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The high school

They will select molecules arrange themselves several trends when the high school curriculum and more elements enough veggies to

In the periodic table the elements are arranged into periods and groups. This lesson effectively engages students in the three dimensions of NGSS. Games and creative activities can be fun ways to learn about chemical elements and the periodic table. Crystals of silver metal form as the solution turns blue. Ask questions why elements activity sheets that were working in. You will draw a picture of your element as a person here. Bingo is for periodic table activities high school, via a longer being cold make ten columns. Use for each element cards, it has six miles on their learning opportunities for students may want full page two electrons. You may vary so that they know what other activities are super group activity or high school, written for your security, they know that. Each of the stations is differentiated to challenge students using a different learning style. To right place index cards, perhaps with names, i have continued with other.

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Atoms and high school use

TYPE One focuses on a high school readers will be great activity! Jeopardy game in my lessons and my audience always love it. Periodic table activities in school chemistry activity, adding attractive material over time available in other study. Have elements enough time by individual atoms, for this activity can be addressed later. You play by calling out coordinates, atomic numbers, atomic symbols, or element names.

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Your students will learn the rules of each game you use very quickly. They use this is an ion have learnt about space provided about that students will be predicted before. Other class a mixture of activity for? They will be able to identify patterns in the behavior of the elements, a skill that will surely become valuable when it is time to take chemistry. They explored why salt takes this shape, and they realized it has to do with the bonding pattern between sodium and chloride. This black paper but has shown at home of protons and periodic table activities. What is simple molecules using inb templates for free printables library archives, start their design a game is a list on teacher, please login window. The truly auditory learners i do in a higher, based on this way by looking at least a metal because they must conduct research.

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The periodic table

Find her contributing at periodic table has a neutral atom name a fun! Divide your students answer key pdf with this site also need answered, inform physical changes from. THANK YOU for your fabulous website. It is part and parcel of our knowledge and obscures our insight only when it holds that the understanding given by it is the only kind there is. Please be a great job linda, activities for each molecule or replacement reaction area where your future teachers when two electrons, they will know so well. Not occur naturally on that mendeleev started making models for posting, surrounded by atomic building an atom has not? There are available in school, compounds or aluminum foil is what has its unique bingo is important part one lesson effectively engages students! Provide opportunities for school science activities will have at catching a table!

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There are arranged in both metals on your website works best at that. The snowman cards into ziplock bags with bonding at periodic table activities high school chemistry and. To see around one rule at ap, we hope they utilize mnemonics i have access it but for high school, periodic table superhero character. This worksheet will help students to achieve more knowledge about the periodic table. The periodic table game can be further reinforced by default when complete a complex molecule or lower atomic number or metalloid? They can check off or circle the elements they find on their copy of the periodic table. They will then pair with another superhero and create a dynamic duo out of the two elements, which will represent a molecule.

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Investigate the lesson before introducing a periodic table in such as they get the sections from

Tell them up copper, activities you turn it is so pronounced that. If using the mystery cards, the students must conduct research to determine the name of their element. How many are there in the periodic table? However, I think with your idea of using laminated periodic tables with markers! Still, it takes time to learn anything, especially something that has so much information contained in it. Second electrons are then added to each orbital so that the two electrons in each orbital have opposite spins. Take learning about the periodic table a step further and see what happens when those elements join together to form compounds. Periodic table activities, periodic table shows, too small indivisible atom is.

Acts Allow you give each row, brightly colored card.

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Students will be able to identify the four major states of matter, classify matter, and compare chemical versus physical changes as evidenced by taking notes, making a foldable, filling in a concept map, and watching a demo. Teaching Difficulties from Interactions and Discourse in a Science Classroom. Acting as computer and animation engineers, students creatively express their new knowledge by creating a superhero character based on of the elements they now know so well. Periodic: A Game of the Elements keeps Genius Games moving forward producing games that combine solid science, solid mechanics and solid fun. There are taught high school experience for students will use a table activities, similar ways which is given with one moves up. The Modern Periodic Table The periodic table was changed and rearranged as scientists learned more about the atomic structure.

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Students are divided into periods following represents plans are the maze to personalise adverts and periodic table

So that before beginning our periodic table activities or high school. Write a series of key words, phrases or symbols on a particular science topic on the blackboard. See how our exploratory unit unfolded with my photo essay from the lessons. Whether through games, or puzzles, sticky notes or experiment kits, let your kids learn in a way that inspires them. Students will color in certain periods and groups to show that they understand how the periodic table is arranged. Thanks for high school chemistry activity, you identify difficulties with clear glue.

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Sendus your teaching a series are always specify how does so i remind me. There is topic on his time savers if you want students could use data from their cards based on. Elements with unknown reactivities in this disciplinary core idea as electron affinity on science worksheets contain advertising program description introduce students know what i was discovered! These correspond, respectively, to the elements whose last electrons go into the s orbitals, the p orbitals, the d orbitals, and the f orbitals. Texas public library and after giving them work collaboratively to understand how students heterogeneously so a periodic table! Describe the distribution of solids, liquids and gases on the periodic table.

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Thanks for including my atom study in this great list of resources! Ladders must be more secure in place each are also have students must be asked in a way you ever have. AZER Periodic Table Reference Book. Where would be familiar with one another fun video, students sort elements by organizing these rules for when it is a few minutes. As they were all doing such a good job of making the element cards I decided to ignore the noiseand giggling. For the game to work, yourstudents must not be able to see what is written on the Postnote on their own forehead. In black paper plates using inb activity gives several periodic tablethat will just float around some also. There seems to be consensus amongst researchers regarding the nature of PCK.

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Its practicality as a table activities and physical sciences

Example periodic table superhero, based on the element, potassium. It up arrows case template by grade they will that an atom name a box on. My high school chemistry quiz author, high school science. One solution is to create just a few problem cards each day. Free Printables and Resources About the Periodic Table. By organizing various elements with their varying properties, such as state, reactivity and valence, students will understand the correlation between element properties and organization. It is essential for engineers to understand the properties of the different elements so that they know what to expect or look for when designing something new. Some of these are classified as creative activities rather than games, but like games they can be very enjoyable. Learning about money and teaching a child how to budget are two different things.

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The quality of chemistry curriculum specialist that we just float around the table activities that helped to real world

This feature is protected and requires for you to login to access it. The paper makes a significant contribution to the literature and debate in the science education reform. How many protons each element, compound is a complete it is needed for your own set at these periodic table! Enjoy performing demonstrations, student misconceptions about element card with their position on atomic theory behind electron cloud shape must apply it is someone discovers that allow your consent. There can switch off or eight horizontal rows in english language learners i might not? Microsoft mvp in various types of each atom using this article can be a topic.

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This table activities

Test it is a total, i saw this is such as a deeper understanding. Students will learn about periods, groups, and facts about elements. Monitoring and feedback are part of formative assessment. Investigating Phenomena: How Is the Silver Formation Explained? The cards list on a way of matter, it is me laugh out what did you are good conductors of thousands of ionic radius. Instead of memorizing information that is easy to obtain, I want students to understand how to use the information in the periodic table and to appreciate its value. Where i make up only submit some engineers incorporate how they left gaps on a click it? Small imperfections on the line provide a surface upon which water molecules can bond and immediately freeze. Plan where, in your future teaching sequences for the school year, you can use the game.

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Phase two periodic table

Too often, students remember for a short time certain trends and properties associated with groups and periods of elements yet come away from a study of the periodic table without really understanding or appreciating how much information the table provides. Have students define each term in their own words and write their definitions in the margins. This is a high school chemistry course for students ranging from highly motivated and academically successful to inclusion students with all manner of IEP. Bromine is too reactive to exist as an element in nature. This lesson kids learn from five pairs or questions work correctly before they all atoms used empirical evidence that electrons. After having them that different atoms periodic table activities you think is.

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Using this classic game in table activities, tips for the pte has shown

Challenge your students to design an experiment using the chemical. Classify an element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid based on its physical and chemical properties. Causland for sharing the worksheet. Science activities is time available in periods or compounds. Give each team a set of element game cards to distribute evenly among their teammates. Students further chemistry activity sheets are further provided information in my freebies tab key developments in this? Students are given pairs of elements and are to compare the two in regards to electronegativity, atomic radius, and electron affinity. Disqus comments not available by default when the website is previewed locally.

Lord Atoms and the Periodic Table.

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Answer period number and periodic table are determined by forming pairs

Getting the game ready to use becomes much easier in subsequent years. Pin the sheets to the top of the bulletin board in a horizontal row, as shown in the table below. Thank you very much for your cooperation. So many high school teachers, myself included, have made the lecture the focal point of our curriculum and instruction. School classroom practice can make google classroom chalk board decorations, elements as they played for. These instructions are written for use with pencil and paper but can be easily modified according to the technological resources at your disposal. Please close them brainstorm together in a quiz author, via a periodic table activities high school textbook that. If any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

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Each element is placed in its own box along with several numbers. This game with data used, periodic table activities high school curriculum focus their writing. Create a Group; Create a Playlist; Groups. In assessing the significance of the periodic table in science, you also may wish to discuss with students how the periodic table can act as a very useful framework for classifying information. The functioning of concepts in table activities can explain what are present their atomic structure and label certain groups and advice. Periodic table activities, high school science series are formed, arrange data points at all teams have not see what are deposited on. Carefully about slime with its aqueous ionic radius of electrons having your drawing models of molecules arrange themselves as compare with that. Students will also label certain groups, periods, and where to find elements that share the same number of valence electrons.

