The Summary of the Book Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond

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  • The Beginning, Spread and Divergion of Humans
  • The Environment and the Fate of the Area
  • Guns, Germs, and Steel

The Beginning, Spread and Divergion of Humans

In the first chapter of Guns, Germs, and Steel, The author Jared Diamond talks about the beginnings of the human species. He describes how we broke off from other animals around 7 million years ago. This process happened in Africa and was the beginning of the human race as we know it. Humans stayed in Africa for about 5-6 million years, but we moved on around 1-2 million years ago to Eurasia starting a new chapter. After this human, or homo sapiens really kicked off, in what’s called “The Great Leap Forward”. They started having the shape we still have to this day. Art and technology also started to truly begin and advance.

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During “The Great Leap Forward”, Humans moved to other parts of the earth for the 2nd time. Our species advanced into the Pacific. Humans headed down to Australia and the Pacific Island, and finally to the Americas. Within only tens of thousands of years humans went from abiding in Africa to inhabiting all the continents of our planet. Around 11,000 BC, the Author thinks the fate of human society diverge. He thinks this because all continents were populated with hunter-gather societies, not yet having permeant settlements.

The author, Jared Diamond considers if a modern archeologist can go back to 11,000 BC and determine which continents have the best chance of getting new advanced technology. Africa, where humanity started has been inhabited for the longest amount of time so giving the people here the longest time to know the locations of the continent learning all its nooks and cranny’s. Africa also has the biggest genetic variety giving it an advantage in genetic adaptation. Europe was the second continent inhabited and was the largest by far. They had an early advantage though, already creating more and more advanced tools and art. Jared say this gives the Eurasians a huge advantage. The America’s have been inhabited for the shortest amount of time but has a lot of space and big geographic diversity. Jared says these factors give the Americans a good advantage. Finally, the Australians had the smallest continent but had the earliest ships and technology similar/ to the Europeans.

In summary, this chapter talks about the beginnings of humanity In Africa and its spread to other continents. Its later talks about the divergence of the human society’s. The author also questions which society has an advantage over the others

The Environment and the Fate of the Area

The author, Jared starts out the chapter by asking why permeant agriculture settlements took longer to take place in different places. To do this, he compares the 5 main areas of the world and their fertility. Some examples he listed are: The Fertile Cresent, Southwestern Europe, California, South western Australia, and The South African Cape. In 8500 BC agriculture began in the Fertile Cresent in Mesopotamia. It spread to Southwestern Europe in 5500 BC. In the other 3 regions Agricultural societies arrived much later, in 1500 AD, nearly 7000 years later with the beginnings of colonization by Europe nations. These colonizers mainly came from France, Britain, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands. Due to colonization therefore you can see these languages all around the globe. This reason is why we speak English today and why South America speaks Spanish and Portuguese.

The author explains that Hunter-Gather and Agricultural societies weren’t mutually exclusive and evolved over time. The very first farmers had a harder job and lived shorter lives then the Hunter-Gathers. They actually lived side by side for a time. The Hunter-Gathers would trade with the settled societies without permanently settling down. The shift between advancing to a permanent settlement actually took thousands of years. It depended on many factors if you had a farming or gathering society. Some of these are their cultural values and the need for certain types of food. Once the first farmers established the practice their neighbors could choose to adapt this new technology or ignore it. People in areas that are harder to hunter-gather would switch to farming much quicker.

The switch was not quick but over thousands of years all of society has switched to a farming lifestyle. Over these thousands of years, the advantages of farming have come clearer and clearer. For one Global warming has decreased the amount of wild game and plants. Over hunting by Hunter-Gatherers are has had this effect. Another reason for conversion was the rapidly increasing amount of farming societies. This made conflict between the groups rare since the numbers of the farming societies would come into play. Although even in great farming lands, like the previously mentioned California Hunter gathers did survive some. Some areas farmers haven’t been able to disperse the Hunter-Gather lifestyle. The author predicts that this won’t last though, and they will all eventually cease to live this way. In this chapter the author, Jared Diamond dives deeper into how the environment determines the fate of an area. To do this, he chooses to talk about Polynesia. Polynesia is made up of many islands, each forming their own society.

The author talks about an event in 1835, where 500 Maori soldiers sailed to the Chatham Islands, which is a set of islands inhabited by a different race of islanders. The Maori came from a culture that was heavily set in war and was also a huge Agricultural society based in modern day New Zealand. They also had more advanced weaponry. The other group was a small hunter-gatherer society. The Maori completely slaughtered the group, and the Author uses this as a prime example of that whoever has the best technology, wins. They had the same genes, but the Author also suspects other factors were at play then genetics. The author delves into the origins of the people of the Chatham Islands. They were originally colonized by the Maori about 1,000 years before the war. They eventually evolved into the Morori people. They brought crops to farm, but they failed in Chatham’s climate. This made them not have to the food to do other things, than look for more food. They didn’t have much room so didn’t evolve into an advance society. They had no neighbors so didn’t need to focus on war training.

The Maori on the other hand, had plenty of room for farming. They also had neighbors so had to learn how to defend their land thus creating this warlike culture. In this light, the Maori became advanced because of their environment. With all this to consider, this supports the authors belief that environment has extreme influence of a society’s development. All these factors, food, population, density, neighbors, determine the fate of a society. Having enough food to supply your society leads to more advanced societies with more professions and jobs. Having neighbors leads to a strong war society that leads to taking over other societies.

In conclusion Jared affirms his belief that environmental factors hold the fate of a society in its hand, good or bad.

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Chapter 11 starts part 3 of the book. The Author talks about the food production that lead to the creation and development of “Guns, Germs, and Steel” that enabled the Eurasian conquest of the world. One of the most important things that he says Eurasians have developed is human domestication of animals. This led to transfer of diseases like Smallpox and the Flu. This was crucial because the ones who were the most likely to infect others were the most likely to survive. If they survived the disease, they were immune for life, creating a whole society of immune individuals. This doesn’t work with hunter-gatherer populations though, their populations were too few and far between so not being able to get immunity from deadly diseases.

Germs were extremely crucial in the conquest of the New World by European powers. The Europeans who landed in the America’s were extremely outnumbered. This is where germs come into play, the natives had no immunity to theses disease, and it wiped out entire native societies in one go. It came for the political leaders and upon their death societies would collapse. Archeologists believe the New World to have 20 million people prior to 1500. They also believe 19 million of them were wiped out to do disease. This and the Europeans supreme technology’s won the day and lead to the societies we know today.

While dozens of diseases transferred to the Natives, none transferred to the Europeans. Firstly, there weren’t enough livestock to transfer diseases among the Natives like we see in Europe, thus not having any to go to Europeans. There were dense enough populations to host a disease, but these were created too recently to host a big enough one to give to the Europeans.

In summary germs were on of the key factors that led to the downfall of Native tribes in the Americas and the rise of Europeans. The Europeans wiped out the native populations with germs but didn’t contract any of their own.

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The Definitive Guide to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

A Technology Guide

Life sciences is one of the most regulated industries in the world. And it should be. Whether it’s the development of new drugs or medical devices or testing them in clinical trials, it’s critical to ensure that operations are conducted properly and according to legal and regulatory requirements. That’s where standard operating procedures (SOPs) play a vital role. This guide to SOPs provides an overview of what SOPs are, why they are essential, and how you can create and use them in your organization. We also provide a list of the key requirements for a solution to manage your SOPs.

What is an SOP – Standard Operating Procedure?

Standard operating procedures – SOPs – are documented, formalized processes, and procedures that an institution requires its employees to follow to ensure their work is performed in a consistent and compliant manner. Essentially, an SOP outlines the steps or tasks that must be taken, by who, and in what order, to complete a specific process, often on a defined schedule. SOPs ensure:
  • Consistency: the process is always completed in the same manner.
  • Compliance: Many processes must adhere to operational or regulatory requirements.
  • Communication: Employees clearly understand what they need to do and when a process changes.
  • Reduction of errors: When a process is outlined, it reduces the number of mistakes made.

Investigators typically review and approve SOPs before use to ensure the correct tasks are defined in the proper order. The most common SOPs are those written to address processes subject to inspection by regulatory authorities. These SOPs demonstrate to study monitors, auditors, and inspectors that a process has been appropriately completed, and key responsibilities have been met.

The development and implementation of SOPs is considered a critical component of a successful quality system. In the clinical research industry, organizations can employ hundreds to thousands of SOP documents.

SOP Benefits

SOPs are crucial to ensuring clinical trials are conducted consistently and in compliance with regulations. Properly written SOPs ensure compliance with federal laws, institutional policies, and GCP (Good Clinical Practice) regulations, and they help improve operational efficiency.

Successful clinical trials use SOPs to ensure standards are followed across all studies. These SOPs clearly show study teams what the regulatory requirements are and how to meet these obligations.

