Perspectives in Network Security for Businesses | Techno Glob

Level 2 – Advanced Protection

Network Security_Internal 03

Level 2 cybersecurity guarantees the protection of corporate networks against untargeted attacks, such as viruses transmitted to various email addresses, spoofing attacks, spamming, etc. In this example, attackers aim to steal any important information from any IP address. Vulnerable to known security flaws present in corporate networks.

Medium-sized businesses are prone to untargeted attacks. Such companies may neglect effective cyber security protections in their networks because they are not required to comply with regulatory regulations.

In addition to firewalls and antivirus software, the following items should be used to provide sophisticated network protection for a company:

Network partition, such as dividing the network into segments and connecting the segments with firewalls to prevent the movement of malicious code or other risks between segments. In addition, network segmentation requires the division of network assets that store company data from areas outside the organization (web servers, proxy servers), reducing the risk of data loss.

Email Security Refers to a range of procedures used to protect business information from cyberattacks that use email as an entry point (spyware, adware, etc.) (such as checking email for viruses, blocking spam, etc.). The terms intrusion detection (IDS) and intrusion prevention system (IPS) can detect potential security problems, record information about them, stop them before they propagate to other network settings, etc.

Businesses need information security experts to detect and manage cybersecurity risks, create security procedures and policies, and other tasks to maintain this level of network security. A business can establish its own information security department for these purposes or seek the help of a managed security service provider (MSSP).

Establishing a separate information security department incurs significant costs both in recruiting a skilled security force and purchasing the necessary hardware and software. Working with an MSSP is a more cost-effective option that enables the corporation to focus on its core operations. To manage the work with the MSSP, the organization will still need an internal security officer.

A carefully planned security strategy should include quarterly vulnerability assessments and annual penetration tests to detect, mitigate, and manage cybersecurity risks to manage the effectiveness of cybersecurity defenses. A company needs a cybersecurity strategy as it focuses on protecting the corporate network in view of employee BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) usage, widespread use of cloud computing, etc. It also gives clear instructions to staff members about appropriate behavior. Corporate Network.

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Fantômas, Caroline Achaintre 🌐

Du 1 septembre au 4 novembre 2018

Be-Part, Platform voor actuele kunst
Westerlaan 17
8790 Waregem

Une dizaine de sculptures en céramique, quatre grandes tapisseries tuftées à la main et une série de dessins.

Achaintre’s sculptures often resemble masks. Masks appear in different cultures throughout the world. They stimulate our imagination and have the potential to take on a life of their own in the mind of the viewer. The title of the exhibition refers to the fictional character Fantômas, who is the star of the series of crime fiction by the French authors Marcel Allain and Pierre Souvestre. For Achaintre, the mask is a place where fantasy and reality can exist at the same time.


Thoughts about leaving medicine

TL;DR: I am not leaving yet

My principles of entrepreneurship

How to solve a problem worth solving

Engineering my way to Engineering

Reflection on my engineering journey at Cambridge

The myth of being self-made

Let's be emotionally correct instead

"Futile" discussions

We cannot find most solutions through discussions.

Possible futures

Instead of one single mission, I would like to think of my “passions” as many possible futures that I want to live in. Here is a list of them: Digital Healthcare architect Building a data-driven healthcare system integrating multi-omic, clinical, and lifestyle data, in a privacy-preserving way, to improve medical research and patient outcome. We have the individual components now, but we still need to build the operating system.

My first paper

My first paper is now published. It has been more than four years since I started on this project and I am thrilled to see its fruition. I remember asking myself this question in the year leading up to A levels: if I have only one year of life left, would I still want to work on this project? The answer was yes. As workaholic as it may sound, I hope my life could be part of some bigger cause - like improving the diagnosis of genetic diseases in this case.

How I read history books

I divide history reading into two categories: micro and macro. The best example of macro history books is Homo Sapiens which is full of mental models applicable to different historical contexts and therefore our times. Microhistory include books that focus on individual experiences (like fictions), and they are used as wisdom-training tools. When reading these books, I pause and reflect: given the existing data, what would my next action be if I were the protagonist.

Theories about learning

Facts, models, wisdom, insights, and practice


Statement by the President on the UK Referendum

The people of the United Kingdom have spoken, and we respect their decision.  The special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom is enduring, and the United Kingdom’s membership in NATO remains a vital cornerstone of U.S. foreign, security, and economic policy.  So too is our relationship with the European Union, which has done so much to promote stability, stimulate economic growth, and foster the spread of democratic values and ideals across the continent and beyond.  The United Kingdom and the European Union will remain indispensable partners of the United States even as they begin negotiating their ongoing relationship to ensure continued stability, security, and prosperity for Europe, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the world.


28 Cm Equals How Many Inches

28 Cm Equals How Many Inches. Learn how to convert from centimeters to inches and what is the conversion factor as well as the conversion formula. How to convert 28.7 centimeters to inches?

1.63 Meters In Feet What Is 1.63 Meters In Feet? Life News from lifestylesmoney.blogspot.com

24 inches is equal to 1 00164041994750656 centimeters. A common question is how many centimeter in 28.5 inch? 24 inch how many cm.

One Centimeter Equals 0.393701 Inches, To Convert 28.6 Cm To Inches We Have To Multiply The Amount Of Centimeters By 0.393701 To Obtain The Width, Height Or.

How many inches is 28 centimeters. Cm is an abbreviation of centimeter. In the past many different distance.

24 Inches Is Equal To 1 00164041994750656 Centimeters.

Convert 24 inches to centimeters. Here is the formula to calculate 28.28 cm to in: 28 centimeters (cm) equals to 11.0236 inches 28 inches to cm from www.howmanypedia.com so, 28 centimeters = 28 ×.

Multiply The Value In Centimeters By The Conversion Factor '0.3937007874021'.

[cm] = 200 / 2.54 = 78.74. The history of measurement scales has been quite varied. 28 inches are equal to 11.0236 centimeters.

Convert 28.6 Cm To Inches.

[cm] = inches / 2.54. 101 rows how tall is 28 cm in feet and inches? So, a better formula is.

28 Inches = 28 X 2.54.

How to convert 28.5 centimeters to inches? Use this easy calculator to. In this case 1 centimeter is equal to 0.014060742407199 × 28 inches.


Los Angeles DJ Decimate is Effortless and Natural in Exhibiting his Style in the EP ‘Tentacles’

A very passionate and talented artist from Los Angeles, Decimate is growing fast with his tracks in the field of EDM music. With his greatness in music, he has already won many hearts. However, this time to set some new records in music artist Decimate has come up with his latest EPTentacles. The EP consists of 5 songs. All 5 songs are showcasing his capability as a Los Angeles DJ. Moreover, the way, he approaches his music and goes through the process and concludes tracks, is an example of sheer perfection. The songs in the album have a unique sound that the listeners have connected with quite well.

The songs from the ‘Tentacles’ make a good connection with its audience and evoke very strong emotions and feeling in them. And these strong emotions will bring the audience to the dance floor and dance to the beats of the tracks. The artist, Decimate is quite efficient in his role as DJ in that his songs carry a seamless mixing of beats and other electronic musical instruments. Some songs are there in the EP that elicits feelings of nostalgia and some are just as simple as to dance on it only. His songs can be played from a festival to parties or friends get-together. His tracks are available on the SoundCloud app.

Intriguing sound design, innovative ways of composing are the main features of his EP. The pure music-based EP will make the audience take the whole vibe of it. The tracks in the EP are ‘Tentacles’, ‘Clank’, ‘Gully’, ‘Shadow Gift’, and ‘Kill VIP’. Al his songs exhibit his prowess in creating good tracks. His tracks have that aura to make people lighten their feet, and have the capacity to make him one of the best DJs in the world. Do listen to his songs and follow him on his official Facebook, Twitter and Instagram account to listen to more amazing mixes.

Listen and enjoy to this EP, just click the given below link:

Jacklyn Ryan


Before you start…

Before starting this exercise, you should have completed all the previous Absolute Beginners’, Part 1 workshop exercises. Each section below indicates which of the earlier worksheets are particularly relevant.

Getting the data into R

Relevant worksheet: Introduction to RStudio, Exploring data

Download this CSV file, which contains the all the data you need for this worksheet. Then, create or open an appropriate project on RStudio Server for this analysis (Plymouth University students: use the project ‘psyc414’ created in the inter-rater reliability worksheet), upload your CSV to your project, and create a new R script called chi.R.

Now, add these comments and commands to your script and run them; they will load the tidyverse package, and load your data.

## Relationships
# Load package
# Load data into 'friends'
friends <- read_csv("chi.csv")

Look at the data by clicking on it in the Environment tab in RStudio. Each row is one participant in an interview about friendships. Here’s what each of the columns in the data set contain:

Column Description Values
subj Anonymous ID number of participant a number
age Age of the participant One of: “7 years”, “9 years”, “12 years”, “15 years”
gender Gender of the participant One of: “male”, “female”
culture Culture of participant One of: “China”, “East Germany”, “Iceland”, or “Russia”
coded How their interview response was coded One of “activity”, “feelings”, “helping”, “length”, “norms”, or “trust”

This is a large dataset comprising over 700 participants of different ages, genders, and cultures. It is based on, but not identical to, real data on this topic analysed by Michaela (Gummerum et al., 2008). An R script was used to generate these data from Michaela’s more complex data set.

Frequency tables

Let’s start by looking at how often each of the coded responses (i.e. activities, feelings, helping, length, norms, and trust) appear in the interviews. We could do this by hand, but it would be slow and error prone. Instead, we use the table command in R to do it for us.