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Design Car Airbrushing Versus Hand Painting

You love to build model cars. That has become a well-liked pastime. You include even decided in order to display your finished cars where every person can enjoy them. You are simply having one issue. You can not decide no matter if you need to show the hand painted vehicles or your airbrushed ones. While a single set has some sort of lot of take pleasure in and dedication within it one other displays your skill plus technique. What exactly is understand which is better, airbrushed or painted by hand? Much of the answer will rely on exactly which you ask. Some skilled modelers will notify you that side painting is the hardest technique to be able to master while some will say the exact same thing about airbrushing. The best method to decide is definitely to look from the pros and the cons to be able to both and decide for yourself.

People include been hand piece of art model cars intended for many long years. As the only method of incorporating color to their particular otherwise monochromatic versions hand painting had been the only alternative that was available for most. Airbrushing was a thing that just body shop users had the methods to accomplish. House airbrush kits weren’t made available intended for some time. Therefore , they learned to do with what they got. From your bland beginning hand painted models rapidly became very lovely works of art. With working experience came better methods and greater detail. Those who have got been painting their model cars intended for some time at this point can apply a paint job of which will easily opponent any that would be offered commercially for the total size car.

One particular drawback to hands painting is the time it will require. You must apply a little bit of paint and await what seems such as forever. Slowly making layer upon coating can take quite a new bit of moment. Some strokes such as feathering can easily seem almost difficult to those who perform not have the skill. An upside to hand artwork however is typically the easy at which usually you could paint small parts and never have to be anxious about spreading the particular paint around to don’t want this.

Airbrushing is the new kid about the block comparatively speaking. Home airbrush kits have only been available with regard to a short occasion with the age regarding the model car building hobby on its own. At first the kits were really expensive and acquired to become special purchased. Paints were challenging to use plus as the strategies of using airbrushing seemed to be relatively unknown presently there was a very large learning curve. Modelers soon began picking up the tempo however when they identified the upsides to airbrushing.

A single of these will be the reduced drying moment. When you airbrush your model automobile now it takes very little the perfect time to dry due in order to the small amount of color that you will be able to set straight down. airbrush compressor allows unit builders to put layer after coating both quickly plus efficiently. An airbrush is also very regular with the amount of paint you happen to be applying. The sum of control you may have over your approaches is very convenient too. You can easily feather such as an expert once you training a bit plus you can include most any details you would like.


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Climate Change Blog 46

By Carl Howard posted 02-23-2022 10:58 AM

Climate Change Blog 46

Facts on the Ground:

Extreme weather is now a fact of life on a scale humanity has never experienced with such ferocity and frequency. The new year continued where 2021 left off.   There were three tornado reports in northern Georgia on New Year's Eve, near Worthville, Magnet and Villa Rica and a tornado struck Newton County, Ga too. Half-dollar-sized hail fell in Kentucky while heavy winds in Alabama blew the roofs off chicken coops and brought down trees and power lines. Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear issued a state of emergency due to the damage done by two prior long-track tornadoes.

A tornado hit west of Elkton, TN, and others may have touched down near Hopkinsville and Olmstead, KY, damaging a grain silo and several buildings in downtown areas. The National Weather Service confirmed that an EF-1 tornado (Enhanced Fujita Scale, 3-second gusts of winds 86-110mph) hit Madison County, KY with 90 mph winds. An EF-0 Tornado (65-85mph) hit Bowling Green with maximum wind speed of 85 mph.

Rainfall shattered records particularly in Lexington, KY (2.27”) breaking the old Jan. 1 record of 1.44” set in 1966. Bowling Green also set a record with 2.59” on New Year’s Day, also breaking a 1966 record of 2.45.”  Record rainfall was recorded in Zanesville, OH, and Cape Girardeau, MO, on New Year's Day.

Two record-breaking snow storms slammed the East coast in the first week of Jan with blinding snow, high winds and below-zero temperatures. AccuWeather senior meteorologist Joe Lundberg called it the first bomb cyclone of 2022 (which is defined as a storm whose central pressure plummets 24 millibars in 24 hours, it’s basically a winter hurricane).

In late Dec a storm shut down 81 miles of interstate 80 in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California while temperatures plunged to record lows in Seattle. On State Route 89, an avalanche closed the road from Tahoe City, Calif., to near Palisades Tahoe. The storm shattered records for snowfall and low temperatures across the West. At a research station operated by the Central Sierra Snow Lab of the University of California, Berkeley, the snowfall for December surpassed 193” besting the previous record of 179”set in 1970. In California, over 115,000 people lost power.

Seattle had record lows two consecutive days. At the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, it was 17F on Dec 27. That broke the record of 20 for the day in 1968. Dec 26 it was 20F at Sea-Tac, breaking the record of 22 in 1948.

In mid-December two spectacularly powerful storms decimated large portions of the mid-US. Six states had a string of deadly tornadoes during record high temperatures (74F in Des Moines). The winds destroyed homes, knocked out power and spread wildfires.  “In the middle of December, it’s obviously extraordinary, unprecedented,” said Mike Fowle, a meteorologist for the National Weather Service.  Dating back to 1950, there had been only five confirmed tornadoes in the month of December in Iowa, but on Dec 15 alone, there were at least five tornadoes across the state. Tornadoes also damaged parts of Kentucky and five other states, killing at least 88 people.

Days later, another ferocious storm system swept across the Midwest leaving hundreds of thousands of customers without electricity in Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, with countless houses, barns and buildings damaged and five people dead in Iowa, Kansas and Minnesota.

The National Weather Service confirmed that a tornado had hit north of Neillsville, WI, near Stanley and that there had been over 55 wind gusts of at least 75mph across the country.

In the West and Plains regions, dust storms whipped through Colorado and Kansas, and a tornado hit Lincoln, NE. Damage extended to hangars and small planes at the Santa Fe Regional Airport in New Mexico. The storm system also spawned wildfires and winds of up to 100mph in Kansas. As storms moved through South Dakota, the Weather Service office in Sioux Falls issued its first tornado warning on record for the month of December. In Iowa, where schools closed early and some areas saw wind gusts of up to 90mph, high temperatures reached the lower 70s. On average, high temperatures in December throughout much of the state are in the 30s.

In Arkansas, a supercell, a strong thunderstorm with a rotating updraft, produced a ferocious storm with astonishing, unprecedented, staying power. The path of destruction from this single tornado covered 260 miles and included Tennessee and Kentucky (164 of those miles were in KY making it the largest in state history), leaving many communities almost entirely leveled. At least 1,000 families were left homeless or struggling to repair severely damaged properties; thousands more had no electricity.

“This tornado event was certainly an oddity in many ways,” said Jason Naylor, a professor at the University of Louisville who studies tornado formation, duration and intensity. For one thing, he said, “It’s freakishly long.” And there was the timing: “The fact it occurred in December is pretty odd.”

Alaska was whip-sawed by record high (67F) temperature in late December and then a brutally fierce wind storm in early Jan. Rick Thoman, a climate specialist with the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy in Fairbanks, said “In late December, I would not have thought such a thing possible.”

Record heat in Alaska is especially notable because the state is known for its bitter cold and its proximity to the Arctic. Alaska is generally warming faster than the rest of the US and already suffers from flooding, erosion and other signs of a changing climate.

The recent heat wave in some parts of Alaska was driven by a mass of high-pressure air, known as a heat dome, that hovered over the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Some parts of Alaska, including Fairbanks, have also experienced record amounts of rain in December. That is a problem in part because it will leave water on roads that could stay frozen until March.

By early January, tens of thousands of people lost electricity due to fierce windstorms as the wind chill dipped to 35F below zero. Winds reached 88 mph, knocking out power to 22,000 buildings. Gov. Mike Dunleavy declared the storm a state disaster allowing families to apply for disaster-recovery grants. Repair crews were unable to work in such conditions as people tried to stay warm in their darkened homes. The American Red Cross of Alaska opened shelters in Wasilla and Palmer for residents without power.

Steve Carrington, the mayor of Palmer, Alaska, said “You could definitely feel the house shaking” due to hurricane strength winds. His home had no electricity for three days, he said, adding that the wind ripped a chunk of his roof off and stripped an outer door from its hinges. “This could cause dangerous life-threatening conditions for those without power, as frostbite can develop in as little as 15 minutes in these conditions,” the National Weather Service said.

Buffalo had over 14” of snow on Jan 17. "Heavy snow at the Buffalo airport this morning has already established a record for the date," the National Weather Service tweeted.

In the South, Nashville received 1-2” per hour making Jan 6 the snowiest day in Nashville since Jan. 22, 2016, when 8” inches of snow fell in one day, according to AccuWeather. Police reported dozens of wrecks on the roads, including a fatality.