They help Sites follow specific protocols during clinical trials from trial set up to trial close and ensure formal accountability. SOPs provide Sponsors and CROs with consistent, measurable data because studies are completed in a standardized approach.

In some instances, an institution may have more than one set of SOPs. Everyone follows global SOPs, but there are cases where specific tasks or responsibilities need to be performed differently due to local regulations or requirements. In this case, local SOPs are defined and applied.

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Elements of an SOP Document

There are several key elements in an SOP document:

  1. Objective: Describe the purpose of the SOP and the outcome when the process is completed.
  2. Glossary: A list of key terms and abbreviations that are important to know related to the process.
  3. Scope: List of responsible individuals and
    areas within the organization involved in the process.
  4. Applicable regulations or key references: A reference list of applicable regulations and guidelines. For example, ICH E6 GCP or 21 CFR 50.
  5. Detailed procedure: A complete list of steps and tasks to complete, including examples. A process flow diagram is useful to include.
  6. Document Versions: A table listing any changes made to the SOP. In some cases, you may also include contingency options or corrective actions that the employee should perform if an SOP can’t be followed thoroughly.

There are many types of SOPs you can create for your institution. Here are just a few examples:

  • GCP training
  • Monitoring Visits
  • Sponsor, CRO, and Internal Audits
  • Sub-site Management
  • Recruitment and Retention of Participants
  • Informed Consent Process
  • Filing and Recordkeeping
  • IRB Review: Initial, Modification,
    and Continuing Review Documenting, Resolving, and Reporting Protocol Deviations and Violations, Adverse
    Events, and Unanticipated Problems
  • Study Closure

Most institutions will also have an SOP that describes how to write an SOP. This SOP ensures that all SOPs are written and maintained in a standardized way, including rules for presentation and layout, as well as reviews, approval, control, maintenance, implementation, and training.

As an example, consider ICH Good Clinical Practice 4.2.4. This section states:

“ The investigator should ensure that all persons assisting with the trial are adequately informed about the protocol, the investigational product(s), and their trial-related duties and functions.” A well-written, well-managed SOP on clinical staff roles and responsibilities can help an investigator demonstrate that conditions of section 4.2.4 are met. The SOP identifies the roles and responsibilities of individuals participating in conduct of research trials at this site, how and where trial-specific delegated duties are logged, and how and when staff is trained in protocol/product-specific content. Addendums to this SOP could include job descriptions, a trial-specific task delegation log, and a protocol/product-specific training log. ”

Guidelines for Well-Written SOPs

There are best practices for developing SOPs, the primary one being they should not be complicated. SOPs are created for employees, not regulatory agencies or auditors. Ensure that employees can easily understand and follow them, write your SOPs in general terms, and clearly explain everything.

Think of an SOP as instructional. It should list all the tasks that need to be completed in sequential order. There should be no room for interpretation. When referencing who should complete a particular task, use functional roles, not titles, or specific people (people and titles can change, but functional roles usually stay the same over time). You can include links to forms and templates that are used as part of tasks. Finally, each task should have a timeline associated with it (if applicable).

SOPs should be reviewed regularly to ensure they continue to follow the correct process. For example, if a regulation is updated, any processes associated with that regulation will need to be reviewed and updated accordingly. Archive older versions of an SOP to maintain a record of how a procedure was performed during a particular period. Typically, you should review your SOPs annually.

Training Employees on SOPs

Every SOP should indicate the employees subject to that SOP. While some SOPs are relevant for every employee, many only affect individuals with certain titles and in particular roles. And every employee affected by a particular role needs to be trained on the SOP. SOPs are perfect for training employees to do their jobs. As part of employee onboarding, define the list of SOPs for each employee’s role and ensure they understand the SOPs that affect them. There are several approaches to training employees on SOPs, including individual reading, group training, and online training via videos. Maintaining training records that reflect that every employee has “read and understood” their SOPs is part of any SOP management system and is a focus of many inspections by health authorities. You can also leverage SOPs for refresher training. It’s important to document when an employee was trained on an SOP and when they should take refresher training or updated training (in the case of a modified SOP). <top>

Technology Requirements for SOP Management Software

Let’s examine the primary user and technical requirements for an SOP solution. There are a number of user requirements that ensure an SOP application supports the proper management and usage of SOPs.

Creating an SOP:

The SOP application must provide a place to store SOPs in-process and enable access to the team collaborating on its development. Users should be able to upload a draft SOP into the system, or since SOPs follow a specific structure, the system should provide the ability to create a new SOP document from a set of standard SOP templates stored in the system.

Scheduled Renewals:

SOPs should be re-evaluated on a regular and defined basis. The SOP system should provide a process to set a review date and send notifications to the proper people in charge of the review process. Scheduled renewals should also enable employees to retrain on the SOPs necessary for their job.

Audit Preparation:

An SOP application should help you quickly prepare for audits from regulatory authorities. The system should simplify audit preparation of all SOP documents (including information on all changes made) and provide detailed training records that demonstrate that every employee has been trained on the SOPs relevant to their title and role. Since inspectors want specific information, the system should provide specialized views and reports to meet their needs.

Managing Paper Copies:

Some employees like to work with paper copies of SOPs. The SOP system should provide the ability to properly manage these paper copies using a feature such as controlled printing. Controlled printing tracks who printed a copy of an SOP and the reason.

Employee Training

The SOP system should enable employees to train on the SOPs relevant to their job title and role. This may include online reading of SOPs, training documents, or videos that walk the employee through an SOP. The system should provide the ability to allow an employee to be tested on their SOPs knowledge to ensure they understand then. It should also store and report on quiz results. <top>

Reviewing and Approving an SOP:

Most SOPs are developed by a team of people, requiring the ability to check out documents as they are worked on, so one set of changes can’t overwrite another. The system should provide a workflow process that enables the drafting, and subsequent review, editing, and approval of an SOP. As part of this process, versions must be tracked, and an audit trail of what was changed and by who should be captured.

Controlled Access:

The SOP application should provide centralized, secure storage of all SOPs. It needs to be accessible to anyone in the organization who must train on and use the SOPs in their work.

Reports and Dashboards:

Dashboards provide employees a quick view of outstanding SOP training to complete or SOP development tasks. They also centralize notifications and announcements. For managers, reports can let them quickly see where employees are in the SOP training process.

The system should enable the sending of notifications. Notifications could include letting SOP collaborators know a new version of the SOP is ready for review, informing collaborators that an SOP has been approved and published, or informing an author that an SOP they wrote is ready for a scheduled inspection. Other notifications include letting employees know a new version of an SOP has been published so they can review/train on the updated version, reminders to employees that they have SOP training to complete, notifications to managers that employees have started/completed SOP training, and so on. Notifications should be sent via email, and the system should provide a central location to view all notifications and tasks to complete.

Compliance Requirements

Beyond the user requirements, every system has a number of other requirements, including the need to address the regulatory requirements for managing electronic records. Life sciences companies have to comply with many regulations, including (in the US) 21 CFR Part 11, and the EU’s Health Authority. SOP systems must be designed with these regulations in mind and adhere to them. Among the compliance requirements are the need to track versions of SOPs as they go from draft to review and editing, and then final approval. This is usually accomplished with a complete audit trail that records every change to an SOP over its lifetime. Collecting signatures that record the approval of SOPs is another key requirement. Electronic signatures are acceptable but must meet specific requirements such as collecting the approvers’ “reason” or authority for being able to approve the item. Access controls are also essential, and as discussed above, training records that provide evidence that employees have read and understood the SOPs related to their title and role are required. <top>

Recommendations for Researching and Selecting an SOP Solution

Selecting an SOP solution entails several steps. 1. Define your requirements. To help, review the SOP user requirements listed above. For each requirement, list all the things you need to do in your company. 2. Review potential solutions through online videos and demos, requesting additional information such as datasheets and customer case studies to give you a good idea of whether the solution is a potential fit. From there, you can narrow down your selection to one or two solutions for a more in-depth demo/discussion with the vendor. 3. When you find a solution that you think will work best for you, consider starting with a pilot or trial that allows you to test out the system with a subset of your documents. A trial enables you to get a good feel for whether the application can support your needs.   <top>
4. Upon successfully completing a trial, make sure the vendor can transfer your setup to a production environment to minimize the work required to go live. This assumes the documents and processes you used in the trial mirror your production environment processes.

Guide to SOPs – Next Steps

It may seem like selecting an SOP solution is as simple as implementing a basic document management system or using SharePoint, but there’s much more to it than simple document management. The best SOP solutions for life sciences companies are developed with legal and regulatory obligations in mind and ensure that you have everything you need to create, manage, report, and train employees on all aspects of SOPs. <top>

Download the Guide to SOPs

Download a copy of this guide and make lots of notes in the margins as you go through the processes of defining your SOPs and selecting a supporting technology.

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People fall into one or two categories when it comes to personal development. One group sees PD as an expense while others view upleveling their performance as an investment.

