Serumswap Clone Development Company

Are you looking for Serumswap Clone Development? Serumswap is a decentralized exchange (DEX) and ecosystem that brings unprecedented speed and low transaction costs to decentralized finance. Visit us -

Serumswap Clone Development Company
Serumswap Clone Development Company

What is Serumswap

Serumswap Clone is a Solana-based decentralised trading platform that enables traders can purchase and sell coins. If you're unfamiliar with Solana, it's a blockchain platform that aims to increase user scalability by shortening transaction settlement times. By being deployed on Solana's blockchain, Serumswap Clone may fully benefit from the speed and cost effectiveness of transactions.

Serum's architecture is built around a decentralised orderbook powered by smart contracts, with the purpose of duplicating established exchanges by connecting buyers and sellers. This gives players complete control over their trading by allowing them to submit orders to Serum with a wide range of pricing and order sizes.

Serumswap Clone Software intends to launch a new sort of decentralised exchange to compete with Uniswap, Sushi, and Bancor, all of which employ an automated market maker (AMM).

Cross-chain trading is also supported by Serum, letting traders to trade tokens developed on other platforms such as Ethereum or Polkadot. Serum's functionality and liquidity may be used by existing decentralised finance (DeFi) initiatives, regardless of the blockchain on which they are created. Stakers can vote and earn a 50% discount on trade cost and stakers can vote and participate in the platforms governance system.

Those interested in keeping up with Serums currency development should bookmark its blog for the most up-to-date information.

How Does Serum Work?

Serums network and design are intended to make transactions feel like they would on a regular exchange. Serumswap Clone Software benefits from its integration with the Solana network's speed and cost-effectiveness of transactions, as well as the option to settle them on its blockchain.

Order books

Place an order for books On traditional exchanges, order books are a collection of buy and sell orders organised by price levels and maintained by a central body. Serums decentralized exchange intends to automate this process by matching On the blockchain, merchants and purchasers place orders.

Unlike automated market making, which allows traders to buy and sell cryptocurrencies, automated market making does not allow traders to buy and sell cryptocurrencies from liquidity pools, Serum allows users to control their own orders. Users can choose the price at which they want to buy and sell their assets, as well as the order size that they desire.

 Each trade has a fee, which is denominated in SRM, just like any other exchange. Serum wants to put all of its net fees into a buy-and-burn strategy.

Cross Chain Swaps

Serumswap Clone Development ability to add cross-chain swaps to its exchange is one of its most valuable features, allowing any participant can trade tokens that are already in circulation on other platforms. When both parties deposit ETH to a smart contract as collateral, the cross chain swaps mechanism is activated collateral, like in the case of cross chain exchange between Ethereum tokens (ERC-20). Both parties will receive their ETH collateral If the sender gives their token to the receiver in exchange for their token, they will receive their ETH collateral.

The smart contract that holds the collateral checks the blockchain record in the event of a disagreement to establish who is correct. The assets are then returned to whomever the smart contract deems to be accurate, along with a percentage of the other persons collateral, with the goal of incentivizing good behavior.

 Advantages of Serumswap Clone

Serum currently has various advantages over other DeFi-based exchanges.

Speed and Cost

DeFi popularity and usage may have exploded, but that does not mean it is without flaws. The Ethereum network has become slower and gas prices have increased as a result of its exponential development. This explains why, despite their custodial arrangement, centralized exchanges nevertheless outnumber DEXs by a large margin.

The majority of individuals would like complete ownership over their assets. However, the majority of them are willing to give up everything in exchange for superior service. They desire the centralized exchanges quick, low-cost trading.

 Despite being a DEX, Serum possesses all of these qualities.

 Chainlink is one of the most used DeFi protocols for a reason. Because practically every DEX relies on oracles to provide external pricing data to its blockchain in order to function, this is the case.

 Oracles have centralized characteristics in one way or another, which differ from protocol to protocol. It could be a liquidation price oracle linked to a centralized exchange API, or it could be something else entirely.

Some organizations, such as the Ampleforth founders, still control the protocol, which is as centralized as it gets. Serum, on the other hand, lacks all of them.

 It aspires to be a pure DeFi protocol that adheres to its name. Serumswap Clone Script can run smoothly despite the fact that a fully decentralized protocol is computationally expensive, because to Solana scaling characteristics.

Cross-chain Support

A variety of cross-chain programs, such as atomic swap and Thorchain, are implemented in various protocols. One thing they all have in common, if not all, is a small amount of centralization. It works on the notion that individuals are honest, whether it is a council of token holders or an oracle.

 Even while there are certain safeguards in place to keep undesirable actors out, the system is not impenetrable. This is what Serumswap Clone Development Company is attempting to change. It provides a fast DEX that supports cross- chain transactions without the use of oracles or tribunals.

You could trustlessly trade assets between different chains with Serum. BTC can be exchanged for ETH or any other ERC-20 token, and vice versa.

SRM is Serumswap Clone Script native coin, which grants holders control over the network governance. According to the whitepaper, it will be used as a system governance token. While the majority of the Serum ecosystem is unchangeable, some non-essential parameters, such as future fees, can be altered through SRM governance elections.

Furthermore, all of the exchange net fees will be utilized to purchase and burn SRM tokens.

Here are some of Serumswap Clone Development features, in addition to governance:

Why Having SRM allows customers to save up to 50% on all expenses

  • SRM may be used to pay fees
  • SRM can be staked

MSRM (MegaSerum) is essentially a stack of 1 million SRM tokens. It is "a limited item that provides additional utility to core believers in Serum," according to Serums website.

To stake on a node, you can utilize SRN and MSRM. A node must have at least 10 million SRM and one MSRM to participate in the Serum staking mechanism. These nodes will get a cut of the fees from cross- chain transactions for which they provide insurance.

Wrapped tokens

Serumswap Clone also features native token wrappers that can be used to make SerumBTC and SerumUSD wrapped tokens. Wrapped tokens are assets that are hosted on a different blockchain and have a price that is tied to the underlying asset.

 For example, WBTC is an ERC-20 token that uses BTC as its underlying value. Wrapped tokens are causing some people concern since they are based on a centralized approach that relies on a consortium of organizations that play various functions in the system. All of that changes with serum.

 SPL and ERC-20 tokenizations of USD and BTC, respectively, are SerumBTC and SerumUSD. SerumBTC is a BTC token that is completely trustless. In contrast, SerumUSD is a decentralized stablecoin with no single point of failure.

Serumswap Clone Development Company appears to be pretty promising, all things considered. It is untrustworthy and non-custodial, but it is also quick, inexpensive, and provides the complete range of trading capabilities available on centralized exchanges. It also provides derivatives trading and leverage.

It also scales better than virtually any other DeFi platform on the market. And the Solana blockchain is responsible for many of these fantastic features. Some may view this as a cause for concern, given that Solana is not Ethereum. Ethereum is also revered in DeFi.

However, only time will tell whether Serum decentralized and scalable blockchain can deliver on its promises .

Nadcab Technology

NADCAB TECHNOLOGY is a renowned blockchain app development company & the Best blockchain counsalting Company based in India  established in 2017. Apart from this, we also have sales person in California, USA & Dubai, UAE.

NADCAB TECHNOLOGY is well known to craft the most innovative blockchain apps & websites. We offer a wide range of customized services in blockchain software devlopment, smart contract development, exchnage Development, NFT Development, Blockchain Development, and much more. Our skilled team & our products are engineered to bring growth to your business. We believe in delivering the services without compromising on time and quality.

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Kentucky and Tennessee 1-800-200-1578

Desiree Halcomb

Paralegal Desiree Halcomb

Started with Burman Law in 1995. In addition to managing the firm's checking and trust accounts, Desiree has extensive experience with medical bills, health insurance claims, subrogation claims, medical liens and reimbursement claims. Desiree routinely deals with Medicaid, Medicare, TennCare, Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Tricare, Anthem, United, Mailhandlers and various other ERISA Plans and non-ERISA health administrators. Desiree is the office manager and responsible for maintaining our computer systems and office training. She also assists with trial preparation and presentation.

Email Me

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Will small states benefit from aviation deal?

In the early part of October governments attending the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Assembly in Montreal reached an outline agreement on a basis on which all civil aviation emissions will be regulated in future.

The decision, which eventually may increase ticket prices, could, paradoxically, also be of benefit to the Caribbean and other small island developing states at risk from sea level change, as negotiations proceed on the detail of what is in effect an ‘agreement to reach an agreement’.

What the UN body decided on were the steps that ICAO’S members will take between now and the next such meeting in 2016. This will involve negotiating the detail of a new market mechanism to enter into force by 2020, the year in which a new UN climate convention is meant to be in place.

Although the decision marks a breakthrough, and brings to an end the view that international aviation was in some way exempt from taxation, it is not clear what shape or impact the final arrangement will have. This is because, at the last minute, opt out language was agreed to meet the concerns of developing countries, including India, China and Brazil, which suggests that there will be an exemption clause that provides a ‘fair and equitable solution’ for countries that have ‘special circumstances or with limited capabilities’.

In theory, the agreement by ICAO should bring to an end unilaterally introduced regional approaches such as the EU’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which threatened to bring about a trade war. However, and controversially, the EU still intends applying its scheme to all carriers using its airspace, other than those from developing nations, until a global mechanism is in place.

What the new approach will not do is remove measures like the UK’s Air Passenger Duty (APD) as this began life as an environmental tax, but subsequently became a general taxation measure in the form of a distance based ticket tax.

