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Accounting Equations That Always Hold Define Accrual Accounting

the accounting equation is defined as

This relationship between assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity must always hold true. His shareholders equity which represents his interested in the business is equal to his initial investment plus any profits earned. Since there are no operations and no profit and loss earned in first month, his initial investment assets at LKR 15 million. Liabilities means the https://wearepaulownia.com/how-to-calculate-and-use-the-basic-accounting/ items or resources of value a company owes or needs to pay to a third party. It includes long-term debt, rent, taxes, salaries, wages, utilities, and dividends payable. The total amount debited and the total amount credited should always be equal, thereby ensuring the accounting equation is maintained. Accounts payable ledger forms are given in the Working Papers.

Regardless of how the accounting equation is represented, it is important to remember that the equation must always balance. Once all of the claims by outside companies and claims by shareholders are added up, they will always equal the total company assets. Essentially, the representation equates all uses of capital to all sources of capital, where debt capital leads to liabilities and equity capital leads to shareholders’ equity. This number is the sum of total earnings that were not paid to shareholders as dividends. The accounting equation is considered to be the foundation of the double-entry accounting system. Successful branding is why the Armani name signals style, exclusiveness, desirability. Branding is why the Harley Davidson name makes a statement about lifestyle.

Here, on the one hand, the assets of the company will be increased with the borrowed loan amount. It is considered an asset because the company’s bank account will be credited with some amount which is an asset for it. However, on the other hand, the company’s liability will also get increased with the same loan amount. It becomes a part of liability because the company has to return this amount to the bank and the agreed interest. Net income reported on the income statement flows into the statement of retained earnings.

the accounting equation is defined as

A financial statement that summarizes information about the cash inflows and cash outflows for a specific period of time. A financial statement that summarizes the changes in retained earnings for a specific period of time. There is a hybrid owner’s investment labeled as preferred stock that is a combination of debt and equity .

Statement of Cash Flows

She is a former CFO for fast-growing tech companies and has Deloitte audit experience. Barbara has an MBA degree from The University of Texas and an active CPA license. When she’s not writing, Barbara likes to research public companies and play social games including Texas hold ‘em poker, bridge, and https://www.wealthmanagersinc.in/2019/08/14/accounting-equation-formula/ Mah Jongg. Not all companies will pay dividends, repurchase shares, or have accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Company ZZK plans to buy office equipment that is $500 but only has $250 cash to use for the purchase. Paul took $1000 from his savings to contribute to the starting business.

  • The working capital formula is Current Assets – Current Liabilities.
  • Assets will always equal the sum of liabilities and owner’s equity.
  • Thus, the asset and liability sides of the transaction are equal.
  • Only those accounts that exist with a balance on a particular date are reflected on the balance sheet.
  • The information in the chart of accounts is the foundation of a well-organized accounting system.

You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. Double-entry bookkeeping started being used by merchants in Italy as a manual system during the 14th century. Antonette Dela Cruz is a veteran teacher of Mathematics with 25 years of teaching experience. She has a bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering and a graduate degree in Business Administration from the University of the Philippines. She’s currently teaching Analysis of Functions and Trigonometry Honors at Volusia County Schools in Florida. Please fill out the contact form below and we will reply as soon as possible. Master excel formulas, graphs, shortcuts with 3+hrs of Video.

Accounting Equation Formula and Calculation

It can be defined as the total number of dollars that a company would have left if it liquidated all of its assets and paid off all of its liabilities. How the two accounting equations in fact represent two underling principles of double-entry accounting. In order for the accounting equation to hold, Total Assets should ideally be equal to the sum of Total Liabilities and Total Equity. Revenues are the inflows of cash resulting from the sale of products or the rendering of services to customers.

Cash outflows for financing activities include payments of cash dividends or other distributions to owners and repayments of amounts borrowed. Payment of interest is not included because interest expense appears on the income statement and is, therefore, included in operating activities. Cash payments to settle accounts payable, wages payable, and income taxes payable are not financing activities.

the accounting equation is defined as

If you have just started using the software, you may have entered beginning balances for the various accounts that do not balance under the accounting equation. The accounting software should flag this problem when you are entering the beginning balances, and require you to correct the problem.

An income statement presents the revenues and expenses, and resulting net income or net loss, for a specific period of time. A retained earnings statement summarizes the changes in retained earnings for a specific period of time. A balance sheet reports the assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity at a specific date. A statement of cash flows summarizes information about the cash inflows and outflows for a specific period of time. Financial statements are the means by which companies communicate their story.

LO 3 2 Define and Describe the Expanded Accounting Equation and Its Relationship to Analyzing Transactions

Accounts payable recognizes that the company owes money and has not paid. Remember, when a customer purchases something “on account” it means the customer has asked to be billed and will pay at a later date.

The accounting equation tends to be the first and the foremost element of accounting, and based on this equation, the concepts are subsequently formed. Unearned revenue represents a customer’s advanced payment for a product or service that has yet to be provided by the company.

1 Defining the Accounting Equation Components

We can begin this discussion by looking at the chart of accounts. The statement of cash flows presents the effects on cash of all significant operating, investing, and financing activities. By reviewing the statement, management can see the effects of its past major policy decisions in quantitative form. The statement may show a flow of cash from operating activities large enough to finance all projected capital needs internally rather than having to incur long-term debt or issue additional stock. Alternatively, if the company has been experiencing cash shortages, management can use the statement to determine why such shortages are occurring. Using the statement of cash flows, management may also recommend to the board of directors a reduction in dividends to conserve cash.

the accounting equation is defined as

An automated accounting system is designed to use double-entry accounting. When you review each entry and the trial balance, you can make sure that total debits equal total credits, and that the accounting equation holds true. The balance sheet is one of the three main financial statements that depicts a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity sections at a specific point in time (i.e. a “snapshot”). The above examples highlight that the accounting equation holds and remains true for every transaction.

Shareholders Equity in the Accounting Equation

For example, a company may have accounts such as cash, accounts receivable, supplies, accounts payable, unearned revenues, common stock, dividends, revenues, and expenses. Each company will make a list that works for its business type, and the transactions it expects to engage in.

Start a new page for an accounts payable ledger account for Warren River Supply. The account number is 240, and the balance on October 1 of the current year is $\$1,489.50$. Business documents, such as a sales slip, a check, a bill, or a cash register tape, provide evidence of the transaction. The company analyzes this evidence to determine the transaction’s effects on specific accounts. Finally, it transfers the journal entry to the designated accounts in the ledger. A dividend is a company’s distribution to its stockholders on a pro rata basis. Dividends reduce the stockholders’ claims on retained earnings.

  • First, it can sell shares of its stock to the public to raise money to purchase the assets, or it can use profits earned by the business to finance its activities.
  • It is shown as the part of owner’s equity in the liability side of the balance sheet of the company.
  • This practice of double-entry allows verification of transactions and the relationship between each liability and its source.
  • The three elements of this equation Assets, Liabilities, and Owner’s equities are the three major sections of the Balance sheet.

The purchased office equipment will increase Assets by $500 and decrease them by $250 . On the left side of the basic accounting equation, an increase of $250 is balanced by an increase of $250 on the right side of the equation for liabilities . Thus, although the accounting equation formula seems like a one-liner, it contains a lot of meaning and can be explored deeper with complex expense entries.

In accounting, the claims of creditors are referred to as liabilities and the claims of owner are referred to as owner’s equity. We calculate the expanded accounting equation using 2021 financial statements for this example. Balance Sheets shown above and the Income Statement and detailed Statement of Stockholder’s Equity in this section. Share repurchases are called treasury stock if the shares are not retired. Treasury stock transactions and cancellations are recorded in retained earnings and paid-in-capital. In this expanded accounting equation, CC, the Contributed Capital or paid-in capital, represents Share Capital. Retained Earnings is Beginning Retained Earnings + Revenue – Expenses – Dividends – Stock Repurchases.

This is because creditors – parties that lend money such as banks – have the first claim to a company’s assets. It can be regarded as the very basis of maintaining accounts for any particular organization.

These two decreases occur on different sides of the Balance sheet, maintaining the balance. Representing how the total assets owned by the company equal the sum of total liabilities and shareholders’ equity at a particular date. The expanded accounting equation breaks down the equity portion of the accounting equation into more detail to show common stock, dividends, revenue, and expenses individually.

Explaining the Accounting Equation in Context

Second, it can borrow the money from a lender such as a financial institution. You will learn about other assets as you progress through the book. Let’s now take a look at the right side of the accounting equation. Valid financial transactions always result in a balanced accounting equation which is the fundamental characteristic of double entry accounting (i.e., every debit has a corresponding credit). Owner’s equity is also referred to as shareholder’s equity for a corporation.

  • See the article “The contentious debit—seriously” on continuous debt for further discussion of this practice.
  • This should be impossible if you are using accounting software, but is entirely possible if you are recording accounting transactions manually.
  • To record capital contribution as stockholders invest in the business.
  • They are recorded as owner’s equity on the Company’s balance sheet.
  • For twenty years, the proven standard in business, government, education, health care, non-profits.
  • Assets represent the valuable resources controlled by the company, while liabilities represent its obligations.

