The Oboe: A 17th Century Miracle [Instrument Facts]

The oboe, a double-reed instrument of the woodwind family, is one of the world’s most elegant, significant, and distinctive musical instruments.

Over the past centuries, the oboe has evolved to become one of the most challenging and distinctive instruments in the contemporary orchestra. It is also one of the most difficult instruments to learn to play but highly rewarding.

The oboe has been in use in orchestras for about 400 years and is considered one of the most established instruments in the orchestral repertoire. It has a warm yet piercing tone that is ideal for performing melodic sections or speedy runs.

The story started in the 17th century when violins were the most common solo instruments for indoor usage throughout the early Baroque period – nothing else sounded as expressive or provided the musician with as many technical options.

As a result, when oboes came, a revolution ensued. Jean Hotteterre and his musical associates at the French court presumably created the oboe in the mid-seventeenth century.

Covering just two octaves keys, but constructed with remarkable precision, oboes could be handled with tremendous virtuosity – which explains how they achieved a breakthrough within just a few years. Here is how.

King Louis XVI and His Oboists

As an integral part of the orchestra, the oboe story starts with King Louis XVI, also known as the Sun King, who requested oboes to play at the court instead of open-air. As a result,  musicians had to relocate from the outside stages to indoor salons, with Jean Baptiste Lully being in charge of the instrumentation.

King Louis XVI. Source wikipedia
King Louis XVI (1745-1793)

The King’s twelve outstanding oboists [Les douze grands hautbois du Roi], some of whom also played the bassoon, were expected to garner particular attention. Therefore is no surprise that the term “oboe” comes from the French word hautbois, which means loud wood, suggesting that the instrument’s sound was reedy and warm.

As in a contemporary orchestra, the oboes were often grouped chorally, much like the strings instruments. One famous example is Handel’s Fireworks Music, which had an initial score that asked for no less than twenty-four oboes, in addition to twelve bassoons and a large number of brass instruments.

The Golden Age of Oboe

Initially, the oboes were often applied to enhance the sound of the string ensemble, but they soon gained higher importance in their own right. Throughout the late Baroque era and nearly the whole time of Vienna classicism, the oboe was the most important wind instrument in the orchestral ensemble.

By the early twentieth century, the instrument’s construction had been refined, and an increasing amount of composers were turning to it for inspiration.

Classical oboe. Source:

Oboe solo concertos were written in great numbers by composers such as Handel, Albinoni, and Vivaldi throughout the Renaissance and eventually became scarce.

For instance, between the works of Mozart in 1778 and those of Richard Strauss in 1946, there is scarcely a composition of international repute to be found.

The Modern Oboe

Yinfente Professional Oboe

Yinfente Professional Oboe C key left F Resonance semi-automatic Rosewood Oboe.
Source: Yinfente

While Boehm was working on his flutes, Guillaume and Frederic Triébert developed a similar key system while working on the oboe’s sound tube in France. Some of Boehm’s ideas were helpful to them, although their modernization was less extensive than that of the flute.

It is referred to as the modern conservatory system oboe, most likely because Frederic Triebert amended it in the 1860s. His oboe was later designated as the official oboe of The Paris Conservatory by Georges Gillet.

Nevertheless, the oboe system developed by Triebert is not the same as what most professionals use today. Small additions and improvements have been made, such as the forked F resonance key, Left-hand F, split D ring, low Bb resonance key, various trill keys, and the third-octave key, among other things.

Despite this, very modest changes have been required since the mid-nineteenth century.

On the other hand, Oboe’s complex key system required a more stable wood than the box, which might bend and fracture.

Hardwoods like rosewood, grenadillo, and ebony were introduced, with the former being the most popular nowadays. Above is an example of the amazing Yinfente Professional Oboe in the C key.

The third-octave key is designed to aid in popping the extreme altissimo notes by making them sharper so that they pop out more easily and too often too sharp. This addition was later considered a “waste of silver”. It was seldom used and considered to place additional tension on the wood where the bore is already quite stressed and susceptible to cracking in extreme humidity.

The Bulb Bell

Oboe family. Source:

The alto oboe features a thick portion at the bottom end, similar to an egg or a pear. This bulbous bell [Liebefuss in German] was prominent in the mid-eighteenth century and was used to soften the tone of various woodwind instruments.

What exactly gives such instruments their distinct tone has long been disputed. It is most likely a mixture of the bulge and the crock, and perhaps even the fact that the somewhat conical sound tube is made narrower before the bell part.

The oboe, oboe d’amore, English horn, and baritone/bass oboe have all different bulb bells, as seen in the above image.

The Treble Oboe

Glory Oboe C Key Cupronickel Plated Silver
Glory Oboe C Key Cupronickel Plated Silver

The excellent quality of the treble oboe [and oboes in general] is attributable to their four-part construction: the reed, upper joint, lower joint, and the bell [or pavilion]. This allows us to thoroughly evaluate its acoustic properties, with precise drilling and placement of the tone-holes.

The treble oboe sound is often described as having a clear and piercing tone when compared to other contemporary woodwind instruments. The instrument’s conical bore contributes to its rich tone [as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets].

Consequently, owing to the penetrating sound of the instrument, it is easier to distinguish it from other instruments in big groups.

The oboe, whose height measures is about 62 cm, consists of a double anchor that through a small pipe connects to the body itself, conical in shape, endowed with the mechanism of the flaps, ending down with the opening called the bell.

Boxwood was the oboe’s standard material, and various sizes of the instrument were produced for ensemble playing. Sopranos and altos quickly became the most common soloists.

Though its typical tessitura is from C4 to E6, the instrument’s generally recognized range extends from B3 to approximately G6, which is two and a half octaves.

Treble oboe tonal range. Source:
Treble oboe tonal range

The English Horn

Fesjoy Professional English Horn. Source:
Fesjoy Professional English Horn Alto F Key

The hunting oboe evolved into the English horn towards the end of the eighteenth century. This title is deceptive since the instrument is by no means English.

It may be a mistranslation of the French cor angle [angled horn] to cor anglais since the instrument initially had an angular shape, but the straight form quickly took over.

The English horn sounds darker and more forceful than the oboe due to its lower pitch and pear-shaped bell. The timbre stays generally consistent across all ranges, resulting in a seamless transition between them.

Lower register [E3 – Ab3, A3]: sound intense, warm, and a little dull. The effect is mild at the piano, but the harsh, shawm-like traits become more apparent when played forte. The lowest notes are sometimes likened to horn sounds that have been stopped. This register does not allow for pianissimo playing.

The middle register [A3, Bb3 – C5]: is the English horn’s most often utilized range, as well as a downward extension of the oboe. The sound has a broad range of emotional expressions, from sadness and despair to unfettered playfulness. The music seems to originate from afar, which makes it perfect for evoking emotional and nostalgic feelings. This is why composers choose it for lyrical, emotive, and sad airs, but it may also be utilized for pastoral, joyful, archaic, and exotic themes.

The Upper register [Db5 – A5]: when played forte, the high notes sound caustic and forceful, as well as piercing. The Vienna classicists seldom utilized this instrument, but Berlioz and Wagner popularized it. The rich timbre of a contemporary English horn is distinctly different from that of a lighter oboe. It is more melancholy, and as a result, it is often used for solo sections, as in Sibelius’ The Swan of Tuonela.

The English horn has a large shape with a bulbous bell and a bent metal crook at the upper end on which the double reed is mounted, tuned a fifth below the regular oboe.

The English horn parts are written a fifth higher than it sounds, in the key of F.

English horn tonal range. Source:
English horn tonal range

Oboe d’amore

 oboe d'amore

Christoph Graupner utilized the oboe d’amore for the first time in his cantata Wie Wunderbar ist Gottes Güt in the eighteenth century [1717]. Johann Sebastian Bach composed numerous works for the instrument, including a concerto, several of his cantatas, and the Et in Spiritum sanctum section of his Mass in B minor.

The sound of the oboe d’amore is warm, lyrical, and mellow, similar to that of the French horn rather than the oboe.

The instrument is somewhat longer [bigger] than the oboe, and it has a unique pear-shaped bell that distinguishes it from the rest of the oboe family.

Oboe d’amore is a contemporary oboe with a soprano/alto range sounds from G-sharp below middle C to C-sharp above the treble clef but is notated a minor third above that.

