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Pre-Fatigue Training vs Traditional Sets on muscle growth

Reference of the Study: Trinidade et. al. (2019). Effects of Pre-Exhaustion Versus Traditional Resistance Training on Training Volume, Maximal Strength and Quadriceps Hypertrophy FRONT PHYSIOL

Details of the Study:

  • Trainees performed 3 sets of leg press to failure 75% 1RM, 2x per week, for 9 weeks in total.

  • One group performed 1 set of leg extensions before the leg press (pre-fatigue group), while another group performed the leg press training in a non-fatigued state (traditional training group).

  • It was found that both groups saw significant muscle growth of all quad muscles, with no notable differences between groups.

  • This study suggests that when taking each set close to failure, pre-fatiguing a muscle can achieve similar muscle growth compared with traditional training, with no additional benefit.

  • This is despite the fact that lifting performance (load lifted), on the leg press for the pre-fatigue group was significantly affected.

Real World Application:

  • Pre-Fatiguing the muscles provides an opportunity to gain the same muscle growth as traditional training, with lighter loads and less repetitions, thereby minimising joint stress.

  • Therefore, this could be particularly useful for people returning to the gym after rehabilitating certain joint injuries.

Load vs Rep Progression

Plotkin et. al. (2022) Progressive Overload Without Progressing the Load? The Effects of Load or Repetition Progression on Muscular Adaptations. PERJ.

Details of the Study:

  • Trainees performed the same lower-body workout 2x per week for 8 weeks, taking all sets to failure.

  • One group lifted within the 8-12 rep range and attempted to increase the load over time, still sticking to this rep range.

  • The other group also lifted within the 8-12 rep range initially. However they aimed to perform more reps overtime whilst maintaining the same load.

  • It was found that both groups saw increases in muscle thickness of all muscles measured, with no notable trends favouring either condition.

  • Furthermore, changes in lean mass of the legs were similar between groups.

  • This supports the main know drivers of hypertrophy are mechanical tension and metabolic stress are both great for hypertrophy.

Real World Application:

  • This study suggests that progression via load or reps results in similar outcomes, as long as the set is taken to failure. Therefore, if muscle growth is the aim then proximity to failure should be prioritized.

  • Once you know you can train to failure successfully and it comes the decision to either up the weight or increase reps. Exercise execution is vital for all lifts and movements it would be useful to hire a personal trainer to coach you on exercise execution.

  • A useful strategy would be to perform your compound more mid range movements with the progression of load and your isolation movements towards the shortened and lengthened ranges of the muscle towards higher rep ranges.

Are Eccentrics more important for Hypertrophy?

Reference to Study: Sato et. al. (2022). Comparison between concentric-only, eccentric-only and concentric-eccentric resistance training of the elbow flexors for their effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. EUR J APPL PHYSIOL

Details of the Study:

  • Trainees performed 3×10 bicep curls 2x per week for 5 weeks

  • 1 group only performed the concentric portion, another group only performed the eccentric portion and the last group performed both concentric and eccentric portions of the bicep curl.

  • Note: The total volume load (weight x number of contractions) was double for the concentric+eccentric group.

  • Despite this difference in load, it was found that biceps growth was similar between the concentric+eccentric group & the eccentric only group, whilst the concentric only group saw significantly less group.

  • Therefore, the study supports the idea that the eccentric portion of the contraction is more important for growth

Real world application:

  • Many people chasing muscle growth often rush the eccentric portion of lifts, allowing gravity to take the weight down instead of keeping the muscle under as much tension as they could to control the weight. Therefore, this study is part of the growing evidence why this is highly suboptimal for their training goal.

Principles of Training – Individualisation

Each and every one of us is physically and mentally different. This is why, when it comes to training, everyone’s approach needs to be bespoke to them, if it’s going to be optimal.

One of these factors will be their starting point, in terms of ability, in their fitness journey. For example, if two people come to a personal trainer saying they wish to build better whole-body strength, then both will be assessed to see where their starting point is at. If it becomes clear one athlete has a proportionately stronger upper body than their lower body, and the other person vice versa then despite the same goal, their programmes will look different. The first person will need a more lower body focussed approach whereas the other person would need the opposite, this is an example of applying the principle of individualisation.

Another key factor to consider is lifestyle variations. Everyone has a life outside of the gym, all of which will include factors which influence their performance inside the gym. Therefore, this needs to be considered when programming. To give another example, imagine someone wants to become generally fitter all round. If they’re a labourer then you need to consider that their job is very taxing, therefore workload needs to be managed more carefully as to avoid overtraining and injury.

Next, there’s anatomical variants between each individual which can affect performance in the gym. For example, someone with a larger rib cage convexity, steeper sternum angle and short limbs is going to have a better chance at being better at the Bench Press compared to someone with a smaller ribcage, flatter sternum angle and long limbs, due to the first person having a shorter range of motion to achieve a full repetition and the line of pull on the pecs from insertion to origin. Another way in which anatomical differences influence training, can be down to active range. Everyone’s active range for a given movement is different. A common example would be overhead mobility. If someone cannot lift their hands directly above their heads (180 degrees of shoulder flexion) then trying to perform an overhead press is going to take them out of their active range and they will lean back to achieve the overhead position. This person will be putting a lot of stress on joint structures outside of this range and also increase the risk of injury when lifting outside of it. Therefore, consider this individual difference and give them an exercise that challenges them in their active range, for instance an incline press, set to a height whereby they are working in the active range that they can achieve.

Next, there’s two factors that link together. These are tolerance to training loads and responsiveness to training load. One’s tolerance to training load is going to help you in the initial phase of deciding things like how frequently they should train and how demanding each session should be. Their responsiveness to training will link closely with progressive overload. So, someone who responds very quickly to training will need to increase their training load more frequently than a slow responder. It’s important however that progressive overload is applied correctly to both people to prevent any from overtraining or undertraining.

Finally, the psychology behind training must also be taken into consideration. As with most things, intrinsic motivation is the key to long term adherence and this is achieved when someone feels competent, so the training programme must not feel too difficult for the participant. They also need relatedness, this comes from good relationships attached with the activity. Therefore, having great rapport with your PT, or attending the gym with a friend is a great idea. It’s also a reason why exercise groups with a more ‘community feel’ are more popular, the biggest example of this being the rapid growth of CrossFit over the past 10-15 years. Also, the participant must feel like they have autonomy, this can come via a number of ways such as having the freedom to train when they want, as well as being able to have a say in what they do during sessions (if they want that).

Overall, there’s many factors here to consider, it’s important to manage them all carefully, in order to ensure you are getting the most out of your training.

Rep Ranges and Goals

Rep Ranges and Goals

1-5 reps for strength

6-7 Strength/Hypertrophy

8-12 for hypertrophy

13-15 Hypertrophy/Endurance

15+ Endurance

Research has actually shown that hypertrophy has been shown to be the same at any rep range as long as the muscle is taken close to failure and the load is anything above 30% 1RM

This study supports that claim: Fink, J., Kikuchi, N., Yoshida, S., Terada, K., & Nakazato, K. (2016). Impact of high versus low fixed loads and non-linear training loads on muscle hypertrophy, strength and force development. Springerplus5(1), 1-8.

Experienced endurance runners have actually been shown to increase performance more when spending their S+C sessions completing high load, low rep work compared to low load high reps as the increase in strength helps increase running economy in the latter stages of races

Study to support this claim: Ebben, W. P., Kindler, A. G., Chirdon, K. A., Jenkins, N. C., Polichnowski, A. J., & Ng, A. V. (2004). The effect of high-load vs. high-repetition training on endurance performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research18(3), 513-517.

The effect of volume on muscle growth

The effect of volume on muscle growth

Summary and application:

Exercise Selection and Goals

One aspect of programme design that many people are confused over is how to decide what exercises to add to their programme. There can be many misconceptions about regarding this, such as ‘machines are less functional than dumbbells’, causing many people to stray from using machines. However, ‘functional’ has become an ambiguous term in fitness, so it’s worth applying its original definition of ‘designed to be practical and useful’. Therefore, if an exercise is practical and useful to that individual then it is, by definition, functional.

How do we decide what is practical and useful for an individual? Well, there is several factors to consider. One of which, is their goals, as different goals will require different exercises, we apply the concept of specificity to choose the most optimal exercises. Not to mention a form of assessment and screening of an individual to determine what they a lacking in terms of mobility, strength and stability.

If someone’s only goal is to build or retain muscle, then exercise selection can make a significant difference to the end result. For an exercise to be effective for this goal, the limiting factor in the exercise has to be the targeted muscle tissue. In other words, the reason you fail to do another rep must be due to fatigue felt in the muscle you are trying to work, and not another reason such as a loss of balance.

