Biological Characteristics of Natural Water

Biological Characteristics of Natural Water: Natural water has chemical, physical and biological characteristics. The living organisms in water also include microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Viruses are parasites that cannot live and reproduce outside other living cells.

Apart from the chemical and physical characteristics of natural waters, living organisms also inhabit the water. These include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Viruses are obligate parasites that must live and grow in other organisms and cause diseases in the process.

Biological Characteristics of Natural Water

Microorganisms that cause diseases and are transmitted through water are called waterborne pathogens. These include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Microorganisms of interest in water include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses.

1. Bacteria

Bacteria are among the most common microorganisms in water. They are single-celled organisms, having several shapes and ranging in size from 0.5 to 2 microns in diameter and 1 to 10 microns in length.

Biological Characteristics of Natural Water

Bacteria have three major shapes vizrod-shaped bacteria (bacilli), spherical-shaped (cocci), and spiral-shaped. Some are single-celled; appear in pairs, chains, or clusters.

Bacteria feed on plants and animals in water and land. Some bacteria can use inorganic elements such as iron as sources of energy.

The growth of bacteria is faster in warm than cold temperatures. For each 10ºC increase, the bacterial growth rate doubles. pH affects the growth of bacteria as bacteria grow best when it is neutral. Metal ions like copper, lead, silver, and some pesticides are toxic and inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Many bacteria are aerobic and require free oxygen for growth while others are anaerobically requiring no free oxygen.

Facultative bacteria can switch from aerobic to anaerobic depending on environmental conditions. Bacteria multiply by binary fission dividing into identical daughter cells.

Under optimal conditions, bacteria can double in numbers every 20 -30 minutes. Some bacteria produce resistant spores which are viable structures regarded as the resting phase.

The spores can survive very harsh conditions. Waterborne diseases caused by bacteria include typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi), gastroenteritis (Shigellaspp, Campylobacterspp, EnteropathogenicE. coli), cholera (Vibrio cholera), leptospirosis (Leptospiraspp).

Read Also: What is the Methods used in Sampling and Measuring Water Quality parameters?

2. Protozoa

Protozoa are single-celled animals that are several times larger than bacteria ranging from 4-500 microns.

Protozoa are classified based on their modes of movement as:

i. Amoeba which moves by gliding or streaming action and changes shape as they move.

ii. Ciliates are covered with hair-like structures called cilia which beat rapidly and propel the organism. Most ciliates are free swimming, attached to floating materials or walls.

iii. Flagellates have one or more whip-like projections called flagella for movement.

iv. Suctoria are attached organisms and have tentacles rather than cilia.

v. Sporozoa are non-motile and are swept along with the current of water.
Protozoa feed mostly on bacteria and most protozoa are aerobic or facultative. They alternate between active growth phases (trophozoites) and a resting phase called cysts (extremely resistant structures that protect the organisms from harsh environmental conditions.

3. Viruses

The viruses are several times smaller than bacteria and are very simple life forms. They range in size from 0.02-0.25 microns in diameter. They have several shapes such as geometric polyhedral, long slender rods, and elaborate irregular shapes.

Viruses are intracellular parasites that must live and reproduce in host cells. A virus contains a central molecule of genetic material surrounded by a protein called a capsid and sometimes an additional layer called an envelope.

They cannot obtain energy or reproduce on their own. Viruses invade all kinds of cells and take over host cells forcing them to produce more viruses and destroy the cell in the process.

4. Algae

Algae are aquatic plants. Many of them are microscopic cells though visible when in masses or large numbers. Some are multi-cellular e.g. kelp found in marine waters. They occur in both clean and polluted waters. Algae are capable of carrying out photosynthesis (primary production).

Algae are classified according to color ;

i. Green algae contain chlorophyll and are found mostly in freshwater.

ii. Euglenoids are single-celled, green-pigmented, resemble protozoa, contain flagella, and carry out photosynthesis.

iii. Diatoms are golden-brown, single-celled, and have hard silica gel.

iv. Cyanobacteria are bluish-green in color, and can carry out photosynthesis, formerly called blue-green algae but are now classified as bacteria.

Benadine Nonye

An Agric. Consultant & a Blogger- National Diploma in Agricultural Technology. - Bachelor's Degree in Agricultural Science. - Master's Degree in Science Education. Join Me On: Twitter: @benadinenonye - Instagram: benadinenonye - LinkedIn: benadinenonye - YouTube: Agric4ProfitsTV - Pinterest: BenadineNonye4u - Facebook: BenadineNonye

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Time is one commodity that we can never get back, so it’s vital we develop good habits and rituals to follow – these tips will help improve your productivity during the work week and quality of life overall. Let’s begin…

Early Rising

This might seem obvious, but waking up early helps start your day without worry and panic. If you aren’t a morning person, start a night time ritual of prepping for the following day the best you can.

Easy Breakfast

As part of your night time ritual, have breakfast ready for the next morning. Try options such as overnight oats or hard boiled eggs. If you drink coffee, prep your coffee maker the night before and set a timer on it – waking up to the smell of coffee is heaven!

Organize the Essentials

Place your belongings (phone, keys, wallet) in the same place EVERY TIME so you don’t scramble to find anything last minute.

Meal Prep Lunches

Whether you meal prep lunches for an entire work week or just pre-pack one the night before, this cuts time deciding where or what to eat during lunch on a daily basis and will free up time for more important tasks.

Digital Calendar

Get a digital calendar app and use it like your life revolves around it. Every time something comes up during your day, just put it in your calendar and set notifications to remind you before you need to be somewhere. This is crucial for saving time and stress.

Keep it Simple

Keep things simple! It might sound boring in the long run, but simplifying everything makes life so much easier to handle. This can go for anything, especially for meals and keeping things minimal in your home.


Home Forex Markets What is Quadruple witching? How does the Fourth Witch Day affect the stock market?

by WOOWinvest
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Abstract: Four witch days are market fluctuations that may be caused by the simultaneous expiration of four major derivatives contracts. The trading volume on the Fourth Witch Day is generally high, but it may not cause large price fluctuations unless it coincides with a major event in the global economy.

What is Quadruple witching?

“Four witches” refers to the date when the four major derivatives contracts in the US market expire at the same time. These four contracts are stock options, stock futures, stock index futures and stock index options. Four Witch Days occur four times a year, on the third Friday of March, June, September and December.

Futures and options are derivatives linked to stock prices. When derivatives expire, traders must close or adjust positions. This could trigger huge trading volumes. Market activity during these trading days typically peaks during the last trading hour, also known as the “Four Witch Hour.”

Four witches will also start a new quarter in the future. How to find trading opportunities in the new quarter? Dailyfx’s analysts with decades of trading experience will analyze the next quarter at the end of each quarter to find the best trading opportunities. Download the guide below to get the 14 top trading opportunities of this quarter with one click!

What are the four derivatives of the Four Witch Days?

Before introducing the impact of the Four Witch Days on the market in depth, let’s take a look at the introduction of these four major derivatives contracts:

1. Stock Options

Stock options are stock-based derivatives. It allows a buyer to legally buy or sell stock on or before a specific date at a predetermined cost (strike price) without coercion. There are two types of stock options: call options and put options. When buying a call option, if the price of the option on the expiration date is higher than the strike price, the investor can exercise the option or convert it into stock to cash out. When an investor buys a put option, as long as the stock price is below the strike price on the expiration date, the investor can profit from a drop in the stock price.

2. Stock futures

A futures contract is a legal agreement to buy or sell an asset at a determined price on a specified future date. Futures contracts have a fixed quantity and expiration date. Futures are traded on a futures exchange, and the buyer of a futures contract is obliged to buy the underlying asset at expiration, while the seller is obliged to sell the underlying asset at expiration.

3. Stock Index Options

Stock index options are similar to stock options, but instead of buying a single security, they give investors the right to trade an index, such as the SP 500 or other benchmarks. Options give investors the right to trade, not the obligation. At expiration, the index price relative to the option strike price determines the profit of the trade.

It should be noted that index options do not provide ownership of individual stocks, the transaction is settled in cash, and on the expiration date, the difference between the option price and the strike price determines the profit and loss.

4. Stock Index Futures

Stock index futures are similar to stock futures, except that investors buy or sell the underlying stock index. At maturity, existing positions are offset and profit or loss cash goes into the investor’s account. Investors use stock index futures to bet on the direction of the index, buying if they think the index will rise and selling if they think the market will fall. Index futures can also be used to hedge stock portfolios so that portfolio managers don’t have to sell their portfolios when the market is down.

The impact of four witch days on the market

The simultaneous expiration of stock index futures, options on stock index futures, single stock options and index options will result in greater volatility and volume. For example, on March 19, 2021, the SP 500 recorded its highest volume for all of last year, and the other four witch days also saw above-average activity.

SP 500 Index Trend from Early 2021-July 2022 and Four Witch Day Volumes

Source: tradingview

Investors are partly justified by fears of wild swings in the prices of the underlying assets of the Four Witch Days. But while the underlying asset traded up two-thirds of the time, only one-third of the time saw price volatility. But if a major global or U.S. event happens on or before Fourth Witch Day, price swings can be amplified quickly.

Major news often brings major volatility to the market and also brings excellent trading opportunities, so how to plan before major news is announced? How to catch the trend reversal point after the news is announced? Click to download the guide below to learn how to trade breaking news.

On March 20, 2020, the first four witch days of the year, the Dow Jones closed down more than 900 points or 4.55%, the Nasdaq closed down 3.7%, and the SP 500 closed down 4.34%. There have been four circuit breakers in U.S. stocks that month, while there have only been five containment circuit breakers in the entire history of the U.S. stock market. The reason for this panic selling in U.S. stocks at the time was the outbreak of the epidemic around the world and countries shutting down their economies. However, U.S. stocks were in panic selling throughout March, so trading volumes were generally high at the time.