Oboe d’amore tonal range. Source:
Oboe d’amore tonal range

The Bass Oboe

Source: Lorée Paris

The bass oboe is a lower-sounding instrument that may still be heard in certain concerts. The instrument is often referred to as heckelphone [German: Hackelphone] from its inventor, Wilhelm Heckel.

 Its purpose was to produce an expansive oboe-like sound in the middle register of significant orchestral works from the turn of the twentieth century, and it succeeded well.

Straus was among the first to use the bass oboe in his operas. One of the most notable examples of the bass oboe’s usage is Gustav Holst’s “The Planets,” where the instrument is utilized to great advantage and produces a tone that no other instrument can achieve on its own.

It has a dark, piercing tone, and it helps to fill out the tenor range of the oboes. Because of its comparable sound to the baritone oboe, it may be used to replace it.

Besides its larger size, the most notable characteristic being its pepper-grinded shape. Lorée invented the current straight model in 1889.

The bass oboe has a lower range than the contemporary oboe, ranging from B2 to G5 flat. The modern oboe may have a larger range in certain situations, but the highest notes have a weak tone and do not hear as distinctly as the lower notes.

Bass oboe tonal range. Source:
Bass oboe tonal range

The Hunting Oboe and its “secret”

J.H. Eichentopf from Leipzig [Germany] likely invented the instrument. It is unknown how much of a difference between a Baroque oboe da caccia [also known as oboe da silva] and an English horn.

Some Baroque conservatives insist on playing the former, while others believe that the difference is just cosmetic.

The Hunting Oboe. Source

A British writer recounts the story of an oboist who traveled as a specialist on the oboe da caccia in the early twentieth century. The finely tuned bell, however, was just a decoy that he attached to his English horn.

Everyone loved the purported hunting oboe until a conductor inquired as to the distinction. The player’s response was straightforward:

The difference is five pounds per concert!

To the untrained eye, the oboe seems to be a bigger version of the clarinet, owing to its black body and silver-colored keys. The two instruments, on the other hand, are diametrically opposed in many ways.

Oboe vs Clarinet

First, the pieces into which the player blows. The clarinet has a mouthpiece that is linked to a single reed at the top of the instrument. Contrary to this, the oboe does not have a mouthpiece but does have two reeds, indicating that it is a double-reed instrument.

Oboe vs Clarinet mouthpiece. Source:

The bell’s form is likewise very different from the norm. The bell of an oboe does not extend as far as the bell of a clarinet, and it is also thicker in comparison to the clarinet.

Oboe vs Clarinet bell. Source:

The tones produced by the oboe and clarinet are another significant distinction. The clarinet creates mellow, round, dark, and lower range tones, while the oboe produces brighter, penetrative, and clear tones. The conical bore is responsible for the oboe’s piercing tone.

Oboes have very tiny interiors, with the internal diameter of the top part of the upper section reaching just around 4 millimeters [mm]. The diameter increases in diameter as one gets closer to the bell, creating a cone.

Oboe interior. Source:

Because the hole for blowing into an oboe is so small, just a small amount of the player’s breath can get through it.

When playing other wind instruments, it is common for the player to struggle if they do not have enough breath volume, but it is common for the player to struggle if they have too much breath volume when playing the oboe.

This is by no means a simple task for the player to accomplish. In part, because oboe players take their breaths in small increments, playing a lengthy tune on a single breath is similar to holding one’s breath for an extended period of time. To compensate, carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs throughout the performance period.

Oboe player. Source: Shutterstock
Source: Shutterstock

Because oboists must inhale after releasing long-held breaths all at once, it takes them longer to take a breath than it does for players of other wind instruments to take a breath on the oboe.

Oboe Reeds

Oboe reed kit. Source: Amazon.
Oboe reeds and accessories.

An oboe reed is produced by shaving down a cane reed. The two reeds are fastened to the metal pipe with strings and positioned face to face. The oboe is built so that a piece of cork is wrapped around part of it and placed into the top portion of the instrument.

Oboe reeds typically endure approximately 10-15 hours of playing time and no more than one month after fabrication. However, if unplayed and stored in a stable temperature and humidity, certain reeds may survive longer.

Reeds are very sensitive to climate fluctuation because the weather changes may either reduce or lengthen their lifespan.

Oboe’s Role in Orchestra

Oboe placement in orchestra. Source:
Oboe placement in orchestra

Like the other wooden instruments, in the ordinary symphony orchestra, two oboes are used, which, besides the role of sustaining harmony, have first of all a frequent melodic mission.

The increasingly descriptive character of modern music is entirely based on the picturesque pregnancy and suggestiveness of the oboe, which, as we have already shown, has a remarkable power of detachment and relief on the sound level.

Also used in chamber music, the oboe also asserts itself as a soloist in several concerts specially written for this instrument.

Oboists are renowned for their concentration and attention to detail. If you are inquisitive about the world, a natural problem solver, and enjoy delving into the details of things, the oboe might be the ideal instrument for you.

Every human is believed to be capable of playing a musical instrument, so don’t shy yourself from starting to play the oboe today!

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Quick Answer: What Nationality Is The Name Finn?

Is Finn a unisex name?

The meaning of the name Finn is Fair.

In 2016, Fionn was ranked #21 for baby boys registered in Ireland: meaning 308 babies were given the name. Finn fared only slightly more popular, coming in at #20, as it was bestowed on 314 baby boys. Stateside, Finn had not even entered the most popular names chart pre the year 2000.

Is Finn a boy or girl?

Gender Popularity of the Name “Finn” Boy or Girl? Finn: It’s a boy! Since 1880, a total of 8,227 boys have been given the name Finn while we have no record of any girls being named Finn.

Is Finn an Irish or Scottish name?

The name Finn is a boy’s name of Irish origin meaning “fair or white”. Finn is a name with enormous energy and charm, that of the greatest hero of Irish mythology, Finn MacCool (aka Fionn mac Cuumhaill), an intrepid warrior with mystical supernatural powers, noted as well for his wisdom and generosity.

What country is the name Finn from?

FinlandFinn means “white”, “fair” (from Gaelic “fionn”) and “person from Finland”, “Finn”, “Sámi” or “wanderer” (from Old Norse “finnr”).

Is Finn a cool name?

This boys’ name is supercute for a baby and hipster-cool for a man. An Irish form of Fionn, Finn was the name of a mythical Irish warrior and folklore hero who, with his followers, protected the king. Model Christy Turlington and director Ed Byrnes gave the name to their son in 2006. …

What is Finn short for?

In some cases the Old Norse name was a short form of other names composed with this element. In other cases, the name Finn is derived from Irish, meaning “white” or “fair”. In the latter case, the name is a later Irish variant of Fionn.

Is Finn a common dog name?

Rover.com, the country’s largest online network of dog walkers and pet sitters, has just revealed the most popular dog names of the year. … Star Wars-inspired names have been a thing for 40 years now, but saw a 70 percent increase in 2017, with Finn being the most popular name from a galaxy far, far away.

Top Names Over the Last 100 YearsMalesFemalesRankNameNumber1James3,265,1052John1,560,8973Robert1,467,66493 more rows

What does Kuno mean in German?

Honest advisorIn German Baby Names the meaning of the name Kuno is: Honest advisor.

Is Finn a biblical name?

Baby Boy Name: Finn. Meaning: Fair. Origin: Irish. Hebrew boy names, Baby boy names, Boy names.

What is the name Finn in Irish?

What is Finn short for girl?

The name Finn is a girl’s name of Irish origin meaning “white, fair”. The most enduringly popular hero of Irish myth was Finn McCool, whose name is one of the coolest ever. When used for the female protagonist of How to Make an American Quilt, it established its hipness for girls as well.

Is Zoey an Irish name?

The name Zoey is a girl’s name of Greek origin meaning “life”. Zoey is a modern spelling variation of Zoe, the Greek Jewish translation of Eve. Despite its Jewish origins, Zoe was historically more popular among Christians. Two early saints were named Zoe—Saint Zoe of Rome and Saint Zoe of Pamphylia.

Is Finn a German name?

The surname Finn has several origins. In some cases it is derived from the Irish Ó Finn, meaning “descendant of Fionn”; the byname means “white” or “fair-haired”. In other cases Finn is a German surname derived from an ethnic name referring to people from Finland. …

What is Finn a nickname for?

Finn means fair tn!! Finlay/Finley is probably the best known and not exclusively Scottish any more. I rather like Finbar – sounds quite strong but very Irish, as is Fintan.

Is Finn short for Finley?