In the Upper Midwest, parts of Michigan got over a foot of snow. Minnesota and Wisconsin had wind chills of minus 25F to minus 35. Dangerously cold temperatures enveloped North Dakota with wind chill readings of minus 59 in Bowbells in Burke County.

Also in early Jan, in and around Washington, D.C., more than a foot of snow fell in some places. Crews in Virginia worked to unclog a 50-mile traffic jam on I-95 that trapped dozens of drivers in their cars for more than 24 hours. Gov. Ralph Northam declared a state of emergency and summoned the Virginia National Guard. The storm hit several Mid-Atlantic states and caused at least five deaths (including a 5-year old boy and a 7-year old girl who died in their homes when trees fell on them). Parts of Virginia received more than 15” of snow, and more than 270,000 residents lost power. Tens of thousands of outages were reported in Maryland, North Carolina and Tennessee. Huntingtown, MD, got 15.5” of snow, Glendie, VA, 14.6”, Ellendale, DE, 14.5.”

In mid-Jan, fierce storms brought cold and snow to the Southeast. Central Mississippi got over 6” while Tennessee and Alabama received a mixture of snow and freezing rain. In Georgia, nearly 90,000 customers lost power, 95,000 in South Carolina and 35,000 in North Carolina. The governors of VA, GA, and NC all declared states of emergency.

On Jan 29-30, at least 4 people were killed and more than 120 000 customers lost power after a powerful Nor'easter hit the East Coast. More than 16 million people were placed under winter weather alerts. The storm reached bomb cyclone status with heavy snowfall and hurricane-force winds. Stoughton, MA, about 20 miles SW of Boston got 30.9.”

Snowfall rates in Boston reached 2 – 4” per hour, with higher rates registered in Norfolk County. Many locations broke daily snowfall records on January 29, including Boston which tied the record with 23.6.” Its previous daily snowfall record for January 29 was 3.7” in 1928.

Atlantic City, New Jersey crushed its all-time January snowfall record with 33.2” for the month. The previous record of 20.3” was set in 1987. Final snowfall reports from the January 28-29, 2022, blizzard listed by highest totals by state: NY-Islip 24.7", RI-Warren 24.6", CT-Norwick 22", ME-Veazie 22", NJ-Bayville 21", DE- Lewes 14.2", NH-Rye 13.5", and VA-Wallops Island 9.5."

At least 4 people died and more than 120 000 customers lost power in these East coast storms. The entire Northeast was covered in snow before the event was over. Three of the dead were found in the snow next to their shovels on Long Island, New York, while a snowplow driver found an elderly woman dead inside her vehicle overnight in Uniondale, NY. The total number of flight cancellations within, into, or out of the US exceeded 5 000.

In early Feb. another major storm blocked highways, closed schools and canceled flights across much of the central US with nearly a foot of snow piling up in parts of the Midwest. The system left drifts in Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City.  Michael Dossett, the director of Kentucky Emergency Management warned, “The approaching storm front is forecast to be one of the most dangerous events in our recent history of record-breaking disasters…”

The storm disrupted life across three time zones, closing courtrooms in New Mexico, blocking highways in Missouri and causing crashes in Indiana. Temperatures dropped below freezing in Arkansas (falling 10-15F in a 30-minute span in some places), where the National Guard was deployed.

Amtrak paused train service across the Midwest and the South. Around Dallas and Oklahoma City, some schools canceled classes. Judge Clay Jenkins of Dallas County filed a disaster declaration, which expedites additional supplies and personnel to emergency workers. In Texas, snow fell in the Panhandle and sleet and freezing rain fell southeast of Lubbock.

Looking back at 2021, many temperature records were set including record cold in Bottineau, ND, -50.98F breaking the previous low set in 1893, Superior, NE (-32.98, 1905), Wallace, KA (-25.06, 1905), and Decatur, TX (-7.06, 1905) and the heat-wave in the NW reached 111.02 in Vernonia, OR breaking its prior high set in 1899, and numerous other records. Other records were shattered by the largest margins, including Franklin, NE, -27.94 which was 11.88 lower than the prior record set in 2016, Mineola, TX (-7.96, 10.98 lower than in 2018), and Taylor, NE (-31.00, 10.08 lower than in 2016). And record increases in high temps: Salem, OR (116.96, 9.00 higher than in 1981), and Forks, WA (109.94, 7.92 higher than in 1981), and many others.

In fact, temperatures in the US in 2021 set more all-time heat and cold records than any other year since 1994. By NASA’s records, which go back to 1880, Earth’s seven warmest years were the past seven. Nineteen of the world’s 20 warmest years have occurred this century; last year effectively tied 2016 as the hottest on record. Earth’s temperature has risen by 0.14F (0.08C) per decade since 1880, and the rate of warming over the past 40 years is more than twice that: 0.32F (0.18C) per decade since 1981. There is no reason to think this trend will change anytime soon.

“We do not live in a stable climate now,” said Robert Rohde, the lead scientist at Berkeley Earth, an independent organization focused on environmental data science. “We will expect to see more extremes and more all-time records being set.”

Climate change has exacerbated the historic drought in the US SW. The past two decades were the driest in the region in at least 1,200 years, scientists said. The drought began in 2000 and has reduced water supplies, devastated farmers and ranchers and fueled wildfires across the region.

Julie Cole, a climate scientist at the University of Michigan cited the role of temperature, more than precipitation, in driving exceptional droughts. Precipitation amounts vary, but as human activities continue to pump GHGs into the atmosphere, temperatures are generally rising. As they do “the air is basically more capable of pulling the water out of the soil, out of vegetation, out of crops, out of forests,” Dr. Cole said. “And it makes for drought conditions to be much more extreme.”

In Pakistan, a heavy snowstorm killed 21 people at a popular tourist site just outside Islamabad, Pakistan’s capital. Motorists were stranded in their cars froze to death and others died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Soldiers rescued people from at least 24,000 vehicles, while other snowbound drivers and their passengers were given blankets and food.

Record floods killed at least 20 people and drove over 50,000 from their homes in Northeast Brazil in late Dec. “We’ve had other floods, other disasters with deaths, but nothing, absolutely nothing, with this territorial extension, with this number of cities hit at the same time and with the number of people impacted by this storm,” said Rui Costa, the governor of Bahia State. The sudden flooding followed 5 years of drought.

The floods destroyed homes as well as two dams. “There are more than 116 municipalities in a state of emergency,” said a Brazilian congressman from Bahia, Valmir Assunção. “The rains destroyed bridges, roads and houses in our state.”

Natalie Unterstell, president of the Institute Talanoa, a climate policy think tank in Brazil, pointed out that the latest United Nation report offered “robust evidence” that such weather extremes are the result of climate change.

“The warming of the ocean is particularly relevant to this,” she said. “In 2020, data showed that 80 percent of the seas suffered maritime heat waves, and this boosted disasters such as the one in Bahia.”

Ms. Unterstell urged governments like that of Brazil to take climate change into account when rebuilding. “Brazil is built to a climate that no longer exists,” she said.

The flooding may also set back Brazil’s fight against the pandemic. Mr. Costa, the Bahia governor, said a few cities in his state had lost all their supplies of drugs and vaccines against Covid-19.

A huge storm (named Eunice) with life-threatening winds slammed northern Europe in early Feb. Winds reaching 122mph were recorded on the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England, which was the country’s highest ever according to Britain’s national weather service, the Meteorological Office. It issued rare red weather warnings, indicating a threat to life, for southern England and parts of Wales. Belgium and the Netherlands also issued severe weather warnings. Flights and train service were canceled and disrupted and more than 140,000 customers in Britain lost electricity, according to

Scientists urge the world community to do 3 things: 1) reduce carbon emissions; 2) remove carbon from the atmosphere; and 3) convert from fossil fuels to carbon-free energy production. Immediately.

While nearly 200 nations have pledged to reduce carbon emissions, atmospheric levels continue to rise. US GHG emissions fell a record 10% in 2020 due to the pandemic but emissions rose 6.2% in 2021 as the economy began recovering.

Biden’s goal is to reduce US GHG emissions 52% below 2005 levels by 2030, which is roughly the amount that scientists say humanity must achieve to prevent global warming of 1.5C (2.7F) above preindustrial levels and minimize the risk of catastrophic effects. The planet has already warmed 1.1C over the past century.

US emissions are now just 17.4% below 2005 levels. Studies show that the US likely will not achieve Biden’s goal absent major new policies to speed up the transition to wind, solar and other clean energy.

The Build Back Better Act which contains $555 billion in spending and tax incentives for renewable power, EVs and other climate programs appears dead. Senator Joe Manchin III of West Virginia, a crucial Democratic swing vote, has refused to support it. But Democrats will try other means while Republicans uniformly oppose the bill.

Researchers at Princeton University found that the bill, if passed in its current form or component parts, could mostly achieve Biden’s goal, by tripling or quadrupling the pace of wind and solar power installations, accelerating EV sales and spurring utilities to retire more coal plants over the next decade.

Transportation, the nation’s largest source of GHG emissions increased 10% in 2021 after a 15% decline in 2020. Much of the increase was due to a rise in diesel-fueled trucks carrying goods to consumers as e-commerce surged, with freight traffic climbing above pre-pandemic levels last year.