In which camp have you staked your tent?

Ironically, the most successful people I know, consistently invest in their personal development. It’s not a one time deal. In fact, they feel empty when not working on their endgame.

I provide complimentary consultations to prospective business and career transition clients to understand if we’re a good fit for each other.

My process, unveils their endgame, what happens when they arrive at the finish line, what achieving their endgame will do for them both personally and professionally, and what it’s costing them to continue to live in their old life and simply exist in the land of -status quo.- Oh btw, all in their own words.

For the majority of these prospective clients, those who decide not to put the car in drive and move towards their endgame do so because they view coaching, personal development, etc. as an expense.

One common reason is deep down, they don’t believe they have the discipline to do what it takes to go after what they want. They just don’t want it bad enough.

So they say to themselves, “I’ll only be flushing this cash down the toilet. Why bother.”

We all have doubts in our abilities. A coach can help you sort through your monkey mind chatter and go for it vs. listening to that little voice that says “If I were you, I’d turn around and go back.”

Invariably, the common response from clients once our partnership begins to show even the slightest bit of traction is: “I wish I would have hired you sooner.”

The one line that stood out for me in Steve’s post was:

Leaders see people as an investment, not an expense.

Leaders are learners. Leaders invest in growth. The best leaders exemplify and model success.

Are you a leader?

If you are, take that difficult first step.

Hop into the car, turn the key, put that baby in first, and schedule a consultation where we’ll begin to create a road map to get where you want to go, quicker.

Vroom vroom!!!

Enjoy another brilliant post by my virtual friend, Steve Keating.

When To Stop Investing In People – by Steve Keating

I frequently speak with groups on the topic of leadership. Sometimes the groups are just too large to have a real two-way conversation but once in a while they are small enough to allow for a real dialogue to take place. Those are my favorite presentations.

Last week was one of those smaller interactions. One of the questions I received was as serious, challenging and complicated as a question can get.

The question came during a segment in which I was speaking about the difference between a management mindset and the mindset of a leader. A management mindset thinks “I have a person working for me who isn’t getting the job done. I better spend some time on them.” A leadership mindset thinks, “I have a person working with me who isn’t getting the job done, I better invest some time with them.”

Leaders see people as an investment, not an expense.

Let’s be clear on this, leadership is about people. We don’t lead companies, we don’t lead budgets, we don’t lead buildings or inventories, we manage them. We lead people!

People don’t want to be managed, they want leadership. You’ll hear people complain every single day about being micro-managed but you’ve probably never heard a person say the word, micro-led.

Leaders invest their time, experience, knowledge and even a piece of themselves in the development of their people. The success of their people is as important to them as their own success. If their people fail they take at least partial ownership in that failure.

There does come a time when a leader has done all that they can do and still one of their people is just not progressing. Investing in people is much more complicated than any other investment, there is much more at stake. But just like any other investment that doesn’t work out, at some point in time you just have to cut your losses.

The question I was asked was, “When is it time to stop investing in a person and let them go?”

THAT is one big question. I hate failing at anything, I hate failing with people development even more. I’m supposed to be good at it, I’m supposed to help people perform better. When I don’t then I’ve failed. So the decision to stop investing is a big one… but it’s not a hard one.

Here’s how I answered the question.

I stop investing when the good of the one begins to outweigh the good of the many. Simply stated, when the time required to help just one person grow begins to negatively impact and limit the amount of time I can invest with the rest of the team, I have to stop investing in the “one.”

This is particularly true when there seems to be little or no return on that investment. No leader can sacrifice the “many” for the “one.”

Letting someone go, demoting them or reassigning them is a terrible decision to have to make, but leaders make that decision. Leaders do not let their ego get in the way, they admit, that for whatever reason, this is “one” they just can’t help develop.

Leaders do what needs to be done, that’s one way, one very big way, that you can tell they are a leader.

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What was President Reagan’s outlook on America?

What was President Reagan’s outlook on America? How would you compare Reagan’s outlook with that of the current president? Compare or contrast three specific areas of governance.

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Title: Transmission of deformed wing virus (DWV) between Varroa destructor and the European honeybee (Apis mellifera) : in vitro and in vivo studies
Author: Bradford, Emma Louise
ISNI:       0000 0004 7659 0879
Awarding Body: University of Aberdeen
Current Institution: University of Aberdeen
Date of Award: 2019
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The European honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a managed insect pollinator of global economic importance. Over the last few decades honeybees have been undergoing a major health crisis, with one of the biggest causes the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor and its role in changing the viral landscape of deformed wing virus (DWV), which consists of two major variants: DWV-A and DWV-B. Prior to the start of this project there was limited information known about the mechanisms behind the relationships between Varroa, DWV and honeybees. The overarching aim of this project was to further enhance our understanding of these complex relationships, focusing on the impact of Varroa DWV transmission and differences between the main DWV variants. One of the initial obstacles to understanding these complex interactions was the inability to accurately quantify DWV variants. Prior to the start of this project, there was a need for an accurate assay for the quantification of DWV-A, DWV-B and total DWV, allowing the role of both variants in viral transmission and establishment to be investigated. While primers did exist for DWV quantification, the majority did not distinguish between variants, or provide accurate levels of DWV. Given these challenges in variant detection, a new assay for the quantification of DWV-A, DWV-B and total DWV was designed and validated. The assay consists of an external plasmid standard with distinct sections, for the detection of variants and total DWV. This DWV variant plasmid assay was essential for further transmission studies in this project. DWV variant transmission was explored using a variety of different methods. A new in vitro feeding system was used, to allow investigations into Varroa DWV variant transmission in isolation. The feeding system utilises locust haemolymph, allowing changes in DWV transmission to be detected. In multiple feeding experiments significant changes in DWV transmission were detected. Significant changes in DWV composition within feeding Varroa were detected with decreased levels of DWV, and changing variant levels. Switches in variant composition within mites and transmission rates occurred during Varroa in vitro feeding. These variant switches occurred in both directions from DWV-A to DWV-B, and DWV-B to DWV-A dominance. These changes in mite variant composition corresponded to changes in levels of replicating strands. iv These changes in DWV transmission, composition and replicating strand detection were only seen due to the use of this in vitro feeding system. The in vitro work provided valuable information about Varroa variant transmission and composition changes during feeding but this is not a natural system. Honeybee pupae from a Varroa-free area with extremely low DWV titres provided the opportunity to investigate Varroa variant transmission and pupal DWV establishment. Over 96 hours total DWV levels underwent a 1339408X fold increase, within pupae following Varroa feeding, with a sharp increase after 12 hours, followed by a plateau after 60 hours. Within this time period, DWV-A underwent a similar increase, while DWV-B increased at a much slower rate (33X fold change). In contrast to the in vitro work, mite DWV levels did not decrease during feeding. The impact of natural Varroa cell infestation on L5 larvae was investigated, showing no significant effects between pupal total DWV levels and mite density, and DWV levels between infested and none-infested larvae. However, this lack of significance could be attributed to the use of L5 larvae, which had only undergone a maximum of 24 hours Varroa feeding within the cell. Additionally, the use of two drug treatments (ribavirin and hydroxyurea) to reduce DWV levels was explored. Both drug treatments were tested against Varroa and honeybees, using a variety of methods: immersion (Varroa), injections (honeybees) and feeding (both). While neither drug treatment resulted in consistent DWV decreases, some reduction in DWV levels were seen following Varroa soaking in drug solutions. A significant decrease in DWV was seen in honeybees following bolus and ad libitum feeding of drug treatments. Overall, information and insights have been gained regarding the complex relationship between Varroa, honeybees and DWV. A new DWV variant qPCR assay was developed and utilised in subsequent studies. DWV variant switches in both transmission rates and mite composition were found to occur in in vitro studies. Differences in DWV variant establishment within honeybees were detected following Varroa in vivo feeding, in low DWV pupae. Though the tested drug treatments did not affect DWV levels, this highlights the difficultly facing the establishment of any DWV treatment.
Supervisor: Bowman, Alan S. ; Campbell, Ewan Sponsor: Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council (BBSRC) ; Morle Agricultural Foundation
Qualification Name: Thesis (Ph.D.) Qualification Level: Doctoral
EThOS ID:  DOI: Not available
Keywords: Honeybee ; Varroa destructor ; RNA viruses


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What does Frankenstein do after his creation comes to life?

What does Frankenstein do after his creation comes to life?

When Frankenstein’s creation comes to life, Victor gets scared, angry, and sad at the same time. He experiences constant stress. Thus, he decides to hide from the monster. Frankenstein does not want to bring any negative consequences for humanity and chooses to destroy the terrible creature.

What does the Monster plan to do at the end of Frankenstein?

The Monster visits Frankenstein’s body. He tells Walton that he regrets the murders he has committed and that he intends to commit suicide. Frankenstein’s death suggests that he has not learned much from his own story. The Monster’s decision to kill himself also confirms the importance of companionship.

