distribution coefficient experiment

The courseware is not just lectures, but also interviews. This article. In this experiment, the molar distribution coefficient at room temperature will be determined by chemical analysis of the iodine in a water solution before and after shaking it with cyclohexane. Synergetic effect was obtained for alcohol and ester systems. AddThis Utility Frame Extraction and Determination of a Distribution Coefficient (Kd) Printer-friendly version The purpose of this lab is to calculate the K d of benzoic acid in dichloromethane. The partition coefficient for caffeine in this solvent mixture is simply the ratio of its relative solubilities in the two solvents: 18.2 g/100 mL 2.18 g/100 mL = 8.35. Chemistry questions and answers. Extraction is. Also called the partition coefficient (P).The logarithm of the partition coefficient (logP) is used as a measure of hydrophobicity (lipophilicity) or hydrophilicity (lipophobicity). distribution coefficient between these two immiscible (or slightly soluble) solvents. to the distribution of the third moment coefficient in satnples from a normal popu- lation is unsatisfactory, so that it appears, in this case, that the first four moments . The constant is called the partition coefficient (K) or the distribution coefficient of the solute between the two solvents. In this study, we launched an experiment to determine the distribution coefficients of multiple elements in corals' skeletons by changing Ca concentrations in SW (CaSW). are the measured distributions symmetrical, is the pressure . COEFFICIENT-AN EXPERIMENT. I'm doing a wind tunnel experiment and I'm trying to plot the pressure coefficient distribution for the upper and the lower surfaces of an airfoil based on experimental data. Two main approaches have been defined for the determination of distribution coefficients on the microscale: 1) systems using a side-by-side two-phase flow and 2) systems using two-phase slug flow [1]. Create an equilibrium distribution using iodine and two immiscible solvents in this class experiment or demonstration In this practical, students observe iodine crystals dissolving in equal volumes of two immiscible solvents, aqueous potassium iodide and cyclohexane, and familiarize themselves with the different colours of the two solutions.

Assume that your 50 mL sample of cola (aqueous solution) contains 20 mg of caffeine, a realistic value for that experiment. The probability distribution for measuring a given number of these counts in a given time interval is an almost bell shaped curve (a Poisson Distribution) centered around N 0, the most probable value. Partition Coefficients Derived from Aqueous Desorption of Contaminated Hanford Sediments . In the one-dimensional column simulation experiment, a mathematical model of pollutant migration in soil was used to . Distribution Coefficient 1. to determine liquid-liquid partition coefcients. Koc is a very important input parameter for estimating . Conversely, chemicals with high K ow values (e.g., greater than 104) are very hydrophobic and adsorb to soil/sediments and tend to bioaccumulate.

23.3. 1. A very high value means it is strongly adsorbed onto soil and organic matter and does not move throughout the soil. Although there are several methods available to determine partition coefficient (log P), distribution coefficient (log D) and ionization constant (pKa), none of them involves simple and fixed, miniaturized protocols for diverse set of compounds. The airfoil chord is 150 mm. The larger the value of Kd, the more solute will be transferred to the ether with each extraction, and the fewer This video introduces the concept of the partition coefficient and describes how it can be applied to peptides. The CU coefficient can be determined with CATCH3D by using input the duration of the experiment, the direction and speed of the wind, the flow rate and water volume in the catch can. I have the pressure static ports located at: Upper static port #: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 X-coord [mm]: 0.76 3.81 11.43 19.05 38.00 62.00 80 . soil/sediment adsorption coefficients, and small bioconcentration factors for aquatic life. The number of moles of benzoic acid in the aqueous phase was 0.0004 (20ml titre of 0.02M NaOH with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio) compared to 0.095 for the single extraction. The solvent is the key to a successful separation by liquid-liquid extraction. The IUPAC definition of lipophilic is: The distribution coefficient K must be given in order to do the calculations. Sagar Kishor Savale . A novel method for the investigation of liquid/liquid distribution coefficients and interface permeabilities applied to the water-octanol-drug system. Quantitatively this proportion is called the "distribution coefficient"; formally it is expressed as a ratio of the solubilities of the compound in these solvents, usually at 25 C. The calculation of lift and drag is at the forefront of aerodynamics as a . Aim: To determine the partition co-efficient of benzoic acid between benzene and water. When extracting solvent is stirred with solution containing solute then solute from original solvent gets transferred into an extracting Coral skeletons are one of the best archives for past ocean seawater (SW) chemistry and isotopes. We will find expression for the distribution number in the case of both ideal solutions, liquid and solid. In the experiment, the impurity contents of the 4 N primary Al and the purified 5 N Al samples were detected by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS: Element GD), and the effective distribution coefficient was calculated by the difference method. ways to separate mixtures of compounds. proportion. They added 20 mL of water and 25 mL of dichloromethane with 100 mg of acetaminophen into a separatory funnel. Mostly, it is a water-organic solvent system. to the half -life). Kp values, also called as distribution of coefficient, were used to determine which solvents between ethyl acetate and water does acetic acid dissolves more. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) was obtained as 0.0207 per cent kept at a constant pressure of 50.66 kPa, Statistical Uniformity (SU) as 97 per cent and Coefficient of Uniformity (CU) as 0.9518.

Calculate (a) the number of millimoles of I2 (iodine subscript 2) extracted; (b) the concentration of I2 (iodine subscript 2)in the aquous . For n = 1 that is for a single experiment, the binomial distribution is the Bernoulli distribution. Kd or Koc measures the mobility of a substance in soil. Distribution coefficient (D): The ratio of solubility (or distribution) of a substance between two immiscible phases, usually two liquid phases. Don't even worry about what that means yet. Small molecule distribution coefficients between immiscible nonaqueuous and aqueous phasessuch as cyclohexane and watermeasure the degree to which small molecules prefer one phase over another at a given pH. Solid/liquid partition coefficients, also known as distribution coefficients and Kd, have been used in safety assessment calculations for nuclear facilities for many years. Unlike the standard deviation that must always be considered in the context of the mean of the data, the coefficient of . The delivery of this course is very good. Answer to Solved In a distribution coefficient experiment; Which of. h dissolves the desired material. Distribution Coefficient. The distribution coefficient for this oil, we will say equals K. K=(concentration in mol/L of I2 in oil)/(concentration in mol/L of I2 in water) The distribution constant describes thr ration of .