What was agreed in Montreal was that all airlines will join an emissions management scheme; that this would bring to an end nations imposing their own schemes without a global agreement; that the aviation sector will negotiate a carbon tax and market-based mechanism to limit aviation emissions of greenhouse gases; that this likely will include tradeable permits to emit carbon and carbon offsets; and that the aviation sector will seek to introduce new low carbon technology.

At the Montreal meeting, St Kitts’ Minister of Tourism, Ricky Skerritt, made a particularly strong case for the challenges facing small states and the negative impact that taxes on aviation can have on tourism and economic growth in a region that is tourism dependent.

As for Caribbean destinations that want to maximise demand and increase visitor numbers and the amount visitors spend, or the long suffering traveller who sees the price of air travel continuing ever upward, it remains to be seen how all this will impact on the cost of a ticket. Much will depend on what happens to the presently depressed market for trading carbon, how many licences are issued under any global cap and trade scheme, and in what way.

While some nations in Europe and elsewhere previously made clear that that they are committed to removing their own unilaterally introduced ticket taxes, time will tell whether existing environmental ticket taxes, once a global scheme is in place, then become parallel general revenue raising measures.

What was agreed, however, may eventually have a broader positive impact on the Caribbean.

In a side announcement, ICAO and the European Commission said that they will commit to a €6.5m fund to mitigate the impact of climate change, initially in Africa and the Caribbean, in response to concerns expressed at the meeting about the need for technical and financial support.

In theory, the agreement could also more broadly benefit small island states at risk from sea level change.

In this context, progress is being made, albeit slowly and with difficulty, to carve out a special global space for Small Island Developing States, known as SIDS.

Next year in Apia, Samoa, the third international conference on small island developing states will focus on the challenges facing regions like the Caribbean and the Pacific which are in the process of developing a case based on their unique and particular vulnerabilities.

The conference, which takes place under UN auspices, is intended to identify sustainable development priorities for SIDS for insertion into the post-2015 UN development agenda as, in the UN Secretary General’s words, at a recent a high level meeting in New York: “the world has not paid enough attention to the issues that islanders have had to face alone”. “Many (such) countries are isolated, (their) markets too small to realise economies of scale…. (and are) …. exposed to high risks from environmental threats, especially climate change.”

In part, this process will focus on finding ways to have the international community simplify and prioritise access for SIDS to international funds, including the Global Environment Fund, the Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund. SIDS nations are also focussing on achieving agreement on establishing criteria, other than per capita GDP, when it comes to graduating small states from grant and concessionary funding.

All of this will be far from easy as there is a global reluctance to create new categories of state eligible, in the broadest meaning of the word, for special and differential treatment.

That said, however, the agreement at ICAO, itself a UN body, does appear to point to a grudging acceptance that developing countries, especially those that create one per cent or less of the world’s GDP, require special recognition in international arrangements; especially when, as in the case of the Caribbean, it can be demonstrated that many of those most at risk are no or very low carbon emitters.


Manchester by the Sea

Reviewed by Gordon Nary

This is a powerful haunting film essentially about the pain and challenges of dealing with guilt.

Lee Chandler (Casey Affleck) is a withdrawn handyman with overwhelming guilt and anger issues as a result  of accidentally causing the death of his daughters and infant son in a house fire he inadvertently caused while high on drugs. .After returning home after his brother's hearth attack and sudden death  Lee is told by the family’s lawyer that  he is  now the legal guardian of his brother’s teenage son, Patrick (Lucas Hedges) with whom he had previously had a close relationship when he was much younger. While the primary narrative is a  resolution of Patrick’s need to remain at his school and his life in Manchester which revolves around his girl friends, sports, and  his rock band, rather than return with Lee to Quincy where Patrick knows he would be miserable.

Meanwhile we watch Lee’s  eyes as he deals with morgues, wills, and he impossible cost of keeping  a boat with a failing motor that Patrick loves. The emptiness in Lee’s life is reflected in his eyes which may be the most haunting visceral element of Affleck’s brilliant  portrayal of a man who life is marked by  an inability to connect with nearly everyone. Possibly the most powerful scene in the on a sidewalk where Lee and his estranged wife Randi [Michelle Williams] reconnect and we better understand the dimension of Lee’s emptiness.

Every performance is so perfect that each actor, as well as the director (Kenneth Lonergan), producer (Matt Damon) ,cinematographer (Jody Lee Lipes) and film editor (Jennifer Lame)  whose concept of integrating the flashbacks is fascinating. will receive countless awards.

But ii is Lee's grief that haunts us. There is a Catholic subtext to the story since the Chandlers are Catholic and there may be a perception by some that the Lee's guilt is more Catholic than simply human. But it is also a story of the gift of amazing grace which is how the grief and guardianship is resolved and provides for a continuing relationship of love between Lee and Patrick.


Understanding the value of IP protection

By Magnus Johnston, Partner, Haseltine Lake Kempner LLP

From Unst to Dumfries, innovation is thriving in Scotland. But according to data from the Intellectual Property Office[1], the rate at which Scottish companies are protecting their ideas through IP protection may not be keeping pace.

IP rights exist to protect innovation and creativity, but it can add significant value to a business, and the wider economy too. But it can be challenging to understand, particularly with the often-limited resources at the disposal of start-ups – which is exaggerated for academia derived start-ups who must balance their time between developing their research and growing their fledgling business. Another challenge in this sector is the natural desire to share knowledge and publish research , which if uncontrolled could scupper the prospects for IP protection and unfortunately lead to business failure.

IP awareness from the outset is the key to success; an understanding of IP, how it is obtained, what it protects, what it does not protect, and how it adds value should be embedded within a business. That was the key message I delivered at a session with Converge’s 2022 Kickstart Challenge cohort, which our firm supports.

Many of this year’s cohort have the potential to create life-changing solutions to everyday problems. For example, we heard from Vertical Forest about how they can transform our cities into metro-jungles utilising living paint and CoBALT and its eco-friendly coating solutions.

During the session, there was positive engagement when it came to IP. But more can be done to enhance their understanding of how IP can help their business to thrive and grow, to safeguard new creations and innovation whilst developing them, or they risk losing control and a very important competitive advantage.

Another theme that emerged with the Kickstart cohort, was the number of projects that utilise technology-based solutions, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, such as CereSol’s use of AI to reduce energy bills. This is no surprise given the rate of technological advancement, but solutions involving software and AI are often thought of as not patentable or trickier to protect than other types of inventions. This is not the case!  The reality is that many of the biggest patent filers in Europe are developing software-based inventions with AI at their core. Of course, like any other invention, a patent office will expect to see credible evidence that an AI solution does what is claimed. For this reason, it is always best to call on the support of qualified professionals, to guide and support.

A final commonly overlooked factor is collaboration with partners to translate an idea into reality. While businesses will naturally check their rear-view mirror for competitors’ IP, it is easier to overlook any IP threat from collaborations. Generally, the first owner of IP is the creator, so if you are collaborating with individuals outside your business or a third-party company, be sure to take control of IP from the outset, including pre-collaboration agreements which protects confidentiality and establishes the ownership of any IP which may arise through the engagement. Having this policy which everyone is aware of, understands and respects can clarify the boundaries of the arrangement, helping to avoid pitfalls in the future.

IP consideration and protection is paramount for any business, perhaps even more so for an early-stage business because IP may be one of their most valuable assets. Founders must make a concerted effort to understand the IP needs of their business and how it can add value.

In short, do not take your creativity and innovation for granted – always strive to be mindful of what you are creating and consider how it, and the IP that can protect it, will benefit the business. Those who do so normally succeed, those who do not probably will not.

This article first appeared in The Scotsman on 30 June 2022


Congratulations to Morgan and Kevin on their recent marriage! Their wedding took place on June 14th, 2019, at the Brant Beach Yacht Club. Our wedding videographers in LBI NJ documented the entire day full of love and laughter.

First, the day began with Morgan getting her hair and makeup done with bridesmaids by her side. Next, she slipped into her elegant white dress as the rest of her party wore light blue gowns. Meanwhile, Kevin suited up in a sharp gray suit. After, Morgan made her why to beach to see her soon to be hubby for the first time. The weather was absolutely perfect. As Morgan approached Kevin, he turned around and he instantly let a smile. Kevin then leaned in for a kiss as they embraced each other. The portraits by the ocean looked amazing as the two lovers gazed into each other’s eyes.

Next, they made their way to the rocky jetty for a gorgeous picturesque backdrop followed by the bridesmaids and groomsmen. Finally, time for the moment everyone had been waiting for. The ceremony! The ceremony took place outside facing the open water. Our top wedding videographers in LBI NJ captured all the emotions perfectly as Morgan made her way down the aisle with her father by her side. The couple gazed into each other’s eyes as they said their vows. Afterwards, the two lovers finally tied the knot!

Next, time for the reception! Between the amazing looking desserts and the awesome music playing it was sure to be an amazing night. The dance floor was the place to be as everyone was jumping to the music. Our wedding videographers in LBI NJ documented everyone having the time of their lives throughout the night.

Again, congratulations on your recent marriage!


“Hard-nosed commercial negotiation” does not amount to duress

Where does the boundary lie between robust negotiating tactics and the use of illegitimate economic threats or pressure in commercial negotiation? The issue of economic duress has recently been considered for the first time by the Supreme Court in Pakistan International Airline Corp v Times Travel [2021].

The Supreme Court confirmed that economic duress does exist in English and Welsh law, but it has a narrow scope which means that the courts will rarely conclude that it applies in the context of commercial negotiation.