Finley is perfectly normal spelling of the ‘proper’ name, if you want to call him Finn, then that’s fine too as it’s only a nickname and so doesn’t really matter how closely it links to the original ‘real’ name.

Is the name Cara Irish?

Cara is an Irish, English, German and Italian language feminine given name from the Latin cārus meaning “darling, beloved, dear, loved one”. It is also a Danish, Norwegian and Swedish feminine given name that is an alternate form of Kara as well as a short form of Carola, Carolina and Oscara.


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Do bassinets have expiration dates?

Asked by: Jayce Shields
Score: 4.3/5 (54 votes)

Unlike car seats, which have a firm expiration date, bassinets don't expire. That being said, be cautious if you buy used. ... Look for the product label on the bassinet and make sure it clearly states: the manufacturer.

How long can bassinet be used?

How long can a baby sleep in a bassinet? Most traditional bassinets can be used until your baby reaches 15lbs or starts pushing up on his hands and knees, whichever comes first. Many babies hit these milestones around 4 or 5 months.

Do baby cribs have an expiration date?

Although cribs don't technically expire (unlike car seats, which have an expiration date printed on them, according to Parenting), safety regulations do change and recalls occasionally happen, as well. ... These updated rules prohibited the sale of any cribs with a side that drops down.

How do I know if my bassinet is safe?

Here's what the CPSC advises to look for in bassinets:
  1. A sturdy bottom with a wide base.
  2. Bassinets should have smooth surfaces.
  3. No hardware should be sticking out of bassinets.
  4. Mattresses need to be firm and fit tightly.

When should a baby move out of a bassinet?

Do Diapers Have Expiration Dates or Otherwise ‘Go Bad’? | Tita TV

30 related questions found

Why does sleeping in the same room as baby reduce SIDS?

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the best place for a baby to sleep is in his parents' bedroom. He should sleep in his own crib or bassinet (or in a co-sleeper safely attached to the bed), but shouldn't be in his own room until he is at least 6 months, better 12 months.

Are drop-side cribs illegal?

Is it okay for my newborn to sleep on my chest?

What age is Cosleeping safe?

Do strollers expire?

Unlike car seats, strollers don't have any expiry information, meaning that strollers do not expire from the manufacturer's perspective, and one can use it for as long as you see it fit. A stroller may function even when having a few mechanical damages.

Can I sell my old crib?

Reselling, donating old cribs now illegal under new federal consumer protection rules. ... Cribs manufactured before July 23, 2010, don't meet new standards set by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and are illegal to resell or donate.

Is it worth it to buy a bassinet?

Can a baby sleep overnight in a pack n play?

For the most part, a pack 'n play comes ready-made as a safe sleeping place for your baby. You likely don't need to make any adjustments to turn it into a safe environment, since it already is one. “As long as it meets the latest consumer product safety ratings, I'm OK with it [for sleep],” says Dr. Kramer.

How long can a baby sleep in a co sleeper bassinet?

To clarify, when we refer to bassinet, this also refers to a cradle, bedside sleeper or co-sleeper. Cots are suitable from newborn up to around 3-4 years of age. A bassinet is suitable from newborn to around 4-6 months of age, when they start to roll or sit. At this stage you should transfer them to a cot.

Is it true you should never wake a sleeping baby?

If the last nap of the day is occurring too late be sure to wake your baby to a bedtime between 6:00pm - 8:00pm. Between the ages of 3 – 8 months I recommend no naps past 5pm, and after 8 months naps should end by 4pm to protect an age appropriate bedtime.

Why do babies sleep better on mom?

What to do if baby only sleeps on you?

Baby Will Only Sleep When I Hold Him. Help!
  1. Take turns. Switch off holding baby with your partner (just remember, it's not safe for either of you to doze off with baby in your arms — easier said than done, we know).
  2. Swaddle. ...
  3. Use a pacifier. ...
  4. Get moving. ...
  5. Plus, more from The Bump:

How many babies died from drop side cribs?

When that happens, it can create a dangerous "V"-like gap between the mattress and side rail where a baby can get caught and suffocate or strangle. In all, drop-side cribs have been blamed in the deaths of at least 32 infants and toddlers since 2000 and are suspected in another 14 infant fatalities.

Is it OK to use a playpen as a crib?

Playpens are not intended to be used for unsupervised sleep because they do not meet the same safety requirements and are not as durable as cribs. ... Never leave a baby in a playpen with the side down; the baby can roll into the space between the mattress and the mesh side and suffocate.

Can a baby sleep in their own room at 4 months?

Babies get less sleep at night and sleep for shorter stretches when they sleep in their parents' room after 4 months old, a new study finds.

Can 2 month olds go in own room?

If you want to move her to her own room, rest assured, two months is not too young to sleep on her own in the crib. However, it is too young to expect that she will sleep through the night.

Can I put my baby in his own room at 4 months?

The researchers' advice to move babies into another room by 4-months, goes against what we know about SIDS risk. Room-sharing until 6-months is protective against SIDS. After 6-months, room-sharing is helpful for moms who are still nursing at night and need a safe place to put the baby after they have nursed.

What is the peak age of SIDS?

SIDS peaks at 2-4 months, is more prevalent in the winter months and typically occurs in the early morning hours when most babies are asleep, suggesting that sleep may be part of the pathophysiological mechanism of SIDS.


How did shakyamuni view life and death?

Asked by: Belle Homenick
Score: 4.5/5 (9 votes)

Shakyamuni perceived that desire is the fundamental impulse that drives life onward, tying us into the cycle of birth and death. ... Life, in this perspective, is a cycle of suffering from which one can eventually escape.

What does Buddha say about life and death?

Buddhism does not require belief. ... Addressing death and the impermanence of life is very important in Buddhist philosophy. Death is considered to be ever present and a natural part of existence. “Rather than being born and dying, our true nature is that of no birth and no death.”

What do Buddhist think about death?

Buddhists believe that death is a major transition between the present life and the next, and therefore an opportunity for the dying person to influence their future birth.

Is there an afterlife in Buddhism?

Buddhists do believe in a form of life after death. However, they don't believe in heaven or hell as most people typically understand them. The Buddhist afterlife does not involve a god sending someone to a specific realm based on whether they're a sinner.

What was Buddha known for?

Buddha, born with the name Siddhartha Gautama, was a teacher, philosopher and spiritual leader who is considered the founder of Buddhism. ... During his meditation, all of the answers he had been seeking became clear, and he achieved full awareness, thereby becoming Buddha.

What is Buddhist teaching about death?

26 related questions found

What are the 3 main beliefs of Buddhism?

Who are the 7 Buddhas?

The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity
  • Vipassī
  • Sikhī
  • Vessabhū
  • Kakusandha.
  • Koṇāgamana.
  • Kasyapa.
  • Gautama.

Can Buddhist drink alcohol?

Does Buddha believe in God?

Can Buddhists eat meat?

What are the 8 stages of death?

Though most of us have a cursory understanding of decay, not everyone knows that there are actually eight stages of death.
Here Is What Happens To Your Body During Each Of The 8 Stages Of Death
  • Pallor Mortis. ...
  • Algor Mortis. ...
  • Rigor Mortis. ...
  • Livor Mortis. ...
  • Putrefaction. ...
  • True Decomposition. ...
  • Skeletonization. ...
  • Fossilization.

How long does a Buddhist funeral last?

How do Tibetans view death?

Buddhists are encouraged to visit a graveyard as a way of facing their own death. It is important for Tibetan Buddhists to face death without fear, since this will ensure a good rebirth. They believe that the most advanced students of the faith should have neither fear nor regrets at the moment of their death.

What did Buddha say about God?

Buddhism's teachings say that there are divine beings called devas (sometimes translated as 'gods') and other Buddhist deities, heavens and rebirths in its doctrine of saṃsāra or cyclical rebirth. Buddhism teaches that none of these gods as a creator or as being eternal, though they can live very long lives.

What is the significance of 49 days after death?

Rebirth within 49 days

In many Buddhist traditions, 49 days is the total mourning period, with prayers conducted every 7 days, across 7 weeks. These Buddhists believe that rebirth takes place within 49 days after death. So these prayers are conducted to facilitate this journey of the deceased into the afterlife.

How many lives did Buddha have?

All these 28 Buddhas were born into royal families or rich Brahmin families. When they had seen the four signs - an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and an ascetic - they renounced worldly life and left home. They engaged in meditation on mindfulness until they attained Enlightenment.

What is the oldest religion?

Can you practice Buddhism and Christianity?

