular, pulsating flow. This pattern is called vasomotion and is regulated by chemical signals that are triggered in response to changes in internal conditions, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, and lactic acid levels. For example, during strenuous exercise when oxygen levels decrease and carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, and lactic acid levels all increase, the capillary beds in skeletal muscle are open, as they would be in the digestive system when nutrients are present in the digestive tract. During sleep or rest periods, vessels in both areas are largely closed; they open only occasionally to allow oxygen and nutrient supplies to travel to the tissues to maintain basic life processes.

Capillary Bed
In a capillary bed, arterioles give rise to metarterioles. Precapillary sphincters located at the junction of a metarteriole with a capillary regulate blood flow. A thoroughfare channel connects the metarteriole to a venule. An arteriovenous anastomosis, which directly connects the arteriole with the venule, is shown at the bottom.

This diagram shows a capillary bed connecting an arteriole and a venule.

Figure 9.18: Capillary Bed

A venule is an extremely small vein, generally 8–100 micrometers in diameter. Postcapillary venules join multiple capillaries exiting from a capillary bed. Multiple venules join to form veins. The walls of venules consist of endothelium, a thin middle layer with a few muscle cells and elastic fibers, plus an outer layer of connective tissue fibers that constitute a very thin tunica externa. Venules as well as capillaries are the primary sites of emigration or diapedesis, in which the white blood cells adhere to the endothelial lining of the vessels and then squeeze through adjacent cells to enter the tissue fluid.

A vein is a blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart. Compared to arteries, veins are thin-walled vessels with large and irregular lumens. Because they are low-pressure vessels, larger veins are commonly equipped with valves that promote the unidirectional flow of blood toward the heart and prevent backflow toward the capillaries caused by the inherent low blood pressure in veins as well as the pull of gravity.The following image compares the features of arteries and veins.

Comparison of Veins and Venules
Many veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood, whereas venules do not. In terms of scale, the diameter of a venule is measured in micrometers compared to millimeters for veins.

The top panel shows the cross-section of a large vein, the middle panel shows the cross-section of a medium sized vein, and the bottom panel shows the cross-section of a venule.

Figure 9.19: Comparison of Veins and Venules

Table 9.3: Comparison of Arteries and Veins
Arteries Veins
Direction of blood flow Conducts blood away from the heart Conducts blood toward the heart
General appearance Rounded Irregular, often collapsed
Pressure High Low
Wall thickness Thick Thin
Relative oxygen concentration Higher in systemic arteries

Lower in pulmonary arteries

Lower in systemic veins

Higher in pulmonary veins

Valves Not present Present most commonly in limbs and in veins inferior to the heart

Veins as Blood Reservoirs

In addition to their primary function of returning blood to the heart, veins may be considered blood reservoirs, since systemic veins contain approximately 64 percent of the blood volume at any given time. Their ability to hold this much blood is due to their high capacitance, that is, their capacity to distend (expand) readily to store a high volume of blood, even at a low pressure. The large lumens and relatively thin walls of veins make them far more distensible than arteries; thus, they are said to be capacitance vessels.

Table 9.4: Blood Flow

This table describes the distribution of blood flow. 84 percent of blood flow is systemic circulation, of which 64 percent happens in systemic veins (18 percent in large veins, 21 percent in large venous networks such as liver, bone marrow, and integument, and 25 percent in venules and medium-sized veins); 13 percent happens in systemic arteries (2 percent in arterioles, 5 percent in muscular arteries, 4 percent in elastic arteries, and 2 percent in the aorta); and 7 percent happens in systemic capillaries. 9 percent of blood flow is pulmonary circulation, of which 4 percent happens in pulmonary veins, 2 percent happens in pulmonary capillaries, and 3 percent happens in pulmonary arteries. The remaining 7 percent of blood flow is in the heart.

When blood flow needs to be redistributed to other portions of the body, the vasomotor center located in the medulla oblongata sends sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscles in the walls of the veins, causing constriction—or in this case, venoconstriction. Less dramatic than the vasoconstriction seen in smaller arteries and arterioles, venoconstriction may be likened to a “stiffening” of the vessel wall. This increases pressure on the blood within the veins, speeding its return to the heart. As you will note in the image above, approximately 21 percent of the venous blood is located in venous networks within the liver, bone marrow, and integument. This volume of blood is referred to as venous reserve. Through venoconstriction, this “reserve” volume of blood can get back to the heart more quickly for redistribution to other parts of the circulation.

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Indexes et al.

Viewing indexes as derived datasets

What are derived datasets?