To achieve this, exercises that have high external stability will deliver better results. Exercises that have high external stability require less stabilisation from the person performing the exercise (internal stability), therefore muscular fatigue is much more likely to be the reason for failure as opposed to a breakdown in technique, thus making it superior for hypertrophy.

However, there is a caveat to this- Stability drives output. Therefore, if someone is lacking stability at a joint then this can limit long term hypertrophy of the muscles attached. For instance, someone with average mobility at the hip could get significant results in hamstring hypertrophy using a Barbell Romanian Deadlift or a Squat up to a point. However, form may start to breakdown once using a certain load which would express the underlying lack of stability within the hip.

Therefore, the use of exercises with a higher internal stability can be implemented in their programme, to improve performance and further drive hypertrophy. To go back to the hamstring hypertrophy example, the person may add a single leg Romanian Deadlift variations and progressions to their programming to help improve stability at the hip and further help increase load and drive hypertrophy when performing Barbell Romanian Deadlifts.

If the goal is strength, then the focus shifts away from muscle tissue and towards the movement itself. What movements do you want to get stronger in and why? Often this goal is adopted by athletes as their sports will have specific movements to get stronger in, which will help advance them in their sports.

The most obvious example would be powerlifting. Powerlifting involves lifting the most amount of weight for 1 rep each of the Bench Press, Deadlift and Back Squat. Therefore, when putting together a powerlifting programme we apply the concept of specificity and base the programme around the 3 main lifts mentioned, accompanied by accessory movements to assist the improvement in performance of the competition lifts. However even with strength if an individual is lacking adequate hip stability and they are aiming to achieve absolute strength on the said lift then spending time on one leg within their program will help further drive the adaptations required to exert force on their lifts.

Alternatively, athletes of other sports are going to select resistance exercises which complement the movements that they complete in their sport. For example, many sports involve running. Therefore, for many of these athletes, performing front foot elevated split squats may be beneficial. This is because this exercise shares many similarities to the skill of running. Both are uni-lateral, internally stable skills, involve flexion and extension of the hip and knee as well as plantar flexion and dorsi flexion at the ankle it will also train the athlete to keep their centre of mass balanced as fatigue can kick in during long distances and heel strikes can get heavier towards the latter stages of a race. Building strength in this movement can allow the athlete to apply more force at a given effort when performing the sport.

This can aid in the development of running economy- a reduction in the amount of energy expended at a given speed. In terms of transfer to performance, this can help the athlete run faster, for longer without form breaking down and thus reduce the risk of injuries.

Overall, it is crucial to truly analyse your goals because many people wish to simultaneously achieve improved strength and hypertrophy, which is very achievable for everyone except very advanced lifters. The importance of each goal is going to play a role in which exercises are selected, so it is important to have this established before forming the programme.

With anyone we work with here at Soma Fitness, we run them through a full assessment to determine where the starting point of the program is. This is highly beneficial as if you don’t pick certain aspects up and run with a cookie cutter program you will be leaving a lot on the table in terms of the progression of your results. If someone cannot get into certain positions and we then go and load them in those positions, it’s a quick way to set yourself up for injuries which will then hinder your overall progression towards your goals.

Importance of Resistance Training for Elderly Populations

What is Resistance Training?

Resistance Training can be defined as a form of exercise, whereby external weights provide progressive overload to skeletal muscles in order to make them stronger and often result in hypertrophy (growth in overall size of muscle cells) (Alix-Fages et. al, 2022; Phillips and Winett, 2010), which can lead to several benefits.

Less chance of falls and subsequent physical inactivity:

Araujo et. al (2022) found that middle aged or older people who could not stand on one leg for more than 10 seconds were more likely to die in the next seven years, compared to people who could. Why could this be the case?

People with less balance can be more prone falls. When in older age, this is more likely to lead to serious injury to lower bone density. If this results in a hip fracture, then there is no guarantee they will reach pre-injury level of recovery, leaving a lack of mobility and pain. With many people, this can result in them stopping activities which they used to enjoy, such as regular walks, and meeting up with friends to do things. This decrease in physical activity and increase in isolation can further accelerate the negative effects of the fall such as increased risk of depression and heart disease from being physically inactive

Reduce risk of chronic diseases and keeping one’s independence:

Furthermore, regular resistance training (2-3 sessions per week) has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, heart disease, arthritis and type 2 diabetes. (Fragala et. al, 2019),  as well as being important in managing sarcopenia (the gradual loss in muscle mass due to age). Avoiding these chronic diseases can help people keep their independence in their old age, thus increasing their quality of life. For example, if someone can avoid osteoporosis and arthritis, then they can move with much more ease. This allows them the ability to complete activities such as playing with grandchildren and climbing stairs.

The snowball effect of being able to do these things can also have a positive effect on one’s mental health as they will be able to live with more confidence, less anxiety and more social interactions instead of potential isolation due to lack of mobility.

Seeing these benefits first hand:

As a personal trainer, one of the main protocols I take when working with older clients is to incorporate exercises which improve their balance and stability into their training programme, at a level suited to them. This can start off as simple as dowel assisted front foot elevated split squat, progressing all the way to unassisted single leg Romanian deadlifts. When performed consistently and accompanied by adequate nutrition, results are seen quickly so never think that it’s too late to start resistance training.

Reference List:

  • Alix-Fages, C., Del Vecchio, A., Baz-Valle, E., Santos-Concejero, J., & Balsalobre-Fernández, C. (2022). The role of the neural stimulus in regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1-18.
  • AraujoCG, de Souza e Silva CG, Laukkanen JA, et al, Successful 10-second one-legged stance performance predicts survival in middle-aged and older individuals British Journal of Sports Medicine Published Online First: 21 June 2022. doi:1136/bjsports-2021-105360
  • Fragala, Maren S.1; Cadore, Eduardo L.2; Dorgo, Sandor3; Izquierdo, Mikel4; Kraemer, William J.5; Peterson, Mark D.6; Ryan, Eric D.7Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: August 2019 – Volume 33 – Issue 8 – p 2019-2052 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003230
  • Phillips, S. M., & Winett, R. A. (2010). Uncomplicated resistance training and health-related outcomes: evidence for a public health mandate. Current sports medicine reports9(4), 208.
  • Zhang, J., Ang, M. L., & Kwek, E. B. (2015). Who Will Walk Again? Effects of Rehabilitation on the Ambulatory Status in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hemiarthroplasty for Femoral Neck Fracture. Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation6(3), 168–172.

Resistance Training Benefits for Females

What is Resistance Training?

Mental Health:

Firstly, Ramirez and Kravitz (2012) looked into the benefits of regular resistance training and found that it has been shown to improve numerous aspects of mental health including: lessened anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, self-esteem, memory and cognition. The way in which resistance training helps achieve this is not yet clear, but the benefits to mental health could well be consequences of the physical benefits that resistance training provides. For example, when we start training regularly, our sleep may improve. In turn, we see a reduction in stress hormones (Maggio et. al, 2013), which then can have a positive effect on our level of anxiety.

Fat Loss:

When wanting to lose weight, we need to be in a calorie deficit. When in this calorie deficit, weight can be lost via losing body fat, water, and muscle tissue. Regular resistance training helps preserve muscle mass when in a calorie deficit (Miller et. al, 2018). This, in turn, results in more of the weight lost being from body fat tissue, as opposed to muscle tissue. It is important to note that protein intake and sleep must also be sufficient to maximise muscle preservation, and therefore fat loss, in a calorie deficit. (Nedeltcheva et. al, 2010; Stokes et. al, 2018)

Frailty and Functionality:

As we age past the age of 35, we experience a gradual loss of muscle mass of around 1-2% per year, this is known as sarcopenia (Cruz-Jentoft and Sayer, 2019). Once we reach our 60’s and older, sarcopenia may contribute to a loss of functionality in daily tasks such as climbing stairs with ease, or playing with grandchildren.

Resistance training in elderly populations has been shown to increase their ability to go from sitting to standing with less postural sway and more proprioception, which is linked to more functional ability and lower risk of falls. (Faigenbaum and Myer, 2010)

‘I Don’t Want to Look Bulky’:

This is a common worry with female clients. Fortunately, there is about as much chance as accidentally adding significant amounts of muscle mass accidentally as there is as taking driving lessons and accidentally ending up in the Monaco Grand Prix.

Putting on significant amounts of muscle mass requires consistent training on a hypertrophy focussed plan, being in a calorie surplus, and consumption of adequate protein for a number of months before noticeable increases are seen. Overall, resistance training can be used as an excellent tool to improve one’s quality of life, regardless of age or goals.

