December 5, 2022

garter snake sits among pine needles and studies me - thicksons woods - whitby

Bob and I went to Thickson’s Woods Nature Reserve, in Whitby, Ontario, one spring, to check on the growth of the Great Horned Owl chicks, but we were treated to wildlife observations of quite a different kind.  As Ontario’s spring weather finally started to include warmer days, it was no surprise to discover a number of Eastern Garter Snakes taking advantage of the warmth where direct sunlight penetrated to the forest floor.

garter snake in leaves - thicksons woods - whitby

Bob and I were patrolling the various trails in the woods, trying to pinpoint the chosen perch of the Great Horned Owl male, as well as looking for one of the several Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers that have been sighted there in the past week.  Suddenly, I caught a glimpse of quick movement at my feet.

garter snake coiled up in leaves - thicksons woods - whitby

Eventually, we lost sight of the reptile, but not before Bob spotted another, smaller Garter Snake, coiled up amongst the leaf litter.

garter snake nest in rotten tree trunk - thicksons woods - whitby

It was at about that time that another bird watcher happened by, one familiar with the forest so probably a local resident, and he pointed out the fact that there were several more Eastern Garter Snakes on the opposite side of the trail from where we stood.  It became obvious to us that, there, beneath an old rotten tree stump, the Garter Snakes had a den.

garter snake entrance to its hole - thicksons woods - whitby

We could see the well-worn entrance into the hibernaculum, and three Garter Snakes were in the immediate vicinity of the golf-ball sized opening.  Snakes usually bask in the sun somewhere that provides a quick escape.  These ones also might have recently emerged from hibernation now that winter is finally retreating.

garter snake stops among leaves - thicksons woods - whitby

Now, I am not a person who is overly fond of snakes because, as a little girl, I had a bad experience with a garter snake.  Whilst playing with a ball, it rolled beneath some wooden steps at the side of my parents’ verandah.  Wanting to retrieve the ball, I turned my head sideways in order to fit it between the two steps, and there in the cool shadows was a Garter Snake staring back at me.  I panicked, being only a few years old, and didn’t figure out that, in  order to get my head back between the steps, I had to turn it sideways again.  I was trapped…and screaming like a banshee.  Of course, no harm came to me; my mother came running to my aid, but that created in me a deep-seated fear of snakes from that day onwards.

garter snake in world of leaves checks me out - thicksons woods - whitby

I guess I have tamed my fear somewhat because, there at Thickson’s Woods, I was quite intrigued by the bold yellow colours of the Garter Snake’s scales, and the fact that it seemed as curious about me as I did about it.

garter snake shows its complete red tongue - thicksons woods - whitby

garter snake sticks out its tongue - thicksons woods - whitby

Like the two other snakes that had already slithered into the shadows beneath the dry leaves, this larger one decided to move off in search of cover.  The slight breeze carried Bob’s and my scent on the air, and the Garter Snake sampled it by flicking its rich red tongue in and out.

garter snake moves among leaves at nest - thicksons woods - whitby

In this photo, the Garter Snake’s bright yellow stripes, usually three, stand out against the dark body.  A checkerboard pattern of dark spots occurs between the yellow stripes.

garter snake checks me out - thicksons woods - whitby

Garter Snakes can grow to be four feet long.  They are carnivorous creatures, and will eat almost anything that they can overpower…slugs, earthworms, lizards, amphibians, ants, frogs eggs, toads and rodents.  They swallow their prey whole.

garter snake behind an oak leaf - thicksons woods - whitby

Because Garter Snakes are cold-blooded animals, they bask in warm sunshine to raise their body temperatures, as well as to help them digest their food.

garter snake - beautiful color of eye - thicksons woods - whitby

A keen eye was required to pick this Garter Snake out amongst the pine needles and twigs.  Even knowing exactly where it lay, Bob and I kept losing track of it whenever we looked away for even a second.  Through the camera lens, it was almost impossible to locate.

garter snake sticks out its tongue from behind oak leaf - thicksons woods - whitby

Much patience was required to capture this image of the Garter Snake flicking its tongue.  The snake thought itself well hidden from view but could still smell our presence or sense our movements through vibrations in the earth.

garter snake retracks its tongue - thicksons woods - whitby

As the Garter Snake retracted its tongue, the transparency of the forked ends rendered them virtually imperceptible.

garter snake - but where is it in the leaves - thicksons woods - whitby

Bob and I wandered away from the known Garter Snake den confident that the Garter Snakes would elude the keen eye of the Great Horned Owl.  It was nowhere to be seen that afternoon, but as the days become warmer still, and the snakes more active, one of them might succumb to the talons of the owl as it struggles to feed itself, its mate and the two owlets in the nest.

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A Yellow-backed Spiny Lizard at the Grand Canyon

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great horned owl nest with mother and two chicks - thicksons woods

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A Barred Owl we sighted at Thickson’s Woods

Frame To Frame – Bob and Jean

9 thoughts on “Eastern Garter Snakes in Whitby’s Thickson’s Woods

  1. Garter snakes will hibernate in huge numbers in Manitoba. In fact, it is the largest concentration of hibernating reptiles in the world. They are a favorite prey for wading birds. So what wading birds do you have around there? The San Francisco garter snake has been listed as an endangered species, because the loss of wetlands in San Francisco Bay.

  2. I always look forward to your postings.Your patience is amazing to capture the shots you do.I have watched each of the videos times over.I have learnt so much about the Garter Snake.Thanks.

    1. Thanks, Hazel. I’m glad that we are able to impart at least some knowledge to our readers. I learn a bit with each blog story, too, even if it is only about myself.

    1. Thanks, Bonnie. It did take some patience, but the real challenge was in holding the camera still for long periods of time. I was determined to catch the tongue as it sampled the air.

  3. Have you heard any up-dates on whether the second chick that was pushed/fell out of the nest has survived? He was put back in a tree twice apparently by humans, but as of Saturday when I was there it apparently hadn’t been spotted in over a day, nor had one of its parents who had been continuing to feed it. I’m hoping that means the missing chick and it’s missing parent are still together somewhere.

    1. My goodness. We hadn’t heard the news. How sad. We will likely head out to the woods sometime over the next few days, and if we learn anything new, will update you. Thanks for keeping us in the loop.

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She called her “Cousin.”

And she said it a lot.

Savannah adored the time with Hannah, her 14 year-old cousin visiting from South Carolina. They swam, they jumped on the trampoline, they played chase around the kitchen.

Savannah called to her cousin with such love, such longing – and she does the same thing with other people in her life.

Our new neighbor is “Neighbor.”

“Hi Neighbor! Do you want to come over and play?”

Her gymnastics teacher is “Coach.”

“I can do it by myself, Coach!”

The terms coming out of a three-year-old are endearing. Adorable. Cute.

Although even all grown up I love it when Brian introduces me as “My bride” or calls me “My love.”

It made me wonder – what if I did the same thing? Addressed people solely based on their relationship to me?

Friend, professional hair fixer, acquaintance, pain in my tushie…

God does it. Not the pain in the tushie part, but calls us by our role in his eyes.

Apple of my eye

So that’s my random thought for the day, friends. You are his beloved, his treasure. Defined by love. He’s calling you.

My son!

My daughter!

Rest in your name on his lips, your meaning to his heart.

You are his.

I filmed him. Added some goofy commentary. We laughed harder (see the 20 second video Here).

