Functionalized-Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposites as Proficient Energy Storage Material: An Overview
ISSN: 2576-1463
Innovative Energy & Research
  • Review Article
  • Innov Ener Res 2016, Vol 5(2): 145

Dipanwita Majumdar*
Department of Chemistry, Barasat Government College, Kolkata-700124, West Bengal, India
*Corresponding Author: Dipanwita Majumdar, Department of Chemistry, Barasat Government College, Barasat, Kolkata-700124, West Bengal, India, Tel: 09903457372, Email: [email protected]

Received: 03-Oct-2016 / Accepted Date: 05-Nov-2016 / Published Date: 15-Nov-2016

Graphene-based materials owing to their unique and versatile properties, such as, larger surface area, high electrical conductivity, appreciable chemical stability and remarkable mechanical behavior, find promising applications in supercapacitors and other energy storage devices. Polyaniline (PANI), with outstanding high electrical conductivity, reversible redox, and doping/dedoping properties, and high environmental stability, has also been studied in great detail. In recent years, one- and two-dimensional (1D/2D) PANI nanostructures, including nanofibers, nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes, and nanofilms, etc., have attracted much attention across scientific and engineering disciplines with the expectation that these materials could exhibit superior properties compared to their bulk counterparts in terms of mechanical strength, and charge transport. Thus efforts have been made to coalesce the individual properties so as to obtain high quality materials. Graphene/ polyaniline nanocomposites are easy processing, cost-effective materials. Besides, morphological variations also assist in tuning the effective area, porosity, electrical conductivity and consequently, the specific capacitance of these nanocomposites. Thus, the main focus of current research lies on designing, architecturing as well as amplifying their electrochemical behavior in such an order so to obtain promising applications in future electronics which has been highlighted in details in the present overview.

Keywords: Polyaniline; Graphene; Supercapacitor; Energy storage

With the ever-rising energy demands, increasing pollution and depletion of non-sustainable energy resources, the development of renewable energy production with low emission of greenhouse gases have rightly attracted a great deal attention since the last two decades. Sincere efforts have been put into developing lithium ionbased batteries and analogous secondary energy storage systems for autonomy purpose. Besides, ever-increasing demands for portable, miniatured and high power productive electrical storage vehicles too have channelized the current research onto upgrading electrochemical capacitors. In comparison to secondary batteries, electrochemical capacitors, better known as super capacitors or ultra-capacitors, are more versatile in properties as they generally exhibit faster as well as higher power density, long cycle life, enhanced thermal operating range, and low cost of maintenance [1-2]. Super capacitor operations are usually based on two energy storage mechanisms, namely the Electrical Double Layer (EDL) capacitance and the Pseudo Capacitance (PC). For EDL capacitors, carbon based materials are frequently employed, where the capacitance originates from the charge accumulation at the electrode/electrolyte interface. A variety of porous forms of carbon namely, activated carbons, carbon nanoforms, CNTs, and lately graphene, are currently preferred as the electrode materials because they have exceptionally high surface areas, superior electronic charge transport properties and acceptable production cost. The pseudocapacitors (PC) or redox supercapacitors, on the contrary, are fabricated using electrode materials based on conducting polymers and metal oxides that accumulate and store charge vide fast and reversible faradic redox reactions. Both have their merits as well as limitations and thus current effort lies on tuning both synergistically so that better properties could be achieved [1-4].

Polyaniline (PANI), a p-type conjugated polymer, has also been explored as an electrode material for energy storage due to its high theoretical capacity (assuming full doping, neglecting the mass of the anion: 294 mAh.g-1), superior charge transport, cost effectiveness and ease of synthesis. PANI stores charge through a pseudocapacitive doping/dedoping mechanism, in which anions transport in and out of the electrode as it is oxidized and reduced, respectively [5-6].

Accordingly, mass transport of the dopant ion is a potential issue, especially for dense PANI electrodes. In this regard, switchover to nanophase can show promising signatures because of their selfassembly to porous, high surface area electrodes, rapid as well as easy to synthesize in water, and remain dispersed in water-processable state for days [7]. Recently PANI nanofibers electrodes exhibited capacities in the range of 75–165 mAh.g-1 as cathodes in non-aqueous cells, demonstrating their significant ability to store charge [8]. Systematic studies of the charge storing capacities of various PANI nanostructures like nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, have been carried out in recent times. However, random usage of these materials in pristine form has been restricted by poor electrochemical stabilities and low cycle lives due to swelling and shrinking of the polymer backbone during continuous charging/discharging processes [9-12].

Various carbon-based materials such as activated carbons, mesoporous carbons, fullerenes and its derivatives, owing to their morphological stability have been employed in composite form with metal oxides/CPs but the obtained capacitance values are limited by micro-structural aspects of these systems [13-16]. Similar composite materials of CNTs have been tested as supercapacitor electrodes which although exhibited higher capacitance values and improved stability but very much constrained by high production cost. Moreover, recently observed electric double-layer capacitance of pristine CNTs is only up to 80 F/g have further controlled its usage in current technology [17].

Graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon often compared to an un-rolled carbon nanotube, is particularly interesting as electrode material for thin film batteries because of its high electron mobility, excellent mechanical strength, enhanced thermal conductivity, and high surface area (theoretically up to 2630 m2g-1) [18-19]. Because of these excellent properties, graphene has been explored in various applications including sensors, solar cells, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and energy storage [20-22]. In energy storage systems, graphene has been widely employed as an electrode material itself or as a conductive additive powder showing conductivity as high as 200 Sm-1 [23]. Functionalized-graphene systems especially-O-containing functional groups accumulate charge both via EDL mechanism as well as by pseudocapacitive mechanism originating from the rapid redox reactions. Thus, systems like Graphene Oxide (GO) had high charge storing capacity but poor conductivity restricts its usage and so partially reduced GO are currently in business. Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) electrodes have been reported to display reversible capacities up to 120– 200 mAh.g-1 [24] Graphene/rGO have been prepared using various methods including mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, epitaxial growth, and by wet-chemical reduction of graphene oxide [25-28]. Chemical reduction of graphene oxide to rGO using reducing agents like hydrazine, peroxides, ascorbic acid, etc. is a particularly promising method because it offers low-cost, large-scale production although its processability has been somewhat limited. Moreover toxic effects of these chemical agents are also an important environmental issue. Lately, the electrochemical reduction of processed GO sheets has been demonstrated, thus eliminating the need for harsh and toxic reducing agents [29-30]. Very recently observed appreciable values of EDL capacitance (~21 μFcm-2) and origin of quantum capacitance in single layer and double-layer graphene have opened up immense hopes regarding its application in energy storage devices [31]. It has also been established that as far as electrochemical properties are considered, single layered graphene is no good than multi-layered graphenes [32]. So it is wise to use low-costing multi-layered graphenes rather than expensive single-layered graphene systems.

In this review, the author highlights on the charge storing capacity of the functionalized-Graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites so obtained from different fabrication methods as that reported till date. It is important to understand that the morphological variations that arise due to different fabrication techniques, appreciably assist in tuning the surface area, porosity, electrical conductivity, charge storing capacity and hence, modifying the target parameter-specific capacitance? of the nanocomposites. The different observations of specific capacitance of the above composite have been collected from literature and on-going through these available reports, the author has tried to sort out the optimum and requisite conditions for achieving ideal charge storing capacity for the above composite. Besides, the future prospect of this nanocomposite in this field has also been narrated.