Reference List:

  • Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019). Sarcopenia. The Lancet393(10191), 2636-2646.
  • Faigenbaum, A. D., & Myer, G. D. (2010). Pediatric resistance training: benefits, concerns, and program design considerations. Current sports medicine reports9(3), 161-168.
  • Maggio, M., Colizzi, E., Fisichella, A., Valenti, G., Ceresini, G., Dall’Aglio, E., … & Ceda, G. P. (2013). Stress hormones, sleep deprivation and cognition in older adults. Maturitas76(1), 22-44.
  • Miller, T., Mull, S., Aragon, A. A., Krieger, J., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2018). Resistance training combined with diet decreases body fat while preserving lean mass independent of resting metabolic rate: a randomized trial. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism28(1), 46-54.
  • Ramirez, A., & Kravitz, L. (2012). Resistance training improves mental health. IDEA Fitness Journal9(1), 20-22.
  • Stokes, T., Hector, A. J., Morton, R. W., McGlory, C., & Phillips, S. M. (2018). Recent perspectives regarding the role of dietary protein for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise training. Nutrients10(2), 180.


Explanations About Artworks

    About the series of Forgetting - City Life

    For the last 20 years, I have been thinking about <Reason and Instinct> and <The City and Human Being>. Before beginning current series of work, I worked on a series called

    <Reason and Instinct> to show the situations that are derived when the young generation of the city face a certain situation. With more fanatical reasoning, it has led to the current series of works, <Forgetting - City Life>.

    What have humans forgotten?

    Through past imperialism and World War I and II, humans have come to think of questions about the existence of human being in a sense of skepticism and negative perception of world’s capitalistic society.

    Despite the development of new cultural order and the vigorous progress of philosophical research into the essential existence of human beings, current society does not seem to have gone better. Instead,

    capitalistic market economy has gone more vital and the view on the essential human existence seem to have disappear. I have pondered on two things within the city: ‘the capitalist market and the essential existence’.

    What is a city?

    City is an environment to which humans have made using technological method - an artificial space for human being. It is getting bigger and bigger by today.

    City is the center of the capitalistic market economy.

    New products are pouring in every day in the city, and people who are indiscriminately exposed to television and advertising are taking for granted the advertising logic and message promoting the new product.

    Humans believe that they are spending reasonably in their consumer activities, but they are already accustomed to preference development and habit based on the logic of the capitalist market.

    As a result, they consume 'what the capitalist market requires' instead of 'what is necessary' and, unconsciously, they consume without realizing the state of their consumption.

    Rather, they are living the urban life under the illusion that humans themselves consume through rational judgment and choice. "Can we say that humans exist in this state?"

    I think this philosophical question of existentialism is still valid and even more vital in modern times.

    In existential philosophy, essence is ‘humans remaining as human’, existence is ‘the fact humans really exist’ and dasein is ‘humans that currently exist’.

    ‘Are humans dasein with essence or dasein without essence in modern cities?’

    Humans are living in harmony with one another in the city’s capitalistic market economy. Harmony means that they exist in affecting each other and wanted or not live by affecting one another.

    I view the humans in the city as daseins without essence and they do what the crowd does, believe what the crowd believe and want what the crowd want.

    They do not question what it is and why it should be but rather get affected by the lifestyle of the crowd that do not even know. Uniqueness of essential dasein disappears

    and only those ‘daseins without essence’ remain in the city instead of unique individuals. These daseins seem to live adrift on everything happening in the city, as if they had no intention of doing so.

    City is where humans easily forget about their essence and get forced into living as daseins without essence. So I question myself again.

    “Am I a dasein with humanity or am I a dasein without humanity drifting around the city?”

    I think that thinking about the ultimate purpose of human life is the process of learning how to live one's own life, and it is an opportunity to find the meaning and value of human life.

    The characteristics of expression in my series include the following.

    First, the product of the capitalist market that come out everyday - city requires humans to spend more than they need, and that is an unavoidable situation for humans living in cities.

    Clothing is the main subject of my works. Sometimes other materials appear, but the reason why I chose clothing as my main material is because it is clothing that shows the characteristics of the urban

    and capitalist markets at the fastest rate of change or the interval between so-called new products.

    Second, mannequin, which promotes appearanceism - Korea is also called a country of plastic surgery.

    While prejudice against appearance is not unusual, it is clear that appearance, which is obviously an external factor, is a useful factor in surviving in cities.

    Mannequin’s appearance changed with the times. It means that mannequins are also made with emphasis on the external factors required by the times.

    In my work, real humans do not appear in the work. Just like posters, however, they exist as publicity material, not as daseins, but actually as mannequins in show window.

    Already, the most urbanized look that humans long for are replaced by mannequins.

    Third, artificial light that boost the commercial value - when purchasing a certain product or item, most TV, commercial and show windows use an exaggerated light effect to give a dramatic effect.

    When consumers purchase the product and check it at home, they feel it is not as fancy as they thought it would be. Even though it is the fancy product they saw on TV and in commercials.

    The dramatic lighting effect (Mis-en-Scene) mislead human perception through human perspective. It makes humans dream as if the commercial model or the mannequin are themselves.

    In cities, humans are always exposed to these situations, and these situations play an important role in not realizing humanity.

    Fourth, the street that has show windows decorated with goods, mannequins, and artificial lighting - streets with show windows.

    The street is a model of the capitalist market and a demonstration of why cities exist. The streets, which are forced to consume, are also spaces that reveal the city's urbanity to humans

    and the crowd who have been unconsciously internalized and uncritically received messages transmitted through TV and commercials.

    It is also a space where humans forget their state as essential daseins and drift away accustomed to the capitalist market.

    I portray the extravagance of the city in my work. This is not to praise it but to showcase the pitiful truth of humans forgetting and losing the value of human lives living as essential daseins for they are seduced by the extravagance.

    What makes humans human?

    Why do humans exist essentially?

    These questions are important problems that I hope to untangle through creation.

    I sincerely hope one day I will be able to find the answer.

                                                                                Youngil  Joseph,  KIM


Create a flat roof

You can use the Shape Editing tools on Roof objects, but only if the Roof starts off as flat. i.e. All of the sketch lines don’t have a slope.

This is not so obvious for learning users since a Roof by Footprint has slopes attached to the sketch lines by default.


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      mRNA needs to be assisted across the NPC. Like protein, also classed as facilitated diffusion. * mRNP exporter combines with mRNA with poly A tail, by interacting with FG repeats * mRNA moves through NPC * Dpb5 is an RNA helicase * Straightens the mRNA secondary structure and allows passage, removes proteins on the strand (NXT1, NXF1) * mRNP exporter proteins dissociate from the mRNA. * mRNA is now in cytoplasm

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    1. ReconfigBehSci. (2021, November 26). maybe this is a good moment to remind people that makers of mRNA vaccines have been extensively prepping for the possibility of new variants. Biontech/Pfizer have given a timeline of 100 days to the delivery of a retooled version of their vaccine [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1464225264523747359

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    1. Eric Feigl-Ding [@DrEricDing]. (2021, November 12). 💡BEST. VIDEO. ALL. YEAR. Please share with friends how the mRNA vaccine works to fight the coronavirus. 📌NOTA BENE—The mRNA never interacts with your DNA 🧬. #vaccinate (Special thanks to the Vaccine Makers Project @vaccinemakers of @ChildrensPhila). #COVID19 https://t.co/CrSGGo6tqq [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/DrEricDing/status/1459284608122564610

    1. Pérez-Then, E., Lucas, C., Monteiro, V. S., Miric, M., Brache, V., Cochon, L., Vogels, C. B. F., Cruz, E. D. la, Jorge, A., Santos, M. D. los, Leon, P., Breban, M. I., Billig, K., Yildirim, I., Pearson, C., Downing, R., Gagnon, E., Muyombwe, A., Razeq, J., … Iwasaki, A. (2021). Immunogenicity of heterologous BNT162b2 booster in fully vaccinated individuals with CoronaVac against SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Omicron: The Dominican Republic Experience (p. 2021.12.27.21268459). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268459

    1. 🇺🇦 Meaghan Kall [@kallmemeg]. (2021, December 23). VACCINES Speaking of boosters, it’s not great news I’m afraid. Updated vaccine effectiveness analysis shows mRNA boosters beginning to wane from one month (week 5-9) for Omicron, and as low as 30-50% effective from 10 weeks post-booster. This effect is not seen with Delta. Https://t.co/g0tLxH3vLR [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/kallmemeg/status/1474072056878804992

    1. Paul Bieniasz [@PaulBieniasz]. (2021, December 12). It is time to discard the notion that two doses of mRNA means “fully vaccinated” It is time to discard the notion that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection means you don’t need to be vaccinated. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PaulBieniasz/status/1470041859053563906

    1. Brianna Wu. (2021, June 5). MRNA is unbelievably fragile. The enzymes that degrade it are literally everywhere. That’s why they had to develop specialized lipid nanoparticles to deliver it. It would last two seconds in a sewer system. Also, it gets separated from the delivery system after it’s injected. Https://t.co/35dZ6r6UAq [Tweet]. @BriannaWu. https://twitter.com/BriannaWu/status/1400998163968933888

