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On behalf of James Logan

Despite fall in fatalities, DUI-related crashes are up in Chattanooga region

Tennessee officials are saying that increased law enforcement efforts have helped drive the state’s traffic fatality rate to one of its lowest levels in decades, according to The Tennessean. Officials say that 961 people were killed last year in car accidents, down from 995 deaths the year before. A greater focus on seat belt use and DUI enforcement has helped drive the fatality statistics downwards. However, while fatalities have also declined in the Chattanooga region, DUI-related accidents themselves are up.

Second-safest year since 1963

Officials say the 961 deaths recorded in 2014 is just the fifth time since 1963 that traffic fatalities have remained under 1,000 and was also the second-lowest number of fatalities recorded since 1963. As a result, 2014 was the third consecutive year that saw traffic fatalities fall in the state.

The decline is largely being attributed to increased law enforcement efforts. Police say they have been cracking down on dangerous driving in the past few years, particularly by increasing the number of failure to wear a seat belt citations they hand out and by targeting drunk drivers. Police are also using new technology to help identify potentially dangerous areas where previous accident data suggests crashes are more likely to occur.

DUI deaths down in Chattanooga

The downward trend was also felt in Chattanooga, where alcohol-related accident fatalities declined 60 percent last year. Troopers there say they have increased DUI arrests by 20 percent and are working closely with bars in the city to ensure that people aren’t driving while impaired. In cases that go to court, the police also note that they have achieved a conviction rate of over 90 percent. In 2014, five people died in DUI-related accidents in Chattanooga.

The news, however, is not all good. In the Chattanooga region as a whole, accidents caused by drugs and alcohol have increased dramatically, according to the Chattanooga Times Free Press. Furthermore, while the five DUI-related deaths recorded in 2014 was an improvement over 2013, when 14 people were killed, it is largely unchanged over a five-year period.

Drunk driving accidents

While Tennessee’s roads overall are getting safer, the threat posed by dangerous drivers remains high, particularly in the Chattanooga area. Reckless driving behaviors, such as drunk driving, remain a threat to countless motorists and their families. When an accident does happen, the victims are often left feeling helpless and confused.

Help is available to such victims, however. A personal injury attorney, for example, can advise accident victims about what their option are. In many cases, concerns about how to pay for medical bills and lost wages will be at the forefront of many victims’ minds, and an experienced attorney can help clients with any claims for compensation they may have following an accident.


Global News

Q1: Based on your experiences working in Southeast Asia, and in your respective countries, what are the main barriers, and more importantly what are the big opportunities to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy in the region?

Southeast Asia is a region with many countries and different policies. USAID has reported that Southeast Asia is most at risk of climate change because most of its cities are in the coastal areas. So the countries all have one common goal to clean energy. Just different paths to reach the same goal.

To do so requires Government commitment with consistent long term policy, transparent, open markets and currency risk mitigation.

From LONGi’s perspective as a global PV manufacturer, we have differentiated strategies for each regions and countries that best support the regulatory, product and customer requirements. LONGi currently has 2.1GW cell and 900MW capacity in in Kuching, Malaysia. We selected the area for its abundant sunlight and hydropower resources. This meets the company’s policy of “solar for solar” - using green energy to produce green energy products.

Q2: In the context of the barriers and opportunities, how can your organizations contribute to accelerated power deployment in Southeast Asia?

The best value a PV Manufacturer can bring is product quality, lower LCOE and the bankability. This will accelerate the transformation to sustainability, not just in SEA but the world.

The climate and varied geography in Southeast Asia demands high quality panels. High heat causes accelerated degradation. Typhoons and earthquakes require modules with high dynamic load resistance. Banks and investors will only work with strong financially stable companies.

Q3: What is the view of co-operation on RE between and among countries, and how do you think the co-operation can be facilitated and strengthened?

Cooperation in renewable energy amongst countries is already well defined, as we see here in COP25. All ASEAN members have ratified the Paris Agreement. We don’t need to preach to the converted.

LONG believes the “Time for Action” message can be strengthened by bringing to a wider audience - to work with customers of our customers. To that effect, we will join the RE100 group of leading companies committed to 100% renewable energy. We will work with high profile like-minded associations such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the United Nations to promote the message of sustainability.

Follow @LONGi Solar on LinkedIn to learn more :


Storm Clouds

Program Note

This open-duration piece hopes to sonify the transition from peaceful breathing through increasingly irregular and labored breathing, culminating in a state of gasped breathlessness.

Throughout the contrabass can be heard inhaling, and... exhaling.

As you listen consider every such breath.  Gauge how labored or effortless it is at every instance. Is it whizzy? Is it anxious? Is it fulfilling? Is it stopped short?

Technical Information

Catagory: Solo

Instrumentation: Double Bass

Year of composition: 2021

Duration: Open

Premiere Information

Matthew Henson, Double Bass

Premiere: Online, during New England Conservatory's SICPP 2021

Premiere Performance (~5 minutes)


National Runaway Safeline

Pride Month:
Let's Talk Rainbow Washing

Every June, in recognition of Pride Month, we see an abundance of rainbow flags and other signs of support for the LGBTQIA2S+ community. Many organizations, including the National Runaway Safeline, even adjust their branding to include colors from the rainbow flag or the Progress Pride flag, showing their support and allyship with the LGBTQIA2S+ community. While well intentioned, the use of such symbols and branding can create backlash when incorporated without additional activities and messages showing further allyship.

To the public, rainbow symbols suggest inclusivity, acceptance, and a supportive environment. However, if rainbow branding is not part of broader efforts to support the LGBTQIA2S+ community, it may be perceived as an empty or even exploitative gesture. Critics may interpret rainbow branding as a ploy for such companies to improve their brand’s reputation or to make money rather than to create positive change. Rainbow branding within companies should exist to foster a safe corporate culture with initiatives that boost diversity, equity, and inclusion. Though, some may be dubious of a brand’s intentions when they incorporate the flag into their branding or products without any further positive action.

This is how the term “rainbow washing” was coined. Rainbow washing refers to using rainbow imagery in a way that is misleading regarding a group’s actual policies and intentions. An example from a Fortune 500 company is a recent tweet that stated, “We can #TURNUPTHELOVE for LGBTQ+ youth together,” followed by a line of hearts in the colors of the rainbow flag. While this seems like a kind gesture, that same year, this company donated over $1 million to anti-LGBTQ+ politicians. Thus, the company “rainbow washed” their message, likely using the messaging not to reflect their true corporate values, but to capitalize on Pride Month and potentially increase their revenue.

While it may be challenging to know a company’s true motivations behind their Pride month efforts, you can get a better understanding of their level of support for the LGBTQIA2S+ community by considering several questions: How has the company shown their support for the LGBTQIA2S+ community in the past? Have they set measurable goals for providing support in the future? Are their goals and actions informed by people within the LGBTQIA2S+ community? How do they treat LGBTQIA2S+ employees within their organization?

We applaud companies and organizations that showcase the rainbow flag during Pride Month — it represents hope, resilience and solidarity for a community that has been marginalized throughout history. However, it is essential that the inclusion of this symbol be reflective of the broader work that companies do during Pride and all year long to demonstrate true allyship to the LGBTQIA2S+ community.

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Partner Spotlight: Waypoint & The Rochester Police Department

As a New Hampshire-based nonprofit, Waypoint’s mission is to empower people of all ages through an array of human services and advocacy. In addition to serving youth experiencing homelessness, they offer programs for seniors and adults with disabilities, children with developmental or chronic health conditions, families affected by incarceration, and others throughout the state.

Partner Spotlight: Midwest Youth Services

Without Midwest Youth Services (MYS), more youth would be on the streets and be targets for exploitation and crime. MYS provides 24 hours, 7-day-a-week crisis intervention, mediation, and emergency shelter to vulnerable children. Their mission is to divert youth from the juvenile justice and child welfare systems while helping to strengthen and restore families.

Partner Spotlight: Hale Kipa

Since 1970, Hale Kipa, has championed Hawai‘i’s youth and children. They provide youth outreach, independent living facilities, therapeutic foster care, a haven for runaways, and more. Their founders recognized a need for a nonprofit to assist this deserving population and they remain committed to this critical work today, on O‘ahu, Kaua‘i, and the Island of Hawai‘i.

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How including a story of impact in a calendar year-end campaign affects donor conversion

Experiment ID: #81892

CaringBridge offers free personal, protected websites for people to easily share updates and receive support and encouragement from their community during a health journey. Every 7 minutes, a CaringBridge website is created for someone experiencing a health event.

Experiment Summary

Ended On: 01/11/2022

CaringBridge had used lots of stories in fundraising appeals before. But one of their challenges is that the value proposition of CaringBridge is largely built through personal experience—your ability to interact with a friend or loved one—and, thus, third-party stories sometimes fell flat. However, they wanted to do more testing to understand how usage of a story could potentially impact the results of an appeal.

They saw an opportunity in their holiday appeal to test the concept by inserting a story into the middle of an otherwise straightforward match appeal. They positioned the story so that it came as a “personally impactful story”, not just a random case study on the impact of CaringBridge.

They split the email file so only half saw the story of impact and tested the concept.

Research Question

We believe that including a story of impact for prospective donors will achieve an increase in conversion rate.

C: Control
T1: Treatment #1

  Treatment Name Conv. Rate Relative Difference Confidence
C: Control 0.11%
T1: Treatment #1 0.15% 42.0% 95.3%

This experiment has a required sample size of 48,394 in order to be valid. Since the experiment had a total sample size of 99,372, and the level of confidence is above 95% the experiment results are valid.