To accomplish graphene-conducting-polymer-based materials in supercapacitor applications, earlier works were primarily based on forming/coating polyaniline layers onto both graphene as well as functionalized graphene sheets adopting various synthetic procedures. In an early work, electrochemical capacitance ~233 Fg-1 was obtained by in-situ anodic electro-polymerization of aniline on graphene paper, with improved mechanical strength of the latter compared to its components (Figure 1). However, the specific capacitance was mainly dominated by the pseudo-capacitance from the polyaniline films coated on the graphene paper surface rather than electric double layer contribution from graphene sheet due to agglomerated layer like structure of the latter [33]. Progressively, many works based on doping of graphene oxide/graphene nanosheets into polyaniline matrix and vice-versa were reported as summarized in Table 1. Optimum doping amount of insulating GO (e.g., 1%) is required in these cases because excess GO tend to reduce the conductivity of the composite [34-36]. Composites with PANI doped with small amount of GO exhibited specific capacitance to as high as 531 Fg-1 in the 1M H2SO4 electrolyte, was mainly attributed to π—π stacking between PANI backbone and GO nanosheets [37]. The rGO/PANI composite electrodes exhibit higher specific capacitance and conductivity than those of GO/PANI composite electrode. This is obvious as GO has insulating characteristics due to topological defects and numerous oxygenated groups compared to rGO. Feng and co-workers reported sulfonated-graphene/polyaniline composites prepared via in-situ chemical polymerization in absence of inorganic or organic acids [38]. The surface sulfonate (—SO3-) groups on graphene played important roles-increased the aqueous solubility; enhanced the total capacitance through pseudocapacitance effects, as well as improved the wettability of porous carbon with electrolytes. Moreover, these sulfonate groups also helped in doping of PANI because of its proton doping mechanism. The composite displayed maximum specific capacitance of ~676 Fg-1 at 0.1 Ag-1 of current density [38].

Figure 1: A) Mechanical stress strain curves of the G-paper and GPCP-900s. Inset is the flexible G-paper (top) and GPCP-900s (bottom). B) Morphology of Graphene/Polyaniline Composite Paper (GPCP) via in situ Anodic electropolymerization. C) Representation of relative Specific capacitance values of various composites [33].

Material PANI
Electrolyte Specific
Bulk 1M H2SO4 82 Fg-1
@ 10 mVs1
82 F g-1 after
1000 cycles
PANI–GO Bulk films 1 M H2SO4 475 Fg-1
@ 0.4 Ag-1
96% after 500
PANI film 0.5 M H2SO4
25 mF cm-2
@ 5m Vs-1
retains 53.1%
after 1000
PANI–GO Bulk 0.5 M H2SO4 25 mF cm-2
@ 5mVs-1
91% after
PANI–GONS PANI film 1 M H2SO4 547 Fg-1 @
- J. Power Sources
224 (2013) 195
PANI-GO Bulk 1 M H2SO4 355 Fg-1
@ 0.5 Ag-1
- [15]

Table 1: Summary of works based on functionalized graphene/ bulk-PANI composites.

Another approach to improve the specific capacitance of the material is to increase the effective surface area which was successfully accomplished by fabricating mesoporous PANI film on ultra-thin graphene nanosheets (G-mPANI) hybrid by in situ polymerization using graphene-mesoporous silica composite as template [39]. Due to its mesoporous structure, over-all conductive network, G-mPANI electrode displays a substantial specific capacitance of 749 Fg-1 at 0.5 Ag-1 with exceptionally high rate capability. Gupta et al electro-deposited multilayer films of polyaniline and graphene oxide alternatively on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode to increase the effective active sites for electrochemical performances [40]. In this regard, homogeneity of films is an important issue. Wei et al. synthesized graphene/PANI composite where graphene (~15 wt %) was homogeneously coated on to PANI sheets, that exhibited high specific capacitance of 1046 Fg-1 at current density of 10Ag-1, with capacitance retention ~96% on increasing the current density from 10 to 100 Ag-1, indicating a superior electrochemical feature [41]. The uniform, homogeneous G– PANI-Nafion film based supercapacitor on graphite electrodes using in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent showed tuning of specific capacitance of 300–500 Fg-1 at a current density of 0.1Ag-1, obtained for various compositions of the nanocomposite material [42]. However, these systems also faced poor electrochemical stabilities and low cycle rates similar to the pristine components.

To cope up with and address the above-faced difficulties; and also further enhance the effective surface area as well as improve charge transport properties, researchers emphasized on fabricating nanostructured PANI besides functionalized graphene in a cost-effective route. Based on the above strategy, graphene/PANI hybrid materials, designed using three step-in-situ-polymerization-reduction/dedopingredoping processes, shown in Figure 2, renders specific capacitance as high as 1126 Fg-1 at a scan rate 1 mVs-1 with appreciable cyclic performances [43]. Various morphologies of PANI nanostructures anchored onto graphene/functionalized systems have been fabricated and better tuning of capacitive results have been reported that is summarized in Table 2.

Figure 2: A) Schematic illustration of preparation process of graphene/polyaniline (GEP) hybrid materials. B) Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of GEP-2 at the current density of 100, 200 and 400 mA.g-1 and (C) CV curves of GEP-2 at different scan rates of 1, 5, 10 mV.s-1 in 1M H2SO4 from -0.2 to 0.6 V [43].

Material/PANI morphology Techniques Electrolyte Specific
Electrochemical reduction 1.0 M HCL 15 mF cm-2 71% after 10000 cycles [15]
PANI-rGO PANI nanothorn
solvothermalin-situ polymerization
in a reverse microemulsion system
1 M H2SO4 595 Fg−1 @ 0.5 Ag−1 76% over 1000charge/
e cycles
76% over 1000charge/
e cycles
Carbon (2014)
Self-assembled hierarchical
graphene/polyaniline hybrid
hydrothermal route 1 M H2SO4 520.3 Fg−1 @ 0.25 Ag−1 - [34]
PANI nanowires nanorod-
PANI–Graphene nanorod-
electrochemical polymerization in
reverse micelle electrolyte
1 M HClO4 878.57 Fg−1 @ 1 Ag−1 Above 80% after 1000
PANI-NF/GO PANI nanofibres interfacial polymerization 1 M H2SO4 346 Fg−1 @ 0.5 Ag−1 - [19]
GO–PANI   1 M H2SO4 773 Fg−1 @ 1 mVs-1 capacitance of
507 Fg−1 at the
first cycle and
612 Fg−1 at the
200th cycle
capacitance of
507 Fg−1 at the
first cycle and
612 Fg−1 at the
200th cycle
PANI nanowires–GO
PANI nanowires
Chemical oxidative polymerization
1 M H2SO4 555 Fg−1 @ 0.2 Ag−1 92% of its initial
capacitance, 2000 cycles
PANi nanorods /graphene
nanoribbons PANi nanorods
Chemical oxidative polymerization
1 M H2SO4 340 Fg−1 @ 0.25 Ag−1 90% retention after 4200
Stretchable wavy
shaped graphene/PANi
  H3PO4/PVA 261 Fg−1 @ 0.38 Ag−1 89% retention after 1000
Freestanding Graphene
Paper Supported
3D- Porous Graphene
− PANI Nanocomposite
inkjet printing synthesis 1 M H2SO4 864 Fg−1 @ 1 Ag−1 96% retention after 5000
Graphene/PANi PANI
In-situ-polymerization 6 M KOH 1046 Fg−1 @ 1 mV s−1   Carbon (2010)
PANi nanofibers /3D
graphene framework PANI
Chemical oxidative polymerization 1 M H2SO4 ~1024 Fg−1 @ 10 mVs−1 ~86.5% retention after
5000 cycles
In situ polymerization 1 M Na2SO4 530 Fg−1 @ 200 mAg−1 - [36]
GO–PANI PANI microfibers In situ polymerization 1 M H2SO4 531 Fg−1@ 200 mAg−1 - [37]

Table 2: Summary of works based on functionalized graphene/ nanostructured-PANI composites.