The complete, concise guide to winning business case results in the shortest possible time. For twenty years, the proven standard in business, government, education, health care, non-profits. Woofer decreases one of its Current Assets accounts, Cash, for the same amount, $1,180. For more coverage on accounts, see «Accounts, Account Transactions, and Chart of Accounts.» Why the Balance Sheet always balances and why Total Debits always equal Total Credits. This classification proves to be pivotal on grounds of ensuring that the double-entry system is properly implemented, and can be presented in a logical manner to the end-user.

Because there are two or more accounts affected by every transaction carried out by a company, the accounting system is referred to as double-entry accounting. The accounting equation is also called the basic accounting equation basic accounting equation or the balance sheet equation. Note, by the way, that the two offsetting entries that follow a single transaction do not need to occur on opposite sides of the Balance sheet.

This is the amount of money shareholders have contributed to the company for an ownership stake. Equity is usually shown after liabilities in the accounting equation because liabilities must have to be repaid before owners’ claims. You might also notice that the accounting equation is in the same order as the balance sheet. Additional numbers starting with six and continuing might be used in large merchandising and manufacturing companies. The information in the chart of accounts is the foundation of a well-organized accounting system. The accounting equation varies slightly based on the type of capital structure and legal entity. It can be shown as a Basic Accounting Equation or Expanded to show the interrelated income statement components of revenue and expenses as part of retained earnings and the other equity accounts.

What is Accounting Equation?

A company pays for assets by either incurring liabilities or by obtaining funding from investors (which is the Shareholders’ Equity part of the equation). Thus, you have resources with offsetting claims against those resources, either from creditors or investors. All three components of the accounting equation appear in the balance sheet, which reveals the financial position of a business at any given point in time. In its most basic form, the accounting equation shows what a company owns, what a company owes, and what stake the owners have in the business.

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Brian Klecha: Found or Missing? Is He Dead or Alive?

Brian Klecha had moved to a new home just days before Christmas 2017, and it appeared he was ready to enjoy the holidays. But sadly, his sudden disappearance around the same time left loved ones with many questions. Investigation Discovery’s ‘Disappeared: The Sweetest Man in the World’ delves into the time leading up to Brian’s vanishing without a trace and what the authorities found in the aftermath. So, let’s find out more about this case then, shall we?

What Happened to Brian Klecha?

Brian Klecha was an only child and was described by his mother as generous and kind. He was a US Air Force veteran and had been working as a bus driver at Disney in Orlando, Florida. Besides that, Brian was an Uber driver, making extra money on the side. At the time of the incident, he had been living in Lakeland, Florida, with a few other roommates and his two cats.

The last time Brian’s mother heard from her son was on December 26, 2017. But in the time that followed, she couldn’t reach him over the phone. At Brian’s home, his cats were still there, and there were no signs that he had been preparing to leave. Brian’s mother eventually went to the authorities in March 2018, and an investigation began. Surveillance video from a bank in Auburndale, Florida, showed the then-35-year-old making a transaction on December 27, 2017.

Is Brian Klecha Dead or Alive?

The investigation revealed that Brian Klecha had moved into the home in Lakeland on December 15, 2017. As per the show, Andrew Dowler owned the house, and Brian was vouched for by Andrew’s roommate, Ramon Antonio “AJ” Perez Seda. AJ and Brian had a prior relationship, and the latter was upset about it ending and AJ seeing someone else. Andrew, who went on vacation around the time Brian disappeared, later received an email supposedly from him saying he planned to move out soon.

However, Brian’s mother stated on the show that the email didn’t seem like her son had written it. It was reported that once Brian disappeared, the roommates took his belongings; AJ was found with Brian’s phone, passport, and debit card. Furthermore, according to the show, AJ was renting Brian’s car to strangers in the time after the disappearance, eventually trading it for drugs.

The vehicle was found abandoned on February 11, 2018, in Tampa, Florida. It appeared to have been involved in an accident, but someone else was believed to have been driving. The authorities also searched Brian’s room in Andrew’s house, noting it didn’t have a door and was messy. There were signs of blood in that room, but multiple people had lived there, and it was challenging to develop a profile.

The authorities then focused their attention on AJ. As per the show, he told the police that Brian wanted a monogamous relationship, but AJ didn’t. According to him, they argued sometime after December 27, 2017, and Brian left the house of his own volition, never to be seen again. In the time that followed, the investigators received several tips of Brian being killed and buried, but none led to any concrete evidence.

The police and family have held out hope and have asked for people with information to come forward, even offering a reward. Loved ones run a Facebook page that raises awareness about the case and keeps it in the spotlight. A worried Andrew said in August 2018, “Something must have happened, and it’s terrible. I fear the worst. And what can you do about it other than ask people? And nobody knows anything, it seems.” The authorities never charged AJ in relation to Brian’s disappearance, and as per the show, he moved to Puerto Rico later on.

Read More: What Happened to Kimberly Avila?


WhAt Is a Good Ssd Wear Level

What is SSD degree of wear? As the title implies, wear leveling is a way for evenly dispersing program and erase cycles over all memory blocks inside an SSD. This eliminates repeated program and erase cycles to the same memory block, resulting in a longer lifespan for the NAND flash memory as a whole.

At what point should an SSD be replaced? However, SSDs are not infallible and may fail before their predicted seven to ten-year lifespan. It is prudent to plan for ultimate failure. If you know how to detect SSD failure and how to prevent it, you won’t be affected by SSD issues.

What is an acceptable MTBF for SSD? Using MTBF to determine SSD reliability yields an approximate MTBF of 2.5 million hours for an SSD.

WhAt Is a Good Ssd Wear Level – RELATED QUESTIONS

What is the SSD’s lifespan?

Eventually, all storage devices fail, and SSDs are not an exception. This does not imply that they are unreliable, however, since SSDs provide far quicker data access than hard drives and are less prone to physical harm. Under optimum circumstances, a contemporary SSD may run for up to five years.

Does every SSD support wear leveling?

Two forms of SSD wear leveling exist: dynamic and static. Dynamic wear leveling collects deleted blocks and selects the one with the lowest count of erases for the subsequent write. The disadvantage of dynamic wear leveling is that if a block contains inaccessible data, it is never relocated to another block.

Is an older SSD still reliable?

There are good reasons to replace a four-year-old SSD that is still functioning well with a newer one, such as the need for greater storage capacity. However, if you have a recent backup, you need not worry about the existing drive failing.

Who produces the most dependable SSDs?

Samsung 970 Evo Plus: Best SSD. With 970 Evo Plus, Samsung has increased the standard for SSD quality. WD Black SN750 NVMe SSD: Best Gaming SSD. Kingston KC2500: Fastest Read and Write Rates M. Intel Optane 665P and 905P: Dependable Performance Adata XPG SX8200 PRO SSD: Best M. The Crucial P1 is a mid-range NVMe drive.

How long can a 1TB SSD be used?

The 1TB variant of the Samsung 850 EVO series with the inexpensive TLC storage type has an expected lifespan of 114 years. If your SSD has been in use for some time, then you can estimate its remaining useful life using specialized software.

How frequently do SSDs fail?

The SSDs had a yearly failure rate of just 0.58 percent, or around one failure for every 200 drives. Traditional hard disk drives, with its moving components and fragile glass platters, had a failure rate of 10.56 percent, or little more than one in ten, which is a magnitude worse.

How often can SSD be overwritten?

A multi-level cell (MLC) flash SSD that stores two bits of data per cell can typically withstand up to 10,000 write cycles with planar NAND and up to 35,000 write cycles with 3D NAND.

How can I determine whether my SSD has failed?

Your computer will not start; you see the error message “No bootable device” or “No bootable media” (on Windows) or a flashing question mark (on Mac devices). It operates really slowly. Frequently, active programs freeze or crash. Frequent instances of the Blue/black screen of death

Does SSD Need defrag?

SSDs do not need defragmentation in the same way that traditional hard drives do, but they do require occasional maintenance, such as running the TRIM program periodically to ensure that deleted blocks are flagged for reuse.

Which is more durable: SSD or HDD?

Statistically speaking, an SSD may live around 20 years, whereas an HDD will only last six. However, these figures are not written in stone; depending on a variety of conditions, you may need to replace your HDD or SSD more or less often.

What happens when an SSD fails?

SSDs from Intel are engineered such that if they fail, they try to fail on the next wipe, preventing data loss. If the drive cannot fail on the next wipe, it will fail on the following program – ensuring that existing data is not lost.

Do SSDs become slower over time?

Solid-State Drives are much quicker than conventional spinning platter hard drives, but their performance degrades drastically as they fill up. The rule of thumb for maintaining SSD performance is to never entirely fill them.

Why does wear leveling for solid-state devices need to be performed?

Wear leveling is a method used by certain SSD controllers to enhance the memory’s lifespan. The premise is straightforward: uniformly divide writing over all blocks of an SSD to ensure uniform wear. To prevent repeatedly writing on the same blocks, the same number of times is performed for each cell.

What does SSD trimming accomplish?

SSD TRIM is an Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) command that allows an operating system to communicate to a NAND flash solid-state drive (SSD) which data blocks are no longer in use and may be deleted. The use of TRIM may increase the speed of writing data to SSDs and add to the longevity of SSDs.

Can an SSD endure for a decade?

However, according to some estimations, the average SSD will survive 10 years under moderate workloads. This is an increase from the previous estimate of five to six years.