  4. Feb 2022
    1. ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “RT @Gab_H_R: Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against-Omicron and Delta variants ⚠ The 3dose VE was 71.6% and 47.4% against Omicron infection (…” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1496032262177136642

  5. Jan 2022
    1. Home

      Zuo, F., Abolhassani, H., Du, L., Piralla, A., Bertoglio, F., Campos-Mata, L. de, Wan, H., Schubert, M., Wang, Y., Sun, R., Cassaniti, I., Vlachiotis, S., Kumagai-Braesch, M., Andréll, J., Zhang, Z., Xue, Y., Wenzel, E. V., Calzolai, L., Varani, L., … Pan-Hammarström, Q. (2022). Heterologous immunization with inactivated vaccine followed by mRNA booster elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (p. 2022.01.04.22268755). https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.04.22268755

  6. Dec 2021
    1. Garcia-Beltran, W. F., Denis, K. J. S., Hoelzemer, A., Lam, E. C., Nitido, A. D., Sheehan, M. L., Berrios, C., Ofoman, O., Chang, C. C., Hauser, B. M., Feldman, J., Gregory, D. J., Poznansky, M. C., Schmidt, A. G., Iafrate, A. J., Naranbhai, V., & Balazs, A. B. (2021). MRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (p. 2021.12.14.21267755). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267755

    1. Bert Hubert’s excellent and widely shared article about Reverse Engineering the source code of the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

      These 2 articles form an informational island on covid19 mRNA vaccines.

    1. Translational kinetics of mRNA-LNP delivered by different routes in vivo. Quantification of the bioluminescent signal measured in BALB/c mice injected with (A) 0.1 μg, (B) 1.0 μg or (C) 5.0 μg mRNA-LNPs by intradermal (i.d.), intramuscu

      Diagrams of the presence of proteins versus time in various administration methods in mouse

    1. In this mouse model, the mRNA hit the hepatocytes and caused them to make plenty of luciferase, but not for long: at Day 1, the livers were lit up like a used car lot, but by Day 3, everything was gone. At that point, though, there was still some light coming from the sites of injection.

      Where does all the mRNA end up, according to this 2015 study on mice](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4624045/)?

      Here we learn stuff not reorted in the paper.

  7. Nov 2021
    1. It remains unclear whether the reduction in the neutralization sensitivity of the N501Y.V2 strain to vaccine-induced antibodies is enough to seriously reduce vaccine efficacy. First, mRNA vaccines also induce virus-specific helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, both of which might be involved in protection against challenge. Also, the mRNA vaccines, in particular, induce such a strong NAb response that there could be enough “spare capacity” to deal with reductions in the sensitivity of the variant to NAbs. In other words, N501Y.V2 (and the related virus from Brazil) may be less sensitive to NAbs, but not to an extent that will cause widespread vaccine failure.

      Variants that show reduced sensitivity to NAbs don't necessarily mean mRNA vaccine failure

      New variants may emerge that show reduced sensitivity to NAbs.

      This may not result in vaccine failure because:

      1. The mRNA vaccines induce such a strong NAb response, there will be enough spare capacity to deal with the virus.
      2. The mRNA vaccines also induce other virus specific protection such as helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, which may not be affected by the reduction in NAb sensitivity.
    1. The effect on asymptomatic infections was a welcome surprise, because it has been thought that most vaccines for respiratory illnesses, including influenza, are “leaky” — that is, they allow some degree of asymptomatic infection and are better at preventing symptomatic infection.

      Most vaccines for respiratory illnesses are leaky.

      The efficacy the mRNA vaccines showed in preventing asymptomatic transmission was therefore a welcome surprise.

  8. Oct 2021
    1. Tartof, S. Y., Slezak, J. M., Fischer, H., Hong, V., Ackerson, B. K., Ranasinghe, O. N., Frankland, T. B., Ogun, O. A., Zamparo, J. M., Gray, S., Valluri, S. R., Pan, K., Angulo, F. J., Jodar, L., & McLaughlin, J. M. (2021). Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 398(10309), 1407–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02183-8

      Vaccine's halg-life was measured just below a day for mice muscles.

    2. The spleen and liver had a mean Cmax of 86.9 ng/mL

      Spleen & liver had x30 less mRNA concentration than Lymph nodes closest to the vaccine site, and x70 less the injected muscle.

      Lymph-node mRNA half-life is a day.

  9. Sep 2021
    1. Published clinical data on the safety of mRNA-LNP vaccines are scarce, in comparison with siRNA, and are limited to local administration (ID and IM).

      Safety of mRNA vaccines.

    2. Although LNPs are promising delivery systems, safety issues need to be addressed to enable proper clinical development of LNP-formulated mRNA vaccines. LNPs’ potential toxicity could be complex and might manifest in systemic effects due to innate immune activation (induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production), and/or in local, cellular toxicity due to accumulation of lipids in tissues (Hassett et al. 2019; Semple et al. 2010; Sabnis et al. 2018). Toxicity could potentially be abrogated, or reduced, by the administration of prophylactic anti-inflammatory steroids or other molecules and/or using biodegradable lipids (Hassett et al. 2019; Abrams et al. 2010; Tabernero et al. 2013; Tao et al. 2011). LNPs can also activate the complement system and might potentially elicit a hypersensitivity reaction known as complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) (Dezsi et al. 2014; Mohamed et al. 2019; Szebeni 2005, 2014), which can be alleviated using different strategies such as steroid and anti-allergic premedication (i.e., dexamethasone, acetaminophen, and antihistaminic drugs) or the use of low infusion rates during intravenous administration (Mohamed et al. 2019; Szebeni et al. 2018). Alternatively, co-delivery of regulatory cytokines (i.e., IL-10) using LNPs might be a viable strategy to reduce potential LNP-associated adverse events.

      Safety of mRNA Liquid Nanoparticles

  10. Aug 2021
    1. Hillus, David, Tatjana Schwarz, Pinkus Tober-Lau, Hana Hastor, Charlotte Thibeault, Stefanie Kasper, Elisa T. Helbig, et al. “Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunisation with ChAdOx1-NCoV19 and BNT162b2: A Prospective Cohort Study,” June 2, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.19.21257334.

    1. Tenbusch, M., Schumacher, S., Vogel, E., Priller, A., Held, J., Steininger, P., Beileke, S., Irrgang, P., Brockhoff, R., Salmanton-García, J., Tinnefeld, K., Mijocevic, H., Schober, K., Bogdan, C., Yazici, S., Knolle, P., Cornely, O. A., Überla, K., Protzer, U., … Wytopil, M. (2021). Heterologous prime–boost vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00420-5

  11. Jul 2021

  12. Jun 2021
  13. May 2021

  14. Apr 2021
  15. Feb 2021

  16. Jan 2021
  17. Nov 2020
    1. transcriptionalleve

      This is the process of a complementary mRNA copy of a single gene on the DNA that is created in the nucleus. The mRNA is smaller than the DNA so it can carry the genetic code into the ribosome and into the cytoplasm that enables the protein creation.

    1. intracellular signaling

      This is an important mechanism that cells can respond to their environment and extracellular cues. Cells sense their environment and modify genes, mRNA splicing, protein expression and protein modifying to respond to these cues.

  18. Oct 2020
    1. messenger RNA (mRNA)

      This is a single strand on an RNA molecule that leaves the the nucleus of a cell in order to relocate to the cytoplasm. This is where the mRNA can help create the protein for the cell in a process known as protein synthesis. The mRNA takes in information passed into it by DNA and decode it for the ribosomes to make more protein for the cell to live on.

  19. Aug 2020

  20. Jul 2020


By Appointment Only

How to Safely Store Gold, Silver, & Platinum Coins & Bullion

Ever feel like Goldilocks when trying to store your gold and silver? This option is too far to drive, this option is too obvious! But this option is just right. Coins and bullion are sound investments but finding a safe and secure place to store it can be difficult. Generally, collectors choose one of three storage options: keeping their bullion at home, in a safe deposit box at a bank, or with a third-party storage firm.

Goldilocks Options

You’re likely wondering of these options, which is the best?

Well, that depends on your comfort level, your unique situation such as the size of your collection, and your level of risk in terms of where you live and overall safety.

Here are some of the pros and cons of each option.

Coins & Bullion Storage at Home

Many investors prefer to have easy access to their silver, platinum, or gold bullion. At-home storage is an effective option for people who inconspicuously hide their bullion. This is not a new or groundbreaking strategy. The key is to diversify the amount you hide in each location. For locations and storage options, your creativity is the only limitation with this option.