In many instances, it was often difficult to control the agglomeration of the PANI nanostructures during the polymerization of aniline, which could lead to a decrease in capacitance and the cycle durability of the graphene/PANI composites. Less agglomerated PANI nanostructures such as nanorod/nanowires exhibiting fibrous morphology with appropriate pore size distribution provided good contact with the electrolyte, resulting in faster doping–dedoping rate [44]. Lately, Tang et al reported composites with uniform distribution of PANI nanoparticles on GO sheets having strong interactions that exhibited a capacitance with a good stability during long-term cyclic voltammetric measurements [45]. In another method, porous graphene oxide/polyaniline composite was obtained by one-step electrochemical co-deposition method with specific capacitance as high as 1136.4 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 1 mVs-1 with a good cycling stability, with ~89% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles shown in Sarker and Hong [46]. Sarkar and Zhao groups independently fabricated layer-by-layer rGO sheets/polyaniline nano-structures by electrodepositing nanofibers of PANI onto electrically conductive graphene nanosheets to form a multilayer configuration with improved electrochemical performances shown in Figure 3 [46,47]. Morphological studies revealed that PANI nanofibers not only were coated on the surface but also intercalated into GO sheets that were responsible for increased surface area of the composite which significantly contributed to such enhanced specific capacitance value. Chen and co-workers designed homogeneous, three-dimensional porous sandwich-like, electrochemically reduced graphite oxide-polyaniline composite based supercapacitors which achieved the maximum specific capacitance value of 716 Fg-1 at 0.47 Ag-1 [48]. Parveen et al. reported high crystalline polyaniline-graphene nanosheets composite with excellent interfaces that exhibited specific capacitance of 613 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 10 mV/s [49]. Such unique features may be attributed to epitaxial growth of PANI onto rGO sheets due to simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by aniline, followed by in-situ polymerization as shown in Scheme 1 [50]. Similar works on PANI nanofibers/graphene composite fabricated by Jia et al. exhibited enhanced specific capacitance of 965 Fg-1 at 0.5 Ag-1 and the capacity retention was 90% after 2000 cycles [51].

Figure 3: Schematic representation of multilayer self-assembled film formation of the components [47].

Polyaniline hollow spheres with core shell structures embedded onto electrochemical rGO hybrids have been fabricated by solution-based co-assembly process as shown in Figure 4. The specific capacitance of the resultant composite reached ~614 Fg-1 at a current density of 1 Ag-1 [52]. The hollow nanostructured morphology increased the effective surface area of electro-active regions, shortened diffusion lengths for transport of charge and ions simultaneously. Moreover, wrapping of graphene sheets on the hollow spheres provided highly conductive pathways facilitating the high rate and better cycling performance of supercapacitors.

Figure 4: A) Schematic Illustration of the Preparation of [email protected] Hybrids B) TEM images of [email protected] hybrids. C) The Galvanostatic charge− discharge curves of ERGO, PANIHS36, and [email protected] hybrids within a potential window of 0−0.80 V at a current density of 1 A.g−1. D) Plots of specific capacitance for PANI-HS36 and [email protected] hybrids at various current densities [53].

Scheme 1: Mechanism for in-situ polymerization of aniline on GO [51].

Scheme 2: Scheme depicting the super-lattice on the graphene surface with basis vectors of 4.3 Å along the x-direction and 9.6 Å along the z-direction to form PANI single crystals [51].

Graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite, synthesized in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), exhibited appreciable specific capacitance about 425 Fg-1 at a current density of 0.2 Ag-1 has been recently reported [53]. The SC-CO2 increases the dispersion of aniline monomer onto ethanol, also enhances the wettability of the GO basal planes, which trigger uniform distribution of PANI onto GO sheets in this case.

From the above studies we infer that the specific capacitance of functionalized-graphene/PANI composites vary over a large range depending upon morphological diversity. This is obvious, resulting from adopting different synthetic methodologies and modes of composite fabrication. Various important factors like homogeneity, porosity play key roles in determining the performances of the electrode materials. It is also obvious that as 1D nanostructures like nanorods/nanowires exhibit better charge transport properties than corresponding nanoparticles/granulated structures which is observed in the above stated systems. However, in some cases, the values are appreciably higher! It is very true that the synergistic contribution of capacitance of the two components is prime reason. However, one also has to consider that doped PANI behaves as p-type semiconductor while graphene systems owing to their π-electron density, act as n-type semiconductors. Thus the interface forms p-n junction and has a junction capacitance contributes to the overall capacitance of the system. However, the contribution of junction capacitance becomes significant and highly dependent on the quality of the interface between Graphene and PANI. In one of our previous studies, we reported that PANI can epitaxially grow onto rGO surfaces due to lattice matching between the d-values [~2.48 Å] of graphene and {120} planes of PANI as shown in Scheme 2, showing high quality p-n junction properties [50]. Thus optimization of reaction condition with doped-PANI and graphene is very much necessary to achieve superior electrochemical signatures. We have also shown in another work that growth of PANI chains along a surface (graphene) is very ordered up to certain thickness, beyond which they start getting entangled and poor junction results! This feature is again highly controlled by rate of polymerization; the rate being faster in electrochemical polymerization compared to chemical polymerization, where monomers rapidly combine as soon as come in contact with electrode leading to formation of straight chains and thus, high interfaces are obtained. That may be one reason for obtaining such wide range of specific capacitance values of the PANI-G composites. Moreover, the extent of doping in PANI is very crucial to observe charge storing properties. PANI can exist in different oxidation states: fully reduced leuco-emeraldine (LE) (y=1), half oxidized emeraldine base (EB) (y=0.5) and fully oxidized pernigraniline (PE) (y=0), as illustrated in Scheme 3 [54]. The emeraldine form (EB) is reported to exhibit greater stability and higher charge transport properties after protonation. On the contrary, both LE and PE even after the protonation are insulators. Usually, the PANI used in electrodes is a mixture of its three states and we expect highest portion of PANI-EB form in the composite to contribute to better performances! However, one of the major disadvantages of using conjugated polymers systems is their electrochemical degradation that occurs far rapidly than inorganic materials. As for PANI, on repeated cycling, it slowly gets decomposed and oxidized to p-benzoquinone and no alteration other than replacement of the electrode material is required [54]. Thus electrodes of such materials are required to take special precautions to avoid or improvise such difficulties!