SP 500 Index Trend and Volume from Early 2020 to March 2021

The content on this page is for general market commentary only and may not constitute investment advice of any kind (tax, legal, accounting). This article does not constitute an invitation or recommendation for direct investment in specific financial products. The content is for reference only. Readers should not rely on the information in this document, nor should its actions and omissions be relied upon. We are not responsible for the results of any person’s actions or omissions based on this article. We make no warranties as to the accuracy of the content provided or the adequacy of the information. This article is not intended for distribution within the territory of the People’s Republic of China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan for this purpose), except as permitted by the applicable laws of the People’s Republic of China.

Copyright Notice: Except for the purpose of viewing the information on this website, or as permitted by applicable law or these terms and conditions, no one may copy, use, upload, link, or publicly perform in any way to third parties without our specific written permission , publish or transmit any information or content on this website. We reserve the right to further investigate the legal responsibilities of the relevant actors for the infringing acts of unauthorized reprinting. If you have business cooperation needs such as market promotion and resource exchange, please contact us.

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Medical Malpractice Payouts by State 2022

What Qualifies as Medical Malpractice?

While the vast majority of doctors are good people who always put the needs of the patient first, there are situations where doctors might make mistakes. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, doctors might be guilty of medical malpractice. For something to qualify as medical malpractice, the act has to meet the four Ds. The doctor has to have a proven duty to take care of the patient. If the doctor doesn't have a duty, then there is no malpractice. The doctor also has to have deviated from the accepted standards of the field. Then, there has to be some sort of damage. If the patient did not suffer adverse consequences, then there is no malpractice. Finally, the deviation from those best practices has to be the direct cause of those damages. All four of these criteria must be satisfied to prove malpractice.

What Are Common Examples of Medical Malpractice?

There are a few common examples of medical malpractice. For example, the doctor might have prescribed the wrong medication. If a reasonable physician would have used a different medication, and the wrong medication led to damage, then this could be malpractice. Or, the doctor might perform a surgery on the wrong location. There should be measure in place to prevent this from happening. Some types of malpractice are more egregious, such as a doctor working while intoxicated or a doctor doing something to intentionally harm a patient.

Which States Have Paid Out the Most Claims?

There are several states that have paid out several billion dollars in medical malpractice claims over the years. This could come from hospitals, insurance companies, or the doctors themselves. CA is the highest state, and it has paid out close to $10 billion over the years. Then, there are some states that have paid out a few hundred million in medical malpractice claims. It varies widely from state to state, and the average payout of a claim can vary significantly depending on the circumstances. The case will take into account the direct cost of the mistake, any emotional distress, and possible punitive damages stemming from the case.

Does Malpractice Insurance Cover These Claims?

Yes, there are situations where insurance will cover the cost of these claims. Most doctors have medical malpractice insurance that will pay for lawyers' fees and the settlement cost or trial verdict. On the other hand, these policies have a limit to them, and there might be some exclusions. For example, if the doctor is found to have committed assault against the patient, then the insurance company might not pay out the claim. If the insurance company does not pay for the claim, then the doctor or the hospital might have to pay on its own. It is also possible that the hospital will have its own policy to cover the cost. This is something that is handled on a case by case basis, and it is important to work with a lawyer in this situation.

Medical Malpractice Payouts by State 2022


A font can often make or break a website. Fonts play a significant role in the visual appeal of a website, and choosing the correct font can go a long way toward making a site more appealing to your users. There are several things to consider when choosing a font for your website, including legibility and visual appeal. It’s also important to choose a web-safe font so it works well on all devices, browsers, and operating systems.

5 types of web fonts

Fonts are generally classified into five categories. They all have distinctive characteristics and are used for different purposes. The five categories are Serif, Sans-serif, Monospace, Cursive, and Fantasy.

Serif font

Serif fonts are recognizable by the small extra strokes on the edges of letters. Serif fonts are often used on websites because they’re highly legible. They also look formal and are used in academic writing, print media, etc. Some of the most widely-used Serif fonts are Times New Roman, Cambria, and Garamond.

Sans-serif font

Sans-serif fonts do not have the additional strokes that are added to Serif fonts. Fonts from this family have a minimalistic feel and wide spaces between letters, which makes them highly legible fonts. They’re often used for print and digital content.

Monospace font

Monospace fonts have very distinctive, wide spaces between letters, giving them a very clean look. They are often associated with typewriters and computer terminals because that’s where users encounter them most often. Courier is one of the most widely-used Monospace fonts.

Cursive font

As the name implies, Cursive fonts imitate handwriting, with letters looping together in a flowing manner. Cursive fonts are rarely used in blocks of text because they can be hard to read. Instead, they’re more often used for blog title posts and headers.

Fantasy font

Fantasy fonts have a very distinctive, creative look. They’re very decorative, which makes them good for movie titles (e.g. Harry Potter), novel titles, video games, etc.

HTML fonts

You can find 20 web-safe fonts that you can use for your website below.

Arial fonts

The Arial belongs to the Sans-serif font category. It’s a classic font that’s mostly suitable for all websites. It’s a very minimalistic font with a clean look. It’s easy to read, which is why it’s often used in printed media such as newspapers. You can’t go wrong with Arial, so if you’re looking for a font to give your site a clean and polished look, this is a good choice.

Arial Narrow

Arian Narrow fonts

Arial Narrow is a style of the Arial font family. As the name implies, the font appears narrow, like the letters were pushed together. It has a pretty minimalistic look, which makes it a good choice for websites that need a simple, polished look.

Times fonts

Times is another classic font that quickly became the default font for printed media and academic writing. This is one of the fonts that most people are used to seeing so it’s a good choice if you want your website to have a familiar feeling. It’s also a great font for sites that have a lot of text (e.g. blogs).

Times New Roman

Times New Roman fonts

Times New Roman is a variant of the Times font. It’s perhaps the most widely used font overall because it’s accepted as the default font for academic writing and printed media. It’s a good choice if you want your site to look professional and polished.

Helvetica fonts

Helvetica is a widely used sans-serif typeface. You may recognize it being used for commercial wordmarks for popular brands like Adult Swim, Panasonic, Skype, Verizon, and Funimation. It’s also often used for health warnings on tobacco products in the EU, as well as for federal income tax forms in the US. Helvetica is a very versatile font that has a clean look. It’s suitable for all kinds of websites.

Courier fonts

Courier has a very distinctive look, with big spaces between letters. Courier is a great choice if your site is related to movies because it’s the default font for movie screenplays. However, it’s not generally used for long pieces of text. It’s better used for titles on websites as it’s more decorative than anything.

Courier New

Courier New fonts

Courier Now is like a thinner version of the Courier font. You may recognize it as the default system font in electronic devices.

Candara fonts

Candara is classified as a humanist sans-serif typeface and was initially released with Windows  Vista. It’s part of Microsoft’s ClearType font collection.

It’s a clear, highly-readable font, which makes it perfect for displays and blog post titles. However, it has a bit of an old-school feel to it.

Verdana fonts

Verdana is a sans-serif font. It’s a very clear, readable font with big spaces between letters. The font was used by the Scandinavian furniture giant IKEA for years but it recently switched to another.

It’s a good font for both long blocks of text and headlines. If you need to put a lot of text in a small space, Verdana is a good choice because it’s still very readable when in a small size.

Calibri fonts

Calibri is a sans-serif typeface. It currently is the default typeface of Microsoft Office and other Microsoft software and has been since 2007, though Microsoft is planning on changing it. Calibri has a modern look with a warm feel because of the rounded lines. It’s suitable for many text sizes because of its legibility. Because it has a clean look, it can be used for all types of websites.

Optima fonts

Optima is a sans-serif typeface. It has a clean look with a classic yet elegant feel. It’s used by some high-end brands like Marks and Spencer.

it’s a very versatile font that particularly suits blog posts, books, and landing pages.

Cambria fonts

Cambria is a serif font. It has a very modern feel, and the horizontal serifs make it a very clear, legible font. It’s also quite versatile and is great if you need to place large blocks of text in small spaces.

Perpetua fonts

Perpetua is a serif typeface. It’s formal and elegant with a classic appearance. Perpetua is a popular choice for fine book printing and has a creative feel to it. It’s also a good font for educational and informational texts.

Garamond fonts

Garamond is a serif font. It has a bit of an antique feeling to it, and you may recognize it from printed books like Harry Potter. It’s a common font choice for printed books and digital displays.

Didot fonts

Didot is a serif font. It has a classic design that does not look outdated. It has a formal, esthetically-pleasing look so it’s a good font choice for headers and taglines. It’s also often used for logos. Didot was used for the CBC News logo in the past. It’s also the font used in the current logo for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.

Brush Script

Brush Script fonts

Brush Script is a cursive font that mimics handwritten strokes. It feels casual/informal and should be used sparingly. It’s a good font for posters, pop-ups, and landing pages. But it should be avoided on websites in large blocks of text as it becomes difficult to read, especially when in small text size.

Lucida Bright

Lucida Bright fonts

Lucida Bright is a serif font. It looks official and clean, which is why it’s a good choice for official documentation, magazines, and even business reports.

Monaco fonts

Monaco is a monospaced sans-serif typeface that’s often used in macOS. While it’s a pretty simple font, it also stands out. It’s a good choice for landing pages, pop-ups, etc., especially when you want to draw attention.

Copperplate fonts

Copperplate is a monotone font and uses only capital letters. It’s a great option for headers and titles on websites but is also often used for business cards. The font featured heavily on the show Who Wants to be a Millionaire.