Flux Metrics Affected

The Flux Metrics analyze the three primary metrics that affect revenue (traffic, conversion rate, and average gift). This experiment produced the following results:

    0% increase in traffic
× 42.0% increase in conversion rate
× 0% increase in average gift

Key Learnings

The treatment saw a 42% increase in conversion rate, just over the 95% threshold for a valid level of confidence.

CaringBridge believes the success of this experiment is largely due to the way in which the story was positioned. While this is a great lift, it needs to be tested further to determine if there are diminishing returns.

Experiment Documented by Jeff Giddens
Jeff Giddens is President of NextAfter.

Question about experiment #81892

If you have any questions about this experiment or would like additional details not discussed above, please feel free to contact them directly.


What you should know about Diamond Carat Size

What Is A Diamond's 'Carat' Size?

When considering a diamond to purchase for yourself or that special someone, you may have encountered talk of carat size, abbreviated as 'ct'. This is one of the many factors that go toward determining a diamond's value, so it is important to understand it. It is a common misconception that a 'carat' refers to a diamond's physical size. Simply put, a carat is a unit of measurement used to determine how much a diamond weighs.

In metric terms, a carat is equivalent to 200 milligrams. The use of this system allows for extremely precise measurements, all the way down to the hundredth decimal place. The price of a diamond increases along with the carat weight, as larger natural diamonds are harder to find and are rarer. However, diamond prices increase exponentially with carat size, not linearly. So a 1 ct diamond will cost more than two 0.5 ct diamonds, even if each diamond has the exact same quality.

When a diamond is larger than 1 carat, jewelers use a decimal system along with carats to denote the measurement. For example, if a diamond weighs 1.38 ct, it will be said to weigh one-point-three-eight carats. Diamonds that weigh less than 1 carat are referred to by decimal points alone. So a diamond weighing .82 ct will be said to weigh point-eight-two, or it may be called an 'eighty-two pointer' depending on your jeweler's preferences.

A diamond's cut grade is an important factor that goes hand-in-hand with the carat measurement. Well-cut diamonds allow the light to reflect better, which can make a diamond appear larger. This means that a smaller diamond can appear larger if it has a cut grade of Very Good or better, which makes carat weight a crucial part of determining the right diamond size for you.

Carat Vs. Karat

When purchasing a piece of jewelry, it's imperative to know your 'carats' from your 'karats'. They are not alternative spellings of each other, as many believe they are. A carat is the measurement of a diamond's weight, whereas a karat is a measurement of gold purity. The lower the karat, the more base metals or impurities are mixed into the gold. Knowing this, you can possibly distinguish between the quality of your diamond and the quality of your setting.

The Origin Of The Carat System

Our modern carat system began in the ancient world. The word carat can be traced to the Greek word for carob, a flowering evergreen tree in the legume family. Before the invention of precise scales and units of measurement, merchants would balance the weight of carob seeds against the weight of diamonds. By the time more accurate methods came along and were standardized in 1907, the name carat had already stuck, and it's been in use ever since.

Choosing Your Perfect Diamond

No matter the occasion or reason, there is a diamond out there for you. Knowing all the factors that go into diamond quality will help you in your journey to the perfect gift for yourself or a loved one. To help you choose that perfect gift, contact us today!


Current Us Inflation

The latest U.S. inflation numbers are out and they reveal that prices are rising. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco inflation rate in the US is higher than that of the of the world by more than 3 percentage points. This could explain why the US inflation rate has been higher than the average worldwide rate over the past decade. Oscar Jorda (the bank’s senior policy advisor) cautions against interpreting too much into these figures. Still, the general picture is clear.

Different factors affect the inflation rate. The CPI is the price index used by the government to measure inflation. The Labor Department calculates it by conducting surveys of households. It measures spending on goods or services but does not include non-direct expenses, making the CPI less stable. Inflation data should be considered in context and not isolated.

The Consumer Price Index is the most common inflation rate in the United States, which measures the change in the cost of goods and services. The index is reviewed every month and shows how prices have increased. The index gives the average cost of goods and services that can be useful to budget and plan. Consumers are likely to be concerned about the cost of products and services. However it is crucial to understand the reasons why prices are increasing.

The cost of production rises, which increases prices. This is sometimes referred as cost-push inflation. It involves rising costs for raw materials, such as petroleum products and precious metals. It can also impact agricultural products. It is important to remember that when the price of a commodity increases, it also affects the cost of the item in question.

It’s not easy to locate inflation data. However, there is a way to calculate the cost to purchase products and services over the course of a year. Utilizing the real rate of return (CRR) is an accurate estimation of what an annual investment of nominal value should be. Be aware of this when you’re looking to invest in bonds or stocks the next time.

At present, the Consumer Price Index is 8.3% above its year-earlier level. This is the highest annual rate since April 1986. Because rents make up the largest portion of the CPI basket, inflation will continue to increase. Furthermore the rising cost of housing and mortgage rates make it more difficult for a lot of people to purchase an apartment which in turn increases the demand for rental properties. Further, the potential of railroad workers affecting the US railway system could cause disruptions in the transport of goods.

From its close to zero-target rate the Fed’s short-term interest rate has risen this year to 2.25 percent. According to the central bank, inflation is predicted to increase only by one-half percent over the coming year. It isn’t easy to know if this increase is enough to stop inflation.

Core inflation excludes volatile food and oil prices and is about 2 percent. The core inflation rate is typically reported in a year-over year basis and is what the Federal Reserve means when it states that its inflation goal is 2percent. Historically, the core rate has been lower than the target for a long period of time, but recently it has started increasing to a degree that has caused harm to many businesses.


Inflation Us 1969

The latest U.S. inflation numbers have been released and they reveal that prices continue to rise. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, inflation in the US is higher than that of the rest of the world by more than 3 percentage points. This may explain why the US inflation rate is higher than the average worldwide rate for the past decade. However, the bank’s senior policy adviser, Oscar Jorda, cautions that it is important not to make too much of the figures. But the overall picture is evident.

Inflation rates are determined by a variety of factors. The CPI is the price index that is used by the government to gauge inflation. The Labor Department calculates it by conducting surveys of households. It measures spending on services and goods, but it doesn’t include non-direct expenditure which makes the CPI less stable. Inflation data should be considered in relation to other data and not as a stand-alone figure.

The Consumer Price Index is the most popular inflation rate in the United States, which measures the change in the cost of goods and services. The index is updated each month and shows how prices have risen. The index provides the average cost of both goods and services that can be useful for budgeting and planning. If you’re a buyer, you’re probably thinking about the price of goods and services but it’s important to understand the reasons for price increases.

Production costs rise, which in turn raises prices. This is sometimes referred as cost-push inflation. It is a rising cost of raw materials, such as petroleum products or precious metals. It can also impact agricultural products. It’s important to know that when the cost of a commodity rises, it also affects the price of the item in question.

It’s difficult to find data on inflation. However, there is a way to calculate the amount it will cost to purchase products and services over the course of a year. Using the real rate return (CRR) is an accurate estimate of what an investment for a nominal year should be. With that in mind the next time you’re seeking to buy stocks or bonds, make sure you use the actual inflation rate of the commodity.

Presently, the Consumer Price Index is 8.3 percent higher than the year before. This is the highest rate for a year since April 1986. Because rents account for a large part of the CPI basket, inflation is likely to continue to increase. Inflation is also caused by the rising cost of housing and mortgage rates, which make it harder to purchase a home. This increases the demand for rental housing. Additionally, the possibility of railroad workers affecting the US railway system could result in a disruption in the transportation of goods.

The Fed’s short-term rate of interest has increased to the 2.25 percent level in the past year, a significant improvement from the near zero-target rate. The central bank has predicted that inflation will rise by just a half percentage point in the next year. It isn’t easy to know whether this rise will be enough to manage inflation.

The core inflation rate which excludes volatile food and oil prices, is around 2 percent. Core inflation is often reported on a year-over-year basis and is what the Federal Reserve means when it declares its inflation target to be at 2%. The core rate has been below the target for a long time however, it has recently begun increasing to a degree that is causing harm to many businesses.


Us Army Self Inflating Sleeping Mat

The most recent U.S. inflation numbers are out and they indicate that prices are going up. Inflation in the US is ahead of the rest of the world by more than 3 percentage points, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. This could be the reason why the US has outpaced the world’s average rate of inflation in the past decade. However, the bank’s top policy adviser, Oscar Jorda, cautions that it is not necessary to read too much into those percentages. The overall picture is clear.

Different factors influence the inflation rate. The CPI is the price index used by the government for measuring inflation. It is calculated by the Labor Department through a survey of households. It measures spending on goods and services, but it doesn’t include non-direct expenditure, which makes the CPI less stable. This is the reason why inflation data must be considered in context, not in isolation.

The Consumer Price Index, which tracks changes in the prices of items and services is the most frequently used inflation rate in the United States. The index is updated every month and shows how much prices have increased. This index shows the average cost of both goods and services that can be useful for budgeting and planning. Consumers are likely to be concerned about the cost of goods and services. However, it is important to know why prices are rising.

The cost of production increases and prices rise. This is sometimes referred to as cost-push inflation. It’s caused by the rising of costs for raw materials, like petroleum products and precious metals. It can also affect agricultural products. It is important to remember that when the price of a commodity increase, it can also affect the price of its product.

Inflation data is often hard to find, however there is a method to assist you in calculating how much it will cost to purchase goods and services in a year. Using the real rate return (CRR) is a more accurate estimate of what a nominal annual investment should be. Keep this in mind when you’re considering investing in bonds or stocks next time.

