How to Protect Process Instruments Against Corrosion

An essential feature of modern chemical production is the large-scale and high degree of automation of production plants. Automation is the necessary condition and important guarantee for safe operation, smooth operation, and efficiency of production units. However, with the development of production and the improvement of automatic control, the corrosion problem of chemical instrumentation is becoming more and more prominent.

How to protect chemical instruments against corrosion

1. Main types of corrosion for chemical process  instruments

Transmitters are commonly used on industrial sites as front-end collection and detection devices. The transmitters are made up of petroleum sensor variables and connecting wires, and these components are made of precious metals to improve the detection accuracy and sensitivity of the equipment. Unfortunately, these devices are exposed to the harsh environment of the industrial site, resulting in corrosion. Common types of pollution include.

1.1 Physical corrosion

External mechanical forces on the destruction of metal materials and physical dissolution of metal materials, and other reasons will cause the physical corrosion of chemical instruments.

Physical corrosion

1.2 Chemical corrosion

Instrument metal materials and external contact with the environment in the gas are prone to redox reactions, non-electrolyte solutions, and metal materials in contact with oxidation corrosion. These are chemical instrumentation of chemical pollution. For example, chemical plants produce toxic gases, chlorine gas, and instrument components in the element of an iron redox reaction to generate ferrous chloride, resulting in instrument corrosion.

Chemical corrosion

1.3 Electrochemical corrosion

The most common corrosion in chemical instrumentation is electrochemical corrosion. In addition, there are strong acids, strong bases, and other common corrosive substances in the chemical environment. When the metal material of the chemical instrument is in contact with the electrolyte solution, the principle of primary battery reaction occurs, and the reductive active metal material loses electrons and is oxidized.

Steel materials are more prone to corrosion in humid air because the steel surface reacts in the moist air to generate electrolytes. Although the electrolyte solution and the iron and carbon in the steel form a primary battery device, the iron element loses electrons to be oxidized.

Damage to many metallic substances is caused by galvanic corrosion. Electrochemical corrosion erodes the surface and internal parts of the instrument within a short period. The precipitates caused by pollution can affect the accuracy and precision of the device.

Electrochemical corrosion

2. Chemical instrumentation commonly uses anti-corrosion methods.

In the production process, corrosion causes the instrumentation failure rate to occur frequently. As a result, companies ensure the regular operation of their production equipment by often replacing instruments, thus increasing their operating and maintenance costs. As a result, the chemical industry is widely used in applying anti-corrosion methods: gas isolation, liquid isolation, and diaphragm isolation.

2.1 Gas isolation method

The principle of gas isolation is to fill the air in the pressure guide tube between the detection point and the detection element of the instrument to avoid direct contact between the detected pressure medium and the device and protect the tool from being damaged by the high pressure of the measured medium.

The gas isolation method uses pressure transmitters for low or absolute pressure measurements, also called the gas injection protection method. The air transmits the pressure change at the detection point in the pressure guide tube to the instrument transmitter, and the sensitive components of the instrument detect the results.

2.2  Liquid isolation method

Measurement of hydrogen chloride gas, nitrogen oxide, chlorine, and other media, with perfluorotributylamine or other isolation liquid filled in the isolation tank, the test instrument’s corrosive media and metal parts isolated.

The liquid isolation method has some disadvantages, such as increasing the liquid seal will appear fluid seal medium. In addition, the measured medium may occur with the liquid seal medium between the chemical reaction, thus appearing new corrosion problems to reduce the isolation effect. At the same time, the isolation liquid on the market is generally more expensive, filling method trouble, anti-corrosion effect is not good, in the practical application of liquid isolation method is not a large number of applications.

2.3 Diaphragm isolation

As PTFE has the below characteristics :

  • High lubrication,
  • High and low-temperature resistance,
  • Weather aging resistance,
  • Corrosion resistance,
  • Non-adhesion,
  • Small tension,
  • Low friction coefficient,
  • And resistance to most chemical solvents and drugs.

Therefore, the anticorrosive isolation diaphragms of chemical instruments are composed of PTFE.

The specific application method uses polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE diaphragm adhesion, or spraying on the pressure transmitter bellows or pressure gauge spring tube. The corrosive medium, the sensing element phase isolation to achieve the purpose of corrosion protection.

The application shows that PTFE diaphragms can prevent the corrosion of traditional corrosive media, ensure the instrument’s accuracy during the measurement process and significantly extend the service life of the detection instrument. In addition, the price of PFP diaphragms is relatively low. The use of diaphragm isolation for corrosion protection can solve the corrosion problem on the one hand and reduce production costs on the other.

3. Routine corrosion prevention and maintenance of chemical instruments

3.1 Rational choice of materials

In many cases, the corrosion of chemical instruments is due to the poor corrosion resistance of the materials used in chemical agents, which leads to the decline of the devices. Therefore, it is necessary to choose some materials with strong corrosion resistance, which is also a meaningful way to solve the phenomenon of corrosion of chemical instruments completely. Furthermore, as each corrosion phenomenon has different causes, it is necessary to analyze each and take the correct protective measures to deal with it.

For the prevention and treatment of chemical materials in the prevention of corrosion, to alleviate the time of chemical materials corrosion, they must be able to choose appropriate chemical materials. The use of some corrosion-resistant materials for the production of chemical instrumentation can effectively play a role in preventing corrosion. However, the choice of materials for chemical instruments should not be based on corrosion resistance alone but on a good performance in terms of the production environment, the cost of the device, and the corresponding availability.

Stainless steel

The performance of the material is critical. Therefore, its mechanical and physical properties will have a decisive role in the instrument’s working. The main reason for this is the different chemical composition and substance content, while another point is the careful analysis of the working environment of the chemical instrument. In particular, the humidity and the content of corrosive substances in the working environment will affect the service life of the appliance as well as the daily work efficiency, so careful consideration must be made.

3.2 Protection layer

Protective layers on instrument parts or components are a prevalent method of corrosion prevention in industry. According to the protective layer’s different materials and forming principles, it can be divided into the following three kinds.

A protective metal layer, including spraying, electroplating, hot dipping, carburizing, etc.

Non-metallic protective layers include paint, acid-resistant cement, rubber, plastic, enamel, etc.

Non-metallic protective film, chemical treatment on the metal surface to generate oxide film, phosphate film, and other protective films.

3.3 The use of isolation fluid

It is an effective method to prevent direct contact between corrosive media and the instrument. In the inability to choose a suitable corrosion-resistant mechanism, isolation fluid can achieve the purpose of isolation.

Isolation fluid is often used in corrosive media pressure, flow, and level measurement. The isolation fluid must be not only insoluble and chemically incompatible with the medium being measured but also not corrosive to the measuring parts of the instrument. The density of the isolation fluid should be different from that of the measured medium and the instrument’s working medium. Its density and viscosity should not change significantly when the ambient temperature changes; it should also have good fluidity.

In the event of accidental mixing of the isolation fluid into the measurement line, it should not affect the use of the measured medium. For example, glycerin aqueous solution is suitable for oil, water gas, semi-water gas, C1, C2, and other hydrocarbons; ethanol is ideal for propane, butane, and other media. Methyl silicone oil is suitable for gases and liquids other than wet chlorine gas bodies.

3.4 Diaphragm isolation

The use of corrosion-resistant diaphragms to isolate the isolation fluid or filling fluid and the measured medium to achieve the purpose of corrosion protection. It is suitable for corrosive solid media, challenging to use in-tube isolation or container isolation occasions, usually applicable to pressure measurement, and not ideal for differential pressure measurement. In addition, the isolation diaphragm should have elasticity and impermeability, such as the commonly used diaphragm type manometer, mono flange anti-corrosion pressure transmitter, etc.

3.5 Blowing method

It is used to blow into the air (or nitrogen and other inert gases) to isolate the measured medium on the instrument, measuring parts of the corrosive effect. The blowing method is usually used for atmospheric pressure or low-pressure level measurement system. Blowing into the gas should not act with measured corrosive media.

According to the constant pressure blowing method principle, the blowing liquid (water and other clean liquids) method is also used in flow and level measurement systems. For example, they are blowing in steam condensate to isolate the medium from the corrosive measuring parts of the instrument and to eliminate the blockage of the pressure guide tube.

4. Conclusion

Chemical instrumentation is essential monitoring equipment. On the one hand, chemical instrumentation maintains the smooth operation of chemical production lines. But on the other hand, it also plays a role in life safety and property protection.

For field instruments, they are exposed to the sun and rain for a long time, which makes them prone to failure. Then we need to do an excellent job of instrumentation anti-corrosion work. Strengthening the instrumentation’s management and maintenance can improve the instrumentation’s accuracy and extend the service life of the instrumentation.