Bradley Hand

Bradley Hand fonts

Bradey Hand is a cursive font that resembles handwriting. It’s a good choice for decorative text for advertising and branding but should be used sparingly. It has a casual and more personal feel so it’s a good choice when you want to create a more cozy feeling.

How to add HTML fonts

You can add HTML fonts to your WordPress website either manually or using plugins.

Add HTML fonts manually

It’s generally easier and quicker to use plugins but if you do not wish to add even more plugins to your WordPress website, you can add HTML fonts manually.

  1. Download the font of your choice from a web font provider.
  2. Convert the font into a web-friendly format using the Webfont Generator tool.
  3. Download the converted font, and upload it to wp-content/themes/your-theme/fonts directory.

Add HTML fonts using plugins

Using plugins to add fonts is much easier, particularly if you do not have a lot of experience with doing it manually. There are many HTML font plugins that you can add to your WordPress website.

You can install WordPress plugins in a couple of ways, and it’s not difficult. Here’s how you can install plugins via the WordPress admin screen:

  1. Plugins -> Add New.
  2. Using the gallery of plugins or the search function, find the plugin(s) you want to use and click Install Now.
  3. Once the plugin is installed, you need to press Activate to turn it on.

It’s also possible to install WordPress plugins that you obtained from third-party sources. However, you need to be very careful about which plugins you install and where you download them from because malicious actors often try to use plugins to upload malicious code to websites. Only download trusted plugins from reliable sources. To add a plugin you downloaded from a third-party source, use the below instructions:

  1. Download the plugin’s ZIP file from a reliable source.
  2. Plugins -> Add New -> Upload Plugin.
  3. Either drag the ZIP file or upload it.
  4. Click Install Now.
  5. Click Activate Plugin.

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Canada (3)

Canadians realize the importance of a good education, and this is why public education in Canada is funded by federal, provincial and local governments. Canada has one of the highest enrollment rates in the world for students who have graduated from secondary school continuing on to post-secondary education, that is, university-level education.

Canadian universities offer high standards of education in their academic programs and a bachelor degree from Canada is therefore globally recognized for its quality. The most popular bachelor degrees offered to students in various fields include biotechnology, business and economics, engineering, computers, communication and media, English, literature, natural sciences, education and social work.


Smash pros want Hungrybox to stop destroying chairs at events “before someone gets hurt”

Hungrybox destroys a chair at smash eventTwitch/Wavedash

Another tournament, another big win for Juan ‘HungryBox’ DeBiedma and another scandal. This time, Smash players are demanding the Melee pro stop slamming chairs during pop offs.

Hungrybox is one of the top Smash players in the world, frequently placing at or near the top at any tournament he attends and is regarded as the best Jigglypuff main in the world.

Despite his success, there have been a few controversies in the Smash God’s career including recently competing without a mask at DoubleDown after coughing up blood earlier.

Now, the Team Liquid star is under fire again, this time for a different kind of smashing when he picked up a chair at WaveDash 2022 and destroyed it in celebration much to the shock of those in attendance.

Smash community wants HungryBox to cease annihilating chairs

After DeBiedma pulled off an impressive reverse sweep in the Grand Final reset against Jake ‘Jmook’ DiRado, he picked up his chair and slammed it on the ground like he was in the WWE.

The moment was captured on stream in what was one of the wildest pop offs we’ve seen, but some players are concerned that this could type of celebration could hurt someone.

Fellow pro Cody ‘iBDW’ Schwab, someone who has been critical about Hbox’s pop offs in the past, suggested weighing chairs at events down to stop any sort of potential travesty from occurring.

“Low key just put weights on the chairs before someone actually gets hurt from a popoff and not just hit by a chair,” he remarked.

In a follow-up, he clarified that while Hungrybox made him concerned about the possibility of a chair hurting someone, he had seen other people at events send chairs flying with their pop offs as well.

Others were a bit more critical of the celebration, calling it bad sportsmanship and saying there was “no excuse” to pick up a chair and slam it.

Hungrybox himself responded to the concerns by replying to a tweet by Cloud 9’s Joseph ‘Mango’ Marquez who jokingly suggested inflatable chairs at tournaments by remarking “give popping off a whole new definition.”

It’s not clear if Hbox plans to cool it with the chair smashing, but TOs might want to think about implementing a rule about destroying chairs if the Clutch Puff is in attendance.


The Wheel of the Year
April 04, 2019

The Wheel of the Year

Image: The Wheel of the Year at the Museum of Witchcraft and Magic in Cornwall, UK

The above ‘Wheel’ or calendar might look familiar to you. Maybe you celebrate some of these seasonal festivals yourself, or you might recognise them from popular culture or stories. Perhaps you’ve read about them in some of our previous blog posts, like Beltane Blessings and Sacred Samhain. Even if you don’t recognise these particular words, chances are that you’ve honoured these festivals in one way or another by different names - Christmas, Halloween, May Day, Diwali, Easter, Moon Festival and more.

The Wheel of the Year is the annual calendar of eight seasonal festivals (also known as sabbats) observed by Wiccans and other neo-Pagan groups. From the midwinter festival of Yule to the midsummer festival of Litha, these holidays are centered around celebrating the changing seasons and the cycles of the natural world.

Celebrating the solstices, planetary shifts and changing seasons is an ancient custom. Civilisations from prehistoric times recognised the cycles of the earth and created rituals to honour them. They adapted their lifestyles, their work and their eating habits to align with the changing seasons and the offerings of the natural world - e.g. autumn has long been a time for harvest and preparation for the winter, while spring has been a time for sowing seeds and celebrating new life. In this way, the concept of the Wheel of the Year is as old as the Earth herself.

However, this clear separation of the year into eight distinct festivals is actually quite a modern manifestation, commonly observed in Neo-Pagan and Wiccan groups. While the Wheel is heavily derived from the old traditions of Celtic, Germanic and Viking cultures, this neatly divided structure is evocative of a more modern trend towards order and organisation.

The eight Wheel of the Year festivals, or sabbats, take place roughly one and a half months apart, splitting the year into defined eighths. There are two solstices (summer and winter), two equinoxes (autumn and spring) and four cross-quarter days that sit roughly in between the solstices and the equinoxes. The solstices and equinoxes are influenced by the sun’s position, and are sometimes referred to as ‘Lesser Sabbats’. The cross-quarter days are referred to as ‘Greater Sabbats’ or ‘the fire festivals’. While each sabbat has a long and rich history that could fill whole books, here’s a quick summary of what they symbolise and celebrate.

Note: Naturally, these festival dates are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere.

The Winter Solstice
Mid-end of December

Yule celebrates the winter solstice, and is also sometimes referred to as the Midwinter festival. It's closely related to the popular holiday of Christmas, and many of the two festivals' rituals are interchangeable. During Yule, homes are decorated in evergreen plants, and feasting and gift-giving can also take place. Another popular tradition is that of the Yule log, a special log that's burnt on the hearth throughout Yuletide festivities. While it takes place in the middle of winter, Yule actually celebrates the lengthening of the days and the rebirth of the sun.

The Promise of Spring
Beginning of February

Imbolc is a cross-quarter day that celebrates the first signs of spring. It actually aligns with the modern North American tradition of 'Groundhog Day', which is based on the belief that groundhog behavior on the 1st February can prophecy when spring will arrive. In Pagan tradition, Imbolc is a time for spring cleaning and purification in preparation for spring's impending arrival. It's also an ideal time for reaffirming one's intentions for the year ahead.

Spring Equinox
Varies between 19-22 March

Ostara is the spring equinox, celebrating the coming of the light. It's named after a Germanic goddess Ēostre, which is also where the word 'Easter' comes from. While Easter is traditionally considered a Christian holiday that honours the resurrection of Jesus Christ, both festivals are a time to celebrate new life and the reawakening of the natural world. Buds start to sprout, baby animals appear in the fields, and the days become warmer. It's a perfect time for planting seeds and spending time out in blossoming nature.

May Day
May 1st

Beltane is another cross-quarter day, also known and celebrated as May Day. This is a festival of flowers and light, joy and fertility. Common traditions include dancing around the May Pole and crowning the May Queen, the personification of spring and summer. Homes are bedecked in flowers and greenery, and rituals relating to fertility and vitality are commonly performed.

The Summer Solstice
Varies between June 20-22

Litha is the summer solstice, or Midsummer festival. It marks the longest day of the year and the pinnacle of the sun's full power. As such, it's a festival to celebrate the sun. Bonfires are often lit to symbolise the sun's energy, and candle magic is strong at this time of the year. Summer fruits, flowers and plants are eaten and used around the home and in ceremonies. This is a time of abundance, growth and strength, before the days begin to shorten once more.

The First Harvest
Beginning of August

Lughnasadh, also known as Lammas, is the cross-quarter day celebrating the first harvest. While summer is still going strong, this is the time of year when the first peeks of autumn start to become visible - trees begin dropping their fruit, and the first grains of the season become ready to harvest. Bread is an important symbol at this time, and a common tradition to celebrate Lughnasadh is to bake bread from the season's first grains to eat or to use in ritual.

Autumn Equinox
Varies between 21-24 September

Mabon is the Autumn Equinox, celebrating a time of harvest and the impending winter. It's a time of balance, just like the Spring Equinox, when light and dark are equal. Traditionally, days were spent working out in the fields, harvesting crops, feasting and preparing for winter. Rituals that help to protect and prepare for the colder months are also popular at this time, and talismans and amulets might be created to ward off the dark energies that might come knocking during winter.