What is Victor’s reaction to seeing the creature for the first time?

The creature has now been given life, but Victor’s initial reaction is that the creature is an “it”. Victor is telling this story to Robert Walton after the events have occurred, but when remembering the moment Victor first saw the creature move, his description uses “it”.

What does Frankenstein do after his creation comes to life quizlet?

What does he do after the creature comes to life? He feels like it was a mistake and when it is all done, he goes into his room and sleeps. You just studied 10 terms!

What happens when Victor finally reveals the existence of the creature?

What happens to the creature at the end of the novel?

In the end, Victor dies. The monster breaks into the ship’s cabin where Victor’s body lies in state.

What promise did the monster give Frankenstein regarding another monster?

The monster threatens “I will work at your destruction, nor finish until I desolate your heart, so that you shall curse the hour of your birth.” The monster also pleads his case saying, “My creator, make me happy and do not deny my request.” The creature further promises to move far away from continental Europe to the …

How does the creature react after reading Frankenstein’s notes?

The monster also read Victor’s journal, which contained details of his creation. In the journal, Victor is disgusted and horrified by the appearance of his creation. The creature feels dejected. The monster regrets being created in the first place and is deeply disappointed at being abandoned.

What does Victor Study after creating the monster?

How does Victor feel after creating the monster?

While Victor feels unmitigated hatred for his creation, the monster shows that he is not a purely evil being. Torn between vengefulness and compassion, the monster ends up lonely and tormented by remorse.

What is the reaction of Frankenstein’s creature to what he finds on Walton’s ship?

Why is the monster guilty in Frankenstein?

He is guilty because he wanted revenge against Victor Frankenstein for not loving him. While studying at university, Victor Frankenstein creates the Creature and abandons him shortly after creating him.


a thoughtful web.
comment by mknod
mknod  ·  3286 days ago  ·  link  ·    ·  parent  ·  post: Cargo Cult Science

I think there is a better use for Cargo Cult Science, having read this article and pondered over it many times, I think that Cargo Cult Science should be applied more closely to real scientists faking or otherwise manipulating data in such a way that the truth is obfuscated.

It's easy, for example, to call those late night television commercials promising "HD Vision" a sort of cargo cult science, because of just how fraudulent they are, but we already _know_ they are fraudulent, we know that glasses won't provide "HD Vision" so calling this sort of thing "Cargo Cult Science" weakens the phrase a bit.

Instead, we should be looking at real science that might not be accurate, then using the phrase to help remind people not to trust everything we read!

For example these articles:

Show how arguments from authority are dangerous. How a sort of Cargo Cult Science can develop a dangerous trust in people in lab coats which is probably not deserved.

Then we come to an even harder question to answer: Who is telling the truth? Who do we rely on? Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?

It turns out to be a hard question to answer! After all, we can't all invest our time in understanding the current edges of theoretical physics or staying up to date with the latest Lancet or current advances in computational sciences. I don't have a solution for this question, unfortunately most of us are left with this sort of trust the scientists, because they'll self correct. We'll just hope we are right! Our only real hope is that we can point out the Cargo Cults when we see them, and shun their methods with as much fervency as we now shun drilling holes in heads to release demons.

wasoxygen  ·  3285 days ago  ·  link  ·

    Who do we rely on?
I think we have little choice but to be skeptical of all sources, all the time. Even those who have earned our trust as reliable sources can make mistakes.

Someone described a telling example. They said when you read an article about something you don't know much about, you might find it interesting and informative. Hm, I didn't know that. But when you read an article about something you happen to have some expertise in, you see that it is full of errors and misrepresentations. Makes you wonder about all those informative articles. [Note: I am sure I am getting this story wrong.]

wasoxygen  ·  2701 days ago  ·  link  ·

    Someone described a telling example.

This turns out to be the Gell-Mann Amnesia effect, according to Michael Crichton, as mentioned by Scott Alexander.


Visionary YouTuber Built Unground Apocalyptic Bunker in His Backyard 5 Years Ago

It is the ultimate man cave and survival cell rolled up into one, completely hidden under his backyard.
Derya Ozdemir

Coronavirus might have come as a surprise to everyone; however, YouTuber Colin Furze has been preparing for self-isolation since 2015 by building a bunker in his backyard.

This is not to say that you need a bunker to protect yourself, simply distancing yourself from the public will suffice. However, having a second option hiding under your backyard that you can go to instead of being captived in your house is actually very cool.

Furze built the steel bunker in Lincolnshire in 2015, and it is absolutely amazing. He has also been featuring his cool bunker in most of his videos.

The bunker has everything from microwaves and dried food to a generator for electricity and gaming consoles. He even has a drum kit that he can play with, and of course, a gas mask is one of the essentials too. Now we know who’d survive a possible zombie apocalypse or alien abduction. Or more likely, a nuclear war.

Most Popular

To be honest, one could spend a lifetime in there. While after watching Parasite, this kind of bunkers might give you the creeps but it is still incredibly impressive.

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© NHK

25th Entertainment Division Grand Prize

Naoki Urasawa presents Manben neo -Yoshikazu Yasuhiko-

TV program

UEDA Katsumi / KURAMOTO Mitsuru / UCHIDA Aimi / TSUKADA Tsutomu / MARUYAMA Megumi［Japan］

This work is NHK Educational Television’s documentary program featuring the art of “manga.” It closely documents manga artists at work, especially focusing on their hands. Multiple cameras carefully record how Japan’s leading manga artists move their hands. URASAWA Naoki, who is also an active manga artist, discusses the production process with a guest manga artist while watching the video. From the perspective unique to manga artists, he points out the guest artist’s techniques and tendencies that the artist is even unaware of, and draws out their charm. The featured artist in this work is YASUHIKO Yoshikazu, who has been active in two fields: manga and animation. He worked on the storyboards and original illustrations for Uchusenkan Yamato (Space Battleship Yamato, 1974-75), and character design and animation director for Kido-senshi Gandamu (Mobile Suit Gundam, 1979-80). His manga works include Arion (Tokuma Shoten, 1979-84), which was made into an animated feature film in 1986. For three days, four fixed-point cameras captured him working on his final full-length work, Inui to Tatsumi: Zabaikaru Senki (Inui and Tatsumi: Transbaikal War Chronicle, Kodansha, 2018-). The documentary revealed a series of his marvelous techniques that differ markedly from typical manga production processes, such as starting a rough sketch without a drawing panel layout, drawing a complex overhead-view composition without construction lines, starting from the eyebrows when drawing a person, and using a brush to ink a pencil sketch.

Reason for Award

Japan’s leading manga artist URASAWA Naoki is known for his exquisite touch and descriptive style. URASAWA presents this long-running documentary program that began in 2014, which is for enjoying the creation process of many manga artists of different generations and genres. In the episode broadcasted on June 9, 2021, he welcomed YASUHIKO Yoshikazu, who has built an era as an animator as well. This episode made me speechless. In an action scene on a snowy night, falling snowflakes were made to appear by just painting a solid black “night” background without any rough sketch. Having a long career in animation production, YASUHIKO perhaps visualized the scene in his head, selected and depicted the most suitable frame as manga. This program records the manga artist’s production process using multiple cameras, and explores the artist’s techniques via various perspectives, including drafts, hands, and facial expressions. URASAWA and the guest manga artist dig further into the techniques while watching the video. This program has closely followed the superhuman feats of many manga artists. This episode is truly incredible, and worthy of the Grand Prize. (TOKITA Takashi)


Celebrity trainer Massy Arias uses fitness to combat depression

As a celebrity fitness coach with 2.7 million Instagram followers, and having spent time as the face of CoverGirl cosmetics, Massy Arias is an inspiration to her fans. But getting to that space has not always been an easy journey.

At just 13 years old, Arias moved from the Dominican Republic to the United States and struggled to adjust to life in a foreign country. She had to learn a new language, a new culture and a new way of life in New York City. On her own since 17, dealing with the challenges of what to eat and earn money, life became overwhelming. A deep depression set in, making life even harder for Arias, who said she already struggled emotionally to find a reason to live. “Being depressed is not something you control,” Arias says. “It’s a word people use a lot, but I don’t think people understand what it is to not want to wake up in the morning, not wanting to live, or having any motivation to even breathe and get out there to perform your daily activities.”


Basic Statistics

Despite starting the season as a healthy scratch, Chris Thorburn dressed for the Jets for 64 games. While his number of games played was high, the pugilistic veteran only skated 446 minutes in total, 386 of those minutes at even strength.
With only three goals, one assist, and 36 shots on net, Thorburn definitely did not provide much help to the team offensively.
Despite being one of the lowest ice time skaters for the Jets, Thorburn carried the second highest total penalty minutes. The 13 majors skews his penalty minutes more than his 15 minors.