What is economic duress?

A contract may be set aside by a party or by the court where it has been entered into under economic duress e.g. where a party (A) threatens to terminate a contract unless the other party (B) agrees to their demands and B has no practical choice but to accept.

Economic duress therefore arises in the context of lawful, rather than unlawful, threats or pressure, however it is controversial, given the fact that many commercial contracts are entered into under some form of pressure from the other party.

What was the background?

Times Travel (UK) Ltd (TT) was a travel agent whose business consisted almost exclusively of selling plane tickets to and from Pakistan. Pakistan International Airline Corporation (PIAC) was the sole operator of those flights. It allocated tickets to TT and paid commission to TT for the tickets it sold. This contractual arrangement could be terminated by PIAC at one month’s notice.

A dispute arose about TT’s entitlement to commission. PIAC cut TT’s normal ticket allocation, as it was entitled to do, and gave notice that it would terminate their existing arrangement. This would have put TT out of business, so TT agreed to accept new terms by which it waived any claim it might have for the previously unpaid commission. TT subsequently sought to have the new contract set aside on the grounds of economic duress in order to recover the unpaid commission.

The trial judge held that TT was entitled to set aside the contract for economic duress, but this was overturned by the Court of Appeal. It decided that, as the relevant threat (i.e. to terminate the contract) was lawful, economic duress could only be established if PIAC’s demand (i.e. for TT to waive any claim it might have for unpaid commission) had been made in bad faith. As the trial judge had found that PIAC had not been acting in bad faith (it had genuinely believed that the disputed commission was not due) the pressure exerted by PIAC did not amount to economic duress. TT appealed.

What did the Supreme Court decide?

The Supreme Court dismissed TT’s appeal, the contract could not be set aside for economic duress.

Reasons for the decision

The Court confirmed that economic duress does exist in English and Welsh law. The three elements that need to be established are as follows:

1. The threat (or pressure) must have been illegitimate.

2. The threat caused the claimant to enter into the contract.

3. The claimant had no reasonable alternative but to give in to the threat.

As the parties agreed that TT could establish (2) and (3) of the above, the appeal was solely concerned with (1): whether PIAC’s threat was illegitimate.

The Court identified just two categories of case where economic duress has applied to date. First, where a defendant used its knowledge of criminal activity by the claimant to obtain a personal benefit by threatening to report the crime. Second, where the defendant, exposed to a civil claim, deliberately manoeuvred the claimant into a position of weakness to force it to waive its claim. In both categories, the defendants’ behaviour was highly reprehensible and amounted to an illegitimate threat.

The Court explained that, while the above categories are not exhaustive, the law does not recognise inequality of bargaining power or a general principle of good faith in contracting so the courts should approach any extension to the above categories with caution. Demands made in commercial negotiations will rarely amount to an illegitimate threat – something more is required e.g. reprehensible behaviour which renders the enforcement of the contract “unconscionable”.

In relation to this case, the Court recognised that PIAC had engaged in “hard-nosed commercial negotiation”, but this did not amount to reprehensible behaviour as per the above categories of case. PIAC’s genuine belief that it was not liable for the disputed commission further supported the view that its behaviour was not reprehensible.

What are the practical implications?

This is a welcome decision which provides certainty for commercial parties. While the Supreme Court made it clear that the boundaries of economic duress are not fixed, it is likely to be harder to succeed on economic duress claims in future. Claimants will therefore have to consider other causes of action if they wish to set aside a contract.

How can we help?

If you would like to discuss any issues concerning contract disputes, please contact a member of our Commercial Disputes Team.

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What Is Mewing And How Does It Work?

For people who want to change their facial profile or strengthen their jawline, it may seem like an expensive plastic surgery operation is the only way to go. However, there might be a DIY technique for changing one's facial profile appearance. And although it's exploded as a social media trend, the technique isn't new in the medical community. That technique is called mewing. It may sound like a sound your cat makes, but it's a technique named after British orthodontist Michael Mew, per WebMD.

Mewing is a believed way to alter the shape of your jawline by altering tongue placement and alignment (via Healthline). Proper tongue alignment is something that orthodontists and other mouth specialists have historically advocated for as a way to improve jaw pain, correct speech-related issues, and make adjustments to jaw definition. A 2018 study published in the Radiation and Oncology journal found that teaching children proper tongue placement led to improvements in speech and articulation impediments.

Modern mewing techniques are based on orthotropics, which were originally intended for children whose jaws and mouths were still growing and developing (per WebMD). According to the North American Association of Facial Orthotropics, orthotropics encompasses a belief and practice of guided facial growth. This means that through the use of exercises, like mewing or myofunctional therapy, and tools, like headgear, the shape of one's face can be altered.

Mewing technique and effectiveness

The premise of mewing is that if the tongue exercises are performed regularly and you're able to alter your tongue alignment, then you'll in turn be able to change the appearance of your face (via WebMD). To give mewing a try, first start by closing your lips together and jutting your jaw out until your upper front teeth are just barely in front of your bottom front teeth. Then press your tongue flat against the roof of your mouth, with your tongue's tip just behind your front teeth (but without pressing into them). Relax your tongue as it is pressed against the roof of your mouth and try to hold this position as often as possible. According to Healthline, some proponents even recommend holding the mewing position while drinking.

When it comes to seeing results from mewing, you'll have to be patient. Any results you experience probably won't be noticeable for at least a year. Because orthotropics are primarily meant for children with growing jaws (and not for adults whose jaws have already fully developed), adults may not see drastic results from mewing. Additionally, be wary of images that you see on the internet that promote mewing results, since virtual images can be doctored and photoshopped. Medical News Today reports that there is no scientific evidence to back up claims that mewing actually works. However, there are other medical treatments if you have concerns about your jawline or facial appearance.


A Labor of Love

How We Started and Where We are Today

Johnny's story starts the same way as it does with many other kids with speech disorders and/or sensory disorders:  his 18 month checkup with his pediatrician.  At this appointment, most pediatricians will ask a series of questions about your child's development and if you answer "no" too many times, flags go up and intervention is recommended.

At 18 months, Johnny did not respond to his name, he did not point to objects and wasn't trying to speak.  He made sounds and noises, but nothing coherent.  He did not make animal noises or "pretend" sounds (vroom for a car or choo choo for a train).  He was largely silent and spent the majority of his time playing independently and trying to understand how things work by closely examining his toys.

I think a lot of parents at this stage go through a variety of emotions.  I didn't have any knowledge of what this all meant, what was going to happen and how I could help him.  He was deferred to Early Intervention here in Illinois and after a 2-3 month wait he started services here in our living-room.

At 4 1/2 years old, Johnny has come a long way.  He has been in speech therapy since 21 months old with the exception of a year where in person services were suspended for the worst of the pandemic.  He is speaking in short sentences and is mostly coherent, but sometimes still hard to understand.  He was eventually diagnosed with Expressive-Receptive Speech Disorder, which means he has a hard time understanding us and a hard time expressing himself.  He also has an Articulation Disorder and overall "speech delay".  He goes to speech therapy 2x a week in person, an additional time virtually and also has occupational therapy once a week.

He is a creative little boy, who loves people.  He wants to be everyone's friend, has an intense imagination and can build robots and rockets out of Duplo blocks better than an adult.  He loves Paw Patrol, digging around in sensory bins, playing "hide and seek" and going to preschool.  He is very typical in every way, but struggles with speech and impulse control.

I became a stay at home mom at the start of the pandemic and joined several mom groups online.  I started noticing lots of posts from parents with kids in these same scenarios and realized that I have learned a lot over the last 3 years.  I am not a speech pathologist or a doctor, but a mom who has a wealth of knowledge from being on this journey for a few years now.  I will share the successes and the failures because there are lessons to be learned everywhere.

My hope is that my blog provides some insight, encouragement, hope and support to parents on this same journey.


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News Updates

Allahabad HC Sets Aside Show Cause Notice Issued After Pre-Meditation As Respondent Had Already Expressed Its Mind

Sparsh Upadhyay
7 Aug 2022 4:40 PM GMT
Allahabad High Court, Previous Statement, Deceased, Admissible, 32 (1) Evidence Act, Dying declaration, Cause, Death, Expectation, Death, Not Necessary, ransom, life sentence, Justice Siddhartha Varma and Justice Umesh Chandra Sharma,

The Allahabad High Court recently set aside a show cause notice sent after pre-mediation as the Court noted that the respondent (a government authority) had already made up their mind and had expressed their decision in the notice while issuing the same to the petitioner (M/S Bcits Pvt. Ltd.).

"...even if the petitioner offers its explanation, it would be an empty formality and a futile exercise. Fairness demanded that the respondent should have taken care to keep their mind open to the issues while seeking an explanation," remarked the bench of Justice Manoj Kumar Gupta and Justice Dinesh Pathak.

Essentially, the petitioner-Company was given a contract of "Door to Door Meter Reading, Bill Generation and Serving through SBM/Mobile App/Other Suitable Means with Downloading" by the respondent-Corporation in 2018.

In June 2020 and in August 2021, the petitioner was issued a notice threatening to blacklist it on account of alleged irregularities on its part. However, both the notices were later on, dropped.

However, another notice was issued in August 2021 with the same allegations threatening the petitioner company to blacklist it. The Petitioner comapny gave a reply to this notice, however, the explanation was not accepted and the respondent arrived at a definite finding that the alleged irregularities and breaches committed by the Company had resulted in tarnishing the image of the respondent-Corporation.