It might seem odd — or even impossible — that one could practice the traditions of both religions. Christians preach of one God, creation and salvation, while Buddhists believe in reincarnation, enlightenment and nirvana. ... But it's not really about belief at all, it's about practice."

What God do Buddhist worship?

Public worship

Can Christians drink alcohol?

Christian views on alcohol are varied. ... They held that both the Bible and Christian tradition taught that alcohol is a gift from God that makes life more joyous, but that over-indulgence leading to drunkenness is sinful.

What is forbidden in Buddhism?

Can Taoists drink alcohol?

Laozi said: “The precept against taking of intoxicants is: One should not take any alcoholic drinks, unless he has to take some to cure his illness, to regale the guests with a feast, or to conduct religious ceremonies.”

Who is the female Buddha?

Are there any Buddhas alive today?

Today reincarnation is the most widely accepted inheritance right among various schools in Tibet. There are currently 358 Living Buddhas in Tibet.

Is Jesus a Buddha?

Certainly he was many things-Jew, prophet, healer, moral- ist, revolutionary, by his own admission the Messiah, and for most Christians the Son of God and redeemer of their sins. And there is convincing evidence that he was also a Buddhist. ... Historical evidence indicates that Jesus was well acquainted with Buddhism.


Mining Industry challenged with a myriad of standards

By ,

Managing compliance is hard. When your high risk industry gets overlapping standards, it becomes even more complex to stay in continuous compliance.

Jean-Marc Léger from ERM recently pointed out, “Over the last twelve months, no less than three new benchmarks have been proposed to the international mining industry.” In September 2019, the World Gold Council presented its normative framework entitled ‘Responsible Gold Mining Principles’ to the gold mining industry. Before the end of the year, the IRMA standard or ‘Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance’ identified itself as the ESG standard applicable to the entire industry. Finally, despite the obstacles caused by the pandemic, the International Council on Mining & Metals (ICMM), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) published the ‘Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management’ on August 5, 2020.

Aside from the parallels that can be drawn with the catastrophic accidents at Brumadinho (2019), San Marco (2015), and, closer to home, Mount Polley (2014) with respect to tailings management, what can we make of the arrival of three new standards in such a short period of time? Equally importantly, how can we anticipate the reaction of these important economic players to the emergence of new voluntary standards?

Paperwork vs. Genuine Improvements

With any new set of requirements you inevitably receive a certain amount of paperwork. Of course the purpose of the regulation or standard is to improve your operations, but it is not always obvious how to modify your existing operations, systems, procedures and documentation to take into account these new standards. In addition to the standards mentioned above the mining industry is also working with the Cyanide Code and Towards Sustainable Mining.

Another (ex) ERM consultant, Scott Nadler, pointed out a similar challenge in the sustainability reporting space. The long and short of meeting all these standards is making sure that your underlying dates and systems are very, very clean. You need to be able to track and manage procedures and data without spending time searching through systems or databases. This is where it becomes so essential to do first things first.

Before engaging in complex sustainability or compliance efforts, take a step back and make sure you Know your Obligations. Take a hard look at ALL the requirements you have from all the organizations that can impact you. What are your External Obligations from regulators and industry bodies and what are the Internal Obligations that you have decided to adopt. Once you know this, you can then determine the data and information you need to ascertain your compliance. Our recent webinar on ISO 19600 laid out the steps in this process.

As with lean manufacturing, it is critical that you follow the 5S with your risk, quality, environmental, and health and safety information. Make sure your data and documents are:

  1. “Sorted into the appropriate places and categories”,
  2. “Set In order and easy to find”,
  3. “Shined and ready for use by your team members”,
  4. “Standardized so each document and data set can be easily interpreted by the right person” and,
  5. “Sustained so that your EHS and Quality data is always up-to-date”.

If you can do that, then new standards and reporting requirements should be a breeze.

Checklists prepared by Nimonik

Nimonik took the liberty of creating some user friendly checklists for these various mining standards, you can see them here:


Epistemic Optimists & Pessimists - Joe Abittan

Epistemic Optimists & Pessimists

A little while back I did a mini dive into cognitive psychology and behavioral economics by reading Thinking Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman, Nudge by Sunstein and Thaler, Risk Savvy by Gerd Gigerenzer, Vices of the Mind by Quassim Cassam, and The Book of Why by Judea Pearl. Each of these authors asked questions about the ways we think and tried to explain why our thinking so often seems go awry. Recognizing that it is a useful but insufficient dichotomy, each of these authors can be thought of as either an epistemic optimist or an epistemic pessimist.
In Vices of the Mind Cassam gives us the definitions for epistemic optimists and pessimists. He writes, “Optimism is the view that self-improvement is possible, and that there is often (though not always) something we can do about our epistemic vices, including many of our implicit biases.” The optimists, Cassam argues, believes that we can learn about our mind, our biases, and how our thinking works to make better decisions and improve our beliefs to foster knowledge. Cassam continues, “Pessimism is much more sceptical about the prospects of self-improvement or, at any rate, of lasting self-improvement. … For pessimists, the focus of inquiry shouldn’t be on overcoming our epistemic vices but  on outsmarting them, that is, finding ways to work around them so as to reduce their ill effects.” With Cassam’s framework, I think it is possible to look at the ways each author and researcher presents information in their books and to think of them as either optimists or pessimists.
Daniel Kahneman in Thinking Fast and Slow wants to be an optimist, but ultimately is a pessimist. He writes throughout the book how his own knowledge about biases, cognitive illusions, and thinking errors hardly help him in his own life. He states that what he really hopes his book accomplishes is improved water-cooler talk and better understanding of how the brain works, not necessarily better decision-making for those who read his book. Similarly, Sunstein and Thaler are pessimists. They clearly believe that we can outsmart our epistemic vices, but not by our own actions but rather by outside nudges that smarter people and responsible choice architects have designed for us. Neither Kahneman nor the Chicago economics pair believe we really have any ability to control and change our thinking independently.
Gigerenzer and Pearl are both optimists. While Gigerenzer believes that nudges can be helpful and encourages the development of aids to outsmart our epistemic vices, he also clearly believes that we can overcome them on our own simply through gaining experience and through practice. For Gigerenzer, achieving epistemic virtuosity is possible, even if it isn’t something you explicitly work toward. Pearl focuses how human beings are able to interpret and understand causal structures in the real world, and breaks from the fashionable viewpoint of most academics in saying that humans are actually very good and understanding, interpreting, and measuring causality. He is an epistemic optimist because he believes, and argues in his book, that we can improve our thinking, improve the ways we approach questions of causality, and improve our knowledge without having to rely on fancy tricks to outsmart epistemic vices. Both authors believe that growth and improved thinking is possible.
Cassam is harder to place, but I think he still is best thought of as an epistemic optimist. He believes that we are blameworthy for our epistemic vices and that they are indeed reprehensible. He also believes that we can improve our thinking and reach a more epistemically virtuous way of thinking if we are deliberate about addressing our epistemic vices. I don’t think that Cassam believes we have to outsmart our epistemic vices, only that we need to be able to recognize them and understand how to get beyond them, and I believe that he would argue that we can do so.
Ultimately, I think that we should learn from Kahneman, Sunstein, and Thaler and be more thoughtful of our nudges as we look for ways to overcome the limitations of our minds. However, I do believe that learning about epistemic vices and taking steps to improve our thinking can help us grow and become more epistemically virtuous. Simple experience, as I think Gigerenzer would argue, will help us improve naturally, and deliberate and calibrated thought, as Pearl might argue, can help us clearly see real and accurate causal structures in the world. I agree with Cassam that we are at least revision responsible for our epistemic vices, and that we can take steps to get beyond them, improving our thinking and becoming epistemically virtuous. In the end, I don’t think humanity is a helpless pool of irrationality and that we can only improve our thinking and decision-making through nudges. I think we can and over time will improve our statistical thinking, decision-making, and limit cognitive errors and biases as individuals and as societies (then again, maybe its just the morning coffee talking).
We Bet on Technology