That little mouse tried to pull that ball through for a good 30 minutes, convinced that either the size of the ball or the solidity of the fireplace would eventually give.

It didn’t.

I kept laughing, Brian laughed, Hannah laughed. And eventually we went to bed, promising to buy a mouse trap in the morning.

This morning I woke up and the ball was gone. Gone. That little mouse figured it out. I have no idea how, no idea when, but while we were laughing at his foolishness, he was figuring it out. Darn if that little fighter didn’t make it happen.

I underestimated that critter.

And he taught me something.

Never give up.

You just might find a way.

No matter what big humans might be laughing at your efforts.


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We work on quantum information and its interplay with other branches of computer science, mathematics, and theoretical physics.

In our research we are particularly interested in exploring the implications of quantum mechanics on the theory of computing, by designing new algorithms and protocols for quantum computers and obtaining fundamental insight into their computational complexity. Quantum computers do not simply compute faster, but they operate unlike any ordinary “classical” computer – this requires completely new ideas.

In addition, we investigate interdisciplinary applications of quantum information to problems in other areas of computer science, mathematics, and theoretical physics. Quantum information often suggests new perspectives and innovative approaches. For example, tensors describe not only abstract quantum information, but also high-dimensional “big data” in statistics or machine learning, complexity classes in theoretical computer science, and the state of quantum materials or even space-time itself. In our research we apply ideas from quantum information to all these areas.

We are part of the CASA Cluster of Excellence, the BMBF consortium project QuBRA, and we are supported by an NWO OC ENW-KLEIN grant Taming tensors. Previously, we were supported by an NWO Veni grant and an NWA Startimpuls project (joint with S. Wehner at QuTech).

Research Directions

  • Quantum Information, Algorithms, Complexity, Software
  • Theoretical Computer Science, Optimization
  • Representation Theory, Invariant Theory, Symplectic Geometry


Tarjaman littafin A’ALIMU DDIN

wallafawa :

fassara: Xahiru Jibril Dukku

nau, i

Book translated into Hausa contains twelve studied at the origins of religion, including the explanation is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of God, and explain the pillars of Islam, faith, polytheism and hypocrisy, Nullifiers, uniformity.

karubuta zuwaga shugaba wannan shafi


Lies and utter nonsense, and Jesus’ healing Truth!

Commentary: All humans must humble themselves before the Living God, for no one is self-made. The person who thinks that he/she is self-made is full of the sin of pride. Every human comes into the world with nothing and cannot take anything out of it. You might say in your heart, “The power and strength of my hands have made this wealth for me. But remember that it is the LORD your God who gives you the power to gain wealth, in order to confirm His covenant that He swore to your fathers even to this day…” -Deuteronomy 8:17-18

A huge Lie: Human life evolved over eons of time; secular theory of evolution. From nothing, everything? Truth: There is NO fossil record to prove evolution! Keep in mind that Intelligent Life was created just as Scriptures declare: Short Video. Consider irreducible complexity

Biggest lie on the planet that must leave people’s thinking: Secular, godless people like their ideology of “separation church from state” which is a LIE from hell. Truth is, it is written: “A just balance or scales are the Lord’s; all the weights of the bag are His work [established on His eternal principles]. It is an abomination [to God and men] for the kings to commit wickedness, for the throne is established and made secure by righteousness- spiritual and moral rectitude in every area and relation.” -Proverbs 16:11, 12 Amplified Bible

Dispelling Mind Debilitating Lies

Lie 1: You have to get a degree from a college in order to be successful in life. Truth: You DO NOT need a college degree in order to be successful. There are lots of success stories everywhere of people who succeed in livelihood without degrees! Knowledge and skills you do need; however, these can be gained separately from college. Consider apprenticeship. Today’s internet offers almost limitless knowledge for DYI, and there are still people who will share their knowledge free of charge. It is written: “For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the LORD, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” -Jeremiah 29:11 Jesus is your best Teacher! He gives you opportunities and resources. Pray and seek His council.

Lie 2. Government can blindly be trusted. Government CANNOT be trusted at all times! Trust must be earned. Not to incite violence by any means; however, the reason for the right to bear arms historically in the Constitution is to protect from tyrannical government- those who betrayed trust. Truth: Good and evil is a reality, and people must be discerning. It is written [Jesus:] “You hypocrites! Isaiah prophesied correctly about you: ‘These people honor me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me. They worship Me in vain; they teach as doctrine the precepts of men.’” -Matthew 15:7-9

Lie 3. You have to be a paid teacher/instructor in order to teach. Truth: You can be a child and teach an adult. Any one person can be a teacher if they actually possess knowledge and skills and transfer them (teach) to another. This is common amongst homeschool children whereby it is common for the older child to teach the younger. What matters most is for a student to have a teachable spirit; meaning, People will learn when they have an open mind and willing to learn.

Lie 4. Life is not good without lots of money or material wealth. Truth: It is with contentment, godliness, and thankfulness that brings good life. Working with creative mind and hands while serving others give back incredible satisfaction each day! Money, created out of thin air, by evil secret society (Illuminati/Freemasons) is merely a bribe to manipulate humans to perform with their minds and talents their hidden agenda (subservience.) Not every culture in the past had a monetary system. e.g. Native American Indians/Indigenous People. Also, people are more than fulfilled when they learn contentment and godliness. “Those who want to get rich fall into temptation and a trap and into many foolish and harmful desires that plunge people into ruin and destruction.” -1 Timothy 6:9

Lie 5. Money is more valuable than faith. Truth: REALITY CHECK: Money is not naturally found on planet earth.  It is a devise/creation of carnal men… but for which purpose- slavery, or as a medium of exchange? “These [various trials] have come so that the proven genuineness of your faith—of greater worth than gold, which perishes even though refined by fire—may result in praise, glory and honor when Jesus Christ is revealed.” -1 Peter 1:7

Holy Nation is God’s story


Juhani Räisänen

composer, poet, artist

Kuva: Juhani Räisänen

I am a composer, poet and artist from Helsinki. I have long been fascinated with building electronic musical instruments. The possibilities offered by new technology in particular, such as sensors and touch screens, have captivated my musical imagination. In 2011, I completed my doctoral thesis  on this subject at the Aalto University.

My new instrument is called Zorm, and I intend to focus on developing and improving it at the Saari Residence. I will try, for example, to use my own poems as part of the soundscape of the instrument. Zorm has a lot in common with the Sormina instrument I developed for my doctoral thesis; in a way, it’s an improved version of it. Its features include cordlessness and the use of audio synthesis methods for creating the sound. Its appearance has changed completely.

I have already performed with the Zorm on a few occasions, both in the context of a performance and as a member of a group for classical music.


If you’ve ever been working in Photoshop and noticed a message pop up reading ‘Pixel aspect ratio correction is for preview purposes only. Turn it off for maximum image quality’, then, like many people, you may be wondering what ‘pixel aspect ratio’ means.

The definition is fairly intuitive- in the same way that the aspect ratio of an image gives the relationship between its length and height, the pixel aspect ratio is simply a measure of the ratio between a pixel’s length and height. For example, a pixel aspect ratio of 1:1 means that the pixels in an image are square shaped, whereas a ratio of 2:1 would mean that the length of each pixel is double the height.

In this article, we’ll look at pixel aspect ratios in more depth and discuss the solutions to potential related problems that may arise.

What Does the Pixel Aspect Ratio Measure?