The Consumer Price Index is currently 8.3 percent higher than it was one year ago. This was the highest rate for a year since April 1986. Since rents comprise an important portion of the CPI basket, inflation will continue to increase. Additionally the rising cost of housing and mortgage rates make it harder for a lot of people to purchase a home which in turn increases the demand for rental housing. The potential impact of railroad workers on the US railway system could result in interruptions in the transportation and movement of goods.

From its close to zero-target rate the Fed’s short-term interest rate has risen this year to 2.25 percent. The central bank has projected that inflation will rise by only a half percent in the coming year. It is difficult to predict the extent to which this increase will be sufficient to control inflation.

The rate of inflation that is the core which excludes volatile food and oil prices, is around 2 percent. Core inflation is reported on a year over basis by the Federal Reserve. This is what it means when it says that its inflation goal of 2% is. The core rate has been in the lower range of its target for a long time. However, it has recently begun to increase to a point that is threatening a number of businesses.


Vossloh will supply its EuroDiesel, a Bo'Bo' locomotive which is able to run under diesel or electric power on lines electrified at 3kV dc. It has a maximum speed of 140km/h and under diesel traction an output of 2.8MW.

Delivery will start in the second quarter of 2014 and should be completed by the end of 2016.

Vossloh won an order in September for 10 EuroDual locomotives from Beacon Rail Leasing which will lease them to British open-access freight operator Direct Rail Services.


How To Be A Good Housewife In The Modern Era

Updated October 10, 2022 by ReGain Editorial Team

The term housewife has come to have a negative connotation in the 21st century. The origin of housewife duty is actually a by-product of the Industrial Revolution when people moved out of agrarian societies and into modern cities and women faced new roles in society. With this new modern lifestyle, the definition of housewife came about: a woman who stays home and tends the children and house while her husband works in an industry-based job for forty or more hours a week. Whether they go by the name of housewife homemaker or stay-at-home mom, the housewife definition has certainly changed over the past century or so.

Whether this is a result of less than accurate reality television, the prominence of feminism in current times, or some other idealization that being a housewife is no longer relevant, it is a job that has the opposite stigma than it did in the past. Women in the 1930s were expected to be housewives - the idea of women who work outside the home was frowned upon. They were expected to prioritize their home and family over everything else, especially a career. However, now that it is 2020, not only had the role of a housewife gone away nearly completely, but it has started to make a comeback.

What Does It Mean To Be A Good Housewife Today?

While housewives or stay at home mothers are becoming common again, it is not the same situation as women who lived back in the early to mid-1900s. The differences between the two will shine some light on how to be a good housewife in the modern era. It will also allow you to set some expectations for yourself and your marriage, so that knowing who is supposed to be doing which tasks does not become a marital concern. Communicating these kinds of expectations in a marriage is the best way to avoid issues in your relationship early on.

Expectations Of A Housewife

You might be wondering how different the duties of a modern era housewife might be from the role of housewife in the past. How much could the everyday tasks within the home change - cooking and cleaning, keeping the children entertained, and other domestic duties seem to be the basics no matter what year it is. If you have a social media presence, you might have seen how different those tasks can be when the excerpt from a 1950s home economics textbook made its rounds online. The domestic duties of a housewife and mother outlined in the textbook were enough to make most women roll their eyes. Whether they go by the name of housewife homemaker or stay-at-home mom, taking care of the house and children was always the number one priority.

By understanding what it takes to be a modern house wife, you will get a grasp on some of what previous women experienced in the role. However, some of the traditional housewife tasks have changed with the times. Identifying those changes might help to make you a quality housewife in the 21st century. It will also help you to decide the kind of housewife you desire to be.

Clean The House

While the man is holding a full-time job outside of the house, the woman is holding a full-time job within the house. This means that a housewife is responsible for laundry, dusting, vacuuming, sweeping the floors, doing the dishes, not to mention cooking and cleaning up any clutter or toys left around the house. While it depends on the specific household, many housewives do some of these tasks daily (such as laundry) and others weekly (like dusting).

A recent study shows that, on average, women spend 17 hours a week doing housework. This changes housewife housewife. A married woman with more than three children typically spends 28 hours a week accomplishing the same tasks. More kids mean more laundry, dishes, and messes in general, so a mother to several children will stay far busier as a stay at home mother and housewife. So, depending on housewares housewarming housewife, the work load and the time spent to take care of the house changes from home to home. With the baby boomer generation being born in the late 1940s to early 1960s, many households had more than three children. However, in the past, women spend more time on housework.

It would be logical to think that modern technology has helped to cut down on those many hours of housework needed to tend house. The housewives of the past – traditional housewives – did not have robot vacuums, dishwashers, or high capacity washing machines. While the innovations used in the modern era have saved time and energy for homemakers, some things have not been made far simpler.

Serving Meals

Like past housewives, modern-day housewives are usually responsible for meals. Having homemade meals together is something that can really make a house a home. While there are some services available today that were not available years ago to a family and society, like meal subscription boxes, it is still up to the housewife to cook the food. How does this differ from housewives in the past? Meal planning in the 21st century has become a whole other entity. There were far fewer options in the past, and the cost of healthy food was far less, even considering the increase in wages and the cost of living overall.

Because of the cost of healthy options, many housewives are forced to pick and choose between cost and quality. This might mean making one or two low costs, unhealthy meals for the week and a handful of pricier but healthier meals. With the planning involved in the modern era, most housewives spend far more time preparing for meals than they did in previous years.

A good homemaker in the modern era will have the meals planned out before going grocery shopping. This way, she can control the grocery budget and be fully prepared to cook the meals throughout the week. By doing this, a housewife will also have the ability to estimate the time needed to prepare dinner, thus allowing her to create the most productive schedule. A schedule is a key aspect of maintaining the home and other domestic duties of being a housewife. After all, every good wife knows that preparing good food for her husband and family is a great way to show love!

Taking Care Of The Kids

No matter the era, a housewife is responsible for taking care of the children. While Dad is at work, a stay at home mother must care for her kids. Often, when men talk about what they want in a good wife, looking after the kids well is part of their criteria. This usually means ensuring that they are fed, bathed, teeth and hair have been brushed, they are dressed, and they have structured activities throughout the day. Although some housewives of the 21st century fall into the trap of plopping their children in front of the television, a good homemaker will organize a variety of activities and play dates with other children.

When the children are school-aged, a housewife is typically responsible for making lunches and ensuring that they are prepared for school, extracurriculars, and taking them to and picking them up from school or their activities. A dictionary housewife also often requires that mom play the role of guidance counselor or therapist.

Although housewives were responsible for keeping children away from Dad in the past so that he could relax after work, parenting in the modern era is much more of a team effort. Today's housewife communicates with her husband and does not do the parenting alone. Although her husband might be tired from a long day at work, a good full-time housewife will also be tired from a long day of caring for the house and kids.

What Does It Mean To Be A Good Housewife Today?

Spend One On One Time With Your Husband

A big difference between previous housewives and today's housewives is the interaction that occurs between husband and wife. The 1950s home economics textbook that was previously mentioned instructs future housewives to allow their husbands to relax in the bedroom and let him have quiet time when he returns home from work. It also says that the wife should not pile her problems on him, as he should be able to unload his problems on you. While this was way back in 1950, being a housewife has changed dramatically in this area.

Married couples in the modern era tend to do better with more communication between the two. Although a man should be able to talk to his wife about his problems and concerns, a wife should be able to do the same with her husband. By ensuring that communication between man and wife is open and honest, being a full-time housewife is a role that is more appreciated by both parties.

When the focus is placed solely on one person in the relationship, the relationship can easily become one-sided. However, by being a housewife in the modern era, men are more enlightened in how much work their stay at home wives do.

Being A Good Housewife In Today's World

Times have changed. For a while, that meant being a housewife was uncommon. Those that were housewives were looked down upon. Fortunately, it is becoming a far better situation for mothers to stay at home with their children or wives to stay at home to keep up with the house. With the cost of daycare these days, it is the best option for many families. If you find yourself being a housewife in the modern era, following the above-mentioned suggestions will make you a good one!

Remember, being a good housewife in this century means keeping the house clean, the kids fed and entertained, making well-rounded meals, and maintaining a relationship with your spouse. By placing proper emphasis on each of these categories, a fulltime housewife is sure to succeed in her journey in the home. If you feel as though reverting to the 1950 standards of a housewife would better work for you and your relationship, that is okay, too. Find a structure that works for you and stick with it!

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21 Nov 2020

Thoughts On Realistic Secrets Of Example Of Literary Analysis

Sample Literary Analysis EssaysLike all literature, a literary essay should use a third-particular individual tone and present tense. Another necessary influence on Maupassant’s writing might merely be the period he was residing in whereas he composed his stories. Ann Charters explains that Maupassant’s plots are tightly organized and normally conclude with a decisive action” (Charters, Brief History” 998). Maupassant performs shut attention to bodily and psychological details. As a author he favors a shock ending, as one can inform by the ending of The Necklace” (Charters, Transient Historical past 998). Maupassant’s literary era could be classified primarily as nineteenth Century Literary Realism (Agatucci 3). This era of literature concerned real individuals with everyday occasions through which extraordinary folks may relate. Also this period locations a large importance on lessons and relationships between higher and decrease courses, which is what Maupassant does extremely effectively (Agatucci three).

Literature is an important a part of tradition that brings enjoyment. Nonetheless, in the context of educational research, a bit of literature becomes an element of training that requires a scholar to research a textual content and make goal conclusions. Such tasks are generally known as a literary analysis and deal with discussing particular segments of a narrative, particularly, characters, tone, construction, language, historic accuracy, and how, for examples, these and different artistic elements contribute to the plot. Notably, any such an project should not be confused with a guide report or a evaluation.