Add this comment and command to your script and run it (CTRL+ENTER):

# Table 'coded' column of 'friends'

activity feelings  helping   length    norms    trust
     255       96      133      192       53       55

R gives us a table, which reports how often each of the coded responses occurred in the data set. We can see that activity was used the most, norms the least. In fact, activity was used more than feelings, norms, and trust combined.

Explanation of command

Here’s a step-by-step explanation of how the above command works. You’ll need this in a moment to calculate some frequency tables for yourself.

  1. table() - This command counts how many times each thing occurs (in this case, how often each type of coded response occurs).

  2. friends$coded - We need to tell table() where to find the data we are interested in. In this case, it’s the coded column of the friends dataframe that we loaded earlier. We tell R this by typing friends$coded. Yes, that’s $, the same symbol as we use to indicate US Dollars. However, it doesn’t mean “dollars” in R. It means column. So, friends$coded means the coded column of the friends dataframe.

Exercise 1

Now produce frequency tables for each of the other variables in this dataframe (i.e. age, gender, and culture). You do this by changing the command table(friends$coded) so that it now refers to a different column in the friends dataframe. Re-read the above Explanation of command section if you’re stuck.

# Table 'age' column of 'friends'

# Table 'gender' column of 'friends'

# Table 'culture' column of 'friends'

Enter the above comments into your script, and fill in and run the correct command underneath each comment.

Contingency tables

Do childrens’ ideas about friendship differ across cultures? We can use the table command to look at this, too. We use it to produce a frequency table for each of the different cultures in our sample, like this:

Add the following comments and commands to your script and run them:

# Produce culture x coded contingency table, put into 'cont'
cont <- table(friends$culture, friends$coded)
# Display contingency table
               activity feelings helping length norms trust
  China              47       33      52     28    28     8
  East Germany       75       19      26     58     6    12
  Iceland            78       17      13     62     6    20
  Russia             55       27      42     44    13    15

Explanation of command

Here’s an explanation of each part of that command:

  1. cont <- Store this table as cont, so we can use it later. The command <- stores the thing on its right in the thing on its left.

  2. table(rows, columns) - The R command for producing tables. We replace the word rows with the name of the variable we want to appear on the rows of the table, and we replace the word columns with the name of the variable we want to appear in the columns of the table.

  3. friends$culture - The culture column of the friends data frame. We’ve put this first in our table command, so culture appears as rows.

  4. friends$coded - The coded column of the friends data frame. This appears second in our table command, so coded appears as columns.

  5. cont - Lastly, we type cont on its own to display the contingency table in the Console (clicking on cont in the Environment tab in RStudio won’t work in this case).

Explanation of output

R gives us a table, showing how many of each response were made in each culture. This is called a contingency table. The name contingency table comes from the word contingent, as in, for example “Getting your degree is contingent on passing your exams”. A contingency table gives the frequencies for one variable (e.g. the interview responses) contingent on another variable (e.g. the culture of the participants).

Close inspection of the contingency table reveals that, for example, the “helping” response is more common in China than in Iceland. The “activity” response is more common in Iceland than in Russia. So, it does look like childrens’ conceptions of friendship vary between cultures. Of course, not everyone in the same culture responded the same way but, overall, some types of response are more or less likely in some cultures than others.

Mosaic plots

Some people find it quite hard to notice these kinds of patterns in contingency tables, and the patterns are certainly harder to spot in a table than in a good visualization. The visualization we’re going to use here is called a mosaic plot. The command to do this in R is as follows:

Add the following comment and command to your script and run it:

# Display mosaic plot of 'cont'

Explanation of output

It’s called a mosaic plot because it’s made up of tiles.

In the above example, the width of each tile represents the number of participants from each culture. We collected data from approximately the same number of people from each culture, so all tiles are approximately the same width.

The height of each tile is determined by the frequency of each of the responses (feelings, helping, etc.) within each culture – the more common a response within a particular culture, the taller the tile.

Looking at this mosaic plot, it’s visually obvious that “length” is a less common response in China than in other countries.

So, it looks like there’s some kind of relationship between culture and conceptions of friendship … but how good is the evidence that this is a real result, and not just some kind of fluke we can put down to chance? As we covered in the Evidence worksheet, the best way to answer this question is to calculate a Bayes Factor (BF). In R, we can calculate the Bayes Factor for a contingency table like this:

Add the following cooments and commands to your script and run them:

# Load the BayesFactor package
library(BayesFactor, quietly = TRUE)
# Calculate Bayes Factor for contingency table 'cont'
contingencyTableBF(cont, fixedMargin = "rows", sampleType = "indepMulti")
Bayes factor analysis
[1] Non-indep. (a=1) : 107633530 ±0%

Against denominator:
  Null, independence, a = 1
Bayes factor type: BFcontingencyTable, independent multinomial

The Bayes Factor is reported on the third line, towards the right. The Bayes Factor in this example is about 107.6 million. This means it’s more than 100 million times more likely that there is a relationship between culture and friendship concepts, than there isn’t.

Psychologists generally agree to believe the relationship is real if the Bayes Factor exceeds 3, and generally agree to believe the relationship is not real if the Bayes Factor is less than 0.33. So, in this example, we have very strong evidence for the existence of a relationship.

If you’re curious about what the rest of the output means, see more on relationships.

Explanation of command

  1. The first line, library(BayesFactor, quietly = TRUE) loads the BayesFactor package, which is a set of extra commands that allows R to calculate Bayes Factors.

  2. contingencyTableBF() - The command for calculating a BF (Bayes Factor) for a contingency table.

  3. cont - Our contingency table (we stored it in cont earlier on in this worksheet).

  4. fixedMargin = "rows", sampleType = "indepMulti" - This tells R that the different groups in your sample (in this case, different cultures) appear as the rows of your contingency table. If you’d put them as the columns (e.g. if you’d used table(friends$coded, friends$culture) then you would change this to fixedMargin = "cols". For a more detailed explanation, see more on relationships.

Traditional analysis

There’s a long history in psychology of performing a contingency-table chi-square test to examine the level of evidence for a relationship. The results of such tests are widely misinterpreted by psychologists, but some still like to see them anyway. Here’s how to calculate one for these data:

# Calculate traditional chi-square test on 'cont' contingency table

    Pearson's Chi-squared test

data:  cont
X-squared = 89.169, df = 15, p-value = 1.417e-12

The key result here is the p-value. It’s important to emphasize that this p value is not the probability that the observed relationship is due to chance. As we covered in the Evidence worksheet, there is no way to explain this p value that is simple, useful, and accurate.

Nonetheless, the convention is that if the p value is less than 0.05, psychologists will generally believe you when you assert that the relationship is not due to chance. If the p value is greater than 0.05, they will generally be skeptical.

The p value in this example is very small, so has been reported in standard form, and is read as 1.417 x 10-12. You would have been taught standard notation in school but, as a reminder, 1.417 x 10-12 = .000000000001417. See this BBC bitesize revision guide on standard form if you need a bit more explanation than that.

The reported p value is less than .05 in this example, and so psychologists will generally believe your result is real.

Reporting your results

In addition to the p value, psychologists will generally record at least two further numbers in their articles. The first is the chi-square value, written as X-squared in the above output, but as \(\chi^2\) in articles.

The second is the degrees of freedom (df in the above output). In this case, degrees of freedom relates to the size of the contingency table, and is the number of columns, minus one, multiplied by the number of rows, minus one (i.e. (rows - 1) x (cols -1)).

In you were writing up this analysis in a report, you would write something like:

The coded friendship concepts occurred with different frequency across cultures, BF = 1.08 x 108, \(\chi^2\)(15) = 89.2, p < .001, see Table 1.

“Table 1” would be the contingency table you’d produced with the table command.

As discussed in the Evidence worksheet, it is also important to report the method by which you calculated your Bayes Factor. So, somewhere in your report, you should say something like:

Bayes Factors were calculated using the BayesFactor package (Morey & Rouder, 2022), within the R environment (R Core Team, 2022).

You can get the references for these citations by typing citation("BayesFactor") and citation().

Exercise 2

Each step in this exercise can be completed by slightly modifying a command you have already used.

Add these modified commands, along with the above comment, to your script and run them.

Here are the things you should do:

  1. Produce a contingency table that shows the relationship between gender and concepts of friendship in this data set. Do this by modifying cont <- table(friends$culture, friends$coded) appropriately.

If your modified command still uses cont, the commands you used before should now work without having to modify them:

  1. Produce a mosaic plot from this contingency table.

  2. Calculate the Bayes Factor for the relationship. Enter your Bayes Factor into your lab book.

  3. Perform a contingency chi-square test.

Further reading

When you write up an experiment, you often need to provide some summary information about the sample, including the exact number of participants, and the gender balance. R makes it easy to work these things out, as this worksheet shows: sample characteristics.

For more detailed information on the analyses covered in this worksheet, see more on relationships.

This material is distributed under a Creative Commons licence. CC-BY-SA 4.0. It is part of Research Methods in R, by Andy Wills


Who is Federico Gutierrez, winner and candidate for the Team for Colombia consultation?

Fico Gutierrez won the official candidacy for center-right. With more than 1.75 million votes, the former mayor of Medellin was able to win the nomination.

Federico Gutierrez is an ex-mayor of Medellin. He was born in the city in 1974. He is a Medellin Municipal Youth Councilor since the year 2003. Gutierrez is who is a Civil Engineer by profession from the University of Medellin and holds a specialization degree in senior management at the Pontifical Bolivarian University and one in Political Science.

Federico Gutierrez did not just concentrate on politics during his professional life. In Fico Gutierrez worked as a consultant for the HGI Consultores company and a Resident Engineering at the Company Vifasa S.A. A glass and construction company. In his personal life, he defends his family, and says it is of paramount significance. He is married and has two children.