How can I extend the life of my SSD?

Activate TRIM. TRIM is critical for maintaining SSDs in peak condition. Avoid wiping the drive. Upgrade Your Software. Transfer Your Cache Folder to RAM Memory. Do not fill to the brim. Don’t Defrag. Avoid storing large files.

What leads to SSD failure?

SSD Data Corruption may Lead to Drive Failure. Thus, resulting in data loss. Solid State Drive failures may be caused by faulty sectors or virus infection. Also anticipate SSD failure due to short circuits and data corruption.

Are modern SSDs faster?

These interfaces may be familiar to you: SATA and PCI Express (PCIe). SATA is an older, slower legacy technology, while PCIe is a modern, quicker technology. SSDs with PCIe connections are often significantly quicker than HDDs with SATA interfaces because PCIe has additional data transfer channels.

Which SSD brand is the best?

The SK hynix Platinum P41 is the best M.2 SSD overall. Kingston KC3000. Fastest SSD. Black WD SN850. Best M.2 SSD Alternative. Sabrent Rocket 4 Plus + M. 2 NVMe Heatsink. Silicon Power XS70 XPower. Best Value PS5 SSD. Crucial P5 Plus. Best Value PCIe 4.0 M.2 SSD. Sabrent Rocket 4 Plus. SK hynix Gold P31.

What are the three SSD types?

SATA SSD. SATA SSDs are the first generation of solid-state drives (SSDs). They can achieve a maximum read speed of 570MB per second. NVMe SSD. NVMe is a technology that enables SSDs to achieve even greater speeds than SATA SSDs. M. 2 interface. PCIe connection. Connecting video cards to the motherboard through PCIe is also possible.

Are all SSDs of equivalent quality?

No SSDs are identical. Different storage capacities, speeds, form factors, and connections distinguish the two. In your situation, the actual connectivity is M. 2, which is a tiny connector located directly on the motherboard (others include SATA and PCIe).

Can SSD endure for twenty years?

Under these ideal circumstances, it is anticipated that hard drives can store data for 9 to 20 years. Due to the many designs utilized in the production of current hard drives, the variety is so vast. SSDs (Solid State Drives) are notorious for their poor data retention rate.


You’ll probably have seen Bear Grylls on the Discovery Channel as the face of the Emmy-award nominated Man Vs Wild TV series. The film became one of the all-time most-watched on the planet. He’s since hosted a range of edge-of-your-seat extreme adventure programmes and worked with the likes of ex-US President Barrack Obama, Julia Roberts, Roger Federer, Will Ferrell, Channing Tatum, and Kate Winslet.

He was born Edward Michael Grylls in the UK in 1974. His sister nicknamed him ‘Bear’ when he was just one week old. From an early age, his father taught him to climb and sail, and he learned to skydive and practised Shotokan Karate to black belt level throughout his teens. During his education at Eton College, he helped set up its first mountaineering club.

Upon leaving school, Grylls hiked the Sikkim and West Bengal peaks of the Himalayan mountains and later served as a trooper in the Territorial Army with the Special Air Service, SAS. The SAS is the world’s most respected special forces unit. This highly classified regiment specialises in many roles, including hostage rescue, covert surveillance, direct action and counter-terrorism. Grylls trained in the most brutal combat skills, including unarmed combat, desert and winter warfare, survival, climbing, parachuting, and explosives. He became a survival instructor, but his career ended when he had an almost fatal free-fall parachute accident in Kenya.

If you are visiting Ras Al Khaimah and are an inspiring adventurer, enjoy pushing yourself and want to learn demanding survival techniques from Bear’s hand-picked instructors, his eponymously named survival camp has some exclusive challenges that will put you and your family to the test. The camp’s goal is to equip you with various survival techniques across the challenging terrains in the desert and mountainscapes of the United Arab Emirates. The instructors also design exclusive challenges for private groups. It’s rarely easy, but nothing worth doing in life ever is.

Survival is about attitude. The Ras Al Khaimah camp is dynamic, high-intensity, and offers an experience you will never forget. It brings together the best primal and modern wilderness survival skills handed down through generations of highly regarded British Forces. You’ll learn some essential self-rescue techniques, and Bear’s instructors will encourage you to embrace new experiences and push your boundaries. They’ve created a collection of experiences using Bear’s tried and tested dynamic survival methods and techniques that have been televised worldwide, watched by billions and practised by few.

Bear’s instructors will help you acquire practical life-saving skills as you learn to survive barren desert lands and mountain wildernesses. They will be your mentors and help you form positive attitudes such as resourcefulness and practising calmness under pressure. You will push yourself further than you ever thought possible. With various courses available, you can choose the appropriate programme that suits your family. The essential survival course is a fast-paced four-hour course, an ideal introduction to basic survival skills in the wild. The wild survival course focuses on your keen instincts and being prepared. He uses the ‘Please Remember What’s First’ PRWF acronym that allows you to determine your priorities. The instructors will take you through P for protection, R for rescue, W for water and F for fire and food, four fundamental survival techniques to keep you safe. Longer courses include the primal survival course and the family primal survival course. During the 24-hour outdoor adventure programmes, you’ll learn to be calm under pressure and push your and your family’s boundaries to exciting new levels.

Learn to survive and navigate the harsh and unforgiving mountain environments for which Ras Al Khaimah is famed. The Jebel Jais mountains are steeped in 70 million years of history and untold stories of survival. The Bear Grylls Explorers Camp strives to protect the inimitable nature and environment around you so that you can make the most of this extraordinary experience. During the various course offerings, you’ll learn from Bear’s trusted instructors how to survive in the wilds. Your newfound skills will be tested to the max, leaving you with inner confidence to survive in any situation as you participate in thrilling adventure activities.

Each course is restricted to 16 participants, including children and adults. You’ll be provided with the essential survival kit when you arrive. Ensure you bring the appropriate clothing for the soaring desert temperatures in the summer and the sometimes cold nighttime chills in the winter. Bring light layers for any colder evenings and comfortable closed-toe shoes; the terrain is mountainous with lots of shale, making the ground slippery. Upon completing the course, you’ll receive a Bear Grylls Explorers Camp badge, neck tube and certificate.

The camp has a range of well-kept, simple accommodation for you to rest your weary head after a long day in the desert. The cabins are designed with the novice in mind, so you don’t even have to put up a tent; just enjoy the unique experience! Each cabin has the essential tools you need for the night, including a barbeque set, crockery, and cutlery.

Reconnect with nature and rediscover your wild spirit.

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Classics 495x:

Honors Research (4.0 units)

Individual research for honors in the major leading to a substantial paper or other project. Not open to graduate students.
    19841D001LectureTBATBA0 of 4OFFICEsession dates


An iconic Vivienne Westwood 1970s Seditionaries Destroy shirt just went on sale, right now it is the only offer on the market. This legendary item was featured on the cover of Playboi Carti’s self-titled record released 5 years ago. Besides this shirt itself has a rich history and very provocative design, so it’s almost impossible to buy it.


A Breakdown Of Rug Styles

A quality rug adds value to your home. At Woven Passion Rugs, we bring in our handmade rugs from all across the globe. India, Pakistan, Iran, Morocco, China, Egypt, Turkey, the list goes on. Each rug is praised for its unique designs and artistic value. They hold prestige as they were developed independently.

Below is a brief description on the types of rugs we hold and the background of each style.

Antique rugs add a geographical presence in your home. Having a piece of history as art can spark individual aspirations. Not only are they a wonder to look at, they add functionality as well. The rich history of these handmade artifacts tell a story. Many are knotted with piles or woven without. Their natural fibers vary in colors and hues, but each meticulously formed from the hands of someone in centuries past.

What makes a rug contemporary? They consist of a combination of wool and synthetic fibers. Often, a rug that contains bold textures, patterns, graphics and colors falls in the category of modern art. Generally speaking, contemporary rugs hold to an architectural approach, meaning they are free spirited in style.

Traditional rugs are inspired from the oriental and persian patterns from the European and Victorian styles. They hold a more classical look that follows a formal arrangement with central medallions and sophisticated color palettes.

Transitional rugs are a merger between two styles, contemporary and transitional. They consist of wool and silk and offer a more fashion-forward design through the color schemes and pattern features.

Known for their jaw-dropping design, tribal rugs hold to several common patterns. The eight-point star, diamond, mihrab, boteh, ram horn, running water and guls—to name a few. Tribal rugs are woven with wool, even with some artisans using camel and goat wool. Among one of the first to create the technique, the western tribes used the knotted pile for the creation of their rugs.

Kilim rugs use flat weaving techniques that originate from the Turkish origin. Generally, Kilims are woven through the slit weave technique. They are known for their bold, sharp patterns and geometric designs.

Shag rugs consist of deep, long-haired fibers that are incredibly soft to the touch. They are bold in texture and personality. They have an unkempt look, one that is great for a modern simplistic home. Shag rugs are beautiful, but are not meant for homeowners who are prone to spillage or have heavy foot traffic.

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How Did I Get Here?