First, it is advisable to read the work thoroughly and make sure you perceive the plot of the play, poem or novel and who the characters are. An evaluation is simply attainable when you’ve got a transparent understanding of the story. Always pick a subject that interests you as it’s simpler to start off with something you take pleasure in. Brainstorm a list of potential matters (themes) by asking yourself questions like, What was striking within the textual content? Why did the creator write this? How are characters developed? How are the literary gadgets used? and attempt to search for connections and patterns by mapping out the completely different elements of the chosen component.

The title of the page should be included even when the reader decides not to proceed with reading the article. It offers them an idea of the argument of the research paper. A good beginning place for the insecure writer is Ali Hale’s article on the writing process.

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The Options For Fast Methods For literature essay samples

Step one after you could have read the story or poem is to develop a thesis. Whereas there isn’t a single solution to method this, the thesis ought to finally be one thing that’s authentic and substantive. Merely stating the plain or selecting a drained, worn-out argument could have a negative influence on your grade. Your goal, therefore, is to have a look at the story from various angles which may not have occurred to the casual reader, such as the creator’s writing model, the symbolism, the ambiguity of the plot, and all of the other components that make the efficient (or ineffective, if that what you’re arguing).

Investigating Real-World literature essay examples Programs

BODY: The physique paragraphs are the supporting paragraphs of a literary essay. It has to combine a help sentence, commentary, and a concluding sentence. Use literary techniques and units in an effort puritan movement to show your thesis. Use specific quotes and examples to maintain your idea and cite them.

It may be helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where you compile full quotation data and write a paragraph of summary and evaluation for every supply. This helps you keep in mind what you learn and saves time later in the course of. You should utilize our free APA Reference Generator for quick, right, constant quotation.

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Fast Solutions Of literature essay examples – An Introduction

Simply as vital because the thesis statement, ending your literary evaluation essay with a very good conclusion is a must. Try to sum up all the primary concepts and, as soon as once more, enchantment to the original thesis assertion For those who had been writing about what the ring symbolizes in The Lord of the Rings, for example, your conclusion will emphasize on the significance of the ring as the principle symbol of power and the way it shapes the characters and the search itself by way of the complete e-book.


BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//hacksw/handcal//NONSGML v1.0//EN BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20220925T000000Z DTSTART:20220925T000000Z DTEND:20220925T030000Z SUMMARY:ROBERT FRIPP and DAVID SINGLETON DESCRIPTION:An Evening Of Talking with Robert Fripp and David Singleton. Robert Fripp is a founding member of King Crimson, contributor and collaborator with Brian Eno, David Bowie, Daryl Hall, David Sylvian, Peter Gabriel, Posh Poppers Toyah Willcox and Simon Darlow, and a lot of other totally excellent people. Originating director of the Guitar Craft and Guitar Circle program. Since Covid and lockdown he has been kicking received opinion via social media with Toyah & Robert's Sunday Lunch. David Singleton established DGM with Robert Fripp in 1993 and has reluctantly managed King Crimson since 2018. David is King Crimson's producer and author of The Vicar Chronicles. An endless stream of people ask Fripp burning questions, many of which are actually not even quite smoldering. In most cases they would be better answered by David Singleton. This is an opportunity to ask both Fripp and Singleton the questions that get them out of bed in the morning.  Where does Music come from? What does it take to survive the music business? When does the impossible become possible? Can Music change the world? Why did Fripp put on a tutu and dance to Swan Lake at the end of his garden?  Who is The Vicar?WEBSITEFACEBOOKINSTAGRAM END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) gaming laptops have always been a coveted piece of hardware for professional gamers. The technology company is planning to make it big in 2023 and has promised to let gamers let loose with the AMD Dragon range gaming laptop.

AMD and The Future of Gaming

AMD gaming laptops are known for their powerful performance and being a gamer’s favorite accessory. The company is now set on developing the mid-range gaming laptop market.

The chipmaker revealed that they are building a new CPU, codenamed “Dragon Range,” that is aimed at achieving superior gaming performance. The new “Dragon Range” for 2023 will have the “highest core, thread, and cache ever for a mobile gaming CPU.” The CPU will work at 55W TDP and above. The higher a TDP (Thermal Design Power) the greater its power consumption.

ryzen 7000 series

AMD gaming laptops are best known for their powerful performance and responsiveness

Robert Hallock, AMD’s director of technical marketing, mentioned that the laptops supporting the new range of CPUs will “largely exist in the space where gaming laptops are plugged in the majority of the time.” This means that they will focus on laptops that are at least 20mm thick and those that focus on performance rather than power efficiency.

A “Phoenix” line of CPUs is expected to arrive for thin and light laptops which are less than 20mm thick.  The models in this range will work within the 35W to 45W range. Both the AMD “Dragon Range” gaming laptop and the “Phoenix” gaming laptop are part of the same AMD Ryzen 7000 series and won’t be available until 2023.

The Dragon Range CPU and Phoenix CPU are mobile Zen 4 APUs that will replace AMD’s existing Ryzen 6000 (Rembrandt) product line. The “Raphael”, which will also have a Zen 4 APU, will replace the Vermeer range and work at 65W TDP or higher. The “Raphael” will be desktop-exclusive and is expected to start life by the end of this year.

While high TDPs can be a cause of concern, Hallock reassured netizens by saying that the machines will be “remarkably more energy efficient than other laptops in this competing time frame” The “Dragon Range” CPU and the “Raphael” will feature a PCIe 5 architecture and DDR5 RAM.

Although Hallcok refused to give out more details about the AMD gaming laptops, he mentioned that, “the performance-per-watt story you’ve heard from us will continue into the future.”

AMD: Q1 Results 2022

On May 3, AMD released its financial results for the first quarter of 2022. The gaming company reported a quarterly revenue of $5.9 billion and its sales grew 71% year-over-year (YoY). Net income for the chipmaker was $786 million for Q1.

The California-based company announced quarterly earnings of $1.13 per share and beat the Zack Consensus Estimate of $0.91 per share.

CEO Dr. Lisa Su observed that each of its businesses grew by double digits YoY. She stated, “The first quarter marked a significant inflection point in our journey to scale and transform AMD as we delivered record revenue and closed our strategic acquisition of Xilinx.” She also boosted stakeholder morale by revealing that, “demand remains strong for our leadership products, with our increased full-year guidance reflecting higher AMD organic growth and the addition of the growing Xilinx business.”

For the second-quarter, the company expects revenue to be approximately $6.5 billion, plus or minus $200 million. Furthermore, for the full year, AMD now expects revenue of $26.3 billion, up 60% over 2021.

AMD also informed the reporters that from the next quarter, the company will break gaming its own financial segment. The chipmaker will separate revenue it earns from semi-custom parts PlayStation, Xbox, and Steam Deck chips joining desktop and laptop Radeon graphics, into a separate gaming business.


Managing Capital Gains

The right timing can result in significant tax savings.

If you plan to sell capital assets, a little planning can do wonders for your tax bill. Capital assets include a wide range of property held for personal or investment purposes, including stocks, bonds, real estate, jewelry and collectibles. Here are a few rules of thumb that may reduce your capital gains taxes.

Avoid short-term gains

For tax purposes, capital gains are treated differently based on how long you’ve held an asset. Short-term gains (on assets held for one year or less) are taxed at ordinary income rates (currently as high as 37%), while long-term gains (on assets held for more than one year) generally are taxed at a favorable 15% rate. There are some exceptions: Taxpayers in the lowest two tax brackets qualify for a 0% rate, while certain high-income taxpayers are taxed at 20%.

Also, net capital gains on collectibles — such as art, antiques, precious metals, stamps, coins and gems — are taxed at a maximum rate of 28%. Gains attributable to depreciation of real estate are taxed at a maximum rate of 25%.

Finally, be aware that if the net investment income tax applies, your gains may be subject to an additional 3.8% tax.

Consider the timing of the sale

If you plan to sell a capital asset at a gain, it’s generally preferable to wait until you’ve held it for more than a year to take advantage of the favorable long-term capital gain rates. But if you’re considering selling it at a loss, the timing of the sale is critical.

Under certain circumstances it may be preferable to make the sale before you’ve held the asset for more than one year. Why? Because when you determine your net capital gain or loss in a particular year, the first step is to offset gains and losses of the same type — that is, short-term losses against short-term gains and long-term losses against long-term gains.

Consider this example. So far this year, Jim, who’s in the 32% tax bracket, has recognized $5,000 in short-term capital gain and $5,000 in long-term capital gain. If he doesn’t sell any more capital assets this year, the short-term gain will be taxed as ordinary income and the long-term gain will be taxed at 15%.

Jim also owns stock, purchased on September 1, 2021, which has declined in value by $5,000. If he sells the stock by September 1, 2022, it’ll generate a $5,000 short-term loss that will erase his $5,000 short-term gain, leaving him with the lower-taxed long-term gain of $5,000. However, if Jim waits until after September 1 to sell the stock, the sale will generate a long-term loss, which must be offset against the long-term gain, leaving him with $5,000 in short-term gain taxed as ordinary income.

From a tax planning perspective, it’s usually best to recognize both capital gains and capital losses in the same tax year, since the losses can be used to offset the gains, reducing your tax bill. But there may be situations in which it’s preferable to postpone gains until the following year. That’s because you’re permitted to deduct up to $3,000 in net capital losses from your ordinary income (such as wages and interest).

For example, let’s say you have a $3,000 net capital loss this year, and you’re also contemplating selling stock that would generate a $3,000 long-term capital gain. If you sell the stock this year, the gain will offset the loss, and you’ll lose the $3,000 deduction from ordinary income. But if you wait until next year to sell the stock, you’ll preserve the $3,000 deduction, reducing this year’s tax bill.