Innumerable efforts are being accomplished daily to improve the electrode materials including the combination of EDL capacitance with reversible pseudocapacitance active materials. Various modified synthetic procedures, reaction conditions as well as utilizing organic electrolyte or ionic liquids are being employed to achieve higher stability potential window or employing hybrid asymmetric system to optimize the overall working potential [55,56]. Pioneer works on implication of flexible supercapacitors with other electronic and energy devices (i.e., solar cells, Li-ion batteries, electrochromic devices and nanogenerators) are well in progress [57,58]. Polymeric gel electrolyte are now often employed in deriving a high flexibility device, complimenting to the ability of gel structure to penetrate efficiently to the porous electrode to the nearest contact, while providing a stable structure in maintaining the dimension that is not susceptible to the physical bending force [59]. Further research is still needed to explore the role of the nano-hybrid morphologies and also on the control/tunability of the interfacial interaction between graphene and pseudocapacitive materials in order to improve the overall Faradic processes across the interface, which is yet to be achieved. Besides, multifunctional or self-powered hybrid systems are currently of considerable interests for future technological development. Despite all of the achievements and excellent progress, one of the main obstacles in supercapacitor technology is the high production cost when compared with other energy-storage devices. Therefore, the future tasks rightly focus toward the performance in a cost-effective route. One-step synthesis without any additional treatment would be ideal towards practicality on an industrial scale. Moreover, the ability of the fabricated supercapacitors to perform at elevated temperature/stringent environment remains doubted. Nonetheless, the superior properties so far obtained have paved a way which introduces the lime light that focus it as proficient material in energy storage devices while the effort in the development of a higher energy systems is in continuous progress!

DM acknowledges Barasat Govt. College, Barasat; IACS and Jadavpur University, Kolkata, WB, India for the necessary infrastructural facilities. Figure 2 has been taken from A nanostructured graphene/polyaniline hybrid material for supercapacitors. Nanoscale 2 (2010) 2164 Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. DM also acknowledges ACS as well as Wiley publishers for granting copyright permission regarding incorporation of figures in the current manuscript.

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Citation: Majumdar D (2016) Functionalized-Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposites as Proficient Energy Storage Material: An Overview. Innov Ener Res 5: 145.

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Great Lottery: England scrape the “Youth Storm” Dutch War Ecuador

Friday 019 World Cup Dutch VS Ecuador 2022-11-26 00:00

Venue: Harry Fat International Stadium

Dutch side:

In the first round of the World Cup Group A, the Dutch team returned to the World Cup after 8 years against the African Cup champion Senegal. With the goal of Gakpo and Clarson, the “Orange Cloth Legion” defeated the “Tranga Lion Lion 2: 0 “”. In this field, coach Van Gaal boldly used the 28 -year -old “newcomer” Noper in the goalkeeper. This is not only the first show of the World Cup, but also his national team’s first show. In the end, Noper returned Van Gal’s trust with his performance. He contributed 4 rescue in the game, and tried to defend the team’s door. At present, the Dutch team and Ecuador are 3 points. The net wins are the same, and they are led by hand. The two teams in this campaign ushered in a positive confrontation, which will also be a veritable battle.

During the unveiling battle of this World Cup, South America’s Geek Tour Ecuador against the host Qatar. The 33 -year -old captain Enner Valencia kicked the two yuan in the top of his head, crushing the “iron law” of “the host of the host first”, showing the heritage and domineering of the first shooter of the Ecuador team. It is worth mentioning that the team’s recent five World Cup scored by this striker. At present, Ecuador and the Netherlands have 3 points with each other, leaving in the group side by side. Although the team easily defeated Qatar, the host of this group, after all, the opponent’s strength was weak. Next, facing the old giant Dutch is the real test of the team.

Historical records: In the past 2 games, the Netherlands 1 wins, 1 draw and 0 losses.

On Friday 020 World Cup England VS US 2022-11-26 03:00

Venue: Gulf Stadium

England aspect:

In the first round of the World Cup group stage B, the “Three Lions Legion” England won the “opening of the door” with the number one in Asia 6: 2. In this first show, 19 -year -old Belinsham scored the first goal of the World Cup and became the first “post -00” player to score in the World Cup. Subsequently, Sakaka, Stirin, Rashford and Gralish scored separately, among which Sakaka was two yuan. Coincidentally, the five players in their goal staged their own virgins in the World Cup. After Belinsham and Sakaka, they set off a youth storm. After the first round of the game, the England team ranked first in Group B. Facing the active American team in this campaign, the “Three Lions Legion” looked forward to continuing the fiery offensive momentum.

US aspect:

In the World Cup Group B game, the US team won the lead in the first half with Timoshi Via, but the Wales Bell used the penalty kick to equalize the score in the second half. In the end, the two teams shook hands and said at 1: 1 , Take 1 point each. According to the ranking rules, the two sides decided to decide the ranking according to the fair competition (that is, the red and yellow cards). The U.S. team has 4 yellow cards and the Welsh team has 2 yellow cards. Therefore, the US team temporarily ranks third in Group B. After absent from the last World Cup, the US team has been updated. At present, young players are mainly young players, and half of them have played in the five major European leagues. However, compared with the European teams, they lack the heritage. Although they are more powerful, they are not smart enough, and they lack the ability to conclude randomly on the court.

Historical record: In the last 2 games, England 1 wins, 1 draw and 0 losses.

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Elisa S.
IBDP Alumni who recently graduated and currently studying Philosophy, Politics, and Economics in the UK with 4+ years of IB tutoring experience.
Currently Perusing Bachelors in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
International Baccalaureate, Italian A (6), English A (6), French B (6), Biology (6), History (6), Mathematics (7), Vittoria International School, Torino

I am a former IB student, and I tutored IB and non-IB students over the last four years, especially English A and B, Italian A and B, French B and AB initio, History HL, and SL ToK. I helped students with their IAs and essays in English, French, Italian, History, and ToK.
I recently completed my IB, so I am very familiar with the new approaches and marking criteria; I am now studying Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Warwick.

Teaching Experience

History HL/SL
I tutored HL and SL students on essay strategies and history concepts, teaching in an analytical and balanced approach, which is essential to acquire top grades in this subject.
English A Language and Literature HL/SL
Tutored students on Extended Essays, IAs, and essay structures. My Extended Essay was on Category 3, where I developed analytical skills to understand how contextual and linguistic devices shape texts.

English B HL/SL
I tutored English in a volunteering association to children and adolescents, explaining grammar and expanding their vocabulary.
I have also taught English in Kathmandu, Nepal.
English is my second language and, even though I have a proficiency-level certificate (C2), I understand the struggle behind expressing yourself in another language. I know how to teach English with techniques on how to communicate clearly and concisely.

French B HL/SL / AB initio
I took French B HL and studied French for 13 years with a variety of learning approaches.

Theory of Knowledge
I helped students with their essays over the past year. Additionally, I am a current undergraduate Philosophy student.

Italian A Literaure / B / AB Initio
Italian is my native language, and I have taught students both the language itself and the IB techniques for IB Literature A course.

What is your teaching philosophy?

My teaching philosophy is that there is always a different way to tackle the problem if the traditional one does not work. In class, teachers tend to adopt a classic form of explaining concepts; however, this might not work for everyone. It is necessary that the student personally makes the concepts clear so that it is not a sciolistic learning but an active, almost personal one.

Understanding students’ concerns Many students struggle because they do not know how to solve their weaknesses, even if they understand the problem itself. I believe that understanding student concerns targets the issue because it focuses on simple but problematic misunderstandings that lie at the basis of every work subsequently produces.