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acetone - 790 g/l/nbeer - 1010 g/l/nbutter - 920 g/l/nethyl alcohol - 790 g/l/nflour - 570 g/l/nglycerine - 1260 g/l/nmilk - 1030 g/l/nsugar, sugar beet - 800 g/l/nsugar, granulated - 700 g/l/nsugar, powder - 560 g/l/nsunflower oil - 920 g/l/nwater - 1000 g/l/n l = 1000 g

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acetone - 0.00127 l/g/nbeer - 0.00099 l/g/nbutter - 0.00109 l/g/nethyl alcohol - 0.00127 l/g/nflour - 0.00175 l/g/nglycerine - 0.00079 l/g/nmilk - 0.00097 l/g/nsugar, beet - 0.00125 l/g/nsugar, granulated - 0.00143 l/g/nsugar, powder - 0.00179 l/g/nsunflower oil - 0.00109 l/g/nwater - 0.001 l/g/n g = 0.001 l
l to g switch table:0.01 liter
=10 grams0.21 liter=210 grams0.41 liter=410 grams0.7 liter=700 grams
0.02 liter=20 grams0.22 liter=220 grams0.42 liter=420 grams0.8 liter=800 grams
0.03 liter=30 grams0.23 liter=230 grams0.43 liter=430 grams0.9 liter=900 grams
0.04 liter=40 grams0.24 liter=240 grams0.44 liter=440 grams1 liter=1000 grams
0.05 liter=50 grams0.25 liter=250 grams0.45 liter=450 grams1.1 liter=1100 grams
0.06 liter=60 grams0.26 liter=260 grams0.46 liter=460 grams1.2 liter=1200 grams
0.07 liter=70 grams0.27 liter=270 grams0.47 liter=470 grams1.3 liter=1300 grams
0.08 liter=80 grams0.28 liter=280 grams0.48 liter=480 grams1.4 liter=1400 grams
0.09 liter=90 grams0.29 liter=290 grams0.49 liter=490 grams1.5 liter=1500 grams
0.1 liter=100 grams0.3 liter=300 grams0.5 liter=500 grams1.6 liter=1600 grams
0.11 liter=110 grams0.31 liter=310 grams0.51 liter=510 grams1.7 liter=1700 grams
0.12 liter=120 grams0.32 liter=320 grams0.52 liter=520 grams1.8 liter=1800 grams
0.13 liter=130 grams0.33 liter=330 grams0.53 liter=530 grams1.9 liter=1900 grams
0.14 liter=140 grams0.34 liter=340 grams0.54 liter=540 grams2 liters=2000 grams
0.15 liter=150 grams0.35 liter=350 grams0.55 liter=550 grams3 liters=3000 grams
0.16 liter=160 grams0.36 liter=360 grams0.56 liter=560 grams4 liters=4000 grams
0.17 liter=170 grams0.37 liter=370 grams0.57 liter=570 grams5 liters=5000 grams
0.18 liter=180 grams0.38 liter=380 grams0.58 liter=580 grams7 liters=7000 grams
0.19 liter=190 grams0.39 liter=390 grams0.59 liter=590 grams9 liters=9000 grams
0.2 liter=200 grams0.4 liter=400 grams0.6 liter=600 grams10 liters=10000 grams

g to together conversion table:
10 grams=0.01 liter210 grams=0.21 liter410 grams=0.41 liter700 grams=0.7 liter
20 grams=0.02 liter220 grams=0.22 liter420 grams=0.42 liter800 grams=0.8 liter
30 grams=0.03 liter230 grams=0.23 liter430 grams=0.43 liter900 grams=0.9 liter
40 grams=0.04 liter240 grams=0.24 liter440 grams=0.44 liter1000 grams=1 liter
50 grams=0.05 liter250 grams=0.25 liter450 grams=0.45 liter1100 grams=1.1 liter
60 grams=0.06 liter260 grams=0.26 liter460 grams=0.46 liter1200 grams=1.2 liter
70 grams=0.07 liter270 grams=0.27 liter470 grams=0.47 liter1300 grams=1.3 liter
80 grams=0.08 liter280 grams=0.28 liter480 grams=0.48 liter1400 grams=1.4 liter
90 grams=0.09 liter290 grams=0.29 liter490 grams=0.49 liter1500 grams=1.5 liter
100 grams=0.1 liter300 grams=0.3 liter500 grams=0.5 liter1600 grams=1.6 liter
110 grams=0.11 liter310 grams=0.31 liter510 grams=0.51 liter1700 grams=1.7 liter
120 grams=0.12 liter320 grams=0.32 liter520 grams=0.52 liter1800 grams=1.8 liter
130 grams=0.13 liter330 grams=0.33 liter530 grams=0.53 liter1900 grams=1.9 liter
140 grams=0.14 liter340 grams=0.34 liter540 grams=0.54 liter2000 grams=2 liters
150 grams=0.15 liter350 grams=0.35 liter550 grams=0.55 liter30000 grams=30 liters
160 grams=0.16 liter360 grams=0.36 liter560 grams=0.56 liter4000 grams=4 liters
170 grams=0.17 liter370 grams=0.37 liter570 grams=0.57 liter5000 grams=5 liters
180 grams=0.18 liter380 grams=0.38 liter580 grams=0.58 liter7000 grams=7 liters
190 grams=0.19 liter390 grams=0.39 liter590 grams=0.59 liter9000 grams=9 liters
200 grams=0.2 liter400 grams=0.4 liter600 grams=0.6 liter10000 grams=10 liters

Thank you for the converter which helps to adjust fromgrams to litersand evil versa. I usage it as soon as I prepare jam. Climate it is easy to measure and distribute sugar, berries, and also other ingredients. I need myself to build my appreciation and also I would choose to administer a couple of tips which can aid you probably. Ns hope so.Really very delicious jam can be cooked just from equally "matured" fruits and berries. Expect the berries room uneven in size and also taste. This means that until it is cooked uneven bigger berries will shed their shape and fall into the porridge. Therefore the consistency will certainly be uneven. Chef jam only from fresh, conditionally also berries and fruits.If berries are soft (strawberries, blackberries, cranberries, etc.), they need to be washed closely to stop crushed ones. First, pick the berries, choose the leaves, stalks, ar them in a colander and for about 3-4 minutes wash under the shower jet. Then about ten minutes leave the berry in a colander to allow the water to drip.How to inspect the level that ripeness? Younger fruits space brighter. The jam is delicious just from greener apricots, walnuts, gooseberries. Older fruit come in brighter colors. The flesh of older fruit is liquefied, such fruit are perfect for jams. Size likewise matters - if you desire to cook jam from whole berries and also fruits, select smaller ones.The result of every the job-related will also depend on how you choose the dishes for the jam. Copper is no the finest material for food preparation jams. Fruits and also berries contain an mountain that create copper oxides. Visually, it looks like dark point out on a dish. Copper can break down vitamin C, for this reason jam cook in a copper ship is free from the vitamin. Jams are frequently boiled in aluminum containers, however this cannot be excellent categorically. Tiny components of aluminum go into the jam. Enameled or stainless steel pots are perfect for food preparation jams.So i wish you to get plenty of grams and also liters the jam and also use the converter if you desire to execute your best.
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What are compatible numbers? Compatible numbers are numbers the look quite or friendly with each other when we do psychological calculation to calculation a product, an addition, a subtraction, but especially a division.

You are watching: What is the definition of compatible numbers

Using the figure above, we have the right to make the adhering to conclusions about compatible numbers:

Estimating sums

Fives are compatible: 75 + 25 = 100Any numbers that make tens room compatible. 32 + 48 = 80

Estimating differences

Numbers through the same final digit or digits space compatible: 72 - 52.Numbers that end with 1 or an ext zeros are compatible. For example, use 200 - 100 to estimate 198 - 99.

Estimating products and also quotients.

Numbers that end with 1 or an ext zeros space compatible. Numbers in the multiplication table assuming that we recognize the table by heart.

Some instances of compatible numbers as soon as doing department are 400 and also 10, 36 and 6, 2400 and also 12, and 64 and also 8.

2400 and also 12 space compatible since when act this division (2400/12), we can conveniently divide 24 through 12 to get 2 and also put two zeros in ~ the end to get 200.

Some instances of compatible numbers as soon as doing multiplication room 200 and also 40, 1100 and 40, 25 and 4.

1100 and also 40 space compatible since we can easily do this multiplication by multiplying 11 and also 4 to acquire 44 and add three zeros at the end to obtain 44000.

Some examples of compatible numbers when doing addition are 225 and 75, 298 and also 2, and also 540 and 60.Some instances of compatible numbers when doing subtraction space 435 and 25, 800 and also 600, and 5986 and 2986.

When estimating, keep in mind the we space not explain the answer will be exact. We space just in search of a reasonable estimate.

When estimating v division, if you decrease the worth of one number, friend should also decrease the worth of the other. If you increase the worth of one number, girlfriend should boost the value of the other.

This help to store the estimate as close as feasible to the exact answer.

Estimate the following division using compatible numbers

1. 232 ÷ 11 2. 3421 ÷ 9 3. 25889 ÷ 521. Compatible numbers for 232 and also 11 space 240 and also 12. An alert that both numbers were increased! 24 can be separated by 12 to get 2. Then, add a zero at the end to gain 202. Compatible numbers for 3421 and also 9 room 3200 and 8. 32 deserve to be split by 8 to get 4. Then include one zero in ~ the finish to gain 400 400 is a reasonable estimate. 3321 ÷ 9 = 369 and also 369 have the right to be rounded to the nearest hundreds to 4003. Compatible numbers for 25889 and 52 are 25000 and also 50 When separating 25000 by 50, the zero alongside 50 cancels out with one zero of 25000, so the problem becomes 2500 ÷ 5 25 ÷ 5 = 5. Then, add two zeros at the end and also the prize is 500 500 is a reasonable estimate since 25889 ÷ 52 = 497.86 and 497.86 is close to 500
Estimate the adhering to multiplication utilizing compatible numbers
1.72 × 78 2. 288 × 4151. Compatible numbers for 72 and also 78 are 70 and also 80. Keep in mind that one number was reduced while the other was increased!Multiply 7 through 8 and include two zeros at the finish to get 56002.Compatible numbers for 288 and 415 room 300 and 400Multiply 3 by 4 and include four zeros at the end to get 120000.Now, if i ask the inquiry again, what room compatible numbers, would you be able to answer v confidence?If not, simply study again! So, what space compatible numbers? simply kidding!

What room compatible numbers? take it the quiz below to see just how well you recognize compatible numbers.

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Check out several of our top simple mathematics lessons.