October 31st/November 1st

Samhain is the cross-quarter day that celebrates the transition between autumn and winter, and also the thinning of the veil between worlds. It's traditionally observed as a time to honour those who have passed into the afterlife, which is where the popular holiday of Halloween comes from. It's common to perform ceremonies to celebrate the lives of the dead and honour one's ancestors. It's also the last chance to dry and preserve autumn's bounty for the winter ahead. Mischief and revelry are also common at this time, with parties and feasts being held. For some neo-Pagans, Samhain is considered the Witches' New Year and is the most important of the eight sabbats.

Image: A Mabon Altar

Neo-Paganism and Wiccan practice is all about celebrating the natural world and harnessing Mother Earth's energy. The Wheel of the Year is one of the most important reference points for this, outlining the changing cycles and the ways they can be celebrated. Whether it's through ritual or feasting, reflection or harvest, the Wheel of the Year can help to guide your spiritual practice, your mental well-being, your eating habits and your appreciation of the world around you.


4 Fun Tips for Inspiring Children to Read & Write Stories

Words are the foundation of any great story. Whether eloquent, blunt, allusive or rudimentary, words are the playthings of those new to the alphabet and MFA students alike.

photo by David Browning

I have two children, ages 5 and 7; both alphabet aficionados and no strangers to playthings. Like any book nerd, I do my best to feed their literary minds-in-training, beginning with picture books, and moving onto chapter books. I’ve had success; they can’t go—won’t go—to bed without bedtime stories, no matter the hour or my exhaustion. But I want them to love books, and—dare I dream?—writing, as much as I do. I figure my best hope is to reveal the magic of words.

  1. The Word Hunt: I picked up a book about palindromes
    and quite unexpectedly, ignited unbridled excitement for this surprising word configuration. Most children are intrigued by puzzles, and even early and pre-readers can get in on the action. Have your child scan the patterns of letters comprising a sentence; if they find a word or series of words that reads the same forward and backward, it’s a palindrome! Once my kids got the hang of it, they would spontaneously shout from the back seat of the car if they overheard me using a palindrome while talking to my husband up front. (*note: kids listen to everything you say. The only words which fall on deaf ears are your instructions and/or rules.)
  2. Compound words: My kindergartner is always on the lookout <<see? for two words glued at the middle to create a new word. Again, strong reading isn’t necessary to begin, but do point out compound words when you come across them in a book, or on signs and buildings during car rides. The one who finds the most compound words wins! (Note, my older son prefers instead to find words with prefixes and suffixes. My kindergartner doesn’t get this concept yet. To each his own.)
  3. Synonyms: This is another game we play in car or the grocery store, or anytime I need to keep the boys occupied. Choose a word they really like, and have them think of as many synonyms for it as they can. (Mistakes will happen—they will rhyme, for instance, or come up with a homonym without knowing it, but that’s fun too!) My children have a giggly blast thinking up synonyms for vomit, I regret to admit. Whatever it takes.
  4. The Human Condition: As a small child, I used to think stories were merely series of events. I didn’t think much about character  motivation, but understanding why a character responds one way or another when faced with conflict is essential. For young kids, character motivation can be taught simply by getting on the floor with them and asking questions during imaginative play.
    My boys have a Fisher Price jungle toy with an orienteering type action figure we’ll call Hemingway and a bucket of miniature animal figurines. They wanted to play a game where the Hemingway character searches for lost gold treasure in the jungle, and another action figure was to assume the role of “bad guy.” Awesome, we have the beginning of a plot.
    I asked the boys, “How will Hemingway find the treasure?”
    Boys: “The animals in the jungle are his friends! And they know where the treasure is!”
    I love their positive outlook, but here is the moment when an OK story gains momentum—with character motivation.
    Me: “How did the animals become his friend?”
    Boys: (thinking I’m crazy but trying to come up with a reason) “…he helped them find the baby tiger when she was lost and brought her back to her mommy?”
    To gain a clearer vision of the animals’ friendship and desire to help Hemingway find gold, we acted it out. We hid the baby tiger, the Hemingway action figure was posed through many heroic and dangerous stunts to save her, all the while the rest of the animals in the jungle fretted and cried out for the lost baby. Such gloom and doom among the animal kingdom, when wait! Hemingway returns with baby, safe and sound! The tiger mommy and daddy are forever grateful and vow to help whenever they’re needed. At the tiger’s homecoming celebration, my sons got the idea that the animals tell Hemingway about the bad guy hunting them. This was fantastic, because it added another stake to the race to find the gold, and further invests the animals in helping Hemingwat achieve his goal and overcoming the bad guy/hunter.

Create a balance of fostering independence while demonstrating interest in their activities by asking questions and brainstorming ideas. Throw your own palindromes, synonyms and compound words into the ring. Most importantly, have fun and laugh. Words are for play!

What games or techniques have you used to inspire a love of words in your children?


Home » What Does Police Power Mean?

What Does Police Power Mean?

by Katherine Pate
What Does Police Power Mean?

The United States Constitution grants the state certain powers over their affairs so long as they don’t interfere with federal laws or rights guaranteed under the Bill of Rights. These include the regulation of commerce between states, establishing rules for naturalization and immigration into a state, raising armies during times of war (but not maintaining them year-round), creating courts below the Supreme Court level, etc. One such power given to states is police power

A government can exercise its authority for its citizens’ safety, health, and general welfare. It’s one of the most important powers granted to state governments by the U.S. Constitution. Police power is defined as the inherent right in a government to protect all persons and property within its jurisdiction against illegal acts.

This right includes protection from actual physical injury or harm and any other type of crime. This includes threatening public security and safety like economic crimes such as fraud or embezzlement that may cause great financial loss to individuals or businesses. In addition, this power allows states to regulate business activities.

These regulations include setting standards for working conditions in factories and mines, requiring employers to provide safe working conditions for employees, limiting hours worked by laborers each day and prohibiting child labor, regulating food production methods such as meatpacking plants, establishing building codes designed to ensure structural integrity in buildings located on land throughout the state’s territory.

These laws help reduce fire hazards resulting in widespread destruction if left unregulated. They also regulate imposing taxes on income earned through business transactions within a state’s geographical boundaries.

Enacting environmental protection laws aimed at reducing pollution levels caused by industrial waste products released into waterways used by plants is also one of the responsibilities of such laws.

To learn more about police power and why it is important, visit our blog section.

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European Olympic Committees (EOC)

The European Olympic Committees (EOC) is the umbrella organisation of the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) in Europe, based in Rome. The task of the EOC is to communicate between the NOCs and to represent the interests of the EOC towards the IOC and the international and European sports federations.

The EOC also supports the organisation of the European Games, the Games of the Small States of Europe and the European Youth Olympic Games (EYOF). The EOC currently has 50 members. The current President is Spyros Capralos from Greece.

The EOA and the EOC have signed a Memorandum of Understanding.

↗ Visit EOC website

International Olympic Academy (IOA)

Throughout the years, the IOA has been trying to enforce the educational dynamic of the National Olympic Academies, worldwide, working closely with Academies established at a national level, as well as supporting the creation of Associations which will operate at a regional level, since the spread of Olympic Education, through such forms, following common cultural, historical and social structures, will lead to more efficient outcomes.

The European Olympic Association has been established, under the aegis of the IOA, in the core of the Olympic Movement, the continent of Europe, which is considered to be the birthplace of the modern Olympic heritage from the beginning of 19th century, since the Idea of the renovation of the Olympic Games was born in Europe and gradually expanded to all the parts of the world. This new European identity of NOAs highlights this legacy, and the IOA will sustain and preserve its role aiming towards the cultivation of Olympic culture to the youth of the European society.

↗ Visit IOA website

Founded in 1958, ICSSPE performs as a global network of governmental and non-governmental organisations, which jointly generate and promote evidence-based developments in and through sport, physical education and physical activity.

Abiding by the principles of Inclusion, Reliability, Cooperation and Equality, ICSSPE capitalises on research to enhance physical activity and sport, educates for improved quality of life and health for all people, and promotes policies for active lifestyles, human performance and good governance in physical activity and sport.

The EOA has been a member of ICSSPE since 2021. In addition to formal partnerships with international actors, ICSSPE’s membership includes major organisations with specific expertise in areas such as good governance, inclusion and equity, integrity and sustainability, education, sports medicine and physiology, psycho-social perspectives, high performance and grassroots sport, as well as physical activity. To develop solutions for the challenges that sport, sport science and physical education face, ICSSPE merges forces and creates concerted actions across sectors and scientific disciplines. Various publications and multiplier events help to spread knowledge and expertise across the globe.

↗ Visit ICSSPE website

European Fair Play Movement (EFPM)

The European Fair Play Movement (EFPM) is a non-governmental Association joined by the National Fair Play Organisations of European countries. Its primary aim is the promotion of the ethical values of sports in the broadest sense, in sports activities and daily life at the European level.

The EOA and the EFPM have declared a close partnership in matters of sports, tolerance and fair play. This cooperation was fixed in a Memorandum of Understanding.

↗ Visit EFPM website


Here's How You Can Avoid Soft Tissue Injuries

Injuries to the soft tissues are the most common in both sports and everyday life, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Soft tissues, such as our ligaments, muscles, and tendons, can get injured during a single incident like a fall, or from repeating a specific motion, such as running. Soft tissue injuries include spraining a joint like your ankle or straining a muscle such as a hamstring (via Sports Medicine Australia). Tendinitis, which is one of the most common overuse injuries, occurs when a tendon is continually stressed, causing inflammation and pain (via the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons). You could also suffer from bursitis, which is when the sac of cushioning between bones and soft tissues gets inflamed from repetitive movements.