Sell highest-cost shares first

If you plan to sell shares of stock or other securities that you purchased at different times for different prices, you can generally lower your taxes by selling the shares that will produce the smallest gain or largest loss. When you sell securities, by default, brokers often apply the first-in, first-out accounting method, which assumes that the first shares purchased are the first shares sold. Often (but not always) those shares have a lower cost-basis, increasing your taxable gain.

If possible, ask your broker to use the specific identification method. This allows you to minimize your taxes by instructing the broker to sell the shares with the highest cost basis.

Look before you leap

Be sure you understand the tax consequences before you sell any capital assets. Often, even small changes in the timing of a sale can mean big tax savings. Your tax advisor can help determine the right course of action considering your overall financial plan.

© 2022


If there's one thing to say about order fulfillment today is that it needs to be snappy.

Production, transportation, inventory, and distribution all need to work like clockwork in an ever-changing landscape of global supply and demand. This is where supply chain execution (SCE) comes into play.

Supply chain execution is the backbone of order fulfillment as it covers everything from production to warehousing, and, finally, delivery to the end customer.

Let's dive deeper into SCE and see what it's all about.

Supply planning vs execution

What is a supply chain execution system?

Supply chain execution systems

Supply chain execution software

Wrapping up

Supply planning vs execution

When we talk about supply chain management, there are many terms and abbreviations that emerge. Let's clear up the differences and set things apart.

Supply chain planning and execution are parts of the same equation.

Planning covers anticipating the future demand, defining the pricing, as well as the actual sales and operations planning.

On top of that, there's keeping safety stocks in order, handling raw materials through manufacturer and supplier relationship management, as well as negotiating with distributors.

Supply chain execution, meanwhile, covers the other half of order fulfillment.

SCE refers to operations like warehouse and order management, picking and packing, and, finally, shipping and last-mile delivery.

Because supply planning and execution solve the same purpose - to balance supply and demand and support fast order fulfillment - one has a direct impact on the other. An increased customer demand entails changes to planning and forecasting, and vice versa.

Supply planning vs execution

What is a supply chain execution system?

Now that we know the differences between supply planning and execution, let's define a SCE system.

A supply chain execution system is a network of stakeholders, assets, tools, and processes required to execute efficient order fulfillment.

The person in charge of a SCE system is a supply chain manager. They can be either in-house staff or come from a 4PL service that can take care of the entire supply chain for you.

A supply chain manager's job is to coordinate all actors (internal and 3PL), monitor completion and efficiency, and identify bottlenecks.

They're also the dedicated owner of Enterprise resource planning aka ERP system and supply chain execution software applications (more on that later).

Supply chain execution systems

A network as complex as a supply chain execution system consists of multiple management systems. Below is an overview of the key ones.

Warehouse management

Warehouse facilities require a lot of looking after. Both supply chain planning and execution rely on efficient warehouse management practices that work in a system.

From inventory management to warehouse logistics - there's assets, staff, and significant costs to consider. Because there's layers to it, a warehouse management system can have an entire system attached to it, e.g. a warehouse control system.

Warehouse control is all about the equipment used at a warehouse facility. Here, we're talking about conveyors, sortation equipment, forklifts, and barcone scanners for shipping labels.

The same applies to distribution centers. Data on all assets needs to be available in real-time for the sake of supply chain visibility and overall efficiency.

Supply chain execution systems2

Order management

Order management is another key part of any supply chain execution system. An order management system is usually in place to ensure instant order import from however many channels there are in place.

In addition to sales channels, there's also order priorities depending on shipping options like on demand delivery or same-day delivery.

Because the movement or goods in eCommerce is not only business to customer but also customer to business, order management needs to cover both dropoffs and pickups.

I'm referring to returns management of course, and it's crucial for an order management system to support and facilitate easy and fast reverse logistics.

Transportation management

Transportation management is what keeps things moving in a supply chain. No component in a SCE network works in isolation, and logistics is key to connecting all systems.

A transportation management system (TMS) is what is used to plan, optimize, and monitor shipments regardless of the complexity of the supply chain.

Transportation is often outsourced to 3PL providers and carriers. However, with the emergence of cloud-based TMS solutions that don't require any significant investment or upkeep, more and more businesses are opting for in-house fulfillment and self-delivery.

Labor management

Labor management is a natural extension to every supply chain execution system listed above. It covers workforce planning, scheduling, and performance monitoring of every person on the job in a SCE network.

Mobile workforce management solutions are a big part of any labor management system. Between manufacturing facilities, warehouse locations, distribution centers, and supplier facilities, it's crucial that you can track staff activity and anticipate the workload correctly.

Being the largest cost on average in supply chains, labor management is always subject to improvement and optimization.

Finding a balance between cutting unnecessary labor costs and securing safety and wellbeing of employees is something all supply chain execution stakeholders have to strive for.

Supply chain execution software

Supply chain execution can seem like a lonely job if you think about the complex network of SCE systems and the ever-growing need to optimize all related costs.

The good news is that there's a great variety of supply chain execution software providers that develop automation solutions to support global trade management. Let's take a brief look at some of them.

Track POD integrations for supply chain execution

Dynamics 365

Microsoft Dynamics is a provider of business management solutions for financial, customer, and supply chain processes. Whether it's inventory, order, or supplier management, you can count on Dynamics 365 to deliver an integrated solution.

Oracle's NetSuite is a tried and tested provider of inventory management & demand planning solutions. From asset lifecycle management to accounting and 3PL management, businesses rely on NetSuite to automate their supply chain execution systems.

QuickBooks Commerce

QuickBooks Commerce, being a part of the larger QuickBooks Online system, was built to help businesses manage inventory and process orders. It's a robust solution for supply chain planning as it offers demand forecasting in addition to cost tracking and channel management.

Track-POD is a cloud-based transportation management system that integrates with many supply chain execution software applications.

For example, by hooking up Track-POD and Microsoft Dynamics, you can automate order import and use instant route planning and optimization with order priority and customers' preferred time slots considered.

In addition to advanced routing and optimization by vehicle, cargo, and driver's schedule, Track-POD powers live delivery tracking for supply chain visibility. It also offers all features for fully paperless transportation management, including fleet safety management.

Wrapping up

Supply chain execution is no easy businesses. That said, there are steps you can take to build efficient SCE systems and nail order fulfillment during peak and low seasons alike.

I hope this guide gives you food for thought and inspires you to look for better solutions to supply chain execution. If you need help sorting out the logistics of it, get in touch with our team or start your 7-day free trial to see transportation management automation in action.


5 excellent assignment writing tips

Assignment Writing tTips

University assignments are incredibly tedious. Therefore, students often resort to seeking philosophy and other assignment help from their professors. But, what these students fail to realise is that there are ways to accomplish tasks on time and write them efficiently.

So, what are the ways of writing your assignments properly and finishing them on time? Do you want to know? Then read on to learn more.

Understand why and what you need to write your assignment

Before you start to work on your assignments, you need to understand why you are writing your tasks. And what is the purpose of your assignment? Students often do not know what they have to achieve and their academic goals through a particular assignment.

If you want to understand the purpose of writing your assignment, you can start reading your question card thoroughly. Your question card has enough material to help you understand your assignments better. Once you know your assignment’s purpose, you will write them better.

  1. Spend some time planning

After you have understood the purpose of your assignment, you can now plan for your assignment. And you may have to invest some amount of time in your planning. Therefore, it would be best to make an assignment planner for yourself. There are multiple assignment planning applications online.

You can mark a timeline when you would commit your assignment research. And you can also set a timeline for drafting and proofreading your assignments. Once you have planned your tasks, it will be easier to work on your assignments. And you would have a clear vision of your assignment.

Research is the only key to writing a good paper

The third step to writing an assignment successfully is to perform substantial research. The best way to conduct good research is by starting with your class lectures. Whether you need trigonometry assignment help or English assignment help, your lectures notes are the best way to start.

If you still cannot comprehend how to research your assignments, you can seek help. Your professors and module tutors would always be happy to help you with your assignment research. So, please ensure to research enough for your assignment and gather sufficient knowledge from your research materials.

Prepare your structure before you start drafting

Structures are critical when it comes to your assignments. Each assignment has its procedure for writing the assignments. For example, your MBA dissertation would be utterly different from your MBA essay. Therefore, it would be best to pay attention to your assignment structure.

If you are new at writing college assignments and do not understand the difference, you can seek help. Multiple MBA and other dissertation writing services can help you with your assignments. Please ensure that you write your assignment with concentration. And finish your assignment.

You need to revise after you have written

After you have completed drafting your assignments, it would be best to proofread them. Students often pen down their assignments in a hurry. Hence, they miss out on many small yet crucial factors about their assignments. But they only understand these mistakes once they revise their assignments.

So, please ensure that you have correctly revised your assignments and corrected all of your mistakes. There are a lot of proofreading and grammar checking tools online so that you can use those tools for your assignments.

Summary: College assignments are vital for students. Therefore, they need to write them with adequate care and attention. If you are a new college student, you can use these tips and accomplish your assignment goals.

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Outbound Phone Sales Professional Certification #116 – Part 1 of 3

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Kuntaka’s evaluation of Sanskrit literature

by Nikitha. M | 2018 | 72,578 words

This page relates ‘Conclusion to Chapter 4’ of the study on the evaluation of Sanskrit literature with special reference to Kuntaka and his Vakroktijivitam from the 10th century CE. This study reveals the relevance of Sanskrit poetics in the present time and also affirms that English poetry bears striking features like six figurativeness taught by Kuntaka in his Vakroktijivita, in which he propounds the vakrokti school of Sanskrit literary criticism.