Goals Above Replacement

Goals Above Replacement data courtesy of @DTMAboutHeart.
According to the model, Chris Thorburn was bad… very bad. In fact, GAR suggests that Thorburn carried one of the NHL’s 20th worst impacts to a team. It goes further to suggest that if the Jets had randomly selected an AHL call-up player to take his minutes and role, the average expected outcome would be the team’s goal differential improving by about 2 goals, or just under one point in the standings.
Now, I fully understand that Thorburn has a lot of characteristics that lends himself to be a coach and locker room favourite. I’m not atheistic to the idea that players carry intangibles that can have a permeating impact to the remainder of the team. The human effect is real. However, these type of intangibles are unknown; their impact on the team is unknown. The purpose of statistics is to provide objective information, limiting the unknowns.
What is not unknown is the impact Thorburn had on ice in terms of how the Jets’ performed in shots, scoring chances, and goals with him skating on the ice.
Thorburn was a below replacement level forward. He was useful defensively, which is not atypical historically speaking… although this season looks to be a bit outlier-ish for extent of impact, so it may be overstating his influence there. His impact through offense and penalties nullifies any potential utility from his defensive contributions.

Advanced Metrics

Rel Corsi%
Rel xGF%
Thorburn on ice does not provide much value. He can hit, but overall the opposition controls most of the shots (Corsi) and the Jets do much worse in Corsi with him on the ice versus on the bench (rel Corsi). In addition, accounting for shot quality factors with expected goals only further adds evidence that Thorburn hurts the team significantly while playing.
The winger’s posted career lows in point production and point production pace. His point per hour pace sat just below the median production level of a fourth line player. In other words, the average fourth line player would typically produce twice the amount of points than Thorburn given similar deployment.

The game has evolved past Thorburn and other similar players. Thorburn does not carry the ability to process the play quickly or take the right action. We then see Thorburn often defaulting to “safe” plays that look harmless enough but end up hurting the team overall.
Only 29.6 per cent of Thorburn’s defensive touches contributed to defensive zone exits with possession and only 27.6 per cent of his zone entry attempts were with control of the puck. These both ranked lowest of the Jets regular forwards. While chipping the puck out is the preferred outcome over giving away the puck, the process of heavily defaulting to these plays ultimately leads to being the opposition gaining control of the play in the long run anyways.
Cluster playing style denotes Thorburn as a dependent: he does not provide much value in any area. He does not help transition the puck forward, he does not set up players with shot passes, and he does not generate shots himself. The only thing he ranks here as okay in is through dangerous shots, and most of those were from last season and Thorburn has never been much of a finisher to complete those dangerous shots.
Please support @ShutDownLine for his contributions in manually tracking microstatistics.

Final Thoughts

I said this before and I will say it again: all criticism of Thorburn is directed at the faulty managerial processes and decision making that places Thorburn in situations where he’s fighting far above his weight class.
The truth is that Thorburn was once a useful bottom-six forward. The unfortunate part is that time was prior to the Atlanta Thrashers displacement to the middle of Canada. The Jets should never have extended Thorburn. The NHL has moved past using bottom-six forwards that cannot garner the team with meaningful contributions aside from their pugilistic efforts. It’s sad that a small market team like the Winnipeg Jets has been one of the last to evolve here and has not been willing to take risks, push the status quo, and be the first to revolutionize how rosters are constructed.
Moneyball gets quoted sometimes as a story about the statistical revolution in baseball; hockey fans will often argue that the NHL is different and there is no On Base Percentage low-hanging fruit to go after. In actuality, Moneyball was about a small market team that understood that if they looked at constructing a team in the same way as their competition they would lose. The Oakland A’s never won a pennant, but they were ultimately far, far more successful than they ever would have been otherwise.
It saddens me that the Jets have not tried to be innovative in the same way. It is not enough to try and be the better draft and development team. The CBA, with long term team control and salary cap structure, does increase the marginal gains through draft and development, but Chris Thorburn (and others) end up being a microcosm of the Jets’ failure in ingenuity to be the first movers in dressing skill over unknown factors like grit, enforcers, and intangibles.
All numbers courtesy of, @ShutdownLine, or @DTMAboutHeart unless otherwise noted.

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Pea Protein vs Whey: Is Pea Protein Better Than Whey Protein?

Written by Ben Carlisle

Last updated on: Sep 18, 2022

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Pea protein is better than whey protein if you are following a vegan diet. However, in a pea protein vs whey protein comparison both are closely matched. The protein powder to use will come down to the individual. This will be based on their performance goals, dietary restrictions and any allergies they have.

image 1

Can Pea Protein Match Whey Protein, Gram For Gram In Nutritional Value?

Whey protein powders will normally have a higher protein content gram for gram. This is especially true of whey isolate. However, pea protein isn’t far behind (1). Whilst also being rich in iron and hypo-allergenic. A high quality pea protein supplement will be approximately 75% protein compared to high quality whey protein supplements being 80% and above.

Whey protein powder is derived from cow's milk as a by-product of the cheese making process. Obviously, this makes whey protein animal based and unsuitable for vegetarians and vegans (2). Pea protein powder is produced by grinding dried yellow split peas into a fine powder. During this process the starch and fibre is removed from the peas. It is a completely plant based protein and suitable for both vegetarians and vegans.

Out of all the supplements derived from plant based proteins, pea protein is the one which runs whey the closest. This makes it an extremely popular protein powder for vegans wanting to maximise their protein consumption.

Why Do People Take Protein Powder?

People take protein powder as a supplement to increase their overall protein intake. There can be many reasons for somebody doing this. This ranges from hitting daily protein requirements, assisting with weight loss, building muscle mass and reaching athletic performance goals. An increase in protein consumption also improves satiety and can help with weight loss. The reason for this is it can suppress cravings (3). This helps to keep an all important calorie deficit which is vital for weight loss.

Protein is an important nutrient which helps with the restoration of cells and the growth of muscles, skin, bones, organs, hair and nails (4). Protein supplementation with resistance training has been shown to help improve body mass index and strength (5). Both whey protein and plant based protein powders, such as pea protein, are great ways to get extra protein into your diet.

How Is Protein Powder Used?

The best known way of consuming protein powder is via a protein shake. This protein shake is typically consumed pre or post-workout. Although it can also be used as a meal replacement drink. However, protein powders are versatile supplements which can be incorporated into your diet in a number of ways. Protein powder can be added to a number of meals and snacks. This includes, pancakes, muffins, porridge oats, mashed potatoes and yoghurts.

How Is Whey Protein And Pea Protein Isolate Manufactured?

The main difference between the manufacturing process of pea and whey protein supplements is one is plant based and the other is animal based. However, they have some processing similarities as the protein is isolated to give higher protein levels. Let's look at how each type of supplement is made in more detail.

How Whey Protein Is Made

All whey protein powders are animal proteins derived from cow's milk. It is a mixture of proteins which are isolated from whey. Whey is the liquid part of milk which separates during cheese production. Carbohydrates, fat and water are removed from it leaving just the protein, which is sprayed into a fine powder (2). Whey protein isolate is whey protein concentrate which goes through extra processing which results in a higher protein content per gram of weight.

Whey protein is a complete protein, it has good levels of all of the essential amino acids. However, due to whey being a dairy product it is not suitable for vegans and may not be suitable for those with lactose intolerance.

How Pea Protein Is Made

Pea protein powder is made from yellow split peas. Not green garden peas. Yellow split peas are left to dry out. And then are then ground into a fine powder. This fine powder is pea protein concentrate. As peas are water soluble they are next separated from fibre and starch though wet filtration and centrifugation. The next step is to obtain pea protein isolate. To do this the protein must precipitate to its isoelectric point, and then solubilising the dry spray. The end result is a whitish-beige powder. This is the plant based supplement known as pea protein powder.

Pea protein supplements are suitable for vegetarians and vegans. It is not a complete protein as it is low in the essential amino acid methionine.

Pea vs Whey Protein: Nutritional Values

Pea isolate will typically contain a 75% protein content, with no sugar, salt or saturated fat. And whey protein powders will contain between a 70% and 90% protein content (whey protein isolate will have a higher content than whey protein concentrate). Whey and pea protein are both high quality protein sources. However, when this protein is analysed the levels of the nine essential amino acids do differ. Whey protein contains higher quantities of nearly every amino acid, with pea protein noticeable low in methionine (1). It is important to check the labels as different brands of whey and pea protein will vary in nutritional values.

What Is The Amino Acid Content Of Pea Protein Powders?

Amino acids are often referred to as the build blocks of protein, this is because they help your body to grow and function. When you consume protein, your body breaks it down into amino acids (6).

Unfortunately, your body cannot make amino acids. For this reason vegans are often concerned with getting all the essential amino acids into their diet. A plant based diet offers fewer options to achieve this, as they are easier to obtain throguh animal protein sources. Through foods such as red meat, eggs and poultry.

Whilst there are a range of vegan protein powders, the majority do not provide a complete amino acid profile (1).