In short, the pixel aspect ratio is a numerical comparison between the two dimensions of a pixel- its height and width. Pixels are essentially the little units that make up a whole image. Each pixel takes on a different color or tone to build up an image. Depending on the resolution, an image can be made up of any number of pixels. In general, an image containing a greater number of pixels will appear to have a higher quality than an image composed of less pixels.

The most common pixel aspect ratio you will encounter is 1:1. This means that the pixels that make up an image are all squares. A ratio of 3:2, 2:1, or any value other than 1:1 is given to any visual material that is made up of irregularly shaped (rectangular) pixels. You can still have a square-shaped image that is made up of rectangular pixels. Similarly, images don’t have to be square-shaped to have a pixel aspect ratio of 1:1.

In general, all still images have a pixel aspect ratio of 1:1,

Why Do Pixel Aspect Ratios Vary?

The first thing you might be wondering is why different pixel aspect ratios exist. All images are composed of square pixels, right? Surely this would mean that the pixel aspect ratio in any image should be 1:1?

Whilst this is partially correct, remember that the property isn’t limited to images captured in a still format. Some video-based file formats use pixels that aren’t square shaped, meaning that the pixel aspect ratio isn’t always 1:1.

What Happens if the Pixel Aspect Ratio is Set Incorrectly?

The imaging element on most monitors operates on a square matrix. For this reason, if a value other than 1:1 is selected, then Photoshop will likely present your image in a distorted manner. If the display of your document is abnormal in this way, then the pixel aspect ratio settings might be the root of the problem.

Luckily, there’s a quick solution to the issue. All you need to do is change the pixel aspect ratio back to 1:1. Simply head to the bar along the top of the screen and select View > Pixel Aspect Ratio > Square.

You should hopefully notice that now that the traditional pixel aspect ratio has been selected, the image dimensions are no longer distorted and the display has returned to normal!

Here are some of my favorite Photoshop tools:

Thank you for reading this article. I hope you found it helpful as you’re using Adobe Photoshop. Here are some tools that I use daily while retouching or editing that made my life easier. I hope you’ll also find them as useful as me. These are affiliate links, so if you do decide to purchase any of them, I’ll earn a commission.

Tablet: I remember purchasing my first tablet back in 2011. It was the smallest Wacom available at that time, I think it was an A5 format. Tablets make a huge difference with Photoshop and I can’t work without one nowadays. I recently switched to the amazing Xencelabs Medium Bundle and I just love it.

Quick Fixes: Whenever I need to edit pictures quickly, I use the AI-powered Luminar photo editing tool.

Content Creator Essentials: If you’re taking pictures, video footage, or any other types of media, I recommend you the Samsung T5 external SSD to safely backup and transport your files. Regarding my working station, since I’m always moving from one place to another, I’m using the ASUS ZenBook Pro Duo 15. Its second screen comes in really handy when working on Photoshop.

About the Author Betchphoto


Section Code: 0022 - 0031

Child Protection Act of 2546 (2003)

Chapter 2: Treatment of the Child

Article 22

Treatment of the Child in any case shall give primary importance to the best interests of the child and any discrimination of an unfair nature shall not be allowed.

In determining if an act is in the best interests of or unfairly discriminatory to the child, guidelines stipulated in the ministerial regulations shall be applied.

Article 23

Guardians must take care, exhort and develop a child under their guardianship in manners appropriate to local traditions, customs and culture but which in any case must not be below the minimum standards as stipulated in the ministerial regulations. They shall also safeguard the child under care against potentially harmful circumstances, whether physical or mental.

Article 24

Permanent Secretaries, provincial governors, district chiefs, assistant district officers as head of sub-districts or administrative heads of local administration organizations have the duty to protect the safety of children living in the areas under their jurisdiction, regardless of whether or not they have parents or guardians, and also have the authority and duty to supervise and inspect nurseries, remand homes, welfare centres, safety protection centres, development and rehabilitation centres and observation centres falling under their jurisdiction. Findings of the inspections shall be reported to the Bangkok Metropolis Child Protection Committee or the Provincial Child Protection Committee, depending on the case. They shall also have the same authority and duties as those of competent officials according to this Act.

Article 25

Guardians of a child are forbidden to act as follows:

  1. Abandon a child at a nursery or health care facility, or with a person employed to look after the child, or at a public place or any other place, with the intention of not taking him or her back;
  2. Neglect a child at any place without arranging for appropriate safety protection or care;
  3. Deliberately or neglectfully withhold from a child things that are necessary for sustaining the child's life or health, to an extent which seems likely to cause physical or mental harm to the child;
  4. Treat a child in ways or manners which hinder his or her growth or development;
  5. Treat a child in ways or manners which constitute unlawful caring.

Article 26

Under the provisions of other laws, regardless of a child's consent, a person is forbidden to act as follows:

  1. Commit or omit acts which result in torturing a child's body or mind;
  2. Intentionally or neglectfully withhold things that are necessary for sustaining the life or health of a child under guardianship, to the extent which would be likely to cause physical or mental harm to the child;
  3. Force, threaten, induce, encourage or allow a child to adopt behaviour and manners which are inappropriate or likely to be the cause of wrongdoing;
  4. Advertise by means of the media or use any other means of information dissemination to receive or give away a child to any person who is not related to the child, save where such action is sanctioned by the State;
  5. Force, threaten, induce, encourage, consent to, or act in any other way that results in a child becoming a beggar, living on the street, or use a child as an instrument for begging or committing crimes, or act in any way that results in the exploitation of a child;
  6. Use, employ or ask a child to work or act in such a way that might be physically or mentally harmful to the child, affect the child's growth or hinder the child's development;
  7. Force, threaten, use, induce, instigate, encourage, or allow a child to play sports or commit any acts indicative of commercial exploitation in a manner which hinders the child's growth and development or constitutes an act of torture against the child;
  8. Use or allow a child to gamble in any form or enter into a gambling place, brothel, or other place where children are not allowed;
  9. Force, threaten, use, induce, instigate, encourage or allow a child to perform or act in a pornographic manner, regardless of whether the intention is to obtain remuneration or anything else;
  10. Sell, exchange or give away liquor or cigarettes to a child, other than for medical purposes.

If the offences under paragraph one carry heavier penalties under other law, penalties under such law shall be imposed.

Article 27

It is forbidden for anyone to advertise or disseminate by means of the media or any other kind of information technology any information on a child or the child’s guardian, with the intention of causing damage to the mind, reputation, prestige or any other interests of the child or seeking benefit for oneself or others in an unlawful manner.

Article 28

In those cases where a child's guardian is not in a state to take care, raise, discipline and develop the child, regardless of the reason, or a child's guardian acts in a manner which is likely to be harmful to the child's safety or obstructive to his or her growth or development, or provides unlawful care; or for any other compelling reason for the benefit of assisting or protecting the child against harm, a competent official must undertake to provide assistance and protection to the child according to this Act.

Article 29

Upon finding a child in circumstances which warrant welfare assistance or safety protection as stipulated under Chapters 3 and 4, a person shall provide basic assistance and notify a competent official, administrative official or police officer or person having the duty to protect a child's safety according to Article 24 without delay.

A physician, nurse, psychologist or public health official admitting a child for treatment; teacher, instructor or employer having the duty to take care of a child who is his or her student or employee, shall report immediately to a competent official or person having duty to protect a child's safety according to Article 24, or administrative official or police officer if it is apparent or suspected that the child has been tortured or is sick due to unlawful care.