Formula because that percentage


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Glossary: The Respiratory System

ala (plural = alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril that forms the lateral side of the nares

alar cartilage cartilage that supports the apex of the nose and helps shape the nares; it is connected to the septal cartilage and connective tissue of the alae

alveolar duct small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the point of attachment for alveoli

alveolar macrophage immune system cell of the alveolus that removes debris and pathogens

alveolar pore opening that allows airflow between neighboring alveoli

alveolar sac cluster of alveoli

alveolus small, grape-like sac that performs gas exchange in the lungs

apex tip of the external nose

bronchial tree collective name for the multiple branches of the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system

bronchoconstriction decrease in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall

bronchodilation increase in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall

bridge portion of the external nose that lies in the area of the nasal bones

bronchiole branch of bronchi that are 1 mm or less in diameter and terminate at alveolar sacs

bronchus tube connected to the trachea that branches into many subsidiaries and provides a passageway for air to enter and leave the lungs

cardiac notch indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart

conducting zone region of the respiratory system that includes the organs and structures that provide passageways for air and are not directly involved in gas exchange

cricoid cartilage portion of the larynx composed of a ring of cartilage with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region; attached to the esophagus

dorsum nasi intermediate portion of the external nose that connects the bridge to the apex and is supported by the nasal bone

epiglottis leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is a portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing

external nose region of the nose that is easily visible to others

fauces portion of the posterior oral cavity that connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx

fibroelastic membrane specialized membrane that connects the ends of the C-shape cartilage in the trachea; contains smooth muscle fibers

glottis opening between the vocal folds through which air passes when producing speech

hilum concave structure on the mediastinal surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and a bronchus enter the lung

laryngeal prominence region where the two lamina of the thyroid cartilage join, forming a protrusion known as “Adam’s apple”

laryngopharynx portion of the pharynx bordered by the oropharynx superiorly and esophagus and trachea inferiorly; serves as a route for both air and food

larynx cartilaginous structure that produces the voice, prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea, and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs

lingual tonsil lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue

lung organ of the respiratory system that performs gas exchange

meatus one of three recesses (superior, middle, and inferior) in the nasal cavity attached to the conchae that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity

naris (plural = nares) opening of the nostrils

nasal bone bone of the skull that lies under the root and bridge of the nose and is connected to the frontal and maxillary bones

nasal septum wall composed of bone and cartilage that separates the left and right nasal cavities

nasopharynx portion of the pharynx flanked by the conchae and oropharynx that serves as an airway

oropharynx portion of the pharynx flanked by the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and laryngopharynx that is a passageway for both air and food

palatine tonsil one of the paired structures composed of lymphoid tissue located anterior to the uvula at the roof of isthmus of the fauces

paranasal sinus one of the cavities within the skull that is connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consists of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses

parietal pleura outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm

pharyngeal tonsil structure composed of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx

pharynx region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea

philtrum concave surface of the face that connects the apex of the nose to the top lip

pleural cavity space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

pleural fluid substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing

pulmonary artery artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli

pulmonary plexus network of autonomic nervous system fibers found near the hilum of the lung

pulmonary surfactant substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli; made by type II alveolar cells

respiratory bronchiole specific type of bronchiole that leads to alveolar sacs

respiratory epithelium ciliated lining of much of the conducting zone that is specialized to remove debris and pathogens, and produce mucus

respiratory membrane alveolar and capillary wall together, which form an air-blood barrier that facilitates the simple diffusion of gases

respiratory zone includes structures of the respiratory system that are directly involved in gas exchange

root region of the external nose between the eyebrows

thyroid cartilage largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx and consists of two lamina

trachea tube composed of cartilaginous rings and supporting tissue that connects the lung bronchi and the larynx; provides a route for air to enter and exit the lung

trachealis muscle smooth muscle located in the fibroelastic membrane of the trachea

true vocal cord one of the pair of folded, white membranes that have a free inner edge that oscillates as air passes through to produce sound

type I alveolar cell squamous epithelial cells that are the major cell type in the alveolar wall; highly permeable to gases

type II alveolar cell cuboidal epithelial cells that are the minor cell type in the alveolar wall; secrete pulmonary surfactant

vestibular fold part of the folded region of the glottis composed of mucous membrane; supports the epiglottis during swallowing

visceral pleura innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures


by: Dr. Allan Hunter

Within these pages, Allan Hunter shares with us how his own near-death experience was a wake-up call that has changed his life forever. His experience was a catalyst, leading him to discover alignment with our true selves and create fulfilling lives after such an event. literature professor and educator Allan Hunter show us how to pull some sort of sense from life s greatest trial. Through visualisation of a five point star, Allan helps us to extract everything we possibly can from a near-death-experience. Using five key concepts gratitude, humility, beauty, innocence, and a sense of place in the world readers are shown how gratitude lies at the beginning of life s journey.


How To Measure Your Body Full Instructions

How To Measure Your Body Full Instructions

Knowing the measurements of your body, which in turn help you better understand your body shape and proportions, means you can make informed decisions when it comes to purchasing clothes and putting outfits together. This way you will purchase items that will flatter your figure and hopefully stay in your wardrobe for years to come.

So where to start? Many people would suggest to only measure yourself horizontally, but we think it is also so important to measure yourself vertically too. So not only do you know you proportionally sit in relation to your bust, hips etc but also are you short torso or do you have long legs. Knowing this opens up the door to so many tips and tricks on how to dress your body the best way.

First what do we need to measure: a sewers tape measure, pen and notepad and an extra set of hands is always handy for certain measurements that can be a bit tricky on your own. We find the easiest way to measure is to simply be in you bra and knickers – this way you get true measurements without any extra fabric. If a friend is helping then wear tight fitting clothes such as a tank/singlet and leggings.

Measure Horizontally

  1. Shoulders: This is measurement is best with someone helping you. You want them to take the measuring tape and gently drape it around your shoulders. You don’t want it too tight but at the point where it could almost slip off. You want to measure the broadest part of your shoulders which is above your shoulder blades at the top of your shoulders.
  2. Bust: Wrap the measuring tape around the fullest part of your bust. You want it to be snug so that it stays in place but not so tight that it flattens your chest. We find it is best to start in the middle of your chest and wrap around so you can easily read the measurement.
  3. Waist: When measuring your waist you want to measure your own natural waist, not where you skirt or jeans might sit. Your natural waist is the narrowest part of your waist and usually sits just above your belly button. Again we like to measure from the middle to make it as easy as possible to read the measurement
  4. Hips: Like your shoulders you are looking to measure the broadest part of your hips. You don’t want to measure where your hip bone is but rather a little lower…the measuring tape should be sitting across the middle of your bottom and wrap around your body.

Knowing all of these measurements is a brilliant start to determining your body shape. A system that has been around for a number of years is the shape system to help determine the best features of your body that you can highlight. They are:

Round – more curvy with a less defined waist.

Inverted Triangle – your shoulders are your broadest point in comparison to your hips.

Triangle - your hips are your broadest point in comparison to your shoulders.

Rectangle – all four of your measurements are about the same and less defined waist.

Hourglass – your shoulders and hips are pretty much in proportion and your waist is well defined.

Each of these shapes has a defining set of characteristics…don’t worry if you don’t fit exactly into one…these are simply a guide to better help you dress your body and to give you some tips and tricks to highlight your most flattering areas and help to conceal areas you might feel a bit more self-conscious about.

If you are wanting to know more in-depth information about your shape (and remember you can fit more than one too) follow the links above once you have finished measuring yourself.

Now to measure vertically…

Firstly, it is always good to know (and generally we don’t need a tape measure for this part) if we fall more in the petite height, standard or tall. This will help when looking at measurements of flat lay garments to determine where a skirt length might finish or if a top will be too short? So how would we know this in terms of height measurements:

Petite is usually defined as someone that is 5”3/160cm or less.

Tall is usually defined as someone that is 5”9/175cm or above.

Wanting to know more about how to dress if you are petite or tall then take a look here.

When we measure vertically though, we also want to know how proportionate we are based on our torso and leg length as this can have a major impact on how an item of clothing can sit. For example Ashley, our owner tried a dress on two women both a size 10/12, one that is 158cm and one that is 173cm. Whilst you would expect the dress to have been much shorter on the taller women in fact the length hit at exactly the same point just below the knees…here’s why. The shorter lady has long legs and a short torso and the taller woman had a long torso but shorter legs…this is why understanding the proportions of your body is so important.

There are a number of ways that you can measure vertically but I find this the most straight forward. With the same measuring tape you want to take the following measurements and write them down:

  1. From the top of your head to our nipple line (you can keep your bra or singlet on for this).
  2. From your nipple line to the hip line (right at the highest point of your hip bone).
  3. The high hip bone to the centre of the knee.
  4. The centre of the knee to the floor.

After doing this you can determine which of the following best suits you:

Proportioned: where the top two sections are almost equal to the bottom two.

Short torso/long legs: where your torso is shorter in length in comparison to your legs

Long torso/short legs: where your torso length is longer in length in comparison to your legs.

If measuring all four sections is a bit much for you then there is a quick but not as accurate way…take your hand and lay it flat with your fingers together right under your bust. Then take your other hand and place it exactly the same way underneath. If you can feel your belly button at the very bottom of your lower hand you are in proportion, if your belly button is way higher then you are short torso/long legs and if your belly button is way below your lower hand then you are long torso/short legs.


July 2019

A psychological thriller filmed with funding from the University of Idaho.

(scroll → for more / click for fullsize)

Production Sound Mixer. Intern.

This was for a short film directed by Benjamin James with funding from the University of Idaho. It was the largest crew and the most real set I'd ever worked on and taught me an immense amount about what sound mixing is like during production. It also showed me that it's a thing I want to keep doing!

As the Production Sound Mixer, I was entirely in charge of sound during production. For most of my time on set I carried around a big bulky fanny pack with an audio recorder inside hooked up to 3 wireless lavaliers and a boom mic. I set mics up on actors, captured audio for every single shot, gathered ambient and detail sounds, and managed and organized files before they went to storage at the end of each night. On top of that I did a lot of general crew work, communicating with people, fetching things, difusing stress, getting people on the same page, and keeping things on schedule.

Here's an article from the Journalism and Mass Media department that gives more info about the project, including more names of the people leading it. There are also two more pictures of me!

The film hasn't left post-production, and quite frankly I'm not sure if it ever will, but I've included some of the photos I took behind the scenes.