As an elected council member, he was a supporter of Sergio Fajardo’s mayoralty and then that of Alonso Salazar. He reached the Mayor’s Office of Medellin, shifting his goals in the year 2015. Like other mayors in the Hidroituango projects, he was plagued by corruption. Additionally, in an investigation published by Daniel Coronell, he was accused in the Panama papers for keeping his cash in tax havens and also for corruption.

He did meet with former mayors he backed. He has recently stated that he was united “because I don’t think anyone makes a decision so that tunnels of diversion are built and that one is in solidarity while some sectors are attacked by the political strategy”.

A new contest for the presidency

The so-called Experience coalition, which eventually evolved into the Team for Colombia, was established in October 2021. https://controlc.com/d366add9 of the Center-right coalition won Federico’s candidacy. https://roed-katz.technetbloggers.de/fico-gutierrez-in-his-remark-to-petro-the-friend-of-farc-chavista-expropriator is now, Paola Holguin from the Democratic Center is supporting Federico. Paola was also running for a seat in the 2022 elections.

At several times the candidate has repeatedly stated that his system of government is based on public management of the masses. He also said that politics was a profession. With the second highest vote in the second place behind Gustavo Petro, ‘Fico’ according to what he prefers to be called is the person who represents the people of the right in Antioquia.


Intended for healthcare professionals

Self experimenting doctors

BMJ 2011; 342 doi: (Published 12 April 2011) Cite this as: BMJ 2011;342:d2156
  1. Rebecca Ghani, freelance journalist
  1. 1London, UK
  1. bexghani{at}

Last year’s Christmas BMJ published a series of research papers where the authors were experimenters and subjects. Rebecca Ghani investigates the long and sometimes bizarre tradition of self experimenting doctors

Self experimentation throws up problems around practicality, accuracy, reliability, and ethics. You might assume that medical professionals would resort to it only if there was no alternative: is it feasible to be both a detached observer and a (possibly suffering) clinical trial subject? And why do this when there’s an agreed medical and ethical protocol for clinical trials?

But delve a little deeper and it’s possible to find not just a handful of DIY trials but a catalogue of examples where doctors and medical professionals have not only tested medical theories on themselves, but changed the course of medical history in the process.

Self experimenters have identified elusive disease triggers, forged major advances in pain management and anaesthesia, discovered ground breaking cures, and galvanised medical advances reliant on the evidence of the first human subject.

No, you go first

A doctor might self experiment for many reasons. In some cases it’s the convenience; in others the doctor might feel a moral need to go first; sometimes the experiment may not meet the requirements for official study; and in some cases it is a last resort to convince sceptics and to get a speedy result.

As Barry Marshall—who proved the link between Helicobacter pylori and stomach ulcers—says in his biography page on the Nobel prize website: “I was driven to get this theory proven quickly to provide curative treatment for the millions of people suffering with ulcers around the world . . . I realised I had to have an animal model and decided to use myself.”1

Darryl Reese, chair of Cambridgeshire 1 Research Ethics Committee, comments: “That was dramatic and he did it because the scientific community including the pharmaceutical industry was shunning his work and saying that what he was doing was absolute nonsense.” He also notes: “[It was] not without its potential dangers. It could have gone horribly wrong of course. But ultimately, ethically, it’s up to him what he does himself, but if anyone else was to advise or to be in judgment of it they would naturally say: don’t do that, it’s too dangerous.” (Dr Marshall evidently realised that would be the case and told only his wife and the hospital’s ethics committee after he had swallowed the bacteria.)

Difficult to condemn or endorse

Self experimentation is a difficult concept both to condemn—because of its history of fast forwarding medical knowledge—and to endorse—because of the high risks and some would say the lack of rigour and self serving nature of a solo experiment.

Asked about doctors taking part in their own approved clinical trials, Dr Reese says that it’s far from ideal to take the role of both investigator and subject: “How would they [the investigators] approach it in an objective manner if they were involved?” he says. “That’s why we have double blind studies and placebo controls: to eliminate bias.”

But others argue that doctors can be both investigator and subject in approved trials.

John Saunders, chairman of the Committee on Ethical Issues in Medicine at the Royal College of Physicians says: “In principle I cannot see why they [the investigators] shouldn’t be subjects in clinical research. I can’t see any ethical objection to that. Indeed, I was a subject in my own research which were basically physiological demonstrations, and I was one of the physiological subjects.”

Professor Saunders emphasises the difference between this and unauthorised self experiment: “I wasn’t the sole volunteer; I was taking part in my own experiment as an experimental subject . . . there’s no reason why I should be excluded from that study by virtue of being an investigator.”

High risk experiments

One of the main discussions around high risk clinical experiments is how to deliver an ethically sound experiment with informed consent at its core when the available information is inadequate and only the experiment will provide it. It is something of a catch 22 situation.

The high risk argument is used on both sides of the debate, with some saying that the lead doctor should go first, precisely because it is high risk, and others saying that it is as irresponsible to put oneself in a potentially dangerous position as it would be to put a third party in it.

A recent example of a fairly high risk self experimentation is David Pritchard’s 2004 study into hookworm parasites and their ability to calm allergic reactions and conditions such as asthma. The theory was that the hookworms living in the human gut somehow interacted with the immune system and therefore helped reduce the effects of various autoimmune related illnesses.

To test the safety of being a “hookworm host,” Professor Pritchard and his colleagues volunteered themselves for the experiment. They applied a dressing covered in hookworm larvae to their arms and left it for several days to ensure the infection took hold. In an interview with the BBC, Professor Pritchard said: “We did it to show our commitment and because we felt it would only be appropriate to proceed once we had found a dose that was safe to try as part of a clinical trial.”

A catalyst for further research

Professor Pritchard’s study is an example of a case where the evidence from the self experimentation was used as a catalyst to drive the next stage of the experiment, and also to deal with the “who goes first” dilemma.

In some cases the investigators would not be suitable for an experiment. Many clinical trials are therapeutic—that is, concerning patients who have a specific condition—in which case it would be unlikely that the investigator would be a viable subject. Other trials recruit healthy volunteers, and this is where self experiments are more likely to occur, either following official approval or as a self experiment proper.

Approval process

Sometimes a potentially life saving solution could also be potentially life threatening or damaging. Animal testing can move an experiment on to a particular stage, but there always comes a vital point when human testing is imperative. And, as in the title of Lawrence Altman’s book on self experimentation, the dilemma is: who goes first?2

This is where the ethical and medical standards and protocols come in. In the United Kingdom there is a thorough approval process which must be followed to gain approval for clinical trials. From research ethics committees, to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, to the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki, there is a mass of approval to be sought and gained before clinical trials can start.

Although these processes have been criticised for being overly bureaucratic and “stifling,”3 they are widely considered essential to ensure clinical trials are carried out safely and ethically.

Nazi experiments

The history of ethical regulation has its roots in the Nuremberg Code—superseded by the Declaration of Helsinki. The Nuremberg Code was the first code of law and ethics in human experimentation, developed in response to the atrocities of the medical experiments undertaken by the Nazi regime.

The Nuremberg Code references the concept of self experimentation in article 5, saying: “No experiment should be conducted if there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur, except, perhaps, in experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects.”

An editorial on self experimentation accompanying the BMJ Christmas article points to evidence that article 5 was added to distinguish the Nazi experiments from other clinical trials that might have risked people’s lives. An example is the Cuban yellow fever trials, whose subjects included the investigators themselves. This point no longer forms part of the global ethical guidelines and is strongly rejected in the editorial.4

The editorial also says that self experimentation proper—the investigator experimenting on him or herself only—should not be classified as research but labels it “self indulgence (or some might say, self abuse).”

“We are social animals”

When asked about the practice of investigators doing unofficial self experiments, Professor Saunders comments: “Where I think the objection does come is in these studies where somebody takes it upon themselves and says, well I’m entitled to do to my own body what I like and therefore I’m going to do this.”

He makes the point that while in theory individuals are free to do what they like to themselves, there are other aspects to consider: “The thing is we are social animals; we have responsibilities to each other and it is relatively unusual that one can claim that knowledge can only be reached in this way [by self experimentation].”

Professor Saunders goes on to describe the need to balance the pursuit of knowledge with other responsibilities: “I think that there is a point at which we say the price for new knowledge may be so high that it conflicts with other values that we have as a society.” He goes on to say: “I think just saying, oh well this is the only way we can find this out—and it often isn’t—[but even] if that is true it is not automatically justified.” He adds: “It just means that scientific progress may be a bit slower.”

The information era

As Altman says in Who Goes First,2 the past century generated a huge number of medical breakthroughs, reliant on the use of human experiments—and often self experiments: “Significant advances were made more often in the twentieth century than in all of history, and underlying those advances is a cardinal fact: they were achieved only through experiments on humans.”

So is the concept of self experimentation changing? It could be argued that before the internet age, it was far more difficult to source and organise subjects for trials. In the communication age, when queues of willing (and paid) participants can be sought and found at the click of a mouse, is the justification for self experimentation losing validity?

Dr Reese says: “It [self-experimentation] was done more commonly years ago.” He goes on to suggest: “Possibly out of naivety or circumstances maybe; or out of the fact that it wasn’t the computer age and we didn’t have the amount of information available to us to avoid subjecting potential harm to ourselves?”

The approval process

Michael Rawlins, chairman of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and senior fellow at the Academy of Medical Sciences, has recently chaired a working party at the academy, which published the report A New Pathway for the Regulation and Governance of Health Research, recommending ways to streamline the research approval process in the UK.