Pea protein does contains all of the essential amino acids, but is low in methionine (7). Due to this lower level of methionine, it is often debated whether pea protein can be referred to as a complete protein. It is important to note that, when compared to other vegan protein powders on the market, pea protein does contain higher levels of most of the amino acids (8).

The lower levels of methionine are not a problem if you supplement pea protein with a food source which is rich in methionine. Vegan food sources high in methionine include oats, quinoa, hemp and sunflower seeds. The best pea protein powder on the market does not have this problem as it contains added ingredients such as hemp protein which are rich in methionine.

Alternatively, you can choose to blend your pea protein with other plant based protein powders which contain methionine (brown rice would be an example).

image 2

Health Benefits Of Pea Protein Supplements

The pea protein health benefits are considerable. Typically they are hypo-allergenic, as it is always lactose free and often free from gluten (it is important to check the labelling before purchasing  if you are on a gluten free diet). This makes pea protein a good choice for people sensitive to dairy product. And those who take pea rather than the whey proteins should find themselves without problems and with less bloating.

It has high levels of most of the branched chain amino acids (BCAA's) including arginine, which helps with blood flow and heart health. It also contains good levels of leucine, isoleucine and valine which play critical roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, nutrition metabolism, gut health, immunity and disease (9). It is also rich in iron. For those who may have a low iron count, this is an effective way to top up iron levels on a daily basis.

For those looking to reduce their weight, pea protein powder can be a great way to do this. It can be used as a meal replacement and studies have shown that the protein qualities found within pea protein mixed with its fibre and resistant starch components help to suppress appetite and glycemia (3). This is because they give the body the feeling of being full for a sustained period.

Will Pea Protein Supplement Support Muscle Growth?

Yes pea protein will support muscle growth. It is a great protein source which will support the acquisition of muscle thickness and strength development when combined with resistance exercise. It is well known that consumption of protein plays a critical part in maintaining and building muscle tissue at all stages of life (10). By increasing protein intake, using a quality protein source such as pea protein you will supply your body with enough protein to help develop your muscle mass and strength.

Studies have shown it to be a good vegan protein source for muscle gain (11). It has the required BCAA's and protein content to gain muscle weight,  despite being low in methionine (12).

Pea protein is able to provide good levels of protein. It is able to assist with weight loss by improving satiety and assist with muscle preservation, muscle gain and strength development.

Whilst it might have low levels of the essential amino acid methionine, there are ways to rectify this. You could mix it with another type of vegan protein powder that is rich in methionine, such as rice protein powder. Alternatively, you can ensure that you are eating foods rich in methionine, such as oats, quinoa, hemp and sunflower seeds.

Pea protein powder has added health benefits, including being a good source of iron. It is also hypoallergenic making it a great choice for those with food allergies or sensitivities.

Pea Protein Vs Whey Protein Powder Which Is Better?

The answer is it depends on your performance goals, dietary restrictions and any allergies you may have. Both pea protein and whey are closely matched in terms of their nutritional values. And studies have found both have been useful in the assistance of reaching fitness and lifestyle goals. Obviously, if you are on a vegan diet or have allergies related to milk pea protein will be the supplement of choice. However, without any such restrictions it will come down to personal choice and your own goals.

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Home » Fish Guides » How Do Starfish Reproduce? | 14 Useful Facts From Experts |

How Do Starfish Reproduce? | 14 Useful Facts From Experts |

Do you believe there are stars in both the sky and ocean? But the stars in the sea are different from the stars in the sky. The stars in the sea are named starfish, and in this article, we are going to find out how starfish reproduce.

seastar reproduce

Do Starfish Need A Mate To Reproduce?

Simply the answer is no. Starfish can reproduce without a mate. It means they can reproduce asexually. However, starfish is a resourceful creature. It means they can multiply their population in more than one way. Similarly, like other animals, they can reproduce by spawning together or mating. If not, starfish can asexually reproduce their offspring. However, asexual reproduction is not a better way to produce a new starfish in captivity. Because it cannot promote the genetic diversity within starfish species. Hence, the sexual method is the best to reproduce starfish to enhance genetic diversity.

seastar reproduce

How To Identify Male And Female Starfish?

Typically, most of the animals in the world are born as a male or female. But when it’s come to starfish, it is pretty complex. Starfish have distinct gender so that they can mate with other starfish, but it is difficult to distinguish their gender by physical appearance. But male-like Archaster typicus is smaller than females. Other starfish species do not have visible features to identify their gender. However, there is a physiological difference between male and female starfish. But to see it, you must have a microscope.

The general rule is females produce eggs while males produce sperms. So, their gonad structure should differ from each other. In addition to that, female and male starfish are different in their reproductive organs. But typically, these organs are small and situated inside of the body. Therefore, if you look at starfish underside by flipping, it isn’t easy to distinguish their gender clearly.

Related: Sea bunny | Super Interesting Facts You Must Know

Asexual reproduction of sea stars?

To produce starfish asexually, you have to remove the starfish’s arms along with its part of the central disk. This separate piece can form a whole starfish. In other words, you can reproduce starfish asexually by fission or through the autonomy of arms. In fission, the starfish’s central disk is broken into two parts, and each piece regenerates its missing parts to be a complete starfish.

When it’s come to autotomy, the starfish sheds with the part of the central disk. Then it lives like a “comet” independently. Over time, it will grow the set of the arms of starfish. But you make sure your starfish species can reproduce via this method. Because even though most starfish can regenerate their limbs, few species can breed in these ways.

Sexual reproduction of sea stars

Sexually reproduction occurs when the conditions are right. At this right time, starfish start to mate sexually. They spawn. It means starfish release their sex cells into the water. Simply female starfish release eggs, and male starfish release sperms to fertilize the eggs. Then over time, fertilized eggs hatch and produce swimming larvae. They are floating in the water and grow up.

Also, this reproducing process occurs as a group called spawning aggregation. Also, it enhances the opportunities for eggs and sperms to find each other. However, according to the starfish species, mating strategies can be varied. In this case, we cannot see any pregnancy signs. Because embryos form and develop in the seawater.

Definitive Guide To Breeding Clownf...
Definitive Guide To Breeding Clownfish: How To, Hatching Eggs and More

Thus, most of the starfish can be recognized as oviparous. Because embryos form and develop externally. However, there is an exception to this. Some starfish develop within the gonads of their parents. A suitable example is Patiriella vivipara. However, they leave their parents after developing their five arms. After that period, they have the ability to live independently.

seastar reproduce

Do Starfish Reproduce By Fragmentation?

Yes, sea stars or starfish can reproduce via fragmentation. Fragmentation can be defined as breaking the body into two parts and regenerating each to produce two individuals. Here the large arm of the starfish fragments as another starfish and regenerates its missing parts.

Do Starfish Reproduce By Regeneration?

Simply, yes, starfish can reproduce by regeneration. But the answer depends on the starfish species that you have. Most starfish species can regenerate their limbs. But among them, only some species can reproduce by fragment or fission and regenerate. Therefore, you should be highly aware of the starfish species that you have. Another essential thing is breeding methods can be varied from species to species.

How Long Does It Take For A Starfish To Reproduce?

Generally, when starfish are two years old, they become an adult. So, from this age, they can reproduce.

Do Starfish Lay Eggs Or Babies?

Starfish lay eggs, not babies. When the conditions are right, starfish start to spawn by releasing sperms and eggs into the water.

How Many Offspring Do Starfish Reproduce?

Female starfish can lay up to 65 eggs at once. But we cannot say all these eggs make starfish babies. Because eggs should fertilize to produce successful offspring. Other than that, these eggs can be prey to predators like fish, snails, crabs, otters, and birds. So, the offspring amount highly depends on the environmental force.

What Time Of Year Does Starfish Reproduce?

Generally, starfish reproduce sexually in late winter and spring. On the other hand, they reproduce new starfish by asexually or fission at other times of the year. Most probably in summer.

Do Starfish Have A Mate For Life?

No, Typically, sea stars tend to reproduce either sexually or asexually as a group

How Ochre Sea Stars Reproduce?

Ochre sea star reproduces sexually or asexually. Also, they are dioecious. However, this starfish species do not have sexual dimorphism. Their sex can be distinguished only by examining their sex organs. It means that the presence of sperms or eggs in their gonads. Generally, it has the ability to reproduce at the age of five.

Further, ochre sea star or starfish reproduces new starfish by broadcast spawning. It means that after fertilizing the eggs of this starfish, larvae or baby starfish float on the surface of the ocean. Also, they feed on zooplankton for a few weeks until baby starfish’s metamorphosis and turns into the little version of starfish.

How Brittle Starfish Reproduce?

Generally, most of the brittle star species reproduce by spawning. Female stars release eggs, and males release sperms onto fertilize eggs. Then after a few days, larvae are released by hatching the fertilized eggs. However, some brittle species produce their generation by fission while some are producing sexually. Moreover, some brittle stars have the ability to breed asexually in two ways. The first one is they break one or more arms with a portion of the central body. Then these broken pieces regenerate missing parts with arms to create a whole new brittle star.