“Put On Your Seatbelts”: BlackRock CEO Warns Over ‘Scarcity Inflation’

March 30, 2022   |   Tags:
"Put On Your Seatbelts": BlackRock CEO Warns Over 'Scarcity Inflation'

Millennials (born between 1981 to 1996) have spent much of their lives living in an economic utopia where goods are cheap and plentiful. Unlike the generations before, these youngsters have yet to experience rapid inflation and shortages until now.

On Tuesday, BlackRock Inc. President Rob Kapito told an audience in Austin, Texas, hosted by the Texas Independent Producers and Royalty Owners Association, that an entire younger generation is quickly finding out what it means to suffer from shortages, according to Bloomberg

"For the first time, this generation is going to go into a store and not be able to get what they want," Kapito said. "And we have a very entitled generation that has never had to sacrifice."

He said the economy suffers from "scarcity inflation" due to the fallout of labor shortages, lack of agricultural supplies and affordable housing, and high energy prices.

Perhaps the latest data from the Conference Board's Consumer Confidence captures the mood of millennials, which by the way, is not great at the moment. Their confidence in future economic expectations is slumping.

Inflation at a four-decade high is hampering households' ability to spend. Their real wage gains are negative when factoring in inflation, and their inflation expectations in March soared to a record high. Inflation fears aren't going away.

Weakening sentiment and worrisome inflation are because not everyone can easily navigate today's economic turmoil. Younger generations tend to be renters, own nothing, and have limited savings as they spend well beyond their limits.

Kapito warned: "I would put on your seat belts because this is something that we haven't seen."

Some folks are not entirely enthused by Kapito's comments...

Tyler Durden Wed, 03/30/2022 - 10:05


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Heartland Stories Radio

Dec 7, 2021

Atina Diffley is an organic farmer, public speaker and author of the 2013 Minnesota Book Award winner, "Turn Here Sweet Corn: Organic Farming Works", a memoir based on Atina’s life running the Gardens of Eagan organic vegetable farm. Her advocacy has addressed the pressures of suburban development, and she successfully led a legal and citizen campaign against the notorious polluters, Koch Industries, to create an Organic Mitigation Plan for organic farms in Minnesota. Tune in to learn more about:

- What is new on Atina's 100 acre farm and why she started planting perennial crops;

- Why monocropping is affecting the soil microbiome and insects;

- Ecosystems and their value for farming;

- Why organic can feed the world;

- How planting two different plants next to each other - like asparagus and soybeans - can benefit both and reduce the use of pesticides;

- Why knowledge is the best tool to share for growing plants without spraying;

-  The relationship that we have with the food that feeds us and with the soil it grows in;

- The future of her farm and why she put her farm and the land into a conservation easement.

To learn more about Atina's work go to


Which pre-Columbian American Indian groups lived in what is now Ohio?

Among the Historic Indian Tribes occupying or claiming land in Ohio were the Shawnee Tribe, the Ojibwa Tribe (also called the Chippewa Tribe), the Delaware Tribe, the Wyandot Tribe, the Eel River Tribe, the Kaskaskia Tribe, the Iroquois Tribe, the Miami Tribe, the Munsee Tribe, the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe, the Ottawa Tribe …

Which of the following American Indian cultures is made up of several groups who spoke a common language?

The Karankawa Indians are an American Indian cultural group whose traditional homelands are located along Texas’s Gulf Coast from Galveston Bay southwestwardly to Corpus Christi Bay. The name Karankawa became the accepted designation for several groups of coastal people who shared a common language and culture.

Which only pre-Columbian Indian groups that lived in the Southwest?

(RIGHT)before the arrival of European settlers. Which option lists only pre-Columbian Indian groups that lived in the Southwest? (RIGHT)the Pueblo groups lived in the deserts of the Southwest.

Which of the following was a pre-Columbian Mound Builder culture?

The “Mound Builder” cultures span the period of roughly 3500 BCE (the construction of Watson Brake) to the 16th century CE, including the Archaic period, Woodland period (Calusa culture, Adena and Hopewell cultures), and Mississippian period.

When did pre Columbian American Indian groups lived in the Americas?

What did both the American Indians of the Woodlands and those of the southwestern desert?

Both the American Indians of the woodlands and those of the Southwestern desert… C. Hunted and farmed. … Which American Indian culture is considered a single group, even though it was made up of people who spoke different languages?

Which early Native American group is referred to as Mound Builders?

The first Indian group to build mounds in what is now the United States are often called the Adenans. … One of the most important centers of their culture was found in southern Ohio, where the remains of several thousand of these mounds still remain.

Which tribe is known as Mound Builders?

The Adena people were one group of Mound Builders. They arose in the Ohio River Valley around 400 b.c. They were hunters and gatherers, and also fished. They settled in villages scattered over a wide area.

What Indian tribe built mounds?

1650 A.D., the Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient Native American cultures built mounds and enclosures in the Ohio River Valley for burial, religious, and, occasionally, defensive purposes. They often built their mounds on high cliffs or bluffs for dramatic effect, or in fertile river valleys.

Why is Cahokia a special place?

Today, the Cahokia Mounds are considered to be the largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico. Cahokia Mounds is a National Historic Landmark and a designated site for state protection. It is also one of the 24 UNESCO World Heritage Sites within the United States.

Which early American Indian group is referred to as Mound Builders quizlet?

The Mound Builders were farmers who lived in settled communities. their main crop was corn. 61. the Mound Builders wre not a single group of people. The three main groups wre the Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippians.

Why did the Cahokia build mounds?

Conical and ridge-top mounds were also constructed for use as burial locations or marking important locations. At the center of the historical site is the largest earthwork called Monks Mound. At one hundred feet, it is the largest prehistoric earthen mound in North America.

Is Cahokia Native American?

The Cahokia were an American Indian tribe indigenous to the Midwest. The tribe is extinct. Their descendants may have accompanied the Confederated Peoria to Oklahoma in 1867.

Were there any Native American cities?

One settlement in modern-day Illinois hosted a population of around 20,000, while another featured multiple-story buildings. One settlement in modern-day Illinois hosted a population of around 20,000, while another featured multiple-story buildings.

What happened to the Cahokia tribe?

Now an archaeologist has likely ruled out one hypothesis for Cahokia’s demise: that flooding caused by the overharvesting of timber made the area increasingly uninhabitable. … “Cahokia was the most densely populated area in North America prior to European contact,” she says.

What tribe is Choctaw?

What Indians were at Cahokia?

The Cahokia were an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe and member of the Illinois Confederation; their territory was in what is now the Midwest of the United States in North America.

What Indians lived at Cahokia Mounds?

The Osage Nation is one of 11 Native American tribes with ancestral links to Cahokia Mounds that have worked with researchers studying the feasibility of making the ancient mounds a national park.

Is Choctaw a Cherokee?

The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek share similar stories as the Cherokee. … His mother was Creek (Muskogee), and his father was of Scottish descent. Chief Osceola is another famous Creek of mixed-ancestry.

Are the Choctaw still around?

Were the Choctaw Indians on the trail of tears?

The annual Trail of Tears Walk is held to honor the Choctaws that were forced to leave their ancient homelands in the Southeast to Indian Territory. With the first wave in 1831, Choctaws were the first tribe to cover the Trail of Tears, so named because of the suffering and loss of life on the march.


What type of reaction is this C 10 H 22 O 2 → CO 2 H 2 O?

What type of reaction is the equation CO2 → C O2?

Another special type of combination reaction is a combustion, meaning a reaction in which something combines with oxygen and gives off heat and light: C + O2 → CO2 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO Combustion of a compound includes break-up (decomposition) of the compound first.

What type of reaction is this an oxygen → CO2 H2O?

combustion reaction
This is a perfect example of a combustion reaction because we have a carbon based compound reaction with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water.

What type of reaction is h3po4 Oh 2?

neutralization reaction
This is a typical neutralization reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt and water.

What is the balanced chemical equation for Decane?

Ball and stick model of decane, the white is hydrogen and the black is carbon. Decane is an alkane with the chemical formula C10H22.

Chemical formula C10H22
Molar mass 142.3 grams/mole
Energy density 44.2 MJ/kg
Melting Point -30oC
Boiling Point 174oC
Jan 31, 2020

What type of reaction is this ZnCO3 → ZnO CO2?

decomposition reaction
From this equation it is visible that the ZnCO3 is breaking into two smaller molecules which are ZnO and $CO_2$. Hence the reaction is a decomposition reaction.

What type of reaction is C h2 → CH4?

What is CO2 H2O?

Is ZnCO3 ZnO CO2?

; Colorless, odorless gas. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Solid form is utilized as dry ice.]…Search by products (ZnO, CO 2)1ZnCO3 → CO2 + ZnO2KNO3 + Zn(NCS)2 → CO2 + SO2 + N2 + ZnO + K2CO3

Is ZnCO3 ZnO CO2 a thermal decomposition reaction?

When zinc carbonate is heated, it will decompose to produce zinc oxide, which is the metal oxide, and carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, the chemical equation that shows the thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate is answer choice (A). ZnCO3 solid reacts to form ZnO solid plus CO2 gas.

Is ZnCO3 a decomposition reaction?

Chemical Properties of Zinc Carbonate – ZnCO

Zinc carbonate undergoes decomposition forming zinc oxide and carbon dioxide. The chemical reactions is as below.

What type of reaction is ZnCO3?

What kind of compound is ZnO?

Zinc oxide
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a common inorganic compound with a large number of uses. It is insoluble in water but soluble in dilute acids and bases. Its melting point is extremely high—1975 ºC, where it also decomposes. ZnO exists in two common crystalline forms: wurtzite and zincblende.

Is ZnCO3 a precipitate?

Description: Zinc carbonate precipitate. … Zinc carbonate precipitate is formed as a result: ZnSO4 + Na2CO3 -> ZnCO3 + Na2SO4. This is an example of a double displacement reaction.