Understand their methodology, strengths, and weaknesses. Usually, going through a past paper, the student explains how the essay was approached, what he/she feels is good (preferably also from teachers’ feedback), and what instead might be improved.

How can you help a student become an independent learner?

Subject-wise, by creating a fixed but pragmatic structure that can be applied to every future paper. During the sessions, these techniques are used to training papers so that, little by little, the mechanism will spontaneously arise.

Nonetheless, the student must become independent in approaching new challenges too.
Hence, through the lessons, the student will learn how to tackle difficulties by creating a practical approach that can be used in other IB subjects and later studies.

How would you help a student stay motivated?

I always keep a positive attitude, I am aware of how stressful IB may become, so I know when it is important to have small ‘checks’ and recall that, even if there is room for improvement, the student must always be aware of his/her pre-existing strengths.

Besides, IB strengthens students’ stress and time management abilities. Hence, I am always happy to offer little but essential tips on doing well on an emotional level.

It is common to struggle to understand certain concepts, so I usually let the student explain what he understood.
Most of the time, while repeating what seems unclear, our mind clears out, and everything makes sense. If this does not work, while the student explains the concept, the fallacy will eventually emerge, and we can start by working from that.
If this is not enough, I provide sheets with schematic notions to use in texts as an ‘open book exam’ at first.

How do you help students who are struggling with reading comprehension?

As an international student in my first IB year, I immensely struggled too with reading comprehension. With time, I developed my own strategies to tackle even the most tedious readings. These involve highlighting, breaking down sentences, and acknowledging the impossibility of understanding every single word and hence understanding concepts instead of literal meanings.

The most successful strategy is empathizing with the student, as this really helps to get to the core of the problems and insecurities.
Secondly, I realize that, for many students, schematic hand-outs to apply to past papers are very helpful.
Lastly, going through the syllabus and the marking criteria is the classic option that never fails. However, this must be done in a proactive way, where the student should fully understand what is meant in every requirement.

How would you help a student get excited/engaged with a subject that they are struggling with?

I keep the sessions on a friendly note, engaging and very conversational, where both the student and the tutor are free to share their viewpoints and come up with the best-combined technique that can best fit the student.

Also, I try to go to the ‘core’ of the subject, explaining to the student the ‘sense’ behind it. This appears to be extremely useful as IB students have to study subjects they dislike too.
Hence, getting to the point, to the ‘nice side’ of the subject, will both make them realize what it might teach them and what the examiners want to see it taught them.

I’ll ask questions to check the reasoning behind it, and I’ll use acronyms to help students remember important information, and, lastly, we’ll go through past papers and grade them together.

How do you build a student’s confidence in a subject?

I always make sure that the student knows what has been done well when I discuss improvement areas. Throughout the sessions, I also ensure that students acknowledge their improvements and see them due to commitment and effort.

How do you evaluate a student’s needs?

I directly ask students how they feel about the lessons and the content. Furthermore, I pay attention to how students approach tasks and which type of questions they ask me.

How do you adapt your tutoring to the student’s needs?

Adapting to students’ needs is an essential part of the tutoring sessions. In the first session, both the student and the tutor discuss their concerns and their preferable ways of working to develop the best and most effective learning experience possible. However, specific needs tend to show up after several sessions. Hence I will do some ‘check-ups’ to understand what can be improved, what should be removed because it might be ineffective, or what turns out to be useful, thus applying it more often.

I use Google Docs as it enables live editing. Secondly, I use screen-sharing often as I can share with the student extra-material.

Teaching Skills

Subject Skill Level
History HL
History SL
Language B HL
Language B SL
Language ab Intio SL
Theory of Knowledge (TOK)
“What we learn with pleasure we never forget.” Alfred Mercier

Thank You

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Summary: Canto XXVII

After hearing Ulysses’ story, Virgil and Dante start down their path again, only to be stopped by another flame-immersed soul. This soul lived in Italy’s Romagna region, and now, hearing Dante speak the Lombard tongue, he asks for news of his homeland. Dante replies that Romagna suffers under violence and tyranny but not outright war. He then asks the soul his name, and the sinner, believing that Dante will never leave the abyss and thus will be unable to spread word of his infamy, consents to tell him.

He introduces himself as Guido da Montefeltro and states that he was originally a member of the Ghibellines. After a time, he underwent a religious conversion and joined a Franciscan monastery, but he was then persuaded by Pope Boniface VIII to reenter politics on the opposing side. At one point, Boniface asked him for advice on how to conquer Palestrina (formerly called Penestrino, it served as the fortress of the Ghibelline Colonna family).

Da Montefeltro showed reluctance, but Boniface promised him absolution in advance, even if his counsel were to prove wrong. He then agreed to give his advice, which turned out to be incorrect. When he died, St. Francis came for him, but a devil pulled him away, saying that a man could not receive absolution before sinning, for absolution cannot precede repentance and repentance cannot precede the sin. Such preemptive absolution he deemed “contradictory,” and thus invalid. Calling himself a logician, the devil took da Montefeltro to Minos, who deemed the sinner guilty of fraudulent counsel and assigned him to the Eighth Pouch of the Eighth Circle of Hell.

Summary: Canto XXVIII

Virgil and Dante continue on to the Ninth Pouch, where they see a line of souls circling perpetually. Dante sees they bear wounds worse than those suffered at the battles at Troy and Ceparano. A devil stands at one point of the circle with a sword, splitting open each sinner who walks by. One of the sinners speaks to Dante as he passes—it is Mohammed, prophet of the Muslims. These are the Sowers of Scandal and Schism, and for their sins of division they themselves are split apart. Worse, as they follow the circle around, their wounds close up so that they are whole by the time they come back to the sword, only to be struck again.

Many others in this line look up at Dante, hearing his living voice. The Italians among them beg Dante to carry messages to certain men still living on Earth. They make predictions of a shipwreck and give a warning for Fra Dolcino, who is in danger of joining them when he dies. Finally, Dante sees a man carrying his own head in his hands: it is Bertran de Born, who advised a young king to rebel against his father.

Summary: Canto XXIX

Virgil reprimands Dante for staring so long at the wounded souls, reminding him that their time is limited; this time, however, Dante stubbornly follows his own inclination. He takes note of one more soul, an ancestor of his who died unavenged.

Finally, Virgil and Dante follow the ridge down and to the left until they can see the Tenth Pouch below them. This pouch houses the Falsifiers, and it is divided into four zones. In the First Zone, souls huddle in heaps and sprawl out on the ground. Scabs cover them from head to foot; they scratch at them furiously and incessantly.

Dante locates two Italians in this zone. Since his journey will take him back to the world of the living, he offers to spread their names among men if they will tell him their stories. The two souls oblige. One of them is Griffolino of Arezzo, who was burned at the stake for heresy but has landed here in the Tenth Pouch for his practice of the occult art of alchemy. The other is a Florentine, Capocchio, who was likewise an alchemist burned at the stake. We learn that the First Zone holds the Falsifiers of Metals.