Updated: Aug 31, 2021

Have you ever woken up and thought, wow, How did I get here? “Here” is relative of course… it could be physically, mentally, or both - or as in my case a long journey intertwined with it all! I was destined to become an artist and at just 4 years old I was drawing a neighborhood mural scene above my bed during one supposed nap time. My parents supported me, but as an artist, I was a sensitive soul - a people pleaser and fixer. I wanted everyone to be happy and OK.. and usually what that really meant (now that I can look back) was that I wasn’t. As I was pulled into the world’s answers for “fixing and coping”, I took control and barged through each new door feeling like I needed to prove myself - over and over again - can we say classic overachiever? My entire self worth was connected to my performance… as an artist, wife, mom and even a Child of God. Wow, just writing this down it seems like I should have known better - but that’s just it - How do you evaluate where you are, when you’re in the middle of years of your own hot mess? Clarity and objective thinking - sure, sounds good! Well, Thank heavens for God, and how He is so gracious to prompt us without bulldozing us over. It takes time…but His timing is ALWAYS perfect. The best part of our relationship is I am His Child and He has all the answers, That’s it!!! My job is just to come to the table. So here I am Lord, at the table, ready to step out in Faith for this new season of life co-creating with you! How did I get here? Well, it has been a journey, but I am exactly where I am supposed to be….

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Writing Dark Fantasy: Tropes, Tips & Tricks.

by Sarah Butcher

Corruption, dark magic, and dread—dark fantasy is a popular genre for readers and writers, but what makes fantasy dark? How do you differentiate dark fantasy from horror? And how do we create a dark fantasy story that will engross, disturb, and stay with our readers long after they’ve set down the book?

The fantastical elements in fantasy can range from magic in the real world to entirely fictional universes with grand scales of plot and power. Dark fantasy is similar in its broad scale of magic and plot, but as a genre that largely deconstructs tropes, the way magic is used in dark fantasy differs from how it is used in other genres. Dark fantasy magic is often corrupt or easily corrupted—think deals with devils or sacrifices to evil gods. If it isn’t inherently corrupt, it often comes with a heavy price: reputation, sanity, human life, or souls.

Dark fantasy also shares traits with horror, but the two are distinct. Though horror can have fantastical elements, they aren’t necessary to the genre. If these fantastical elements are present in a horror story, it’s generally to cause suspense or fear. While dark fantasy can frighten its readers, fear is not its purpose.

But if the magic in dark fantasy is so dangerous, why would our characters touch it with a ten-foot pole? In this genre, characters are often corrupt and possibly unlikable (though ideally we still root for them). Or, if your character starts out innocent or noble, your story will likely guide them to corruption.

They’ll make morally gray or altogether immoral decisions. As the writer and their creator, you have to decide why. What purpose does their corruption serve? Or, if your character starts out noble, what do they want or need so badly that they’re willing to abandon their morality? Maybe their goal seems pure on the surface, like saving someone they love. But if you dig deeper, are their motives selfish? Will they harm others to save that loved one?

A major trope of dark fantasy is the idea that humans are the real monsters. Sure, you’ll have your scary creatures, demons, and gods, but the spotlight is on our cynical view of humanity. These stories are usually set in “Crapsack Worlds” wherein things will go wrong—very, very wrong. The nastiness of these worlds pits characters against one another, and it eats the innocent alive.

All that said, one of the major pitfalls writers get into when writing dark fantasy—and writing in general—is overdoing conflict for the sake of conflict. Writing certain genres comes with a level of sadism. We enjoy picturing the dread, sadness, and fear our readers will feel alongside our characters. We want readers to react. The problem comes when writers forget the story in favor of conflict; in other words, torturing our characters without considering character arcs, plot, or theme.

It’s a bit like throwing spaghetti noodles at a wall and seeing what sticks. This makes a plot disjointed, melodramatic, and overly bleak.

You may be thinking, “But this sounds like it’s supposed to be bleak!” Sure, but the conflict should be relevant to the characters and story. And remember that our characters are generally in the driver’s seat of conflict. Our main character’s wants and needs drive the story by leading them into immoral or possibly fatal decisions.

Dark fantasy is not a genre of happy endings. The bad guys often win, and if your hero ends up on top, they may have sold their soul to do so. Maybe your main character joined the bad guy or is the bad guy. Evil won’t be entirely vanquished in this genre as it might be in other forms of fantasy. At your story’s end, it will at best be lurking around a dark corner, waiting for its next chance to strike.

When you write dark fantasy, don’t be afraid to go for the throat. This genre requires us to look at the worst of our characters, and possibly do the worst to our characters. Turn their flaws and wants into a ticking time bomb (or something more fantasy-esque). Pack your cynicism and your pens, build your Crapsack World, sell your soul to the devil, then get to writing.

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Enumeration of many-body skeleton diagrams

Luca Guido Molinari Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano
and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (E.T.S.F.)
I.N.F.N. Sezione di Milano
   Nicola Manini Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano
and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (E.T.S.F.)
INFM-CNR, Unità di Milano, Milano, Italy
April 8, 2022

The many-body dynamics of interacting electrons in condensed matter and quantum chemistry is often studied at the quasiparticle level, where the perturbative diagrammatic series is partially resummed. Based on Hedin’s equations for self-energy, polarization, propagator, effective potential, and vertex function in zero dimension of space-time, dressed Feynman (skeleton) diagrams are enumerated. Such diagram counts provide useful basic checks for extensions of the theory for future realistic simulations.

71.10.-w, 24.10.Cn, 11.10.Gh

I Introduction

Current research in electronic properties of molecules, nanocomponents, and solids has gone far beyond the mean-field density-functional description. Many-body methods are employed routinely, at the level of quasiparticles, to describe excitations accuratelyOni ; Aul ; Arya . Propagators and interactions are renormalized to obtain an effective theory of weakly interacting quasiparticles. This is achieved by infinite resummations of Feynman diagrams, that are brought to a smaller class of skeleton diagramsBjorken . The reduction in number should correspond to better analytic behavior in space-time of the individual dressed diagrams, as it occurs in random-phase or ladder resummations Fetter .

The unique fully dressed skeleton diagrams for self-energy (left) and
polarization (right).

Figure 1: The unique fully dressed skeleton diagrams for self-energy (left) and polarization (right).

In this report, we show how skeleton Feynman diagrams of various types can be enumerated for the exact many-body theory and its GW approximation Aul ; Arya ; Oni . We take as our starting point the standard formulation of the many-body problem of interacting fermions provided by the set of five Hedin’s equations Hedin ; Hedinlund ; Aul ; Arya for the propagator , effective potential , irreducible self-energy , irreducible polarization , and irreducible vertex .

In zero dimension of space and time, the combinatorial content of Wick’s expansion survives, producing the same Feynman diagrams in the perturbative expansion of the correlators as in conventional 3+1 dimensions. These correlators no longer carry space-time labels, and do not correspond to space-time functions. However, they continue to solve Hedin’s equations, which can indeed be derived from considerations about the topology of diagrams Bjorken . In zero dimensions (), four of Hedin’s equations become algebraic, in terms of the scalar variables and , representing the Hartree propagator (computed with the exact density provided by ) and the bare interparticle interaction respectively. The functional derivative in the equation for the vertex becomes an ordinary derivative. The five equations read:

The parameter is introduced to count fermion loops: in Hedin’s equations for the electron, because of spin degeneracy and Feynman’s rule for the fermionic loop. The diagrammatic meaning of Hedin’s equations is simple: Eqs. (1) correspond to Dyson’s equations that define the proper self-energy and polarization insertions for the propagator and the effective potential, Eqs. (2) translate the unique skeleton structureFetter of and , shown in Fig. 1. Finally, the vertex equation (3) shows that vertex diagrams arise from self-energy diagrams, by “pinching” a line with a vertex (remove a line and replace it with ): this follows from the functional definition of the vertexHedin ; Itzykson ; Molinari05 . In the GW approximation all corrections to the bare vertex are neglected: the approximation replaces the exact vertex equation (3).

Ii Enumeration of Feynman diagrams

The perturbative solution of Hedin’s equations in zero dimension provides numerical coefficients which enumerate the Feynman diagrams for the five correlators involved. The ordinary perturbation expansion is carried out in the bare parameters and . However, it is often convenient to expand in different “renormalized” variables, such as and , or and , or , and . These expansions count Feynman diagrams where, respectively, the propagator or both the propagator and the potential, or also the vertex, have been fully renormalized. Such diagrams where self-energy contributions of various types are resummed, are called skeleton graphsBjorken ; Fetter . Different levels of resummations will be considered below, including a renormalization based on GW correlators.

ii.1 -expansion

Standard perturbation theory in the bare interaction has been studied in by various authorsCvi ; Argy by considering the path integral formulation of the interacting field, which degenerates to an ordinary integral. An approach based on Hedin’s equations is very convenient to deal with the Hartree propagator in place of the bare one, and explicit counting numbers can be obtainedMolinari05 .

The four diagrams for

Figure 2: The four diagrams for at second order in .