1. This phenomenon is very important in . The analysis will be done by titrating these aqueous solutions with sodium thiosulfate solution using starch indicator. In statistics, the phi coefficient (or mean square contingency coefficient and denoted by or r ) is a measure of association for two binary variables.In machine learning, it is known as the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) and used as a measure of the quality of binary (two-class) classifications, introduced by biochemist Brian W. Matthews in 1975. The partition coefficient generally refers to the concentration ratio of un-ionized species of compound, whereas the . 26.5.Oct 20, 2010 - graduate laboratories is the determination of the stability con- quires that the . Res. The experiment thus consists of dissolving an amount of compound A in water in an NMR tube, taking an 1 H NMR spectrum, . First let's talk about what extraction is and how to use a sep funnel. PROBLEMS Compounds mixing with groundwater to pollute waterways and its toxicity to animals and aquatic life. Column Experiment Breakthrough Data Figures . For all measured log P, 82 4% in GAFF and 79 5% in GAFF-DC agreed by sign with the . into contact with a solvent, whic. An early prediction of physicochemical properties is highly desirable during drug discovery to find out a viable lead candidate. So, = 0.5, = 0.3, and = 0.2. After a while, equilibrium will be achieved. In order to carry out this investigation, a pre-prepared 0 mol dm-3 stock solution of benzoic acid in ethyl acetate was used to prepare standard solutions of varying concentrations . distinct phases (immiscible liquids) a. nd also called fractional separation. methods . Therefore: K = 10 = (100-2x)/x 100-2x = 10x 100 = 10x+2x = 12x x = 100/12 = 8.3 mg solute remain in the water 50-x = 50 - 8.3 = 41.7 mg sample have moved to the ether (83.4% or original amount) Science; Chemistry; Chemistry questions and answers; In a distribution coefficient experiment; Which of the following organic solvents can be used in this experiment: ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether, methylene chloride, propanoic acid, acetonitrile? Binomial Distribution Formula is used to calculate probability of getting x successes in the n trials of the binomial experiment which are independent and the probability is derived by combination between number of the trials and number of successes represented by nCx is multiplied by probability of the success raised to power of number of successes . You are given 30 mL of dichloromethane to carry . This experiment will demonstrate the ability to separate various types of organic compounds by control of the pH of the extracting aqueous medium. In a distribution coefficient experiment; Which of the following organic solvents can be used in this experiment: ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether, methylene chloride, propanoic acid, acetonitrile? Explain your answer. The several criteria are: 1. . In this case it has a value of 10. If N counts are measured in an interval, the best .

DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT 4 04/28/1610 It is the ratio of sum of the concentrations of the compound in each of the two phase. Based on the result of titration, concentration of iodine in initial solution obtained 0,102 M. To extract iodine did by enter 25 ml iodine solution into separating funnel, then added with 5 ml chloroform. The water distribution graphs had drawn by program in three dimensionally (3D). In a distribution coefficient experiment; The partition coefficient for caffeine in this solvent mixture is simply the ratio of its relative solubilities in the two solvents: 18.2 g/100 mL 2.18 g/100 mL = 8.35. Distribution ratio, D (Synonum: distribution coefficient) the ratio of the total analytical con- Lift is one of the most important and governing forces acting on a body moving in a fluid. The binomial distribution is a probability distribution that compiles the possibility that a value will take one of two independent values following a given set of parameters. the recovery of a substance. Passive transport does not require an input of energy. Assume that your 50 mL sample of cola (aqueous solution) contains 20 mg of caffeine, a realistic value for that experiment.

At the distribution equilibrium, the ratio of concentration of the solute in the two solvents is constant at a given temperature. Temperature should be kept constant throughout the experiment, since solubility is dependent on . The experiment is based on the theoretical basis of Nernst distribution law which states that the ratio of concentration of the solute (benzoic acid) in two immiscible liquids (water and toluene). The distribution coefficient K must be given in order to do the calculations. The distribution coefficient determines the order of elution from column. the distribution coefficient of a solute between a binary system and an coefficient or iodine between the binary system and water is determined2 as, Distribution carbon tetrachloride carbon disulphide coefficient. . Question. The binomial distribution is the basis of the famous binomial statistical significance test. Formula to Calculate Binomial Distribution. So the probability of selecting exactly 3 red balls, 1 white ball and 1 black ball equals to 0.15.

Two . from a mixture by bringing it. Organized by textbook: https://learncheme.com/An example problem using distribution coefficients. 0.2. o.a. REE enrichment in the melt of basaltic magma during crystal fractionation . Does this seem correct to you? One of the central aspects of biomolecular recognition is the hydrophobic effect, which is experimentally evaluated by measuring the distribution coefficients of compounds between polar and apolar phases. This is the ratio (at equilibrium) of the concentration of solute in the extract and raffinate phases. The metric is commonly used to compare the data dispersion between distinct series of data. 1.0. The distribution coefficient for the partition of molecular iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride is 85. State what each plot shows (e.g. A very low value means it is highly mobile in soil. There, the partition coefficient is a measure of the lipophilicity or the hydrophobicity of the solute that we are interested at. 2011, . Therefore, we often consider hydrophilic-hydrophobic systems when determining the partition coefficient. They endure because of their conceptual simplicity. Results Please refer to <DATA SHEET: DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT - LAB 6> Discussion Extraction techniques employs "like dissolves like" rule to separate the mixture into its components. A slightly positive deviation was obtained for benzene-ester mixtures. . The coefficient of variation (relative standard deviation) is a statistical measure of the dispersion of data points around the mean. The results showed that the integrated distribution coefficient of ammonium N in mixed soil was in good agreement with the linear superposition relationship between the distribution coefficient and mass of each single soil layer. Partitioning is the separation between two. The Kd is the ratio of the concentration of a nuclide on a solid phase (soil or We take the component A (index 1) in the amount x 1 l in the solid state at temperature T and transform it into liquid state, Comment: The two phases are denoted phase I and phase II, corresponding to the solid sorbent and the aqueous phase, respectively. 4 Calculate the partition coefficient (k i) of succinic acid at each composition of the partition mixture according to the Equation 5: Wat Org c c k (5) 5 Express the average value of the partition coefficient (k) from four experiments and the appropriate standard deviation (s) using Equation 6: 1 k 2 1 N k s N i i (6) where: -k You are given 30 mL of dichloromethane to carry . A cell membrane has a central layer that is lipophilic (hydrophobic). Science Chemistry Q&A Library The distribution coefficient for iodine between CCl4 and H2O is 85. Calculate the concentration of I2 remaining in the aqueous layer after extraction of 50.0 mL of 1.00 x 10- 3 F I2 with the following quantities of CCl4: (a) two 25.0 mL portions. 1 Aim: To establish the partition co-efficient of iodine in distilled water (d.w.) and carbon tetrachloride. It is calculated by the formula: P ( x: n, p) = n C x p x ( q) { n x } or P ( x: n, p) = n C x p x ( 1 p) { n x } SOLVENT SELECTION. BY JOSEPH PEPPER, M.A., B.Sc. Therefore the distribution coefficient Kd is 0.04/1.6= 0.025. A student performed an experiment to determine the distribution coefficient of acetaminophen between dichloromethane and water. However, the distribution coefficients of major and minor elements in coral skeletons are not well determined. Measured distribution coefficient values for the solid-liquid partitioning of chemicals by adsorption are valid only for the specific conditions of the experiments, including the chemical compositions of both solid and liquid phases and the initial L m e concentrations of the chemicals. For working professionals, the lectures are a boon. The program can be uses only for field data. Partition - synonum for distribution; often but not invariably applied to the distribution of one single definite species. ods focusing on accuracy, ease and speed of the different.

In the physical sciences, a partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium.This ratio is therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids. It is a method of quantitative separation of compounds. Plot this drag coefficient versus angle of attack for each of the flow velocities used in the experiment, and compare this result to the drag force computed in part 3 above. The experiment described in this report used a pressure distribution over a NACA 0012 airfoil to determine the lift and moment coefficient about the quarter-chord on that airfoil. On any particular trial, the probability of drawing a red, white, or black ball is 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively. When you put liquid sample in a vial, the analyte evaporates from liquid phase (solvent) into gas phase, some of it returning to liquid phase. Effect of variable oxygen fugacity on the multivalent elements with increasing reducing conditions in enstatite chondrite material.