Is ZnCO3 amorphous or crystalline?

Answer : Zinc Carbonate is crystalline solid.

Is ZnCO3 an acid or base?

ZnCO3 is a Base.

What is the name of ZnCO3 znoh2?

Zinc carbonate
Zinc carbonate basic, technical, 53 Zn basis ZnCO3 2 · Zn(OH)2 3.

Is ZnCO3 ionic or covalent?


Facial paralysis

Facial paralysis

Muscles are moved by the brain transmitting information to them through the nerves. It is a completely automated procedure that most individuals are completely unaware of. When this mechanism is disrupted, it might result in paralysis. When a condition affects the face nerves, facial paralysis can occur.

Face nerve paralysis is a typical issue in which the facial nerve paralyzes whatever structures it innervates. Because the facial nerve's course is extensive and winding, there are a variety of conditions that might induce facial nerve paralysis. Bell's palsy is the most common, a disease with no known cause that can only be diagnosed by ruling out other serious causes.

Facial paralysis definition

Facial nerve palsies

Facial nerve palsies are a common and important presentation for ENT surgeons, as well as in general medicine. Because the facial nerve is such an important structure for communication and emotion, its damage can have a substantial impact on one's quality of life.

Differentiating between a lower motor neuron (LMN) and an upper motor neuron (UMN) palsy is critical in the first assessment of a patient with facial paralysis, since the likely causes and, hence, therapy, differ dramatically. A doctor can determine the likely cause of facial nerve palsy by combining anatomy with clinical history and examination, and then directing treatment accordingly.

While most instances are determined to be idiopathic, any doctor should rule out a cerebrovascular stroke or other significant underlying disease. There is currently no convincing evidence that facial nerve palsies are more common in any gender or ethnicity, and people of all ages may be afflicted. However, it is general knowledge that facial nerve palsies more typically afflict people aged 15 to 45.

The most prevalent cause of facial nerve paralysis is Bell palsy, which accounts for around 70% of all facial nerve paralysis. Trauma is the second most common cause of facial nerve palsies, accounting for 10 to 23 percent of cases. Between 4.5 and 7% of cases are caused by viral infection resulting in facial nerve palsy, while between 2.2 and 5% are caused by neoplasia.

Facial paralysis causes

facial nerve palsy

Idiopathic/Bell Palsy (70%)

Most of the time, the origin of facial nerve palsy is unclear, and it is referred to as 'Bell palsy.' Bell palsy affects 10 to 40 people out of every 100,000. It's an exclusionary diagnosis.

A lower motor neuron lesion with complete unilateral palsy is the most common symptom. A viral prodromal phase is considered to exist, and it can be recurring in up to 10% of patients; nonetheless, the existence of a facial nerve palsy usually manifests fully within the first 24 to 48 hours. Edema and secondary pressure can result in ischemia and impaired function if the nerve is compressed within the bone canal. Recovery can take up to a year, and up to 13% of patients do not finish it.

Trauma (10 to 23%)

Facial nerve palsies can be caused by fractures affecting the petrous section of the temporal bone and facial wounds transecting the branches of the facial nerve. The temporal bone must be fractured with a tremendous amount of power, and the doctor must watch for indications such as hemotympanum, battles sign, and nystagmus.

Temporal bone fractures are characterized according to the plane of fracture along the petrous ridge. Iatrogenic injury during otological, parotid, and acoustic neuroma surgery can also cause facial nerve traumatic damage and stretch injury. The importance of clinical history in determining the likely etiology cannot be overstated.

Herpes Zoster infection leading in facial paralysis owing to geniculate ganglionitis (also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome) is a viral illness that affects 4.5 to 7% of people (RHS). In the geniculate ganglion, the virus is latent. The glossopharyngeal nerve also supplies innervation to the geniculate ganglion (CN IX(

As a result, the active virus might cause otalgia and vesicular eruptions in the external auditory canal and soft palate during the prodromal stage (distribution of CN IX). Furthermore, due to the involvement of cranial nerve VIII, up to 40% of individuals with RHS have vertigo (vestibulocochlear nerve). The prognosis is substantially poorer than with Bell palsy, with just 21% of patients recovering after a year.

Acute otitis media can result in nerve paralysis due to dehiscence inside the facial canal. Face nerve palsies can also be caused by cholesteatomas and necrotizing otitis externa. Lyme disease is an uncommon cause of facial nerve palsy, with symptoms like a tick bite, lethargy, headache arthralgia, and erythema migrans appearing 1 to 2 weeks after tick exposure. The condition might potentially include cardiac involvement (myopericarditis) and arthritis. From an investigative approach, IgM + IgG serology is critical in these cases. Any patient with erythema migrans and a history of foreign travel exposure should be tested for Lyme disease as away.

Neoplasia (2.2 to 5%)

A gradual onset of facial palsy should raise suspicions of cancer and require a comprehensive head and neck examination. Parotid malignancies, facial and acoustic neuromas, meningioma, and arachnoid cysts are only a few of the cancers that cause face nerve paralysis. Due to the tumor's relative placement, these will all appear with varied degrees and indications of facial nerve palsy.

Facial Nerve Palsy in Children

Congenital or acquired facial nerve palsy in children can be caused by a variety of factors. All of the above etiologies can occur in children, and acquired causes are the same as outlined above for adults.

Congenital causes include:

  • Traumatic such as high birth weight, forceps delivery, prematurity, or birth by cesarean section.
  • Syndromic cases include those with craniofacial abnormalities such as Moebius syndrome, Goldenhar syndrome syringobulbia, and Arnold Chiari malformations.
  • Genetic causes such as hereditary myopathies (myasthenia and myotonic dystrophy. The chromosome loci 3q21-22 and 10q21.3-22.1 have been isolated as causes of hereditary forms of facial paralysis.

It's worth mentioning that surgical decompression of the facial nerve inside the labyrinthine section isn't suggested for children since research hasn't shown that it improves results, and there's a considerable risk of sensorineural hearing loss. Nerve grafts and muscle transfer methods, on the other hand, may still be viable solutions for this group.

Bilateral Facial Nerve Palsy

Bilateral facial nerve paresis is a rare but important branch of facial nerve palsy that affects 0.3 to 2% of those with facial nerve palsy. With just 20% of cases being idiopathic, bilateral palsy is crucial since it is considerably more likely to indicate a systemic manifestation of the illness. Lyme disease is responsible for a large proportion of bilateral facial nerve palsies, accounting for roughly 35% of cases.

Guillain-Barre syndrome, diabetes, and sarcoidosis are all essential differential concerns. Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and pseudobulbar/bulbar palsy are all neurological causes of a bilateral facial nerve palsy.

The source of facial nerve paralysis determines the manner of paralysis. Because the facial nerve runs via a tiny bone canal inside the intratemporal course, any source of nerve inflammation or development will result in ischemic alterations due to compression. Because the labyrinthine portion of the nerve is the thinnest, compression is most likely to occur here.

Furthermore, any skeletal defect or damage might impair the link between the facial nerve and its bone canal, resulting in facial paralysis. Some iatrogenic causes of facial nerve palsy (such as acoustic neuroma surgery) are caused by the procedure's subsequent stretching pressures.

Facial paralysis symptoms

Facial paralysis symptoms

Bell palsy or RHS may be indicated by a patient's history of a viral prodromal phase and facial nerve palsy. Inquiring about the onset of vesicular eruptions can assist differentiate this even further. A thorough otological history (e.g., otalgia, discharge, hearing loss, ear fullness, tinnitus, dizziness) will aid in the diagnosis of otitis externa/media. It might also help with auditory neuroma or cholesteatoma diagnosis. In the case of an UMN facial nerve palsy, a neurological history may be useful in determining the etiology.

Facial paralysis diagnosis

  • Bloods:

For all patients hospitalized owing to an infectious etiology of facial palsy, blood tests such as a full blood count, urea and electrolytes, and C-reactive protein are required.

Antibody titers to the varicella-zoster virus would be higher in RHS. Lyme illness causes IgG and IgM levels to rise.

  • Special Tests:

An audiogram should be conducted as soon as possible to assess the type and severity of any related hearing loss. Electrophysiological tests are effective for prognosis, although they are costly, time-consuming, and only useful for a limited period of time:

  1. Minimal to maximal stimulation tests - On the injured side, the facial nerve is stimulated with a modest current that is gradually raised until the patient tolerates it. A four-stage grading method is then used to compare this reaction to the unaffected side. If there is a clinically significant difference between the two sides, the test is positive.
  2. The most precise method for evaluating the amount of palsy is electroneurography (ENOG), which tries to establish muscular action potential amplitude. It entails stimulating the facial nerve near the stylomastoid foramen and detecting a motor response near the nasolabial fold. The typical side is then contrasted to this answer.
  3. Electromyography (EMG) identifies activity in the face muscles by detecting fibrillation potentials, which appear after about three weeks following denervation.
  4. Magnetic Stimulation – Transcranial stimulation is used to examine intratemporal and brain stem elements of the facial nerve. The test must be done right away since Wallerian degeneration of the nerve will change the results. Because proximal site stimulation with higher than typical stimulus intensities overcomes the block at the damage site and allows facial nerve activity to occur, magnetic stimulation can be useful for intratemporal facial nerve injury when axonal integrity exists.

  • Imaging:

A CT of the temporal bones is required if necrotizing otitis externa or a consequence of middle ear infection is suspected, or if there is a history of head trauma or suspicion of cancer.

MRI scanning is excellent for detecting intratemporal lesions that might cause facial nerve compression, and it's especially good for imaging the cerebellopontine angle. MRI scans may also reveal facial nerve amplification surrounding the geniculate ganglion.

Facial paralysis treatment

Bell Palsy

  • Eye care is critical for people who have palsies that cause corneal exposure. Corneal ulcers can be avoided by using artificial tears, using enough lubricant, and taping the eyes shut at night. A referral to an ophthalmologist is a suggestion.
  • Patients with facial nerve palsy benefit from face massage and exercises, which encourage active recovery.