Persons notifying or reporting in good faith under this Article shall receive appropriate protection and shall not be held liable for any civil, criminal or administrative action arising therefrom.

Article 30

For the benefit of implementation in pursuance of this Act, a competent official according to Chapters 3 and 4, shall have the authority and duties as follows:

  1. To enter homes, any establishments or vehicles, during the period from the rising to the setting of the sun, for the purpose of searching, in those cases where there is reason to suspect that an act of torture, detention or unlawful care has been committed against a child. However, in the case where there is reason to believe that if action is not taken immediately, a child may be harmed mentally or physically or be taken to another place which would make it difficult to trace and rescue such child, a competent official may have the power to enter such places after the setting of the sun;
  2. To question a child when there is reason to suspect that the child is in need of welfare assistance or safety protection. If necessary, in order that welfare assistance and protection of safety may be better provided or arranged, the child may be brought to the office of the competent official to obtain information about the child and his family, including any person the child is living with. In this regard, such action must be taken without undue delay, but, in any case, the child may not be detained for more than hours. When such a period of time has elapsed, the provisions under clause (6) shall apply. During the time that the child remains in custody, he or she shall be provided for and, if ill, receive medical care;
  3. To issue a letter summoning a child's guardian or any other persons to testify or give statements on the living conditions, behaviour, health and relationships within the family of the child;
  4. To issue a written order to a child's guardian, employer or business operator, owner or possessor of a place where the child works or used to work, live or used to live, owner or possessor or keeper of a place at which the child is studying or used to study, or to the person in charge of protecting the child's safety, to submit documents or evidence regarding the child's living conditions, education, employment or behaviour;
  5. To enter the residence of a child's guardian, place of business of the child's employer, the child's place of education or the place with which the child is concerned or connected, within the period from dawn to dusk to interview persons living in such places and gather information or evidence concerning the child's living conditions, relationship within the child's family, care provided, and character and behaviour of the child;
  6. To restore a child to his or her guardian with recommendations or warning given to the guardian to take care and bring up the child in the right manner to enable the child to develop properly;
  7. On request, to prepare a report on a child for submission to the relevant persons or authorities in those cases where the child is being sent to a remand home or other concerned institute or agency.

A child under care of a competent official shall be properly provided for and received suitable education, and prior to sending the child to a nursery, remand home, welfare centre, safety protection centre or development and rehabilitation centre, experts in the fields of social welfare and medicine shall be consulted to the extent possible.

To carry out duties in pursuance of clauses (1), (2) and (5), a competent official shall present his identification card to the persons concerned and the persons concerned shall accord facilitations as appropriate.

The competent official's identification card shall be in conformity with the form stipulated by the Minister as published in the Government Gazette.

Article 31

In the performance of duties under this Act, the competent officials shall be officials under the Penal Code.


Feeling tired all the time? Consider this

Feeling tired all the time? Consider this

Feeling exhausted? There are many reasons why you might feel so tired. Sometimes, it's due to your habits or your sleep environment. Other times, fatigue points to a more serious underlying health problem. If you suspect your fatigue is due to a medical issue, contact your primary care physician right away.

In this blog, we take a closer look at feelings of fatigue and what you can do to prevent them.

Your sleep environment.

There are many things in your environment that can make it hard for you to rest easy. Maybe the temperature in your room is too hot. Most experts recommend setting the thermostat in your bedroom between 60-67 degrees.

It could also be that it's too bright in your room and you need some darkening curtains. Maybe your sleep environment has reminders of things that cause you anxiety or stress, like your to-do list from work or printed-out emails. It could also be that your mattress and/or pillow need to be replaced. There are multiple things to consider when deciding whether something in your sleep environment needs to be adjusted.

Consider your routine.

Maybe your sleep environment is conducive for a good night's rest, but something else is going on. Sometimes your routine could be throwing things off. If you're looking at your smartphone or laptop within 30 minutes or less of going to bed, it could affect your sleep. Eating too close to bedtime, especially fatty or high acid foods, can also make it harder to sleep. You might even be going to bed too late. Maybe you're trying to squeeze in some more time or you're just trying to unwind before bed. Every choice you make that's close to bedtime affects how well you sleep.

Put it all together.

There are many reasons you may be feeling exhausted. You may be able to quickly identify the culprit by thinking about your routine or your sleep environment. It may also take a little more digging. Maybe you need to speak with a physician, look at a new mattress, or start making some adjustments in your routine to see what works well for you. No matter what is causing the lack of sleep, it's important to identify the root so you can make changes to improve your shuteye (and your overall wellness).

If you're in need of a new mattress, please come into see us Mattress Dealzz. We want to help you achieve better rest!

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  • Jeremiah Stettler


28 10 Life Path: 8 Discoveries

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Life Path 28: Discovering Your Road To Success

Life path 28/10 IN THE POSITIVE These people serve as authorities on life path 28/10; they can be teachers, authorities, and role models.

  • This role model can be found in many forms such as parents, family, peers, and other teachers and role models.
  • Life path leaders are those who have found the true path to happiness and fulfillment.
  • They are not limited to any one path but can choose multiple life paths. Sometimes this happens accidentally and other times it is a result of personal development or experience.

Life path 28/10 IN THE POSITIVE These life path leaders are not aware that they are choosing a different life path, even though at first glance their path may appear to be similar.

This is because their path has not been fully walked on yet and until they fully experience the various trials and tribulations of this journey, they cannot fully decide if it is the right path for them.

Life path 28/10 IN THE POSITIVE These life path leaders are aware that they have not fully lived up to their potential, but that doesn’t mean they have to stay stuck in a rut.

They have discovered their true purpose and they are determined to fulfill it.

See also  Are Life Path 2 and 3 Compatible? ( 10 Things )

By choosing wisely they can excel in their chosen profession and achieve great success.

The key is to understand that there will always be challenges along the way, but that it is how you deal with these challenges that will make you grow and become the person that you were meant to be.

One of the main ingredients for success is accepting and fully believing in themselves, their gifts, talents, and abilities, and then taking advantage of what they have to offer.

Life path 28/10 IN THE POSITIVE These leaders also lead by example. They don’t just talk the talk; they walk the walk.

They are able to influence people positively by setting an example for them to follow.

As leaders, they set a good example for their followers.

When they make wise decisions, positive plans for their future, and wise investments, they leave a positive mark on their followers.

They inspire confidence, and when others hear about them, they help them develop and grow personally, professionally, and spiritually.

Life path 28/10 IN THE POSITIVE These leaders set the bar high for others to follow.

They inspire greatness in others, and because of that, others are willing to bend and change to achieve the same level of success.

They don’t just talk the talk; they walk the walk. They are able to influence people positively, and because of that, others are willing to change and reach the same level of success.

Meaning of 1 and 8 Energy Contributes to Psychic Development

The meaning of 1 and 8 energies in relation to psychic development has a lot to do with the need to balance one’s self from within, this allows for freedom from any kind of emotional or physical energy stagnation.

When you get stuck in the energy you are in you have the tendency to hold onto that energy.

The meaning of 1 and 8 energies contribute to psychic development by letting us know that our psychic abilities can not only help us to achieve success in our lives but also help to improve the quality of other areas of our lives.

For example, if we are trying to attract money and wealth into our lives, it would be wise for us to keep a balance between the energy of the yin and the yang in our lives.

And this balancing act is often very difficult to do when there is too much of one or the other. So one way to accomplish this balancing act is to learn to control our emotions.