Argon was used as the discharge gas for detection. The constant is called the partition coefficient (K) or the distribution coefficient of the solute between the two solvents. The best distribution coefficient was obtained for The aim of this experiment was investigating and determining the effect of the pH of a solution on the distribution coefficient of a drug, in this case benzoic acid. If the rate of [solute]a and [solute]b is 1:1 . Soil Adsorption Coefficient (Kd/Koc) and Chemical Risk Assessment. At the end of the experiment they determined that they had 12 mg . We use our predictions of the distribution coefficients between water and cyclohexane from the SAMPL5 challenge to estimate the hydrophobicity of different explicit solvent simulation . Made by faculty at the University of Colorado Boulder, Dep. We plug these inputs into our multinomial distribution calculator and easily get the result = 0.15. Pharm.

A common metric for evaluating the accuracy of partition coefficients in octanol is to check that the sign of the log P for the calculated and experimental data is the same. Partition and distribution coefficients Absorption of drugs There are a number of ways that drugs are absorbed,1 but the most common route is passive transport (diffusion). Distribution coefficient, = x 2 s / x 2 l, is connected with slope of the solidus and liquidus lines. ASK AN EXPERT. Therefore: K = 10 = (100-2x)/x 100-2x = 10x 100 = 10x+2x = 12x x = 100/12 = 8.3 mg solute remain in the water 50-x = 50 - 8.3 = 41.7 mg sample have moved to the ether (83.4% or original amount) THE distributions of the mean and variance in samples from a normal population are known exactly. Chemistry. For K = 1, there are equal concentrations of the dye in the two phases; for K > 1, more dye would be found in the benzene phase at . Also: Double extraction was carried out in part II of the same experiment. (b) five 25.0 mL portions. o.o. Th e distribution will have a standard deviation about the peak of N 0. Generally, the two immiscible phases we consider here are solvents. The USP of the NPTEL courses is its flexibility. will describe the different ways offered by separation meth-. Other articles where distribution coefficient is discussed: separation and purification: Separations based on equilibria: described in terms of the distribution coefficient, K, by the equationin which the concentrations in the equilibrium state are considered. Purpose: a) . Distribution coefficients of acetic acid between aqueous phase and solvents (water-C6-C10 alcohols, butyl acetate, ether and benzene) were studied. 67 The sign determines if the solute prefers the organic or aqueous layer. "surface pressure coefficient distributions at two Reynolds numbers compared with a theoretical distribution computed assuming unbounded potential flow"). 6.1 Particle Size Distribution in Aquifer Sediment Core Samples 6.2 6.2 Tracer and Carbon Tetrachloride Breakthrough Data for Column . As distribution coefficients capture both thermodynamic effects (the free energy of transfer between phases) and chemical effects (protonation state and tautomer effects in aqueous . The aim of this experiment is to determine the value of distribution coefficient (KD) from iodine in system extraction water-chloroform. It gives a measure of the affinity of the solute for the two phases. In this case it has a value of 10. in distribution-coefficient determination reduces time, consumption of sample and solvents and the labour needed for an anal-ysis. 50 mL of 0.010 M aqueous solution of I2 (iodine subscript 2)is extracted with 50 mL of CCl4. In this experiment, the K ow for acetophenone and atrazine was determined. EXPERIMENT 6 - Extraction Determination of Distribution Coefficient. . Mention, and attempt to explain, any imperfections in the experiment revealed by these data (e.g. c) Calculate the drag coefficient for the airfoil by the momentum method by integrating the wake presurre distribution for each angle of attack and the three velocities. equilibrium is a constant called the distribution ratio(d) or partition coefficient (Kd). An online binomial calculator shows the binomial coefficients, binomial distribution table, pie chart, and bar graph for probability and number of . The knowledge of pka value of a molecule helps to determine apparent partition coefficient at any pH. The courses are so well structured that attendees can select parts of any lecture that are specifically useful for them.

distribution coefficient experiment


The Salon of 1846

David Zwirner Books

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Charles Baudelaire and Michael Fried
David Zwirner Books
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In his introduction to Charles Baudelaire’s Salon of 1846, the renowned art historian Michael Fried presents a new take on the French poet and critic’s ideas on art, criticism, romanticism, and the paintings of Delacroix.

Charles Baudelaire, considered a father of modern poetry, wrote some of the most daring and influential prose of the nineteenth century. Prior to publishing international bestseller Les Fleurs du mal (1857), he was already notable as a forthright and witty critic of art and literature. Captivated by the Salons in Paris, Baudelaire took to writing to express his theories on modern art and art philosophy.
br> The Salon of 1846 expands upon the tenets of Romanticism as Baudelaire methodically takes his reader through paintings by Delecroix and Ingres, illuminating his belief that the pursuit of the ideal must be paramount in artistic expression. Here we also see Baudelaire caught in a fundamental struggle with the urban commodity of capitalism developing in Paris at that time. Baudelaire’s text proves to be a useful lens for understanding art criticism in mid-nineteenth-century France, as well as the changing opinions regarding the essential nature of Romanticism and the artist as creative genius.

Acclaimed art historian and art critic Michael Fried’s introduction offers a new reading of Baudelaire’s seminal text and highlights the importance of his writing and its relevance to today’s audience.


The Highland Dancer

The Highland Dancer

A nova Scotia girl deeply embraces her Scottish heritage through the art of highland dancing.

With her family's ongoing support, Ainsley's growing talent and determination lead her to win muliple dance competitions which seeds her eventual career as a renowned dance teacher.

Available to purchase of Amazon

Became #6 on Amazon's bestseller's list:


Radical Recycling: Doing More to Make Less Waste

Maybe you already make the effort to recycle the standard recyclables — cardboard, glass and plastic bottles, and aluminum cans. If you're hoping to kick your recycling up a notch, you've come to the right place. And why wouldn't we want to recycle more materials more often? When we recycle, we're turning waste into new products, thereby saving energy and money.

What can be recycled and how differs by community, so it's a good idea to check with your local waste management service before diving in. Our tips will follow what is generally accepted. In terms of what can be recycled, think paper, books, wide-mouth plastic containers, empty aerosol cans, and food boxes. All of these items should be rinsed and as free of food residue as possible. Although pizza boxes are generally recyclable, they might not be if they're drenched in grease, cheese and sauce. Items that you might question, but likely cannot recycle, are glassware, pots and pans, ceramics, and light bulbs. Some you might consider taking to a thrift store if they're still usable.

Now that you know what all to recycle, it's time to make it an easier process that becomes habitual. Pullout waster containers are one of the best options. These are available to fit single or double waste containers so you could designate recycling by waste container or by pullout cabinet. If you're able to dedicate one double pullout cabinet to recycling, you can further break down organization with bins dedicated to different recyclables. You could also look into upper and lower baskets with rails in your cabinet space, which make it even more visible/accessible. And for smaller recyclable items like rechargable batteries, you might put small, almost cookie-jar like containers on your counter labeled for what goes inside.

The RTA Store is the place for your kitchen and bath improvement project needs. You'll find high-quality kitchen cabinets, bathroom vanities, hardware, and sinks at affordable prices. Contact our friendly design experts and get started today!


Cartagena Protocol

By : Neha Dhyani

Updated : Mar 29, 2022, 10:24

The Cartagena Protocol aims to set rules to be in command of global transfers of living modified organisms (LMOs). It is based on the Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity and came into force in 2003. As a result of modern Biotechnology, when living organisms, including viroids or even sterile organisms, undergo genetic modifications, the Cartagena Protocol comes into action to protect them from any potential risk or hazard. Modern biotechnology can even use the fusion technique of cells to trounce natural physiological reproductive obstructions.