  • Bell Palsy If initiated within 72 hours of symptom onset, the administration of steroids and analgesics will aid in the recovery of motor function. If prednisolone 50 mg once a day is started during this time frame, it should be continued for 10 days. If a lowering regimen is selected, 60 mg of prednisolone should be administered once a day, followed by a daily reduction of 10 mg for a total of ten days of therapy. Antivirals were only of little help for bell palsy, according to one research, and this combination should be reserved for Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Without therapy, nearly 70% of people with Bell palsy will regain full motor function within six months.
  • The treatment for Ramsay Hunt syndrome comprises steroid therapy, analgesics, and acyclovir 800 mg 5 times a day for 7 to 10 days to battle the viral infection. Facial nerve function is likely to restore in roughly 75% of patients after a full course of therapy. Although there is no evidence that antiviral medication is useful in Ramsay Hunt syndrome, it is nonetheless extensively used.
  • A combination of intravenous antibiotics is required for acute otitis media and mastoiditis-related bacterial infection (type and duration according to local microbiological guidance).
  • The treatment of Lyme disease is determined on the patient's age and the severity of the infection. If an individual over the age of eight has localized illness, 200 mg of doxycycline once day for a total of 10 days is indicated. A 14-day regimen of amoxicillin or cefuroxime is recommended for children under the age of eight to avoid tooth discoloration from tetracycline usage. Treatment is typically curative in most early and isolated instances.

  • In Bell palsy: Because ENoG degeneration of more than 90% is linked to a bad prognosis, surgical decompression of the facial canal should be considered. However, as compared to traditional medical care, this has not shown significantly better results.
  • For acute suppurative otitis media + mastoiditis, myringotomy +/- ventilation tube and or cortical mastoidectomy is advised.
  • Iatrogenic causes: If a facial nerve palsy develops soon after otological surgery, a wait-and-see approach should be used, as this might be caused by the administration of local anesthetics. A cautious therapy with steroids is a possibility if a local anesthetic cause has been ruled out and the surgeon is satisfied that the facial nerve epineurium is intact. Otherwise, a re-examination, face decompression, and/or nerve grafting is required. Edema and infection (which require steroids and antibiotics) can cause delayed palsies after surgery, as can overtight packing in open mastoid surgery, which necessitates removal.
  • Temporal bone fracture – If the facial nerve is completely paralyzed, specialized nerve decompression is necessary as soon as the patient's condition permits (usually within 2 to 3 weeks). Surgical exploration is indicated if the diagnosis is delayed and the ENoG degeneration is more than 90%. As far as detecting the location of nerve injury, a detailed examination of the facial nerve will aid in deciding the strategy.

Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation

For people with unilateral facial nerve palsy, transcutaneous nerve stimulation is a novel therapy option. The method leverages EMG signals from muscles on the healthy side of the face to activate muscles on the paresis side at the same time. Therapy's ultimate goal is to establish face symmetry. Early experiments have demonstrated promising outcomes in key areas of facial expression where the damaged side is paretic, with some reinnervation.

How acupuncture can help with Bell’s palsy?

Bell’s palsy and acupuncture

In China and across the world, acupuncture therapy is frequently utilized to treat Bell's palsy. It is caused by inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve, which affects the stylomastoid foramen and the facial canal. This is known in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as Yang Ming and Shao Yang channel blockage.

The primary treatment objective is to clear the meridians of Wind. Acupuncture can restore facial muscle mobility by energizing Qi and boosting blood circulation to the face by stimulating a localized region of facial muscles. Acupuncture treatments once or twice a week are indicated to speed up the recovery of nerve function and paralysis.

Three stages of acupuncture treatments

Treatment for Bell's palsy varies depending on the disease's stage. The most crucial thing is to begin treatment as soon as possible, as acupuncture works best in the acute period.

1. Acute stage

Within ten days of the commencement Wind-cold or Wind-heat affects the Shao Yang meridian, which runs down the sides of the face and relates to the San Jiao and Gallbladder meridians. As a result, acupoints on the Shao Yang meridians will be chosen appropriately.

2. Resting stage

Within three months of the onset. Because Qi grows at this period, stronger Qi can combat pathogenic causes, and most people will recover successfully. The pathogenic element now enters Yang Ming meridian at a deeper level, hence acupoint choices will be concentrated on Yang Ming meridian.

3. Recovery stage

It's been more than 3 months from the beginning. Because the pathogenic element has been there for such a long time, it has penetrated deeper into the meridians, depleting Qi and blood in the body and depriving the face muscles of nutrients. The symptoms are frequently complex, and they might result in facial muscle spasms and connective tissue adhesion, resulting in permanent changes in facial expressions. To address the core cause, local acupoints on the face as well as Zang organ acupoints are chosen.

Factors suggestive of a poor prognosis when associated with a facial nerve palsy include:

  • Complete palsy
  • Loss of the stapedial reflex
  • No signs of recovery within three weeks
  • Age over 50 years
  • Ramsay Hunt syndrome
  • Poor response to electrophysiological testing

The consequences of facial nerve palsy are diverse and serious. Conservative eye treatment tries to limit the risk of ophthalmic problems from a facial nerve palsy, such as exposure keratitis and corneal dryness, which can lead to ulceration. Hemifacial spasm, facial asymmetry, and synkinesis are some of the hyperkinetic consequences associated with facial nerve palsy.

  • Hemifacial spasm is caused by axonal degeneration of the facial nerve, which causes involuntary muscular spasms on one side of the face.
  • Facial asymmetry is a major source of worry for patients, and it can result in severe suffering due to deformity.
  • Synkinesis is the combination of deliberate and involuntary facial movements. The most prevalent symptom of synkinesis is ocular-oral synkinesis, which is the involuntary movement of the mouth when the eyes are closed. Gustatory lacrimation, often known as crocodile tear syndrome, is another significant indication of facial nerve synkinesis.

Facial muscle therapy and botulinum toxin treatment are used to treat these hyperkinetic consequences of facial nerve palsy. To compensate for synkinesis, face muscle treatment aims to strengthen the weaker portion of the facial musculature. Botulinum toxin, on the other hand, is used to treat both synkinesis and hemifacial spasms by paralyzing facial muscles.

Facial paralysis can be caused by a variety of illnesses and etiologies, including congenital, traumatic, viral, neoplastic, and metabolic conditions. As a result, facial palsy can manifest in a variety of ways, ranging from temporary unilateral paresis to lifelong bilateral paralysis.

Although rarely life-threatening, facial paralysis is a common occurrence that can have profound repercussions on one's quality of life, with significant psychological and physiological consequences. The etiology of the weakness, as well as the treatment given to the patient, have a significant impact on the patient's prognosis and results.

Facial plastic surgeons are frequently called upon to treat the effects of long-term facial paralysis. Any practitioner who works with this population, however, must have a thorough awareness of the numerous etiologies and treatment options for facial paralysis.

Patients who suffer from facial nerve palsy have a unique set of obstacles. To lessen the risk of problems from self-management regimens, patients must be educated. Dealing with dry eyes and mouth, how to tape an eye shut to avoid corneal abrasion/ulceration, eating and drinking, a new development of facial expression, speaking, and linguistic modifications (and development in youngsters) are just a few examples. Providing patients with helpful tips and instructional materials on how to deal with these challenges may have a significant impact on their overall health and result.


Feder שירים אמן

:אמנים דומים
שירים להורדה  ישירה

Hadrien Federiconi aka Feder grew up in Nice (South of France) before moving to Paris and quickly immersing himself in the deep-house scene, combining his own take on pop with what he heard around him. His first release was a remix of world renowned musician Rodriguez’s track Sixto, which quickly reached a peak of #3 on Hype Machine at the beginning of 2014. Diving straight into summer, Feder released his own track ‘Goodbye ft Lyse’ which also flew up the Hype Machine charts.

אמנים דומים Kungs, The Avener, OFENBACH, Bakermat, David Vendetta


The Effects of the Economic Downturn on Interdependent Buyer–Supplier Relationships