By learning to control our emotions we also can learn to control our wealth and abundance magnetism as well.

This brings us to the meaning of 1 and 8 energies contribute to psychic development by helping us to release the fears that keep us bound to our limitations.

We must first realize that we are only limited by what we think. And the most powerful force on this earth is the energy that lies within ourselves.

What Is The Powerful Creativity Of 28/10s?

The creative energy of 28/10s is also accompanied by equally strong insecurities.

See also  Life Path Number 15: Responsibility and Karmic Debt

These insecurities originate from the fact that many of us have a natural tendency to focus on our birth numbers or some other significant moment in our lives when we were born.

We often become so sensitive and focused on these events that we can suffer from a variety of health, emotional, mental or spiritual problems as a result.

This is called the “birth number” problem. It is very important to learn how to release this energy through relaxation, meditation and imagination.

The creative energy of 28/10s also includes anger toward those events that occurred at birth.

People who are born in the month of December are particularly sensitive about this time of year because of the major historical events which usually occur at this time.

In addition, many people with this creative energy also tend to have anger toward other things, such as their friends and other people.

When these people sit down to try to think about their birth numbers or any other significant event from their past, they can feel incredibly uncomfortable because they are constantly reminded of what they are angry about.

This uncomfortable energy can be controlled somewhat if one just pays attention to the situation and decides not to focus on it too long.

For example, if someone is in a room with people who are talking about their birth dates, the person may decide not to pay attention to what they are talking about until everyone has gone about their business.

However, focusing on something for too long can cause the creative energy of the 28/10s to begin to subside and allow insecurities to become more dominant.

See also  When a Taurus Man Goes Quiet

The power of the insecurities can also cause an individual’s energy to become blocked due to the blockage occurring in their life path.

It will then be necessary to recognize the problem, move through it, and then restore the creative energy.

28/10’s Power Of Subconscious Resonance For You And Your Life Purpose

It is amazing that so many 28/10s have in fact created a life purpose that is so similar to the inner desires and creative energy of a true psychic.

A real psychic cannot simply be an “inner sight seeker” with no interest in the world around them, nor in creating any kind of life meaning.

Nor can they simply be motivated by getting their fortune or amassing wealth or power.

A real psychic has a genuine desire to help others solve problems, achieve personal development, and discover their life purpose.

This is a desire that resonates within everyone, regardless of their current spiritual level, or birth numbers.

When people begin having unconscious communication with psychic guides and experienced intuitive readers, often they begin to share their personal, inner experiences with each other.

It is not unusual for people with very different birth numbers, but who are also deeply committed to following a good life path, to begin to experience things that are similar in their communications with one another.

Often they have much the same frustrations, challenges, and joys as well.

And when they are willing to let go of old resentments, anger toward someone else, old bad habits, guilt and shame that have been carrying over from childhood or from their earlier life experiences that are holding them back, it is very possible for them to put aside many years of accumulated resentment and pain.

It is often difficult for people to let go of past hurts, resentments, anger toward someone else, and past thoughts and memories that are somehow “hidden”.

However, once someone begins to release and dissolve all of these “secret past lives”, they begin to find that they have more creative energies, greater health, clearer visions, and a deeper sense of peace and harmony.

This does not mean that they never remember things, but that they no longer hold onto old resentments and “secret past life” memories that are not serving their current life purpose.

28/10 Secret To Being Aware Of Your Life Path And The Law Of Attraction

Here are the basics of The 28/10 life path. These are called the Laws of Attraction. One of the first steps in activating your laws of attraction and manifesting your desires is to learn how to tune in to your higher consciousness. If you haven’t already, start doing some soul searching. Your guide on this journey is called your Higher Power or your Guide.

2810 life path are here to work through issues combining material success

One thing we know for sure is that all numbers have an influence on us but the number that attracts the most positive attention is the Number One.

That’s why the Law of Attraction says you must use the number one life path to achieve success and bring your dreams into your reality. That is the law of attraction working in the direction of fulfillment for you.

Problems attracting the negative vibrations. This takes work like any other learning experience. When you get good at it, that is when you can relax a little and go with the flow.

The Law of Attraction can work with anyone provided you have developed the strength and courage to be open and flexible to receive and become aware of the messages from your heart, mind, and soul.

That is what being a human is really about, grounded on a life of love and faith in a higher power that cares for you and provides for you what you need.

This is true for those on the 28/10 life path are here to work through issues combining material success with the inner gifts of sensitivity, strength, expression, and refined intuition, using their creative energy and intuition to guide with authority and when they overcome their problems attracting the positive vibrations.

When they do this they will be pleased and inspired, filled with happiness.

Do 28/10s Feel Personal Secure and Are They Willing to Claim Their Authority?

Most people on the 28/10s feel personally secure and are willing to claim their own authority over their life’s journey.

This is because they have started to recognize the fact that each of their birth numbers has a special life meaning.

It is this connection to their inner gifts or talents that they are able to build a life that is inspired and filled with meaningfulness.

In doing so, this energy also transfers into their personal relationships and they feel emotionally fulfilled as they help others to do the same.

They sense an increased sense of “belongingness” and “connectedness”, which, in turn, inspires and energizes them to want to help others achieve the same level of success they experienced in their own lives.

2810s feel personally secure and are willing to claim their own authority

However, when someone on the 28/10s feels “invisible” or “eless”, this creative energy becomes stagnant and unyielding.

This is often the result of low self-esteem or a deep-seated inferiority complex.

Low self-esteem and inferiority complexes are rooted in our biological make-up and our cultural history, which are based on our survival gene’s.

Therefore, it follows that if you develop an inferiority complex based on your birth numbers, it can manifest in many ways such as a deep-seated need to blame others for your plight or inability to accept constructive criticism, blame others for the things in your life that are not good, and so on.

Low self-esteem often makes a person either less productive or more ineffective at work because they are unable to put their best ideas forward and are unwilling to change themselves to be successful.

Most 28/10s Find Rewarding Work In The Field Of Healing

Most of our brothers and sisters (and even our parents) think that it’s all a waste of time to look for a better life, a better job, or a better job in the future when they find most opportunities for earning good money in the dead end of the working world.

The majority of our brothers and sisters find happiness and fulfillment with their work, with their lives as they are presently living, and with what they do best in this life.

So how can one who wants to make good money get rich quick? Most 28/10s find fulfilling work in the area of healing or in a business which allows them to use their creative energies to benefit others and to give of themselves to others.

To discover your own life purpose, you must use your intuition and follow-through with passion.

You have to feel what’s going on within you, with whom you are interacting, and in your environment.

Your intuition is very powerful and guides you in your personal development and personal growth.

You have to remember that you were born at a time when the world was creating and unfolding its creative energy on the ground floor level – you are the energy that is being created and unfolding right now! Your life purpose is to release, transform, and integrate your creative energy into your life experience. It’s your birth numbers.

Most 28/10s find fulfilling work in the field of healing or in a business that allows them to use their creative energy to benefit others and to give of themselves to others.

Your birth numbers are: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Theta.

You have to work out your patterns of relating to these birth numbers in order to reach your destiny.

Once you have reached your destiny, you can use your own inner gifts and talents to enrich the lives of others. This is what it means to be a successful, happy, productive, dynamic, exciting, loving, giving and passionate individual.

28/10 Possess Energy Healing Hands and Sensitive Intuition

Many people believe that the 28/10s have very sensitive and powerful sexual centers

This is because the entire personality structure of the 28/10s has its own individual birth numbers and the sexual energies of each member of this family are very well focused and directed.