Professor Rawlins’s first encounter with self experimenting was in the 1960s. “The very first experiment I did on myself was giving myself a fever and then seeing if I could lower it with intravenous aspirin.” He and colleagues infused themselves with bacteria and tested the effects of intravenous aspirin. After undertaking further studies, they showed that the aspirin lowered temperature via the central nervous system rather than by blocking the formation of proteins.

Professor Rawlins said, “I’ve done it all my life, I’ve lost count really! I’ve given myself all sorts of medicines, collected blood samples, saliva samples, done various tests on myself.” In a recent interview about the report on the Today programme on Radio 4, Professor Rawlins highlighted the use of self experimentation saying: “You’ve also got to remember that investigators often investigate themselves.” He went on to say: “I’ve done dozens of studies on myself and I’m in reasonably good shape still. And we wouldn’t—most of us—do anything to other people that we wouldn’t do to ourselves.”

  • Competing interests: RG is an employee of the National Patient Safety Agency.

  • From the Student BMJ.


Collection: Silvio Vigliaturo

Silvio Vigliaturo is a contemporary Italian master who brings the scale and energy of sculpture and the bold instinct of a colorist to the delicate nature of glass making and painting.  Vigliaturo's witty and vivid pieces are technically highly sophisticated and themes include elements of classical fables, satirical jokes, musical evocations and dream-like images.


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The water issue: Farming in times of drought

In many European countries the summer of 2022 was one of the hottest on record and the drought has of course also had a severe impact on agricultural activities. Since many of our clients have been asking us about how this situation has affected CrowdFarming farmers, and especially those of the Tropiterranenan movement, we thought we would do a little Q&A for you.

  • What are the different practices to limit water use in cultivation of (tropical) fruit?

The water management practices for tropical crops here in Europe are the same as for other crops. Tropical fruit crops have no special limitations on water use, just like other crops. In Spain – where almost all European tropical fruits are cultivated (though we do have a few tropical farmers Italy) –  water for irrigation is allocated per hectare of crop, regardless of what type of produce the farmer chooses to grow. Resource-conscious farmers, such as the ones pertaining to the Tropiterranean movement,  optimize water use with modern and efficient drip systems, but also by covering the soil with pruning waste (instead of leaving the soil bare and exposed to the sun). Many of our farmers also use sensors that warn them when and how much they need to irrigate which part of their land.  There is an increasing trend towards technology to facilitate crop monitoring and resource management that is helping the agricultural sector as a whole to become more efficient.

Another key is to cultivate different varieties more adapted to certain conditions than others.. This is why, if a year has been particularly dry, we might not have a specific variety of a fruit, or have much less quantity than usual. This was the case with the Sensation Mango this year for example, because it did not rain enough the trees ended up shedding their fruit.

Drip irrigation

  • Where does the water our farmers use come from?

Many of our Spanish farmers have their own rain water reservoirs but they usually also belong to an “irrigation community” – “a public law corporation attached to the River Basin Authority (public body in charge of water management in the river basin districts) that must be created by water users and other assets in the public water domain of the same abstraction or concession.”1

These communities ensure a fair distribution of the water resources available to a certain area for irrigation purposes by assigning a specific amount of cubic metres per hectare of productive land. The exact figure is variable and depends on the climatic conditions, if there is a drought it is a lesser amount than if it has rained a lot.

The water resources used by farmers can come from three main sources: reservoirs, wells and rainwater. It can also come from desalination plants (one is to be built in the Axarquia area in the South of Spain, where a lot of tropical fruit is grown) and from reclaimed urban water, so by “recycling” water

The water distributed through the aforementioned irrigation communities can come from wells or rivers as well. The well can be communal, which means that the water is distributed among the irrigators.

A rainwater reservoir on a farm in Andalusia

  • What approximate proportion of the water used comes from reused water?

This varies from country to country and region to region. So far, it is a practice that has yet to be rolled out in most areas. In Andalusia, where most of our “Tropiterranean” farmers are concentrated,  the currently existing wastewater treatment facilities provide approximately 30 hm³ of reclaimed water. The local government aims to increase this number to 120 hm³ in the future, as the region is set to increasingly invest in this form of water procurement.2

  • How does water allocation work in Spain (especially in southern Spain)? How is it regulated?

The extraction of water from the subsoil is controlled by the hydrographic confederation of each basin and each farmer has a water meter in their well that controls the quantity extracted. The water coming from the irrigation community also has a meter. The irrigation communities’ supply of water is not endless – there is a clear limit and once it is reached, they are left with none.

  • What is the short, medium and long-term vision for water use in (European) tropical crops?

In general, farmers of tropical crops follow the same vision as for the rest of the crops – to optimise the existing resources by applying technological innovations, natural techniques, and infiltrating the water into the soil as directly as possible. Our farmers also try to use water from other sources such as harvested rainwater and recycled urban water, whenever possible. Of course, prolonged periods of drought are a factor that is very present in the minds of our farmers and cause worry for the future. In the wider sense, the collective effort to prevent a further increase of temperatures is vital to food production – as very few foods do not require irrigation. “With global warming at 3 °C, droughts would happen twice as often.” 3

A measure that would help a lot in terms of both water quantity and quality is to push for organic and regenerative agriculture. Increasing the humus levels of our soils for example, would reduce water use because such soils can absorb water better and deeper. Synthetic pesticides and fertilisers, apart from reducing the soil’s capacity to absorb water, also pollute the water and thus pollute our groundwater. 3

It is also important to raise awareness amongst both consumers and producers, that our resources – water and otherwise – are finite and that agricultural activities should be pursued with consideration.

  • Droughts are increasing and water resources are decreasing in all geographical areas. How can we talk about sustainable cultivation if in the long term it will no longer be possible to irrigate tropical crops?

When there is a drought, all crops can become unsustainable. Tropical crops are those most accused of extensive water use, although this is not necessarily the case. Within the European Union it is actually wheat that is by far the largest water user.4  Another very water-intensive crop is rice. “On average, cereal grains consume 31% of the total crop water use within the EU” and they have a relatively low yield in comparison to fruits and vegetables, whose crops have a higher output using less water. 4

Water use also depends a lot on the specific area – even within notoriously dry regions such as the South of Spain. In the Granada area for example there has never been a lack of water because of its Sierra Nevada. In the Mediterranean regions in general, droughts are recurrent and this year has been particularly intense: The last time the water in the reservoirs was as low was in 1995. However, the silver lining was that this intense drought of 1995 created a lot of awareness for water scarcity and led to a water saving boost. At that time drip irrigation systems were not common, and now it is unthinkable that a tropical fruit farm (or any other crop such as citrus, olive trees…) does not use this irrigation system. As droughts get more frequent and more intense, more and more solutions are sought and found to alleviate the situation.

A field suffering from drought

  • How is the drought affecting farmers in Spain and other European countries?

Due to this year’s prolonged drought, harvests are less plentiful and the fruit is smaller. This negatively affects the farmers’ income at a time when they have to invest more in improving their irrigation systems.

  • What foods are the most water-intensive ones?

When looking at the farming sector in general, animal husbandry is a much higher consumer of water than produce. “Per ton of product, animal products generally have a larger water footprint than crop products”; and : 5 “The average water footprint per calorie for beef is twenty times larger than for cereals” 6. In terms of global water use for food production, bovine meat is the clear number one with over 15,000 litres (!) per kilo, followed by nuts with 900 litres per kilo, sheep and goat meat, chicken meat, eggs, cereals and milk. Fruits and vegetables are actually at the bottom of the list.7

This is of course a general overview representing average global water consumption per food group. The concrete numbers vary strongly depending on the country of production but also on the farming methods and the type of plant. For example: While the water consumption of almond crops in California, where 80% of almonds are produced, has reached worrisome levels, a large part of the almond production in Spain is rainfed.8

  • How much water does a mango tree/ orange tree/avocado tree need?

The global average for the water consumption of a mango tree is 1600 litres per kilo, while in Spain, and specifically in the Tropiterranean movement, it is approximately 250-300 litres per kilo. The orange trees at our founder’s orange farm, Naranjas del Carmen, require around 90 litres per kilo of fruit, while the global average is 460 litres. The Spanish average of water consumption per kilo of citrus fruit is highly dependent on irrigation practices, farming methods and region, so it oscillates between 200 and 400 litres.9

In the case of avocados, the global average is of around 2,000 litres per kilo and the Spanish average only 700 liters per kilo. The CrowdFarming farmers however have managed to reduce the water use for their avocado crops to around 400 litres per kilo through their use of sustainable farming methods, which is less than the average water needed for a kilo of conventionally farmed apples (= 700 litres). It can therefore be said that the global production of avocado, including in Spain, is therefore a very water-intensive crop, which is undeniably problematic.

Besides following the lead of the Tropiterrenean farmers, whose efforts have significantly reduced their water consumption, we should also consider reducing our overall consumption of fruits such as avocados and not necessarily treat them as a daily part of our food intake. Do we really need to have avocados available 365 days a year? Having said that, it can be argued that the avocado specifically does “compensate” via its nutritional factor, which reduces the amount we would need to consume in terms of calorie intake compared to other less nutritious fruits for example.

  • What % of the water consumed is dedicated to irrigation (if it can be specified – irrigation of tropical fruits) (at European level and at Spanish level)?