If you prefer to store your collection a safe, make sure you

Storing Precious Metals at Home

 have a TL-15 rated safe that can be bolted down to concrete in obscure or well-hidden locations. It’s also highly recommended that you use only trusted, bonded home safe professionals and that you schedule delivery of your safe during a time of the day or week when most of your neighbors are away at work or off with their families. This will ensure proper security and will likely help to reduce any potential threats to your holdings. Whether you choose to hollow out a dining table leg, install a sub-basement safe or hide your valuables inside a brick wall, make sure to keep the storage environment dry and as humid-free as much as possible. Use of desiccant packs can help regulate humidity and help to keep your coins and bullion tarnish and tone free.

It’s also worth mentioning to keep the number of people who know you own coins and bullion to a minimum. Unfortunately, the highest probability of having your collection stolen is by someone you know such as friends, colleagues, etc.

We do recommend you designate someone as your emergency contact that is aware of your coins and bullion in the event of an emergency.

Coin & Bullion Storage at Banks

Another potential option for people with less sizable collections are safe deposit boxes. These can offer a higher level of security than keeping coins and bullion at home. However, there are downsides to bank storage. The first is that your assets stored in these safe deposit boxes are not FDIC insured!

Plus, your deposit box is also subject to freeze and seizure for anything from taxes due, court orders, a change in the government’s policy regarding gold ownership, or adherence to the safe deposit agreement itself. You can purchase third-party insurance but that can become an expensive add-on. Second, you are restricted to sizes they have available, which can pose some challenges with bulkier and heavier precious metals, such as 100 oz silver and silver in bank safety deposit boxes

Third, access to the collection is limited by bank holidays and the bank’s business hours since it seems to be more difficult to adhere to the ever-changing hours of operation. During the height of Covid, most banks were closed or were only available by appointment, which was difficult to schedule. Additionally, there may be delays in gaining access to your valuables in the event the bank defaults, is acquired by another bank, or if the government announces a bank holiday (a temporary closure of the banking system).

We only suggest storing your precious metals in a safe deposit box for a short period versus a long-term solution.

Third-Party Coins & Bullion Storage

Texas Bullion Depository
Texas Bullion Depository

For collectors who don’t want to store their bullion at home or at a bank, privately-run depositories have become increasingly popular. A good option for people with large amounts of precious metals, many depositories allow customers to store their bullion in multiple locations around the United States, and in some cases, overseas. Many of these facilities can liquidate parts of the collection and wire the owner the proceeds. They also offer full compensation if any bullion goes missing.

Should this be your option of choice, only store directly with private depositories without ties to the banking industry that have a solid reputation and history. However, we don’t advise storing your collection from the same business that sells to you as that could create a few issues. They may not have sound policies and procedures in place, such as guaranteeing that all of your valuables are 100% secured and allocated. This could potentially cause issues if you request physical delivery of your gold and silver and they have failed to properly set aside and store these items for you.

The only downsides are that depositories are the most expensive of the three options and may be more difficult to access, especially if located out of state or the country.

In Summary

At Atlanta Gold & Coin Buyers, we prioritize the safety of our customers and their coin and bullion collections. By operating in secure locations that allow for privacy and anonymity, our helpful team is here to make buying and selling coins and bullion as easy as possible. If you’re interested in learning more about our services, call us at 404-236-9744 or contact us online.

Atlanta Gold and Coin Buyers

Tony Davis
Tony Davis


How to build your own payment gateway?

A payment gateway is a sort of technology which captures and enables the transfers of payment data from the customers or users to the merchants or sellers. It then transfers the information of payment acceptance or declination back to the customers. A payment gateway is responsible for validating the customer’s card details securely and ensuring that the funds are available, thereby enabling the merchants to receive the payments. It plays the critical role of encrypting sensitive credit card or debit card details and passing the same securely from the customer to the acquiring bank through the merchants.,.

In simple words, it can be said that the payment gateway acts as the middleman between the customers and the merchant. It acts as an interface which simplifies the process of merchant integration with the necessary software.

Is there any difference between Payment Gateways and Payment Service Providers?

People often confuse payment gateways and payment service providers. Payment Gateways are a mechanism which authenticates and triggers the actual transaction and passes on the transactional information to the Payment service providers. Thereby making the payment service provider’s processors active which then handles all the accounting, basically, the transfer of money from one account to another.

A good payment gateway is one which includes multiple payment service providers and which supports multiple payment methods. By multiple payment methods, we mean bank transfers, debit card, credit cards, cryptocurrency payments (in other countries), etc. There are few marketplaces which integrate payment gateways that support local payment methods. For example, in India it is Pay U, google pay, CC avenue, Insta mojo, in China it is Wechat Pay, in the US it is e-cheques; similarly, there are many in different countries.

Payment gateways are nothing more than integrators of different payment service providers. Payment gateways try to choose the best available payment service provider based on their payment flow and few other criteria like verification level, risk level, transaction costs, country or region, merchant category, etc.

The decision of building your own Payment Gateway

In case you are looking forward to building and operating your own payment gateway, you must decide on the direction before writing the code or thinking about your payment application’s software architecture. This basically, hints on knowing where your starting point is.

It is a possibility that you find a perfect match with the third party solution for your business model. Nevertheless, if you run an online marketplace which deals in specialized commodities or services, building your own payment gateway is a viable option. Moreover, with your own payment gateway, you will always have a scope of expansion and advancement. You can also layout your own path while performing maintenance and operations.

While you have decided on developing a custom payment gateway, you will find that many possible roads are available for this particular goal. Since you are building a solution from scratch, you need to consider a high number of technical factors like layout, features and architecture aspects.

While you draft out the road-map or set a goal for your solution, there are some areas you need to give your thought to. It would be best if you considered the following aspects of payment gateway development before you start coding:

Interaction with Buyers, Sellers, Marketplace Operators

Put the fundamental interactions between the buyers, the sellers and the platform itself at the forefront, while you start designing your solution. The interaction flow needs to be properly set up before the programming begins. It would be best if you decided on who would play which role, for instance, who can play the role of buyer and who is suitable for the position of the seller. Since you are building the payment gateway, you will be the merchant of record (MoR). You will be solely responsible for financial authorities like calling in or triggering any customer’s payment.

While in the case of online marketplaces, the merchant role is played by the one who owns and runs the company. Thereby the selling party becomes the sub-merchant wherein he transfers the revenue earned to different marketplaces in the way of the fee for the service. On the other hand, if the online marketplace is willing to be the merchant, it can collect all the money from purchases and share the respective shares to the sellers.

Generally, customers are considered as the third party while you are designing your transaction flow. The architecture and the workflows depend on specific parameters like whether you will have corporate customers on your platform or private customers or the mixture of both. There is also an equal possibility where you can allow your users to transact or sell to each other. For example, Amazon India with Amazon Karigars enables its users to be sellers or buyers. In such scenarios, the customers can also be the merchants. So, the ball is in your court and can choose to be anything.

A lot depends on your business model like whether you have a C2C or B2C or B2B marketplace, few other aspects like onboarding processes, KYC processes, legal requirements for AML, etc. are also important. Also, not to forget about the data collection, data retention periods and data anonymization as these are crucial for structuring the payment gateway.

Data Collection – Your data protection policies will entirely depend on the type of user data collected and stored in your systems. You must build such a system that is able to handle customers and their financial data securely. This task can be reasonably performed by the developers through the secure coding procedures, meeting financial regulations and data protection rule sets. Data policies might require some technical inputs like data retention periods, data anonymization, restriction of access of data to your employees and third-party providers, what kind of personal data of customers is stored and for what purpose, customers have the rights to know.

Integration of payment service providers

While you are offering online payment on your marketplace, you need to decide on how you want to integrate the payment service providers into your payment gateway during the process of development. Generally, this integration has two forms:

Firstly, PSP integration via API having an internal checkout page from your platform’s frontend or redirection leading the user to the Payment Provider’s external page. The second option is building your own solution. Apart from that fundamental distinction, there is a lot that you can fine-tune. It is witnessed that certain platforms or devices are suitable for one approach while incompatible with another. For instance, a mobile payment flow may differ from the one accessed via desktop and terminal devices of smart car computers. While the user is in the parking lot, he would never want to access the same with a credit card like credential, that’s definitely not handy. Also, it would be best if you took note that Some PSPs would support either of these two integration forms. Thereby it is necessary that you decide on which checkout process you want to implement.

After you are done with PSP integration, you are through with the bulk part of your payment gateway development while the add-ons may still need your attention. For instance, there are procedures which would require you to include your registration, KYC verification, payment validation and checkout, anti-fraud and risk management solutions, either from a third-party provider or your own solution.

Never miss out on another very important aspect, i.e. communication. You would require to integrate message providers as well. For example, SMS or email services for information communication to your customers and merchants.

The requirements mentioned above are simply the basic services while you can incorporate additional service providers as per your marketplace.