We Bet On Technology

Teaching Statistical Thinking

Teaching Statistical Thinking

“Statistical thinking is the most useful branches of mathematics for life,” writes Gerd Gigerenzer in Risk Savvy, “and the one that children find most interesting.” I don’t have kids and I don’t teach or tutor children today, but I remember math classes of my own from elementary school math lessons to AP Calculus in high school. Most of my math education was solving isolated equations and memorizing formulas with an occasional word problem tossed in. While I was generally good at math, it was boring, and I like others questioned when I would ever use most of the math I was learning. Gerd Gigerenzer wants to change this, and he wants to do so in a way that focuses on teaching statistical thinking.
Gigerenzer continues, “teaching statistical thinking means giving people tools for problem solving in the real world. It should not be taught as pure mathematics. Instead of mechanically solving a dozen problems with the help of a particular formula, children and adolescents should be asked to find solutions to real-life problems.”
We view statistics as incredibly complicated and too advanced for most children (and for most of us adults as well!). But if Gigerenzer’s assertion that statistical thinking and problem solving is what many children are the most excited about, then we should lean into teaching statistical thinking rather than hiding it away and saving it for advanced students. I found math classes to be alright, but I questioned how often I would need to use math, and that was before smartphones became ubiquitous. Today, most math that I have to do professionally is calculated using a spreadsheet formula. I’m glad I understand the math and calculations behind the formulas I use in spreadsheets, but perhaps learning mathematical concepts within real world examples would have been better than learning them in isolation and with essentially rote memorization practice.
Engaging with what kids really find interesting will spur learning. And doing so with statistical thinking will do more than just help kids make smart decisions on the Las Vegas Strip. Improving statistical thinking will help people understand how to appropriately respond to future pandemics, how to plan for retirement, and how think about risk in other health and safety contexts. Lots of mathematical concepts can be built into real world lessons that lean into teaching statistical thinking that goes beyond the memorization and plug-n-chug lessons that I grew up with.
Risk Savvy Citizens

Risk Savvy Citizens

In Risk Savvy Gerd Gigerenzer argues for changes to the way that financial systems, healthcare systems, and discourse around public projects operate. He argues that we are too afraid of risk, allow large organizations to profit from misunderstandings of risk, and that our goals are often thwarted by poor conceptions of risk. Becoming risk savvy citizens, he argues, can help us improve our institutions and make real change to move forward in an uncertain world.

“The potential lies in courageous and risk savvy citizens,” writes Gigerenzer.

I think that Gigerenzer is correct to identify the importance of risk savvy citizens. We are more interconnected than we ever have been, and to develop new innovations will require new risks. Many of the institutions we have built today exist to minimize both risk and uncertainty, unintentionally limiting innovation. Moving forward, we will have to develop better relationships toward risk to accept and navigate uncertainty.

A population of risk savvy citizens can help reshape existing institutions, and will have to lean into risk to develop new institutions for the future. This idea was touched on in Bruce Katz and Jeremy Nowak’s book The New Localism where they argue that we need new forms of public private partnerships to manage investment, development, and public asset management. Public agencies, institutions we have relied upon, have trouble managing and accepting risk, even if they are comprised of risk savvy citizens. The solution, Katz and Nowak might suggest, is to reshape institutions so that risk savvy citizens can truly act and respond in ways that successfully manage reasonable risks. Institutions matter, and they need to be reshaped and reformed if our courageous and risk savvy citizens are going to help change the world and solve some of the ills that Gigerenzer highlights.

Self-Interest & A Banking Moral Hazard

Self-Interest & A Banking Moral Hazard

I have not really read into or studied the financial crisis of 2008, but I remember how angry and furious so many people were at the time. There was an incredible amount of anger at big banks, especially when executives at big banks began to receive massive bonuses while many people in the country lost their homes and had trouble rebounding from the worst parts of the recession. The anger at banks spilled into the Occupy Wall Street movement, which is still a protest that I only have a hazy understanding of.
While I don’t understand the financial crisis that well, I do believe that I better understand self-interest, thanks to my own personal experience and constantly thinking about Robin Hanson and Kevin Simler’s book The Elephant in the Brain. The argument from Hanson and Simler is that most of us don’t actually have really strong beliefs about most aspects of the world. For most topics, the beliefs we have are usually subservient to our own self-interest, to the things we want that would give us more money, more prestige, and more social status. When you apply this filter retroactively to the financial crisis of 2008, some of the arguments shift, and I feel that I am able to better understand some of what took place in terms of rhetoric coming out of the crisis.
In Risk Savvy, published in 2014, Gerd Gigerenzer wrote about the big banks. He wrote about the way that bankers argued for limited regulation and intervention from states, suggesting that a fee market was necessary for a successful banking sector that could fund innovation and fuel the economy. However, banks realized that in the event of a major banking crisis, all banks would be in trouble, and dramatic government action would be needed to save the biggest banks and prevent a catastrophic collapse. “Profits are pocketed by executives, and losses are compensated by taxpayers. That is not exactly a free market – it’s a moral hazard,” writes Gigerenzer.
Banks, like the individuals who work for and comprise them, are self-interested. They don’t want to be regulated and have too many authorities limiting their business enterprises. At the same time, they don’t want to be held responsible for their actions. Banks took on increasingly risky and unsound financial loans, recognizing that if everyone was engaged in the same harmful lending practice, that it wouldn’t just be a single bank that went bust, but all of them. They argued for a free market before the crash, because a free market with limited intervention was in their self-interest, not because they had high minded ideological beliefs. After the crash, when all banks risked failure, the largest banks pleaded for bail outs, arguing that they were necessary to prevent further economic disaster. Counter to their free-market arguments of before, the banks favored bail-outs that were clearly in their self-interest during the crisis. Their high minded ideology of a free market was out the window.
Gigerenzer’s quote was meant to focus more on the moral hazard dimension of bailing out banks that take on too many risky loans, but for me, someone who just doesn’t fully understand banking the way I do healthcare or other political science topics, what is more obvious in his quote is the role of self-interest, and how we try to frame our arguments to hide the ways we act on little more than self-interest. A moral hazard, where we benefit by pushing risk onto others is just one example of how individual self-interest can be negative when multiplied across society. Tragedy of the commons, bank runs, and social signaling are all other examples where our self-interest can be problematic when layered up to larger societal levels.
Risk literacy and Reduced Healthcare Costs - Joe Abittan

Risk Literacy & Reduced Healthcare Costs

Believing We Are Well Informed

Believing We Are Well Informed

In his book Risk Savvy, Gerd Gigerenzer demonstrated that people often overestimate their level of knowledge about the benefits of prostate and cancer screening. “A national telephone survey of U.S. adults,” he writes, “reported that the majority were extremely confident in their decision about prostate, colorectal, and breast screening, believed they were well informed, but could not correctly answer a single knowledge question.” I think this quote reveals something important about the way our minds work. We often believe we are well informed, but that belief and our confidence in our knowledge is often an illusion.
This is something I have been trying to work on. My initial reaction any time I hear any fact or any discussion about any topic is to position myself as a knowledgeable semi-expert in the topic. I have noticed that I do this with ideas and topics that I have really only heard once or twice on a commercial, or that I have seen in a headline, or that I once overheard someone talking about. I immediately feel like an expert even though my knowledge is often less than surface deep.
I think that what is happening in these situations is that I am substituting my feeling of expertise or knowledge with a different question. I am instead answering the question can I recall a time when I thought about this thing and then answering that question. Mental substitution is common, but hard to actually detect. I suspect that the easier a topic comes to mind, even if it is a topic I don’t know anything about but have only heard the name of, then the more likely I am to feel like I am an expert.
Gigerenzer’s quote shows that people will believe themselves to be well informed even if they cannot answer a basic knowledge question about the topic. Rather than substituting the question can I recall a time when I thought about this thing, patients may also be substituting another question. Instead of analyzing their confidence in their own decision regarding cancer screening, people may be substituting the question do I trust my doctor? Trust in a physician, even without any knowledge about the procedure, may be enough for people to feel extremely confident in their decisions. They don’t have to know a lot about their health or how a procedure is going to impact it, they just need to be confident that their physician does.
These types of substitutions are important for us to recognize. We should try to identify when we are falling victim to the availability bias and when we are substituting different questions that are easier for us to answer. In a well functioning and accurate healthcare setting these biases and cognitive errors may not harm us too much, but in a world of uncertainty, we stand to lose a lot when we fail to recognize how little we actually know. Being honest about our knowledge and thinking patterns can help us develop better systems and structures in our lives to improve and guide our decision-making.
On The Opportunity To Profit From Uninformed Patients

On The Opportunity To Profit From Uninformed Patients

Risk Literacy Builds Trust

Risk Literacy Builds Trust

In his book Risk Savvy Gerd Gigerenzer writes about a private medical panel and lecture series that he participated in. Gigerenzer gave a presentation about the importance of risk literacy between doctors and their patients and how frequently both misinterpret medical statistics. Regarding the dangers this could pose for the medical industry, Gigerenzer wrote the following, recapping a discussion he had with the CEO of the organization hosting the lectures and panel:

“I asked the CEO whether his company would consider it an ethical responsibility to do something about this key problem. The CEO made it clear that his first responsibility is with the shareholders, not patients or doctors. I responded that the banks had also thought so before the subprime crisis. At some point in the future, patients will notice how often they are being misled instead of informed, just as bank customers eventually did. When this happens, the health industry may lose the trust of the public, as happened to the banking industry.”