Analysis: Cantos XXVII–XXIX

Although Dante’s discussion of the Italians in his Hell aims to point out their political wrongs, he frequently acknowledges their possession of what he deems a minor, if misguided, virtue—that of patriotism. We see in the Eighth and Ninth Pouches how many Italians, like Farinata and Cavalcanti in Canto X, retain their concern for their homeland even after death. Da Montefeltro pleads desperately for news about Romagna, despite the fact that no news, however good, could possibly bring him peace of mind. Dante seems to take pride in the devotion of his compatriots to their fatherland, for their concern speaks to the glory of the nation and the fidelity of Italians.

Da Montefeltro’s tale about his dealings with Boniface establishes a theological point and allows Dante to apply one of his Aristotelian convictions to Catholic doctrine. Although Boniface had given da Montefeltro absolution according to the proper rite, Dante still holds him accountable for his sin. He does so not because he does not believe in the true power of confession or because he thinks Boniface’s corruption renders him unable to absolve sins; rather, the absolution fails because it violates the fundamental Aristotelian principle of contradiction—that an entity cannot simultaneously be both of a specific nature and not of that specific nature. Absolution from sin requires one to be repentant; absolution received before a sin has been committed proves invalid because, at the moment that absolution is being issued, the person still intends to commit the sin—indicating a lack of repentance.

Read more historical context on Boniface.

Dante’s invocation of Aristotelian philosophy speaks to his belief in the importance of reason in moral decision-making. He implies that Christians who find themselves in moral dilemmas must use their reason rather than blindly follow the directions of a church figure. Dante does not question here the spiritual authority of the church, to which he shows steadfast respect throughout Inferno. However, he does not believe that this authority should overrule logic—especially given the church’s frequent descent into corruption. The devil’s reference to himself as a logician invokes the idea of the indisputability of divine justice.

The opening of Canto XXVIII, which describes the wounds of the Sowers of Scandal and Schism, instances Dante’s effective use in The Comedy of starkly contrasting styles. He opens the canto by stating that no one would be able to properly describe what he saw there and that anyone who tried to do so would certainly fall short. He goes on, nevertheless, to use a mixture of the high classical mode and the low medieval idiom to present the image compellingly. He begins with allusions to great historical battles, such as those at Troy, claiming that the wounds suffered during these Trojan battles, which Virgil catalogued in the Aeneid, pale in comparison to the wounds he now glimpses.

Read more about Inferno and its references to epic poetry like The Aeneid.

This manner of referencing events from epics and other legends characterized much of classical literature. Just a few lines later, however, Dante enters into a realistic catalogue of the wounds, complete with scatological references to “the farting-place” and “shit” (XXVIII.25–28). Drawing on the nobility of classical tales of war, while also evoking the earthly physicality of medieval comedy, Dante creates a doubly intense impression of violence, at once both epic and visceral, lofty and penetrating.

Read more about Dante's use of bawdy comedy.

The request of the Italian souls in the Ninth Pouch that Dante bring warnings back to certain living men seems an attempt, like that made by the souls who ask Dante to spread their names, to forge some sort of existence outside of Hell. To be in contact with the mortal world would allow them to escape, in some small way, the eternal, atemporal realm that they now occupy. But the character Dante does not oblige them, for spiritual reasons. In the New Testament, God refused the rich man in Hell who wanted to have Lazarus go back to Earth and warn his sons about their sinful lives. Perhaps fearful of seeming presumptuous, the character Dante makes no answer to their request. Of course, the poet Dante seems to have his own agenda; his poem takes the recounting of their stories as a central part of its project.

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There Are Nine Reasons You Need A Rug In Your Life

Entrance rugs can easily transform any space. In addition to altering the appearance and atmosphere of a room, rugs offer a variety of practical benefits, such as insulating your home and reducing noise.

These days, homes do not come with carpeting, so many people who move into a new residence consider purchasing rugs for their floors. It’s tempting to believe that purchasing one or two rugs for your home is a simple matter of aesthetics.

When it comes to interior design, few items are as versatile as a rug. It is a true multitasker, capable of both enhancing style and concealing flaws in one chic swoop. In fact, we believe everyone should own at least one rug, and we will explain why.

Main Reasons Why Flooring Is Important

If you want to make a change to your flooring but do not have a very large budget for the project, you may want to consider adding rugs to certain areas of the floor. There are numerous advantages associated with rugs.

Here are nine reasons why every homeowner should consider acquiring rugs.

Brighten A Dark Room

Dark hardwood or laminate flooring is a popular and aesthetically pleasing feature of contemporary homes. However, they can reduce the amount of light in certain areas, particularly corridors without windows.

Change Colour Theme

Rugs are a quick way to create a plush, comfortable surface underfoot. Rugs can transform a space in numerous ways. They can divide the room into distinct sections, establish a theme, be repositioned or removed entirely, and be replaced with other rugs on a whim.

Enhance Your Decor

People typically view rugs as a means of enhancing interior design. This is because rugs are available in virtually every color, design, material, and shape imaginable.

Inviting To Visitors

Call it a foyer, an entryway, or an entrance hall; it doesn’t matter. The space between the great outdoors and your well-designed home can be difficult to style. This is especially true for rugs, as you must consider not only the natural elements, but also the style of your home, and combine the two in a tasteful manner.

Enhance Safety

Do you panic each time your cherished child falls while practicing their newly acquired walking skills? A rug could provide the ideal landing cushion, protecting delicate heads, knees, and hands during this crucial developmental stage.

Cover Deformities

If your floor has a problem, such as broken tiles, a simple solution would be to conceal it with a rug. These rugs should complement and blend with the rest of the room’s furnishings.

Join A Space Together

Many consider a rug to be the “finishing touch” for a room. However, a rug is a great way to start decorating because it can provide a good color palette. Rugs can be used to define a conversation area in the living room, a seating area in an office, or a dining or kitchen area.

Cleaning Is Less Hassle

Have your children messed up your floor, or has your dog torn up your favorite stuffed animal? If you don’t have a rug, you’ll need a broom, dustpan, trash bag, and maybe even a mop to perform the song and dance of cleaning. To clean a rug, you simply need to pull out your vacuum.

Protect Wood Flooring

Hardwood floors are highly desirable, but they can be a costly investment. It is worthwhile to protect valuable floors in high-traffic areas, such as under a dining table, where dining chair scratches will soon become apparent.


Recap: A laptop Dell introduced earlier this year may have brought about the first real alternative to the ancient DIMM and SO-DIMM standards. While there was some initial controversy, Dell has defended its new Compression Attached Memory Module (CAMM) standard due to its connectivity, speed, and efficiency advantages.

When Dell unveiled the Precision 7670 workstation laptop in April, some noticed that the company used it to introduce a new kind of RAM. RAM has used DIMM and SO-DIMM connectors for decades, and Dell might convince the industry to transition to CAMM.

Because Dell patented CAMM, worries spread that it would remain proprietary and that laptops using CAMM could only use RAM upgrades purchased from Dell. However, the company soon told PCWorld it intends to license CAMM out with help from the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC).

Dell may be the only company offering CAMM memory now, but it wants other vendors to support it in the future. Furthermore, Precision laptop models currently supporting CAMM will eventually have SO-DIMM variants, letting users get the latest Precision models while keeping access to more accessible memory upgrades.

Compared to SO-DIMM, CAMM's connectors leave a shorter distance between the memory and the CPU. Along with their thinner and cooler footprint, this lets Dell – and hopefully other manufacturers in the future – make thinner and lighter PCs.