Precautionary Principle of Cartagena Protocol

The precautionary principle of the Cartagena Protocol allows the developing countries to effect an ideal balance of public health against fiscal benefits. Until the importing countries are convinced about the scientific evidence assigning about the safety of genetically altered commodities like corn or cotton, they may ban its trade, and its clauses are clearly stated in Articles 10.6 and 11.8

The Cartagena Protocol entered into force on 11th September 2003, and its provisions are mentioned in Article 37, when the required number of 50 instruments of ratification by countries was reached in May 2003. As per the latest data, the protocol has 173 parties that comprise 170 member countries of the United Nations and the state of Palestine, Niue and the European Union as well.

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Participants of the Cartagena Protocol

The body that governs the Cartagena Protocol is the conference of the Parties to the Convention. Their main objective is to make vital decisions for the effective operation of the protocol and participate as spectators in the proceedings of the meetings of the COP-MOP even the non-parties are being encouraged to abide by the provisions of the protocol.

Several agreements have been recognized under the World Trade Organization (WTO), such as the Agreement on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS Agreement), Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and others. In its preamble, the protocol mentions that the parties should well be aware that trade and environment agreements should be reciprocally supportive and in no way shall the protocol be subordinated.

According to Article 20 of the Cartagena Protocol, with an extensive view of smoothening the progress of scientific, technical, environmental and legal information exchange and assisting parties to progress from pilot phase to equipped chapter and espouse modalities for its operations fully, the Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH) was also formed.

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FAQs on Cartagena Protocol

Q.1. What do you mean by Cartagena Protocol?

Cartagena Protocol is an international agreement on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity that controls the transfer of LMOs.

Q.2. What are the main rudiments of the Cartagena Protocol?

The main rudiments of the Cartagena Protocol are Procedures for transferring LMOs across borders, assessment of risks involved, public awareness and the Biosafety clearing House (BCH).

Q.3. Why is the Cartagena Protocol important?

Cartagena Protocol is imperatively important to safeguard handling transport and use of LMOs and prevent any adversities from using Modern Biotechnology.

Q.4. How many countries have ratified the Cartagena Protocol?

According to the latest data, 110 countries have signed, 20 have ratified the Cartagena Protocol, and 173 countries have agreed to the biosafety protocol for genetically altered foods and negotiating worldwide stipulations governing the consignment and use of products from Biotechnology.


Beta User

How long to wait for feedback from Bain after the first round?

10 months ago
February 24, 2022
Case interview
Hi guys!
Share your experience, how long does it usually take Bain to come back with your result after the first round of a case interview? I had my first interview almost a week ago, still haven't received a call or an email back. Do they report a negative outcome? Or can such silence be regarded as my failure?
1 answers
10 months ago
usually, a week is enough for them to make a decision. But it happens that the interviewer is very busy on hot projects, and then he can delay sharing his opinion. So in general, do not hesitate to write or call your HR yourself, using the same contacts as you were invited


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Deprecation Policy#

This page outlines SymPy’s policy on doing deprecations, and describes the steps developers should take to properly deprecate code.

A list of all currently active deprecations in SymPy can be found at List of active deprecations.

What is a deprecation?#

A deprecation is a way to make backwards incompatible changes in a way that allows users to update their code. Deprecated code continues to work as it used to, but whenever someone uses it, it prints a warning to the screen indicating that it will be removed in a future version of SymPy, and indicating what the user should be using instead.

This allows users a chance to update their code without it completely breaking. It also gives SymPy an opportunity to give users an informative message on how to update their code, rather than making their code simply error or start giving wrong answers.

Try to avoid backwards incompatible changes in the first place#

Backwards incompatible API changes should not be made lightly. Any backwards compatibility break means that users will need to fix their code. Whenever you want to make a breaking change, you should consider whether this is worth the pain for users. Users who have to update their code to match new APIs with every SymPy release will become frustrated with the library, and may go seek a more stable alternative. Consider whether the behavior you want can be done in a way that is compatible with existing APIs. New APIs do not necessarily need to completely supplant old ones. It is sometimes possible for old APIs to exist alongside newer, better designed ones without removing them. For example, the newer solveset API was designed to be a superior replacement for the older solve API. But the older solve() function remains intact and is still supported.

It is important to try to be cognizant of API design whenever adding new functionality. Try to consider what a function may do in the future, and design the API in a way that it can do so without having to make a breaking change. For example, if you add a property to an object A.attr, it is impossible to later convert that property into a method A.attr() so that it can take arguments, except by doing so in a backwards incompatible way. If you are unsure about your API design for a new functionality, one option is to mark the new functionality as explicitly private or as experimental.

With that being said, it may be decided that the API of SymPy must change in some incompatible way. Some reasons APIs are changed can include:

  • The existing API is confusing.

  • There is unnecessary redundancy in the API.

  • The existing API limits what is possible.

Because one of the core use-cases of SymPy is to be usable as a library, we take API breakage very seriously. Whenever an API breakage is necessary, the following steps should be taken:

  • Discuss the API change with the community. Be sure that the improved API is indeed better, and worth a breakage. It is important to get API right so that we will not need to break the API again to “fix” it a second time.

  • If it is possible, deprecate the old API. The technical steps for doing this are described below.

  • Document the change so that users know how to update their code. The documentation that should added is described below.

When does a change require deprecation?#

When considering whether a change requires a deprecation, two things must be considered:

  • Is the change backwards incompatible?

  • Is the behavior changing public API?

A change is backwards incompatible if user code making use of it would stop working after the change.

What counts as “public API” needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis. The exact rules for what does and doesn’t constitute public API for SymPy are still not yet fully codified. Cleaning up the distinction between public and private APIs, as well as the categorization in the reference documentation is currently an open issue for SymPy.

Here are some thing that constitute public API. Note: these are just general guidelines. This list is not exhaustive, and there are always exceptions to the rules.

Public API

  • Function names.

  • Keyword argument names.

  • Keyword argument default values.

  • Positional argument order.

  • Submodule names.

  • The mathematical conventions used to define a function.

And here are some things that generally aren’t public API, and therefore don’t require deprecations to change (again, this list is only a general set of guidelines).

Not Public API

  • The precise form of an expression. In general, functions may be changed to return a different but mathematically equivalent form of the same expression. This includes a function returning a value which it was not able to compute previously.

  • Functions and methods that are private, i.e., for internal use only. Such things should generally be prefixed with an underscore _, although this convention is not currently universally adhered to in the SymPy codebase.

  • Anything explicitly marked as “experimental”.

  • Changes to behavior that were mathematically incorrect previously (in general, bug fixes are not considered breaking changes, because despite the saying, bugs in SymPy are not features).

  • Anything that was added before the most recent release. Code that has not yet made it into a release does not need to be deprecated. If you are going to change the API of new code, it is best to do it before a release is made so that no deprecations are necessary for future releases.

Note: both public and private API functions are included in the reference documentation, and many functions are not included there which should be, or are not documented at all which should be, so this should not be used to determine whether something public or not.

If you’re unsure, there is no harm in deprecating something even if it might not actually be “public API”.