Scalability of your solution

When you decide to develop a payment gateway from scratch, you must have a sound knowledge about the respective numbers as well. Also, the pace with which you want your system to scale should be decided in advance. So, getting a grip on the projected workload of your payment gateway is the solution. Basically, you need to determine the number of transactions it will have to process in a given period of time. For example, if you run a marketplace for banquets and lawns, you would undoubtedly see peaks during wedding season.

Few other factors include expected maximum peak load in a day, hour or minutes, whether you want to increase the capacity gradually. Your estimation has a direct impact on the payment gateways architecture and development process.

Scalability should be such which can handle peak times, for example, if you build a network of instances, it can be easily switched on and off to help scale up during peak times. Developing such a feature is quite complicated and challenging as the data has to be distributed all over the system while still maintaining consistency. The minute decisions can overcome this complexity while planning the scale of your marketplace’s payment operations.

Right Time to Market

We already pointed at the importance of the market, but the factor time is even more critical. The implementation of a particular payment gateway takes more or less time depending on the scalability, functionality and flexibility of the system. It is witnessed that the more complex the system, the more smoothly it scales also it takes more time to create it. Basically, there are two options,

First Option:

In case you want your product to launch faster, you should make an educated guess about the expected amount of users and transactions. Having a qualified and experienced team of software developers can help you achieve these prerequisites. But they probably won’t be able to provide a full package of scalability options.

Second Option:

In case you choose to design a feature-complete payment gateway with all scalability options after spending a significant amount on infrastructure. There is a fraction of possibility that it may remain idle until your marketplace gains traction or is flooded with account registrations and transactions.

The first option is always preferable for most of the businesses. Thereby you can initially build a minimum viable product that can handle this amount. Later, if it surpasses your expectations, you can add additional features for more scalability.

System Architecture

The next step is to outline your payment gateway in detail; in technical terms, it means outlining a proper system architecture. This particular step contains several crucial aspects like deployment, monitoring and security, etc.

Deployment – while you have built a system consisting of distributed instances, your deployment would vary in case you launch a monolithic, i.e. single-instance product. That’s more prominent when you are willing to deploy your platform and payment gateway in more than one country, and so you need to add regulatory variables as well. Different countries have different rules on deployment of data centres.

It would be best if you decide on the data centres in deployment procedures. For instance, whether you want instances from one country to be connected with other countries, under one system or you want to be confined in one region.

Let’s take an example; and, they have separate instances for different countries. They did not allow merchants to have a global account; instead, the merchant needs to register a separate account for each nation or country. A legal consultation is a must before you give the nod to your software developers.

A payment gateway architecture flow chart is somewhat where marketplaces and online sellers provide API connections to be integrated with the payment gateway. In contrast, the payment gateway offers API connections for PSPs, PCI secure storage and subsystems.

Monitoring – Another important aspect of the workflow of the payment gateway is monitoring. This can broadly be divided into two kinds, i.e. technical monitoring and business monitoring. By technical monitoring, it means keeping track of the infrastructure, checking various components of the system, whether they are up and running at all times. At the same time, business monitoring means keeping a track on the number of transactions and new registrations in the flow of the system. This will ensure that your current system is able to handle the load when the numbers are relatively high.

Security – Security is the central plus point for the right product, which you should always strive to achieve. Coming to the security concerns, you must be aware of the KYC and AML regulations for the regions or areas your payment gateway will be active in. The knowledge of international rulebooks like standard PCI DSS credit card processing.

From two factor authentication to devising new strategies for data protection to following secure coding procedures, you must be abreast with dealing with any security breaches.

Designing Functional API’s

One of the crucial aspects of payment gateway building is designing functional API for internal use. Also, you can apply some additional restrictions which can add up as the other source of income for your company.

It is always preferable to design your API’s with maximum stability which can process different payment methods. It should also be quite flexible to integrate new payment methods as and when introduced. If you decide to give access to other businesses’ platforms of your solution, you might be unable to choose a point while changing the APIs, and it creates external dependencies.

Pre-announcement of API changes

Once you have released the API, it is relatively fixed so you must avoid any unnecessary changes. And in future, if you decide to decommission your API, you should never do it overnight. You should always give your associated parties appropriate time and set a pre-deadline when it ceases to be in use. Before bringing any changes, you must discuss with your respective clients whether they will be receiving any benefit or not.

The next stage in the payment gateway is:

After you have clearly laid on every aspect, you can start the process of development by gathering your software engineers and commencing the coding process with structured goals. The very first step in the development process is:

Building up a team- since you are the product owner and you have outlined many features and functionalities as per your priorities. This will include your prediction of whether your product has reached the status of a minimum viable product before launch. If you have sketched out the SCRUM working method, it turns out as a feature-complete. Some practices for organizing your software development process are considered best. One among them is automating testing by providing a sample integration of your payment gateway and other related payment flows.

Once your team is able to identify the failures in the products at ease, error messages can be sent to your own team as well as external clients. Also, ensure that you build code reviews for all changes so that it has the least impact on your gateway as a quality assurance measure.

Coding your gateway- you can plan out the coding procedures along with your team and product owners owing to splitting up the stories into single tasks. The decision regarding high priorities stories and which one to affix as a current sprint is decided by the team. You might need the help of some external teams and technical consultants to implement this coding.

Although development is core for any software team, one thing that is overlooked is automation.

Automation – Leading Software consultancies like SoftVolt tap out the power of this automation. Automating parts of the development process like building it using Maven and Jenkins, integration, automated unit, end to end 2E and security testing can help to maintain consistency within your software. Automation also makes it easier to maintain the quality of your code and identify the bugs.

Launching the Product

There goes the final moment when, eventually, the live deployment will happen. At this very point, you are ready with a feature-complete MVP (Minimal Viable Product). If you have a more prominent organization, you will definitely require more time to create something that is feature-complete. There is always a possibility that the feature that you want for your payment gateway will turn out a complete flop as opposed to your anticipation. It is better if you include automated E2E, security, penetration and load tests as these are important to prevent any nasty surprises after you go live with your payment gateway.

These testings will enable you to find any bugs or errors and thereby help you in making risk-based estimation on how severe the problem is. In case the issues are small, it can be fixed quickly, and you can go live with them. But if the problems are critical, you must postpone the launch, or it may cause severe financial consequences.

Is the minimum viable product worthy?

You must know that it is impossible to develop a perfect code product in the very first go. Your minimum viable product ought to have bugs and flaws when you first launch it. There can be innumerable reasons behind it, may be there are some errors during development or after launch. It may include workflow issues, missing data while reporting, scalability issues, etc. The scenarios that you have anticipated about your payment gateway and marketplace operations may be completely different in a practical approach. A quick response in such cases will work out.

You will find that your developers are faced with the challenge of making the best of this situation and keep on adding an improvement in your current minimum viable product after its release. To enable companies to launch effectively, you must put great effort into the delivery process to the customers. Your software architects must share insights to the client’s software teams so that they can set up, maintain and expand the product if required.

Continuous Maintenance and Operations

Once your payment gateway is launched and is live, it’s time for working on its smooth running. With your business running on a day to day basis, development as well is an ongoing process. Basically, there are two major tasks to be performed. Firstly,

Development Integration – As mentioned above, there is always a possibility that you might have planned additional features for your minimum viable product. There are no such criteria of feature-complete product in the field of software development. The architecture of the payment gateway is so versatile and vast that new features are introduced every now and then. So your coders will always have something to integrate within your payment gateway throughout its lifetime. Secondly,

Ongoing maintenance and operation work – it is essential that your current version of the product runs smoothly. Bugs are inevitable and will occur, which would require continuous maintenance and operation work from your team to resolve them. You can decide whether you want your own team to operate and maintain your software or assign the same to some external team. In case you have involved some external team of software engineers in developing your payment gateway, they might provide you with maintenance and support as well.

Derived Inference

In the end, it is pretty obvious that building your own payment gateway is not a trivial task, but fortunately, it’s a fair decision when it comes to thinking in line with your business ideas. Now, that you and your team are aware of all the segments, you might understand that launching a good performing payment gateway depends on many departments starting from business to development.

Nevertheless, it’s not a kind of rocket science where the exact volume and condition is necessary. In software development, you enjoy the flexibility of trying different variants. If one thing is not working out for your business, you can simply make changes in the codes, in some cases, even after the launch.

The user experience on your payment gateway plays a significant role in its success. You must necessarily stick to the basic and prime requirement of your users, i.e. data protection, KYC, etc. Never be afraid to launch your own payment gateway as you can create big only if you think big. All you need is a professional and skilled software team to turn your vision into reality as your payment gateway is always judged on its security, functionality, and usability.

So, Let’s get started!