Accordingly, the petitioner company was issued with a show cause notice to come forward and explain as why it should not be blacklisted/debarred for a period of two years.

Challenging this notice, the petitioner company moved to the High Court stating that since the notice was issued after pre-meditation and thus, issuing notice and seeking explanation would not serve any purpose as the respondent/corporation that issued the notice had already made up its mind.

Agreeing with this contention of the petitioner-company, the Court noted that the respondent corporation had already expressed its mind that the explanation offered by the petitioner company was unsatisfactory and that the petitioner company was guilty of the charges levelled against it.

In the above backdrop, the Court noted that now, even if the petitioner offers its explanation, it would be an empty formality and a futile exercise. Further, noting that the respondent-Corporation had already made up its mind that the explanation was not worthy of acceptance, therefore, the notice can't be said to be a show cause notice as the decision had already been taken.

Accordingly, the Court quashed the impugned notice leaving it open to the respondent corporation to issue a fresh notice in accordance with the law, if so advised.

Senior Advocate Prashant Chandra assisted by Advocate Kartikey Dubey appeared for the petitioner company.

Case title - M/S Bcits Pvt. Ltd. v. Purvanchal Vidhyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. And Another [WRIT - C No. - 15363 of 2022]

Case Citation: 2022 LiveLaw (AB) 361

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Thinking In Abstractions

Image of 3 dishes of fishcakes, sliced beef salad and something brown. By Lily Banse.

I love food and cooking and am fond of metaphor and non-technical analogies.

When I order food at a restaurant I look at the menu, place my order with the staff and later my food magically appears. What cookware was used? What brand of oven? Who is their supplier of salt and pepper? What knife? All unimportant details to me on the other side of the door.

Abstractions aren't just for other developers, they're more importantly for our end users. My user can click a button and know that their information will be saved for later access. I can order Salmon at the restaurant and know I'll later receive Salmon. Does the user care whether I'm saving their data in MongoDB or postgresql? Do I (and should I) know which chef cooks my dish?Which knives they used? Which pan?

As developers we clearly work in abstractions all day. As users of high level languages we're blessed to be higher up in that stack of abstractions which leaves us to focus on the feature at hand and not about how it's represented lower down that stack. But it's just that: a stack. Each abstraction built on top of previous ones. There's too much to hold in our heads at once, that's why abstractions exist, they're literally the simplified representation of how to perform more complex work. That work itself is hidden from us unless we choose to dig in and look at it. It should be optional. Behaviour implemented in functions, classes, other files, libraries, external APIs, some provided by the environment or browser, some created by ourselves during development.

Maintainable software is built on the boundaries and clarity of these abstractions, how they cross over and how they interact.


There has been a surge of interest in designer materials that would realize electronic responses not found in naturally occurring materials. There are many routes toward this goal and they are all being explored vigorously, e.g., artificial atomic lattices1,2,3,4,5, atomically precise graphene nanoribbons6,7,8, and controlled heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) materials9,10,11,12,13,14,15. The designer concept is well illustrated in systems combining magnetism with superconductivity to realize topological superconductivity16,17,18,19,20. Individual magnetic impurity atoms give rise to the so-called Yu–Shiba–Rusinov states21, which can be coupled in extended structures to give rise to bands (inside the superconducting gap). Eventually, the system can be driven into a topological phase in the presence of certain spin textures or spin–orbit coupling18,22,23,24,25,26. Topological superconductors are a distinct form of matter that is predicted to host boundary Majorana fermions. Experimental realization of Majorana fermions is exciting in its own right, but this is compounded by the proposal that systems with non-abelian statistics can serve as the basis for topological quantum computation27,28,29. Experimentally, these systems have been realized in one-dimensional chains of magnetic adatoms on the surface of s-wave superconductors18,23,30, and this has been extended to 2D systems by using magnetic metal islands31,32. However, these types of systems can be sensitive to disorder, and interface engineering through, e.g., the use of an atomically thin separation layer, might be required32.

Issues with interface inhomogeneities can potentially be avoided in van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, where the different layers interact only through vdW forces9,10. Layered materials that remain magnetic down to the monolayer (ML) limit have been recently demonstrated11,12. While the first report relied on mechanical exfoliation for the sample preparation, related materials CrBr3 and Fe3GeTe2 have also been grown using molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV)33,34. This is essential for realizing clean edges and interfaces. Very recently, monolayer magnetism was suggested in the transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) vanadium diselenide (VSe2), which can be readily grown using MBE on various layered materials13. Later reports have questioned the existence of magnetism in VSe2 as no magnetic signal was detected in X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) experiments35,36. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy revealed an enhanced charge-density wave (CDW) transition at a higher temperature than in the bulk, and it was suggested that the presence of CDW driven by Fermi-surface nesting removes the usual mechanism for achieving a magnetic ground state35,37,38,39. It has also been suggested that spin frustration plays a role in VSe2 samples grown by MBE36. Support for this comes from recent experiments on chemically exfoliated VSe2 flakes that show ferromagnetic behavior with a Curie temperature of ca. 470 K and also nonzero XMCD signal40. While there still is no consensus on the nature of the possible magnetic ground state of VSe2, it is clear that there is a delicate balance between different competing interacting states and phases in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides, which may also depend on the nature of the substrate35,36,39,40,41,42,43.

Combining 2D magnetic and superconducting TMDs would create a promising material platform for investigating the coexistence of superconductivity, magnetism, and the resulting emergent quantum phases of matter. The inherent lack of surface-bonding sites due to the layered nature of these materials prevents chemical bonding between the layers and results in a better control of the interfaces. We report the growth of single-layer vanadium diselenide (VSe2) by molecular-beam epitaxy on superconducting niobium diselenide (NbSe2) substrate and study the magnetic and electrical properties of these heterostructures. MBE growth under UHV conditions facilitates the formation of clean edges and interfaces, and we characterize the electronic structure of the resulting hybrid materials down to the atomic scale using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). Our results give further experimental information on the magnetic properties of VSe2 and demonstrate a clean and controllable platform for creating superconducting–magnetic hybrid TMD materials with great potential of integrating TMDs into future electronic devices.

Growth and characterization of VSe2

VSe2 was grown on NbSe2 by MBE, and the results are illustrated in Fig. 1 (see “Methods” for details). Briefly, vanadium was evaporated under excess flux of selenium onto a NbSe2 crystal cleaved in situ in UHV and held at T = 520–540 K during the growth. The samples were characterized in situ by STM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, after capping the films with a thick Se layer, the samples were characterized ex situ by temperature-dependent magnetization measurements. Figure 1a shows STM characterization of submonolayer VSe2 films on NbSe2 substrate. VSe2 grows atomically smooth, large uniform ML islands. Higher coverages result in the formation of a second layer. The profile along the blue line in Fig. 1a shows that the apparent height of the VSe2 film is 6.5 Å (Fig. 1b) consistent with the unit-cell height44. Atomically resolved STM images of the VSe2 monolayer and NbSe2 crystal surface are shown in Fig. 1c, d, respectively. While NbSe2 shows the well-known 3 × 3 charge-density wave modulation in the atomic contrast, we do not detect a charge-density wave on VSe2 (even at temperature of T = 4.2 K). This is in contrast to reports on HOPG and bilayer graphene substrates13,35,37. The lattice constants can be measured from the atomically resolved images, as depicted in Fig. 1e. This yields values of 3.5 ± 0.1 Å and 3.4 ± 0.1 Å for VSe2 and NbSe2, respectively. These values match well with previous experimental results38,44,45. The lattice mismatch is roughly 3%; this together with the fact that we observe several different orientations of VSe2 w.r.t. the underlying NbSe2 suggests that there is no lattice match between VSe2 and NbSe2.

Fig. 1: Growth of VSe2 on NbSe2.
figure 1

a Large-scale scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) image of submonolayer VSe2 on NbSe2. Scale bar: 25 nm. b Line profile along the blue line shown in panel a. c, d Atomically resolved images on VSe2 (c) and NbSe2 (d). Scale bars: 1 nm. e Line profiles along the lines in panels c and d (VSe2 (black), NbSe2 (red)) showing the atomic periodicities and the charge-density wave modulation on the NbSe2 substrate. f Computed structure of VSe2 on NbSe2.

XPS was used to study the chemical composition of the as-grown VSe2 films on NbSe2. Characteristic peaks of V, Se, and Nb are found in the XPS spectra (see Supplementary Note 1). The binding energies of the V 2p3/2 peak at 513.7 eV and the Se 3d5/2 peak at 53.4 eV are similar to those previously observed for VSe2 on HOPG13,45. The Nb 3d5/2 peak is found at 203.5 eV, which is typical for NbSe2. Both VSe2 and NbSe2 have similar selenium-binding energies and thus they cannot be resolved from the Se 3d spectrum46. The V:Se:Nb stoichiometry for a 0.6 ML VSe2 film was found to be roughly 1:5:2 (estimated from integrated peak areas, which were normalized to the elements’ atomic sensitivity factors). No other elements, such as possible magnetic impurities, were detected above the detection limit of  ~1 atomic percent.