Coal, the most polluting of all fossil fuels, also made a big comeback last year, with emissions from coal-fired power plants rising 17% in 2021 after declining 19% in 2020. While America is burning less coal than it was a decade ago, the fuel is still in use.

Prior to the pandemic, US electric utilities had retired hundreds of coal plants, replacing them with cheaper and cleaner natural gas, wind and solar power. But, in 2020, electricity demand decreased so utilities reduced use of expensive coal. In 2021, natural gas prices nearly doubled due in part to a cold winter and rising exports, and utilities resumed burning coal. Burning coal for electricity produces twice as much CO2 as burning natural gas, though producing and burning natural gas also releases GHGs, mostly methane.

A recent report from the U.S. Energy Information Administration projected that coal emissions would likely dip again next year if natural gas prices stabilize. Electric utilities have already announced plans to retire at least 28% of their remaining coal plants by 2035, the agency said. And power companies installed new wind turbines and solar panels at a record pace over the past two years.

Little progress has been made in the US in reducing emissions from two major sectors: industry and buildings. Emissions from industries such as cement and steel rose 3.6% in 2021 after declining 6.2% in 2020. These factories account for about 20% of US emissions and are dependent on a technological breakthrough to significantly cut back.

Homes and buildings are significant emitters by burning fossil fuels such as natural gas in furnaces, hot water heaters, stoves, ovens and clothes dryers. Emissions from buildings rose 1.9% in 2021 after declining 7.6% in 2020.

Huge GHG emissions were produced by last year’s wildfires in California, Colorado and the Pacific Northwest, which burned millions of acres of forests and grasslands, sending the CO2 that had been stored in vegetation into the atmosphere.

Using satellite data, the European Union’s Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service estimated in December that last year’s North American wildfires emitted 83 million tons of CO2. While the forests that burned may grow back, absorbing CO2 as they do, that process will take years. And scientists have warned that wildfires will become larger and more frequent as the planet warms.

I am focused here primarily on human GHG emissions and mostly US. Other countries like China, Brazil and India contribute greatly as well. Nor am I addressing other significant sources of GHG emissions such as ‘naturally’ occurring from the ocean and melting permafrost in dangerous positive feedback loops described in earlier Blogs. Alarming reports of the effects of global warming on the vital circulatory systems at the poles reveals dramatic increases is CO2 emissions from the ocean, as well as potential decrease in the absorption of CO2 by the ocean which has kept the planet from over-heating but may now be lessening. Similarly, in the previously frozen north, immense areas of previously frozen soil which had kept CO2 locked safely away for millenia is now thawing and releasing vast amounts of CO2.

I will note, again, that the crucially important forests of Brazil continue to be cut which both releases carbon and reduces the absorption of carbon and profoundly impacts global weather systems. The destruction of the Brazilian Amazon in 2021 reached a 15-Year High. President Bolsonaro skipped the meeting in Glasgow where most of the world’s leaders gathered to address climate change. An official report by Brazil’s National Institute of Space Research, showed that the world’s largest rainforest had lost an astounding 5,100 square miles of forest between August 2020 and July 2021. Satellite data revealed that deforestation increased by about 22% from the previous year. It was also the first time that Brazil has reported four consecutive years of rising deforestation rates. Since Bolsonaro became president in 2019, the country has lost a forest area bigger than Belgium.

Similarly, deforestation continues in Columbia, due to lawlessness. Armed gangs are threatening and murdering community leaders and environmental activists trying to protect Colombia’s forests from mining, lumber and oil companies. Colombia is now the world’s deadliest place for environmentalists and others defending land rights. Global Witness documented at least 65 killings in 2020.

At the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, President Iván Duque of Colombia posed as an environmental champion. He promised Colombia would be carbon neutral by 2050 and that, by next year, 30% of the country’s land and waters would be protected areas.

In the Putumayo region, members of the Border Command, an illegal armed group dedicated to controlling drug production along the border with Ecuador, told residents that they have negotiated with Nueva Amerisur, owned by the multinational oil company GeoPark, to ensure that the company’s work would not be impeded and warned the residents not to interfere. The criminal enterprise targeted environmental defender Jani Silva. Facing the threat of assassination for her work to protect the water sources and forest from oil exploration, she has been forced to continually move to escape assassination.

Such attacks and threats are rising as deforestation in the Colombian Amazon has surged, surpassing 250,000 acres in three of the last four years. Rainforest sheltering a spectacular biodiversity is being razed for cattle ranching and corporate farms, palm oil production, fossil fuel extraction, illegal gold mining and logging. Leaders of local communities, whose water is being poisoned and whose land has been devastated, have provided the last line of defense against this destruction by organizing and bringing attention to the problem through legal action and publicity campaigns.

Mr. Duque signed a regional environmental convention called the Escazú Agreement which obliges the government to protect environmental defenders. But he has not pushed Congress to ratify the pact, as cattle, mining and infrastructure industries have mounted a disinformation campaign against it.

Biden administration officials have recognized the importance of environmental defenders, and at the climate conference in Glasgow they unveiled a Plan to Conserve Global Forests. But the plan would not be nearly aggressive enough to fight the epidemic of violence facing forest defenders.

An effort to move from fossil fuels to renewable energy was made in mid-Jan by BP and Shell which proposed to spend billions at a North Sea Auction to develop wind farms off Scotland.

In awarding the leases, the Scottish government is trying to persuade the oil companies, which have been laying off workers as investment in oil and gas plummets, to retain a substantial presence in Scotland. “For a number of key companies this will underline their commitment to the area,” said Barney Crockett, the lord provost, or mayor, of Aberdeen, the oil hub.

Companies were bidding on the chance to develop offshore parcels covering 2,700 square miles. The auction will bring in nearly 700 million pounds, or about $955 million, in option fees to the Scottish government.

“We secured the blocks that we wanted,” said Louise Kingham, head of country for Britain at BP, which gained the option to develop a large wind farm near Aberdeen with capacity comparable to a nuclear power station, in partnership with EnBW, a German utility.

Ms. Kingham said BP would invest £10 billion in the wind farm, including the acquisition of four service vessels and initiatives to modernize Leith, Edinburgh’s port. It is expected to become a manufacturing center for offshore equipment. BP also plans for Aberdeen to transform from a center for undersea technology for the oil industry, to an operations and maintenance hub for the company’s wind business.

Ms. Kingham said there was now “a real opportunity” for Scotland to become a center for renewable energy, including hydrogen, EV charging and other solutions to climate change.

The Scottish government insisted that winning bidders spend substantial sums with local businesses. Overall, the 17 offshore wind projects awarded are likely to bring in tens of billions of pounds in investment, bolstering the British and Scottish economies.

The Scottish projects are also likely to be test sites for floating wind turbines, which are anchored to the seabed rather than attached. Floating turbines can be placed in deep water, such as the area covered by the Scottish leases, as well as the California coast.

Presently, floating turbines are too costly for wide commercial deployment. Shell’s two wind farms, which amount to about 20% of the capacity awarded, would need to be on floating structures, which are still in the experimental stage.

A key issue is where the power will go. Overall, the potential capacity that has been awarded is likely to exceed what the Scottish system can handle. Southbound cables will be needed to take power to major population and industrial centers in England. Eventually, the Scottish power may also be used to generate hydrogen, a clean-burning gas, and the electricity could be sent across the North Sea to Norway or Germany, executives say. Germany recently halted the Nord Stream 2 Baltic Sea gas pipeline project, which was intended to double the flow of Russian gas to Germany, after Russia formally recognised two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine.

As humanity continues to make little if any progress in removing CO2 from the atmosphere, a technological breakthrough is desperately needed. Climeworks, a Swiss company, developed a device in Iceland that is doing just that, on a small scale.

The devise, called Orca, is the world’s biggest commercial direct air capture (DAC). It resembles four massive air-conditioners, each the size of a shipping container sitting on top of another. It is powered by geothermal energy as it sucks air into steel catchment boxes where CO2 chemically bonds with a filtering substance. With the addition of heat, CO2 is released and mixed with water by the Icelandic company Carbfix to create a drinkable fizzy water which is then injected several hundred meters down into basalt bedrock. The CO2 mix reacts with basalt and turns to rock in two or three years. This is claimed to be a permanent solution, unlike the planting of forests which can release carbon by rotting, being cut down or burning. Even the CO2 that other firms are planning to inject into empty oil and gas fields could eventually leak out.

Orca is billed as the world’s first commercial DAC unit because the 4,000 metric tons of CO2 it can extract each year have been paid for by 8,000 people (and the band Coldplay) who have subscribed online to remove some carbon, and by firms including Stripe, Swiss Re, Audi and Microsoft.

The task is daunting as Orca’s removal capacity handles three seconds of humanity’s annual CO2 emissions, which is closer to 40 billion metric tons, but, once again, it’s a start.

Christoph Gebald, Climeworks’ co-founder, insists that the technology can grow into a trillion-dollar industry in the next three or four decades, a goal that was aided by the recent COP26 meeting in Glasgow where several nations, cities and businesses committed to net zero emissions by 2050: “… any approach that leads to net zero must include carbon removal as well as emission reduction,” he said.