I focus a lot on healthcare since that is the space where I started my career and where I focused most of my studies during graduate school. I think Gigerenzer is correct in noting that risk literacy builds trust, and that a lack of risk literacy can translate to a lack of trust. Patients trust doctors because health and medicine is complex, and doctors are viewed as learned individuals who can decipher the complexity to help others live well. However, modern medicine is continuing to move into more and more complex fields where statistics and risk play a more prominent role. Understanding genetic test results, knowing whether a given medicine will work for someone based on their microbiome, and using and interpreting AI tools requires proficient risk literacy. If doctors can’t build risk literacy skills, and if they cannot communicate risk to patients, then patients will feel misled, and the trust that doctors have will slowly diminish.

Gigerenzer did not feel that his warning at the panel was well received. “The rest of the panel discussion was about business plans, which really captured the emotions of the health insurers and politicians present. Risk-literate doctors and patients are not part of the business.”

Healthcare has to be patient centered, not shareholder centered. If healthcare is not about patients, then the important but not visible and not always profitable work that is necessary to build risk literacy and build trust won’t take place. Eventually, patients will recognize when they are placed behind shareholders in terms of importance to a hospital, company, or healthcare system, and the results will not be good for their health or for the shareholders.

Medical Progress

What does medical progress look like? To many, medical progress looks like new machines, artificial intelligence to read your medical reports and x-rays, or new pharmaceutical medications to solve all your ailments with a simple pill. However, much of medical progress might be improved communication, better management and operating procedures, and better understandings of statistics and risk. In the book Risk Savvy, Gerd Gigerenzer suggests that there is a huge opportunity for improving physician understanding of risk, improved communication around statistics, and better processes related to risk that would help spur real medical progress.

He writes, “Medical progress has become associated with better technologies, not with better doctors who understand these technologies.” Gigerenzer argues that there is currently an “unbelievable failure of medical schools to provide efficient training in risk literacy.” Much of the focus of medical schools and physician education is on memorizing facts about specific disease states, treatments, and how a healthy body should look. What is not focused on, in Gigerenzer’s 2014 argument, is how physicians understand the statistical results from empirical studies, how physicians interpret risk given a specific biological marker, and how physicians can communicate risk to patients in a way that adequately inform their healthcare decisions.

Our health is complex. We all have different genes, different family histories, different exposures to environmental hazards, and different lifestyles. These factors interact in many complex ways, and our health is often a downstream consequence of many fixed factors (like genetics) and many social determinants of health (like whether we have a safe park that we can walk, or whether we grew up in a house infested with mold). Understanding how all these factors interact and shape our current health is not easy.

Adding new technology to the mix can help us improve our treatments, our diagnoses, and our lifestyle or environment. However, simply layering new technology onto existing complexity is not enough to really improve our health. Medical progress requires better ways to use and understand the technology that we introduce, otherwise we are adding layers to the existing complexity. If physicians cannot understand, cannot communicate, and cannot help people make reasonable decisions based on technology and the data that feeds into it, then we won’t see the medical progress we all hope for. It is important that physicians be able to understand the complexity, the risk, and the statistics involved so that patients can learn how to actually improve their behaviors and lifestyles and so that societies can address social determinants of health to better everyone’s lives.


UBC Theses and Dissertations

UBC Theses Logo

UBC Theses and Dissertations

The Islands Trust : an institutional experiment in the management of scarce natural and social resources Porcher, Laura Kathryn

This thesis examines the Islands Trust as an institutional experiment in environmental management. Evaluation is made of the performance of the Islands Trust and the overall institutional system, on the basis of objectives stated prior to and following the inception of the Trust. Public choice theory proves useful in explaining the behavior of the three principle categories of actors in the institutional system: voters, bureaucrats, and politicians. The objectives of the study are 1) to examine the extent to which the Trust has fulfilled the intent of the Islands Trust Act, and 2) to discover the factors which have contributed to this degree of success or failure. Initially a study is made of the legal and historical setting of resource management, both in Canada generally and specifically in the trust area. The evolution of the Islands Trust is described. An examination of the intent of the Islands Trust provides the basis on which evaluation is made. Intent is derived from the Report of the Select Standing Committee on Municipal Matters which recommended instituting the Trust in 1973, the Legislative Debates from 1973 to 1979, and the policy statement of the Islands Trust in 1975. Summarizing these three sources, the Trust was intended 1) to act as the mechanism of coordination and control of island development, 2) to ensure orderly development of the islands, 3) to offer significant local control while protecting the provincial interests in the scenic beauty, rural atmosphere, and recreational amenities of the trust area. Empirical analysis is made of three major problem areas in island development: Crown land, subdivision, and forestry. For each of these broad issues, statistics describing the problems, decision-making procedures, Islands Trust involvement, and Islands Trust relations with other agencies are examined. Case studies are used extensively. Islands Trust files, attendance at Islands Trust meetings, and discussions with islanders and government agencies are the main data sources. Public choice theory suggests why the institutional system operates as it does. The theory makes two fundamental assumptions: 1) all people act rationally, and 2) all people act in their own selfish interests. The thesis makes an implicit assumption in its definition of vested interests that economic interests and interests in holding power as an end (rather than as a means to an end) are particularly strong motivators of behavior. Under these assumptions a model is built, describing the behavior of voters, bureaucrats, and politicians. Empirically it is found that the Islands Trust has few powers with which to fulfill its mandate. Regarding the three main intents of the Trust, results were as follows: 1. No single mechanism of control of island development exists. Other government agencies are reluctant to cooperate with Trust objectives, and to submit to the coordinating role of the Trust. 2. Development has become much more orderly, but some environmental and social problems persist, over which the Trust has minimal control. 3..Since the Trust has little authority, there is little local control. Provincial interests are protected with a conservationist tendency. . The Islands Trust has achieved success in fulfilling its mandate, to the extent that it has been given powers to do so. . Several theoretical conclusions are suggested. Trustees may be interested in protecting the island environments because 1) they wish to get re-elected and the majority of their electorates want the islands protected, and 2) the power of the Trust itself is derived from fulfilling the Trust mandate. People with vested interests, particularly property rights, tend to disproportionately influence decisions. Pressure from people with vested interests tends to cause politicians to pressure bureaucrats to bend rules. Bureaucrats are eager to promote their agency's mandate, and tend to adapt their programs to the interests of their clientele. The thesis has important implications with respect to democracy, environmental protection, and integrated resource management. It appears that further decentralization of power may lead to positive results with respect to coordination and integrated resource management, environmental protection, and local control.

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Course Description: Provides an overview of modern inventory control systems and sales records. Topics include the retail method of inventory, operating statements, techniques of planning, and methods of figuring mark-ups, markdowns, open-to-buy, and terms of sales. Specifically, the course exposes you (the student) to the mathematical concepts, techniques and analysis which are fundamental to the buying and planning process. Retailing encompasses
business functions to first procure goods from a manufacturer and later distribute and sell these goods to the end user or consumer. Many of these processes are highlighted using mathematical problems and interactive learning techniques. Upon successfully completing this course, you will
understand how retailers systematically maximize return on investment, through planning sales and inventory in order to increase profitability. Students will become aware of the importance of maximizing sales potential and minimizing losses from markdowns and stock outs. Finally students should be able to explain the financial operations of retail merchandising and apply these principles in basic computer-simulated case situations.


How to determine through forward cloud computing?