While indexes were traditionally built and maintained as auxiliary data structures internal to a DBMS, in a data lake, since there is no single database system, we consider indexes to be a form of derived data i.e., data that has been derived from one or more datasets and may be optionally used by an arbitrary query optimizer to improve the speed of data retrieval.

What are their properties?

The only assumption we make about these derived datasets is that they:

  1. Support basic lifecycle operations such as create, delete, (either full or incremental) rebuild, and restore
  2. Can be leveraged for query acceleration (in particular, be integrated with query optimizers and execution runtimes).

Therefore, covering indexes, zone maps, materialized views, statistics, and chunk-elimination indexes are all included when we use the term index.

Examples of derived datasets

For completeness, we discuss a few examples of derived datasets that Hyperspace aspires to provide out-of-box.

Covering Index

Covering indexes are efficient in scenarios where certain selection and filter columns co-occur frequently in queries. They have the following properties:

  1. Non-clustered: index is separated from the data.
  2. Covering: index contains both key columns (i.e., indexed columns) and data/payload columns (i.e., included columns); these data/payload columns are duplicated from the original data (for index only query access paths).
  3. Columnar: index is stored in some columnar format (e.g., Parquet in the case of Hyperspace) rather than a row-oriented format such as a B-tree. This allows us to leverage techniques like vectorization along with min-max pruning to accelerate scans over indexes.

With all columns in the query being included in the covering index either as key or non-key columns, query performance may be significantly improved. Additional physical layout properties (such as bucketization, partitioning, and sort order) can speed up workhorse operators such as filter and join that typically dominate query execution time.

In Hyperspace, all columns marked as indexed columns by the user are bucketized and (optionally) sorted.

Chunk-Elimination Index

For queries that are highly selective (e.g., searching for a single GUID amongst billions), we intend to support a class of indexes called chunk-elimination indexes analogous to a traditional inverted index, except that the pointer is an arbitrary URI (as opposed to a row_id) that refers to a chunk, a reasonable unit of addressable data stored in data lake (e.g., a single Parquet file or an offset range within a large CSV file). An optimizer can leverage this index to quickly prune irrelevant blocks for a query.

Materialized Views

For expensive queries with joins or aggregations, users can create materialized views as derived datasets. These materialized views can then be used transparently by the underlying query optimizer. Hyperspace will only support full rebuild of materialized views to begin with.

In environments with cost-based query optimizers, we intend to also support collection of statistics (e.g., histograms) a priori for columns of interest. A capable optimizer can then leverage these statistics at runtime to optimize resources.


Q: Does the NYC subway system connect with New Jersey?

nj subway to nycA: Yes, there is a subway system that connects Manhattan and the World Trade Center with New Jersey, but it is not part of the MTA / New York City subway system. This system is called the PATH train. It is just like a subway system. The purpose of the PATH is to move people between NYC and NJ as fast as possible. This make staying at a New Jersey hotel near the NYC subway much easier.

NJ Subway Stations with Hotels Nearby

NeighborhoodCommuteSytsemHotelsHotel Parking
Jersey City, Exchange Place10 minsPATH$$$No
Hoboken10 minsPATH$$$No
Jersey City, Newport15 minsPATH$$No
Jersey City, Journal Square15 minsPATH$$No
Newark, Harrison25 minsPATH$$$No
Newark, Downtown30 minsPATH$Free
Q: What does it cost to ride the subway from NJ to NYC?

A: The PATH train costs one flat fee no matter how long the ride, as of the summer of 2015 that fee was $2.75 per trip.

Q: How often does the NJ subway to NYC (PATH) run?

A: Trains run at worst thirty minutes apart, but much more frequently during rush hour between the most popular stations.

Q: How late does the NYC subway to NJ (PATH) run?

A: As of the summer of 2015 trains run 24/7. The only interruption in service is that the green line which connects Hoboken and World Trade Center does not run on weekends, or holidays.

Q: Does the NYC subway or PATH train connect with Newark Airport?

A: No the PATH, nor NYC subway does not connect with EWR (Newark airport) but the PATH system does connect very close to the airport at the downtown Newark PATH station. See this article on getting to and from Newark airport from NYC.

Q: How long does it take to get from NJ to Manhattan.

A: The longest ride is no more than 25 minutes, most rides between NJ and NYC on the PATH subway are less than 15 minutes. It is the best mode of transportation between NJ and Manhattan.

Q: What stations have hotels near the NYC subway stations in NJ?

A: All NJ PATH train stations have hotels within walking distance. See this map of all transportation options from NJ to NYC for information on hotel rates near each station. Below is a blurb about each station and the hotel options.