The purpose of deprecation#

Deprecation has several purposes:

  • To allow existing code to continue to work for a while, giving people a chance to upgrade SymPy without fixing all deprecation issues immediately.

  • To warn users that their code will break in a future version.

  • To inform users how to fix their code so that it will continue work in future versions.

All deprecation warnings should be something that users can remove by updating their code. Deprecation warnings that fire unconditionally, even when using the “correct” newer APIs, should be avoided.

This also means all deprecated code must have a completely functioning replacement. If there is no way for users to update their code, then this means API in question is not yet read to be deprecated. The deprecation warning should inform users of a way to change their code so that it works in the same version of SymPy, as well as all future versions, and, if possible, previous versions of SymPy as well. See below.

Deprecations should always

  1. Allow users to continue to use the existing APIs unchanged during the deprecation period (with a warning, which can be silenced with warnings.filterwarnings).

  2. Allow users to always fix their code so that it stops giving the warning.

  3. After users fix their code, it should continue to work after the deprecated code is removed.

The third point is important. We do not want the “new” method to itself cause another API break when the deprecation period is over. Doing this would completely defeat the purpose of doing a deprecation.

When it is not technically possible to deprecate#

In some cases, this is not technically possible to make a deprecation that follows the above three rules. API changes of this nature should be considered the most heavily, as they will break people’s code immediately without warning. Consideration into how easy it will be for users to support multiple versions of SymPy, one with the change and one without, should also be taken into account.

If you decide that the change is nonetheless worth making, there are two options:

  • Make the non-deprecatable change immediately, with no warnings. This will break user code.

  • Warn that the code will change in the future. There won’t be a way for users to fix their code until a version is released with the breaking change, but they will at least be aware that changes are coming.

Which of the two to make should decided on a case-by-case basis.

How long should deprecations last?#

Deprecations should remain intact for at least 1 year after the first major release is made with the deprecation. This is only a minimum period: deprecations are allowed to remain intact for longer than this. If a change is especially hard for users to migrate, the deprecation period should be lengthened. The period may also be lengthened for deprecated features that do not impose a significant maintenance burden to keep around.

The deprecation period policy is time-based rather than release-based for a few reasons. Firstly, SymPy does not have a regular release schedule. Sometimes multiple releases will be made in a year, and some years only a single release will be made. Being time-based assures that users have sufficient opportunity to update their code regardless of how often releases happen to be made.

Secondly, SymPy does not make use of a rigorous versioning scheme like semantic versioning. The API surface of SymPy and number of contributions are both large enough that virtually every major release has some deprecations and backwards incompatible changes made in some submodule. Encoding this into the version number would be virtually impossible. The development team also does not backport changes to prior major releases, except in extreme cases. Thus a time-based deprecation scheme is more accurate to SymPy’s releasing model than a version-based one would be.

Finally, a time-based scheme removes any temptation to “fudge” a deprecation period down by releasing early. The best way for the developers to accelerate the removal of deprecated functionality is to make a release containing the deprecation as early as possible.

How to deprecate code#

Here is a checklist for doing a deprecation. See below for details on each step.

    Discuss the backwards incompatible change with the community. Ensure the change is really worth making as per the discussion above.

    Remove all instance of the deprecated code from everywhere in the codebase (including doctest examples).

    Add sympy_deprecation_warning() to the code.

      Write a descriptive message for the sympy_deprecation_warning(). Make sure the message explains both what is deprecated and what to replace it with. The message may be a multiline string and contain examples.

      Set deprecated_since_version to the version in sympy/ (without the .dev).

      Set active_deprecations_target to the target used in the file.

      Make sure stacklevel is set to the right value so that the deprecation warning shows the user line of code.

      Visually confirm the deprecation warning looks good in the console.

    Add a .. deprecated:: <version> note to the top of the relevant docstring(s).

    Add a section to the doc/src/explanation/ file.

      Add a cross-reference target (deprecation-xyz)= before the section header (this is the same reference used by active_deprecations_target above).

      Explain what is deprecated and what to replace it with.

      Explain why the given thing is deprecated.

    Add a test using warns_deprecated_sympy() that tests that the deprecation warning is issued properly. This test should be the only place in the code that actually uses the deprecated functionality.

    Run the test suite to ensure the above test works and that no other code uses the deprecated code, which will cause the tests to fail.

    In your PR, add a BREAKING CHANGE entry to the release notes for the deprecation.

    Once the PR is merged, manually add the change to the “Backwards compatibility breaks and deprecations” section of the release notes on the wiki.

Adding the deprecation to the code#

All deprecations should use sympy.utilities.exceptions.sympy_deprecation_warning(). If an entire function or method is deprecated, you can use the sympy.utilities.decorator.deprecated() decorator. The deprecated_since_version and active_deprecations_target flags are required. Do not use the SymPyDeprecationWarning class directly to issue a deprecation warning. Please see the docstring of sympy_deprecation_warning() for more information. See below for an example.

Add a test for the deprecated behavior. Use the sympy.testing.pytest.warns_deprecated_sympy() context manager.

from sympy.testing.pytest import warns_deprecated_sympy

with warns_deprecated_sympy():
    <deprecated behavior>

warns_deprecated_sympy is only intended to be used internally by the SymPy test suite. Users of SymPy should use the warnings module directly to filter SymPy deprecation warnings. See Silencing SymPy Deprecation Warnings.

This has two purposes: to test that the warning is emitted correctly, and to test that the deprecated behavior still actually functions.

If you want to test multiple things and assert that each emits a warning then use separate with blocks for each:

with warns_deprecated_sympy():
    <deprecated behavior1>
with warns_deprecated_sympy():
    <deprecated behavior2>

This should be the only part of the codebase and test suite that uses the deprecated behavior. Everything else should be changed to use the new, non-deprecated behavior. The SymPy test suite is configured to fail if a SymPyDeprecationWarning is issued anywhere except in a warns_deprecated_sympy() block. You should not use this function or a warnings.filterwarnings(SymPyDeprecationWarning) anywhere except in the test for the deprecation. This includes the documentation examples. The documentation for a deprecated function should just have a note pointing to the non-deprecated alternative. If you want to show a deprecated function in a doctest use # doctest: +SKIP. The only exception to this rule is that you may use ignore_warnings(SymPyDeprecationWarning) to prevent the exact same warning from triggering twice, i.e., if a deprecated function calls another function that issues the same or a similar warning.

If it is not possible to remove the deprecated behavior somewhere, that is a sign that it is not ready to be deprecated yet. Consider that users may not be able to replace the deprecated behavior for exact same reason.

Documenting a deprecation#

All deprecations should be documented. Every deprecation needs to be documented in three primary places:

  • The sympy_deprecation_warning() warning text. This text is allowed to be long enough to describe the deprecation, but it should not be more than one paragraph. The primary purpose of the warning text should be to inform users how to update their code. The warning text should not discuss why a feature was deprecated or unnecessary internal technical details. This discussion can go in the other sections mentioned below. Do not include information in the message that is already part of the metadata provided to the keyword arguments to sympy_deprecation_warning(), like the version number or a link to the active deprecations document. Remember that the warning text will be shown in plain-text, so do not use RST or Markdown markup in the text. Code blocks should be clearly delineated with newlines so that they are easy to read. All text in the warning message should be wrapped to 80 characters, except for code examples that cannot be wrapped.