Here, the natural dimensionless expansion parameter is . As an example, we provide the equation for , where is the renormalization factor due to self-energy corrections. The algebraic equations (1,2) yield

The GW approximation (), generates a cubic equation for . For the complete theory, we rewrite the vertex equation (3), in a formMolinari05 where is traded for :

Equations (4) and (5) combine to a closed equation for :

with the initial condition . The solution as a series expansion in provides the number of Feynman diagrams that contribute to each order to the propagator

The powers represent the loop contents. For example, at second order in , the theory involves 3 diagrams with no loops, and 1 diagram with one loop; they are shown in Fig. 2. By substituting the power series for into Eq. (5), we obtain the diagram count for the vertex function:

Table 1 reports the total number of vertex diagrams up to 10 order, obtained by taking in the expansion for .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 9 100 1323 20088 342430 6461208 133618275 3006094768 73139285178
1 7 63 729 10113 161935 2923135 58547761 1286468225 30747331223
1 6 52 602 8223 128917 2273716 44509914 957408649 22449011336
1 6 49 542 7278 113824 2017881 39842934 865391422 20486717908
1 3 13 147 1965 30979 559357 11289219 250794109 6066778627
Table 1: The number of -order skeleton diagrams for the vertex function in the five renormalization schemes considered in the text.

ii.2 -skeleton expansion

When all self-energy insertions of the propagator are resummed, one ends up with Feynman diagrams where the propagator lines correspond to the exact , while the interaction lines continue to correspond to the bare . This resummation is obtained by using the expansion parameter . It is possible to obtain a closed equation for the vertex function. First write the self-energy as

Next evaluate the vertex function in Eq. (3) by means of Eq. (9), and obtain a differential equation for :

This equation must be solved with the initial condition . The series expansion of the solution counts skeleton vertex diagrams with dressed propagators and bare interactions:

Table 1 lists the total number of these diagrams up to order , by taking in the expansion for , as was done above.

The enumeration of skeleton diagrams of the polarization coincides with that of . The skeleton expansion of results from Eq. (9):

In the expansion in terms of the bare parameter , and shared the diagram counting,Molinari05 while this property does not apply to the expansion at hand.

The -expansion of is interesting for the theory of the Luttinger-Ward -functionalAlmbladh99 ; Vignale05 . By closing all skeleton graphs with a line, and dividing each one by the number of lines it contains, one obtains a functional with the property of yielding the self-energy and the reducible polarization:

In , the functional turns into an ordinary function of .

This last expression provides the appropriate diagram counting and fractional weights for in any dimension.

ii.3 -skeleton expansion

Resummation of both self-energy and polarization insertions leads to skeleton diagrams with exact propagators and interactions . Here, the natural expansion parameter is . The parameter is linked as follows

to the parameter of the previous expansion (11). Inversion yields . By entering this relation into the differential equation (10) for , which is now viewed as a function of , we obtain

The appropriate series expansion counts -dressed vertex diagrams:

Table 1 lists the total number of these diagrams up to order . Both and have the same total -counting numbers as the vertex.

In the -expansion, it is natural to define Almbladh99 the functional , which generalizes Eq. (13) and generates the self-energy and the irreducible polarization as follows:

The diagrammatic construction of is the same as for : close the skeleton graphs of with a line and divide by the number of lines that the graph contains. In we have ; to divide by the number of lines that each -diagram contains, corresponds to the integral

ii.4 -skeleton expansion

The expansion resums all self-energy and polarization insertions, and skeleton diagrams of various order in result just because of vertex contributions. If vertex diagrams are summed as well, each of the self-energy and the polarization is brought to a unique skeleton diagram depicted in Fig. 1. Vertex diagrams cannot be brought to a finite collection of skeleton diagrams. We may nevertheless resum vertex insertions in all vertex diagrams, and enumerate the resulting vertex skeleton diagrams, where all lines and vertices are resummed.

This is achieved by noting that in a vertex diagram, each line ends in two vertices. However, the vertex which the Coulomb external line is attached to, is left out (see Fig. 3 for some vertex diagrams). We then write , in terms of the expansion variable . The factor in front of accounts for the left-out vertex.

The Taylor expansion of enumerates all dressed fully renormalized vertex diagrams. An equation for is obtained from the relation

where we enter given by Eq. (16):

This equation is solved with initial condition . The resulting -expansion for is

The diagrams of first and second order are shown in Fig. 3 (the next 13 third-order diagrams coincide with those of QED, drawn in Ref. Cvi, ). This -expansion represents the “ultimate” skeleton expansion, where all ingredients of Hedin’s equations have been renormalized. Indeed, as apparent in Table 1, the diagram count is smallest in the expansion at hand.

 All first-order (a) and second-order (b,c,d) vertex
diagrams in

Figure 3: All first-order (a) and second-order (b,c,d) vertex diagrams in expansion.

ii.5 -skeleton expansion

In the GW approximation (), in physical dimensions, Hedin’s equations are a system of ordinary integral equations for , , and . It is conceivable that in a near future increased computer power will allow us to solve these equations in fully self-consistent GW: this would make the GW approximation the zeroth-order stage of a subsequent attack of the full many-body problem, where vertex corrections are included perturbatively. The problem of including vertex corrections in a systematic way is an important target of present-day research, to overcome several limitations of the non-conservative GW Schindlmayr98 ; Oni ; Bruneval05 . It is therefore of interest to count the diagrams where and lines are dressed (resummed) to include all their GW self-energy and polarization insertions.

The counting problem is solved in by considering the expansion parameter . With simple algebra, the following two equations for the vertex and the ratio are obtained:

The perturbative solutions are:

Iii Asymptotics

 (color online)
Number of vertex diagrams at order

Figure 4: (color online) Number of vertex diagrams at order , divided by the asymptotic expression defined in Eq. (27), for the different renormalization schemes realized in Sec. II.1 [ – Eq. (7)], Sec. II.2 [ – Eq. (11)], Sec. II.5 [ – Eq. (26)], Sec. II.3 [ – Eq. (17)], and Sec. II.4 [ – Eq. (22)].

To estimate asymptotic behaviors is not simple in the present approach. However, the topology of many-body diagrams with two-body interaction is the same as in relativistic quantum electrodynamics (QED), with a difference: because of exact particle-antiparticle symmetry, QED diagrams with loops involving an odd number of fermion lines cancel (Furry’s theorem Itzykson ). Therefore, many-body skeleton diagrams grow faster in number than QED ones.

The functional approach, in the saddle point expansion, is better suited for asymptotics. This problem in physical dimensions has been studied for QED by several authors, based on Lipatov’s powerful method Itzykson77 ; Suslov05 . From the tabulated QED asymptotic values Cvi in , one can infer the leading behavior of many-body vertex skeleton diagrams. Consider the series for the vertex , in one of the renormalization schemes () outlined above. We obtain

In Fig. 4 the asymptotic behavior is checked on the first 50 coefficients of the five different vertex skeleton expansions computed in the present work. Indeed, in all expansions, whether bare or renormalized, the number of vertex diagrams grows with the order roughly as , thus leading to divergent power series, like in QED. The renormalization scheme only affects the subleading coefficients . As expected, the “ultimate” expansion, involving wider diagram resummations leads to fewer diagrams than all other “less renormalized” expansions. For large , the diagram count is essentially the same for the expansion, including renormalization to both the propagator and the interaction, and for the expansion around Hedin’s GW approximation.

Iv Conclusions

The present method for enumerating skeleton diagrams is based on Hedin’s equations and it is very efficient. Simple changes of the expansion variable produce various renormalizations schemes, in the form of differential equations that can easily be solved by series. The coefficients of these series are integers that count skeleton diagrams. These are useful as a check for any diagrammatic approach to the many-body problem in realistic dimensions. As expected, the number of diagrams, whether renormalized or not, grows factorially with the order.

This work was funded in part by the EU’s 6th Framework Programme through the NANOQUANTA Network of Excellence (NMP4-CT-2004-500198)

For everything else, email us at [email protected].


Iron is an essential mineral in the diet and is a crucial component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Dietary iron is present in two forms, heme iron, and non-heme iron. Heme iron is bound within a ring-shaped molecule called porphyrin. It is found mainly in red meat, whereas non-heme iron is found in plants and animals, and its absorption is aided by vitamin C.

The hormone hepcidin regulates the body’s balance of iron. The function of hepcidin is to suppress the absorption of iron. When the body’s iron stores are high, levels of hepcidin increase and iron absorption decreases. When iron stores are low, iron absorption increases. For this reason, it is uncommon to suffer from too much iron in the diet. However, there are some situations where iron toxicity or iron overload can occur.

Iron Toxicity

Iron toxicity can be caused by taking high doses of iron supplements for prolonged periods or taking a single overdose. Single doses as low as 10 to 20 mg/kg can cause some symptoms of iron toxicity. Medical attention is required at doses greater than 40 mg/kg, and more than 60 mg/kg can be lethal.

Excessive iron can be damaging to the gastrointestinal system. Symptoms of iron toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. Over time, iron can accumulate in the organs and cause fatal damage to the liver or brain. Toxic cellular effects occur as well. Oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function can be hindered by large amounts of iron, leading to the death of cells. Iron toxicity primarily affects the liver, but other organs and the blood may also be affected.

Metabolic acidosis occurs due to fluid loss, dilation of the blood vessels, and an anaerobic metabolism due to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Here are some signs that you’re getting too much iron.

Abdominal Pain

It is not uncommon for our diet to cause pains in our abdomen. There are certain foods that some people need to avoid to prevent abdomen pains. This, in itself, is not likely to make you think you have too much iron in your body, so it will often be overlooked as a stand-alone symptom. While it may be easy to ignore abdominal pain to begin with, you should arrange to see a medical professional if the sign continues for too long. Likewise, you should also get help if the pain is particularly severe. It may turn out to be nothing, but it is still a good idea to get it checked out.