We have complemented the experiments by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. According to previous DFT calculations, the lowest energy phase of VSe2 can be H or T phase, in the FM or AFM configuration, with or without CDW, depending on the choice of adopted functional, strain, and doping35,39,42,43,47,48. Despite the theoretical prediction of the existence of the 2H-VSe2, all of the recent experimental results using MBE report the formation of the 1T phase with no evidence of a successful growth of 2H phase. We also tested several different functionals, as shown in Supplementary Note 2, and have chosen vdw-DF functional revB86b with +U parameter of 2 eV, since it reproduces the larger lattice constant and the lowest energy phase being ferromagnetic 1T-VSe2. In contrast, LDA would lead to CDW phase and PBE to H phase, as in the previous reports35,39,42,43,47. Figure 1f shows the fully relaxed geometry of VSe2/NbSe2 heterostructure from the side and top views. The energetically most favorable stacking has the lower-layer Se atoms of VSe2 on top of the hollow site of the NbSe2 (2.94 Å from Se in NbSe2 to Se in VSe2) and V on top of Nb, with a distance of 6.16 Å from Nb to V.

Electronic properties of VSe2

We have probed the electronic structure of single-layer VSe2/NbSe2 heterostructure by both scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and DFT. Figure 2a shows typical differential conductance (dI/dV) spectra taken on the ML VSe2 and on the bulk NbSe2 substrate over a large bias range. We will first focus on the NbSe2 response. At positive bias (empty states) region, the most pronounced features on bulk NbSe2 are the broad resonances at  ~0.3 V and  ~1.8 V, while at negative bias, the dI/dV signal is broad and rising. The measured dI/dV spectrum on NbSe2 is in agreement with earlier STS studies on bulk NbSe249. The features in our dI/dV spectroscopy also match the simulated local density-of-states (LDOS) spectra on a three-layer slab of NbSe2 (Fig. 2b), and can be compared with the bulk density of states (DOS) (Fig. 2c). The first resonance at positive bias arises from the Nb-derived band, while the broad feature at negative bias overlaps with mostly selenium-derived bands below EF. On VSe2, at positive bias, there are pronounced features close to the Fermi level and also at 0.9 V and 1.45 V. At negative bias, we observe a peak at –0.5 V, and a shallow feature at  ~−1 V. These VSe2 features are discussed in more detail below.

Fig. 2: Electronic properties of VSe2 on NbSe2.
figure 2

a Typical long-range experimental dI/dV spectra on a monolayer (ML) VSe2 and on the NbSe2 substrate as a function of the sample bias. b Simulated scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) obtained by integrating the local density of states (LDOS) at a constant height on top of the NbSe2 surface. The solid and dashed lines show different values of the energy broadening. c Calculated density of states (DOS) of bulk NbSe2 as a function of energy. Density-of-states plots show both the total DOS and the DOS projected to the metal and Se atoms.

The electronic structure and the simulated and experimental STS are shown in Fig. 3a–f. First focusing on the experimental spectra for monolayer and bilayer VSe2 in Fig. 3d, we observe peaks close to the Fermi level at both positive and negative bias, and they are more pronounced for the bilayer compared with the monolayer. Their energy spacing (gap) is  ~0.2 eV with an abrupt edge at positive energy (peak p1) and smoother edge at negative energy that develops into peaks labeled with n1/n2. At larger positive or negative bias, several peaks can be distinguished with the peak positions shifting between the mono- and bilayer spectra. The spectra are not noticeably position-dependent in the middle of the VSe2 islands.

Fig. 3: Comparison of experimental scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) data and calculated density of states (DOS) for VSe2 on NbSe2.
figure 3

a Calculated band structure of VSe2 (nonmagnetic state). The color of the symbols reflects the character of the states with blue corresponding to vanadium and orange to selenium. b, c Calculated projected density of states (PDOS) as a function of energy (b) and simulated dI/dV spectra (with two different broadenings, panel c) for the nonmagnetic and charge-density wave states. d Typical long-range experimental dI/dV spectra on 1 and 2 monolayer (ML) VSe2 on NbSe2 as a function of sample bias. e, f Simulated dI/dV spectra (with two different broadenings, panel e) and calculated PDOS (panel f) for the ferromagnetic ground state. All the calculations correspond to unstrained monolayer VSe2.

Starting from the nonmagnetic (NM) phase, the calculated band structure shows the partially filled d band (Fig. 3a). There is a flat region between Γ and K points, which also happens to coincide with the Fermi level. This leads to a strong peak at the Fermi level in the DOS and also in the simulated STS, which obviously contrasts the experimental spectra. NM phase is also unstable in calculations and may either develop CDW or ferromagnetism, depending on conditions (strain, doping, and defects) and on computational parameters (see Supplementary Note 2). In the CDW phase, DOS exhibits a clear pseudogap formation, although not at the Fermi level, but just above it. While the simulated STS would be relatively consistent with the experimental one, we do not detect CDW in the STM topography and also do not observe a hard gap at the Fermi level as reported by M. Bonilla et al.13.

In the ferromagnetic (FM) phase, the spin-up and -down band structures are only shifted in energy as in itinerant FM. The calculated magnetic moment depends moderately on strain and the computational parameters (e.g., the Hubbard U), see Supplementary Note 2 for details47. Consequently, also the DOS and simulated STS show splitting of the peaks w.r.t. NM phase. Due to the splitting of the DOS peak at Fermi level, the lower branch could explain the peaks n1/n2 with the higher branch falling slightly above Fermi level (feature p1 in the experimental spectra). The FM phase also seems to yield better agreement between the simulated and experimental STS for the peaks p2 and p3 in the monolayer sample. Note that while some experiments show nonuniform sampling of the states with different in-plane momenta50,51, the most prominent features on the VSe2 spectra close to the Fermi level are predicted to arise from the high density of states from bands close to the Γ point, and we do not observe strong variations in the dI/dV spectra depending on the microscopic tip apex. Even though the magnetic response of VSe2 is rather complex, taken together with the lack of CDW in the STM images, our STM and STS results are the most consistent with simulated response of the FM phase.

Magnetic properties of VSe2

After the electronic characterization of the samples, we will next focus on their magnetic properties. To explore the magnetic properties of ML VSe2 on NbSe2, we carried out magnetization measurements at various sample temperatures (see “Methods” for details). All the VSe2 samples measured showed an in-plane magnetic response similar to that shown in Fig. 4a, where the loops have a small coercivity and remanence, but show saturation ~200–300 mT38, apart from a linear background. As shown in Fig. 4b, the coercive field (Hc) is very small and the saturation magnetization (Ms) is practically independent of temperature in the range of T = 10–300 K. Supplementary Fig. 17 from Supplementary Note 3 shows a direct comparison between the substrate and VSe2 responses. We fit a Brillouin function to the T = 10 K data in Fig. 4a, similarly to previous literature52, which assumes the presence of a paramagnetic background signal. The goodness of fit suggests that such a background contributes significantly to the measured magnetisation. In the inset to Fig. 4b, the difference between the data and fit is plotted, which suggests that a small ferromagnetic signal is also present in the sample. However, due to the paramagnetic contribution, we cannot quantitatively assess the possible underlying ferromagnetic response with bulk magnetization measurements. Further discussion and details of the fitting are presented in Supplementary Note 4.

Fig. 4: Magnetic measurements on monolayer (ML) VSe2 on NbSe2.
figure 4

a Magnetization curves (sample magnetization M as a function of external field H) taken at T = 10–300 K along with a Brillouin fit to the 10-K data. b The temperature dependencies of the saturation magnetization Ms and the coercive field Hc.

Experiments on chemically exfoliated VSe2 flakes exhibit a ferromagnetic response with a Curie temperature of ca. 470 K40. As there is no strict alignment between the substrate and the VSe2 layer, MBE growth results in a polycrystalline 2D layer, which also may be affected by substrate interactions. Furthermore, as indicated by the DFT calculations, the energy differences between the different ground states (CDW and magnetism) of the VSe2 monolayer are small. Minor perturbations due to the substrate, capping, sample quality, and adsorbates, could cause variations in the observed behavior. However, local measurements (such as STM) should still probe the ferromagnetic phase suggested in the data above that corresponds to the DFT calculations.

It has been argued that there is no conventional ferromagnetism in VSe2 on graphite and graphene substrates35,36,37,38,43,53. Here, one potentially important difference between our samples and those on graphite and graphene is the absence of a charge-density wave: we find no evidence of CDW in either the STM images or the dI/dV spectroscopy. Based on the recent experimental works54,55, the absence of the CDW in our system might also be related to the underlying NbSe2 substrate. Our DFT calculations also suggest that the stability of the CDW is sensitive to the strain, doping, and amount of the defects in the system as discussed extensively in Supplementary Information. Furthermore, in previous studies13, monolayer VSe2 sample exhibits a maximum in Ms and Hc in a range around T = 100 K and this nonmonotonic behavior is ascribed to the CDW transition. This is in contrast to our data on Ms and Hc as a function of temperature. The absence of CDW transition is also independently determined from the magnetization measurement under zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) regimes, where we do not observe noticeable changes in the slope of the ZFC and FC curves due to the CDW (see Supplementary Note 5).

The magnetic response of the sample below the superconducting transition temperature (Tc = 7.2 K) is dominated by the superconducting NbSe2 substrate. Magnetization M(H) curves measured at 2 K for bulk NbSe2 and VSe2/NbSe2 (see also Supplementary Note 5) show superconducting diamagnetic behavior as reported previously56,57. Moreover, there is no obvious difference between these magnetization curves, which indicates that the signal is mostly dominated by the bulk NbSe2. This conclusion is further supported by the temperature-dependent magnetization curves for the zero-field cooling (ZFC) of a bulk NbSe2 and VSe2/NbSe2 heterostructure (see Supplementary Note 5). They show a rapid decrease at the onset of the diamagnetic signal below the critical temperature Tc for both samples and, again, there is no obvious change in Tc, which further indicates the dominance of the bulk signals. It is worth to mention that Tc is very sensitive to the magnetic doping, with studies suggesting that Tc drops rapidly upon metal atom doping58,59. This suggests that we do not lose any vanadium due to intercalation at the normal growth temperatures. Increasing the growth temperature to T > 300 °C results in intercalation of vanadium, which is clearly seen in atomically resolved images of the NbSe2 surface, and results in the loss of the long-range order of the NbSe2 CDW60 (see Supplementary Note 6 for details).