A Major Issue For 28/10s Is Uncontained Emotional Feelings

Uncontained anger or unexpressed rage is a major health concern for the whole population of today.

Uncontained anger leads to major health problems and major psychological disorders like heart disease, stroke, depression and anxiety.

A major issue for people with anger problems is the inability to express their anger in a constructive way.

The first step to solving a problem of anger is to know what it is.

It may be an unfinished situation at home or work. It may be perceived injustice or some bad communication by a superior or an authoritative figure.

Whatever the cause, anger is definitely a problem. When people cannot express their negative emotions, they internalize the anger.

They turn it into a “hidden” issue and refuse to acknowledge it or seek help for it.

This becomes a major health issue because by not accepting anger as a valid issue, we are refusing our patients’ ability to deal with issues that can destroy their health.

The first step to solving any major problem is to be aware of the cause. A major problem is only minor when you face it alone. If you are able to admit your part in the problem, then the problem is already half-solved. You should start your new relationship with yourself by forgiving yourself and everyone who contributed to your current state of Anger Joy.

The 28/10 On The Negative Side

The 28/10s also helps to refine the instincts and stimulate a healthy appetite. The cycles represent a perfect time for learning new skills and learning how to adapt your personality and behavior to fit into your new environment.

This period of growth affirms our inner creative powers and that helps to make us more attractive to others.

It also enables you to express your true feelings and passions without fear of rejection. The growth cycle affirms that we have control over our lives and that we are responsible for the level of our life purpose.

The birth chart is considered a powerful tool to help people in their quest for personal development.

There are a series of challenges that afflict the 28/10s: they struggle with identity issues and their relationships, they experience insecurity, they are overwhelmed by stress and seek guidance and protection from authority figures.

In order to overcome insecurity and create successful relationships, the 28/10s needs to identify their needs and act in accordance.

The birth chart is a symbol of purpose and influence and those on the lower two levels of the spiral are often distracted by the authority figures or the burdens placed upon them by these figures.

The monthly cycle also has an effect on the individual’s ability to control their anger toward authority figures.

Those on the higher levels of the spiral tend to act without thinking and their anger toward others reflects this lack of control.

Because they don’t understand the underlying power within them, the 28/10s often fail to face their problems and remain angry toward everyone and everything.

28/10 In Relation Towards Physical Fitness

All life path 28/10s thrive on exercise once they get in shape exercise will improve the all life path by improving the self-image and confidence of an individual.

28/10s Learn to See Their Body As a Channel of Energy

28/10 Health Issues Appear Primarily in the Lower Abdomen

The Number 28/10 health issues primarily appear primarily in the abdominal area, specifically the lower colon, which is where the majority of the human immune system is created.

In fact, the immune system is created near the top of the stomach and then flows throughout the body through the kidneys, liver, spleen, small intestine, lungs, heart, small intestines, and finally to the colon where it cleans itself of any foreign matter that might enter the body.

So, it is only logical that a colon issue would show up in the area of the solar plexus, as this is the highest part of the gastrointestinal tract.

And since the solar plexus is located directly below the kidneys, any issue in the digestive system is going to affect the kidneys as well, and therefore, the entire body.

Since the digestive tract is where the vast majority of the immune system is created and then distributed throughout the body, it is important to keep this part of the body healthy.

And the best way to do this is through diet, exercise, supplements, and cleansing.

If there are any health issues, they will likely show up first in the digestive system.

Also, if one has recently gone through extreme stress, detoxification may be necessary, particularly if the issue is a result of consuming toxic chemicals and heavy metals. It is also important to remember that most viral or bacterial infections tend to clear up on their own after a short period of time, so you may not need to seek treatment for a specific problem if it has resolved on its own.

When looking at the various health issues that primarily appear in the lower abdominal region, colitis and inflammatory bowel disease are two that many people suffer from.

While both of these problems are chronic, they are also extremely different from each other, which makes diagnosis and treatment slightly difficult.

The colitis is usually diagnosed by a form of blood test called an EIA, which measures white blood cells.

These cells will produce an abnormal increase in plasma glucose levels.

When looking at inflammatory bowel disease, on the other hand, the diagnosis is made using a form of immunoglobulin test (IgG), which measures antibodies to gluten.

Because these tests only measure antibodies, it can be hard to know whether the symptoms are truly gluten related, and gluten-related symptoms can mimic more serious conditions, such as colitis.

28/10 – Eating Disorders and Energy Illnesses

28/10 is a reflection on the reality of modern lifestyles, where physical, emotional and mental symptoms are often repressed and masked by eating disorders, insomnia and other similar conditions.

It also suggests that we live in an increasingly stressful society, making it even harder to deal with mental and emotional health problems.

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WaterRower: Has the UK’s approach to ‘artistic works’ in copyright changed?

It seems inevitable that UK copyright law will change at some point. There are growing signs that judges are waiting for a case that requires inconsistencies between EU and UK copyright laws to be resolved. Unfortunately, the recent decision in WaterRower v Liking[2022] EWHC 2084 (IPEC) was not that case, despite numerous reports following the ruling that UK copyright law was extended to protect a rowing machine as a ‘work of artistic craftsmanship’ »

The decision, which relates to a de-listing request, did not go so far as to determine whether the rower in question is a work of art and therefore protected by copyright in the UK. Instead, he concludes that it might be possible, but the matter would have to go to trial to be decided. Although this is only an interim ruling, it is interesting and worth reading for any copyright lawyer, as Deputy High Court Judge David Stone provides an analysis of the British position on copyright in artistic works.

The case

The claim concerns alleged infringement of the copyright of the plaintiff’s WaterRower rower by the defendant, Liking Limited (t/a Topiom).

The decision stems from the defendant’s request to strike the claim (or obtain summary judgment) on the ground that the WaterRower cannot be a work of art within the meaning of section 4 of the Law Act 1994 Copyright, Designs and Patents (“CDPA”), where considered under UK or EU copyright law.

The defendant had accepted that if the machine is a work of art, the copyright exists and his machine infringes.

For the WaterRower to be protected as a copyrighted work in the UK, it must fall within one of the categories of copyrighted works defined by law. A work of art is a subcategory of an artistic work.

The water rower

Although this is only a provisional request, it is useful to know a little more about the background and the alleged copyrighted work in order to follow the decision-making process of the judge.

The WaterRower is a rowing machine designed by John Duke between 1985 and 1987. An image of its first iteration is shown below.

Mr. Duke is a former international rower who studied naval architecture. He has also designed and built boats and has a lifelong interest in various forms of wooden arts and crafts. His goal in creating the WaterRower was to recreate the sleek elegance of a Shaker design and create a rowing machine in which the user has “a welcoming emotional connection, as they would with a piece of art or a piece of furniture”.

The WaterRower was recognized as an “iconic design” and even the defendant conceded that the WaterRower is aesthetically pleasing (this is important later).

Cancellation request

The rules of procedure allow the Court to strike out a factum if it “discloses no reasonable grounds for bringing or defending the claim”.

The defendant conceded that the motion to strike and the motion for summary judgment would stand or fall together, and therefore the judge only had to deal with the motion to strike, although the judgment briefly referred to the law on summary judgment.

Arts and crafts

Section 4(1) of the CDPA provides that a “work of art” is a protected artistic work. However, it does not provide any further explanation of what the term actually means and so it fell into case law, with the House of Lords decision in Hensher being accepted as the leading UK case to date.