    Always include full context of what is deprecated in the message. For example, write “the abc keyword to func() is deprecated” instead of just “the abc keyword is deprecated”. That way if a user has a larger line of code that is using the deprecated functionality, it will be easier for them to see exactly which part is causing the warning.

  • A deprecation note in the relevant docstring(s). This should use the deprecated Sphinx directive. This uses the syntax .. deprecated:: <version>. If the entire function is deprecated, this should be placed at the top of the docstring, right below the first line. Otherwise, if only part of a function is deprecated (e.g., a single keyword argument), it should be placed near the part of the docstring that discusses that feature, e.g., in the parameters list.

    The text in the deprecation should be short (no more than a paragraph), explaining what is deprecated and what users should use instead. If you want, you may use the same text here as in the sympy_deprecation_warning(). Be sure to use RST formatting, including cross-references to the new function if relevant, and a cross-reference to the longer description in the document (see below).

    If the documentation for the feature is otherwise the same as the replaced feature (i.e., the deprecation is just a renaming of a function or argument), you may replace the rest of the documentation with a note like “see the documentation for <new feature>”. Otherwise, the documentation for the deprecated functionality should be left intact.

    Here are some (imaginary) examples:

    The simplify_this(expr) function is deprecated. Use simplify(expr)
    instead.""", deprecated_since_version="1.1",
    def simplify_this(expr):
        Simplify ``expr``.
        .. deprecated:: 1.1
           The ``simplify_this`` function is deprecated. Use :func:`simplify`
           instead. See its documentation for more information. See
           :ref:`simplify-this-deprecation` for details.
        return simplify(expr)
    def is_this_zero(x, y=0):
        Determine if x = 0.
        x : Expr
          The expression to check.
        y : Expr, optional
          If provided, check if x = y.
          .. deprecated:: 1.1
             The ``y`` argument to ``is_this_zero`` is deprecated. Use
             ``is_this_zero(x - y)`` instead. See
             :ref:`is-this-zero-y-deprecated` for more details.
        if y != 0:
    The y argument to is_zero() is deprecated. Use is_zero(x - y) instead.""",
        return simplify(x - y) == 0
  • A longer description of the deprecation should be added to the page listing all currently active deprecations in the documentation (in doc/src/explanation/

    This page is where you can go into more detail about the technical details of a deprecation. Here you should also list why a feature was deprecated. You may link to relevant issues, pull requests, and mailing list discussions about the deprecation, but these discussion should be summarized so that users can get the basic idea of why the deprecation without having to read through pages of old discussions. You may also give longer examples here that would not fit in the sympy_deprecation_warning() message or .. deprecated:: text.

    Every deprecation should have a cross-reference target (using (target-name)= above the section header) so that the .. deprecated:: note in the relevant docstring can refer to it. This target should also be passed to the active_deprecations_target option of sympy_deprecation_warning() or @deprecated. This will automatically put a link to the page in the documentation in the warning message. The target name should include the word “deprecation” or “deprecated” (target names are global in Sphinx, so the target name needs to be unique across the entire documentation).

    The section header name should be the thing that is deprecated, and should be a level 3 header under the corresponding version (typically it should be added to the top of the file).

    If multiple deprecations are related to one another, they can all share a single section on this page.

    If the deprecated function is not included in the top-level sympy/ be sure to clearly indicate which submodule the object is referring to. If you refer to anything that is documented in the Sphinx module reference, cross-reference it, like {func}`~.func_name`.

    Note that examples here are helpful, but you generally should not use doctests to show the deprecated functionality, as this will itself raise the deprecation warning and fail the doctest. Instead you may use # doctest: +SKIP, or just show the example as a code block instead of a doctest.

    Here are examples corresponding to the (imaginary) examples above:

    ### `simplify_this()`
    The `sympy.simplify.simplify_this()` function is deprecated. It has been
    replaced with the {func}`~.simplify` function. Code using `simplify_this()`
    can be fixed by replacing `simplfiy_this(expr)` with `simplify(expr)`. The
    behavior of the two functions is otherwise identical.
    This change was made because `simplify` is a much more Pythonic name than
    ### `is_this_zero()` second argument
    The second argument to {func}`~.is_this_zero()` is deprecated. Previously
    `is_this_zero(x, y)` would check if x = y. However, this was removed because
    it is trivially equivalent to `is_this_zero(x - y)`. Furthermore, allowing
    to check $x=y$ in addition to just $x=0$ is is confusing given the function
    is named "is this zero".
    In particular, replace
    is_this_zero(expr1, expr2)
    is_this_zero(expr1 - expr2)

In addition to the above examples, there are dozens of examples of existing deprecations which can be found by searching for sympy_deprecation_warning in the SymPy codebase

Release notes entry#

In the pull request, document the breaking change in the release notes section with BREAKING CHANGE.

Once the PR is merged, you should also add it to the “Backwards compatibility breaks and deprecations” section of the release notes for the upcoming release. This needs to be done manually, in addition to the change from the bot. See

Whenever a deprecated functionality is removed entirely after its deprecation period, this also needs to be marked as a BREAKING CHANGE and added to the “Backwards compatibility breaks and deprecations” section of the release notes.


Floriculture is a discipline of horticulture that specializes in the science of cultivation of flowers and ornamental plants. Flower crops are generally herbaceous including bedding plants, houseplants, flowering plants and pot plants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers.

Flowers have long been recognized as an epitome of human taste and aesthetics, and they play an important role in our daily lives as well as the national economy.

In a developing country like Bhutan, the flower market is progressively rising, and the number of plant farms has expanded from a bare minimum.


What subjects do you need to become an interior designer?

24.02.2022 Admin 2472

What do you need to study to become an interior designer? Many people are curious about this question, and the answer may vary depending on who you ask. However, there are some common subjects that most interior designers have studied in order to obtain their qualifications. Let's take a look at some of the most necessary!

If you are looking to enrich your knowledge in interior design by being assigned practical tasks by accomplished professionals you can check the variety of Home Design Institute courses.

One of the most important subjects is art and design:

When you are an undergraduate student of Interior Architecture or Decorative Arts specializing in one of the following fields: Fashion & Textile Design, Ceramics & Glassworks, Woodworking, Home Appliances Technology/ Electrotechnology, Fine arts, etc., you have good knowledge of the artistic expression and drawing skills. Then it is possible for you to get a diploma or degree in "interior design" after finishing 4-5 years of study at college/institute. During this period your studies will include designing interiors for commercial use(offices hospitals shopping malls restaurants etc.), residential homes, and work on projects such as product design (furniture, lighting, kitchen appliances, etc.), floor design (ceramic tiles wallpapers, etc.).The following subject you should learn: architecture and interior design principles, drawing techniques, color theory, planning skills, and even marketing.

Knowledge of how to operate software applications is a huge part of interior design:

To start your career as a designer it is obligatory to have knowledge of technical tools such as AutoCAD and 3-D rendering software like Vectorworks and SketchUp. Also, there are many different courses that will help you to improve your skills such as Photography & Digital Imaging Designing & Graphic Communication, Web & Multimedia Design, Surface Pattern Design, Textile Principles, Color Theory, Measuring Techniques, CADing Principles, Drawing Skills, and Art Fundamentals.

Other important subjects for interior designers include history, math, and science:

Interior design is a very specific field that requires a person to have many different talents.  These include being artistic, being able to work with the customer to determine the goals and fulfilling their vision for a space, and knowing what can be done with available materials without going above a reasonable budget.  There are also some subject areas any student of interior design should recognize as important, such as history, math, science, marketing, and business management.