Proximity-induced superconductivity in monolayer VSe2

There is a particular interest in the interaction between the superconducting substrate and the magnetic layer, both in terms of the proximity effect induced in the single-layer VSe2 and conversely, the effect of the magnetic layer on the underlying superconductor. The superconducting proximity effect can be used to spontaneously drive a nonsuperconducting material (normal metal) into superconductivity; however, this picture is altered when the superconductor makes contact with a magnetic layer. In the case of a ferromagnet, the superconducting order parameter is expected to decay exponentially with a very short coherence length ζF (typically some nm) at the superconductor–ferromagnet (SF) interface. Moreover, the pairing potential Δp inside the ferromagnet shows a strong oscillatory and damped behavior due to the internal exchange field of the ferromagnet61,62. This type of phenomena could also occur in our hybrid VSe2/NbSe2 layers, and it will allow us to shed some light on the nature of the magnetism in VSe2 on the atomic scale.

Figure 5a shows the dI/dV spectra measured on the NbSe2 substrate as well as VSe2 layers with different thicknesses. On NbSe2, we observe a typical superconducting gap: a pronounced dip in the DOS at the Fermi level and coherence peaks on both sides of the gap63,64. The spectra measured on the VSe2 films with thicknesses of 1 ML and 2 ML also show a superconducting gap, but the gap width is significantly reduced compared with the bare NbSe2 substrate. We do not observe oscillatory behavior of the pairing potential as bilayer VSe2 is not sufficiently thick for this. To further quantify the reduction of the SC gap width, we use a simple analytical relation between a superconducting gap Δ and decay length λ65,66,67: \(\Delta \approx {\Delta }_{{{\rm{NbSe}}}_{2}}{e}^{-d/\lambda }\), where the d is the VSe2 film thickness and \({\Delta }_{{{\rm{NbSe}}}_{2}}\) is the gap of bare NbSe2, respectively. We extract the apparent gap widths from the spectra shown in Fig. 5a by fitting them (see Supplementary Note 7 for details) and plot the results in Fig. 5b (error bars show the confidence interval of the fit). The decrease in the energy gap follows an exponential dependence with a decay length of λ = 1.3 ± 0.1 nm (1 ML thickness is roughly 0.65 nm). This is a measure of the quasi-particle coherence length associated with Andreev reflections. However, this decay length is much shorter than recent experimental results on Bi2Se3 on NbSe268: they observe a decay length of λ = 4.3 ± 0.3 nm, which is shown as a dashed blue line in Fig. 5b. In the case of Bi2Se3 on Nb, an even much higher value of λ = 8.4 nm was reported67. A possible explanation for the faster decay we observe in VSe2 would be given by magnetism of the VSe2 layer. In this case, one would expect a shorter coherence length ζF governed by the magnetization in the VSe2 layer and not by the diffusion (which is a case in Bi2Se3/NbSe2). The reduced gap is very uniform within the VSe2 islands and also between different islands. This shows that the observed response is not affected by the orientation of the VSe2 islands w.r.t. the underlying NbSe2, and that it is related to bulk properties of ML VSe2 and not simply an effect arising from impurities, vacancies, and structural imperfections (e.g., layer edges).

Fig. 5: dI/dV spectroscopy as a function of sample bias on VSe2 layers on NbSe2.
figure 5

a Spectra measured on clean NbSe2 and on 1 and 2 monolayer (ML) of VSe2 (spectra offset vertically for clarity). b The measured energy gap as a function of the VSe2 thickness (the error bars shown in panel b are 0.02, 0.02, and 0.04 meV, respectively, and represent the confidence interval of the fit). c Spectra measured at different locations, including over the edge of a VSe2 island. d Topographic scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) image and a constant-height dI/dV map at zero bias over an edge of a VSe2 island. Scale bars: 6 nm.

Spectroscopy on the edges of the VSe2 islands

We have also probed the spatially dependent spectroscopic response over the edges of the VSe2 islands, and typical spectra are shown in Fig. 5c (more results in Supplementary Note 8). The spectra evolve from the typical gapped structure over the NbSe2 into a sharp peak at zero bias at the edge of the VSe2 island. This feature is very localized at the edge of the VSe2 layer. Furthermore, it is inhomogeneously distributed along the edges of VSe2 islands, and there are strong intensity variations as illustrated in Fig. 5d. In addition to the spatial distribution of the zero-bias peak, its width is also strongly position-dependent. We observe both zero-bias peaks that are confined within the superconducting gap (e.g., Fig. 5c), but on some other locations (see Supplementary Note 9), its width can be a couple of times larger than the superconducting gap width. Features inside the superconducting gap could arise from Yu–Shiba–Rusinov bands or topological edge modes, but the broader peaks suggest the presence of free unpaired spins giving rise to the Kondo effect21,69. In any case, the reason is likely related to the changes of the gap structure of the underlying superconductor due to local magnetic fields arising from the edges of the VSe2 layer.

In conclusion, we have demonstrated high-quality epitaxial growth of VSe2–NbSe2 hybrid structures using MBE. We have observed significant and spatially uniform reduction of the superconducting gap of the NbSe2 substrate on the VSe2 islands with the reduction being thickness-dependent and stronger on bilayer VSe2. This would be most naturally explained to result from magnetization of the VSe2 layer. The other electronic and magnetic characterization results are also more consistent with magnetization than with charge-density waves. Finally, we observe strongly position-dependent, enhanced dI/dV intensity at the Fermi level around the edges of the VSe2 layer likely related to the changes of the gap structure of the underlying superconductor due to local magnetic fields arising from the edges of the VSe2 layer.

On a broad scale, our work contributes to the efforts in designer materials that would realize electronic responses not found in naturally occurring materials, but arising from engineered interactions between the different components. Van der Waals heterostructures are ideally suited for this purpose as the different layers interact only through vdW forces and hence retain their intrinsic properties. This results in very high-quality interfaces and allows for a rational design of the emergent properties of the heterostructure. Our work suggests that it will be possible to combine 2D TMDs with different quantum ground states to stimulate new work in the field of 2D-TMD hybrids.

Sample preparation

Monolayer VSe2 was grown on NbSe2 substrates by e-beam evaporation of V (99.8%, Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd.) and simultaneous deposition of atomic Se (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich) from a Knudsen cell under ultra-high-vacuum conditions (UHV, base pressure ~10−10 mbar). The NbSe2 substrate (HQ Graphene) was cleaved in vacuum and subsequently annealed in ultrahigh vacuum at T = 600 K for 1 h before film growth, which did not adversely affect the substrate quality. VSe2 was grown at a substrate temperature of T = 520–540  K. During growth, the V flux (10 nA) is maintained at a beam-equivalent pressure (BEP) of  ~10−10 mbar, whereas approximately an order of magnitude greater Se flux (under Se-rich conditions, pressure  ~10−8 mbar) is used. Our growth rate of 1 ML per hour is dictated by the V flux due to the near-unity sticking coefficient of V at the growth temperature. The excess selenium desorbs from the substrate since the substrate temperature was higher than the evaporation temperature of selenium atoms (T = 393 K). The samples were either characterized in situ by XPS and STM or capped with Se by deposition of Se at room temperature before transferring them out of the UHV system.

Sample characterization

XPS measurements (Surface Science Instruments SSX-100 spectrometer) were performed using monochromated Al K-alpha radiation with X-ray power of 200 W, a pass energy of 100 eV, and a measurement spot size of 1 mm.

Magnetic characterization was carried out using a Quantum Design Dynacool PPMS operating as a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). For magnetization measurements, the sample is attached to a quartz rod. The magnetization measurements were done on the samples with mixed mono- and bilayer VSe2 coverage. In the experiments shown in Fig. 4, the coverage of VSe2 was 0.57 (consisting of 0.44 monolayer and 0.13 bilayer).

The STM experiments (Unisoku USM-1300) of the samples were performed at T = 4 K. STM images were taken in the constant current mode. dI/dV spectra were recorded by standard lock-in detection while sweeping the sample bias in an open-feedback loop configuration, with a peak-to-peak bias modulation of 5 mV (long-range spectra) or 0.1 mV (short-range spectra of the superconducting gap) at a frequency of 709 Hz.

DFT calculations

All density-functional theory calculations are carried out in the plane-wave basis in the projector-augmented wave framework as implemented in VASP70,71,72. In all calculations, we use 500 eV cut-off and k-point sampling corresponding to 24 × 24 mesh in the primitive cell. High k-point mesh is required to correctly describe, e.g., the CDW phases.

Vanadium tends to exhibit strong Coulomb correlations, which usually necessitate using hybrid functionals, LDA+U or DMFT. We benchmarked several exchange-correlations functionals, and the results are collected in the SI. For the results shown in the main paper, we have adopted to use revB86b vdw-DF functional73 augmented with +U correction of 2 eV (on Mn-d orbitals). Further computational details are given in  Supplementary Information.