Although falling, sharp twisting, or continually stressing your body can cause a soft tissue injury, other factors can contribute to your likelihood of getting injured. If you've been injured before, you're more likely to be injured again if your body hasn't fully recovered (via Sports Medicine Australia). According to a 2017 study in the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, elite adolescent athletes who didn't get the recommended amount of sleep or nutrition were more likely to sustain an injury. A 2021 study in Current Sports Medicine Reports found that those who habitually slept less than seven hours a night were 1.7 times more likely to be injured.

Preventing soft tissue injuries

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons suggests several methods to prevent these kinds of overuse injuries, strains, and sprains. If you're doing any form of exercise, it's best to do a proper warm-up to raise your heart rate slowly and loosen up the soft tissues. You'll also want to keep up your hydration before, during, and after your workouts. Before exercise, be sure to drink a pint of fluid, then drink after roughly every 20 minutes of exercise. After your workout, drink at least another pint of water. You'll also need to cool down the heart rate and muscles after your workout, so take some time to reduce the speed or intensity of your workout — twice as much time as you took warming up. Gentle stretching for about five minutes after a workout can help cool down the body, according to the National Health Service.

If you exercise often, pay attention to your body and know when it's time for a rest day, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. On the other hand, if you only work out on the weekends, aim for about 30 minutes of movement each day to keep the soft tissues healthy. If you're new to exercise or are adding different exercises to your program, incorporate these exercises slowly into your routine. You'll also want to add a balanced approach to fitness by including cardiovascular training, strength training, and flexibility into your plan.


Ranthambore Fort

"The Chauhan Dynasty's Glory and valor"
ranthambore fort

Explore the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ranthambhore Fort, which is located within Ranthambhore National Park.

The Ranthambhore fort was the site of the first settlement in the area surrounding Sawai Madhopur. The exact origin of the Ranthambore fort is still debated, but it is widely accepted that a settlement existed on the site of the Fort as early as the 8th century A.D. The construction of the Ranthambhore Fort is widely believed to have begun in 944 AD during the reign of Chauhan rajput King Sapaldaksha. Another theory holds that the Ranthambore Fort was built in 1110 AD by King Jayant, who was also a Chauhan rajput. The fort's construction most likely began in the mid-tenth century A.D. and continued for several centuries after that.

The Ranthambhore Fort was highly coveted by the rulers of North India because it controlled the trade routes between North India and Central India. The Ranthambore Fort flourished during the reign of King Rao Hammir, the last ruler of the Chauhan dynasty (1282 - 1301 AD). The ruler of Delhi, Ala-ud-din Khilji, sent his army to capture the Fort in 1300 AD. After three failed attempts, his army finally conquered the Ranthambhore Fort in 1301 and brought an end to the Chauhans' reign. The Ranthambore Fort changed hands several times over the next three centuries, until Akbar, the great Mughal emperor, finally took over the Fort and dissolved the State of Ranthambore in 1558. The Mughal rulers held the fort until the mid-eighteenth century.

ranthambore fort history

The Maratha rulers of Western India gradually increased their influence in this region during the mid-eighteenth century. To counter the Marathas' growing influence, Sawai Madho Singh, the ruler of Jaipur state, unsuccessfully requested that the Mughal emperor hand over the Ranthambhore fort to him. Sawai Madho Singh fortified and renamed the nearby village of Sherpur Sawai Madhopur in 1763. This town, now known as "Sawai Madhopur City," is located in a narrow valley between two parallel hills on the southern edge of the Ranthambhore National Park. The Mughals handed over the fort to the state of Jaipur two years later.

Sawai Man Singh, the last ruler of Jaipur state, had a railway link built between Jaipur and Sawai Madhopur near the end of the British Raj. A railway station was built approximately 4 kilometres from Sawai Madhopur. A small settlement grew up around the railway station over time. This Sawai Madhopur twin, known as "Man Town," has outgrown the older "City."

RANTHAMBORE NATIONAL PARK IS ONE OF INDIA'S MOST POPULAR TIGER RESERVES, but it's not just wildlife enthusiasts who visit on a daily basis. Religious pilgrims are drawn to a living temple on the grounds, nature lovers enjoy the beauty of the landscape, and history buffs are drawn to the ruins of a 10th century fort, a colossal citadel founded in 944 AD by the Chauhan Rajputs.

The land now occupied by the national park was once used as private hunting grounds by Jaipur's Rajput rulers. The crumbling Ranthambore Fort, set dramatically on a sheer cliff on Thambhore Hill and surrounded by a verdant forest dotted with decaying pavilions, palaces, lakes, and ponds, is now an attraction in its own right.

ranthambore fort history
ranthambore fort location

The magnificent fort is perched atop a 700-foot-high hill, surrounded by a massive stone wall studded with bastions and turrets. It stretches for 4 miles and covers an area of nearly 2.5 miles. The complex is filled with ruins and architectural marvels on the inside. A network of lanes and courtyards is dotted with palaces, cenotaphs, tanks, pavilions, and temples. It is regarded as a fine example of a forest hill fort, and the ruins of the Hammir palace are among the oldest Indian palaces still standing.

Today, the site is open to park visitors on wildlife safaris as well as those who come to see the fort on their own. It is possible to drive a private car to the fort parking lot and walk up the hill about 200 steps. The expansive views of the park from there are magnificent, and you can see soaring vultures, eagles, and other birds at nearly eye level.

Between October and June, the fort can be visited as part of a wildlife safari to Ranthambore National Park. The park is open to the public from 6:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. The fort (but not the national park) is free to visit.

The fort is an architectural marvel that includes many attractions such as Toran Dwar, Mahadeo Chhatri, and Sametonki Haveli within its grounds. The presence of a mosque and temple within the fort precincts attests to the Rajput kings' secularism. The Lord Ganesha temple located here is a popular tourist destination, and it also hosts a fair every year on the occasion of Bhadrapad Sudi Chaturthi.


Epistemological Mechanism Design (by Hitoshi Matsushima, Shunya Noda)

Hitoshi Matsushima, Shunya Noda

This study demonstrates a novel epistemological approach to mechanism design. We consider a type space in which agents are either selfish or honest, and show that a slight possibility of honesty in higher-order beliefs motivates all selfish agents to behave sincerely. Specifically, in our model, a central planner attempts to elicit correct information through mutual monitoring. We assume severe restrictions on incentive device availability: neither public monitoring nor allocation rules are available. Thus, the central planner uses only monetary payment rules. It is well-known that if “all agents are selfish” is common knowledge, eliciting correct information as unique equilibrium behavior is impossible. Nevertheless, we show a very permissive result: the central planner can elicit correct information from all agents as unique Bayes Nash equilibrium behavior if “all agents are selfish” is not common knowledge. This result holds even if honest agents are mostly motivated by monetary interests.

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What is the motion rule?

What is the motion rule?

The “one motion rule” for motions to dismiss is based on the principle that, if the defendant is planning on moving to dismiss, since no discovery is necessary, the motion should contain all of the grounds on which the party intends to move. On the other hand, a motion for summary judgment comes after discovery.

Can a motion for an order shortening time be filed?

EXPLANATION OF AN ORDER SHORTENING TIME By local court rule, a motion cannot be heard in less than 21 days from the day that it is filed unless the Court “shortens” the waiting time for the hearing. The way to ask the Court to “shorten” the waiting time for the hearing is to file an Ex Parte Motion for an Order Shortening Time

What does it mean when a motion is filed?

First, keep in mind that a motion is the only way to ask the Court to do anything in a case. To make something happen or keep something from happening, a motion must be brought (orally or in writing).

When do you have to give notice of a motion?

Code of Civil Procedure (“CCP”) section 1005 states the amount of time required to give notice of most motions. The moving papers must be personally given to each opposing side at least 21 days before the hearing on the motion, OR mailed to each opposing side at least 26 days before the hearing on the motion.

How are motions set in the rules of court?

The Rules of Court requires that every motion must be set for hearing by the movant, except those motions which the court may act upon without prejudicing the rights of the adverse party. The notice of hearing must be addressed to all parties and must specify the time and date of the hearing, with proof of service.

When to file papers opposing motion so noticed?

All papers opposing a motion so noticed shall be filed with the court and a copy served on each party at least nine court days, and all reply papers at least five court days before the hearing. The court, or a judge thereof, may prescribe a shorter time.

When to add 3 days to time for motion papers?

When a party may or must act within a specified time after being served and service is made under Rule 5 (b) (2) (C) (mail), (D) (leaving with the clerk), or (F) (other means consented to), 3 days are added after the period would otherwise expire under Rule 6 (a).

When does a motion for motion need to be served?

(1) In General. A written motion and notice of the hearing must be served at least 14 days before the time specified for the hearing, with the following exceptions: (C) when a court order—which a party may, for good cause, apply for ex parte—sets a different time.

How many days do I have to respond to a motion?

You have only 14 days to respond to a regular motion. The time to respond runs from the date the motion was filed. Check the certificate of service, which should be included with the Motion papers. If you need to respond to an Administrative Motion, you have only 4 days. You can use this template for opposing most motions.


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12 Animals with the Best Sense of Smell

Like humans, animals have extraordinary abilities, too, abilities that are used and utilized to adapt to the environment. There are a plethora of animals with the best sense of smell, species that have a keener and more remarkable ability than others.

If you want to know which animals are this, keep on reading because we have prepared a great list of animals that dominates fin the ability to have the best sense of smell.

Humans have 396 genes for olfactory receptors; however, animals have more OR genes. It is smaller than the 768 olfactory receptors found in rabbits. However, more animals have a high olfactory receptor count, a gene that gives an excellent ability to smell.

You must be looking forward to this, so let’s get started on the list of species with the best sense of smell right away, shall we?

List of Animals with the Best Sense of Smell

Let’s get into our list of animals with some amazing smell sensors.

1. Bear

A Bear

Among the great animals that can smell the best are bears. Its sense of smell is 300 times better than humans. Bloodhound, a dog species also have 2,100 times better sense than a human’s.