CSDN Q & A 2021-12-30 07:04:00 阅读数:46

determine forward cloud computing

Please help me solve a simple problem , The three eigenvalues of the cloud model are known , A concrete x The number , How to solve the uncertainty through the forward cloud ？

Refer to the answer 1：

Award winning answer , With all of you . Satisfactory answer VX Add you

Refer to the answer 2：


Alluvial nodular monazite in Monfortinho (Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal): Regional distribution and genesis

Rute Salgueiro, Carlos Inverno, Daniel P.S. de Oliveira, Fernanda Guimarães, José Lencastre, Diogo Rosa

Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskriftArtikelForskningpeer review

2 Citationer (Scopus)

This work constitutes a contribution to the knowledge on the occurrence of nodular monazite in the Monfortinho (Idanha-a-Nova) alluviums and its genesis. A new edition of the alluvial nodular monazite regional distribution map is presented, underlining its wide occurrence and preferential concentration in the north-western and central zones of this region. The assessment of the geological and environmental evolution during Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic and Caenozoic times and alluvial nodular monazite accumulation seems to provide a direct association between the presence of the Ordovician rocks, in particular the radioactive (carrying radioactive heavy minerals) quartzite (one of the most probable original sources) and Caenozoic sedimentary rocks (most probably the secondary source). Nevertheless, the Slate-Greywacke Complex cannot be excluded as a host rock for nodular monazite as well. Alluvial heavy mineral concentrates include: iron oxide/hydroxide, ilmenite, tourmaline, nodular monazite, monazite, xenotime, zircon, rutile, anatase, brookite, apatite, andalusite, gold, cassiterite and topaz. There is a significant REE enrichment in these concentrates (up to >32,000 mg/kg), mainly in LREE-MREE. The contents in Ce and Th, Th and REE and Ce and La showed good correlation (0.97, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively), reflecting mainly the striking presence of nodular monazite, as can be proved by the similarity among NASCN patterns of this mineral and concentrates. In Monfortinho there are two distinct alluvial nodular monazite populations: 1) distal pre-deformation nodules generation, from the central western area, mostly ellipsoidal to discoidal, with irregular not orientated probable detrital mineral inclusions; and 2) proximal generation, in the northern area near the Ordovician rocks, with smaller grains, with mostly irregular surfaces. Diagenetic/low metamorphic pre-deformation distal Monfortinho nodules population growth can be recognised and characterised by the encompassing of irregular unoriented mineral inclusions of the host matrix rock; preferential incorporation of MREE over other REE in the core nodules, consistent with diagenetic MREE-rich environmental/mineralized fluids supplied by the dehydration of Variscan sedimentary marine sequences with phosphatic rocks, at the start of nodule formation. The slight increase in Ca towards the nodule rims denotes a relative increase in fluid salinity during nodule growth, consistent with the ineffectiveness of metamorphic dewatering in dissolving the significant salt content of those marine sequence(s); Th increment in nodule rims points to the temperature increment at this stage; its moderately to pronouncedly negative Eu anomalies and the general involvement of the cheralitic substitution mechanism are characteristic of metamorphic monazites. Monfortinho and other published data suggest that in the beginning of nodular monazite formation the fractionation (La/Sm)N tended to be lower than that of the original source (detrital relic mineral/seawater), very similar to primary synsedimentary apatite or to monazite nodules interpreted to have precipitated directly from seawater. At the end the fractionation values can be substantially higher than those and may be dependent on the conditions established during the different geologic environments. The persistence of the ideal conditions (local P-T and fluid chemical composition evolution) to nodule growth, during Variscan diagenetic and metamorphic events, turned possible that Monfortinho monazite nodules record a relative high range of fractionation values [(La/Sm)N = 0.08 to10.40].

TidsskriftJournal of Geochemical Exploration
StatusUdgivet - mar. 2020

  • Programområde 4: Mineralske råstoffer

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What are the origins and characteristics of the Anglican Church?

What are the origins of the Anglican Church?

The Anglican Church originated when King Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, when the pope refused to grant the king an annulment. The Anglican Communion is made up of 40 independent churches, of which the US Episcopal Church is one.

What were the most important characteristics of the Anglican Church?

What makes the Anglican church different?

Anglicans celebrate the traditional sacraments, with special emphasis being given to the Eucharist, also called Holy Communion, the Lord’s Supper or the Mass. … Unique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer (BCP), the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches have used for centuries.

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What are the core beliefs of the Anglican Church?

Do Anglicans pray the rosary?

What Bible do Anglicans use?

The King James Bible, sometimes called the Authorized Version, is the primary translation approved for use by the Anglican church, and in most Protestant churches worldwide.

What is the difference between Anglican and Baptist?

Anglican is Church of England – quite formal NO not formal at all, expect in some ‘high churches’ – most are just as modern as any other church out there. Baptist – adults make a consious decision to be baptised rather tan babies. They don’t baptuse babies at all.

What is the definition of Anglican?

1 : of or relating to the established episcopal Church of England and churches of similar faith and order in communion with it. 2 : of or relating to England or the English nation.

Are Anglicans Catholic or Protestant?

Who do Anglicans pray to?

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Do Anglicans do the sign of the cross?

Do Anglicans have confession?

In the Anglican tradition, confession and absolution is usually a component part of corporate worship, particularly at services of the Holy Eucharist. … Private or auricular confession is also practiced by Anglicans and is especially common among Anglo-Catholics.

Do Anglicans believe in the Virgin Mary?

No Anglican Church accepts belief in Mary as Co-Redemptrix and any interpretation of the role of Mary that obscures the unique mediation of Christ. Anglicans typically believe that all doctrines concerning Mary must be linked with the doctrines of Christ and the Church.

What is the purpose of Anglican Church?

Do Anglicans believe in being born again?

Yes. Pentecost, when the holy spirit descended to the disciples after Jesus ascended to heaven. Though some would say at the baptism of Jesus when God sent the holy spirit to his son. All Christians are “born again” when the holy spirit comes into their lives.

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Average Lifespan of a Rottweiler + How to Get More Time

Average Lifespan of a Rottweiler + How to Get More Time

Whether you already own a Rottweiler or are considering getting in contact with a breeder, you may be wondering how long your furry friend will be with you. Every breed is different, and even males and females of the same breed can differ in their life expectancy. Therefore, this article is dedicated to giving you all the information you need to learn about the lifespan of your Rottweiler.

The average lifespan of a Rottweiler is between 8-10 years. However, this differs between males and females. The average lifespan of a male is 8.7 years,  while female Rottweilers tend to live longer, with an average of 9.5 years. The longest living Rottweiler lived to just over 13 years old.

I will dive into the details around a Rottweiler's life expectancy, including why they seem to have a shorter lifespan than other dogs and the oldest recorded Rottweiler. You will also find factors that play a role in reducing their lifespan so you can be prepared to give your Rottie the longest life possible.

Average Lifespan of a Rottweiler

Rottweiler's have one of the shortest lifespans of all dog breeds, ranging between 8-10 years. As a reference, the longest-living dog breed is the Chihuahua, which can live up to 18 years. The shortest-living dog breed is the Bernese Mountain Dog, living an average of 5-7 years.

As with most breeds, males and females differ slightly when it comes to life expectancy. The life expectancy of each is listed below.

  • Male Rottweiler: 8.7 years
  • Female Rottweiler: 9.5 years

In general, you will find that larger dogs tend to have shorter lifespans than smaller dogs. There are many theories as to why this might be, none have been proven to be the exact cause. Below are some of the theories.

  • A faster growth rate puts strain on their bodies, leading to more degenerative diseases (cancer, arthritis, hip dysplasia, etc.)
  • A faster growth rate equates to a faster rate of ageing.
  • Larger dogs are used more as working dogs, putting them at higher risk of injury and death than smaller dogs.

Unfortunately, one cause of death that is lowering the average lifespan of a Rottweiler is aggression. Rottweilers are still used today for intimidation, where they are left, or even encouraged, to be aggressive. This is devastating with the knowledge of how beautiful a Rottweilers temperament actually is.

Another consideration is how we raise our Rottweilers. Generally, in the animal kingdom, larger animals live longer. However, among domesticated dogs, larger animals have shorter lifespans. It is also interesting to note that the average lifespan of a wolf is 14 years, and their growth is just as rapid as a Rottweiler.

On that note, you will find ways you can extend the life of your Rottweiler further down in this article. But before we get there, below is the ageing progression of a Rottweiler.

Puppy: 0-2 Years

While Rottweilers reach their maximum height around one year old, they do not reach their full body weight until approximately two years of growth. Some larger Rottweilers will even need three years to fill out completely.

This explains why a 1-year-old Rottie looks tall but is still lanky. Just like most teenagers! In this puppy stage, it is important to provide your Rottweiler with the correct nutrition, exercise and training so their fundamental development is as healthy as possible.

Adult: 2-7.5 Years

Adult Rottweilers are those that have reached their full height and weight, which usually occurs around 2-years old. However, the size of an adult Rottweiler depends on whether they are male or female. Below are the average sizes of each.