Beginning in ancient times almost all cultures included art in some form or another.  One of the most influential periods on modern art was during the Renaissance when artists began to think more about perspective and proportion rather than just beauty alone. Another time period where great strides were made in art was during the Bauhaus movement. The principles of this movement are that art, architecture, and industrial design should be combined into one field.

Mathematics is important because there are many numbers involved in interior design work.  There are measurements for furniture pieces, large pieces of art need to be estimated before hanging on a wall, trade shops will do an estimate based on the dimensions of furnishings to know what materials they will need to order. There is also some math surrounding choosing new colors or different combinations such as complementary and analogous color schemes. Science knowledge is useful in understanding why certain materials can be used in high-traffic areas while others cannot.

Marketing is an important aspect of being a designer.  Designers need to know how their designs will look in the real world by using special software or other methods. They also need to understand what type of return on investment (ROI) they should expect from the time spent designing the space to when it is purchased and installed.

Lastly, there is business management which includes budgets, negotiating contracts with suppliers and employers, and dealing with unhappy customers if anything goes wrong during installation or use. All of these skill sets make up what it takes to be successful as an interior designer.

The importance of experience in the field of interior design to become a successful interior designer:

In order to become a successful interior designer, it takes more than just education and knowledge about what you're doing. It takes actual work under your belt that allows you to see your visions come together from start to finish. Designers that have experience know what goes into each project, as well as how long things take, which is an important factor when deciding on whether or not a certain project would make a profit. To begin with, there are several situations where designers succeed because they have experienced designers working alongside them. Some clients want their homes decorated by designers who know what they are doing and will even pay more for someone with experience. As a result of these situations, the need for designers to have experience increases exponentially because it is an asset rather than a "hindrance."

Interior design is not just about decorating spaces anymore; it has evolved into multiple different branches. One example would be environmental interior design, which entails working with sustainable products that reduce carbon footprints as well as utilizing green building principles. Another branch would be residential interior design where you work with clients on making their homes cozy and comfortable. It takes more than just designing places to look nice; nowadays it requires thinking about how you can make the space better for people living in it. And this is why having actual experience in the field is imperative for designers to be able to know what works and what doesn't work.

Experience helps you take a step back from your project and determine if it will be a good investment or not. You can reduce potential mistakes that will cost you time, money, and effort because you have already been through these situations before. When deciding on whether or not a project looks appealing from an aesthetic standpoint, having experience allows you to take criticism better because of all the struggles you've gone through. You understand how much effort goes into making something look great, so when someone gives feedback it doesn't affect your confidence as much knowing that you did everything in your power to make the place look nice.

Why you should keep practicing your skills in designing to become amazing at your craft?

Everyone knows that if you are passionate about something then you will definitely succeed in it! So keep practicing every day whatever skill that has been given to you always remember that no one can stop your success. Be optimistic with your work and always think positively. If you have a bad day, don't take it out on your project, instead, you should perfect your craft and keep hustling!

Don't ever stop exploring new things in your career as an interior designer. You should try different styles and aesthetics such as industrial, modern, or rustic just to name a few. A successful interior designer must be able to work with clients with different tastes and preferences because there will always be conflicts when dealing with people whose interests are different from yours but this doesn't mean that you can't convince them to follow what you believe is right for them based on their needs and wants. It is all about finding common ground where both parties find happiness in a project.

The pressure to deliver a great project without knowing where or how to start can be overwhelming not to mention the lack of skills and knowledge, especially when you are taking your first year as an undergrad. But don't ever give up! Many students quit because they think it's too hard but here is my advice: keep practicing every day no matter what you do even if there are more important things for you to do, never stop learning new things on the job, make mistakes by doing them first before giving any judgment about what is right or wrong always remember that it takes time to become good at something so accept constructive criticisms from others no matter how mean people seem sometimes.

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What do you envision in your mind's eye when you think of a midcentury modern space? A subterranean living area with brightly colored furnishings and a sleek bar cart? Yes, please! Although this is often the picture that comes to mind when thinking about midcentury modern design, you may be surprised to learn that these concepts can work in almost ...
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The heart of a home deserves a nice makeover. Kitchen designs are a fun way of treating your eyes with a pleasant design treat. While you savor that yummy dish in the kitchen, your sense of sight should also be working. Having a comfortable and stylish kitchen is a big bonus to homeowners. Studies suggest that the mood of a person is affected by th...


You are currently viewing CPQi: Driving the Future of Banking
Terry Boyland | CEO | CPQi

CPQi: Driving the Future of Banking

The financial sector faces a constant roller-coaster of innovative strategies as the business world heads into the artificial era. To grow businesses, it has become essential to have complete expertise and technical capabilities to stay ahead in the cutthroat financial markets. To provide this proficient approach with a “Change, De-Risk, Grow” mantra, CPQi (an Exadel company) leads with a focus on digital transformation, predictive artificial intelligence, DevOps, and cloud migration.

Leading from the forefront, Terry Boyland, the CEO, is keen to provide managed services, including building, implementing, & supporting financial market systems for leading American economies.

CPQi’s unique story caught our eye. We caught up with Mitchell Carreiro to share the company’s rooted ideologies that make it one of the best among the peers.

Below are the highlights of the interview:

What was the initial idea behind the inception of CPQi?

CPQi was an idea our founder and CEO Terry Boyland had whilst doing a lot of offshoring globally for one of the world’s largest banks. Some of that offshoring had reasonable levels of success, and others had very good levels of success, depending on the geographic region. When he left, he wanted to see if he could set up a company that was highly skilled and specialized in its area, with the key partnerships that are needed and the right attitude. In addition, as we only work across the Americas, it would be in the same time zone as the businesses we would work with. This would prevent a variety of complications he experienced as a CTO. CPQi was sprung from this desire.

What are the primary objectives and philosophy of CPQi?

As we only work on financial markets technology, our priority is our clients within the financial industry. We ensure that we keep delivering our expertise in both the technological and financial realms our clients operate in. At CPQi, our philosophy is to be hungry, humble, and smart. We’re very loyal to our team and help them foster the skills they need to succeed. We have a range of internal learning programmes, including CPQi university and our internal digital platform, which our teams use for upskilling and service enhancement purposes.

What are your top-notch offerings that have a strong foothold in the industry?

CPQi focuses on delivering digital transformation, predictive artificial intelligence, DevOps, and cloud migration. We provide managed services, including building, implementing, & supporting financial market systems for leading American economies. Our services differ from others in the market because we are more specialized in modern methodologies and technology and because our team is trained in both technology and the sectors they work in.

What are the roadblocks that CPQi faces in the ever-changing landscape of the business world?

As with all growing businesses, we carefully consider our growth to match our cash flow. People businesses tend to burn cash at a higher rate than manufacturing and product-based ones. Banks are also more willing to fund things they can own. Over the years, our management team has become adept at determining where we invest to ensure we are not only creating the right growth and profit for the company but also where it is morally correct to do so.

How is your company adapting to market orientation?

With careful market research and a willingness to grow and improve, CPQi makes a point to keep close contact with existing clientele to see what we are doing well and also what we can do better. As our services continuously evolve, we must keep the “white-belt” mentality to ensure that we are always learning and improving for the needs of our target consumers.

What is your stance on implementing innovative technologies?