How much water is used in agriculture heavily depends on the amount of rainfall and can thus vary a lot from year to year and from country to country. In the European Union, the farming sector is responsible for approximately 24% of water abstraction3, while worldwide agriculture accounts for around 70% of all available freshwater. In a dry, hot country like Spain, the farming industry uses 79% of water resources10 . In Germany, the farming sector only accounted for less than 6.5% of freshwater use, while the industrial sector accounted for around 80% in 2019.11

We hope that this has resolved any doubts you might have had about the water consumption of our farmers. As you might have noted while reading this article, it is an incredibly complex subject that is hard to pin down and provide valid data for, as there are so many factors that come into play and because each year is different.

If you wish to learn more about water use in European tropical crops click here.

Emmeline is a communication expert who has worked in the agri-food and renewable energy industry for the last 8+ years. The newly minted podcaster is a huge foodie, a climate-change worrier (aspiring warrior) and she loves a good discussion almost as much as she loves dogs.

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Cold War

The conflict between capitalism and the socialist world

Cold War

The Cold War is an important topic in international politics. It began after World War II and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. It can also be called a fight.

When the Soviet Union (USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) collapsed in 1991, international leaders and leading military figures at the time were under intense pressure. There was no direct war then, but somehow the practice of war continued. In the language of political science, it can be call a nerve war. That is to say, the whole world was on the brink of another war worse than World War II, even if it was not a war on the battlefield. The socialist states were led by the Soviet Union. The term 'Cold War' was first coined by the Russian writer George Orwell in 1945, and the word 'Cold War' was use by the American journalist Walter Lippmann in a 1948 book.

After World War II, the United States and the former Soviet Union emerged as superpowers. The United States and the Soviet Union clashed with opposing ideologies. After World War II, the whole world was divide into two camps. The United States-led capitalist capitalist alliance and the Soviet-led socialist camp.
On the other hand, the ideology of the Soviet Union, or USSR, was to liberate the world from poverty and exploitation through socialism or the outbreak of the Cold War was centered around this opposition to their ideology, which lasted from 1947 to 1991 (after World War II).
Read More: China’s Debt Trap.

Impact of the Cold War:

The Cold War had a profound effect on countries around the world, especially in the Third World.

Formation of military alliance:

In the aftermath of the war, a number of military alliances were formed, led by the United States and the Soviet Union.

Arms competition:

The US-led NATO alliance and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact camp are engaged in an arms race against each other over it. Proxywars existed around the world when both sides competed to build nuclear weapons and missiles.

International disputes:

The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union led to a number of major crises in various parts of the world. The crisis has plunged countries into dire financial straits.

The fall of the Berlin Wall:

Due to the Cold War, Germany was divided and a wall was erect along the center of Berlin. This wall is know as the 'Berlin Wall'. It was disband in 1989 in the last phase of the Cold War.

The collapse of the Soviet Union:

Participating in the Cold War, the country fell into a terrible financial crisis as it sought to build arms and help other countries with money and weapons. It was at this point that Glasnost and Perestroika began, and in 1991 the Soviet Union officially broke up.

Emergence of the new state:

As a result of the Cold War and the break-up of the Soviet Union, about 15 countries gained independence, including a few Baltic states. Notable among these are Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, etc.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, America became the only powerful nation in the world. As a result, the bipolar world came to an end and the unipolar world system developed.

Origin of the Third World:

The idea of a third world was born out of the cycle of the Cold War. Those who took a neutral position outside the US Alliance (First World) and Soviet Union (Second World) became known as the Third World.
Such as: South America, Africa, countries of the Asian continent.

Non-aligned policy:

Those who did not want to join the First and Second World States Alliance organized themselves and adopted a non-aligned policy. Because of this policy, they sought to maintain equality with the United States and the Soviet Union. They formed what became known as the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

End of the Cold War:

The duality of the two superpowers in the Soviet Union and America eventually manifested itself as the Cold War. In a sense, post-World War II politics is center around the Cold War. The rise and fall of state power in different countries is born out of the transformation and change of politics. The coolness of this relationship was in a sense determine by the support or participation of the Soviet Union and the United States. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the tensions of it subsided in 1991 and did not disappear. Many political analysts see the recent escalation of tensions over the Ukraine-Russia crisis as a new form of the Cold War. Through the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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Hombli App

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How do I connect a Hombli device to my dual-band router?

If your router is broadcasting wifi in 2.4GHz and 5GHz at the same time, it is still possible to add Hombli devices to your wifi.

As you probably know our devices will only connect to 2.4GHz, and it will try to connect to the frequency your phone is connected to at the time of pairing. If you are close to the router, the 5GHz signal is probably stronger, so your phone will likely connect to that frequency, and will try to add the Hombli device to the same frequency causing the connection between your router and the Hombli device to fail. Possible solutions are:

1. Splitting the frequencies in your router.
By giving the wifi networks your router creates different names, e.g.: “Home wifi 2.4GHz”, and “Home wifi 5GHz”
This can likely be set up in your router, although this is not the case for all routers. Check your router settings, or the manual for the router if this is an option for you.

2. Disabling 5GHz in your router settings.
If there is no 5GHz network, your phone cannot connect to it.

3. Disabling connections to 5GHz in your phone settings.
Some phones have the option to only connect to 2.4GHz networks. That way you are also sure to connect to the right type of network for Hombli devices. After pairing your Hombli device, you can turn this option off again in your phone, so your phone can connect to 5GHz networks again. Check your phone settings, or the manual for your phone if this is an option for you.

4. Connecting to your router on your phone, while being further away from your router
This might sound like a bit of Dark Magic, but it might be the simplest option, no changing of any options required! The difference between 2.4GHz and 5Ghz is that 5Ghz is stronger closer to the router, but 2.4GHz has a further reach. So if you stand further away from your router, your phone will be more likely to choose the 2.4Ghz network.

To summarize: please make sure your phone is connected to your router via a 2.4GHz frequency, before adding a Hombli device.

We hope this helps to explain it clearly for you, but please let us know if any questions remain!

How do I perform a network diagnosis?

To diagnose connection problems, you can perform a network diagnosis. After performing the diagnosis, you can share the results as a text with, for example, the Hombli Support team.

Perform a network diagnosis by following these steps:

Go to account.

Go to settings.

Go to network diagnosis.

Start diagnosis.

When the diagnosis is completed, the results will be added to your phone’s clipboard. If you open a document or email and hold the writing area for a second, you will have the option to paste the results into the document or mail.

How do I remove a device from the Hombli app?

If you want to remove a device from the Hombli app, proceed as follows:

1.Select the desired device from the list of connected devices in the Hombli app.

2.Press the pencil or the three dots in the top right corner to access the device settings.

3.At the very bottom you will find the option to remove the device. Note: options and images may vary per device and per version of the app.

Where can I find my Device ID?

In some cases, it is useful to share the Device ID of your Hombli device with our customer support. This unique code makes it easier for us to solve certain issues and allows us to manually activate Google Home and Amazon Alexa services for Smart Doorbells and Smart Cameras.

Follow the steps below to find your Device ID:

1.Select the desired device from the list of connected devices in the Hombli app:

2.Press the pencil or three dots in the top right corner to access the device settings.

3.Select “Device Info” from the menu.

4.Here, among other things, the Device ID is stated. Note: options and images may vary per device and version of the app.

5. Share your Device ID with us by filling in this contact form.

How can I add a family member?

You can find the option to add family members to your home under “Account”.

  1. Click on “Account”.
  2. Click on “Family Management”.
  3. Here you can select the home in which you want to add someone. Click on the home to view Family settings”.
  4. When you are at “Family settings” you can add a family member through “Add Family Member”.
  5. Then enter the account details.
  6. The invitee can now verify your invitation.

Why does the connection keep dropping?

If the WiFi signal from your Hombli device often disconnects it could be that the signal is not strong enough in the area where the device is located. In this case, place the Hombli device in a location where your WiFi signal is stronger.

You can also try to reset the Hombli device and establish a new connection to your 2.4 GHz WiFi network. A new connection can be stronger than the previous one.

How can I reset my password?

If you want to set a new password in the Hombli app, you can follow these steps:

  1. Log out of your Hombli account via Account > Setting> Log out
  2. Click on “Log in with an existing account”
  3. Click on “Forgot password”
  4. Enter your mobile phone number or e-mail address, you will receive a verification code.
  5. Enter the verification code, after that you can reset the password.

Can I share my device with other people?

Yes, you can share the device with other people with an Hombli account. It is possible to share one individual device with anyone, or add people to your family to give them access to all devices within one family.

Didn’t find an answer here? Please contact Customer Support


Beats: Food

If What You Eat Can Change the World, Why Won’t Americans Give Up Beef?

Choosing beans over beef is the one of the most effective ways to lower carbon emissions

4 min read

Two maps of the United States, one filled with beef and the other with beans
If everyone in the United States substituted beans for beef, the country could reach up to 74 percent of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions needed to meet the 2020 goals set by President Obama in 2009.
Food Beat logo featuring rows of crops

Steak has always been more than just food. It is a symbol–of masculinity, of power, of the authority of the United States of America. When Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, a Republican, told supporters in September that his opponent, the Democrat Beto O’Rourke, wanted to replace barbecue with tofu, he struck such a cultural chord that it made national news. In her 2016 book Meathooked: The History and Science of Our 2.5-Million-Year Obsession with Meat, Marta Zaraska writes of the food’s power as a symbol: “Recent scientific studies confirm that those of us who hold authoritarian beliefs, who think social hierarchy is important, who seek wealth and power and support human dominance over nature, eat more meat than those who stand against inequality.”

But if O’Rourke did want to replace meat with tofu–though from his many visits to the state’s fast-food chain Whataburger, it doesn’t seem so–he’d be on the right side of science. A 2017 study published in the journal Climatic Change found that if everyone in the United States substituted beans for beef, the country could reach up to 74% of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions needed to meet the 2020 goals set by President Obama in 2009. In light of the United Nations’ dire 2018 climate change report, released on October 7, one might hope to see a seemingly small but culturally fraught change to people’s diets pushed more forcefully. Instead, vegetarianism and veganism have long been painted as individual consumer choices that cannot make a real dent in the disastrous situation in which the human race finds itself.