Since the olfactory bulb area in the bear’s brain is five times larger than the human brain, bears have the best sense of smell of any animal in the world. This kind of ability makes bears scary and fascinating at the same time.

Bears have enormous noses, each of which contains thousands of smell receptors. As a result, the species is ranked first among the species with the best sense of smell in the world.

Bears are capable of detecting a deceased animal from up to 20 miles away due to their exceptional ability and sharp sense of smell.

When camping or in the woods, especially when bringing food that is appealing to bears, the dominant smell receptors, which are 100 times more sensitive than those of the human nose, will detect the scent of the food being brought.

If you do not store your food in an odor-proof plastic bag, it will be quite challenging to keep a bear away from your food in this situation.

See Related: Animals that Start with X

2. Shark

When thinking about what animal has the best sense of smell, the sharks are among the list. This predatory fish relies mostly on its ability to smell. Smelling is so important to this creature that two-thirds of its brain is dedicated to the olfactory bulb.

Since of this, sharks are frightening predators because they can detect the presence of a wounded marine animal or even an injured human victim from a mile away.

In addition to using its keen sense of hearing to seek food, the shark makes use of its powerful sense of smell. The nostrils of this species can be found on the bottom of its snout, on either side of its mouth.

They are aware of their surroundings by hearing and their excellent sense of smell, which is made possible by the shark’s amazing ability and body structure, allowing water to flow continually over its nostrils.

With the help of its incredible ability to smell, a shark can recognize a drop of blood in almost 100 liters of water!

See Related: Endangered Species in Oklahoma

3. Elephant

When talking about animals with the best sense of smell, Elephant is part of the list. According to research, this animal possesses the best sense of smell, and it is possibly the strongest ever discovered in a single species. Elephants have almost 2,000 unique genes that enable them to identify scents in their environment.

Elephants have a high sense of smell and can discover water sources from up to 12 miles away, thanks to their keen sense of smell and long-range. According to previous research, African elephants are able to discern between odor molecules with exceedingly minute structural changes that humans and other primates are utterly unable to detect.

Their nostril is placed located at the tip of the trunk and is responsible for breathing, smelling, and obtaining water from the environment. Elephants’ sense of smell is constantly used, making this animal among the animals that smell the best. Its trunk is always used that helps to detect new smells and information.

See Related: International Elephant Foundation

4. Snake

Wondering which animals have the strongest sense of smell? Snake is definitely among these animals. Its remarkable ability of keen sense of smell makes it a fascinating animal.

Snakes do have nostrils despite they don’t have a conventional and can smell with their tongues. The tongue of the anaconda, ground-dwelling snakes, and other aquatic snakes is used to detect scent.

Snake sniff through the mouth; it relies on tongue-flicking gestures to gather airborne particles that they are able to smell through the mouth. It facilitates the collection of samples from the air particles, soil, and water and the analysis of the various compounds.

These animals use their tongues to detect all kinds of scents in the air, which allows them to identify a smell and locate prey or to know where danger is lurking. Like the sharks, snakes use their keen sense of smell to be aware of their surroundings and survive.

See Related: Best Wildlife Conservation Job

5. Dogs

Dogs have a powerful nose that makes them among the animals with an amazing sense of smell. Generally speaking, dogs are considered to be good smellers, as evidenced by the fact that police and military service dogs are trained to detect explosives.

However, despite the fact they do not have a particularly big number of olfactory receptor genes, their sense of smell is 100 times better than humans. Bloodhounds are a dog species that have an exceptionally keen sense of scent and have 300 times better-smelling abilities than humans.

The portion of a dog’s brain that is dedicated to evaluating odors is approximately 40 times larger than the portion of a human brain. These animals are drawn to odors that are new, novel, and intriguing to them.

Dogs have an extremely delicate sense of smell and a very powerful one because of their keen sense of smell that dogs are trained and employed to detect bombs and drugs. They can also track down individuals based on the smell of their clothing and discover bodies.

See Related: Best Book on Endangered Species

6. Kiwi

Small but with an incredible sense of smell. The olfactory bulb of the kiwi is indeed the second largest among all birds in terms of its relation to its forebrain size. It is the reason why it is among the animals with the best sense of smell.

For the simple reason that they are unable to fly and that their food is located on the ground, Kiwis have developed an acute sense of smell.

It is exclusively by the use of their sense of smell that they can locate earthworms. Kiwi’s nostrils are also positioned near the tip of its bill, which is a unique adaptation that facilitates detecting and locating food much easier for the bird.

See Related: Amur Leopard

7. Cows

Animals with the best sense of smell include huge tamed cloven-hooved herbivores like cows. This animal has a keen sense of smell, as evidenced by the presence of 1,186 olfactory receptor genes compared to humans.

Its strong nose was capable of detecting odors from as far away as five to six miles away. This skill of the cows was valuable in situations where they could detect impending danger.

Aside from possessing a keen sense of smell, cattle are also equipped with outstanding hearing capabilities. Even though the cows’ primary senses were sight and hearing, their excellent sense of smell also benefited them in understanding what was going on in their environment.

See Related: Environmental Organizations in Africa

8. Moth

You might be wondering why there is a moth on the list, and the answer is simple. The moth, namely the male silkmoth, is the world’s best among all of the insects. A male moth can sense the scent of a female moth from more than seven kilometers away. This demonstrates how intense and acute the animal’s sense of smell is.

In order to extract smell molecules from the air, male moths use their feathery antennae to do so.

Their antennae detect scent components as they fly, rather than utilizing their nostrils to smell them as most would normally do. A single scent is detected by their highly developed sense of smell, which has evolved to detect only the scent of female moths.

See Related: Best Posters on Saving Earth

9. Rat

If you’re looking for answers of which is the best, rat or mice, in terms of sense of smell, the Rats beat the mice. Rat is among the animals with the best sense of smell.

They have strong sniffing abilities, which allows them to have a more varied and versatile diet than cats, which can smell out but are extremely picky eaters. They are not very well-versed in detecting odors that what rats can do.

The presence of 1,207 olfactory receptor genes in rats contributes to the animals’ excellent sense of smell. A piece of skin on the back of the rat’s neck comprises smell receptors, allowing air to pass past their nose.

When a rat smells, the fragrance particles travel to their vomeronasal organ, where they process it. Rats also use this organ to detect and distinguish between different individuals of the same rat species by detecting pheromones.

See Related: Best Conservation Posters

10. Horses

Horses are among the animals that have a high sense of smell, and they are also among the most intelligent animal. Even though their sense of smell is not as good as a dog’s when it comes to scent detection, they have a far better sense of smell than humans do.

Through this skill, horses are able to distinguish between predators and other horses, and the anatomy of their nasal cavity has provided horses with a relatively big nasal cavity to use. Furthermore, due to the large size of the horse’s head, there are a disproportionately large number of receptors.

When they inhale a scent that they are intrigued by, their flexible nostrils flare. It is similar to how dogs learn about one other by sniffing one another’s backsides, although horses are less straightforward in their communication when meeting for the first time.

See Related: Environmental Organizations in Europe

11. Opossums

Opossums are marsupials, which means they are mammals with a keen sense of smell. It is similar to the development of kangaroos and koalas, where part of their development takes place in the mother’s womb, and the rest takes place in her pouch.

Because of its limited vision and hearing, its sense of smell and its excellent sense of touch take precedence over these senses.

These genes are found in more significant numbers in this species than in humans, who only have 396 olfactory receptor genes in total. Because of their vast number of OR, opossums are remarkable animals who have a keen sense of smell.

There are notorious foragers who are frequently observed sniffing in gardens and grounds in search of a food source.

A high sense of smell helps opossums adapt to their surroundings, allowing them to survive in urban environments.

Aside from having incredibly keen olfactory capabilities, this animal is also recognized for having an exceptionally powerful immune system, which allows it to defend itself against illnesses and toxicity from the venom of the snakes on which it preys.

See Related: Types of Lions Around the World

12. Chinese softshell turtle

Chinese softshell turtle

The Chinese softshell turtle, also referred to as the Asiatic soft-shelled turtle, is a reptile and among animals with the best sense of smell. In addition to China and Hawaii, this species can be found in other places of the world as well.

The fact that this reptile made it onto this list was attributed to its 1,137 olfactory receptor genes that are almost close to the number of the Cows OR.

The Chinese softshell turtle is a type of softshell turtle that is also considered to be an invasive species in the United States. It has a maximum height of 13 feet, depending on gender.

These turtles are olive in color, and they may have dark markings on their bodies as well as a long-looking snout. This animal uses its exceptional sense of smell to capture prey and determine whether there is a predator or incoming harm in its surroundings.

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The Spread of Viruses

Strictly speaking, viruses can't die, for the simple reason that they aren't alive in the first place. Although they contain genetic instructions in the form of DNA (or the related molecule, RNA), viruses can't thrive independently. Instead, they must invade a host organism and hijack its genetic instructions.

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Ultraviolet Light

The Science of UV-C (Ultraviolet Light)
  • UV radiation is present in sunlight, and contributes about 10% of the total light output of the Sun. There are three different types of UV rays; A, B and C. While they are similar, each type of ray has a different wavelength and can penetrate surfaces to a certain extent.

  • UV-C light is weak at the Earth's surface as the ozone layer of the atmosphere blocks most of it. The absorption length of UV-C radiation in human skin is extremely short so that almost no UV-C radiation can reach the living cells in the skin; all the absorption occurs in the dead cell layers.

  • UV-C light has a short wavelength and is germicidal. The germicidal range of UV-C is within the 100-280nm wavelengths, with the peak wavelength for germicidal activity being 265 nm*.  It deactivates the DNA of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens and thus destroys their ability to multiply and cause disease.