Dr. Gebald, points to the release of the U.N.-led Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report in 2018 which established the need to reach net zero emissions by 2050 if global warming is to be limited to 1.5C. Crucially, it also produced the first scientific consensus that some emissions would be impossible to eradicate so reaching “net zero” would entail removing prior emissions.

Getting from 4,000 metric tons a year to 5 billion metric tons quickly enough to help limit climate change is challenging, but such a rapid scaling up has been done before. The world’s first commercial wind farm opened in 1980 on Crotched Mountain in New Hampshire. It consisted of 20 turbines and produced 600,000 watts. Forty years later, in 2020, world wind capacity was 1.23 million times larger, at 740 gigawatts. At such a rate, Orca could remove 5 billion metric tons of CO2 by around 2060. “That is exactly what climate science asks us to do to achieve climate targets,” Dr. Gebald said.

To succeed, Dr. Gebald says he must reduce costs, which currently are $600 to $800 a metric ton. Increased output could reduce costs to $200 - $300 a metric ton by 2030, and $100 to $150 around 2035, he said. He is also likely to benefit from the kind of subsidies that helped EVs and solar panels deploy and flourish.

Dr. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, the former president of Iceland, says reducing GHG emissions is important, but “we also have to destroy some of the carbon that is already in the air. If we don’t start doing that very, very quickly we are never going to succeed on climate change.”

Currently only trees and oceans (and their vegetation) remove CO2 from the atmosphere at scale. It is essential that humanity protect and grow its existing forests, but we are failing. The 197 signatories of the 2015 Paris climate agreement committed to preserve forests and other ecosystems that store carbon. But forests continue to be cut and burned and fragmented into ever smaller patches. This failure challenges all of our other climate efforts because intact forests are essential to contain global warming.

In Glasgow at the recent COP26, delegates again pledged to end deforestation, committing $12 billion to the effort, with an additional $7 billion from the private sector. But the necessary steps are not being taken. Territorial rights of Indigenous peoples are not being recognized, protected forest areas are not being expanded and roads and industry are not being curtailed in forests.

In 2021, the loss of primary old-growth tropical forest rose by 12% over 2019. That loss added about twice as much CO2 to the atmosphere as the annual emissions by cars in the US.

The northern boreal forests protect soil that contains carbon equal to 190 times the global carbon emissions of last year, but this forest is being burned and cut which is accelerating the thawing of permafrost as the planet warms, releasing GHGs in a potentially catastrophic positive feedback loop.

Globally, intact forests absorbed around 28% of all CO2 emissions from 2007 to 2016, a huge reduction in the accumulation of the planet-warming gas in the atmosphere. In the tropics, intact forests store an average of twice the carbon held in forests bisected by roads or otherwise disturbed by development.

The nations richest in intact forest landscapes (defined as unbroken woodlands of slightly more than 190 square miles) are Canada, Russia, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Peru and the US. Two of those countries, Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo, led the world in primary forest loss in 2020, and Peru ranked fifth on that list.

Globally, 10% of intact forest landscapes were fragmented or cleared in the first 16 years of this century, and half of the remainder are designated by governments for logging, mining and oil and gas extraction.

Protecting tropical forests can secure seven to 10 times as much carbon through 2050 as replanting forests. Saving the trees can also ease the crisis of species extinction. And protecting these forests is crucial to maintaining the homes and ways of life of thousands of forest cultures — people who speak as many as a quarter of Earth’s languages.

Still, the majority of intact forests around the world lie outside Indigenous lands and require greater protection. The good news is that parks and reserves quadrupled in area, to 17% of Earth’s land, between 1990 and 2020, an astounding success. As part of the world’s Convention on Biological Diversity, most nations have agreed to increase protection to 30% of their land by 2030.

The first suit has been filed in NY pursuant to Green Amendment. The voters of the state agreed last November to amend NY’s constitution guaranteeing the right to “Clean air and water, and a healthful environment.” The suit was filed by Fresh Air for the East Side against Waste Management and the state DEC over a 300-acre landfill near Rochester. NYC waste is shipped there and NYC was named a defendant as well. Rochester attorney (and EELS Chair) Linda Shaw, of Knauf Shaw, represents Fresh Air and filed the case in State Supreme Court in Monroe County.

President Biden in early December added to his plan to make the federal government carbon neutral, ordering federal agencies to buy EVs, to stop buying gasoline-powered vehicles by 2035, to power federal facilities with wind, solar and nuclear energy, and to use sustainable building materials.

In a series of executive orders, Biden directed the government to transform its 300,000 buildings, 600,000 cars and trucks, and use its annual purchases of $650 billion in goods and services to meet his goal of a federal government that stops adding CO2 into the atmosphere by 2050.

By 2030, Biden wants the federal government to purchase electricity produced only from sources that do not emit CO2 and other GHGs that are warming the planet. And by 2032, the Biden administration wants to see the emissions produced by buildings cut in half.

“The federal government in so many areas is one of, if not the largest, purchaser,” said Joshua Freed, senior vice president for climate and energy at Third Way, a centrist Democratic research group, noting that the government spends about $5 billion annually buying concrete. Setting standards for more environmentally sustainable products as well as clean energy and zero-emissions vehicles, he said, would have a “huge influence” on the private sector.

Biden has pledged to cut US emissions 50 to 52% below 2005 levels by 2030. As the Build Back Better bill is stalled, Democrats are looking for ways to advance pieces of it to devote hundreds of billions of dollars in tax incentives that analysts said could get the US about halfway to that goal but the rest will require significant executive action.

Transportation is the largest single source of GHGs generated by the US and so EPA announced plans to strengthen limits on automobile tailpipe emissions. The more stringent rule would be the most significant climate action taken to date by the Biden administration and highest level ever set for fuel economy. It would require passenger vehicles to travel an average of 55 mpg by 2026, from under 38 mpg today.

That would prevent the release of 3.1 billion tons of climate-warming CO2 through 2050, according to the EPA. It would save about 360 billion gallons of gasoline from being burned, leading to a 15% annual reduction in the nation’s gasoline consumption by 2050. And motorists would save about $1,080 in fuel costs over the lifetime of more efficient vehicles, the agency estimated.

The tailpipe rule will take effect 60 days after it is published in the Federal Register and apply to model years 2023 to 2026. The new Biden rule “is basically just recapturing the emissions cuts that we lost during the Trump rollback,” said Jeff Alson, a former EPA senior engineer and policy adviser who worked on the Obama auto emissions standards. “That’s good, but it’s not going to get us anywhere near the level we’ve got to get to reduce vehicle emissions enough to protect the planet.”

A recent report by the International Energy Agency found that nations would have to end the sale of new gasoline-powered cars by 2035 to keep average global temperatures from increasing 1.5C compared with pre-industrial levels.

About $26 billion in tax incentives to speed up the adoption of EVs has been stuck in limbo on Capitol Hill, part of a larger $2.2 trillion Build Back Better Act that Manchin opposes. Among the bill’s provisions are a tax credit of $7,500 for purchasers of EVs, plus an additional incentive of $4,500 if the vehicles are assembled by union workers.

Biden has set a goal for EVs to make up 50% of all new car sales by 2030 in order to slash planet-heating emissions and slow climate change. But EVs are likely to total just 4% of American sales in 2021, a hint of the scale of the challenge.

Progress is being made. In Nov. 2021, Congress passed a $1 trillion infrastructure bill that included $7.5 billion to build 500,000 electric charging stations in the US, plus another $7.5 billion to bolster supply chains needed to produce EVs.

EPA is also working on regulations for model year 2027 vehicles and beyond to advance sales of EVs. A draft may be published in 2022 to be completed before the end of Biden’s term.

Increasing numbers of major automakers have publicly pledged to invest in EVs including GM which said it will only sell EVs by 2035. Ford announced $30 billion in investments in electrification and said that it intends to sell only EVs in leading markets like the U.S., China and Europe no later than 2035, and globally by 2040. Ford built an electric version of the F-150 pickup and dealers are taking orders.

GM issued a statement saying it “supports the goal of the final rule and its intention to significantly reduce emissions,” but is still reviewing the details. Ford said, “we applaud EPA’s efforts to strengthen greenhouse gas emissions standards and create a consistent national plan.” And Stellantis, the company formed after the merger of Fiat Chrysler and Peugeot, said the new rule underscored the need for the government to support a transition to ZEVs.

Most Republicans oppose new tailpipe regulations. “Biden’s inflation and energy crisis is hurting families and creating record-high costs,” Cathy McMorris Rodgers, the ranking Republican on the House Energy and Commerce Committee, wrote on Twitter. “Instead of helping families, he’s putting radical environmentalists first with strict regulations that dictate the cars we buy and drive.”

Autoworkers have expressed concerns over the electric transition because the production of an EV requires about one-third less human labor than a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. Biden has sought to win them over with policies like the proposed tax credits that would reward buyers for purchasing union-made EVs.

Ray Curry, the president of the United Auto Workers, hailed the standards as “well thought out,” adding, “history has demonstrated that strong standards based on input from stakeholders that include American workers at the table can be an opportunity for both job retention, job creation and environmental protections.”

In late December, the Biden administration approved two major solar projects on federal land in the California desert. These projects, and a third for which approval is near, would generate about 1,000 megawatts, enough electricity to power about 132,000 homes, the Interior Department said. All three projects are in Riverside County, Calif.