What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Ming Dynasty Hanfu clothing refers to the clothing system in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, inherited the costume style of Zhou, Han, Tang, and Song Dynasties and re-established the costume system in order to rebuild the national pride and etiquette and remove the influence of ethnic minorities.

In the middle and later period of the Ming Dynasty, there were some new styles, such as stand collar, and a large number of buttons were used in the conspicuous part of a garment.

It was gradually banned during the Qing Dynasty, but there are still a few styles and features that have been handed down to this day.

The characteristics of Hanfu in the Ming dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, a series of measures were taken to develop production, which made the industry and commerce develop continuously, and the production technology of each industry has improved.

After the rise of the citizen class, the aesthetic interest has become the aesthetic orientation of the general dress in the Ming Dynasty. "Secularization" of the aesthetic and cultural sources and a relatively general, casual, and loose historical and cultural environment.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, most people wore cloth to make robes, but later, many people did not use cloth, but used silk and other gorgeous fabrics to cut.

The color also changed from a single blue color to more rich colors, and the style of robes became longer and longer, some even covered the feet, especially the sleeves were very fat and wide. Hanfu in Ming Dynasty has the following characteristics:

Collar design

The official and men's clothing in the Ming Dynasty were mainly round-necked, which was one of the measures to restore the Han clothing. The round-necked gown in Song Dynasty, and was replaced by the minority culture in Liao, Xia, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties.

Zhu Yuanzhang advocated the restoration of Han characteristics in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, round-necked robes were prescribed in the form of clear text. It was worn by emperors, ministers, literati, and rich businessmen of all levels, but the pattern and color were different.

Buzi on the official uniform

The system of "Buzi (补子)" is clearly defined. Before the Ming Dynasty, in terms of the patterns on the official uniforms, the twelve Wenzhang was used to distinguish the emperor and his ministers.

In the Tang Dynasty, the prototype of "Buzi" appeared, in the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the emperor, prince, and nobility, they also continued to enjoy the twelve-chapter pattern. In addition, the clothing of civil and military officials was replaced by "Buzi" with the pattern of birds and animals, which distinguished the official positions since then.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Women's clothing proportion changes

The development and change of women's clothing are reflected in the proportion of upper and lower skirts, the length of the top is obviously long, and the length of the skirt is reduced. From the visual aspect, the proportion of the human body is longer, which is more charming.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Changes in buttons and accessories

At the end of the 16th century, China gradually used a button belt, reflecting the progress of the times and the innovation of technology development in clothing.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Another characteristic of Ming-style clothing is to wear ornaments on Jin (襟), which is very eye-catching. All kinds of ornaments are made of gold, beads, jade, and other materials. Another special ornament is a gold chain with four small objects: tweezers, toothpicks, earpicks, and knives, all of which are practical articles for women's life.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?
What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Zimu Kou - Exquisite Ming Style Hanfu Button

Rich colors

Ming Dynasty advocates simplicity and frugality, and has strict system constraints. The color of clothing has different regulations according to different levels of officials. Level one to four: dark red robe; level five to seven: blue robe; level eight to nine: green robe.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

According to the regulations, the dress color of the noblewomen in the Ming Dynasty was: dark pink, elegant green, and yellow, while that of the literati and commoners was only purple-green, peach red, and light color.

The emancipation of people's mind in the middle and late Ming Dynasty made people break through the shackles of feudal autocracy, dress more and more gorgeous, dyeing technology richer.

Ming Dynasty attaches great importance to the restoration of the Han nationality's traditional costumes. At the same time, it is a dynasty with distinct anti-traditional characteristics.

It has a wide range of characteristics and changes according to time. It fully demonstrates the strong imagination and creativity of the Ming people, and reflects the unconstrained and rich atmosphere of the Ming Dynasty's costumes from a perspective.

Ming dynasty characteristic Hanfu

Aoqun in the Ming dynasty

Women's dresses in the Ming Dynasty have the richest styles, the most exquisite production, and the most harmonious color matching among all the costumes in China.

The basic styles of clothes are mostly imitated from Tang and Song dynasties. Adult women's clothing, with the change of people's family background and identity, has various forms, ordinary women's clothing is more simple.

Aoqun (袄裙), the dress form of upper Ao and lower skirt in the Ming Dynasty is totally different from that in Tang and Song Dynasty. Women in Ming Dynasty often add a short waist skirt to the skirt for activities.

There are many kinds of collars for upper Ao, including cross collar, square collar, and vertical collar. The color of the skirt is light at the beginning. Although there are patterns, they are not obvious.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Pifeng in the Ming dynasty

Pifeng(披风, cape) is a popular dress in the Ming Dynasty. It can be worn by both men and women. It was developed from Beizi in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

The shape of the Cape is Duijin, straight collar, open sleeves, two side vents on the body, the front and back of which are not connected, front decorated with a pair of lace for fastening, and the flower-shaped jade buttons are also used for fastening.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Bijia in the Ming dynasty

Bijia(比甲) is a kind of sleeveless and collarless vest with two sides open to the knee. Its style is longer than that of the later vest, generally to the hip or knee, some longer.

This kind of clothing was originally a kind of Chinese style Hanfu in the Song Dynasty, with no sleeve long top, also known as "vest". Later, it was introduced into Mongolia.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Fengguan Xiapei

Fengguanxiapei (凤冠霞帔) refers to the dress of a wealthy woman when she was married in ancient times to show her glory. It also refers to the costumes of ancient noblewomen and women who were appointed by the imperial court.

In the Ming Dynasty, the queen and the wife of the rank officials could wear them. According to their status, they had different colors, patterns, decorations, and materials. In the Ming Dynasty, ordinary women could also wear a Fengguan Xiapei when they got married.

Fengguan (phoenix crown), because of the Phoenix embellishment and named. The Phoenix is the king of birds, so only the queen or princess is worthy of it. In fact, the phoenix crown of the Ming Dynasty was formed in Song Dynasty. It uses a gold wire net as the skeleton, which is covered with gauze, inlaid with gold and silver, and decorated with jewelry tassel.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Xiapei, which matched with the phoenix crown, was actually Peizi in the northern and Southern Dynasties. Xiapei is a ribbon draped from the shoulder to the chest, made of brocade, with embroidered on it, triangular at both ends, and hung with a gold jade pendant below.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

The dress of robes is very common in the Ming Dynasty. Most scholars wear a blue or black robe, also known as Zhiduo. This kind of robe is loose, and the length of the robe is generally to the foot, and it is a big sleeve, the sleeve is longer than the arm length, with wide edges around. More about robe history.

Cifu (赐服: clothes awarded by the Emperor)

Mangfu (蟒服) is a kind of dignified Hanfu next to Dragon Robe, because its pattern is similar to the dragon pattern. Mangfu were first given to officials by the emperor in the Ming Dynasty.

Feiyufu (飞鱼服, flying fish suit) is a unique garment of the Ming Dynasty. It is decorated with a flying fish pattern(a pattern similar to a dragon), with the same pattern arrangement on the front and back. Flying fish was worn by the emperor as a symbol of glory, second only to Mangfu.

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

The influence of the Ming dynasty Hanfu

During the 300 year reign of the Ming Dynasty, there were also great changes and developments in Hanfu clothing. Ming Dynasty clothing is dignified, formal, rigorous, and generous, and women's Hanfu clothing is more conservative. Ming Dynasty clothing in the whole feudal era, formed the final pattern of Han historical clothing.

Meanwhile, the silk trade in Ming Dynasty not only spread all over the country, but also abroad. At that time, the main channels had been transferred from land to sea. The trading countries included Japan, Southeast Asia, West Asia, Europe, East Africa, and even South America.

It is in these business exchanges that cultures around the world can be exchanged and inventions and creations of all nationalities can be spread to each other, thus enriching the cultural connotation of all countries and further promoting the development of human civilization history.

More about the Chinese traditional clothing system:

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?
What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

What You Need to Know About Ming Dynasty Clothing

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?
What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Guide of the Ming Dynasty Shan/Ao Types for Girls

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?
What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Guide to Hanfu Types Summary & Dress Codes (Ming Dynasty)

What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?
What is the Ming Dynasty Hanfu Clothing?

Detailed Introduction of Classic Ming Dynasty Costumes

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October 7, 2022

Inflight Dublin selected by Novair to provide Wireless IFE trial

Inflight Dublin has been chosen by Novair to provide its end-to-end wireless Inflight Entertainment (IFE) solution, Everhub.

Beginning in February, Inflight Dublin will initially be equipping Novair’s fleet of A321 aircraft with a six-month trial of its Everhub Wireless solution consisting of hardware, software and content. The fully certified server houses the Everhub software platform which can be accessed via a web application on passengers’ personal devices.

Customised to align with Novair’s brand requirements, the user-friendly GUI allows passengers to easily navigate the system and browse the latest Hollywood blockbusters, TV Shows, International content, documentaries, games and digitised publications available onboard.

Novair operates a fleet of A321 neos to both traditional Mediterranean destinations and long-distance destinations. Novair was recently sold to Danish Jet Nordic Group, who also operate Jet Time.

“Novair places a big focus on choosing products and services that align with our brand values and sustainability goals,” said Paul de Susini, head of onboard product & catering, Novair. “Utilising Inflight Dublin’s Everhub solution allows us to create a unique and enhanced passenger experience that also minimises weight and fuel costs, particularly due to the ability to make all paper materials digital on the system.

“Novair is committed to providing the highest level of service to our passengers and we look forward to working with Inflight Dublin to deliver this innovative solution.”