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ServiceNow Stock Math Operators Price Series Summation

USD 412.87  12.73  2.99%

ServiceNow math operators tool provides the execution environment for running the Price Series Summation operator and other technical functions against ServiceNow. ServiceNow value trend is the prevailing direction of the price over some defined period of time. The concept of trend is an important idea in technical analysis, including the analysis of math operators indicators. As with most other technical indicators, the Price Series Summation operator function is designed to identify and follow existing trends and Xunlei Ltd Adr. Math Operators module provides interface to determine different price movement patterns of similar pairs of equity instruments such as Xunlei Ltd Adr and ServiceNow.

The output start index for this execution was zero with a total number of output elements of sixty-one. ServiceNow Price Series Summation is a cross summation of ServiceNow price series and its benchmark/peer.

ServiceNow Technical Analysis Modules

Most technical analysis of ServiceNow help investors determine whether a current trend will continue and, if not, when it will shift. We provide a combination of tools to recognize potential entry and exit points for ServiceNow from various momentum indicators to cycle indicators. When you analyze ServiceNow charts, please remember that the event formation may indicate an entry point for a short seller, and look at other indicators across different periods to confirm that a breakdown or reversion is likely to occur.

About ServiceNow Predictive Technical Analysis

Predictive technical analysis modules help investors to analyze different prices and returns patterns as well as diagnose historical swings to determine the real value of ServiceNow. We use our internally-developed statistical techniques to arrive at the intrinsic value of ServiceNow based on widely used predictive technical indicators. In general, we focus on analyzing ServiceNow Stock price patterns and their correlations with different microeconomic environment and drivers. We also apply predictive analytics to build ServiceNow's daily price indicators and compare them against related drivers, such as math operators and various other types of predictive indicators. Using this methodology combined with a more conventional technical analysis and fundamental analysis, we attempt to find the most accurate representation of ServiceNow's intrinsic value. In addition to deriving basic predictive indicators for ServiceNow, we also check how macroeconomic factors affect ServiceNow price patterns. Please read more on our technical analysis page or use our predictive modules below to complement your research.
 2021 2022 (projected)
Long Term Debt to Equity0.40.41
Interest Coverage9.187.6
Sophisticated investors, who have witnessed many market ups and downs, frequently view the market will even out over time. This tendency of ServiceNow's price to converge to an average value over time is called mean reversion. However, historically, high market prices usually discourage investors that believe in mean reversion to invest, while low prices are viewed as an opportunity to buy. Please use the tools below to analyze the current value of ServiceNow in the context of predictive analytics.
LowEstimated ValueHigh
LowReal ValueHigh
25 Analysts
LowTarget PriceHigh
Estimates (11)
LowProjected EPSHigh
Please note, it is not enough to conduct a financial or market analysis of a single entity such as ServiceNow. Your research has to be compared to or analyzed against ServiceNow's peers to derive any actionable benefits. When done correctly, ServiceNow's competitive analysis will give you plenty of quantitative and qualitative data to validate your investment decisions or develop an entirely new strategy towards taking a position in ServiceNow.

ServiceNow Implied Volatility

ServiceNow's implied volatility exposes the market's sentiment of ServiceNow stock's possible movements over time. However, it does not forecast the overall direction of its price. In a nutshell, if ServiceNow's implied volatility is high, the market thinks the stock has potential for high price swings in either direction. On the other hand, the low implied volatility suggests that ServiceNow stock will not fluctuate a lot when ServiceNow's options are near their expiration.
Some investors attempt to determine whether the market's mood is bullish or bearish by monitoring changes in market sentiment. Unlike more traditional methods such as technical analysis, investor sentiment usually refers to the aggregate attitude towards ServiceNow in the overall investment community. So, suppose investors can accurately measure the market's sentiment. In that case, they can use it for their benefit. For example, some tools to gauge market sentiment could be utilized using contrarian indexes, ServiceNow's short interest history, or implied volatility extrapolated from ServiceNow options trading.

Trending Themes

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Additionally, see Correlation Analysis. You can also try Focused Opportunities module to build portfolios using our predefined set of ideas and optimize them against your investing preferences.

Complementary Tools for analysis

When running ServiceNow price analysis, check to measure ServiceNow's market volatility, profitability, liquidity, solvency, efficiency, growth potential, financial leverage, and other vital indicators. We have many different tools that can be utilized to determine how healthy ServiceNow is operating at the current time. Most of ServiceNow's value examination focuses on studying past and present price action to predict the probability of ServiceNow's future price movements. You can analyze the entity against its peers and financial market as a whole to determine factors that move ServiceNow's price. Additionally, you may evaluate how the addition of ServiceNow to your portfolios can decrease your overall portfolio volatility.
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Is ServiceNow's industry expected to grow? Or is there an opportunity to expand the business' product line in the future? Factors like these will boost the valuation of ServiceNow. If investors know ServiceNow will grow in the future, the company's valuation will be higher. The financial industry is built on trying to define current growth potential and future valuation accurately. All the valuation information about ServiceNow listed above have to be considered, but the key to understanding future value is determining which factors weigh more heavily than others.
Quarterly Earnings Growth YOY
Market Capitalization
86 B
Quarterly Revenue Growth YOY
Return On Assets
Return On Equity
The market value of ServiceNow is measured differently than its book value, which is the value of ServiceNow that is recorded on the company's balance sheet. Investors also form their own opinion of ServiceNow's value that differs from its market value or its book value, called intrinsic value, which is ServiceNow's true underlying value. Investors use various methods to calculate intrinsic value and buy a stock when its market value falls below its intrinsic value. Because ServiceNow's market value can be influenced by many factors that don't directly affect ServiceNow's underlying business (such as a pandemic or basic market pessimism), market value can vary widely from intrinsic value.
Please note, there is a significant difference between ServiceNow's value and its price as these two are different measures arrived at by different means. Investors typically determine ServiceNow value by looking at such factors as earnings, sales, fundamental and technical indicators, competition as well as analyst projections. However, ServiceNow's price is the amount at which it trades on the open market and represents the number that a seller and buyer find agreeable to each party.


Can you copy a reference?

Can you copy a reference?

Not usually. Citations have a fixed format and should match any other use of that citation. However, copying the reference list of another writer is plagiarism as you are presenting the reference list — the product of a literature search ie their work — as your own work.

Is WhatsApp an online platform?

WhatsApp as an online platform platform that facilitates English language learning. Technology has developed immensely and its role in the aspects of learning a language has grown bigger and bigger.

How do you paste a citation in Word?

Add citations to your document Click at the end of the sentence or phrase that you want to cite, and then on the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Insert Citations. From the list of citations under Insert Citation, select the citation you want to use.

Can you plagiarize a citation?

What type of platform is WhatsApp?

Who is the CEO of WhatsApp?

Will Cathcart (Mar 2019–)

What counts as social media?

What is Social Media? Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. The Office of Communications and Marketing manages the main Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn and YouTube accounts.

Is Mark Zuckerberg owner of WhatsApp?

Yes, Mark Zuckerberg’s Facebook acquired WhatsApp back in 2014 for a whopping $19.3 billion. At the time, this purchase became the largest acquisition of a venture-backed company in history. By August 2014, WhatsApp became a globally-used app, with over 600-million users.


A.M. is a 33-year-old white woman with a history of type 1 diabetes diagnosed at 19 years and complicated by microalbuminuria. She was treated with multiple insulin injections until 2003, when she started on insulin pump therapy. Her hemoglobin A1c (A1C) levels have ranged between 7.0 and 7.5% during the past 3 years. She has history of anxiety disorder and tobacco use.

During a clinic visit, A.M. complained of a slow, steady weight loss of 20 lb during the past year. She admitted to rare postprandial bloating and some early satiety, but no diarrhea. She reported no significant changes in her diet or exercise and denied any changes in her bowel movements, nausea, fever,night sweating, skin hyperpigmentation, lightheadedness, or dizziness after standing.

Her physical examination revealed a thin, well-nourished young woman. She had no goiter, no ophthalmopathy, no hyperhidrosis, and no tremor. Laboratory tests, including hematocrit and hemoglobin, creatinine, potassium, and sodium measurement were all normal. She had no evidence of iron deficiency anemia and a normal complete blood count. Her liver function tests were normal, as were levels of vitamin B12, folate, and calcium. Her thyroid function tests revealed a morning cortisol of 10.3 mg/dl, thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) level of < 0.01 mU/ml (normal range: 0.6-3.3), total triiodothyronine(TT3) level of 1.9 nmol/l (normal range: 1.0-1.7), and thyroxine (T4) level of 9.2 μg/dl (normal range: 5.5-11).

The patient was started on 50 mg propylthiouracil (PTU) three times daily. After 4 months of therapy, her TSH level was 0.32 mU/ml, TT3 was 1.6 nmol/l,and TT4 was 8.6 μg/dl. She has continued on PTU.

A.M. was still concerned about her difficulties gaining weight. She reported a good appetite. Because of her persistent weight loss despite improvement in thyroid function studies, immunoglobulin A (IgA) antiendomysial antibodies were checked, with a titer of 1:1280. She underwent a small bowel biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis of celiac sprue, also known as gluten-associated enteropathy.