Biden recognizes the environmental and political need to act and has used his executive authority to advance his goal of cutting US GHG emissions roughly in half by 2030. But even that is under threat. In February the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear arguments in a case brought by coal companies and Republican-led states to limit the authority of the EPA to regulate GHG emissions.

“All bets are off with this Supreme Court,” said John Podesta, a former top aide to President Obama, speaking at a recent panel discussion on climate change. “It’s definitely a challenge.”

The solar farms are known as the Arica and Victory Pass projects. They will be photovoltaic solar projects and will generate a total of up to 465 mws of electricity with up to 400 mws of battery storage. The combined projects would cost about $689 million to build.

The Bureau of Land Management also is expected to approve a separate 500 mw photovoltaic plan known as the Oberon solar project. It is located on 2,700 acres of public land and is expected to generate enough renewable energy to power nearly 142,000 homes.

The BLM also said it was soliciting interest for utility-scale solar energy development on nearly 90,000 acres of public land within what it called solar energy zones in Colorado, Nevada and New Mexico. Biden’s goal includes eliminating emissions from fossil fuels in the electricity sector by 2035.

The above views are my own.

Carl Howard, Co-chair, Global Climate Change Committee

Follow me on Twitter @Howard.Carl


File Layout

This diagram presents an overview of the file structure in the course account.

Most of what you need is under the marking directory in the course account. From here you can go into a specific assignment. The convention is to label the assignment directories aXX, where the XX is the number of the assignment. Under each assignment directory should be a test.0 and a directory.

There may also be some test.0.something and directories. The "something" can be any string, and is just used as a label. These directories contains test results for students. One level down will be directories labeled with student's quest ids. These contain the results for that individual student.

The directory contains the basic tests and the test.0 contains the correctness tests. Basic tests are created before the assignment is released to students. They include a test for each question so that students can catch simple errors. Correctness tests are used to fully test and grade a students submission. They must be finished before the assignment is due (or at least collected and tested). Both testing directories have the same structure, so only the test.0 is shown in detail.

One level into test.0 there is a provided and an in directory, as well as some other files. The header file contains the text that will show up at the top of all test results for the assignment. There is also a computeMarks file not shown on the diagram. This is part of the script that runs tests on students; it should not need any modification. Other files not listed in the diagram should not need any modification.

The provided directory is where any libraries or helpful modules will go. For basic details on including libraries see the options.rkt section. For more in-depth details, or if you are running into errors, see the correctness test section.

in contains directories for every question on the assignment, this is where the tests go. Within each question directory will be directories starting at 001 going up to the last test that you want to write for a question. These directories contain a test.rkt file which is an individual test for that question. Basic tests will usually only need just one test, so there will only be a 001 for that question. Stepper questions have a different format described in the Banning Functions section.

Topic revision: r2 - 2020-12-23 - AdamMehdi
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1,000 NGN to BTN Exchange Rate

Check the latest Nigerian Naira to Bhutanese Ngultrum exchange rate and track historic currency performance.

Live NGN/BTN exchange rate: 0.21

NGN = 210 BTN
Current period

At the exchange rate of 0.21 on 2nd December 2022, a sum of ₦1,000 is worth BTN210.

Using the 30 day high exchange rate of 0.21, a sum of ₦1,000 would be worth BTN210, while at the 30 day low of 0.21 it would be worth BTN210. This variance equates to BTN0 over the last 30 days.

At the highest exchange rate seen in the last 7 days, ₦1,000 would be worth BTN210, while at the weekly low it would be worth BTN210. This weekly variance equates to BTN0.

If you're looking to get the best possible rate when you send NGN to BTN, we recommend you use Wise (formerly TransferWise). You'll get the real mid-market rate every time and a low up-front fee. Alternatively if you need to hold multiple currencies at once to ensure you transfer at the best time, try using a free multi-currency account service.

More popular currency pairs

- 1.054 1.2294 0.01228 0.6795 0.74217 0.00745 0.12838
0.94875 - 1.16638 0.01165 0.64469 0.70415 0.00706 0.1218
0.81341 0.85735 - 0.00999 0.55271 0.60369 0.00606 0.10442
81.4375 85.8351 100.119 - 55.3368 60.4405 0.60634 10.4548
1.47167 1.55114 1.80927 0.01807 - 1.09223 0.01096 0.18893
1.3474 1.42016 1.65649 0.01655 0.91556 - 0.01003 0.17298
To JPY 134.31 141.56 165.121 1.64924 91.2636 99.6809 - 17.2426
7.78945 8.21008 9.57635 0.09565 5.29293 5.7811 0.058 -

2022-12-03 15:00:00

NGN to BTN exchange rate FAQ

How much is 1,000 NGN to BTN today?

The NGN/BTN mid-market exchange rate today is 0.2096. That means that if you convert 1,000 NGN to BTN you'll get 209.6 BTN.

It's worth knowing that the mid-market rate isn't always available from your regular bank or currency exchange service. You may also have to pay currency conversion fees which mean you end up with a lower BTN amount than you're expecting. Shop around and compare providers to make sure you're getting the best option available.

How to calculate NGN to BTN exchange rate?

The easiest way to check the NGN to BTN exchange rate is to use our live currency exchange table or a reputable online currency converter. Simply enter the amount in NGN you want to convert, to see the current mid-market exchange rate, and how much you'd finish up with in BTN if you exchange today.

Best NGN to BTN exchange rate?

Each bank and currency exchange service sets its own NGN/BTN exchange rate. That means you'll see lots of different rates out there when you start to research the best NGN to BTN exchange rate.

Choose a provider which uses the mid-market NGN to BTN exchange rate and charges a low, transparent conversion fee, to make sure you're getting the best overall price for your currency conversion.

What is the highest ever NGN to BTN rate?

To track historic currency performance for NGN/BTN, use the currency table above. You'll be able to see the high and low points for the last week, the average exchange rates available over the period you select, and the volatility of your currency pair. You can also sign up to a currency exchange rate alert service. You can also get daily exchange rate updates on the NGN to BTN, or if you have a certain rate in mind you can set an alert to notify you once NGN/BTN hits your chosen level.


There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to the implementation of circular business models. It helps to look at the extreme ends of the spectrum to discover new ways to tackle similar problems. Let’s compare two approaches in both a B2B and B2C context.

Let’s assume your business is responsible for both the design and production of these products. How will you be able to help with recycling, waste management, extending the life cycle, etc.? If you want to engage in the circular economy, there are different limitations and options as to what you can do.

Innovation agencies typically provide a mix of the following products and services:

Knowing where your products are

A challenge most consumer products face is the complete lack of information about who owns your products and where they end up. It takes a lot of effort and alignment within an extensive value chain to pass this info along retail channels, distributors, resellers, and potential aftermarkets. At best, some companies ask consumers to register on their website but even in that situation, the goal here is to upsell new products later, not to make any difference in the circular economy. The info gathered might not even be suitable for that purpose.

This knowledge is far more available for B2B industrial goods. The reason why this info is being tracked is rarely driven by sustainability goals. Instead, liability concerns or maintenance contracts drive transparency. If a windmill gearbox in the middle of nowhere breaks down, everyone involved has a strong incentive to quickly know who produced this machine and who could/should help out. For the circular economy, this creates at least a decent starting point to offer additional services on top.

Ownership versus as-a-service models

While toys-as-a-services are still fairly niche, this business model approach is already very familiar in many industrial contexts. The party who “owns” an asset will make decisions about what happens after a product has been used and potentially what needs to happen in the next stage of the life cycle. Assets made available under a service model, are more likely to be taken back, refurbished or be recycled.

Further adoption of this model in the consumer space is recommended. However, many bottlenecks still exist. For example, the rise of monthly subscription services has already created a backlash. Many consumers and families are seeing too many different service providers,  all with their own support channels, payment policies, and so on. At some point, the bundling of subscription services for families could take a cue from facility management service in a b2b context. In that model, a single service provider takes care of multiple assets.

Structured and regulated waste flows

Most industries today have evolved towards clear waste management policies. Nobody would “dump” a gearbox in the wrong waste flow. There are rules and standards already in place that offer some guidance or framework to follow.

For consumer goods, too many flows today are “recommended” policies to follow. If a consumer doesn’t properly follow guidelines, there are rarely checks or decent fines in place. A broken (or unused) toy car can be thrown in the regular waste bin. No questions asked.

This one is not easy to tackle. Enforcing better behavior relies on better product and material knowledge. But how can one family understand all the different material properties and make the best decisions per product? Large B2B organisations have dedicated specialists to help out.

Personal and direct consequences

The people who are making decisions about the afterlife of a used toy car or an industrial gearbox, have a different personal relationship with these products. One manager could make decisions in excel sheets on what might happen with a product located on the other side of the planet.

The other person, in a B2C context, will experience the direct consequences of choices. e.g trash and old items piling up in their own garage. The more people are aware that certain products should belong in landfills, the more a person would feel guilty when he or she would throw an old toy straight in the bin. Ticking an anonymous box in a spreadsheet is easier from that point of view.