One reason Dell is switching to CAMM is that it thinks SO-DIMM connections will soon reach their limit. The company believes that by the time PCs arrive at DDR6 system RAM, transfer speeds will saturate SO-DIMM. CAMM already has an advantage in this area, allowing for 128GB of 4800 RAM, while SO-DIMM is limited to 4000 at that capacity.

The new standard's only significant drawback so far is that it's a bit harder for users to install and upgrade than DIMM and SO-DIMM. In the new Precision laptops, the process involves removing six screws and a stiffening plate, which is more complex than opening the retention clips for SO-DIMM. However, the added steps probably won't stop anyone already savvy enough to upgrade RAM.

Outside the new RAM style, the Precision 7670 includes the user's choice of 12th-generation Intel processor, Nvidia Quadro RTX graphics card, 16-inch 1920 x 1200 display, and PCIe 4 SSD. Customers can also choose between Windows 10, Windows 11, and Ubuntu. The workstation laptop starts at $2,400.


Medical care administrations have consistently recorded the patient experience in some or the alternate manner as this helped with the most common way of giving consideration and filled in as reference for research purposes. As the interest for medical care administrations developed and the course of repayment became complicated, it became compulsory to record the patient-medical care proficient experience.

Patient clinical records contain fundamental data in regards to the patient including socioeconomics, patient clinical history and significant insights about sensitivities and so forth. Clinical record is the method involved with making patient clinical records from the sound portrayal of the medical services experts in regards to the patient experience. Medical services administrations and clinical record have had a drawn out affiliation. These administrations have developed from being simple composing or information passage administrations to administrations that offer important help to medical services offices and medical services experts in different angles.

The medical services and the medical 8181 professional place care documentation situation have seen many changes inferable from the approach of science and innovation. This has empowered the medical care area to offer better types of assistance and empowered the medical services documentation area to intuit the requirements of the medical services area and offer types of assistance in like manner. ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) or Economic Stimulus bill was presented in February 2009, pointed toward prodding monetary development across different ventures through Government spending. Out of this $ 19 billion was focused on the medical care Industry via motivations for significant reception and execution of EHR (Electronic Health Record) otherwise called EMR (Electronic Medical Record).

With the move for reception of cross country electronic medical care frameworks, the pretended by clinical record in this cycle turns out to be considerably more huge. In this development prompting accomplishing significant utilization of EHR, it is vital to consider the two primary partners in the medical care process; the medical services proficient and the patient. Archiving the medical care process utilizing record administrations helps in accomplishing this goal by empowering maintenance of the account as a feature of the patient clinical record.

What is the meaning of the account in the medical care process?

Protecting the account as a feature of the patient clinical record helps in different viewpoints including:

Patient consideration: The patient story gives significant contributions to figure out the issue and give arrangements likewise

Support for making clinical decision:Patient clinical records are the premise on which the essential consideration supplier goes with clinical choices in regards to additional tests or looking for expert administrations

Offers help for risk the board: Detailed patient records offer important help in the event of suit by supporting the consideration cycle.

Reimbursement:A point by point patient clinical record offers significant help for the repayment interaction, filling in as the reason for coding and charging

Examination and illness counteraction: Detailed patient clinical records are significant contributions for research projects. They additionally help in illness the board in the event of pandemics.

The course of clinical record helps in saving the story part of the patient clinical record by naturally offering types of assistance with the accompanying benefits:

Mixing in with the work process of medical care professionals:These administrations flawlessly mix in with the functioning style of medical care experts. Moreover these sellers additionally permit specialists/support staff/facilities/clinics to utilize transcription methods of their decision making it simpler to enhance their restricted time.

Cost effective:Not just do these administrations mix easily into the work process of specialists/support staff/facilities/emergency clinics; they likewise assist with decreasing immediate and circuitous expenses of patient clinical record creation to a significant degree

Adaptable: One of the principal benefits of rethought administrations is that they are adaptable concerning different perspectives like volume, claims to fame, methods of report conveyance and so forth. This facilitates the authoritative and data innovation weight of medical care offices. Moreover record suppliers additionally assume a significant part in the reception of EMR/EHR by empowering HL7 interface and giving altering administrations to records created by discourse acknowledgment programming

Safeguarding quality: These sellers convey administrations that meet every one of the quality standards that apply to clinical record administrations like precision, speed and security.

It tends to be seen that clinical record administrations keep on assuming a huge part in the medical care documentation situation.

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Laura van de Kreeke

EMERGE - Class 06

Laura van de Kreeke
My pronouns are: she/her/hers
My experience and deep interests:
I am based in: Amsterdam
THNK connection: THNKer , EMERGE - Class 06

Hi! I'm Laura, 20 years old and living in Amsterdam. All my life I've been interested in growing plants and sustainability. Working at GROWx for over two years has been amazing because it not only combines those two interests, but it has also taught me all about circularity, sustainability, and future-proof food production.

I'm very passionate about creating a solution to feed the growing amount of people on earth with a sustainable way of growing food and really making an impact on the food system.

As a young manager working with a young team, it's been really inspiring and empowering to work together towards a sustainable solution for our food.


The choir name means "new music" in Portuguese. By new ways of practicing and managing, they have started their activity in 2016 in order to raise the level of chorus activity to a way that fits the current era, and to become a group that can provide new value. They are practicing an effective and sustainable choir management, for example, through 4ch multi audio recording and 360 degrees video recording of their lessons to support members that cannot join a session, organized ensemble based on progress management, incorporating diverse practice places by introduction of branches, and rules to reflect each individual's opinion in the choir activity. Received the Silver prize in Kansai choral competition in 2016, Gold prize in Nara choral competition in 2016, Gold prize in Kansai choral competition in 2017, and Gold prize (representative) in Nara choral competition in 2017.

Equal Voice Choir

Taiki Shimozono

Born in Kobe city. Studied at Kansai gakuin junior high school, high school, university, and currently studying the mathmatizing the impression of harmony in its graduate school. During his study, he was a member of the Kansai gakuin high school glee club and the Kansai gakuin glee club, and served as the student conductor. Currently, he is working in Yamaha, and also is the conductor of Cancao Nova, subconductor of male choir "Kaze", and the coach of Kansai gakuin high school glee club. He is also working as a member of the quartet group "Quartet Danshi", and started studying arrangement and composition by himself. He has multiple compositions published, including "Selection "Tanjyou" of the works of Miyuki Nakajima for male chorus".


Ryerson Supports #BellLetsTalk

On January 29th, Ryerson Trek for Teens hosted a tabling event to support the Bell Let's Talk campaign which brings attention to mental health in Canada. Bell aims to create a stigma-free society and drive action for mental health. Students and professors were encouraged to show their support for the homeless youth population who experience mental health issues daily by taking a photo with our #BellLetsTalk sign. Overall, the event was a great success with lots of meaningful interactions with our community.