Jersey City, NJ

Neighborhood Vibe: Jersey City is quickly becoming one of the most popular areas for people who work in Manhattan but want or need to live outside the city. The heavy commuter traffic means that many of the best things to do in Jersey City are centered around the PATH stations. The Exchange Place PATH station is on the Hudson River where there’s a waterfront walkway and a park, restaurants and museums are just a few blocks away.

Who is Best for this Location?

thumbs_up People who are particularly interested in sights in Lower Manhattan like this area because it is close to the city, but cheaper than staying in Manhattan. Jersey City Hotels.

getting_around_48Getting Around: From most areas of Jersey City, you can be in Manhattan in under 20 minutes via the PATH. From Exchange Place to the World Trade Center, it takes just six minutes. From the World Trade Center, it’s easy to connect to the Subway to reach other areas of New York City.

Newark, Downtown

Neighborhood Vibe: New Jersey’s largest city is a great destination less than ten miles from Manhattan. Because it’s a huge travel hub, many people just pass through Newark without checking out the city. That’s a real shame because Newark has so much to offer in terms of art and food. Spend a little time exploring Newark’s art galleries and you’ll have a whole new appreciation for this nearly forgotten city..

Who is Best for this Location?

thumbs_up ewark provides a nice mix of quick access to Manhattan via the PATH, and also quick access to Newark’s airport. Downtown has places to eat and go out at night, this should satisfy both business and leisure travelers looking affordable alternatives to NYC without staying in the suburbs. Hotels in Downtown Newark.

getting_around_48Getting Around: From Newark’s Penn Station it’s just 20 minutes to Manhattan’s Financial District on the PATH train. Or visitors can take NJ Transit to New York Penn Station in the heart of Midtown in just 25 minutes.

Neighborhood Vibe: Hoboken is a little village that sits right on the Hudson River just across from Manhattan. The best things to do in Hoboken are all in a small, walkable area that has a bright, youthful energy as more and more young people are moving to Hoboken..

Who is Best for this Location?

thumbs_up Travelers will be attracted to the vibrant walkable neighborhood of Hoboken, and quick access to Manhattan. Economy minded travelers won’t find good options here. Hoboken Hotels.

getting_around_48Getting Around: From Hoboken, it’s just 8 minutes on the PATH to Christopher Street in the West Village. Once you’re in Manhattan, you can connect to the Subway to get all over the city. Newark Airport is accessible from Hoboken in under an hour.

Who is Best for this Location?


SalesTech Star

Front Sees Momentum with Logistics Customers Amid Continued Global Supply Chain Disruption

Jobs at Front (S14) | Y Combinator's Work at a StartupFront, a leader in customer communication, announced continued momentum with customers in the global logistics industry, including three of the largest independent shipbrokers in the world and industry leaders such as MNX Global Logistics, Estes Forwarding Worldwide, Flexport, Aurora, TRAFFIX, sennder, McQuilling, and more. Front supports logistics customers in increasing revenue and retention as well as improving operational efficiency and team collaboration amid the most significant supply chain crisis in modern times.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted nearly every aspect of the global supply chain and, in turn, has caused a ripple effect of challenges for logistics companies. Historic wait times for ships docked offshore of ports across the world, trucking labor shortages, skyrocketing freight costs — the list goes on. Logistics providers are confronting problems never before experienced in modern global logistics. As a result, excellent customer service has transformed from a nice-to-have to a must-have competitive differentiator. The speed and accuracy with which a company responds to an issue can be the difference between losing a customer and deepening a customer relationship. Logistics providers turned to Front to make their businesses more resilient to disruptions created by the pandemic and to create elevated customer and employee experiences.

According to new research released this week by Front and The Journal of Commerce, the majority of organizations surveyed (82 percent) cited email as the top communication channel they use to collaborate internally and communicate externally with customers and suppliers. Yet, 70 percent of these organizations reported that the pandemic had impacted their ability to collaborate internally, and 58 percent said issues such as ambiguity around who owns a task created duplicate work. Clearly, traditional email is not an effective or scalable communication channel for these organizations. Ninety percent of organizations reported that global supply chain issues impacted their overall customer experience.