The patient was started on a gluten-free diet, which resulted in less abdominal bloating and a 3-lb weight gain during the next 3 months. Her A1C decreased from 7.2 to 6.3% with dietary modifications. Her thyroid function studies remained stable on 50 mg of PTU three times daily, with a TSH level of 0.41 mU/ml, TT3 of 1.4 nmol/l, and T4 of 8.2 μg/dl.

  1. What are common clinical features of celiac disease?

  2. What is the relationship between celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, and Graves' disease?

  3. What are the screening recommendations for celiac disease and thyroid autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes?

Celiac disease, also referred to as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is characterized by immune-mediated damage to the jejunal mucosa, which is triggered by gluten, a protein complex found in wheat, rye, and barley. The diagnosis is based on classic findings on small bowl biopsy of villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. With maintenance of a gluten-free diet, multiple studies have documented reversal of the mucosal changes. There has been conflicting data on whether the duration of exposure to gluten in those not following a gluten-free diet or with undiagnosed celiac disease correlates with a higher risk for subsequent autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes and thyroid disease.1

Many cases of celiac disease are asymptomatic, or, as with this case, have features that are only recognized retrospectively. Classic symptoms of celiac disease generally include steatorrhea, flatulence, and the consequences of malabsorption, such as growth failure in children, weight loss, severe iron deficiency anemia, neurological disorders from vitamin B deficiencies, and osteopenia from vitamin D and calcium deficiencies. Although our patient had unexplained weight loss, she had no other complaints.

Because of the availability of serological screening, more cases of mild celiac disease are now being diagnosed. In one study estimating the prevalence of celiac disease in adults with type 1 diabetes, patients who were screened and found to have positive antibodies and positive findings on small bowel biopsy typically had no symptoms.2  Patients often have nonspecific complaints, such as fatigue. They may have borderline iron deficiency, elevations in aminotransferases, or no symptoms at all. Once patients are placed on a gluten-free diet, they report objective and subjective improvement in well-being regardless of whether they recognized symptoms before diagnosis.

Celiac disease has a prevalence of 0.1-0.02% in the general Western population. The prevalence rates of celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes are estimated to be between 1.7 and 12%. Screening studies have shown the prevalence among adults with type 1 diabetes to be similar, between 1.3 and 6.4%, which is 10 times the prevalence in the general population.

The likely explanation for the frequent association between celiac disease and type 1 diabetes is the shared genetic susceptibility of the HLA DR3-DR2 haplotype. A well-defined cohort of celiac patients without diabetes was studied prospectively to assess the prevalence of coexisting thyroid disease and positive thyroid autoantibodies. Overall, 14% of the celiac patients had thyroid disease: 10.3% were hypothyroid and 3.7% hyperthyroid, both of which were significantly more than expected. Patients with type 1 diabetes and known celiac disease appear to have a higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease. However, patients with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease do not appear to have a higher incidence of celiac disease compared to patients with type 1 diabetes alone.3

Autoimmune thyroid disorders are the most common immunological disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes. Cross-sectional studies have reported a prevalence of hypothyroidism in 12-24% of females and ∼ 6% of males. Hyperthyroidism has been reported in 1-2% of patients with diabetes. Positive thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies have been reported in 80% of patients with type 1 diabetes and elevated TSH levels and in 10-20% in patients with normal TSH levels. In a prospective longitudinal study of 58 patients participating in the Diabetes Control and Complcations Trial (DCCT), 33% of patients developed thyroid dysfunction, all with hypothyroidism. In this study,patients with TPO antibodies were 17.91 times more likely to develop hypothyroidism than patients who were TPO negative.4  The majority of participants were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes ∼ 13 years before being diagnosed with thyroid disease at an average age of 33 years.

The American College of Physicians guidelines state that screening in women< 50 years of age and in men is not warranted because of the low frequency of thyroid dysfunction. However, in patients with type 1 diabetes in whom thyroid dysfunction can present a decade or more after the diabetes diagnosis,it appears reasonable to recommend TSH screening in the long term. Despite the association between positive TPO antibodies and subsequent development of thyroid dysfunction, the annual measurement of TSH is considered the preferred screening test. If TPO antibodies had been used as the single diagnostic tool in the DCCT follow-up study, 28% of cases of subclinical hypothyroidism would have been missed.

Screening for celiac disease is initiated with serological evaluation using IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase and IgA endomysial antibodies (EMA), with documentation of normal IgA levels. These tests have a higher sensitivity and specificity than previously used anti-gliadin antibody tests. Patients should be maintained on a gluten-containing diet during serological testing.

Of children with type 1 diabetes, 16% have been shown to have positive antibodies, and of these, 6.2% had definitive biopsy changes consistent for celiac disease despite being asymptomatic. Barera et al. reported in an Italian pediatric population that 41.2% of patients with celiac disease and type 1 diabetes experienced seroconversion of EMA and villous atrophy on biopsy during a 6-year follow-up period. All new cases of celiac disease developed within 4 years of the onset of diabetes.5  Thus, the recommendation for children with type 1 diabetes is to screen at the time of diabetes diagnosis and annually for several years thereafter.

The 2008 American Diabetes Association clinical practice recommendations state that antibody screening should be performed in patients with type 1 diabetes with suggestive symptomatology, such as iron deficiency anemia,weight loss, or unexplained fatigue. Patients with type 1 diabetes who become symptomatic for celiac disease should be tested by measuring tissue transglutaminase or anti-endomysial antibodies, with documentation of normal serum IgA levels. Patients with positive antibodies should be referred to a gastroenterologist for confirmation and to a dietitian for instruction on a gluten-free diet.6

Adherence to a gluten-free diet has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of small bowel lymphoma and nutritional deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and fat-soluble vitamins in patients with celiac disease.7  However,only a handful of small prospective studies have addressed the issue of the glycemic benefits of a gluten-free diet. Short-term prospective studies in children with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease have demonstrated no significant change in A1C when started on a gluten-free diet, despite improvements in growth. Observational data have suggested a reduction in hypoglycemic events in children after initiation of a gluten-free diet.8  One prospective clinical trial of 22 adults with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease demonstrated no significant differences in A1C, insulin dosage, BMI,or hypoglycemic episodes between those who were following a strict gluten-free diet and those who were not.9

  • Individuals with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease often do not have overt gastrointestinal complaints. They often present with mild constitutional symptoms of weight loss and fatigue with the development of celiac disease. Because of the high prevalence and minimal symptomatology of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes, health care providers should have a low threshold for screening for IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase and IgA endomysial antibodies.

  • Evidence of celiac disease is present in a high percentage of children at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and these individuals typically develop celiac disease within 4 years of their diabetes diagnosis. In contrast, autoimmune thyroid disease typically follows the diagnosis of diabetes by an average of 10 years. Thus, screening for celiac disease should be considered early in young individuals with diabetes, whereas screening for thyroid disease should be considered for decades after diabetes diagnosis.

  • Dietary management of celiac disease improves symptomatology, increases weight, and decreases the risk of osteopenia and malignant lymphoma without any significant change in glycemic control.

Elizabeth A. Fasy, MD, is an endocrinologist practicing in Atlanta,Ga., and Guillermo Umpierrez, MD, is a professor of medicine in the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Ga.

Ludvigsson JF,Ludvigsson J, Ekbom A, Montgomery S: Celiac disease and risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
Ann Intern Med
Chong JS, Leong KS, Wallymahmed M, Sturgess R, MacFarlane IA: Is coeliac disease more prevalent in young adults with coexisting type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease compared with those with type 1 diabetes mellitus alone?
Diabet Med
Umpierrez GE,Latif KA, Murphy MB, Lambeth HC, Stentz F, Bush A, Kitabchi AE: Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
Barera G, Bonfanti R, Viscardi M, Bazzigaluppi E, Calori G, Meschi F, Bianchi C, Chiumello G:Occurrence of celiac disease after onset of type 1 diabetes: a 6-year prospective longitudinal study.
American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2008 [Position Statement].
Diabetes Care
Schwarzenberg SJ,Brunzell C: Type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: overview and medical nutrition therapy.
Diabetes Spectrum
Hansen D,Brock-Jacobsen B, Bjorn C, Hansen L, Nielsen C, Fenger C, Lillevang ST, Husby S: Clinical benefit of a gluten-free diet in type 1 diabetic children with screening detected celiac disease.
Diabetes Care
Kaukinen K, Salmi J, Lahtela J, Siljamaki-Ojansuu U, Koivisto AM, Oksa H, Collin P: No effect of gluten-free diet on metabolic control of type 1 diabetes in patients with diabetes and celiac disease: retrospective and controlled prospective survey.
Diabetes Care