JUST Profile

USD 0.0218  0.0007  3.11%

Market Performance
0 of 100
Odds Of Distress
Less than 36
JUST is trading at 0.0218 as of the 5th of December 2022, a -3.11 percent decrease since the beginning of the trading day. JUST has about a 36 percent probability of financial distress in the next few years of operation and has generated negative returns over the last 90 days. Cryptocurrency ratings for JUST are calculated daily based on our scoring framework. The performance scores are derived for the period starting the 15th of December 2020 and ending today, the 5th of December 2022. Click here to learn more.
JUST is peer-to-peer digital currency powered by the Blockchain technology. More on JUST
JUST is a market place for P2P digital cash denominated as Cryptocurrency. JUST has been active in the last 3 months, and it is currently trading with a bearish sentiment. Cryptocurrencies such as JUST are digital assets that allow for secure payments and are represented by ledger entries internal to the system, generally referred to as a blockchain. Blockchain implementations use encryption algorithms and cryptographic techniques that safeguard entries in the ledger. Cryptocurrency assets such as JUST are becoming very popular among investors and have been praised for their portability, inflation resistance, and transparency. However, they face a lot of criticism, including lack of tax regulations, exchange rate volatility, and infrastructure vulnerabilities.

JUST Crypto Coin Highlights

Most cryptocurrency investors view market volatility as an opportunity to invest at a favorable price or to sell short against a bearish trend or investor sentiment. JUST's investment highlights are automatically generated signals that are significant enough to complement your investing judgment regarding JUST or challenge it. These highlights can help you better understand the crypto position you are entering and avoid costly mistakes.
JUST generated a negative expected return over the last 90 days
JUST has some characteristics of a very speculative cryptocurrency
JUST has high historical volatility and very poor performance
JUST is one of many evolving digital currencies in which encryption is used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transactions independently of a central authority. It is traded on 12 exchanges in multiple currencies. UST is a decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem built for the TRON blockchain. It is an entire suite of products that are mostly centered around a decentralized stablecoin lending platform known as JustStable.The platform launched in August 2020 following an initial exchange offering (IEO) on the Poloniex LaunchBase platform earlier that same year, but the native governance token of the platform (JST) has been circulating since May 2020.It is a two-token ecosystem built around the USDJ and JUST (JST) tokens. USDJ is a multi-collateral stablecoin that has its value pegged to the value of the US dollar (USD), whereas JST has a variety of functions on the platform — paying interest, helping maintain the platform and participating in its governance, helping to set parameters like interest rates (stability fees) and the minimum collateralization ratio.To obtain USDJ on JUST, traders need to deposit collateral in the form of supported collateral tokens — including TRON (TRX), which are exchanged to PTRX tokens and locked as collateral forming a collateralized debt position (CDP). Depending on the amount of collateral deposited, users can then mint and withdraw USDJ, which must later be repaid to retrieve the initial collateral.The platform is designed to provide a fair and borderless hub of DeFi products, that any TRON user can access.
Coin TypeJUST
IndustryFinancial and Insurance Activities
Collateralized AssetNo
Technology Adoption RatingC+
Market Performance RatingC-
Built OnTRX
White PaperView
Decimal Points18.0
Is Tradingtrue
Asset Launch Date2020-04-03
Full NameJUST (JST)
Asset Website Urlhttps://www.just.network/#/
Platform Typetoken
Coin NameJUST
Total Coins Mined9.9 Billion
Smart Contract AddressTCFLL5dx5ZJdKnWuesXxi1VPwjLVmWZZy9
JUST (JST) is traded on CRYPTO Exchanges. JUST is peer-to-peer digital currency powered by the Blockchain technology.

JUST's Exchanges and Markets

Poloniex BitMart Binance DigiFinex CoinBene Bithumb HitBTC Bitfinex Kucoin Coinone Bibox CoinEx

JUST Target Price Odds Analysis

What are JUST's target price odds to finish over the current price? Depending on a normal probability distribution, the odds of JUST jumping above the current price in 90 days from now is about 91.16%. The JUST probability density function shows the probability of JUST crypto coin to fall within a particular range of prices over 90 days. Assuming the 90 days trading horizon JUST has a beta of -0.46. This indicates as returns on benchmark increase, returns on holding JUST are expected to decrease at a much lower rate. During the bear market, however, JUST is likely to outperform the market. Additionally, the company has a negative alpha, implying that the risk taken by holding this instrument is not justified. JUST is significantly underperforming NYSE Composite.
  Odds Below 0.0218HorizonTargetOdds Above 0.0218
8.78%90 days
Based on a normal probability distribution, the odds of JUST to move above the current price in 90 days from now is about 91.16 (This JUST probability density function shows the probability of JUST Crypto Coin to fall within a particular range of prices over 90 days) .

JUST Risk Profiles

Investors will always prefer to have the highest possible return on investment while minimizing volatility. JUST market risk premium is the additional return an investor will receive from holding JUST long position in a well-diversified portfolio. The market premium is part of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which most analysts and investors use to calculate the acceptable rate of return on investment in JUST. At the center of the CAPM is the concept of risk and reward, which is usually communicated by investors using alpha and beta measures. Although JUST's alpha and beta are two of the key measurements used to evaluate JUST's performance over the market, the standard measures of volatility play an important role as well.

JUST Technical Analysis

When it comes to investing in cryptocurrency, such as JUST, the assumption holds that everything in the market that could affect the price of crypto is already reflected. Therefore, the price of JUST, which is currently traded at 0.0218, shows everything you need to know about JUST market value. You don't have to consider the fundamental factors that affect a crypto asset, such as JUST, to determine its price movements. However, the JUST's price action will always exhibit trends, even in random market movements, regardless of the timeframe you use - so JUST's future price movement is more likely to follow an established trend and the cryptocurrency technical analysis is one of the ways to project JUST's future price trend
The function did not generate any output. Please change time horizon or modify your input parameters. The output start index for this execution was zero with a total number of output elements of sixty-one. JUST Price Floor Movement function is a real number to the smallest following price integer.

JUST Against Markets

Picking the right benchmark for JUST crypto coin is fundamental to making educated investment choices. Many naive investors compare their positions with the S&P 500 or with the Nasdaq. But these benchmarks are not all-inclusive and generally should be used only for large-capitalization equities or stock offerings from large companies. When the price of a selected benchmark declines in a down market, there may be an uptick in JUST crypto coin price where buyers come in believing the asset is cheap. The opposite is true when the market is bullish; so, accurately picking the benchmark for JUST is critical whether you are bullish or bearish towards JUST at a given time.

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How to invest in JUST

You need to understand the risk of getting into digital currencies such as JST before investing. The dangers of trading cryptocurrencies are mainly related to their volatility. They are high-risk, speculative, susceptible to errors and hacking, mostly unregulated, and can be affected by forks or other discontinuation events. As an investor, you must understand these perils before you start trading. You can get a long position in JUST in four ways:

Buy JST through an exchange

Purchase fractions of JUST through an exchange

You don't have to buy a full token when starting out since JST is divisible by several decimal places. This allows you to purchase tiny fractions worth cents, but because of network fees, most platforms have a minimum figure, such as $10. You can then build your portfolio with time as you gain more confidence and learn the ropes of crypto trading.

Trade JUST through a broker

Invest in JST through an exchange-traded fund (ETF)

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Thematic Opportunities

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Other Tools for JUST Crypto Coin

When running JUST price analysis, check to measure JUST's coin volatility and technical momentum indicators. We have many different tools that can be utilized to determine how healthy JUST is operating at the current time. Most of JUST's value examination focuses on studying past and present price actions to predict the probability of JUST's future price movements. You can analyze the coin against its peers and the financial market as a whole to determine factors that move JUST's coin price. Additionally, you may evaluate how adding JUST to your portfolios can decrease your overall portfolio volatility.
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