Barry Flynn, Inflight Dublin’s CCO adds: “With Everhub, Novair will benefit from an innovative digital solution that generates revenue and reduces their environmental impact while also entertaining their passengers with a broad content package tailored to their unique audience. We are delighted to be working with Novair on this project and we look forward to engage and delight its passengers onboard.”


How long does it take to beat Skulls of the Shogun (WP)?

The estimated time to complete all 20 Skulls of the Shogun (WP) achievements is 15-20 hours.

This estimate is based on the median completion time from 7 TrueAchievements members that have completed the game.

Please note there are now 20 discontinued achievements in this game, so these estimates are not necessarily accurate for all of the achievements currently unlockable.

Site Completion Estimates


Are You Mentor-Able?

Written by Julie Kantor and Karen Osborn, Twomentor

Moving into the challenging professional world is an intimidating journey but thankfully, it doesn’t need to be tackled alone.

Mentorship, from academic to professional settings, is an active and involved process, but the benefits are well worth the effort. According to a survey carried out by, mentored individuals and entrepreneurs significantly outperformed those who don’t receive mentoring. Additionally, a study conducted by the American Society for Training & Development (ASTD) revealed that 75% of executives point to mentoring as playing a key role in their careers.

Makes sense! But what we view as a given (that mentoring is happening informally at our companies) is not actually a given. In fact, as we travel the globe running the Mentor Road Trip™ mentor training sessions, we have witnessed firsthand at women’s conferences, at leadership development conferences, at HR executive conferences, at conferences focused on Millennials and multi-gen workforce that well under 50% of attendees answer YES when asked this simple question “Do you have or have you had a professional mentor?”

So how does one go about finding and building a mentoring relationship? Here are five things to focus on when starting your journey:

  1. Be Proactive, Committed, and Clarify Your Needs

Mentorship can happen organically, but that is the exception, not the rule. In order to maximize your options, be diligent in figuring out what you are looking for and what your professional or personal goals are. Being passive causes way too much confusion in these budding relationships. Spend an hour and write down 3-5 goals. Reflect on how a mentor can best help you move your vision forward? In what specific areas are you looking for guidance? If you’re just looking for a mentor to advance you the next job, that’s not really mentoring. That’s sponsorship.

So where’s the love? People are so isolated at work, so hidden behind computer screens, often unclear how to navigate the professional seas riddled with jellyfish and mysterious sea animals. Asking someone to be a mentor is an investment in your well being… and theirs. A mentor can make you feel plugged in, connected again. That someone out there cares about you and your professional trajectory. This is a big ask that’s mutually rewarding. You need to invest too with your best foot forward. A study by the Journal of Organization Behavior demonstrates that mentored individuals reported having more satisfaction, career mobility/opportunity, recognition and an overall higher promotion rate than non-mentored individuals. A mentor can help you to develop skills, offer career advice, and enhance your network amongst other things, but you again, you first need to understand and determine your own aspirations in order to figure out what type of person will be the best fit. Once you have determined these goals, you can start thinking about your network for ‘fit’ or ask people for introductions. I [Julie] want to scale my company for example, so I started asking people I respect who would be a good mentor to help me specifically with scalability strategy for 3 – 6 months. Start simple, by inviting a prospective mentor for a cup of coffee, tea or lunch, and share upfront that you would love their advice on a few things. Think of this as a first professional date to determine if you can learn from this person, that they want to open up their mental world to you and make sure you have a good and honest rapport.

  1. Work on Being Very “Mentor-Able”

Mentorship is a multi-dimensional relationship, and the value of a mentor-mentee relationship comes from applicable knowledge being shared between the two. If you are unwilling to take advice, constructive criticism, or be flexible in your thinking, having a mentor will likely not be a good fit for you. Openness, candor, honesty, listening… all ingredients to this delicate recipe. When looking for a mentor, look for someone that you will work well with, and make sure that you are willing to do your part to be a good mentee. In fact, you will need to take a leadership role in many aspects of this relationship. A study by the National Institute of Health found that the five main characteristics of successful mentoring relationships include: reciprocity, mutual respect, clear expectations, personal connection, and shared values. One thing about being very mentor-able is that your mentor will be much more likely to want to introduce you to other people and keep you in mind for opportunities in the future that might benefit you. Additionally, your mentor might talk about you to other influencers down the line based on your willingness to learn, grow and follow up on good advice towards your goals. If you are headstrong and difficult to work with, your mentor might not want to invest as much time or put their reputation on the line on behalf of you. Never be late for your sessions/meetings.

  1. Focus on Your Relationship Structure

You will need to actively and regularly communicate with your mentor, shadow them if possible, and actively pursue educational or professional opportunities with them. We suggest at least one meeting a month for 60-90 minutes. We view in person as best, but a Skype, FaceTime or Zoom online coffee call is fine too. Better to see each other live and really focus… not have someone checking out the latest news on CNN or schedules their next teeth cleaning in the middle of the call. The success of your mentorship relies on the effort you put in, including good follow up, being on time, and don’t expect to find a mentor and have everything happen toward your goals overnight. One thing we see a lot at Twomentor is that people get together but it’s unclear who is supposed to lead the relationship. The mentor expects the mentee to reach out, or the mentee comes to a meeting with no specific questions, goals, or focus. There needs to be some structure, including clear objectives you want to focus on with your mentor. We suggest you write up a one-page vision of how you want to grow and specifics on how your mentor can help you with your goals. It is important that you come to your meeting(s) prepared and with specific discussion topics or questions you have. We suggest you set up your next meeting on the spot when you are together. Keep track of your work and actions so your mentor knows you are taking his/her time seriously and so you have clarity regarding your progress.

  1. No Challenge… No Real Growth

We saw a great quote on Pinterest today, “A comfort zone is a beautiful place, but nothing grows there.” We often grow the most when we are in pain or challenged. If you are not willing to challenge your limits and expand your perspectives, you will not be able to get the most out of your mentor relationship. One of the most important aspects of mentorship is the ability to learn from the experience of your mentor, and apply their lessons to your current and future personal and professional situations. A mentor should continually challenge and push you in order to grow and develop both professionally and as an individual. There is much more value in honest feedback of your strengths and areas of improvements than there is in simple encouragement. Both are valuable, don’t get me wrong. A mentor will be more comfortable offering this type of feedback if they think you genuinely want it. So ask for it. Mentorship fosters personal and professional development, as noted by a Wharton/Gartner study on Sun Microsystems (2006), where employees who received mentoring were promoted five times more often than those who did not! Additionally, mentors and mentees both had 20% higher retention rates at the company… a WIN/WIN/WIN for the mentor, mentee, and the company better retaining good people.

  1. More Than One?

Some people refer to this as having an internal board of advisors. Different mentors have different strengths, experiences, networks, and perspectives. Therefore, they will serve as a mentor to you in different ways or on different priorities you want to focus on. For example, a mentor who is great for supporting creative ideas will help you differently than another who can guide you through business growth and financial planning. A study by the Journal of Applied Social Psychology on internal versus external organizational mentors found that mentoring relationships within an organization serve to provide mentees with career and psychosocial support, while external mentorship relationships focus more on networking and personal development. The better perspectives and different styles of mentorship you are exposed to, the more you will be able to adapt what you learn to your own personal and professional needs. When looking for a mentor, don’t disregard someone because they are not an expert in all of the areas you’re looking to grow in. Rather, find experts in different fields, and make a few of them your mentors.

There is so much more we can discuss on being mentor-able, but we want to leave you with one last tip.

Show the love (or gratitude). Do something nice for your mentor. Show appreciation each step of the journey. Bring him a Cappuccino, buy her breakfast, send a handwritten card reflecting on something you learned, say thank you. Good friends are worth their weight in gold. A good mentor might be a professional lifeline for you today or a bridge to your success tomorrow.


Experienced Personal Injury Representation

Who pays your bills when a self-driving car causes a crash?

On Behalf of | Feb 3, 2022 | Car Accidents

For a few years now, people have been excitedly discussing the idea of self-driving cars as prestige vehicle brands introduced features that allow vehicles to operate with less human management. Although the idea of vehicles driving themselves seems scary, research seems to indicate that it could actually make the roads safer.

Many public safety experts are quick to point out how frequently human error factors into crashes, making self-driving vehicles seem like a solution for the deadly wrecks that happen every day.

While well-designed and properly programmed self-driving vehicles could potentially save the public, faulty design and bad programming might mean that these vehicles actually cause crashes.

Who would cover the costs if a self-driving vehicle hurts you?

This question is no longer simply a rhetorical one. Tesla recently announced a recall and incoming software patch for some of its cars and SUVs. The self-driving program integrated into these vehicles has a serious issue.

Specifically, it does not always bring a vehicle to a complete stop at an intersection and may instead roll through stop signs. The problem with this approach is obvious. Vehicles have to stop when traffic signs or lights instruct them to do so. Failing to stop might mean that the driver is held responsible for any crash that results.

The insurance of the driver who let the vehicle take over their travels will cover the costs someone experiences in a crash like that. However, in some cases, like a crash caused by faulty software, the manufacturer themselves may have some liability as well.

You don’t know if a driver has automation software or bad driving habits

As someone in another vehicle, you can’t tell from a quick glance whether the person with their hands off of their steering wheel is irresponsibly texting while driving or making use of a self-driving system in their vehicle.

Drivers can potentially protect themselves from these rolling stop crashes by erring on the side of caution if they see someone with their hands off the wheel. Waiting a few extra seconds before proceeding through an intersection might save you from getting into a motor vehicle collision caused by a self-driving vehicle with faulty software.