It is true that the only real solution to climate change requires massive long-term changes to our political and economic systems. It requires revolution. Many of the people with real power to prevent the most catastrophic effects of rising temperatures are the same billionaires who have ways of profiting from total disaster. “A top JP Morgan Asset investment strategist advised clients that sea-level rise was so inevitable that there was likely a lot of opportunity for investing in sea-wall construction,” notes an October, 2018, GQ article. Government regulation and action have a role here, insofar as they can exert control over the 100 companies that are responsible for 71 percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.

When the science as well as the socioeconomic and political reality all back the idea of hopelessness, why change anything about how one lives in the day to day? What use would it be to suffer through a plate of beans when there are still steaks at the grocery store–grass-fed ones, even?

There is a case to be made, though, that one’s eating habits can be part of a powerful collective movement, and can provide an opportunity for worker solidarity and anti-corporate activism. Even someone who believes in eating meat and other animal products can presumably understand that the reliance on centralized, factory-farmed production of meat and dairy creates the potential for growing food insecurity. Slaughterhouses are also gruesome workplaces that employ mainly immigrant laborers, and many facilities are perpetrators of environmental racism, as they are often located in low-income communities of color.

A new book from Carol J. Adams and Virginia Messina, Protest Kitchen: Fight Injustice, Save the Planet, and Fuel Your Resistance One Meal at a Time, makes the argument that how you eat is a significant form of protest against capitalism, the patriarchy, racism, and environmental destruction. Adams (author of The Sexual Politics of Meat, the seminal vegan text connecting patriarchy and meat consumption) and Messina connect the potential impact of veganism-as-boycott to the actions of 18th- and 19th-century abolitionists who refused to purchase sugar from slave-owning nations. Amid the recipes for cakes, stews, and energy balls for protest days are succinct arguments for the connections between the consumption of animals and many other ills–climate-based and otherwise.

The subtext is that a truly progressive person cannot support an industry built upon the exploitation of workers, the environment, and animals. That has become even clearer since the release of the UN’s 2018 report on climate change’s effects, which states that “the most affected people live in low and middle income countries, some of which have already experienced a decline in food security.” What we eat is no longer a matter of consumer choice but of global health, both human and environmental, with historical precedent for potential political impact. Within the confines of capitalism, our dollars are a powerful form of speech. And because we must necessarily spend those dollars on food–we still need to eat to survive–why not make this staple purchase speak for us?

I haven’t eaten meat since 2011, for reasons ecological, political, ethical, and even spiritual. It’s easy for me to tell people to eat beans and not beef: my consciousness shifted over a luxurious length of time; my health and bank account have never forced me to choose convenience over conscience; and I learned how to cook as a hobby, something I’ve had time for since I don’t have children or other dependents. But I didn’t stop eating meat because of an aversion to the taste of pulled pork and chicken tenders. I stopped because it was a decision that didn’t demand much of me and would have an undeniably positive, if tiny, impact on a warming world.

There’s recent precedent for the effects of a concentrated, collective demand. Before the UN climate report, U.S. environmental news this year was focused on plastic straws–roughly 500 million are reportedly used in the United States daily, and they often end up clogging waterways and hurting aquatic life. At first, it was a matter of broad agreement: Why shouldn’t we stop using so many plastic straws? It’s inarguably wasteful and destructive, and they’re not necessary. Then there was the reasoned backlash: some people with disabilities need plastic straws, making this is a matter of accessibility. Still, the city of Seattle banned the straws, and some companies have pledged to rid their stores of them over the course of the next several years. For the most part, this was a movement that everyone could get behind, a rare case in which a push for a change to benefit the environment drew the attention of governments, corporations, and individuals.

But the original source of that 500-million-straw statistic is a nine-year-old’s estimate, and Eco-Cycle’s “Be Straw Free” campaign was sponsored by reusable straw-makers. Even though the entire moment felt manufactured, it somehow successfully gripped a populace that’s usually antagonistic toward changing individual behavior. Few other requests from environmentalists ever become such hot topics of conversation. Yet the science and statistics backing up the dire need for us to abandon factory-farmed beef are far less murky than the data supporting the straw conversation, which had its own animal rights component.

When plastic straws were still the subject du jour, many ignored (or simply did not know) the fact that eliminating fish from our diets would also have a drastic effect on the well-being of the planet’s waters. Fishing equipment makes up 46 percent of plastic waste in the ocean, and many marine species are overfished. Memes went around in vegan circles noting the incongruity of people’s newfound obsession with ocean health and their continued consumption of its residents. Yet extending concern to animals and the effects of eating them remained niche, as it always has. The work required to stem the world’s rising temperatures requires a cooling of tensions between ethical vegans, those who are apathetic to the plight of livestock, and everyone in between. Without such cooperation, humans will not prevent the kind of climate change-related destruction that has already affected vulnerable populations in Louisiana, Texas, Florida, North Carolina, the Caribbean, France, Hong Kong, and so on. Perhaps concern for the lives of people–if not cows, fish, chicken, or pigs–can prompt hungry omnivores to reach for beans.

Food Beat logo featuring rows of crops

How We Get To Next was a magazine that explored the future of science, technology, and culture from 2014 to 2019. This is part of our “FoodBeat, which covered the social, political, economic, and technological implications of food production and distribution. For more dispatches, click the logo.


about the artist

Beverley Hawksley is primarily a figurative painter, describing her figures as being in a "state" rather than a "location". She is self taught and currently resides in Muskoka, Ontario.

She describes making as being intrinsic throughout her childhood and into the current day. Initially remembering cobbling her own shoes because of a fascination with some boots that Patsy Cline wore on an album cover.

Beverley's background in hairdressing and costume are inherent influences her work - she continues to explore this through combining eras, or indulging in fantasy. Attention to hair styles and head gear are important as well.


How valuable is Adathoda for your health? – A blissful ayurvedic healing

Did you know that people in the good old days prepared a drink called ‘adathoda pas panguwa’ at their homes and drank it to cure cough and wheezing? Our ancestors recognized this herb as a wonderful treatment against phlegm, and they used all parts of the tree including the flowers, roots, leaves and the stem bark to produce this herbal drink. Things have changed, many westernized cures have been introduced but still, adathoda is irreplaceable! Here’s why it’s such a valuable herb.

Adathoda is good for cough and cold

At a time where the COVID 19 pandemic has posed a huge challenge to the entire world, cough and cold are two diseases that scare everyone regardless of their ages. Even if it’s just a recurrent cough or a congested throat, that creates a lot of discomfort during sleep. This is a very exhausting experience. So, why not use adathoda and gain a peaceful relief? Even if you can’t find adathoda flowers, or roots and make a drink for yourself, you can simply try out the Nivaran Cough Syrup or the Nivaran Paspanguwa. Through Nivaran, it’s a rapid relief, but 100% healthy!

Adathoda is good for respiratory illnesses

Adathoda is believed to be a great antibiotic. It’s also a good anti-inflammatory herb. This is why, adathoda is commonly used to treat for chest and nasal congestions. If you are an asthma patient, or someone suffering from bronchitis, sinusitis or any other respiratory illness, adathodais sure to offer you relief! You don’t need to worry about the availability of this magical herb, because Nivaran has it all- quite precisely!

Adathoda helps preventing infections

Yesterday we had SARS, today we have COVID and we never know what future will bring us in terms of infections. While some infections can only cause minor effects, some infections are indeed fatal. This is why you should keep yourself away from bacterial and fungal infections as much as possible. Adathoda has anti-bacterial and antimicrobial properties which can fight with fungus and bacteria. So, this is why adathoda protects you from fever, tuberculosis and dengues which are infectious diseases. And, if you have allergic conditions on the skin, adathoda is good as a treatment for that as well.

It purified blood

Are you someone who suffers from heart rhythm disorders? Guess what, adathoda can help you with that as well. It helps to manage blood pressure in your body and improves the blood count. Formation of clots in the arteries is a common heart problem nowadays, and blockage of them creates serious heart mal-functions. Adathoda is a remedy for all these issues.

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La Conner Weekly News - Your independent hometown award-winning newspaper

Getting electric vehicles recharged

October 5, 2022

By Greg Whiting

Where's the electricity for electric vehicles going to come from? Why has California recently asked people to stop charging electric cars and, at the same time, changed regulations so that only electric cars will be sold there in 2035?

As EVs grow to a larger fraction of the vehicle population, they can be expected to help, not hurt, both power availability and grid stability.

Most electricity for EVs can be produced simply by running existing power plants more. During non-peak hours, generation capacity is available, but not used. For example, in the northwest, about 200 "...

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Zucchini: How to choose, store and prepare

(Richard Hartog / Los Angeles Times)

How complicated can zucchini be? After all, most people’s biggest problem usually seems to be getting rid of it. Well, actually there are more than 100 varieties of zucchini grown today, ranging in color from gray-green to almost black and in shape from long and thin as a hot dog to bulbous (and that’s not including the round zucchinis, which are technically summer pumpkins).

Which to choose? It depends on how you’re going to use them. Generally speaking, the more gray and bulbous a zucchini is, the firmer and milder the flesh will be. These are closer to what used to be called vegetable marrows, and they’re great for cooking in soups. The darker and thinner zucchinis, closer to the Italian squash called cocozelle, are more tender but usually have richer flavor. You’ll also find what farmers call “round” zucchini, varieties such as Tondo di Piacenza or Ronde de Nice. They’re not really zucchini but what botanists call “summer pumpkins.” Still, that’s probably something that matters more to botanists than to cooks.