Physical Weakness

Our physical strength is provided by our strong skeleton and muscles that help move the various parts of our bodies. Together, they can help us perform some impressive feats, especially in people who exercise a lot. If you were to have too much iron in your blood, though, then you could start feeling a lot weaker than usual. Physical weakness is a relatively common symptom of having too much iron on the body. You’ll have difficulty performing tasks that are otherwise easy for them. The good news is that the patient should restore their full strength after the underlying problem has been solved.

Joint Pain

Aches and pains in our joints are not unusual, especially for people who are getting older. They will usually pass within a day or two with no permanent damage being done. Such aches and pains are not always so benign, though, and they can sometimes be a sign of having too much iron in the body. Having too much iron in the body can lead to inflammatory arthritis, which is a condition that causes the joints to become inflamed, and this can be pretty painful for the patient. The patient can also find that their mobility is restricted due to the condition.

Our bodily system usually runs smoothly thanks to our organs that are hard at work every day. It is essential to keep these organs in good condition to help ensure the rest of the body can operate smoothly. If these organs are affected somehow, the body may no longer function as well as it usually would. When there is too much iron in the blood, the iron can start to accumulate in our organs. This affects their ability to function, which can lead to us feeling fatigued. The patient might feel tired all of the time, no matter how much rest they might be getting.

Diabetes is a condition in which the patient cannot regulate the levels of sugar in their blood. It is often an inherited condition, while it can also develop at some point in the patient’s lifetime. It can also be caused by having too much iron in the system. Having too much iron in the body can begin to affect the performance of our organs. Iron overload can affect how our body uses insulin, which helps us control how much sugar is flowing through our blood. It is a potentially serious condition, and patients will need to be careful about what they eat.

Liver Failure

Our liver performs several essential functions in our body. Among other things, it is responsible for filtering blood that has come directly from the digestive system. The clean blood will then go onto the rest of the body, full of nutrition but without toxins. If our liver failed, we would soon be in trouble as we cannot live without one. It is crucial that we look after it, and this can mean not having too much iron in your body. Too much of the metal can accumulate in the liver, and this can cause it to fail.

Iron is a mineral that we have evolved to become reliant on. Oxygen has an affinity to the metal, meaning it will attach itself, enabling oxygen molecules to be transported around the body. However, as essential as iron is, you can have too much of it in the body. If you feel any of these symptoms, check with a medical professional and figure out the best action plan.

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Calculate what is the temperature of the air overboard of an airplane flying at an altitude of 5 km, if at the earth’s surface it is 18 ° C

For the convenience of solving the problem, first we translate the height at which the plane flies from kilometers to meters.
Since 1 kilometer is 1000 meters, we get:
5 * 1000 = 5000 meters.
We write the value of the vertical temperature gradient. It is equal to 0.6 ° C per 100 meters.
This means that the air temperature decreases by a given value when rising for every 100 meters.
In this case, we get:
5000 * 0.6 ° C / 100 = 30 ° C.
Since this number shows the temperature difference, then overboard will be:
18 – 30 = -12 ° C.


woman relaxing on couch

How to Improve the Airflow in Your Cary, NC Home

May 19, 2021

Your HVAC system requires consistent airflow for it to work efficiently. When there is adequate airflow, your system can easily cool your home and maintain the set temperature. Here are tips and benefits of improving your home’s airflow in Cary, NC.

Check Your Filters

Clogged filters are one of the most commonly overlooked problems in an AC unit. The filter traps dust, dirt debris and other biological pollutants and prevents them from entering your indoor air. Ensure that you check your filters regularly and they are clean.

When air filters start to age, they clog with all the dirt and debris they trap. You should replace your air filters at least once every month. If you have washable filters, wash them regularly to remove dirt.

Check Vents and Registers

The AC circulates air in your home through a circular pattern. If one part of the pattern fails, it slows down airflow in your house. Air drawn through the vents is usually pumped through the ducts and then distributed to each room.

The change in air pressure in the house makes the house circulate to complete the pattern. Blocked air vents reduce airflow in your home. Although some vents have a closing mechanism to close them internally, make sure all the vents in your house are open.

Move anything that can block the flow of air coming from the vent. If there are any appliances or furniture too close to the vents, they can affect the airflow. Moving them away from the direct line of the airflow can make a big difference.

Your AC vents usually accumulate dirt and debris from your home. The buildup of air pollutants in your vents can block the airflow coming out. Cleaning your vents will remove anything trapped inside and improve airflow in your home.

Turn On Ceiling Fans

Turning on your ceiling fans can improve airflow in your home. During the hot months, ensure that your fans rotate counterclockwise to circulate cool air. The fan gets the air moving and creates a wind-chill effect to help you cool off.

Duct Cleaning

The air ducts circulate conditioned air throughout your home. If they have cracks and leaks, they can circulate dirt, dust, debris and other biological contaminants in your home. These pollutants can slow down the airflow through your air ducts.

Scheduling duct cleaning will help to remove any pollutants that may impede airflow. You may have to replace your air ducts if they are too old or the damage is extensive.

Install a Ventilator

Installing a ventilator is one of the most effective ways to improve airflow in your home. Ventilators help to flush out stale air and draw in the fresh air. They make sure that air keeps flowing freely in your home.

Find and Fix Leaks

Any air leakage in your home can lower the air pressure affecting the flow of air in your home. Air leaks allow air to escape the system and weakens the pressure inside the air vents. When the pressure drops, it slows down airflow in your home.

Most leaks are difficult to spot due to their small size. Service technicians use special equipment that can track your system’s natural airflow. Having your system checked for leaks and fixing them can help to improve airflow.

Schedule Regular Maintenance

Regular HVAC maintenance promotes the efficiency of your HVAC system. If you notice a decrease in the airflow, your system may be having a serious issue. Scheduling an annual tune-up can go a long way in improving your airflow.

During a maintenance check, the technicians inspect and clean the system and remove any debris or dirt. They look for anything that may be slowing your system and change air filters.

Cape Fear Air Conditioning provides quality AC repair, including maintenance and installation services. We offer low prices and focus on customer satisfaction. Contact Cape Fear Air Conditioning, Heating, & Electrical Company, Inc. today for all your HVAC maintenance and installation services.

Image provided by iStock

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National Commute With Your Baby Day

National Commute With Your Baby Day is a day for people to travel places with their babies. Some take their babies to a destination while aboard a boat, train, or airplane; some commute with their babies while driving a car or riding on a city bus; while still others commute somewhere with their babies by walking and pushing them in a stroller. No matter how people commute with their babies, today is dedicated to them doing so.

How to Observe National Commute With Your Baby Day

If you have a baby, celebrate the day by commuting somewhere with them. First pick a place to commute to, and that will help determine how you will get there. There are many places you could go and many ways you could travel. Maybe you could push your baby in a stroller to a park, commute with them to the grocery store in your car, or take an airplane trip with them to visit family.

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As internal audit functions adapt, evolve, and transform to meet emerging risks and challenges their organizations face, financial professionals need to consider what the organizational structure of a successful next-generation internal audit organization looks like. A traditional internal audit hierarchy begets a traditional approach, one that may not attract and retain the best talent. But as new approaches and methodologies are embraced in the practice of internal auditing, the organizational structure to support those can, and should, look very different.

In addition, as organizations continue to employ more digital capabilities and ecosystem partners as part of their broader transformation initiatives, scoping and building an organization that can support this new environment is essential to good governance. That means ensuring that auditors have the necessary tools, capabilities, and skill sets to deliver on different and growing stakeholder expectations. This article will review some of the key considerations for internal audit.

Flatter, Leaner, Faster

One of the first questions that arises in discussions about organizational structure is staff size: for example, “How many auditors do we need?” But it’s no longer about the number of full-time employees. As audit functions adopt new methodologies, the organizational structures required will look very different.

Among these approaches, next-generation internal audit groups develop and leverage flexible resource models to access skills, experience, and capacity as needed. This requires resourcing models that differ from traditional approaches and extend beyond the walls of internal audit to encompass the entire business, partners, and vendors. In addition, with regard to skills and experience, the structure of the next-generation internal audit department should support the efficiency and effectiveness of an audit function facing emerging risks.

In addition, next-generation internal audit shops tend to have flatter organizations with more flexible matrix structures and teams of auditors providing coverage across multiple legal entities, geographies, and risks. Resources who primarily focused on testing a portion of audit scope in the prior audit may find themselves leading the next audit. This level of flexibility in roles encourages a less hierarchical culture that is more aligned with the younger generation, while providing new challenges that can help retain top talent and future leaders. Reporting lines and responsibilities of both audit and support teams are increasingly built to facilitate agile audit methodologies. Ultimately, the size and scope of the internal audit function will also depend upon technology, risk coverage, organizational hierarchies, and the extent to which the company can utilize flexible resourcing, such as third parties.

Setting the Right Course

Rather than a standard blueprint, the optimal structure for any internal audit organization should be determined by the types of audits and services being performed. An internal audit function with more experienced people performing a greater proportion of advisory and consultative work for the business—as well as focusing on agile auditing, dynamic risk assessments, and other next-generation internal audit practices—is more likely to be flatter than one that performs a significant amount of traditional, sample-based auditing. Traditional shops tend to employ testing and documentation techniques that require more people performing time-intensive field work and then passing it up the chain of command.