The second way is, brittle star juveniles can create a new starfish during their settling stage.  After complete the metamorphosis, larvae lose the last two arms. Also, the important thing is the special tissue at the attachment point, creating a new ophioplutei. And it swims off to develop into starfish.

Starfish is a beautiful creation, and it is not a fish at all. However, not only other marine animals, starfish, or sea stars can reproduce sexually and asexually. Further, there are male and female starfish, but it isn’t easy to distinguish through their physical appearance. However, starfish can create new starfish through spawning and fission, while some starfish breed by spawning. Anyhow the reproducing methods can be varied with starfish species. Furthermore, they have to pass many stages to be a tiny sea stars that we love.

Credit to: Seeker
Read Next: Blind Cave Tetra | 15 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About |

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About Dr.Chamika


August 1, 2019

This week Museum Education Roundtable released the forty-fourth volume, number three edition of their journal, Journal of Museum Education, online. In case you are not familiar with the journal, the Journal of Museum Education is a peer-reviewed journal released by the Museum Education Roundtable four times a year that explores and reports on theory, training, and practice in the museum education field. Each journal is divided into at least four sections, and in the latest edition they are: Editorial; Articles; Tools, Frameworks and Case Studies; and Book Review. In this edition of the Journal, there are four articles focused on virtual reality, five pieces in the Tools, Frameworks and Case Studies, and a book review of the book Intentional Practice for Museums: A Guide for Maximizing Impact by Randi Korn.

On Museum Education Roundtable’s website, they released links to the articles from this edition Virtual Visits: Museums Beaming in Live focusing on using virtual reality for museum experiences. I believe that utilizing virtual reality in museum education is a helpful tool for visitor experiences, and while it does not replace the in-person experience, but it especially is a benefit for individuals who are not able to for various reasons be in the physical space. I have limited experience with virtual reality, but I continuously seek professional development opportunities to advance my skills as a museum educator; which is why I took advantage of reading these articles.

At the Long Island Explorium, a children’s science museum, I have worked with virtual reality programs for educational and entertainment purposes. Each visitor had the opportunity to wear a virtual reality headset and participate in a couple of programs that came with the Microsoft virtual reality system. One of the programs allowed visitors to tour through the solar system wearing the headset and using the handsets participants can click on each star, planet, etc. to learn more about everything about solar systems. The second program gives participants two ancient ruins and their modern landscapes to tour through to learn the history of each civilization; participants can tour through either Peru or Rome. What was different about this program from the solar system program is participants can move around a little bit as if they were really standing in the locations. The Microsoft system we used connected to the PC and Smartboard which allowed individuals who were not wearing the headset to view what the person wearing it sees.

Since I was guiding visitors and showed the rest of the museum staff how to use the virtual reality, I have gained some experience using it and recognize the value of virtual reality in museums. Both programs provide an educational opportunity for visitors to explore space and civilizations where they are most likely have not been before. When I read the latest edition of Journal of Museum Education, I shared the sentiment the Editor-in-Chief, Cynthia Robinson, shared in the journal

“Although virtual access does not provide some of the authenticity of a physical encounter, it is no less meaningful than reading a history book to learn about and imagine the past, or viewing a filmed documentary of a place we would otherwise not visit.”

By including virtual reality in museums, museum professionals can provide another medium they will utilize for programs and exhibits to reach out to visitors. My experience with virtual reality showed me the potential of its use in a children’s science museum and based on the programs I worked with I have no doubt it could work with varying types of museums.

Individuals can take advantage of virtually visiting museums and participating in museum programs that are far from home, or places that are not entirely handicapped accessible. According to one of the articles, “Virtual Visits: Museums Beaming in Live”, Allyson Mitchell stated

“Museum educators already interpret the collections and content of their institutions through educational programming to meet the needs of family, school age, adult, senior, and community audiences. IVL [Interactive Virtual Learning] programs provide a similar real-time connection to a museum professional who facilitates personalized learning experiences that actively engage groups visiting virtually to forge deeper connection to cultural institutions and lifelong learning.”

IVL programs provide live interactive broadcasts that offer visitors at a distance real-time connection to a museum professional and resources. I had my first experience with an IVL program during a professional development program. During last year’s New York City Museum Educators Roundtable (NYCMER) conference, I participated in a session called Virtual Field Trips: Traveling Through Time and Space to Connect Museums and Audiences in which session speakers discussed the benefits and challenges of running and planning virtual field trips. Also, they performed a demonstration what a virtual field trip is like using Skype by giving us a brief demonstration of what it would be like to be in space without wearing a space suit. As I continued to read the Journal of Museum Education, I realize the continued potential of virtual reality use in museums not only in programs but with museum collections.

In the article “Defining Interactive Virtual Learning in Museum Education: A Shared Perspective”, Kasey Gaylord-Opalewski & Lynda O’Leary discussed how all cultural institutions can benefit from a top-notch virtual learning program in terms of outreach, diversity, and promotion of collection. According to Gaylord-Opalewski and O’Leary, there are multiple benefits of using

“The world of IVL is commonly viewed as an addendum to an onsite experience with cultural institutions such as zoos, museums, libraries, science centers, and the like. Through dedicated virtual educators trained to interpret collections using synchronous technology, IVL programs serve not just as an addendum to onsite experiences, but rather as a conduit for greater outreach and promotion to audiences that may never have the opportunity to visit the collections of a museum in person – due to budget, physical limitations, or distance.”

While the program I used at the Long Island Explorium was used as one of the additions used onsite, I believe in the potential to reach out to many current and potential visitors who do not always have access to museums in person. Museum professionals have always investigated ways we can draw more visitors to our museums and sites, and as technology continues to develop we continue to figure out different ways we can reach out to people to share resources and collections.

Discussion Questions: Have you used virtual reality, whether it was in a museum or not? What is your reaction to virtual reality? Do you think virtual reality could be useful in museums? Why or why not?

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Is Grammarly Extension Free

Is Grammarly Extension Free

Grammarly checks your text against millions of pages online to make sure it isn’t plagiarising. If you have written a book, you can even check it to see if it was written by someone else. This feature is available free of charge, and will check your text against billions of other books and articles. You will need to upgrade your account if you are required to write an essay or report for school.

You can download Grammarly to your computer or use its browser extension to edit text. It works with Chrome, Firefox, and Microsoft Edge. Once installed, the extension will show you an icon in the top right corner of your browser window. Click the icon to see a list of suggestions. You can also choose which websites Grammarly should be used for.

Grammarly is a free software that provides detailed explanations for grammatical mistakes. It works much like the spell check feature in Google Docs or Microsoft Word. Its free version works in browser extensions, while the paid version uses an online editor. Grammarly also provides an extensive knowledge base, which is particularly useful for non-native speakers of English.

Grammarly can help improve your writing style by removing many errors. Grammarly can also help you correct mistakes by changing the tone. You can upload a new file or copy and paste text into Grammarly. Once Grammarly analyzes your text, it will ask you for goals and make recommendations for improving your style. It can be helpful for students who want to improve their English skills.

Grammarly can be used online or on your smartphone by downloading a browser extension. Grammarly’s editor will automatically highlight spelling and grammar mistakes and make suggestions for correcting them. You can also copy and paste documents to be checked. The editors can also provide suggestions for editing your writing, such as the correct placement of commas.


Melphalan flufenamide inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing proliferation of monocytes.

Byrgazov K, Lind T, Rasmusson AJ, Andersson C, Slipicevic A, Lehmann F, Gullbo J, Melhus H, Larsson R, Fryknäs M

Bone Rep 15 (-) 101098 [2021-12-00; online 2021-06-07]

Myeloma bone disease is a major complication in multiple myeloma affecting quality of life and survival. It is characterized by increased activity of osteoclasts, bone resorbing cells. Myeloma microenvironment promotes excessive osteoclastogenesis, a process of production of osteoclasts from their precursors, monocytes. The effects of two anti-myeloma drugs, melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) and melphalan, on the activity and proliferation of osteoclasts and their progenitors, monocytes, were assessed in this study. In line with previous research, differentiation of monocytes was associated with increased expression of genes encoding DNA damage repair proteins. Hence monocytes were more sensitive to DNA damage-causing alkylating agents than their differentiated progeny, osteoclasts. In addition, differentiated progeny of monocytes showed increased gene expression of immune checkpoint ligands which may potentially create an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Melflufen was ten-fold more active than melphalan in inhibiting proliferation of osteoclast progenitors. Furthermore, melflufen was also superior to melphalan in inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. These results demonstrate that melflufen may exert beneficial effects in patients with multiple myeloma such as reducing bone resorption and immunosuppressive milieu by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.