The examination of these dramatic pieces shows that Kuntaka cites twenty six different dramas in his text. But it is notable that he did not cite any verse from the plays of Bhāsa. At least Svapnavāsavadatta and Pratijñāyaugandharāyaṇa were available at the time of Kuntaka. Still there is no exact reason why Kuntaka ignored these famous plays of Bhāsa. Whatever it is among the different literary genres, dramas have an esteemed position. He selects some lost dramas written based on Rāmāyaṇa, Mahābhārata and a Jain drama named Puṣpadūṣitaka, one of the well known prakaraṇa named Mālatīmādhava and a bāṇa named Pādatāḍitaka along with the famous dramas like Veṇīsaṃhāra, Mudrārākṣasa etc. Though there are numerous dramas, Kuntaka was very conscious in selecting them in every situation. Kuntaka’s citations of large number of dramas of both famous and rare dramatists reveal that he has no partiality towards any particular dramatists. The best platform for Kuntaka to bring forth his final varieties like contextual and compositional figurativeness to an optimum level is dramas.

It is well known that Tāpasavatsarāja is a drama written by Anaṅgaharṣa Mātṛrāja. The name of the author is given in the beginning and end of this drama. Unfortunately there is no more information about the author except his name. In the introduction of old lost Rāma plays, V. Raghvan says that he has got a manuscript of Udāttarāghava but does not give any information about it. With the help of this manuscript, Camille Bulcke, in Ramakatha, says that Udāttarāghava was most probably written in 8th Century C.E by one Anaṅgaharṣa Mātṛrāja. Citation of verses from Tāpasavatsarāja of various rhetoricians like Kuntaka, Abhinavagupta, Ānandavardhana etc. helps to assign the date of Tāpasavatsarāja is before 9th Century C.E. Resemblance of the date and name of the author of both these dramas makes one surmise that it was written by the same person.

Likewise it is seen that Rāghavānanda, an old lost drama was written by Viśākhadatta. There is no exact evidence to prove that either this Viśākhadatta is none other than the author of Mudrārākṣasa or someone else. Kuntaka cites a single verse rāmosau bhuvaneṣu …… from Rāghavānanda. Bhoja’s citation of the same verse in Śṛṅgāraprakāśa helps V. Raghavan to say that this verse is from Rāghavānanda. But still the author of this work is unknown. An anthology named Saduktikarṇāmṛta ascribed this verse to Viśākhadatta.

The reliability of anthologies is limited but not completely negligible. Citation of Rāghavānanda’ s verse of Bhoja and Kuntaka helps to assign its date before10th century C.E. It is believed that Mudrārākṣasa was also written in between 6th or 7th century C.E. These things help to conjecture that both Mudrārākṣasa and Rāgavānanda were written by same author. This reveals that still a lot of rare dramas of even some famous writers are also in oblivion. So the efforts taken by the rhetoricians like Kuntaka should always be regarded as very valuable. Their attempt helps us to find out the details of those texts.

Yet another resemblance in the name of authors is seen in the works like Kṛtyārāvaṇa and Hayagrīvavadha. Both are written by one Meṇṭha. The authorship of Kṛtyārāvaṇa is just conjectured as Meṇṭha but not certain. Likewise there is no certainty about the date of Hayagrīvavadha. But some external evidence helps to assume that it was written before 10th Century C.E. Camille Bulcke says that Kṛtyārāvaṇa was written in the beginning of 9th Century A.D. Resemblance in name and date prompt to guess that either it is written by same person or two different persons having same name.

Kuntaka’s evaluation of Veṇīsaṃhāra and Nāgānanda reveals that he always uphold principles of propriety. In Veṇīsaṃhāra, Bhaṭṭanārāyaṇa has depicted the amorous sports between Duryodhana and Bhānumatī while a great war was happening outside. Kuntaka firmly criticizes such impropriety of Bhaṭṭanārāyaṇa. In Nāgānanda, Kuntaka appreciates the self-sacrifice of the hero Jīmūtavāhana, through which he attains many goals of his life. Indication of impropriety in the words of Sītā in Bālarāmāyaṇa also shows that Kuntaka never tolerates improper behavior from an ideal character. Kuntaka also appreciates the authors of Mudrārākṣasa and Tāpasavatsarāja for their depiction of new way of political strategy in their work for delighting the readers. Kuntaka’s propriety in making plausible innovative changes in Mālatīmādhava like ‘vidhimapi vipannādbhutavidhim’ and a minute, but beautiful emendation found in the verse of Pādatāḍitaka are also praiseworthy.

A large number of compositions have been mentioned without any further details. Their brief analysis has been given here. Detail information is given as appendix. Kuntaka cites few unique literary pieces written based on Rāmāyaṇa. They are Rāmābhyudaya, Udāttarāghava, Vīracarita, Bālarāmāyaṇa, Kṛtyārāvaṇa, Māyāpuṣpaka etc. Here Kuntaka just cites the names of these texts for showing the uniqueness of the texts though they are written based on the same source. By the analysis of the available information on these texts, it is clear that the innovations made by the poets are amazing. Moreover, according to Kuntaka, unique title of a work plays a significant role in contributing to the charm of the work as a whole. It should be related to the pivotal incident discussed in the plot. The examples given for such beautiful titles are Abhijñānaśākuntala, Mudrārākṣasa, Pratimāniruddha, Māyāpuṣpaka, Kṛtyārāvaṇa, Chalitarāma and Puṣpadūṣitaka. Among them the lost dramas are Pāṇḍavābhyudaya, Rāmānanda, Māyāpuṣpaka, Kṛtyārāvaṇa, Chalitarāma and Puṣpadūṣitaka, Rāmābhyudaya and Udāttarāghava. In them all are Rāma plays except Pāṇḍavābhyudaya, Pratimāniruddha and Puṣpadūṣitaka. Puṣpadūṣitaka is the one and only Jain drama cited by Kuntaka. There is not much information about these dramas except their names. Their names indicate that Pāṇḍavābhyudaya and Pratimāniruddha were written based on Mahābhārata.

Kuntaka cites the minor dramas like Chalitarāma, Māyāpuṣpaka, Kṛtyārāvaṇa Pratimāniruddha and Puṣpadūṣitaka as instances of beautiful title given to a composition. The pivotal incident discussed in Chalitarāma is the treachery of two demons towards Rāma by giving false news about the character of Sītā. So the title Deceived Rāma is apt to this drama. In Kṛtyārāvaṇa Rāvaṇa’s witchcraft is the main theme that leads the story. But it is not clear how the title named Puṣpadūṣitaka is connected with the story because of the unavailability of the text. Unavailability of the complete text of Pratimāniruddha also makes it difficult to assess connection of this title with its theme. Likewise In Māyāpuṣpaka, the word māyā means illusion and puṣpaka signifies the flying chariot of Kubera. But from the available quotations it is impossible to find out the significance of the illusory chariot in this play. Kuntaka’s citation of them in this particular context makes sure that there must be connection between the title and pivotal incident described in it. Name of texts cited in these two varieties of compositional figurativeness are Māyāpuṣpaka and Kṛtyārāvaṇa.

Kuntaka’s suggestion of the title of a work without citing any verse makes it difficult to identify the works. There may arise some doubts about the names of Vīracarita and Rāmacarita cited by Kuntaka. In Nāṭyadarpaṇa the author says that the sudden end of a sentiment while it is flowing well is improper. An instance taken for it is from a drama named Vīracarita. Here the word fight between Rāma and Paraśurāma, which was enriched by the heroic sentiment, was interrupted by the words of Rāma that ‘kaṅkaṇamocanāya gacchāmi. In the second act of Mahāvīracarita the word fight between them was interrupted by kañcukī by saying ‘devyaḥ kaṅkaṇamocanāya militā rājan varaḥ preṣyatām’. Moreover in the first viveka of Nāṭyadarpaṇa the author says that for making Rāma an ideal hero, Bhavabhūti brilliantly avoids deceitful killing of Vālin in Vīracarita. Undoubtedly this prompts us to think that title given as Vīracarita is none other than Mahāvīracarita of Bhavabhūti. Absence of citation of verses makes difficult to ascertain the work Rāmacarita is either Uttararāmacarita or some other Mahākāvya. But Kuntaka cites some other situation explicitly from Uttararāmacarita. So Rāmacarita mentioned by Kuntaka is different from it.

Among these dramas some of them like Mahānāṭaka, Kṛtyārāvaṇa, Rāmānanda are considered as shadow-plays. The first drama considered as a shadow play is Dharmābhyudaya of Meghaprabhācārya. Unfortunately its date has not been fixed. It is sure that there may be some purpose for the creation of shadow plays otherwise there is no need to create such replica of something. Sometimes it was created for reciting in particular occasions or festivals. S.K De opines that Mahānāṭaka is notorious for its shameless plagiarism.[1] Most of its verses are taken from Rāmabhyudaya, Subhāṣitāvalī etc.