Published date01 September 2014
Date01 September 2014
The Effects of the Economic Downturn on Interdependent
BuyerSupplier Relationships
Daniel Krause
and Lisa M. Ellram
Colorado State University
Miami University
The management of strategic buyersupplier relationships is a critical concern for sourcing managers. The selection of key suppliers and
how relationships with these suppliers are managed and incentivized can dramatically affect the buying companys performance. While the
extant literature focusing on industrial buyersupplier relationships is signicant, the severe economic downturn beginning in 2008 tested
buyersupplier relationships in unprecedented ways, yielding new insights. The research presented in this paper uses dyadic cases to investigate
transformations within industrial relationships during the economic downturn. Propositions are formulated that focus on why and how rms
responded to the downturn. Three primary types of relationships are identied. The results indicate variation in the ways buying companies
managed their key supplier relationships during the downturn: some rms behaved more cooperatively and found ways to jointly confront the
effects of the downturn, while others responded by behaving competitively to maximize their individual outcomes. The results further suggest
that researchers need to revisit existing models of relationship development and dissolution to understand how these relationships evolve or
devolve. The research also raises questions about the value of physical and human asset specicity, and social investments in curtailing opportu-
nistic behavior in times of severe economic stress.
Keywords: buyersupplier relationship; strategic sourcing; adaptation; interdependence; economic downturn
The economic downturn that began during the fall of 2008 sig-
nicantly affected many companiesrevenues, with some rms
reporting decreases in sales of 30% and more (Tracy 2011).
Many companies dramatically reduced purchases, cut inventories,
and laid off employees, while others temporarily closed or went
out of business. These dramatic effects of the downturn pre-
sented signicant challenges for companiessupply chains and
provide the impetus for the present research: to investigate the
effects of the downturn on companiesrelationships with their
most important suppliers, and to understand the contributions
these relationships make to buying rm performance.
During the past 20 years, researchers have increasingly
focused on cooperative buyersupplier relationships as a source
of competitive advantage. Many companies moved away from
short-term contracting for important purchased inputs to rely on
key suppliers to achieve competitive advantage (Sako 1992; Choi
et al. 2002). Previous research has shown that decisions made by
sourcing managers in the selection and retention of suppliers,
manifest the purchasing functions competitive priorities, and
reect the competitive priorities of the rm itself (Krause et al.
2001). Thus, managing key buyersupplier relationships and pro-
viding incentives to achieve specic goals is a critical aspect of
strategic sourcing, and an important way for sourcing depart-
ments to contribute to achieve a competitive advantage (Melnyk
et al. 2010).
Previous research indicates that rms can gain signicant advan-
tage when they combine their resources with other rms in unique
ways (Dyer and Singh 1998; Gulati and Sytch 2007). However,
previous research also shows that customersupplier relationships
can be fragile; affected by changing technologies, changing market
preferences, macroeconomic events and cycles, uncertainty and
risk, these relationships may dissolve. Although the extant litera-
ture has covered buyersupplier relationships in signicant detail,
one aspect that is predominantly missing is how these industrial
relationships fare under conditions of severe stress. For example,
Dwyer et al. (1987) provide a comprehensive model of the rela-
tionship development process and Wilson (1995) builds further
upon the previous effort, but these models are primarily focused on
relationship building, and not relationship dissolution or regres-
sion. The economic downturn of 200809 presented an opportu-
nity to study buyersupplier relationships in times of severe stress,
when they might be subject to dissolution or regression.
The results of this study indicate signicant changes in these
industrial relationships. Some relationships in this study emerged
stronger after the economic downturn. Others survived, but
emerged more adversarial. Buying rms that had cost as a com-
petitive priority prior to the downturn appear to have been better
prepared to handle the downturn than rms that changed compet-
itive priorities in response to the downturn, for example, from
innovation to cost. We seek to examine and explain the differing
effects of the downturn on these key relationships. The primary
questions driving the present research include: What were the
effects of the economic downturn on self-reported interdepen-
dent, collaborative industrial buyersupplier relationships? As a
result of the downturn, did the two partiesinterests become
more convergent or more conicted? Did relational investments
such as physical and human asset specicity, and social invest-
ments prevent opportunistic behavior? What factors inuence
interdependence in strategic sourcing relationships?
Corresponding author:
Daniel Krause, Professor, Operations and Supply Chain Manage-
ment, Department of Management, College of Business, Colorado
State University, 217 Rockwell Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
Journal of Business Logistics, 2014, 35(3): 191212
© Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals
In the following sections, we examine the buyersupplier liter-
ature, managersperceptions of these relationships during the
downturn, and provide contributions to theory and practice.
Interdependence is a key foundational assumption throughout the
literature on strategic sourcing relationships (e.g., Gundlach and
Cadotte 1994; Monczka et al. 1998). Pfeffer and Salancik (1978)
identify interdependence as the reason why nothing comes out
quite the way one wants it to(p. 40) and note that interdepen-
dence exists whenever one actor does not entirely control the
conditions necessary for the achievementof a particular
outcome (p. 40). Mahapatra et al. (2010, 539) refer to interde-
pendence as the condition that outcomes and strategies of a rm
are affected by the joint behaviors of both parties.
Although much of the literature on key buyersupplier relation-
ships refers to interdependence, few studies have identied the
dimensions of interdependence. For the present study, the authors
adopted the dimensions of interdependence proposed by Rusbult
and Van Lange (2003). Table 1 lists these dimensions and deni-
tions. Although Rusbult and Van Lange (2003) focused primarily
on interpersonal relationships, they asserted that interdependence
theory is applicable to intergroup behavior (Bantham et al. 2003).
The degree or level of dependence is characterized by how much
one partys outcomes are dened by the other partys actions. The
level of dependence is greater in industrial relationships if custom-
ers and suppliers are relatively few in number. Mutuality of depen-
dence means that each party has power over the other party, and in
turn is dependent on that party. Changes in the mutuality of depen-
dence may create new situations that allow the parties to behave
cooperatively or competitively (Dyer and Singh 1998). Outcome
correspondence, also referred to as the co-variation of interests,
describes whether the actions that benet or harm one party also
benet the other. That is, the degree to which an outcome similarly
benets or harms both parties (Rusbult and Van Lange 2003).
Basis of dependence examines how each partner affects the other
partners outcomes (Rusbult and Van Lange 2003). The availabil-
ity of information applies not only to knowledge of a partners
actions, but also knowledge of the external environment. Knowl-
edge that accumulates as part of an ongoing relationship allows
partners to communicate efciently and effectively (Dyer and
Singh 1998). In the present study, interdependency was a key qual-
ifying construct in asking buying company respondents to choose
a strategic supplier relationship on which to report.
Researchers have employed various theoretical lenses to investi-
gate buyersupplier relationships. However, our purpose here is not
to exhaustively cover the literature, but to identify literature that
emerged during the present research as useful frames of reference.
For example, transaction cost economics (TCE) seeks to explain
rm boundaries and exchange governance through transaction cost
Table 1: Dimensions of interdependence
Denitions, prompts provided to interviewees, and sample responses
Denition: How much one partys outcomes are dened by the other partys actions.
Interview prompt: How replaceable is this customer/supplier?
-Moving business to another supplier, or gaining it from another customer, would be difcult,
especially in the short-term.
- Customer says no!regarding dropping the supplier.
Level of
Denition: The degree to which the partners depend on the others actions for their own outcomes.
Interview prompt: Describe how party A thinks the party B views party As dependence.
-We are equally dependent. Both would suffer if relationship failed.
-This relationship would be difcult to duplicate with another party.
-When we need something, we ask for it, and they try to get it to us.
Mutuality of
Denition: How each partner affects the other partners outcomes.
Interview prompt: Provide evidence of the uniqueness of customer/supplier.
- Supplier: customers purchase volumes are signicant.
- Customer: supplier has ability to outperform its competitors, e.g., through innovation.
-We use only one or two suppliers for this purchased input.
-This customer has a signicant percentage of our business... very signicant dollar volumes.
-We have a 3-year contract with them.
Basis of
Denition: Whether the actions that benet or harm one party also benet the other. Ranges from
perfect correspondence to perfectly conicting.
Interview prompt: Degree to which the partiesoutcomes are equally valued by the respective
-We must cooperate to survive right now.
- Goals for relationship are ...pretty equal.
Source:Denitions adapted from Rusbult and Van Lange (2003).
192 D. Krause and L. M. Ellram

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Bihar's Agnipath agitation becomes a funnel for anti-Centre, anti-BJP discontent

by IANS |

Patna, June 19 (IANS) Poor states like Bihar are burning for the last four days due to the sudden announcement by the Narendra Modi government of the new military recruitment scheme - Agnipath.

Experts believe that the Centre had not fully discussed the consequences of such a scheme which is related to the future of the country's youth.

"The think tank of the saffron party believes that whatever be the consequences of any policies or schemes, the aura of PM Narendra Modi is such that people of the country have faith in him. The situation has now changed due to the anti-people policies of the Centre for the last 8 years," said a professor of Patna University who requested anonymity.

The BJP think tank believes that the Narendra Modi government implemented demonetisation and the people supported him in the name of black money being unearthed. Then he implemented the Goods and Services Tax (GST) to reduce tax related frauds which actually broke the backbone of small traders, industrialists and retailers. Then he came with the three farm bills which led to a massive agitation and over 800 famers lost their lives and now the Agnipath scheme which the youths believe can make their future darker. All these policies have penalized the common people of the country and now they are not in the mood to take any more burden that the BJP government may try to put on them, say political analysts.

"Narendra Modi during the run up to the 2014 Lok Sabha election had given a solid assurance to the people to create 2 crore jobs annually and double the income of farmers till 2022. Now, in the eight years gone by he has not only failed to fulfil the promises but the result of his policies went in the opposite directions," said Shivanand Tiwari, national vice president of the RJD.

"The jobs are reducing in the country and Modi Ji brought drones into the agricultural fields. In this scenario, children of poor and lower middle class families are preparing for the recruitment exams. In the last two years, recruitment has not taken place in the Indian army. In some places, recruitment had taken place but was not completed. In this situation, Modi Ji brought the Agnipath scheme overnight similar to the implementation of demonetisation. Such an overnight move has killed the dreams of thousands of youths who were preparing for the examination for long years," Tiwari said.

"The way the youth have turned violent on the streets and their abusive slogans indicate that the aura and popularity of Narendra Modi is waning now," Tiwary said.

BJP MLA Vinay Bihari who faced the heat of the agitation on June 17 when he was returning from Lauria said: "Around 200 agitators holding batons in their hands intercepted my Mahindra Bolero SUV and smashed the window panes. I had two armed guards but they were helpless. The agitators were abusing Modi Ji."

The agitation is now taking a dangerous turn as anti-social elements are apparently actively participating in the protests to destabilise the Narendra Modi government.

Analysts say many people believe that the BJP has a hidden agenda to separate society into majority (Hindu) and minority (Muslims). As the latter are not in a position to challenge the saffron party openly, they are either supporting or actively participating in the agitation. In other words, they are putting their guns on the shoulders of the youths to target the Modi government.

On Thursday and Friday, anti-social elements had specifically targeted the offices and properties of BJP leaders in Bihar. They have targeted the houses of Sanjay Jaiswal, the BJP state president in Bettiah, Deputy CM Renu Devi in Bettiah, BJP MLA Vinay Bihari in Lauria in West Champaran district, and damaged the property of Dr CN Singh in Chapra while the BJP MLA from Warsaliganj was attacked in Nawada. The agitators have also set fire to BJP offices in Nawada, Madhepura, Vaishali and other places.

Deputy Chief Minister and BJP leader Renu Devi faced the heat on Friday morning when a large number of youths attacked her house in Bettiah town and pelted stones at her property.