  • The UV process is a physical process as opposed to a chemical process. This is important, because it allows UV to kill bacteria and other microorganisms without creating what is known as disinfection by-products (like trihalomethanes, called THMs for short, which are proven to be carcinogenic).

How UV-C Eliminates Pathogenic Spread

In simple terms, when a pathogen (virus, bacteria or another type of microbe) is directly exposed to UV-C light, the DNA (its fundamental building block) of the cell is damaged, preventing it from replicating.

If a cell cannot reproduce, then the cell cannot cause infection, which is how UV light eliminates pathogens ability to multiply and spread.

Why Choose UV-C?

Conventional disinfectants can quickly kill and reduce the number of bacteria on a surface,  however, once the solution dries, the bacteria regrows and returns to unsafe levels. The HoldSafe unit operates continuously and does not allow bacteria to regrow. Testing shows that after the first hour of typical use, a 98% bacteria elimination level is maintained continuously as the escalator or walkway operates. Persistent prevention is the only solution to prevent the spread of viruses.

Does it Work?

The HoldSafe unit has been tested in certified labs and real-world applications. The use of UV-C to eliminate pathogens has been proven in multiple medical journal studies and research. Please contact us for detailed references and our test reports.

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Accredited Testing for HoldSafe and the Virus Causing Covid-19

Only HoldSafe has been tested in an accredited laboratory for its' effectiveness on the virus causing coronaviruses, including Covid-19, on actual handrail material.

An active sample of a Covid-19 surrogate virus was deposited on escalator handrail material to simulate a real-life case of contamination on an escalator or moving walk.  HoldSafe UV technology was tested until significant antiviral activity was measured which ranged from 1 to 8 seconds* of exposure. HoldSafe is proven to yield significant antiviral activity in as few as 2 handrail cycles*.

* Depending on configuration of Handrail UV disinfection units.

The use of any UVC device is a supplement to and not a substitute for standard infection control practices.  Where required, users must continue to follow all current infection control practices, including those practices related to cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces issued by regulatory agencies.

UVC disinfection results will vary depending on escalator handrail speed and load factor, no specific claim can be made by any UVC product for use in this environment.  Please contact PürHealth directly for specific performance information related to disinfection effectiveness.

UV Resouces

UV Basics

UV-C Studies

UV-C Test Data


Scotland, a long time ago. The war is over. Macbeth and his friend Banquo return from the battlefield. They have won, they are full of adrenaline, their swords still wet with blood. The name Macbeth echoes from everywhere, the air buzzes with stories of how easy it was for him to slaughter. Macbeth the hero, killer in the service of king and country, has a great future ahead of himself. Strange creatures predict kingship for him. What is needed for this are actions bathed in blood. Macbeth is only to listen to the thirst for carnage that dwells within him. Encouraged by his wife, he murders his way to absolute power: first the king, then his best friends, then their families including their children. The witches' prediction seems fulfilled, at least in part. The joy of absolute power, however, is missing. Macbeth and his lady are consumed by guilt and regret. Inevitably, the second part of the prediction will also come true, however improbable its conditions. Abandoned by friend and foe, Macbeth is left with only one deliverance – from himself.

Macbeth is Shakespeare's shortest and bloodiest tragedy. Written between 1603 and 1607, it is partly based on the true story of the Scottish king Macbeth (1005-1057), who ascended the throne in 1040 by killing King Duncan I. Although his deeds strike us as unimaginable and inhuman, there is an uneasy feeling that Macbeth is not just monstrous. Even as he bathes in blood, Macbeth reflects on his humanity, considers his actions as an expression of a larger thought: a black thought, but a thought. He reminds us that the human being is a reflective animal. Macbeth is the person we could be if someone pushed the wrong buttons on us. Shuddering at Macbeth's crimes, we shudder at ourselves.

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  • Premiere: 12.05.2023


Forest fires burn twice as many trees as two decades ago

Researchers found that a typical forest fire season now burns 3 million more hectares (7.4 million more acres) than in 2001.

Forest fires accounted for a quarter of global tree loss in the past 20 years.

A changing climate has caused boreal forests to ignite as never before. About 70% of all fire-driven tree loss over the past 20 years has occurred in boreal forests (climatic zone south of the Arctic, especially the cold temperate region dominated by swampy coniferous forest and forests of birch and poplar). These are warming at higher rates than other parts of the globe.

In 2021 alone, 6.67 million hectares of tree cover were lost in boreal forests, compared with just 1.16 million hectares lost in tropical forests such as the Amazon. In both cases, the loss of these trees and the thawing of permafrost threatens to release ancient stores of carbon, converting vast forests from climate-healthy carbon sinks into accidental polluters.

“We are seeing some severe fire years in the boreal and tropical forests in recent years,” said Alexandra Tyukavina, assistant research professor at UMD’s GLAD laboratory and the study’s lead author. “This is an alarming sign, and climate change likely plays a role.”

The threat from wildfires is expected only to grow globally, as the climate is all but guaranteed to continue to warm.

Scientists with the IPCC say that some of the worst-case warming scenarios would lead to 15 years of greenhouse gas emissions being released from the massive stores of carbon in these regions, something that could be curbed if the planet’s temperature increase is kept below the threshold of 2˚C (3.6˚F).

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Should we expect to find intelligence in the brain?

I previously discussed why our search for intelligence in the brain bypasses some critical features of how IQ is measured, thus leading to data which add up to a theoretically confusing picture. It is possible that a clear-cut neural correlate of intelligence will be found some day. It is also possible that intelligence is a concept that has meaning in interpersonal space, but that the neural activity in its basis does not fall into a coherent pattern – at least not in a way that will make us go aha!

The biggest hint that this second alternative might be the case, comes from genetics.

Intelligence was decisively linked to an inborn capacity back when we had only vague ideas about DNA. Let me pick out the most striking example: the difference in IQ between two identical twins is the same as the difference between two IQ tests that the same person does at two points in time. So when behavioural genetics came to life, it was natural to start a furious search for the genes underlying intelligence.

And yet, so far, we have found so little that it could just as easily be summarized as nothing. Here and there, a gene crops up in more than one study. It ends up explaining something like 0.1% of the variance in IQ test results. Most genes show up only once, never to be found again. The exception is a group of (currently) about 700 genes that are linked to retardation. These might have the power to trigger a developmental cascade of deterioration, leading to substantial changes in intelligence. Within the normal range, that most of these impressive twin studies are based on, we find virtually nothing. Nothing!

Why would this be? My favourite speculation is that this is an accurate picture: many genes contribute a tiny bit, but the big picture emerges only when we surface to the level of the person doing a test. In fact, the argument in this paper appeals to the brain, saying that many thousands of genes code for proteins that in one way or another contribute to brain activity. Put together the added detriment of a number of point mutations within those genes, and you’ll end up with a nice distribution of interpersonal differences in brain efficiency. Within the normal range of intelligence, the effect of each individual gene would therefore be minuscule, while the cumulative effect can still be profound.

Does this genetic heterogeneity have to do with the elusiveness of intelligence? Not necessarily. On a smaller scale, the same is true of height, a tangible feature. Height is a highly heritable trait, many genes have been linked to it, very few in a way that really matters on its own – except the handful linked to conditions such as dwarfism.

I believe that we should expect a similar finding in terms of neural correlates of intelligence – that we will not find The Correlate, but that instead, with large enough samples, everything we look at should be connected to some aspect of intelligence a little bit. Small contributions of grey matter density, white matter integrity, functional connectivity, localized responsivity, all of it.

Well, maybe not all. A famous neuroscientific study on the location of intelligence in the brain, which brought us the parieto-frontal integration model, took a look at neural activity across 37 different studies involving tasks that either represent IQ subtests or are assumed to correlate with general intelligence. The authors translated the outcomes of these diverse PET and fMRI studies into a comparable set of coordinates, the space of Brodmann maps. The idea was to find the areas that were repeatedly involved in intelligence tasks, to say where in the brain intelligence is. While the paper represents a colossal effort to pool together heterogeneous research, the step from the data to the conclusion (that intelligence is mainly a function of parietal and frontal areas, and the white matter pathways connecting them) left me uneasy. How do you decide where to draw the line – how many studies need to show activation for a brain area to be declared the neural substrate of intelligence? (The answer is eleven.) In addition to that, nearly a third of the studies showed no task-related activation in these areas, and the fMRI studies showed – to my mind – troublingly little overlap in anatomical space with the PET studies.

But my inner neuroscientist said ooooh, data! I still thought the cutoff was too hypothesis-driven, and I wanted to see which brain areas were involved in performing these tasks at all. So I printed a Brodmann map, started going through the 37 individual experiments, and crossing out brain areas whenever they would be involved in task performance.

And by the time I was done, I was all sad for the primary olfactory cortex, because that’s the only little guy that didn’t make the cut.

Does this mean that the entire brain is involved in intelligence? It doesn’t. I don’t think that these tasks, taken individually, represent intelligence well enough – and I certainly don’t think they can be tallied up like that. (And Brodmann maps largely ignore the existence of sulci, but never mind that.) But still, I would not be surprised if one day we end up concluding that some complex index of overall brain efficiency is the closest we will come to the neural underpinnings of intelligence.

Looking for general intelligence in the brain is like looking for general health in the body. Yes, it’s there. And yes, there are a few focal points which, if things go wrong, cause a lot of predictable damage. But still, the concept of general health encompasses the combined working of all the parts, and if we wanted to compare two mostly healthy people, some structured questions about how they feel are probably more useful than poring over a full-body MRI scan. Just like giving them an IQ test is a more useful measure of intelligence than looking at their brains.