The depiction of the anxious words of Lava by seeing the golden statue of Sītā in Chalitarāma that ‘ayekathamiyamambā rājadvāramāgatā, kathamiyam kāñcanamayī’ is one of the beautiful instances that untouched Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa. Though there are lots of innovative themes in these Rāma plays created by the poets, they never tried to change the main sentiment like the Veṇīsaṃhāra of Bhaṭṭanārāyaṇa from Mahābhārata. One of the contributions of Kuntaka to Sanskrit literature is his citation of verses from some rare works. Such attempts helped to bring some rare works to light. It also inspires the scholars for its further enquiry and study. The partial information of these Rāma plays is available from some citations also from other poetics texts like Sṛṅgāraprakāśa, Dhvanyāloka etc. and from some anthologies like Subhāṣitāvalī, Sūktimuktāvalī etc. From these it is clear that the different and unique composition based on a same story is appreciable. It reveals the poetic imagination of various poets. Such types of works also have their own place in literary genre. There is no need to avoid them considering them as a replica of something. This is what Ānandavardhana said in Dhvanyāloka that:- dṛṣṭapūrvā api hyarthāḥ kāvye rasaparigrahāt/ sarve nava ivābhānti madhumāsa iva drumāḥ/ /[2] It means that “Even trite subjects in poetry will put on a new freshness if they get into touch with sentiment just as the same trees appear quite new with the advent of spring.”[3] The reach of the present day best seller novels written based on the life of Rāma and Śiva like The skion of iksvaku and The immortals of Meluha etc. also reveal the same.

Footnotes and references:

S.K.De, op.cit, p.227.

Dr.K. Krishnamoorthy (Ed.). Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana, 270.

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Urban Informality and Climate Change — Analyzing Karachi’s Rain

Source: ARY News

Introduction and Background

Urbanization is not a benign process. One, widely known and well-established consequence of rapidly increasing urbanization is environmental degradation and climate change (Champman , Watson , Salazar , Thatcher, & McAlpine, 2017). Coupled with unsustainable methods employed to expand cities, usually to absorb the pressure of rising global population, urbanization is posing a serious threat to the climate. Currently, nearly over half of the world’s population resides in urban areas. This number is expected to rise by nearly 2.5 billion by year 2050 (United Nations, 2018). As a result, the size of cities is expected to rise multifold in the upcoming years, especially in third world developing states like Pakistan where population control still remains taboo.

The majority of the citizens of these developing states are already vulnerable to widespread poverty, unemployment, land dispossession and other socioeconomic and political risk factors. With rapidly growing population, the demand for housing is also mounting, placing a significant pressure on governments and other urban institutions to provide shelter to the poor and vulnerable groups. However, because of lack of resources to provide sustainable housing, governments in developing countries largely remain reliant on unsustainable and sporadic processes of development, usually on city’s peripheries. This basically means that usually, widely touted government led pro-poor housing projects are restricted to areas disconnected from main city and its central economic and financial hubs. Even then, many of these projects never materialize. This compels people to settle in informal settlements, as widely recognized and accounted in the urban development literature.

The basic idea of these settlements, as United Nations (U.N.) High Commission for Refugees notes, is where housing, shelter and services have been constructed on spaces on which the occupants have no legal claim, or which they purportedly occupy illegally (United Nations High Commission for Refugees, 2014). Thus, these spaces are, unlike formal and planned settlements, prone to unplanned, sporadic, and unregulated expansion. Most of these settlements occur in peripheral spaces near river banks, pavements, nullah streams, costal outposts of the city, or in barren undeveloped or widely ignored regions to evade government oversights. As a result of intra-national and rural-urban migrations, and because of the general rise in urban population, the number of such settlements is steadily increasing throughout the globe, especially in cities of the Global South. According to estimates, informal settlements are increasing by an alarming rate annually (Menshawy, Aly, & Salman , 2011). The rate is likely to be much higher in poor states where most of the informal settlements are concentrated.

In this regard, climate change is posing a serious threat to the residents of these settlements. Climate change projections indicate significant increases in the frequency and intensity of natural hazards, in particular storm events and floods, which are the natural hazard most frequently experienced by the urban poor. The location of informal settlements on floodplains, and their insufficient waste and drainage networks, combined with higher runoff from hardened surfaces such as roads and pavements, compound the impact of flooding on the urban poor (Williams, Costa, Sutherland, Celliers, & Scheffran, 2019). Such impacts are widely evident with seasonal changes, and unprecedented monsoon spells even erstwhile arid urban areas like Karachi. Together with socioeconomic instability in these settlements, climate afflicted disruptions lead to loss of shelter, loss of lives, and land dispossession.

Moreover, the relationship between the climate and processes of urbanization are also cyclical. While on one end it remains one of the contributing factors to environmental degradation, on the other hand rising number of floods, changing monsoon patterns, and other climatic disruption which is directly affecting the Agri-economy of many poor countries, is compelling rural population to migrate to urban regions. Resultantly, adding pressure on urban population leading to more informal settlements.

Thus, this article aims to contribute to the literature on the relationship between urban development and climate change, while also exploring the effects of such changes on the poor urban residents of informal settlements, and how they can be mitigated. To this end, this article draws examples from global literature, and assess some globally recognized consequences in context of informal settlements in Karachi. To do this, I will use recent torrential rains and its impact on peri-urban regions of the city as an example.

Urban Informality and Climate Change — Governance, Risks and Climate Adaptability

Climate change widely encompasses variations in weather patterns which intensifies risks like rising sea levels, heat stress, extreme precipitation, inland and coastal flooding, Landslides, drought, increased aridity, water scarcity, and air pollution with widespread negative impacts on people and local and national economies (Williams, Costa, Sutherland, Celliers, & Scheffran, 2019). These risks are globally recognized as points of serious concerns, and countries have already started to assess alternatives that can mitigate these risk factors to a large extent, if not fully purging them. However, much of these mitigation efforts largely remain concentrated in regions where formal development planning is possible, and resources can be employed justifying the costs and returns.

In this regard, informal urban spaces largely remain ignored, due to which they lack essential infrastructure that can protect them from the hazards of climate change. Inadequate infrastructure and lack of services in these areas also decreases climate adaptation, further exacerbating the risks for the poor population. Widespread prevalence of vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, along with higher ratios of deaths from heat waves, floods, droughts, and costal inundation can, thus, be attributed to the lack of infrastructure that decreases resilience from to climate change (Satterthwaite, et al., 2020).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report underlines this issue in respect to the lack of resilience of informal settlements in urban areas around the globe. The report highlights that while almost all of the urban population living in formal spaces exhibit some from of resilience because of formal housing and a number of other risk-reducing infrastructure and services, the resilience of informal settlers in poor countries remains fairly low. People living in informal settlements seldom have access to facilities to construct infrastructure that can protect them from natural disasters (Satterthwaite, et al., 2020). For example, a number of slums, also known as Jhuggis in cities like Mumbai and Karachi are composed of houses built with cheap bricks and slabs that only provide shelter temporarily.

The biggest issue, in this regard, is the lack of affordability. Most of the residents cannot afford cement, clay and other vital material required to construct resilient infrastructure for sustenance. Similarly, this is also why residents of such settlements cannot move towards formal or semi-formal vicinities, with close proximity to better basic services. Formal residential areas are expensive, with higher living and operational costs, which makes such moves nearly inconceivable. Thus, there is an urgent need to vastly expand the supply and reduce the cost of ‘‘formal’’ (i.e., legal) housing that provides low-income groups with safer and more accessible alternatives to informal settlements (Satterthwaite, et al., 2020).

Moreover, because urban informal settlements do not fall under the ambit of government bodies and institutions, they lack appropriate and effective risk and disaster management. This further results in higher vulnerability of people living in such settlements to climate change. Instead, they usually rely on non-state actors and non-governmental organizations for disaster management during such crisis. However, as William et al., notes, the complexity and multifaceted nature of risk from natural hazards further means that the response to the hazard cannot be undertaken by one single actor, but require a move from dependence on unipolar government to multipolar governance. Governance, in the context of risk, is understood as a “multitude of actors and processes” collaborating in decision-making procedures. In essence, effective governance can decrease vulnerability of socioecological systems to climate-induced natural hazards and strengthen resilience (Williams, Costa, Sutherland, Celliers, & Scheffran, 2019). Such multi-level and multi-faceted interventions, nevertheless, are often absent in informal settings.

In Kathmandu, for example, squatters and informal settlements which house thousands of residents have been disproportionately affected by poor governance during natural disasters. Among the most vulnerable squatters are those living near to the Bagmati, Bishnumati and Dhobi Khola, the major rivers of Kathmandu. Most of the settlement houses are single story with mud walls and tin roofs. Some of the houses are concrete and made of cemented walls while others are made up of plastic and tin. Lighting, ventilation and space are limited and many houses lack basic facilities such as access to water and electricity (CLACC & IIED , 2009). Thus, during monsoon season, these squatters get flooded due to which the residents annually migrate to other parts of the city for protection.

However, with changing climate patterns, predicting monsoon rain is also becoming difficult, which is why many times the residents are left with no option but to leave their houses when rains hit. On the other hand, permanently shifting to formal residential areas is not an option because of expensive real estate prices. Moreover, since there is no infrastructure to cater to the needs of the settlers, have to walk for nearly an hour to reach the nearest public tap and then have to queue for up to five hours to get a bucket of clean drinking water. Solid waste is repeatedly thrown into the rivers as waste collection often does not extend to these areas, and this may lead to illness. These problems are exacerbated by the lack of affordable medical treatment for the poor residents.

Thus, building climate adaptability and resilience remains the only possible solution to protect the urban poor from the climate crises. A report from the Capacity Strengthening in the Least Developed Countries for Adaptation to Climate Change (CLACC) program underlines some possible strategies based on the examples from third world countries. The report notes that variability adaptation needs to take broader issues of development into account in order to ensure that households, communities and cities are able to meet the challenges of today, as well as those that will arise in the future (CLACC & IIED , 2009).

According to the report, adaptation of infrastructure to cope with climate change can take several forms: it can involve planned retreat, accommodating the changes, or constructing various protective measures. Adaptation can also involve “soft” or ecosystem infrastructure, including the use of mangroves or other vegetation to protect coastlines (CLACC & IIED , 2009).