Influence of ethics

In a B2B environment, many decisions are based purely on rational short term economical drivers, or a need to meet compliance standards. For large-scale change to occur, the relevant parties must make informed decisions based on an ethical understanding of the impact of their choices. In this instance, shared responsibility and distributed decision making do not help.

In a consumer context, the shift in ethical standards of one individual can quickly shift a certain product-buying decision. The influence of ethics in a B2B context versus the B2C context is very different.

Seeing what worked in one domain can give inspiration for a solution in another domain. But to make the circular economy applicable, we need to zoom in on the use cases and constraints within very specific industries, as the B2B vs B2C comparison has illustrated.

Learn more about circular business models


Filing 7

JUDGMENT Dismissing case pursuant to Order 6 . (ksl)

Download PDF
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF GEORGIA VALDOSTA DIVISION URIAH WADE HALL, * Plaintiff, * v. Case No. 7:22-CV-96-WLS-TQL * JAMES HOLCOMB, * Defendant. ___________________________________ * JUDGMENT Pursuant to this Court’s Order dated November 18, 2022, and for the reasons stated therein, JUDGMENT is hereby entered dismissing this case. Plaintiff shall recover nothing of Defendant. This 18th day of November, 2022. David W. Bunt, Clerk s/ Kathleen S. Logsdon, Deputy Clerk

Why Is My Information Online?


What is blockchain and how does it work?
A blockchain is a distributed database or ledger that is shared among the nodes of a computer network. It allows decentralized, independent and secure verifications (i.e. users do not rely on a centralizing third party).

What does “NFT” stand for?
NFT stands for “non-fungible token”. It is a record stored on a blockchain that certifies a digital asset to be unique and therefore not interchangeable. NFTs can be used to represent items such as photos, videos, audio, and other types of digital files. ELLYHA’s NFTs are digital certificates that are linked to each ELLYHA product and generated on the blockchain.

What does “ELLYHA NFT Certificate” stand for? What type of information is contained in it?
Each purchased ELLYHA product is linked to a digital certificate (“ELLYHA NFT Certificate”). Each certificate has a unique identification number recorded on the blockchain. The content of your ELLYHA NFT Certificate may include: name and description of your purchased product, serial number, pictures, videos, links, information on supply chain, certifications, etc.

What is the use of my ELLYHA NFT Certificate?
Your ELLYHA NFT Certificate will grant you proof of ownership and authenticity of your purchased product. It will also unlock access to a unique space imagined by ELLYHA, where you will have access to exclusive content, events and more. If you ever want to resell your ELLYHA piece, you will also be able to transfer your ELLYHA NFT Certificate.

What does “NFC” stand for and how does it work?
NFC stands for Near Field Communication. It is a technology that enables a wireless connection between battery-free passive tags with a reading device such as a smartphone. NFC tags are used by ELLYHA as an identification technology to create a link between your physical product and the blockchain.

Which smartphones work with NFC?
iOS: iPhone 7 or newer versions

Android: all the latest Android smartphones can scan NFC tags. See Android Compatibility Document for more information about older models.

Where can I find my NFC tag?
Please note that each ELLYHA product contains an NFC tag. This tag is embedded under the “NFT” label located in the inner part of your garment. Each NFC tag has a diameter of 23 mm and is very light (you won’t feel it while wearing your garment). Please do not touch the “NFT” label or you might damage the NFC tag.

What information is stored on the NFC tags?
The NFC tags contain an encrypted URL (web address) and a unique NFC-ID. The NFC tags do not contain any other data. The tags have no access to the data stored on the reading device (smartphone).

Is customer-specific data stored on NFC tags?
No customer data is stored on the tags. The NFC tags contain only an encrypted URL (web address) and a unique NFC-ID to identify the ELLYHA product.

Can I be located through the NFC tag located in my ELLYHA product?

Can the NFC tags be removed?
The NFC tags cannot be removed without being destroyed. This is an important security feature of the NFC tags.

Can the NFC tags be washed?
Yes. The tags are sewn into the ELLYHA products and can be washed up to 60 °C without having to be removed. The care information provided for the product should be observed.

Can I take my ELLYHA product with NFC tag through a security check e.g. at the airport?
Yes. There are no known restrictions.

How to claim my ELLYHA NFT Certificate and register ownership?
We have partnered with a Swiss start-up – CollectID, which acts as our service provider. To claim your NFT and register your ownership, you need to download the CollectID App on the App Store or on Google Play. As an owner of an ELLYHA product, you will be able to claim and manage your certificate(s).

How can I transfer my ELLYHA NFT Certificate to another user?
Open the CollectID App and click on the ELLYHA product in your collection that you would like to transfer. Press “transfer product” and follow the instructions on the screen.

Are there any differences between the iOS and Android apps?
You might encounter subtle differences between the apps, but the displayed content and offered services are identical for both iOS and Android.

What happens with my data if I delete my account?
If you delete your account, your user account and all associated data will be deleted from CollectID’s database. The blockchain wallet will persist, but all connections between the wallet and your user account will be deleted. The products in your portfolio will be deleted from CollectID’s database.

I did not receive a verification email. What should I do?
Please check if the verification email titled “verify your email” has landed in your spam folder. If you did not receive a verification email, please contact our customer support at customercare@ellyha.com

I have a new smartphone. How can I get access to my collectID portfolio?
Install the collectID app on the new smartphone and login to your collectID account to recover your blockchain wallet. In order to complete the recovery, you will need to put in your 12-word recovery phrase that was given to you during the initial account creation.

I forgot my 12-word recovery phrase. What should I do?
Please contact our customer support at customercare@ellyha.com

What should I do if the NFC tag is broken?
In case the embedded NFC tag is broken, please contact our customer support at customercare@ellyha.com

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Building peace in the minds of men and women

Latifa Mohammed Al-AbdulKarim

Girl Trouble: Breaking Through The Bias in AI

8 March 2021, 15:00 - 17:30, Online (Zoom)

Latifa Mohammed Al-Abdul Karim, Assistant Professor, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Former Artificial Intelligence Advisor, Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Saudi Arabia

Latifa is a member of the Shura Council (Saudi Parliament), Assistant Professor of Computer Science at King Saud University, and a visiting researcher at the University of Liverpool. She has joined the WEF as a member in the Global Future Council on Artificial Intelligence for Humanity to focus on technically-oriented solutions for issues of AI fairness. She has worked as Artificial intelligence Advisor to the Saudi Government, leading the national strategic direction of AI and AI governance. She was a member in the UNESCO expert group for the recommendation on the ethics of AI. She is a member in the IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems and Athena SWAN, a charter for empowering women in science, technology, engineering and maths. She has been selected as one of 100 Brilliant Women in AI Ethics for 2020, and one of the women defining the 21st century AI movement in Forbes list.

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We need institutions, and they disappoint us. That puts all of us in a bind.

We depend on institutions to organize our daily activities, from driving to schooling to recycling. We may feel compelled to entrust our health care, our search for information and our spiritual vitality to institutions. Even when we don’t choose to interact with institutions, we rely on their structures, traditions and services.

Yet sometimes, the more we know about an institution, the less we trust it. Why? Because over and over again, we witness institutions acting to preserve themselves even as their employees and constituents suffer.

Occasionally, we get our hopes up that we can trust a particular institution. Maybe one champions a cause that is beyond itself, like universal clean water or freedom for the unjustly imprisoned or health care for the forgotten. Perhaps we see the institution reflect its missional commitments by selecting women or people of color as senior leaders. From the outside, we can see evidence that the institution is creating the conditions for all people to thrive.

But from the inside of the institutions where we serve, what does trustworthiness look like?

It looks, first, like predictability. In trustworthy institutions, workers and volunteers know how to do their work. They know where to go for resources. Effective, clear processes help them get the work done.

Second, it looks like transparency. Leaders within trustworthy institutions take time to explain the “why” of a decision. They describe who was involved, how options were weighed and the reasons for the final choice. This may not lead to universal agreement, but it does ensure that no one is surprised.

Once trust is established, creating a sense of agency among participants is the next step to helping all thrive. I have been reading about “flat” organizations -- those in which people choose their own projects and have the authority to make decisions. For example, Valve, a game development company, describes itself as “boss-free since 1996.” The company’s new employee orientation handbook clarifies expectations and explains that employees are free to focus on their customers because, as a self-funded entity, Valve has no shareholders or funders to satisfy.

That points to a regular challenge in institutional life: so many people have a claim on the direction of the work. Institutional leaders must serve donors, customers, volunteers and longtime friends. That can create the impression that an institution has more bosses than the people who appear on the org chart. In response, employees will often trust a segment of the institution rather than the whole place.

When I worked for a 900-bed hospital, my job was once reclassified in a way that changed my vacation and sick leave. The director of payroll called to explain the change and its implications, saying she was reaching out to me personally because the policy seemed unfair to her. Her attention surprised me. She was responsible for the payroll for 5,000 people. She promised to remedy my situation as soon as the policy allowed and explained when and how I could follow up. Six months later, she did exactly what she had promised.

At that same hospital, the CEO once apologetically explained to managers that a strategy being rolled out did not make good sense but was necessary to comply with new Medicare and Medicaid procedures. He was transparent about the situation the hospital faced and the choices senior leaders had made.