Another structural driver is the level of compliance-related activity undertaken. Organizations that are heavily regulated (e.g., financial services) or that have to perform a lot of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) compliance work are going to have additional workstreams—and infrastructure—dedicated to those deliverables. These organizations may need to retain a more traditional, hierarchical organizational structure due to regulatory expectations and the practicalities of the work they perform.

Industry best practices also come into play. In the financial services industry, for example, it is increasingly common for internal audit functions, particularly in larger institutions, to have professional practices groups (PPG) responsible for setting strategy, priorities, methodologies, policies, standards, and procedures. The most effective PPGs take a systemic approach, developing a detailed understanding of the entire audit life cycle, from governance and methodology to resources and technology, as well as ensuring that the function meets its obligations and operates as efficiently as possible.

Achieving More with Greater Efficiency and Agility

Only after developing a clear picture of the internal audit function’s overall objectives can the Chief Audit Executive (CAE) determine the resource levels required to achieve them. Internal audit strategy was covered in a prior column, describing the importance of thinking strategically and defining strategic objectives. Aligning an appropriate organizational structure is a key component to successfully delivering on strategic objectives.

Historically, the scope of work to be performed would determine how many additional auditors would be required to per-form that work. Today, especially for internal audit functions that strive to align with leading practices, there are proven approaches that allow CAEs to achieve greater levels of precision, productivity, and efficiency in meeting their core objectives—most notably, automation and flexible resourcing.

Automation. Over the past decade, according to research conducted by Protiviti (the author’s firm), most internal audit functions have made sluggish improvements in their use of advanced auditing technology. In our view, now is the time to explore opportunities to employ technologies such as process automation, continuous monitoring, data visualization, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotic process automation. These and other technologies are increasingly being utilized to streamline internal audit workflows and eliminate tedious and time-consuming tasks. They also generate dashboards that can be used to provide real-time insights into risk and compliance, allowing auditors to focus their efforts where they can add more value.

Flexible resourcing. As noted above, next-generation internal audit groups develop and leverage variable resource models to become agile and gain access to skill sets and capacity as needed; resource flexibility is key. Partnering with third-party subject matter experts to supplement internal auditing staff is increasingly common. Internal audit groups can quickly fill skills gaps, often requiring deep and specialized technical expertise, while also supplementing internal resources during time-intensive projects with critical deadlines.

Strategic Direction

An internal audit department’s structure reflects its strategic direction. Departments with more traditional audit methodologies, technologies, and governance techniques will typically maintain a traditional, hierarchical internal audit structure. Next-generation internal audit functions with a culture of adopting leading practices have flattened their organizations, becoming more flexible and agile. They are more likely to leverage a strategic matrix that empowers auditors to work faster and more effectively across legal entities, risk areas, and geographic boundaries. To accomplish all of this in a timely manner, they are more likely to utilize new technologies and employ a more flexible approach to staffing the function with a blend of full-time staff, variable resources, and third-party experts.

Thinking strategically about how the internal audit department is structured, and being open to challenging the status quo, is a critical element of delivering enhanced value and achieving organizational objectives, particularly in dynamic and transformative business environments. By scoping and building the right structure up front, internal audit functions will set the stage for current and future success.

David Lehmann, CPA, is a managing director in Protiviti’s internal audit financial advisory practice, based in New York, N.Y.


Built Snake Game in Python Using Turtle

We all love to play a snake game on mobile phones whether it is a keypad or an android. As a programmer and enthusiast towards technology, can we think of how all these games are being developed? In this tutorial, we will explore a simple python application for developing a very popular snake game using the turtle library.

Turtle is a simple toolkit that provides an enjoyable and straightforward way to draw pictures on windows and screens. If you do not know the basics of the turtle then please first have a look at the Python Turtle graphics tutorial to understand what functions did turtle provides and how it works. We have developed amazing star and heart shape patterns using the turtle library.

let's get started with the snake game

Import the libraries

The first is to import all the necessary libraries we are required and define the variables with which we are working.
so we will import turtle library for creating window and snake and also for moving snake in all four directions. we will also be requiring a random module to design the food of the snake to place it at a random position on the window and time module for the delay.

Set the Screen

Now we have to create a window first and set all the screen configurations like title, background color, height, and width of the screen we want.

Snake Head

we have to create the head of the snake or initial single square snake with zero scores on the screen. And as it will start eating food the length of a snake will keep on increasing. so let's first create the head of a snake.

Snake Food

Now, we have to create food for the snake and when we will implement the function to move the snake then, we will place this food at a random position using the turtle goto method.

Designing a Score-Board

As the player continues to play a snake game we will be maintaining a score of how many food bytes the snake has eaten.

we are going to develop the functions for the snake movement. first, we will set the movement of a snake to move it up, down, left, and right.

Snake Movement

Now, we will define the function to move the snake in the particular direction x or y with a particular distance.

Set the Keyboard bindings

we will set the keyboard keys for the movement of the snake in all 4 directions. we will use listen() method to make the scene capable to listen to the bindings we apply. we will use w, a, s and, d keys to move the snake.

Now, we will be developing the main function from where the application will start running the code after building the snake, food, score-board.
In this section, we will be defining the loops to place food at a random position. And the movement of a snake and if snake eats the food successfully then we have to increase the score and add that food at the back of snake and increase its length.

Then after increasing the length we have to move snake and food as well on screen.
we have to also define the function for a collision of a snake with a border and with its body itself and update the high score on the scoreboard.

This is the main part of the complete application, from where the complete game will be in control.

1) Check the collision with the border

The complete code under this complete section will be in an infinite loop because until the snake collides with itself or border game will continue. The first is to check any collision with the border in which we defined the distance in the x and y-axis which is in pixels according to the height or width of the window we have set.

Turtle takes the movement with distance in pixel only. so if the snake crosses that particular distance then we will stop its movement and again set it back at center and update the score as 0 and high score whatever he has scored. after a collision to update all the values we have given a delay of 0.1 seconds.

2) Check for collision with food

If a snake eats the food successfully, then we have to increase its length and add another food at a random position to the window for which we will use the random module to take any random position in the x and y-axis. After this, we have to update the increased score to the scoreboard. remember that the code is under the infinite while loop only.

3) move the segments in reverse order

The segment is an empty list that stores the food of the snake means as we increase the length of the snake, one new segment is created and added at its back and to move that segment with a snake, now we have to move them in reverse order. still, we are in an infinite while loop.

4) Check the collision with the body

The procedure we have to check, that if the snakehead has collided with its increased length itself then we have to stop the game and update the scores. for this we will use the distance of head with segment means if the head is at the distance less than segment then, it collides and update the score.

That's the end of the implementation part. now you can run the program from the terminal or python ide you are using. And the final output you will get something like this.

The complete source code of the project is available here: GitHub

Hurray!. That's an amazing project using python turtle. I hope you get each and every step. If you get some errors or have some queries then please post them in the comment section below. I will be way happier to help you out and learn something from your side too.
Thank You!..

If you have any doubt or suggestions then, please let me know.

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As part of a presidentially-mandated assessment into the supply chains of the defense industrial base, the Defense Department is seeking public comments to inform its review with a focus on four areas that include kinetic weapons, energy storage, microelectronics, and castings and forgings.

DoD selected the focus areas and related “systemic enablers” based on its ongoing analysis of defense supply chains and alignment with operational priorities in current planning guidance.

The request for comments, published in the Sept. 28 Federal Register, points out that key components such as critical energetics and microelectronics used in certain kinetic weapons such as precision guided munitions, hypersonics and directed energy, mostly come from foreign sources, “including adversarial nations.”

In the area of energy storage and batteries, DoD says that energy storage “is an evolving requirement” and points out that “Defense-unique requirements with low production volumes create supply chain risk and high local costs.”

For microelectronics, the DoD’s effort is focused on military-specific needs and challenges between commercial and defense requirements.

The notice also highlights that dependency of manufacturing on castings and forgings and that an increase in these capabilities will help boost domestic commercial manufacturing.

The systemic enablers relevant to the four focus areas include workforce, cybersecurity posture, interoperability among DoD systems and with U.S. allies, barriers to entry and sustained participation for small businesses, and manufacturing.

The enablers “are critical to mission success, and gaps or fragility in each can create operational and strategic risk,” DoD says.

In February, President Biden issued an executive order, America’s Supply Chains (E.O. 14017), requiring federal agencies, including DoD, to assess their supply chains to make them more resilient and to reduce vulnerabilities (Defense Daily, Feb. 24). The directive gives DoD one year to submit its report.

DoD is posing five questions to potential respondents as they consider the focus topics and systemic enablers. The questions include how globalization has impacted the ability to source DoD requirements, the biggest challenges a company faces with distributed supply chains, how the department can support a company’s efforts to reduce supply chain challenges, how does the government help reduce supply chain risks, and how the government can better address supply chain risks and vulnerabilities.

Responses are due by Oct. 13.

The various reviews are expected to lead to recommendations and actions to secure supply chains for the U.S. government and U.S. industries.


Save This Word!

Definition of pneumo-

variant of pneumato- or pneumono-: pneumococcus.
Question 1 of 7

What does pneumo- mean?