In Hensher, the five judges unanimously concluded that the object in question was not a work of art, but their reasoning in support of this conclusion was different. It has long been recognized that Hensher is not particularly straightforward, and copyright scholars argue over the true principles that can be drawn from it.

The case of the accused

In summary, the defendant’s case was that the plaintiff had no chance of success at trial and that the claim should be struck.

The defendant’s case under UK law was that, in “every view” of one of Hensher’s judges, the WaterRower would not be considered artistic because its aesthetic appeal is not sufficient. The defendant also argued that the product was not a “craft” product.claiming that the WaterRower was technical with only limited design choice, not requiring the skills of a craftsman.

Regarding the position in EU law, the defendant argued that the WaterRower would clearly fail the tests set out by the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) in Cofemel and Brompton because the only The free choice left to the designer was the choice of wood, which they felt was insufficient to make the WaterRower a work of art.

The judge confirmed that because the defendant’s case was that in “every view” of one of Hensher’s judges, the plaintiff would lose – there was (fortunately) no need for him to distill the decision into a simple definition of what could be considered “artistic”.

He analyzed the different opinions and ultimately felt that he was unable to conclude that the WaterRower was unartistic for three reasons:

  1. Three of the judges in Hensher found that the creator’s intent was at least relevant in determining whether a work was artistic. In WaterRower, there was already evidence that the creator intended the article to be artistic, which the judge considered sufficient to avoid delisting.
  1. The judge did not feel able to affirm at this stage that the WaterRower would not come under the notion of “work of art”. It should be decided by the trial judge on the basis of the evidence before him.

Four of Hensher’s judges noted that it takes more than visual appeal for a work to be artistic without specifying what “more” was. The judge asked if it could be an intention or an acknowledgment by others. Evidence of both elements is present for the WaterRower and therefore the judge cannot conclude that the plaintiff’s case is hopeless.

  1. Lord Simon presents a series of examples of works which he considered to be possibly artistic to Hensher and the judge could not say that the WaterRower was less artistic than these examples.

Accordingly, the defendant’s argument that according to Hensher “in every way” the plaintiff has no real prospect of showing that the WaterRower is artistic was rejected.

Moving on to craftsmanship, the judge again considered Hensher, while acknowledging that any comment on that aspect would be obiter. Either way, he felt that based on the evidence he had, he could not conclude that the WaterRower was not a work of art. Mr. Duke was a craftsman, having studied naval architecture and built boats. He had made a high quality product that was initially handcrafted and continues to be partly handcrafted.

It follows that the defendant’s assertion that the plaintiff has no real possibility of establishing that the WaterRower is a work of art under Hensher has failed.

European copyright law

The defendant’s case under EU law was that the WaterRower would not enjoy copyright protection under the principles set out in Cofemel and Brompton.

In the Cofemel case, the CJEU held that there are two cumulative conditions necessary to establish a work protected by copyright: (i) the existence of an original object; and (ii) the expression of intellectual creation.

In Brompton, the CJEU confirmed that functional forms could in principle be protected by copyright, provided that they are original works.

It is common knowledge that there is an apparent inconsistency between UK and EU law, as the UK has closed categories of copyright protection, one of which requires a work to be artistic in order to qualify. . This discrepancy will have to be resolved at some point. However, the judge concluded that he did not need to do so as part of this application. He had already concluded that the plaintiff had a real prospect of success under Hensher and, in his view, the plaintiff also has a real prospect under the test of these two CJEU decisions. He considered it clear that the WaterRower was original and an expression of Mr. Duke’s intellectual creation.

On the facts before him in WaterRower, the judge did not need to resolve the apparent inconsistency between Cofemel/Brompton and the CDPA. However, if the WaterRower had no aesthetic appeal, perhaps he should have considered it “because Hensher’s Law Lords have said that visual appeal is necessary (but not sufficient), whereas Cofemel says visual appeal cannot be required”.

Finally, the defendant presented an argument based on the fact that the decision in Response Clothing was made in error. In Response Clothing (which was post-Cofemel), HHJ Hacon chose to adopt a different criterion, that established in Bonz, which requires skillful workmanship and aesthetic appeal for a work to be a work of art.

However, since the defendant had admitted that it was cosmetic and the judge had already concluded that the plaintiff had a real prospect of demonstrating at trial that the WaterRower met the requirements of Hensher and Cofemel/Brompton, he felt that it does not matter if the requirements of the different tests are not aligned. He also declined to simply “make a finding” so the case could be appealed for further guidance from the Court of Appeal on the matter.

The defendant’s claim was dismissed on all grounds, as the plaintiff’s case was not “doomed” and should not be struck out. However, the judge was careful to reiterate that he was not concluding that the WaterRower is a work of art – merely confirming that it could be and that it will be up to the judge hearing the trial to determine that in due course. .

This judgment again discusses the inconsistencies between the British and European approach to artistic works, but still provides no answer as to how the English courts intend to deal with them. It seems that until there is a case that, on the facts, actually requires the discrepancies to be addressed, they will remain as they are. These types of cases are likely to be rare and in any event it appears to be such a hotly debated topic that any outcome at first instance will be subject to appeal and we may have to wait several more years to get answers.

First published in Kluwer Copyright Blog, October 2022.

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The TV crew of KOPERNIK, a program for the diffusion of science, came to our centre to know about the projects and research hold by Mona’s Research Unit and Ethological Laboratory.

To watch the documentary at home, you can find the list of local Catalan television that broadcast it on the following link:

We hope you enjoy it!


Supporting employees when they inevitably have kids is one of the best ways to retain them long term.

Our data-driven white paper contains an in-depth review of the impact of paid parental leave and support on retention, tenure, hiring, DEI, productivity, and health spend - and just how it stacks up to other policies, perks, and incentives.


Guwamu project

The Guwamu (also spelled Koamu or Kooma) are an Australian Indigenous group whose traditional territory lay in what is now south-west Queensland. According to Wikipedia they are associated with “the Balonne River starting south of St. George, as far as Angledool, Hebei, and Brenda. Their western terrain extended to Bollon and Nebine CreekDirranbandi also was part of their territory.”

The Guwamu language belongs to the Maric group which stretches north and west throughout most of central Queensland. They share many words in common, such as mari or mardi for ‘person, man’ (hence the name of the group) or gamu ‘water’. Breen (1990) presents the following map of Maric languages on the Barcoo and Thomson Rivers, north-west of Guwamu territory.

In 1955 the late Stephen A. Wurm collected basic materials on the Guwamu language in Goodooga with speaker Willy Willis. Wurm’s materials consist of a set of fieldnotes written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with Hungarian shorthand translations. These notes were hand copied by me in 1976, with English glosses provided by Wurm added by me to the copy. Copies of these notes were lodged at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) in Canberra, Australia.

I have been analysing Wurm’s notes using the Linguist’s  Toolbox computer program to create a database of glossed sentence and a Guwamu-English lexicon – this work has been done over many years, whenever I found time during other duties to add to and check the analysis. I have now expanded the lexicon to include Guwamu vocabulary in the comparative wordlist in Lynette Oates’ Grammar of Muruwari, and identified cognates in that language, as well as neighbouring Bidjara, Margany and Gunya. Other sources on Guwamu, such as Ian Sim’s materials or data collected by Gavan Breen, have not yet been added to the basic data set which derives from Wurm’s data from Willy Willis.