The real question is – what do we want to find out? The explanatory value of describing intelligence on the neural level differs from describing it on a cognitive one, but we often implicitly hope to unlock a cognitive truth with neural data. Should we hope for it here?

If intelligence, something so salient at the interpersonal level, can indeed be reduced to a complex but dispersed measure of brain efficiency, that’s a fascinating finding as far as I’m concerned. And finding any of these neural correlates is – of course – a big deal. They are likely to be more structured than the genetic correlates, because they too, just like intelligence, will reflect a downstream effect of many genes. But if we hope to describe the cognitive notion of intelligence better by looking at brains, or to say what neural feature differs among people of different IQ, or to perhaps stall the reduction in intelligence near the end of life, I have my doubts that this search is going to lead us there. For that, we would have to find the neural substrate, the feature, the connection that will contain it all. I’m not convinced that it’s there to be found.

Note: I can’t remember whether I saw the direct comparison with general health somewhere, or whether it was a thought inspired by the comparison to physical fitness I found here. I hope I’m not blatantly stealing ideas.

  1. Ben

    Great post. Perhaps IQ is best thought of as a measure of global neurocognitive function? It integrates various cognitive abilities and their neural networks to enable an organism to solve problems in different situations.

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Rhodes today

The modern city of Rhodes is inhabited by a permanent population of approximately eighty thousand inhabitants. It is the economic and cultural hub of the southeastern Aegean, with a rich historical past and even more dynamic present and future.

The brilliant sun, the crystal-clear beaches, its natural wealth, the historical, architectural and religious sights, its traditional tastes and contemporary aromas, the various cultural, sports and art events, but also the warm hospitality of the residents, rank Rhodes among the most popular Mediterranean resorts.

For nature lovers, Rhodes is an ideal destination with high mountains, dense forests, caves, rivers and stunning landscapes.

Today the Old Town is one of the best preserved fortified medieval towns; time seems to have stopped in the middle ages, and the atmosphere is shrouded in the haze of its knightly past. Among the imposing chivalric buildings, the walls with the trench, the Gothic towers, the byzantine churches and the mosques, the squares and the cobblestone streets, the Medieval Town invites you to explore it.

Inside the magic of the Medieval Town walls, you will find the Palace of the Grand Masters, the Archaeological museum and the Jewish museum. Alongside the Mustafa Pasha Mosque is the 455 year old Turkish Bath. (Great Hammam). It is one of the historical buildings restored by the Archaeological Foundation of Rhodes. The bath is built on behalf of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent.

Countless festivals are held from spring till autumn, covering a wide range of themes, from classical music and ancient drama to art exhibitions, book presentations and contemporary dance and film shows. In early June at the annual Medieval Festival, a three day re-enactment of what the Old Town was like during the era of the Knights Hospitallers, offers an insight of a bygone age brought to life before your eyes.

Outside the city walls lies the new town, with some really impressive buildings dating to the period of Italian Rule on the island, such as the South Aegean Region’s Office (bearing a strong resemblance to the Doge’s Palace in Venice), the Post Office, the Town Hall, the National Theatre, and the Church of the Annunciation.

South Aegean Region’s Office

Mandraki is the main harbour of Rhodes where, as mentioned in the old ages, stood the Colossus of Rhodes. Today, the statues of two deers named ‘’Elefos’’ and ‘’Elafina’’ stand where once stood the feet of the colossus. The nearby marina, the Windmills, and St. Nicholas’ Lighthouse are “must” places to visit.

Mandraki harbour Elefos - Elafina and St. Nicholas lighthouse

At the city’s northernmost tip lies the Aquarium; the interior has been shaped like an underwater cave and you’ll see marine species endemic to the Aegean Sea.

Rodini park

In the south side of the town, Rodini is an amazing park where peacocks live; stroll along the paths where past pine & cypress trees wind their way, and streams. Rodini is reputed to have been the location of the ancient School of Rhetoric of Rhodes, where renowned personalities received their education, such as Julius Caesar and Cicero.

A walk around the majestic ancient Acropolis of Rhodes on the hill of Monte Smith, overlooking the sea and the beautifully restored Hellenistic Stadium of Diagoras and the Temple of Pythian Apollo are both stunning and worth a visit.


Anxious Charlie to the Rescue

anxious charlie to the rescue

A friend in need causes an anxious pup to confront his fear of change in this thoughtful and encouraging tale.

Charlie follows the same routine every day: he hops out of bed in the morning, walks the same route to the market, and lines up his stuffed animals just so in the evening. If anything is slightly different, Charlie worries that something bad might happen. But when friends call one morning asking for Charlie’s help, he forgets to follow his usual routine. Will something bad happen, as Charlie fears? Or will he learn that change can be good? In this touching story by Terry Milne, readers will fall in love with the nervous little dog named Charlie and his ability to overcome his fear of change.---from the publisher

32 pages                          978-1536209167                                Ages 4-6

Keywords:  dogs, anxiety, worrying, change, animals, friends, friendship, helping others, courage, facing your fears, dealing with feelings, dealing with anxiety, dealing with emotions, dealing with fears, overcoming obstacles, social situations, social skills, 4 year old, 5 year old, 6 year old, Social Emotional Learning SEL

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COM2006 Week 5 Discussion $10.00 Chore Troubles You and your new husband

COM2006 Week 5 Discussion $10.00
Chore Troubles
You and your new husband or wife came to an agreement early in your marriage that you both will create a schedule and divide up responsibilities for chores since both of you have demanding careers. In the beginning, each of you was doing his or her part. Gradually over the course of several months, your spouse starts to slack off. At first, you didn’t say anything—hoping that the situation would correct itself. After a while, you found yourself doing everything and were feeling real resentment at having to shoulder all the chores and responsibilities.
In this assignment, you need to:
Describe strategies and orientations for remedying and improving this situation.
Explain at least four strategies or ways to approach your spouse to more effectively manage this conflict.
Explain at least four strategies that the spouse who’s grieved by handling the burden of responsibilities could use to more effectively manage the conflict over chores and responsibilities.
Describe specific suggestions for how the nonparticipating spouse could effectively respond.
Before the end of the week, critique at least two of your classmates’ posts on the basis of the following points:
How well did the discussion of relationship conflict management strategies fit the situation?
Were the strategies or responses discussed from both points of view?
Were there four different orientations or strategies for managing the relationship conflict discussed?
To support your work, use your course and text readings, the Internet, and the South University Online Library. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.


How fast can a 250W ebike go?

How Fast Can A 250W Electric Bike Go. It is approx 20 mph, a 250-watt electric bike can goes 20 mph (32.19 km/h) on flat ground.

Is 250-watt ebike enough?

But here’s a short answer that I’m sure will ruffle some feathers: Yes, we’ve found that 250W is often plenty powerful for many e-bikes. There’s some caveats to that statement, but by and large a 250W motor is enough to give a rider’s pedaling a nice assist.

Is 250W fast?

A 250-watt motor, if you’re doing full throttle, is going to be able to get you to a top speed of, let’s say, 15 miles an hour. If you’re looking at a 500-watt motor, that’s gonna be able to get you to a top speed of about 20 miles an hour.

How fast is a 200w ebike?

Bikes fitted with a throttle based motor system must adhere to slightly different output regulations, with maximum power capped to 200w, whilst speed remains limited to 25 kph. Any e-bike that exceeds these regulations is categorised as a motor vehicle and standard road rules apply.

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What is the difference between a 250w and 350W motor?

Well, they are programmed slightly different. The 350w speed pedelec has an assisted speed to 45 km/h and the 250w motor is assisted to 25 km/h. Everything else is exactly the same.

So exactly what is the difference you may ask?

Bosch Performance 350w Bosch Performance CX 250w
Assistance 275% 300%
Torque 60Nm 75Nm

Is a 250 watt motor good?

How fast can a 250W motor go?

Battery Capacity and Calculating Range + Speed

Battery + Motor (Flat Terrain 165 lbs Male) Max Speed Average Charge Time
250w 20 mph (32.19 km/h) (G) 20 minutes
500w 25 mph (40.23 km/h) (G) 40 minutes
750w 28 mph (45 km/h) (G) 60 minutes
1000w 35 mph (56.32 km/h) (R) 80 minutes

How fast can 350W motor go?

How fast is 350W in mph?

High capacity battery: With 350W 36V 10.4AH Battery, Electric Scooter can reach 15.5mph, travel up to 15-25 miles.

Which ebike is the fastest?

Electric bicycles with a race track mode can provide pedal-assist above the speed limit of 28 mph. Other e-bikes such as the Delfast Top 3.0, allows for the use of throttle to reach the maximum speed provided by the electric motor. The Top 3.0 has been recognized by Forbes as the fastest electric bike in the world.

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Will a bigger battery make my ebike faster?

A battery that is at a higher state of charge has a higher voltage. … By keeping your battery at a higher state of charge, you’ll inherently travel faster. This means that you’ll want to charge more frequently, perhaps after every trip, instead of stringing multiple trips together on the same charge.

Can I speed up my ebike?

How fast can a 36v electric bike go?

The Flash e-Bike has a maximum speed of 28 miles/hr from its 36 volt battery pack with maximum distance of 50 miles.

How fast can a 750 watt ebike go?

The first reason why you should take on a 750 watt bike is because it will be fast. Really fast. You can crank its speed at about 20 to 28 mph (32-45 kph) on dirty or rough terrain. On the contrary, you can get a speed of 30 to 35 mph (48-56 kph) on a flat or downhill road.

How fast does a 2000w electric bike go?

Additional information

Motor & Battery Warranty 15 months
Charging Time 4-6.5 hours
Loading 330 lbs. (150 kg)
Frame 6061 Aluminum Alloy