Read More: SalesTechStar Interview With Greg Armor, Executive Vice President Of Sales, Gryphon.Aiv

With Front, logistics customers can:

  • Improve revenue growth and retention through faster response times and fewer missed messages. Logistics companies can tackle high email volumes and reduce the need to triage customer messages manually. By automating the busy work and duplication that comes with traditional distribution lists, teammates can focus on accelerating response times and can minimize the number of missed or stalled conversations.
  • Drive operational efficiency and streamline team collaboration. Shared inboxes with clear assignments and service-level agreement (SLA) monitoring ensure superior visibility and accountability, even across distributed and remote teams. By centralizing customer context, tools, and data into one unified workspace, teams can collaborate with each other like never before, resulting in significant efficiency gains.
  • Leverage analytics to elevate the customer and employee experience. Executives and managers get unparalleled insights at the team, customer, and individual levels. Front Analytics empowers them to make data-driven decisions that improve the customer experience and ensure optimal efficiency amid the supply chain crisis. Front provides logistics companies with real-time insight into communication metrics that have historically been challenging to measure, such as team and individual response times, workflow bottlenecks, customer satisfaction, or SLA adherence.


Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki

09.03.2018 aktualizacja 09.03.2018

Failures in cellular power plants have quite an unexpected course

Photo: Fotolia Photo: Fotolia

Failures sometimes happen in the cells. As part of the ReMedy program at the Centre of New Technologies of the University of Warsaw, scientists check how the cells handle various defects. Recently they showed what happens when the mitochondria - cellular power plants - fail.

Prof. Agnieszka Chacińska and Prof. Magda Konarska received PLN 35 million to set up the ReMedy research centre at the Centre of New Technologies of the University of Warsaw. The research focuses on how cells are able to repair damage. The funds come from the International Research Agendas programme of the Foundation for Polish Science.

In a publication in Nature Communications, the team of Prof. Chacińska and Prof. Betina Warscheid recently showed what happens in a cell when mitochondria fail. This reaction is quite unobvious - the cell suspends the production of all proteins, the basic sets of blocks from which the cell and its components are built.

"Mitochondria in a bad shape can make quite a mess in the cell! The cell defends itself against it. Until now, research has not paid attention to it" - says Prof. Agnieszka Chacińska.

Mitochondrial defects can be particularly dangerous in tissues such as muscles or the brain. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease), as well as rare metabolic diseases that are not yet treatable.

What makes us live is, among other things, myriads of tiny motors that work tirelessly in our cells. However, these motors need a power system. Our cellular energy providers - power plants - are mitochondria. These structures within cells burn sugars or fats that we eat. The energy created there is used to produce a certain compound - ATP. And ATP is like a charged universal battery that fits almost every motor in the cell. A single cell can have hundreds or thousands of mitochondria that send ATP all over the cell.

However, a malfunction in this cellular "power plant" can cause several problems. In the long run, the cell may start running out of energy. Another problem is that damaged mitochondria often develop a "leak". That leads to the appearance of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) that can do a lot of damage in the cell.

However, the team from Poland and Germany showed that in the event of a mitochondrial failure, the most urgent problem for the cell is ... excess of proteins.

Mitochondria need a steady supply of proteins produced outside of the mitochondria by cell ribosomes. However, to get these proteins into a mitochondrion, you need "doormen" - motors that pass them through the membrane that surrounds the mitochondrion. And when the power plant fails, these motors quickly run out of fuel. Proteins that only the mitochondria need start to accumulate in the cell. And things gets messy.

"Our research shows how important it is for cell to properly manage proteins and avoid having too much of them" - the scientist says.

The Polish-German team wrote about it two years ago in "Nature". Researchers showed that when the mitochondria are damaged, the cell triggers protein destruction mechanisms. Unnecessary blocks - including the mitochondrial ones - are dismantled.

The latest paper in "Nature Communications" presents another mechanism that prevents unnecessary proteins from wandering around the cell in the event of a mitochondrial defect.

It turns out that when a "leak from the power plant" is detected in cell, so when reactive oxygen species from the mitochondria are detected, the ribosomes stop the production of proteins for a while. And that means all proteins...

"This gives the cell a moment to catch a breath, and the mitochondria gain time to patch the leak" - the researcher concludes.

Researchers discovered switches on ribosomes (associated with the structure of so-called zinc fingers) that react to the appearance of reactive oxygen species. They stop the production of proteins.

The tests were carried out on yeast cells. Research has shown that protein production can be suspended for about an hour. If the situation in the mitochondria does not improve after this time, further mechanisms are initiated.

"Firstly, we have found that mitochondrial stress regulates protein synthesis. Secondly, we have discovered ribosome switches that react to reactive oxygen species" - comments Prof. Chacińska.

Scientists in the ReMedy centre will explore the various cellular mechanisms that are initiated in connection with various "failures".

"There is still a lot that we do not know about what happens in cells in response to stress. We want to invite the best scientists who specialise in this to cooperate, to help us investigate that" - says Prof. Chacińska. She adds that her centre has announced recruitment for team leaders. "We are looking for open minds" - she concludes.

Ludwika Tomala

PAP - Science in Poland

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