Drug Discovery and Development (DDD)

PubMed 34150958

DOI 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101098

Crossref 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101098

pii: S2352-1872(21)00354-5
pmc: PMC8192817

Publications 7.2.9


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University of Wisconsin–Madison

NEH Summer Stipend 2022

To:Chairs and Administrators, Departments in the Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences; Associate Deans for Research; College/School Research Administrators
From:Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research & Graduate Education
Date:July 01, 2021
Subject:NEH Summer Stipend 2022

Deadline for Internal Review:September 08, 2021

Project Description

The internal competition for National Endowment for the Humanities summer stipends is a great opportunity for faculty seeking summer salary support for humanities research. The UW-Madison has the opportunity to nominate up to two faculty to the national NEH summer stipend competition. The nominees are chosen by a subcommittee of the Research Committee. Anyone advanced to the national competition automatically receives 2/9ths summer salary support from the OVCRGE irrespective of whether or not they are successful in the national competition. Tenured faculty with distinguished publishing records are especially encouraged to apply.

Amount per Award: $6,000
Duration of Award: continuous full-time work on a humanities project for a period of two consecutive months
Number of Awards: 81 Awards per year– last 5 years average

Scholars in all disciplines of the humanities and related social sciences

  • Projects resulting in articles, monographs, books, digital materials and publications, archaeological reports, translations, editions, or other scholarly resources

More on the program, funding restrictions, proposal guidelines, as well as examples of successful proposals, may be found here:

UW–Madison may nominate 2 faculty.

Internal Competition Application Instructions

Applications for Internal Review

The proposal needs to be submitted to the internal UW competition by September 8, 2021. The review committee will provide feedback to successful nominees by September 15, 2021. Nominees are responsible for submitting their revised proposals to the NEH through prior to 4:30pm on September 22, 2021, as an individual applicant.

Please note that you need to register or verify your personal registration with by September 8, 2021.  The system will not allow you to submit a Summer Stipends application through an institutional account.

Utilize the following opportunity number: 20200923-FT

Applicants should format pages with one-inch margins and with a font size no smaller than eleven point. Single-spacing is permissible (and is the norm among successful applications). Your proposal should contain the following items in order:

  • Cover page
  • CV (two single-spaced pages; be sure to follow NEH guidelines)
  • Narrative (three single-spaced pages)
  • Bibliography (one single-spaced page)
  • Names and titles of two referees (do not include letters for the internal review committee)

To submit your application for internal review, please email a single PDF to

The narrative provides a comprehensive framework and description of all aspects of the proposed project.  It should not assume specialized knowledge and should be free of technical terms and jargon. Use the following section headings.

Significance and contribution

Describe the intellectual significance of the proposed project, including its value to humanities scholars, general audiences, or both. State the project’s thesis or claim and provide an overview, explaining the basic ideas, problems, or questions examined by the study. Explain how the project will complement, challenge, or expand relevant studies in the field.

Methodology and work plan

Describe your method(s) and clarify the part or stage of the project that will be supported by the Summer Stipend. Provide a work plan, describing what you will accomplish during the period of performance. Your work plan must be based on a full-time commitment to the project for two consecutive months; part-time work is not allowed. If you do not anticipate finishing the entire project during the period of performance, discuss your plan for doing so.

For book projects, explain how the final project will be organized. If possible, provide a brief chapter outline. For digital projects, describe the technologies that will be used and developed, and explain how the scholarship will be presented to benefit audiences in the humanities. For edition or translation projects, describe the annotations or other scholarly apparatus that you plan to include. If you are proposing to translate into English a work for which other English translations already exist, provide a rationale for the new translation.

Note that work plans should not be wholly dependent upon factors beyond an applicant’s control. For example, an applicant should not request an award solely to respond to readers’ reports on a book manuscript if the applicant has not yet received those reports.

If you are requesting funding for the development, acquisition, preservation, or enhancement of geospatial data, products, or services, you must conduct a due diligence search at the list of datasets to discover whether the needed geospatial-related data, products, or services already exist. If not, you must produce the proposed geospatial data, products, or services in compliance with applicable proposed guidance posted at

Competencies, skills, and access

Explain your competence in the area of your project. If the area of inquiry is new to you, explain your reasons for working in it and your qualifications to do so. Specify your level of competence in any language or digital technology needed for the study. Describe where the study will be conducted and what research materials will be used. If relevant, specify the arrangements for access to archives, collections, or institutions that contain the necessary resources.

Final product and dissemination

If the final product will appear in a language other than English, explain how access and dissemination will be affected.

NEH expects recipients to provide broad access to all award products, insofar as the conditions of the materials and intellectual property rights allow.  If you are planning to develop a website or other digital material, explain how the public will access the material. If the project has a website, please provide the URL.

NEH also expects that any materials produced in digital form as a result of its awards will be maintained so as to ensure their long-term availability. To that end, describe how the project’s digital results, if any, will be maintained and supported beyond the period of performance.

Items referenced in the narrative need not appear in the bibliography, if the citation in the narrative enables readers to identify the work. The bibliography should consist of primary and secondary sources that relate directly to the project. Include works that pertain to both the project’s substance and its theoretical or methodological approaches to give a well-rounded representation of your project. Evaluators will use the bibliography to assess your knowledge of the subject area.

Address questions to Florence Hsia,

Expected notification date: April 1, 2022

Project start date: May 1, 2022

Sponsor Deadlines

Applications are due to NEH by September 22, 2021.


How does a thermometer measure temperature?

How does a thermometer measure temperature?

A thermometer measures temperature through a glass tube sealed with mercury that expands or contracts as the temperature rises or falls. As temperatures rise, the mercury-filled bulb expands into the capillary tube. Its rate of expansion is calibrated on the glass scale.

How does a thermometer work simple explanation?

A thermometer has a glass tube sealed at both ends and is partly filled with a liquid like mercury or alcohol. As the temperature around the thermometer’s bulb heats up, the liquid rises in the glass tube. When it is hot, the liquid inside the thermometer will expand and rise in the tube.

What does a thermometer measure * your answer?

How does a thermometer work chemistry?

The way a thermometer works is an example of heating and cooling a liquid. When heated, the molecules of the liquid in the thermometer move faster, causing them to get a little further apart. When cooled, the molecules of the liquid in the thermometer move slower, causing them to get a little closer together.

How do you measure body temperature?

Can you measure heat with a thermometer?

Despite its name, however, a thermometer does not actually record heat, but rather temperature. A thermometer with Celsius and Farenheit scales. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules within a substance.

How does a temperature work?

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. The higher the temperature of an object, the higher is its kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is a type of energy associated with motion. The units that are used to measure temperature are called degrees.

Which is the best way to measure temperature in chemistry?

In chemistry, both Celsius and Kelvin scales are used. In laboratories, temperatures are measured using Celsius thermometers. For some calculations, the Celsius measurements are converted to Kelvin. The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin.

How is the temperature of a thermometer measured?

How does a digital thermocouple thermometer work?

A digital thermocouple thermometer needs two measurements to determine temperature. First, it has a sensor to measure the temperature where the thermocouple connects to it – this is known as “cold-junction compensation (CJC). Secondly, it measures the mV signal from the thermocouple.

How does a maximum and minimum thermometer work?

Two bulbs filled with alcohol or oil regulate the movement of the mercury. Maximum-minimum thermometers are typically U-shaped parallel tubes of glass. One side registers the minimum temperature, while the other registers the maximum temperature since its last reading.

How does the Mercury in a thermometer work?

There is a sensing bulb at the bottom of the thermometer which is also in the contact of mercury. Mercury is metal and it expands when its temperature rises. So based on this property, when the sensing bulb is allowed to come in contact with the hot body, the mercury expands and so its level rises in the hollow tube.

What is the function of a thermometer?

A thermometer is a device that measures temperature. Most digital thermometers are resitive thermal devices ( RTD ). RTDs predict change in temperature as a function of electrical resistance.

What is thermometer used for in chemistry?

What is the temperature of a thermometer?

An instrument used to measure temperature (how hot or cold a thing is), usually in the Celsius or Fahrenheit scale . This thermometer shows a temperature of 28 degrees Celsius (which is about 82 degrees Fahrenheit)

What is a thermometer used for?

Thermometer, instrument for measuring the temperature of a system . Temperature measurement is important to a wide range of activities, including manufacturing, scientific research, and medical practice. The accurate measurement of temperature developed relatively recently in human history.


Covid hospitalisations up slightly despite declining caseload

Ljubljana – The number of patients in hospital with Covid has risen slightly despite the continued decrease in the number of new cases, which were down 18% over the week before to 328 on Sunday.

The number of those hospitalised with Covid as their primary or secondary condition rose by nine to 230, whereas the number of ICU cases dropped by three to 30. Four patients with Covid died, Health Ministry data show.

The 14-day incidence per 100,000 population dropped marginally to 772. There are an estimated 16,400 active cases in the country at the moment.