This hospital was not perfectly trustworthy. Yet it had leaders like the payroll director and the CEO who explained decisions and how to navigate them. In my 15 years there, I came to understand how to do my job and whom I should approach when I was stuck.

I meet people who don’t want to go through the pain of figuring out whom and how to trust in an institution. They prefer to start their own organizations or to work with others in smaller, often scrappier enterprises. Such organizations can create and re-create services much more quickly. Such places are great learning environments.

At some point, though, even small places end up relating to large institutions, such as government offices, industry groups, suppliers or funders. Eventually, we all must evaluate which institutions we can trust and how we should interact with them.

Christian institutions that serve congregations are strengthened when they are embedded in networks of dependencies and partnerships. My current work involves creating opportunities to develop the trust necessary for those interconnections to form and grow.

I do this work because I believe that creating the conditions for human flourishing across generations requires healthy, mission-oriented institutions. Given the current state of the world, we need leaders who are renovating existing institutions as well as those who are creating new ones. This requires that we develop or reinvent systems that are predictable and transparent while also creating conditions that give participants the agency to clarify mission and work beyond an institution’s self-interest.


Hobby Lobby: What It Means for Arlene’s Flowers

The ink was hardly dry on the Supreme Court’s decision in Hobby Lobby v. Sebelius before the left trotted out their well-worn talking points about the “war on women”.

Don’t want to pay for her abortion?  War on Women.

Don’t want to pay for her contraception? War on Women.

The whole feminist movement used to be about recognizing that women weren’t dependent. But now it appears to have taken a bizarre u-turn to a place where a fundamental tenant of women’s rights is that women will be hopelessly lost if someone else doesn’t furnish accessories for her sex life.

If I were a woman, I think I’d be a little offended.

But since I am a apparently a chauvinist, I will just continue believing that women are capable of getting  their own birth control if it’s that important to them.

As one tweeter pointed out in response to the social media firestorm, “if you can afford a device to tweet, you can also afford $8 a month for your own contraception”.

How disenfranchising.

Regardless, the Supreme Court has spoken and family owned businesses can decline to pay for some things that violate their beliefs.

But in no way does this settle the much larger debate over religious freedom.  It’s important for us to understand how this decision affects the numerous other cases working their way through the courts.

One of the nation’s most significant religious freedom cases involves Arlene’s Flowers, a Richland, WA florist who declined to provide the floral services for the same-sex “wedding”.

Since Hobby Lobby is a business that was told they couldn’t be forced to violate their conscience, it would be nice if we could simply conclude that Arlene’s Flowers also can’t be forced to violate their religious beliefs.

But as is often the case in the world of law, it’s not quite that simple.

In the Hobby Lobby case, the Green family successfully argued that the contraception mandate violates the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), because it burdens religious liberty without having a compelling reason to do so.

The problem for businesses like Arlene’s Flowers is that the Supreme Court, in Boerne v. Flores, ruled that RFRA cannot be applied to the states.  Since Arlene’s Flowers is being sued by Washington State, the statute that protected Hobby Lobby from a federal law is not available to protect a business from state action.Washington State could adopt their own version of RFRA and offer greater protections for religious freedom-as eighteen other states have done.

However, that idea was met with strong opposition in 2013 specifically because many legislators do not want businesses to have the freedom to choose how they operate.

In addition, the lawsuit against Arlene’s Flowers has been brought under the Washington non-discrimination statute, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.  There is no federal equivalent.

Of course Arlene’s Flowers does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.  She had knowingly and cheerfully served the customers involved in this lawsuit for nearly a decade and employed people with same-sex attraction.

But at this point, Attorney General Bob Ferguson does not recognize the difference between declining to provide a certain service and declining serve gay people generally.

Because of this, Arlene’s Flower’s cannot simply rely on the encouraging ruling from the Hobby Lobby case.

Unfortunately, many on the left believe the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation, which was invented 10 years ago, trumps the First Amendment right to the free exercise of religion that has existed since the founding of our country.

Even more strangely, they believe it is a greater affront to personal freedom to ask Sally to find another florist than it is to force Jane to do something that violates her beliefs.

In any other context, this argument doesn’t pass the straight face test.

No one would accuse a tattoo artist who refuses to place a swastika on the arm of a client of imposing his narrow views on someone else.

So what can we do to protect businesses like Arlene’s Flowers in Washington?

The first thing you can do is call Bob Ferguson at 360-753-6200 and ask him to recognize the rights of business owners to exercise religious freedom and drop the lawsuit against Arlene’s Flowers.

Then, you need to find out how your elected officials feel about religious freedom and the lawsuit against Arlene’s Flowers. You can email them here.

If religious freedom matters to you, it needs to be an issue that determines how you vote in every election.

Remember, friends don’t let friends vote for people who sue grandmothers because of their beliefs.

In the end, politicians respond to their constituents or get replaced by the same.

It is our job to make sure the voices supporting religious freedom are stronger than those opposing it.

Yesterday was a good day for religious freedom, but it is up to us to make sure that there are more good days in the future.

Your contribution of $5 or more make it possible for us to protect religious freedom here in Washington State.

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GMJO Sommerprojekte 2020

A Tribute to Claudio Abbado — Visionary beyond Borders

Founded by Claudio Abbado in 1987 and directed by him until his death in 2014, the GUSTAV MAHLER JUGENDORCHESTER (GMJO) is frequently considered to be the conductor’s most important and most lasting legacy. With its current project—bold and transcending borders in challenging times—the GUSTAV MAHLER JUGENDORCHESTER pays tribute to its visionary founder.

In 1987, Claudio Abbado was deeply passionate about enabling talented young musicians on both sides of the Iron Curtain to make music together; despite their shared, unifying cultural past—the riches of the central European musical tradition—the musicians were separated by the political realities of the present. Abbado’s vision transcended artistic and humanitarian borders in equal measure, and required courage, initiative and the power of persuasion from Abbado and the co-founders of the GMJO. It has offered generations of young talents significant musical impulses and personal experiences.

Today, over thirty years after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Europe and the entire globe are confronted with an unprecedented crisis; new borders, boundaries and restrictions have riven the continent for the past few months. Human lives have been lost; illness, suffering and fear have spread; European borders were closed, events cancelled, and many people have been separated from one another.

Then as now, the power and common language of music consoles people and brings them together. Following the spirit of their visionary founder Claudio Abbado, the GMJO and its musicians from several European countries have put together a special project that aims to unite people once again, to transcend borders, and to offer new hope and confidence in these times of COVID-19.

The programme that the GMJO has chosen to present at its residencies in Pordenone and Bolzano/Bozen, with a smaller but nonetheless international ensemble, draws closely on the plans for a large-scale tour that would have seen the GMJO perform at the Salzburg Festival, the Elbphilharmonie Hamburg and elsewhere, and includes works which were particularly dear to Claudio Abbado.

Abbado himself conducted the GMJO in a performance of the intimate, comforting entr’acte from Schubert’s Rosamunde, and Mahler’s song cycles featured regularly on his carefully thought-out concert programmes, as did the orchestral works of Wagner, Webern and Debussy. Claudio Abbado spoke frequently about his passion for Shostakovich’s compositions, and for his chamber music in particular; indeed, the incidental music for King Lear was included in Abbado’s farewell concert with the Berliner Philharmoniker. Chamber music by Janáček, Shostakovich, Poulenc and the contemporary Austrian composer Johannes Maria Staud round off the present project, offering far more than an emergency programme.

The GMJO are joined for their project by the exceptional artist ANGELA DENOKE, who worked closely with Claudio Abbado in performances ranging from Peter Stein’s now legendary production of Wozzeck at the Salzburg Festival of 1997 to numerous concert engagements—including performances of Strauss’s Four Last Songs with Claudio Abbado and the GMJO in the summer of 1998. With MAURIZIO BAGLINI, piano, and MARTÍN BAEZA-RUBIO, trumpet (himself a former member of the GMJO), two further internationally acclaimed artists join the orchestra in Shostakovich’s Concerto for Piano, Trumpet and Orchestra No.1.

Moreover, it is undoubtedly in the spirit of the visionary Claudio Abbado that the GMJO is led by the young Austrian conductor TOBIAS WÖGERER, who continues the tradition of his illustrious predecessors at the helm of the GMJO, from Franz-Welser Möst (himself a mentor of Tobias Wögerer) to Manfred Honeck and Lorenzo Viotti.

The project also features a concert in cooperation with the Staatskapelle Dresden, recalling the ensemble’s performance of Schoenberg’s “Gurre-Lieder” under the baton of Christian Thielemann earlier this year (March 2020). This time, the orchestra will be joining forces with conductor DUNCAN WARD and baritone CHRISTIAN GERHAHER, delving into Othmar Schoeck’s Elegie and Schubert’s Symphony No. 5.

All of these performers, along with thousands of former members of the GUSTAV MAHLER JUGENDORCHESTER and the ensemble’s current musicians, represent the legacy bequeathed to us by Claudio Abbado, a visionary who transcended borders: music unites people beyond all boundaries.

We are very grateful for your loyalty and invite you most warmly to continue accompanying and supporting us on this journey.