How to choose: Look for zucchini that are small to medium-sized (no longer than 6 to 8 inches). They should be firm and free of nicks and cuts. Really fresh zucchini will bristle with tiny hairs.

How to store: Keep zucchini tightly wrapped in the refrigerator.

How to prepare: Braised or “glazed” zucchini is terrific--cut the squash into pieces and put them in a wide skillet with a little olive oil, some minced garlic and about 2 to 3 tablespoons of water. Cover the pan and cook over medium heat until the zucchini is tender (about 5 minutes). Remove the lid and crank the heat up to high to evaporate the moisture and stir gently to coat the zucchini with the reduced juices.


Boating is one of the most enjoyable and relaxing recreational activities for people of all ages. Nothing beats spending the day on the water with your family or friends, basking in the sun. Taking in the fresh air and admiring the beautiful scenery is a major advantage of boating.

The best part about going on a boat is the wide range of activities available. There is a boating activity for everyone, whether you want to go on an adventure or just relax on the water.

What should you do all day on a boat? This guide contains some fun suggestions for easy day trip boat ideas. Discover all of the exciting and relaxing yacht charter Dubai activities that appeal to many people and make boating enjoyable.

Water Skiing

Water skiing, an age-old water sport, continues to be popular among people of all ages. A skier, water skis, a rope, and a boat are all needed for this activity. While the boat is moving, the skier remains affixed to a rope linked to the back of their skis and glides across the water. Depending on their skill level, riders can either utilize two skis or a single ski (also known as a slalom ski).

It's wonderful to go water skiing on any type of water. Whether you're on a river, a lake, or the ocean in your boat, you and your friends or family can try water skiing. Once the boat starts going, you'll need some athleticism and muscle to stay upright when water skiing. You'll become better with practice, and you might even learn some awesome water skiing moves!!

Go Fishing

Fishing is a great activity for boat trips in both freshwater and saltwater. You don't have to go far offshore to have a good time fishing. You can either cruise around on your boat until you find a good anchoring spot or turn off the engine and cast out your bait.

Fishing is an enjoyable boat activity that can be both relaxing and energizing. When you finally get a bite after patiently waiting, your adrenaline rushes as you reel in a fish.

Fishing from a boat is also a fun activity that you and your friends or family can do together. You can cast your lines and then relax and talk until a fish bites. It's a great boat activity to try whether it's just for fun or to catch your next tasty dinner.

Swimming Together

Days on the water can be hot, especially in the spring and summer. Going for a swim off your boat is a great way to cool off.

Swimming is a popular water sport for families, friends, and anyone who enjoys being in the water. Plan a day to take your boat out to a nice spot on the lake, river, or ocean with all of your swim accessories, such as goggles, floaties, and life vests. It's a fun way to spend the day and makes good use of your boat. While swimming, you will have fun and get some great exercise. Boats are great for entertaining, and having a swim day is fun for all ages of boat guests.

Go snorkeling on your next boat trip to take your swimming to the next level. Snorkeling is a fun way to explore the creatures and plants that live in the water and get a feel for the underwater world. Depending on the body of water you take your boat on, you'll see different animals and organisms. There are many kinds of sea life in the ocean, such as fish, coral reefs, seashells, and turtles. You can find fish, salamanders, rocks, crayfish, and more in a lake or river.

You'll need a diving mask and a snorkel to have a fun day snorkeling off your boat. The snorkel is a tool that lets you breathe underwater and see what's going on below the surface. A wetsuit and fins are two examples of optional gear. The wetsuit helps when the water is cold, and the fins help you swim farther.

Stand-Up Paddleboarding

Bring or rent a stand-up paddleboard if you're going on a boat excursion and want to spend some time on the water instead of the boat. Get out on the water and explore while staying active with stand-up paddleboarding, commonly known as SUP boarding.

Stand-up paddleboards look a lot like surfboards, but they're far more stable. You use a paddle to travel along the water while standing on the board in the same manner as a surfboard. SUP boarding, which necessitates good balance, is a fun sport for adults and children alike. You can rent one for a day or buy one to use on numerous sailing trips from a variety of rental companies.

Family Games

Is there anything else you'd like to add to the fun of boating with friends and family? Bring some entertaining board games for everyone to play while you're out on the water. It's a good idea to pull out a board game after a long day of swimming, water sports, or sunbathing so that everyone can relax together on a family gathering on a yacht. Consider bringing along some kid-friendly board games, such as Chutes and Ladders and Candyland, as well as some adult-friendly options, such as Scrabble, The Game of Life, and Monopoly.

When the weather is gloomy or a little chilly, playing games on your boat is a terrific way to keep yourself entertained. You don't have to get in the water to have a good time on your boat.


From 10  and up
30 min
2 performers
Lucie Augeai and David Gernez

A comical and touching imbroglio. Lucie Augeai and David Gernez, many times awarded for this duet, choreographed the perpetual research of the other gender, sometimes complex, sometimes twisted. A man-woman duet materializing the embrace, the tension, the relationship to the other and the listening in a rich working of hands and face expressions. An allegory of love with baroque accents with light or biting energy … On stage, two performers reveal themselves in a movement both fluid and violent, where humor and mime summon dance on Baroque music.

Other shows of the company

Les Royaumes


Bonerama 3/6/20

Bonerama has always been hailed as “unlike anything you’ve ever heard before”…

As their sound evolves and changes it’s still the best way to describe this 18 year old powerhouse trombone touring band from New Orleans, LA. In addition to changing the way people think about the trombone, the sound of Bonerama has become an influence and contribution to the sound of New Orleans music today.

With newer acts such as Trombone Shorty and Big Sam’s Funky Nation joining them on on the national music scene, it’s New Orleans that has benefited with a newfound reputation as being a bonafide “Trombone Town.” These bands carry the trombone like the trophy it truly is in New Orleans.

The band has performed and recorded with countless national artists such as R.E.M., OKGo, Tom Morello, Wayne Kramer (MC5), Jill Sobule and so many more, all while bringing their distinctive sounds from New Orleans to a national spotlight.

Festivals and events such as Monterey Jazz Fest to High Sierra Music Festival, Jam Cruise, Bear Creek Festival and of course the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival only outline the extensive festival work this band has under its name. National television appearances on CNN and HBO (Comic Relief, Treme) have further exposed Bonerama to a wide range of unsuspecting new viewers.

While enduring lineup changes, member displacement, tragedy and loss over the years, the song for Bonerama has remained the same; being centered around their beloved trombone & city, while striving for greatness with a fun spirit.

Whether it’s their inventive covers or funky, rocking originals, Bonerama is calling you to Shake It Baby. To the left and to the right. Or anyway you like it, and all in between. Rest assured, Bonerama will take you on your most memorable RIDE ON THE SLIDE!

Mark Mullins – Trombone / Lead Vocals
Craig Klein – Trombone / Lead Vocals
Greg Hicks – Trombone / Vocals
Bert Cotton – Guitar
Matt Perrine – Sousaphone / Electric Bass
Walter Lundy – Drums


video record
Media not available in the Digital Archive
Using as examples a small hydro-electric power station in North Wales and a controlled experiment with an electric kettle, the programme illustrates the principle of conservation of energy by measu...ring and balancing all major inputs and outputs.
Metadata describing this Open University video programme
Module code and title: S101, Science: a foundation course
Item code: S101; 08
First transmission date: 24-04-1979
Published: 1979
Rights Statement:
Restrictions on use:
Duration: 00:24:00
+ Show more...
Producer: John Stratford
Contributors: Stuart Freake; Mike Pentz; Graham Farmelo
Publisher: BBC Open University
Keyword(s): Hydro electric power
Footage description: Shots of a lake in North Wales. Stuart Freake standing on the shore introduces the programme. He points out that there is a considerable amount of gravitational energy stored in this lake. Freake calculates the amount of gravitational energy one would theoretically expect to be converted to some other form if one kilogram of water were taken from the lake to the valley below. Film of Mike Pentz inside the hydro-electric power station in the valley below the lake. He points out various pieces of equipment. Pentz goes on to take readings of electrical output from the three generators in the station and from the flow meter which indicates the rate of flow of water through the station. Mike Pentz and Stuart Freake, outside the power station, work out the amount of gravitational energy actually being converted to electricity Pentz uses these figures to make an energy balance sheet and speculates that heat generation accounts for the difference between theoretical and actual output. To determine if heat generation is indeed responsible for the output discrepancy, Pentz, Graham Farmelo, and Stuart Freake take measurements of the water at the lake and in valley after it has passed through the turbines. They calculate the amount of heat which has generated and add this to the energy balance sheet. Stuart Freake sums up the above experiment. A similar experiment, but one done under laboratory conditions, takes up the rest of the programme. Stuart Freake outlines the experiment and points out the equipment to be used - an insulated electric kettle containing a known amount of water, a domestic electricity meter, and a thermometer. Mike Pentz sets out the physics and mathematics for this experiment. He writes on a large pad as he talks. Stuart Freake takes the input and output readings and Pentz tries to apply them to his equation. The experiment cannot be carried through because the mass of the kettle and its specific heat are not known. Freake outlines a method which will get around the lack of data on the kettle and starts the experiment again. Pentz sets out the equation for this modified experiment. Stuart Freake takes the readings for the modified experiment and Pentz slots the data into his equation. He then solves the equation and examines the result. Students are asked to apply the estimates for experimental error published in the broadcast notes to the results before deciding if the Principle of Conservation of Energy has been upheld.
Master spool number: 6HT/72977
Production number: FOUS008D
Videofinder number: 1183
Available to public: no


The holder of this ticket assumes all responsibilities for any risk of bodily harm or loss of property sustained while attending this attraction and waives all rights to lay claim for damages resulting from any cause whatsoever either before, during, or after the attraction.