Similarly, it is also important to inculcate adaptability in individuals, households and communities by disseminating information regarding possible hazards and imminent disaster. This includes timely informing communities about changing climate patterns, possible relocation possibilities, and methods to mitigate risk. A wide variety of coping strategies are already in evidence among many low-income groups: moving valuable items; sending children to stay with friends or relatives elsewhere during disaster events; or constructing flood barriers around their homes (CLACC & IIED , 2009). However, adaptation also requires building resilience to a wider range of shocks and stresses, which can be achieved through the improvement of health and education systems, as well as through the provision of adequate shelter, sanitation and drainage (Satterthwaite, et al., 2020).

Torrential rains in Karachi — risks and possible mitigation efforts for protecting informal settlers

Since the past three years, unprecedented monsoon spells and torrential rains have led to a number of deaths, injuries and displacements in Karachi. Last year, the rain-spell broke all previous records, completely unravelling city’s infrastructure and jeopardizing livelihood of thousands of residents for weeks. The situation was especially bad for middle- and low-income areas like Surjani town, Jail road, Naya Nazimabad, Kati Pahari, Sohrab Goth, etc. Research by Farhan Anwar, an eminent urban practitioner, explains that such spells are majorly caused by changes in weather driven by national and international climatic changes. Anwar notes, Main factors that contribute to variability in Karachi’s weather are: changes in Western Disturbances, rise in number of Tropical Storms, changes in Southwest monsoon patterns, and changes in Continental Air patterns (Anwar, 2012). These direct influences, changes in ocean and atmospheric conditions in distant locations also impact the climate of Karachi, particularly the monsoon (Anwar, 2012).

Another major reason for the devastation caused by the rain is change in Karachi’s demography that has increased the vulnerability of the city to the effects of climate change. As Dr. Noman Ahmed notes, as the city expanded in a haywire manner, the storm water drains were transformed into sewerage trunks. Even the planned neighbourhoods had their primary sewerage conduits ejecting into the nullahs (Ahmed, 2019). The blockage of storm water drainage, consequently, led to urban flooding in numerous areas of the city.

Most of these blockages, as also noted by Ahmed, are caused by sporadic and informal settlements on the embankments of storm water channels in the past three-four decades. According to Sindh government statistics, there are two rivers, 44 nullahs (major drains) and 511 small nullahs in Karachi. Around 13,441 households and 2,948 commercial establishments are built on four nullahs and one river (Abro, 2020). There are 5,916 households and 2,412 commercial units on the Gujjar Nullah, 4,480 households and 380 commercial units on the Orangi Nullah, 1,049 households and 156 commercial units on the Mahmoudabad Nullah and 1,996 households on the Malir river (Abro, 2020).

According to a report by Reuters, about 12 million people living in such informal settlements, are increasingly vulnerable to urban flooding as Karachi faces worsening inundations because of the extreme weather changes (Chandran, 2021). Most of these settlements are directly affected by flooding because of their close proximity to the natural storm water channels, and because most of these path ways have massively shortened, most of the water over flows to nearby neighborhoods. Apart from the floods, another threat they face are water-borne and vector-borne diseases which flourish in water that accumulates as a result of flooding, since there are no functional drainage systems to carry water out in such settlements.

Moreover, with climate change, experts anticipate a rise in such settlements throughout the city. This is mainly because many people migrate to cities like Karachi due to rise in monsoonal flooding in regions like Punjab and interior Sindh. One such example is the establishment of Ilyas Goth jhuggis along the Liyari River in Karachi. These settlements thrived when people moved into the settlements from Mirpurkhas following the flash floods of 2010 wrought by climate change, and finally a few families that have migrated to Karachi from various parts of Sindh, looking for better jobs and infrastructure (Saleem , Toheed, & Arif, 2020). Much to their dismay, these settlements were disproportionately affected by recent spells, which rendered scores of people homeless. This reflects the perpetual miserly of the poor population.

Another aspect pertinent to mention is that these people often become scape goats for government’s incompetence in city’s management. Informal settlers are usually blamed for ‘causing’ urban flooding in the city because of their encroachments. These claims are often grossly exaggerated, and reflects simplified and shallow understanding of city’s stakeholders when it comes to land and crisis management. According to Thompson Reuters Foundations, flooding is in fact a result of clogging that occurs because of government’s failure in removing solid waste from storm water channels during monsoon season (Chandran, 2021). Consequently, coupled with unprecedented rains, the clogging serves as a recipe for disaster. Moreover, most this clogging is also associated with provincial and metropolis government’s failure in building separate channels for sewage disposals. Most of city’s sewage is dumped into storm water channels because there is no alternative.

As a result, people are forcibly removed from their homes during anti-encroachments drives for widening nullahs. Recent examples include Mahmoudabad and Gujjar nullah anti-encroachments, in which more than 4000 houses are earmarked for demolition (The News, 2021). Such steps further exacerbate the plight of already poverty-trodden inhabitants of informal settlements. They also pose serious concerns for inclusive development goals as encapsulated in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2030.

Increasing rates of urbanization in developing third-world countries has been accompanied by rapid rise in unplanned informal settlements. Such settlements are highly vulnerable to plethora of issues, because they lack basic infrastructure for protection. Similarly, they also lack legal legitimacy to garner support from government and other institutions for protection of their livelihood. In this regards, impending environmental degradation and climatic changes are further exacerbating their vulnerability. Most of these settlements, as in Karachi, have no infrastructure to protect them from heavy spells of monsoon, storms, heat waves, and resultant health crisis. To solve these issues, governments need to prioritize upgradations of informal settlements, along with providing alternative housing where upgradation is not possible. Upgradation can help in increasing climate adaptability, and will also motivate people to take anti-climate change measures like urban foresting. This is only how the rights of such settlers against the looming climatic catastrophe can be ensured.

Abro, R. (2020, December 21). Raging rains, climate change put Karachi in a bind this year. Express Tribune .

Ahmed, N. (2019). Why did Karachi sink in the rain? Prism .

Anwar, F. (2012). Karachi City Climate Change. Karachi: Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit and Shehri-Citizens for a Better Environment.

Champman , S., Watson , J., Salazar , A., Thatcher, M., & McAlpine, C. (2017). The impact of urbanization and climate change on urban temperatures: a systematic review. Landscape Ecology, 1921–1935.

Chandran, R. (2021, April 12). Pakistan slum dwellers map flood risks to stop evictions. Reuters.

CLACC & IIED . (2009). CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE URBAN POOR: RISKS AND RESILIENCE IN 15 OF THE WORLD’S MOST VULNERABLE CITIES . London : International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) .

Menshawy, A., Aly, S., & Salman , A. (2011). Sustainable upgrading of informal settlements in the developing world, case study: Ezzbet Abd El Meniem Riyadh, Alexandria, Egypt. SciVerse SienceDirect , 168–177.

Saleem , Toheed, & Arif. (2020, March 1). Karachi — housing without a future? The News on Sunday.

Satterthwaite, D., Archer, D., Colenbrander, S., Dodman, D., Hardoy, J., Mitlin, D., & Patel, S. (2020). Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements. On Earth Review .

The News. (2021, February 5). 4,000 houses to be demolished to clear banks of Gujjar Nullah. The News .

United Nations. (2018, May 16). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved from United Nations: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-world-urbanization-prospects.html

United Nations High Commission for Refugees. (2014). Global Strategy for Settlement and Shelter . United Nations High Commission for Refugees.

Williams, D., Costa, M., Sutherland, C., Celliers, L., & Scheffran, J. (2019). Vulnerability of informal settlements in the context of rapid urbanization. Environment & Urbanization, 157–176.

The author (Muhammad Ashar Khan) is a Resident Research Fellow at the Youth Center for Research (YCR), and is currently pursuing his bachelors in Social Development and Policy from Habib University, Karachi, Pakistan. The author is also an alumnus of the Study of United States Institues (SUSI) Program in Comparative Public Policy, from University of Massachusetts, Amherst.


Cabochons in Earings

When choosing a cabochon for an earing, it is advisable to consider the weight of the cab.
Always make sure the seller has specified this parameter for every cab they listed for sale.
For your information, a normal size cabochon 40x20x5 mm could weigh approximately 10 grams.
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We offer some cabs that are thinner than 3 mm.
Another point to consider, cabochons of moderate translucency would appear more translucent if cut thin, thus enhancing the aesthetic appearance of the earring while still maintaining resistance to breakage due to their smaller size.


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    Proverbs 12 - Proverbs 14 >> - HELP - FB - TWITTER - GR VIDEOS - GR FORUMS - GR YOUTUBE

    Verse 2. Shall eat - Shall receive comfort, and benefit by his wise and profitable discourses.

    Verse 6. Keepeth him - From that over-throw which befall sinners.

    Verse 7. Maketh rich - Some men who have little or nothing, pretend to have great riches. Maketh rich - Some rich men profess to be poor.

    Verse 9. The light - The prosperity. Rejoiceth - Shines with a pleasant and constant brightness. Rejoicing is here ascribed to the light, as it is to the sun, Psalm xix, 5, metaphorically. Put out - Their felicity shall have a hidden end.

    Verse 11. Vanity - By wicked practices.

    Verse 13. The word - The word of God.

    Verse 14. The law - The instruction, or counsel; as the word law, is frequently understood in scripture.

    Verse 15. Giveth - Makes a man acceptable to God. Rough - Offensive and hateful to God and men, as rough ways are to a traveler.

    Verse 16. Knowledge - Considerately and discreetly. Layeth open - By his foolish actions.

    Verse 21. Evil - Punishment proportionable to their sin.

    Verse 24. Hateth his son - His fond affection, is as pernicious to him as hatred.

    God Rules.NET