Without question, technology is shaping the world, especially in the financial sector. Innovative technologies are the key to streamlining and improving business operations and processes. Wherever possible, CPQi encourages organizations to look more closely at how to leverage innovative technologies to gain a more competitive edge.

How does your company give back?

We believe heavily in corporate social responsibility; a few organizations we contribute to consist of the following:

  • We support Evertreen in planting trees.
  • The Alzheimer Society of Niagara.
  • Instituto de Apoio ao Queimado to assist burn victims.
  • Pirambu Digital is an innovative educational program that prepares disadvantaged youth in impoverished neighborhoods for careers in technology.

What is the next chapter for CPQi?

As CPQi was just recently acquired by Exadel, a global software consultancy and engineering company, the next chapter would be fully integrating our company with theirs. So far, this has gone exceptionally well, as they’re a like-minded organization. We are very excited to see what the future holds for us and exadel, together.


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The Rake 08:42
Barren 05:14
Melomania 10:09
Consolation 07:13

TRUCE 2 is the 120th release on MoonJune Records, the first release in 2022. A very special album for the NYC-based independent label, and this is what 5 protagonists of the realization of this album are saying about it:

MARKUS REUTER (touch guitar, electronics)

A bit over 2 years ago, the first TRUCE album came to us as a big surprise. Upon its release it was an instant success and fan favorite. That was another, most-welcome surprise. Now, two years later, we are about to put out the follow up album, TRUCE 2.

The time between these 2 recording session is where things got interesting. No need to explain about the practical impact the pandemic had on us. Cancelled concerts, cancelled recordings sessions, etc. Things had turned out quite differently from what we had in mind for the band.

But anyway, as we were playing the first few takes in the studio in July 2021, we quickly realized that playing like on the first album just didn’t work. This was suddenly a new band that was like a stranger to us. Yes, we’re the same people, but it felt like there were new souls in our bodies. The self-reflection and the emotional rollercoaster had left an imprint in our souls, and it is reflected in the music for me. There simply was a different story to tell this time… And we had to discover that story as we went along.

Fortunately I can totally rely on my allies, and it didn’t take long to find renewed energy and interconnectedness that made us create a wonderful set of instant composition that excites us. It’s a reminder of the power of music.

Fabio Trentini plays basses, Asaf Sirkis plays the drums, and I play Touch Guitar and electronics. The setup was similar to the first album’s recording, but this time Fabio had 3 basses with him: The Wal fretless bass that he had use with us before, but also a fretted 5-string bass, and an electric upright bass. We were recording at Ritmo&Blu studios in the north of Italy, with engineer and co-producer Stefano Castagna, who became very important in the post-production process. And then there was Leonardo Pavkovic, who inspired us with his proverbial enthusiasm, encouragement, optimism and smiles.

The album was recorded over 2 days, with a third day that was reserved for 'overdubs and repairs'. Fabio and I then met once again with Stefano a few weeks later, to mix and master the album in just a few days. A major change for us, considering that the previous TRUCE album was recorded in one afternoon with virtually no overdubs.

FABIO TRENTINI (fretless bass guitar, fretted bass guitar, electric upright bass)

As a musician and as a music producer, I’ve always been the kind of guy who needs to have the whole situation under control. I never considered myself a good improviser at all. TRUCE taught me the art of letting myself fall, trusting my bandmates and trying to come up with something interesting in real time, without planning things. To me, it means an important enrichment musically speaking, but most importantly I see it as sort of therapy and a spiritual experience. The first album came into being all at once, the recording session took less than a day, and we were able to come up with some very energetic and pretty wild material. TRUCE 2, even if it’s based on improvisations just like the previous album, is a layered work. We invested more time into some overdubs and treatments, and managed to channel more colours and ideas into the record.

Playing with the TRUCE trio has always been an ‘in the flow’ musical experience for me. As a drummer, I’ve enjoyed a certain freedom of expression unlike any other band I’ve played in! I believe that, to a large degree, this is due to the trio’s sympathetic way of playing together as well as each of the musician's serious dedication and honest and organic contribution to the music. Compared to our first album, TRUCE 2 has been a journey of discovery. How can we go to places we haven’t been before? Is the question that was often raised while we where recording this album. That exploration has been been both intense and rewarding and I hope you'll enjoy this musical journey with us.

STEFANO CASTAGNA (recording engineer, mixing and mastering engineer)

I was flattered by the request of the band and their label to intervene in the post-production, mixing and mastering of their second album which was recorded in my studio, and I immediately thought that the best thing to do could be to press the accelerator, which, in some respects, connects me to a period in which rock merged with the concepts of improvisation without necessarily falling into the formalities of jazz.

From a technical point of view, all recordings were made digitally in the 24/96 format. For post production and mixing, the computer and some digital solutions were used for those indispensable aspects, but in essence the work was mainly carried out in an analog environment using physical hardware. I have always believed that music has more expressive possibilities when the mixing follows certain criteria of greater involvement of human action. Often the mixes were "performed" in real time and without automation, trying to keep the philosophy of improvisation unchanged, in my opinion the strong point of all this work.

LEONARDO PAVKOVIC (record producer, enabler)

When I suggested to Markus Reuter to record a power trio album in which he can be the protagonist and ferocious soloist, he immediately accepted the challenge and he couldn’t say no to my suggestion to count on our mutually favorite drummers, Asaf Sirkis. Markus ’choice for the bass position was reserved for his old pal and collaborator for over 2 decades, Fabio Trentini. I love the ideas of power trios. Cream, Jimi Hendrix Experience, ELP, Rush, The Police, King’s X, Stick Men are some of the greatest and favorite rock trios. MoonJune Records has different trio set ups on its label roster, some of them including Markus Reuter (‘Lighthouse’ with Mark Wingfield and Asaf Sirkis; and ’ShapeShifters’ with Tim Motzer and Kenny Grohowski). Markus Reuter and Asaf Sirkis are two omnipresent ‘moonjunistas’, two artists who released more albums on their own or in various projects than anyone else. I truly believe that all three of us have grown together: my label has grown thanks to them, releasing some outstanding music which feature their immense multi-dimensional and genre-crossing talent, and they both grown musically, embracing new challenges and conquering new sonic dimensions with exemplary new and innovative music. Easily, two of my all time favorite musicians and dear friends and companions on various tours and recording sessions around the globe. producer and bass maestro from the Italian Dolomite Alps, Fabio Trentini, is a newcomer in the 'moonjunista' world, and I am sure there will be new opportunities to make some more great music together in the near future, whenever and wherever that future is.

released June 17, 2022

MARKUS REUTER: touch guitars AU8, soundscapes, synthesizers, treatments
FABIO TRENTINI: fretless bass, fretted bass, electric upright bass, synth bass
ASAF SIRKIS: acoustic drums, percussion

STEFANO CASTAGNA: recording engineer, editing, additional production
LEONARDO PAVKOVIC: project initiator, enabler and executive producer

Produced by Stefano Castagna and TRUCE

All music written by Reuter, Trentini, Sirkis.
Recorded at Ritmo&Blu Studio, Pozzolengo (BS), Italy, on July 3/4/5, 2021.
Mixed by Stefano Castagna with Markus Reuter and Fabio Trentini at Ritmo&Blu Studio, Pozzolengo (BS), Italy, August 21-25, 2021
Mastered by Fabio Trentini and Markus Reuter.

Album design by Ritxi Ostáriz.

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