The holder expressly acknowledges an inherent risk of exposure to covid-19 exists in any place where people gather and that no precautions can eliminate the risk of exposure to covid-19.


Ask a Question

429 thoughts on “Ask a Question

      1. Plus, Isaac Asimov is not around anymore to “present and comment” on the stories, thereby losing a very big part of the sales and attraction to the collections.

        Just sayin’…

  3. Is the full list of works receiving any votes in any given Hugo category ever published?
    Ditto for the authors for the Campbell.
    If so, where and when?

    Many thanks

    1. Jay:

    1. Katarina:

      1. Kevin, according to _The Hugo, Nebula and World Fantasy Awards_ by Howard DeVore, the following Hugo was awarded in 1969. (Advent: Publishers, Inc., (c) 1998, ISBN 0-911682-32-5) The citation was also made in my 1981 Misfit Press edition.

        Special Committee Award
        Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin Aldrin
        Special Award for “The Best Moon Landing Ever”

        My recollection from my first Worldcon in 1974 was that I saw a photograph of said award there, and it was a real Hugo in appearance. I also recall discussion of special committee awards at the WSFS business meeting at Discon II. This seems to have been a real Hugo acceptable under the constitution in effect at StLouisCon. Alas, memories both fade and appear from nowhere.

        This award is different from the 1970 Best Dramatic Presentation award, which is also cited in Devore.

        1. This may be the case, as the documentation of the time is poor. Current WSFS rules would not permit a Special Committee Award to use the Hugo Award rocket, but rules were looser in those days. Typically, rules get changed when the members decide that a Worldcon committee made a mistake and they don’t want that mistake repeated.

  12. Seeking a definitive answer to this because I’ve always been confused by it:

  13. Regarding the Dramatic Presentation awards, would audiobook performances be considered a Dramatic Presentation?

  15. I have a question about the fan artist category.

  16. Are there any awards for things like contributions to the S/F fandom?

    1. Elizabeth:

      The World Science Fiction Society does not publish science fiction and fantasy. WSFS is not a publisher. WSFS is the sanctioning entity for the annual World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), the members of which nominate and vote for the annual Hugo Awards. The purpose of the Hugo Awards Web Site is to maintain a permanent archive of the results of the Hugo Awards. (Each Worldcon is a one-shot event, so there is otherwise no central entity that could maintain such an archive.)

      Kevin Standlee
      Hugo Awards Marketing Committee

  17. Does the Hugo Awards have a student competition? If so, I would like to submit my work. If not, you should consider doing it. It would be a good way to encourage student artists to work in the science fiction and fantasy genres.

    1. Nicholas:

      No, there is not a student competition. The Hugo Awards are not a juried award, there is no panel of judges, and there is no submission process. Read the Submissions page for further explanation of how works are nominated for the Hugo Awards.

  18. Is it possible for other awards shows to name themselves “Hugo Awards” or are you guys the only Hugo Awards.

    1. Lucas: There are other prizes and awards in various parts of the world that have the word “Hugo” in their name, but the Hugo Awards for Science Fiction and Fantasy are, to our knowledge, the oldest such awards, with a history going back into the 1950s. “Hugo Award” is registered service mark of the World Science Fiction Society (and its subsidiary non-profit corporation, Worldcon Intellectual Property) in the USA and the European Union. It is also asserted as a service mark in other countries that have held or will be holding Worldcons, such as Canada, Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.

      The WSFS Mark Protection Committee does work to protect WSFS’s intellectual property and does from time to time take appropriate action regarding infringing uses of the term “Hugo Award.” If you have a specific infringement you would like to report, contact us here and we will pass it along to the WSFS MPC.

  19. Do you know anyone who sells replica Hugo Award statutes? I’d love one for for my bookshelf full of Hugo Award winner books, and I searched the web but can’t find any. Thank you.

    1. The design of the Hugo Award rocket is a registered service mark of the World Science Fiction Society, and WSFS does not license replicas except in highly limited circumstances. (We have authorized replica trophies for use in some movies and television shows, for example.) There are no authorized replica trophies for general sale.

  20. I recently finished editing a first novel by an author whose work I would happily compare to Stephen Donaldson and other writers of his caliber.
    My question is, regarding adult content. This book is SciFi/Fantasy, but has an underlying erotic theme with appropriate scenes.
    Would such a book be eligible for a Hugo, and if so, would it even stand a chance of winning?

    1. Dennis:

      The WSFS Constitution does not regulate the content of the Hugo Awards, other than works must be science fiction and fantasy. Whether a work is appropriate to be a finalist or a winner is ultimately up to the members of WSFS who vote on such works. Note that the members voting on the final ballot have expressed an opinion that some finalists did not deserve to be on the ballot by ranking them below “No Award,” even to the extent of rejecting the entire list of finalists by voting “No Award” as their first choice. This shows that the opinions of the members who nominate works are not necessarily the same as those who vote on the final ballot.

  21. It also appears that instant runoff voting was proposed in 1965 by John A. McCallum in a letter to the fanzine Yandro. George Scithers responded in the subsequent issue, and began championing the change, promising to bring it to a vote at the 1966 Worldcon.

    1. The Hugo Awards website does not administer the Hugo Awards. The Hugo Awards are administered by individual Worldcon committees under the rules managed by the members of the World Science Fiction Society. If you have an issue with this, your only recourse is through WSFS, which is managed by its own members. The Hugo Awards web site only reports about the Hugo Awards. We do not administer them, nor do we have any authority to change the rules, withdraw awards, disqualify works, or anything else of that nature. If you want to change this, you would have to change the WSFS rules by having the members of two consecutive Worldcons change the rules of the World Science Fiction Society. The rules of the World Science Fiction Society are published on the WSFS website.

  22. I am going to do nominations this year for the first time, but am a little worried about opening the nomination form and then not getting all the info correct and not being able to fix it.

    For instance, if I read a good story in Analog, do I need to use the official name “Analog Science Fiction and Fact?” Do I have to know the volume and issue numbers, or is the date sufficient?

    Also, what if I read another good story after I have submitted my nominations (but still before the deadline), can I log in again and add it?

    1. Terry: Your question got caught in our filters, so we did not see it in time to reply before nominations closed, for which we apologize.

      The Hugo Award Administrators are not trying to play “gotcha” with the nominators. The citations are to make it easier for the Administrators to find works. So, no, it it isn’t necessary to spell out the long version titles of where works appear. (You’ll note that our listings here do not do so.)

      The system that Chicon 8 used did allow voters to log back in and change/add nominations until nominations closed. Not all Worldcons use such a system. Each year’s convention makes its own decisions on how it will collect Hugo Award nominations.

    1. Every version of the World Science Fiction Society’s Constitution that we have seen has always included “and Fantasy” even when the official name of the awards were the “Science Fiction Achievement Awards>”

    1. Chicon 8 has not yet announced when a Hugo Voters Packet will be released. We will announce here when they do so.

  23. Would a work of theatre (such as a musical, play, or opera) be eligible for a Hugo Award if it covers the topic of speculative fiction? I’m interested in writing speculative fiction for the stage. If so, what sorts of things would be required for it to be eligible? Would the script need to be published, for example? Would the piece of theatre need to be publicly available online to watch? Or would theatre not fall under any catagory, and thus not be eligible.

    1. Reid: Theatrical works would be eligible in the Dramatic Presentation category in which they fall based on their length. There is no requirement for a script to be “published.” The performance of a theatrical work is, in effect, “publishing” the work. Works would not be required to be available online any more than any other written or dramatic works are so available.

      Stage musicals or performances or other pieces of dramatic music have been finalists for the Hugo Awards in the past. The only thing that is required is that a sufficient number of members nominate the work.

  24. So if there’s a war with China over Taiwan how will this affect the 2023 awards ceremony?

    1. Each year’s Hugo Awards and the Hugo Awards ceremony are the responsibility of the hosting Worldcon. You would have to ask the 2023 Worldcon what their plans are.

      1. I’m still a little confused about the Language eligibility issue after reading the FAQ. Let’s take an example: if there is a work that first got published in Mandarin in 2022, must it get translated into an English edition in order to be eligible, or it is already eligible without the translation?

        1. Jim: If a work was first published in Mandarin (or in any language) in 2022, it is eligible for the 2023 Hugo Awards.

          If a work was first published in a language other than English prior to 2022 and was then first published in English in 2022, it is eligible for the 2023 Hugo Awards.

          Here are the relevant sections of the WSFS Constitution

          [This means that any work that first appeared in any language in 2022 is eligible for the 2023 Hugo Awards.

          3.4.1: A work originally appearing in a language other than English shall also be eligible for the year in which it is first issued in English translation.

          [This means that a work first published in a language other than English prior to 2022 but first published in English in 2022 is eligible for the 2023 Hugo Awards.]

          [This means that if a work was first published outside the USA prior to 2022 but was then published again in 2022, it is eligible for the 2023 Hugo Awards.]

          I hope this helps clarify the rules.

          Kevin Standlee
          Hugo Awards Marketing Committee

    1. Rich: Audio dramas of any sort are already eligible in Best Dramatic Presentation (Short or Long Form depending upon length). If a work receives sufficient nominations, it will be shortlisted in the appropriate category. The BDP categories are not exclusively for movies and television, and audio works have been finalists in the past.

      Fancasts are not primarily fictional in nature.

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