Pneumo- is a combining form used like a prefix meaning “lung” or “breath.” It is often used in medical terms, especially in pathology and anatomy.

Pneumo- comes from the Greek pneúmōn, meaning “lung.” Pneúmōn helps form the Greek word pneumonía, source of the English pneumonia, “inflammation of the lungs with congestion.”

Pneumo- is a variant of both the combining forms pneumato-, meaning “air, breath, spirit,” and pneumono-, meaning “lung.” Learn more in our Words That Use articles for these forms.

What are variants of pneumo-?

When combined with words or word elements that begin with a vowel, pneumo- becomes pneum-, as in pneumectomy.

The Greek pneúmōn is also related to the combining form -pnea.

Want to know more? Read our Words That Use -pnea article.

Examples of pneumo-

One example of a medical term that features pneumo- is pneumotomy, also known as pneumonotomy, meaning “incision of the lung,” a surgical procedure.

As we know, pneumo- can mean “lung.” The second part of the word, -tomy, means “cutting, incision.” Pneumotomy literally translates to “lung incision.”

What are some words that use the combining form pneumo-?

What are some other forms that pneumo- may be commonly confused with?

Break it down!

A pneumolith is a type of calculus, or stone or concretion, that can form in the body. Based on the meaning of pneumo-, where in the body is a pneumolith found?

How to use pneumo- in a sentence

British Dictionary definitions for pneumo-

pneumono-, before a vowel pneum- or before a vowel pneumon-

combining form
of or related to a lung or the lungs; respiratorypneumoconiosis; pneumonitis

Word Origin for pneumo-

from Greek pneumōn lung or pneuma breath


Want to improve the employee experience? Tighten the gap between action and impact in diversity and inclusion

Employees don’t think workplace diversity and inclusion (D&I) initiatives go far enough to improve the employee experience (EX).

Employers recognize the value of diversity and inclusion and have made significant investments.

Race and gender inequity are at the top of our national consciousness, and employers are doubling down on workplace diversity and inclusion investments. Forbes reports that 40% of companies around the country increased their D&I budgets in the past six months, and 33% of top executives rank D&I as a top business priority.

Most employers are investing in diversity and inclusion programs because they want to do right for people. They also understand that doing right for people is doing right for the business. Multiple studies have shown a positive correlation between D&I and profitability, performance, innovation, and other business outcomes.

We know that organizations have made diversity and inclusion commitments. But what’s happening internally? Are employers’ investments making a positive impact in employees’ eyes?

Eagle Hill Consulting recently surveyed more than 1,000 U.S. employees to understand how they perceive and feel about their employers’ actions to support workplace diversity and inclusion.

Our new research indicates that while many employers are talking about D&I as a priority, they haven’t yet demonstrated its importance through their actions. Employees perceive that employers have not done all the work needed to drive meaningful progress, enhance the employee experience, and maximize the impact of their D&I investments.

What we found

Key finding 1:

Employees across generations are engaging in conversations about race, bias, and inclusion at work.

The good news is that most employees (58%) have productive conversations about race, ethnicity, and bias at work. Even when accounting for generational differences, nearly half of employees across all age groups say they are engaged in productive conversations about D&I.

More Millennials (65%) and Centennials (62%) report having productive conversations about these issues than GenXers (55%) and Baby Boomers (47%).

Report having productive conversations about race, ethnicity, and bias at work

Source: Eagle Hill Consulting Employee Experience Survey 2021

Key finding 2:

Employees don’t believe organizations are doing enough to demonstrate the importance of diversity and inclusion and see a gap between employers’ intentions and actions.

Most employees (83%) say their organization places importance on D&I in the workplace. However, nearly one in five (22%) is unable to point to anyone in their organization who demonstrates that D&I is important through their actions. Only 31% of employees think leadership clearly demonstrates D&I’s importance this way.

What people say versus what people do

Source: Eagle Hill Consulting Employee Experience Survey 2021

Key finding 3:

Few employees feel that their diversity and inclusion representative demonstrates the importance of D&I through their actions

Only 1 out of 10 employees feel that their diversity and inclusion representative demonstrate the importance of D&I through their actions.  While this finding is surprising, it may be due to how these roles are sometimes defined within organizations, not that these leaders lack concern. In many cases, D&I representatives are tasked with transactional, compliance-based work rather than with driving organizational change. Without this broader remit, it can be difficult for D&I representatives to make traction on initiatives despite all the best intentions.

The bottom line

While many organizations are engaging employees in honest and open conversations, Eagle Hill’s new research clearly shows that it’s not enough for employees. The expectations employees have for diversity and inclusion initiatives don’t align with what organizations are currently doing.

So, where do organizations go from here? How can employers make progress against this important issue—both in a quantifiable way and in the eyes of employees?

Key actions to bring diversity and inclusion programs to life

Create a common understanding and shared language.

As simple as this sounds, employers and employees do not have a shared language around D&I. For example, many younger employees may see D&I through a social justice lens, while their employers view it through a compliance lens. This creates a dynamic where employees don’t believe leaders are demonstrating D&I behaviors, while leaders think they are doing an excellent job. To avoid this disconnect, organizations need to co-create a shared definition of what D&I means and looks like for the company—and commit to revisiting and reconfirming this view as the environment changes. This mutual understanding creates a shared vocabulary and a touchstone to ground key actions and thread D&I through the employee experience. Developing D&I initiatives that transform the employee experience for the better starts with acknowledging its many dimensions beyond race, ethnicity, and origin. For example, the Centre for Global Inclusion’s D&I benchmarks include competence, compliance, dignity, organization development, and social justice.

Elevate diversity and inclusion representatives to the broader organization.

Depending on how D&I representatives’ roles are defined, employees may not hear enough from them. And if they do, employees may see D&I as a compliance function tucked away in HR rather than as a strategic function committed to improving the overall D&I climate and culture. Organizations should elevate D&I by ensuring there are dedicated representatives focused on this topic and clarifying their dual role in advocating for employees and building leadership capacity. Organizations should tap into D&I representatives’ expertise to push beyond the comfort zone with a “we can do better” attitude. It’s key to define what a culture of D&I looks like, what behaviors follow, and what programs can help build and sustain a positive employee experience. For instance, D&I representatives could (and should) play a role in defining how leaders can live D&I values and act as culture change agents. In addition, D&I representatives need a seat at the table and a platform to share their work to create two-way feedback loops with employees and support continuous improvement.

Hold leaders accountable for living diversity and inclusion values.

Leaders are key to creating an inclusive culture and safe environment that welcome and celebrate all perspectives. Organizations should challenge leaders to step up to the plate as D&I change agents and demonstrate their dedication to creating a culture of D&I through their actions, behaviors, and words. To do this, organizations should clarify what role leaders have in owning D&I, provide them with tools and examples of how to model the right behaviors, and embed D&I-related metrics into their performance reviews. Leaders should visibly engage in D&I initiatives and communicate the actions they are taking (and the expected timeline for impact) through multiple venues, including employee forums. They should also show a willingness to be vulnerable, engage in dialogue and admit that they don’t have all the answers, as this is where meaningful connections with employees begin. Finally, organizations should set up opportunities for reverse mentorship. This can go a long way in driving D&I improvements across the organization, as younger employees coach leaders by sharing their experiences, understanding and passion for diversity and inclusion.

Use human-centered techniques to drive meaningful dialogue.

To meet employees where they are when it comes to D&I, it’s essential to listen to their experiences, ideas, and needs, and empower them to shape and drive D&I activities. Using human-centered design methods and techniques, organizations can solicit diverse employee voices and views through surveys, interviews, and “live” listening sessions. Analyzing key themes that bubble up can help organizations to identify pain points and opportunities and develop a D&I vision and strategy that aligns with employees’ needs and viewpoints. As D&I initiatives are implemented, organizations can continue using human-centered techniques to gather feedback and evaluate the extent to which their initiatives are improving the employee experience and what further actions are needed to drive more meaningful change.

Focus on systemic changes to mitigate unconscious bias.

There is no endpoint for D&I. It is an ongoing journey and achieving lasting behavior change requires a hard look at an organization’s underlying infrastructure to determine where unconscious biases may be hidden. While this starts with an analysis of policies and procedures, leading D&I organizations recognize that the implicit biases and behaviors ingrained in an organization’s culture must also be addressed head on. Imagine that an organization’s performance management practices suggest that it evaluates everyone equally. However, the same types of people get access to leaders, are selected for stretch opportunities, and are promoted faster. A good first step for an organization like this would be requiring unconscious bias training for all employees to create awareness and help them act against their personal biases. A second important step is conducting an objective review of performance management and related activities to identify overlooked or hidden factors that limit D&I.

What’s next

As leaders invest in diversity and inclusion programs, they cannot maximize returns unless they know what D&I means to employees and translate this understanding into action. While there is much work to be done, we believe that organizations that have built a D&I strategy grounded in changing culture and rooted in employee experience—not just checking boxes—will be the ones that drive meaningful change.

The Eagle Hill Consulting Employee Experience Survey 2021 was conducted online by Ipsos in January 2021. The survey included 1,003 respondents from a random sample of employees across the United States. The survey polled respondents on employee experience aspects, including technology, diversity, employee engagement, and customer service.