"The students of the country do not understand the Agnipath scheme properly. Our students cannot do wrong acts and indulge in violence. Those who are involved in violence are the goons of the opposition parties who are trying to destabilize the government. Agnipath scheme is related to military training which the Centre wants to give to the youths of the country," Renu Devi said.

BJP leaders are also trying to blame the state government for its failure to stop the violence.

"Those who attacked my house were definitely not job aspirants of the defence forces. It was a well planned conspiracy to attack my house. They are other people who posed as job aspirants and vandalized my house in Bettiah," Sanjay Jaiswal, the BJP state president, said.

"The way the protesters have attacked the houses of BJP leaders and the party's offices in different cities, only the administration of different districts is responsible for it. They have taken a lackadaisical approach to deal with the agitators," Jaiswal said.

The ruling JD-U immediately responded to the statements of Sanjay Jaiswal and Renu Devi. Rajiv Ranjan Singh alias Lalan Singh, the national president of the JD-U, countered them saying that whatever violence was happening in the country was only due to the Centre.

"There is huge discontent among the youth of the country after the announcement of the Agnipath scheme. Violence has spread to many parts of the country. The Centre should take cognizance of the matter and immediately rethink the scheme. If it is not possible then properly communicate to the youth that it would not adversely affect their careers in the future," Lalan Singh said.

The students who have been protesting for the last four days against the Agnipath scheme are claiming that it is suicidal for a youth if he joins the army under this scheme.

"A youth needs at least one year of proper military training to become an army jawan and it takes at least 5 to 6 years for an army jawan to perform duty at the border. Under the Agnipath scheme, there is a provision of 6 months training and deployment anywhere in the country including on the Pakistan and China borders. A partially skilled soldier cannot survive on the border, it would be suicidal not only for that soldier but also for the entire post," said Ram Prakash Singh, a job aspirant who is preparing for the army recruitment examination for the last 5 years.

Another job aspirant Rakesh Kumar said: "The six month military training is similar to militant groups providing military training to the fidayeen (sucide squad). They (militant groups) give 3 to 6 months training and send them into the enemy countries on suicide missions. Does the central government want to form a new suicide regiment through Agniveers. The Narendra Modi government should clarify the details of military training of how it could train youths in six months through the Agnipath scheme."

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(A writeup of a side project that I’m working on. I’ve posted working code on Github for both pytorch and tensorflow.)

Imagine a deep neural network that has many chances to query information from its input, rather than just one chance, a network that reacts to the currently accumulated information to select its next query. How might this network work differently from today’s neural networks?

I think this type of deep network would be more opportunistic and symbiotic with the input. Rather than copying all the needed information from an input image into neural activations, the network would let the image continue to store the bulk of the information, and the network would perform a series of economical queries on the image. Neural representations would not store the answers to every conceivable question about the image. Instead, they would provide the minimal information needed to quickly answer questions via subsequent image queries, when that answer is needed.

The core benefit: Doing more with less

This type of network can do more with less. It iteratively gathers some information, then decides what information to gather next. Standard feedforward networks gather all the information they might need up front, and as a result a lot of processing is spent gathering information that does not end up being used.

This is especially evident on trivial toy data. Consider classifying which integer on a number line a point is nearest to, between \(1\) and \(N\). The neural network must output a unique binary representation for each integer, and it can only use weights, biases, and nonlinearities. (This may seem like a bad example of the type of task performed by a neural network, but it captures the core complexity of inferring the class of an observation generated by a mixture of high-dimensional Gaussians.) A standard neural network will need to perform \((N - 1)\) queries. An iterative network only needs to perform \(\log_2 n\).

Because the traditional static parallel approach can’t adapt its queries in response to the result of other queries, it has to do a lot more work.

This principle scales up to real-world data. Consider any task that involves observing an image. A sensible approach might involve first performing a low-resolution initial pass on the image, looking for regions of interest, followed by more detailed queries of those regions of interest. This will be more efficient and powerful than the non-reactive version, which would need to perform many different detailed queries on every part of the image. Yes, I may be underestimating the cleverness of a deep network, but I hope you can see the appeal of the idea.

Traditionally, Deep Learning emphasizes parallel distributed processing. This reactive approach tries to bring back some sequential (as opposed to distributed) processing, getting the best of both worlds.

How to perform a reactive query

There are many ways to make a neural network dynamically query its input. One way is via a form of attention that mimics a saccading vision system. I opted, instead, to use dynamically generated weights. Given a context vector, the model passes that vector into a normal neural network to output a set of weights, which are then run on the input image. This weight-generating network is called a hypernetwork. For image processing the model might generate the weights of a 4-layer convolutional neural network with a relatively small number of channels. This dynamically generated network is run on the image and outputs a new context vector, which can then be used to generate a new network, and so on. Context vectors are aggregated over time, either through residual connections or LSTM/GRU-like gates.

Hardware efficiency

For deep learning, it is prudent to use algorithms that support training in batches. If training in batches isn’t possible, you face an uphill battle. (This is part of why Transformers have overtaken recurrent neural networks for sequence processing.)

I was happy to find that this algorithm supports efficient training in batches, despite the fact that it departs from traditional deep networks by applying different weights to each input image. This operation can still be performed in parallel by implementing dynamic linear layers as batch matrix multiplications and dynamic convolutional layers as group convolutions.

This algorithm has a mix of performance costs and performance benefits that may balance out. On one hand, using different weights for every input image is more expensive. On the other hand, the dynamic approach enables each query to be significantly less complex, so each weight tensor and activation tensor is much smaller.

The neuroscience angle

This algorithm was partly inspired by a theory from neuroscience, and it provides a concrete illustration of what types of neural representations we might find in the brain.

Dana Ballard and colleagues have long written about how the the best economical solution to the inference problem changes entirely when you consider systems that are capable of actively responding to the world. They have criticized the classic Marr view that the human visual system builds up a representation of “what is where”. (This classic view overlaps heavily with some of my previous neuroscience work with Numenta.) Instead, Ballard and colleagues write:

the visual system is used to subserve problem-solving behaviors and such behaviors often do not require an accurate model of the world in the traditional sense of remembering positions of people and objects in the room

in a dynamic world, the cost of maintaining the correspondence between the representation and the world becomes prohibitive. For this reason animate vision systems may have to travel light and depend on highly adaptive behaviors that can quickly discover how to use current context

This algorithm uses a simple form of behavior – a dynamic query on the input image – and it “travels light” by using a small context vector whose job is to customize these dynamic queries and help them succeed in answering questions about the input image. This type of neural representation – a population whose job is to help the network figure out what actions it should take to answer subsequent questions – is an enticing model of what might be happening in the brain. Many thousands of careers have been spent trying to understand neural representations, especially in the hippocampus and mammalian neocortex. Some cortical representations have been partially explained, but most have been difficult to interpret. The neurons in this algorithm, similarly, would be hard to interpret, because they are used to complement the outside world and make it easy to query, rather than coding it directly.

Why it might not work

This adaptive query architecture might have too much potential to overfit. In terms of raw potential, traditional deep networks are inferior to these networks, but that inferiority may constrain them to only learn algorithms that successfully generalize outside the training set. By switching to an iterative reactive approach, we give the network potential to discover more powerful and economical algorithms, but gradient descent may be prone to finding solutions that don’t generalize. Maybe traditional deep architectures and traditional gradient descent are pair-bonded, and more advanced architectures will require slightly different learning algorithms.

Current status

The algorithm works reasonably well on toy data and MNIST (>99% accuracy, etc.) using fewer total convolutional FLOPS than a comparable static network. Preliminarily, it seems to work fine on CIFAR10, but I haven’t pushed it very hard. I’m still early in the tweaking / hyperparameter tuning process. Feel free to take a look at the code and run it yourself.

(Thanks to Eric Frank for helpful discussions on hypernetworks. Also, I decided to share this unfinished project after reading a Twitter thread from Rosanne Liu.)


wordist 1551426 2

Considering the article, write an APA-formatted paper of 4–5 pages that addresses the following:

Part 1: Developing the Philosophical Thesis Statement

Alfred North Whitehead’s statement: “What is morality in any given time and place? It is what the majority then and there happen to like and immorality is what they dislike” is a very controversial statement. Think about this statement as you consider the following questions as a guide to help your formulate a thesis statement.

Select 1 of the following questions to answer and develop your thesis statement:

  • Why should a corporation or organization be moral?

Part 2: Developing the Essay

  • Conduct research using library resources.
  • Provide at least 3 valid reasons to support your argument.
  • Also, be sure to include the following in your APA formatted essay:
    • Use of explanations of philosophical concepts such as utilitarianism, categorical imperatives, process philosophy, moral relativism, moral absolutism, ethical relativism, moral objectivism, deontological ethics, or teleological ethics to structure your essay and provide evidence to support your claims.

Your argument and reasons (claims) should be defended by philosophical concepts supported by evidence, which is based on your research. Please use the APA library to begin your research.

Part 3: Conclusion

Consider morality and ethics from the perspective of Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy and Immanuel Kant’s universal categorical imperative. After conducting your research and writing your essay, could you conclude that businesses can have ethical standards, despite the fact that businesses are not moral agents? Why or why not? Please explain summing up your argument.

Part 4: Review Checklist before submitting essay

  1. Your essay should be checked for proper use of grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
  2. You may find that you change your mind on the issue as you are writing your paper. That is fine, but be sure to present your ultimate decision at the beginning of the paper, and stick to it consistently throughout. This may require that you go back and change paragraphs to support your changed thesis statement.
  3. Your argument should be clear, concise, and supported with logically valid claims and evidence followed by APA in-text citations.
  4. A reference page documenting your sources should be included.

Please submit your assignment.

Feldman, J. (2012, August 27). Sunday dialogue: How corporations behave. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/opinion/sunday/sunday-dialogue-how-corporations-behave.html?ref=ethics

Grading Criteria:

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