I have created a draft Guwamu-English dictionary organised alphabetically and by semantic fields, plus an English-Guwamu finderlist.

Here is a sample page from the draft Guwamu-English dictionary.

Breen, Gavan. 1990. Salvage Studies of Western Queensland Aboriginal Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.


Philosophy for Renewing Reason – 19

Philosophy for Renewing Reason – 18
Philosophy for Renewing Reason – 20

The pandemic seems to be receding, thankfully, in the UK and this means that we are now left to confront the challenge of re-thinking arrangements and assumptions across a huge range of contentious issues —the ones which have been mercilessly exposed as inadequate and dangerous by the pandemic.

So we are approaching a cusp of history, where the challenges are immense, the dangers of failure to meet them are immense, and the rewards for handling them appropriately, are also immense.  To handle them well will require reasoning of great power and quality. That is the basic raison d’etre behind this series of Blogs.

Necessity, the old adage says, is the Mother of Invention.  Well, today we urgently need an improved “philosophy” in the old-fashioned sense of “worldview”. This is today’s No. 1 NECESSITY. We have reached this pass, unfortunately, after four decades of disarray in philosophy (the post-modern pandemonium) and four decades of sub-standard schooling based on knee-jerk short-term thinking.  Education, the common public service with the longest of long-term goals —to prepare youth mentally for a satisfying kind of adult life— has been operated by a gang of so-called “cognitive scientists”. They were installed by corporate business, and they have taken the ultra-short-term horizons of hectic commerce for granted. They have crammed children with supposedly important information, while grossly neglecting the values, synoptic long-term thinking and reflection needed to digest it properly.

This doesn’t augur well for finding a new convincing worldview.  The kind of exotic profundity-signalling which commonly passes for “philosophy” today is not going to change its stripes.  And what has been most grievously neglected in schooling during the last four decades is precisely the hard synoptic thinking and reflecting which will be needed to float a new valid worldview.

So is everything really hopeless?  Is existential despair the only appropriate, realistic stance we can take… as our flawed modern civilisation sinks slowly below the icy waves like the SS Titanic in 1912?

No, not at all!   Not a bit!

The timely new worldview we need has already arrived. It centres round an extraordinary development.  We have finally escaped from a form of thought-tyranny which has been cramping the human mind for a very long time  —uncritical, unlimited know-towing on the frontiers of epistemology to  —mathematics.

A deeply uncritical kind of quasi-mystic higher mathematic elite has somehow survived even the traumas of post modern chaos.

 This doesn’t mean that ordinary mathematics has lost its value. On the contrary, we have been seriously under-estimating the value of ordinary mathematics, during the dumb irrationality of the post modern pandemonium. Ordinary mathematics has a great part to play in enabling us to see the overall structure of many situations.  Its deficiency only becomes apparent when it is pushed to the limit, and applied to the final frontiers of epistemology.

Unfortunately higher maths is very much a performance subject, and its chief Exemplars, who are the de facto bosses of the mathematic profession, are wedded to an ancient notion (myth) about the meaning of mathematics which was first articulated by Plato. So the subject’s deficiency is, in effect, locked into place.  It is a myth which seems to guarantee the status of the subject and its Exemplars, but which is a discussion-stopper in relation to properly understanding mathematics’ place in the universe.

The huge discovery announced in this series in No. 1 and spelled-out in Nos 3 and 4,  reveals that mathematics is not the “only possible way” really to understand the universe as aa abstract totality. Indeed it is revealed as a relatively awkward way to model the universe, because it is too static, too passive and too timeless by half.  There is no way in which a timeless mathematical narrative can account for the great gift of personal autonomy and freedom we, as human beings, are born with.

Rousseau famously said that we are born free, but are everywhere in chains.  Well, most of the obvious chains have gone, but they have been replaced by unobvious chains, like being poor, being trapped in tedious repetitive jobs, being dependent of alcohol or drugs, being unable to “say it as it is” because intolerant politically correct or woke thought police won’t allow adverse sentiments to be aired in public for fear of upsetting the fragile self-esteem of downtrodden subgroups.

How did we get to here?

It is only since the computer revolution that mathematics has become the tacit, final language of authority in most branches of human activity. The computer has enabled this. But an unwanted collateral side-effect has also happened. The sheer amount of mathematisation which has occurred has become oppressive. Formerly one of the chief virtues of  mathematics was that it provided a source of acceptable authority, because it lacked suggestions of blame, violence or threats of violence. It was intrinsically even handed neutral and impartial. This quality is the hallmark of the kind of ordinary mathematics which has flowered for 2,500 years in The West: it has maximal transparency. Many civilisations have developed their own inimitable ethnographic versions of mathematics.  But the kind of mathematics which had the X-factor —of driving helpful science and technology— is the rigorous, 100% transparent kind which hoves from Classical Greece.

The computer has now magnified the power of such maths a thousandfold, but there has been an inevitable trade-off  —an almost complete loss of the very transparency which introduced the magic. Without transparency, the answers derived from mathematic computer algorithms cannot fail to smack of oppression. Fielding them as such in debate smacks of ‘blackboxing’. Fielding them in personally sensitive software is inexcusable.

At the same time, as a result of the crisis in physics, mathematics has become trapped in a quagmire of conceptual confusion on the frontiers of epistemology.  This is in addition to the loss of its formerly charming transparency when applied to ordinary problem-solving.

So mathematics the much hidden, tacit language of modernity, has fallen under a cloud.

It doesn’t help that modern science has, in effect, driven out the former hopeful, emotive narratives associated with the three Abrahamic religions. They may have been based on myths and unapologetic feeling, but their associated moral codes were a source of civilised order, social stability and accurate appreciation of the sensibilities of youth.  Modern science, alas, has, and can have, no enlightening effect to compensate for this loss.  It has now been computer-mathematicised to the nth degree. It also lacks any kind of overall sense or feeling of purpose, and it is lumbered with a methodology of provisionality and specialised myopia.

Whatever has gone wrong?

Chiefly TINA (the common mantra <<there is no alternative!>>).

This TINA has been the unquestioned dogma of Western civilisation since time immemorial. (The mathematicians have always done their damndest to maintain it in place.)  Mathematics has been, in effect, the default motif of Western culture since the time of Pythagoras.

What are the implications of this argument?
1 Maths education needs to change radically to restore the transparency expectation which was so beneficial and even-handed in the past.  This means that computer code, too, will need to become transparent.  Mathematics needs to be shown in classrooms as a genuine source of light and reason.  This can be done by adopting the Peircean insight that mathematics is the <<science of hypothesis>>. By using it again and again to illuminate the implications of fascinating hypotheses students begin to see it as the hub of enlightenment. It still is a great source of enlightenment, even though a greater enlightenment has begun to appear.

2 There is now a credible alternative abstract modelling discipline, Actimatics. It’s building brick is absolute randomness, so it is utterly different from mathematics.   It can in principle generate (define) 100% abstract relativistic objects similar to the fundamental particles of physics.  This means that a vast, intricately organised, totality of such structures could, in principle, produce a world containing human beings with minds. But it, itself, only requires the existence of minds to exist: they are the source of the system’s necessary definitions. So here we have an amazing, rational explanation of why anything exists at all! Actimatics immediately raises a thousand questions, about how such a complex existential circle can be closed, but by the same token, they are the glorious scientific challenges which future generations will, probably —with great satisfaction— manage to unravel.

CHRISTOPHER ORMELL 1st May 2021