  • Males: 110 lbs and 24-27 inches at the withers
  • Females: 92 lbs and 22-25 inches at the withers

By the time your Rottweiler is an adult, you should be in a well-established routine. Just keep in mind that you will need to adjust his/her nutrition and exercise to accomodate a fully grown body.

Senior: 7.5+ Years

Rottweilers begin to slow down around 7.5 years of age. Technically, a 'senior' Rottweiler is defined as one that is showing signs of ageing, such as greying hair, slowing down on walks, difficulty standing, etc.

Once again, you will need to consider the food and nutritional requirements of your older Rottweiler. For example, they may need more fibre to keep their toileting regular. They also may not need to eat or walk as much.

Oldest Recorded Rottweiler: Champ

Exceptionally old Rottweilers are those that live beyond 13 years. This is the magic number that scientists get excited about. 13 years to a Rottweiler is equivalent to a human living beyond 100 years old.

The oldest documented Rottweiler was Champ, who lived to approximately 15.5 years old. To live to almost double his life expectancy was an incredible effort.

Increasing the Lifespan of Your Rottweiler

Why Do Rottweilers Have a Short Lifespan?

As I mentioned earlier, there are many theories as to why Rottweilers, and other large dogs, have short lifespans. The leading causes of death in a Rottweiler are listed below, taken from a 2017 study.

  • Cancer (33%)
  • Inability to stand (16%)
  • Disorders associated with a mass (7.1%)
  • Gastro-intestinal disorders (6.1%)
  • Brain disorders (4.2%)
  • Undesirable behaviour with subsequent euthanasia (4.2%)
  • Musculoskeletal disorder (3.8%)
  • Lower respiratory tract disorder (3.2%)
  • Spinal cord disorder (2.9%)
  • Vertebral arthropathy (2.6%)
  • Other (12.8%)

Many of these may seem familiar. That's because most of these are issues that humans experience in their older age as well. But you might be pleased to hear that there are ways you can help prevent these illnesses in your Rottweiler.

Diet plays a huge role in your Rottweiler's health. In particular, overfeeding a Rottweiler can lead to obesity, which increases the likelihood of death. However, underfeeding can also reduce their lifespan.

Research demonstrates that approximately 7% of Rottweilers die from being overweight or underweight, but also that 16% die from an inability to stand. It is well-known that obesity can lead to rapid degeneration of joints and therefore an inability to stand.

For your reference, you can find the average weight for Rottweilers above.

Another dietary consideration is the nutritional content of the food that you feed your Rottweiler. Feeding your Rottweiler too many 'fillers' may reach their daily caloric intake goals, but may not give them the nutrition they need to live a long and healthy life.

Consider what goes into your Rottweiler's mouth and whether or not it is nutrient-dense or full of preservatives and other nasties.

Exercise everyday is essential to a Rottweiler's health, and ultimately increasing their lifespan. Without regular exercise, your Rottweiler will have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. They will also may be more prone to destruction and aggression.

As an estimate, Rottweiler's require 1-2 hours of exercise per day. However, this can include walks, games (such as fetch) and running around the backyard. Games and new adventures can also help stimulate a Rottweiler's brain.

Sterilisation of dogs involves the removal of their reproductive organs in order to prevent mating and undesirable behaviours. Although this is standard practice with dogs, there is a chance that this may affect the life expectancy of your Rottweiler.

One study shows that female Rottweilers who had their ovaries removed later than 4-years old lived longer than those that had been sterilised early on in life. Two other studies (here and here) show that early sterilisation may lead to increased risk of hip dysplasia and ligament injuries, respectively.

This is because sex hormones play a role in the development of your Rottweiler's joints. Therefore, delaying or avoiding spaying/neutering may lead to an increased lifespan of your Rottie.

Keep in mind that some undesirable behaviours can develop in dogs that are left intact, such as aggression in males. In order to avoid this, you could consider sterilisation once your Rottweiler is an adult. This is something you can discuss with your local vet and breeder.

It is well-known that in-breeding has detrimental affects on the health of any animal. Rottweilers who have similar DNA (closely related) can cause mutations in the genes of a resulting pup. It is also well-documented that this affects the lifespan of the animal.

Unfortunately, some Rottweiler owners place an element of trust in breeders. Most breeders are therefore very careful with their breeding programs, even importing Rottweilers from across the world to mix with the current gene-pool.

To avoid in-breeding, make sure your chosen breeder has evidence of broadening the gene pool in their breeding programs. As I mentioned, this is most obvious if they have studs (males purposed for breeding) visit from other countries.

I Consent Do not track


less than 1 minute read

Efforts to prevent pregnancy have been attempted since ancient times and in many cultures. Contraception methods ranged from the use of tampons treated with herbal spermicide by the Egyptians in 1550 B.C. to the use of animal membrane condoms in the eighteenth century. The introduction of the oral contraceptive pill in 1960 launched a new era, making contraception easier and more effective than earlier methods. However, sterilization remains the method used most frequently.

In the United States, about 64% of women between 15 and 44 years of age used contraception in 1995, a total of about 60 million. Worldwide, contraceptive use increased 10-fold from 1963 to 1993. However, contraception remains controversial, with some religious and political groups opposed to the distribution of contraceptives.

Additional topics

Science EncyclopediaScience & Philosophy: Condensation to Cosh


Socialist Party (Netherlands)

Dutch political party

The Socialist Party, Dutch: Socialistische Partij (shortened SP), is a Dutch political party.

The Socialist Party was established in 1972 (its forerunner in 1971) and is a socialist party. They are supportive of left-wing views.

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 9 (-5).

Political leadersEdit

Other websitesEdit


ORIN Technologies LLC

ORIN Technologies (ORIN) is a contractor and chemical distributor that offers in-situ and ex-situ environmental remediation strategies. Our professionals specialize in the implementation of oxidation, bioremediation, chemical reduction, and advanced oxidation processes in soil, groundwater, and wastewater treatment. ORIN can provide a Turnkey total environmental solution that includes laboratory testing, technical assistance, treatment chemicals, and site implementation.

The Remediation Division has experience in a variety of site settings including industrial facilities, residential sites, and commercial properties. ORIN’s Wastewater Division can function within our customer’s existing infrastructure, requiring little or no capital expenditure or specialized equipment to introduce our processes. ORIN has applied successful treatment solutions to contaminants including petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, coal tars, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals, and fuel oil.

ORIN’s approach utilizes the most effective and efficient treatment method to remediate the targeted site-specific contaminants. Our newest technologies target the complete breakdown of PFAS compounds. Onur Solutions (a Joint Venture between ORIN and Fixed Earth) combines BAM (Bioavailable Absorbent Media) with specific microbes to absorb and aerobically breakdown PFAS compounds in groundwater, soils, wastewater, and sludges.


What TIR means?

What TIR means?

Total indicator runout, or TIR, is a term often used in manufacturing, especially when dealing with rotating parts. TIR is simply the difference between the maximum and minimum values measured across an entire rotating surface about a reference axis.

What did TIR mean on trucks?

Transports Internationaux Routiers
TIR (Transports Internationaux Routiers, International Road Transport) A condition of the TIR procedure is that the movement of the goods must include transport by road.

How does the TIR system work?

TIR is the only global transit system. It enables goods to be shipped from a country of origin, through transit countries, to a country of destination in sealed load compartments that are controlled by customs via a multilateral, mutually recognised system.

What is a TIR certificate?

The TIR system allows UK customs officials to pack and seal goods before they’re transported outside the EU. To meet the TIR requirements your vehicle must pass a test to make sure that: nothing can be put into or taken from the vehicle without it being obvious.

Is Tir a word?

No, tir is not in the scrabble dictionary.

How do I get a TIR Carnet?

How to get the authorization to receive a TIR carnet?

  1. No previous customs or tax legislation violations;
  2. Filing a Declaration of Commitment to the National Road Transport Association (you must have proven knowledge of the TIR Convention);

What is a TIR trailer?

TIR cords for trailers, also known as TIR cables, are used to help secure side curtains on trailers and HGVs. TIR cables are made from a highly durable material, strong enough to withstand hard wear on trucks and trailers.

What is TIR parking?

TIR-Parking. The main task of the TIR-parking is the accumulation and dispatching of the traffic from the port / to the port. The total area of the TIR-parking is 8,5 hectares.

What is a CMR document?

CMR is also known as CMR consignment note. It is a document used for the regulation of road freight transport, and serves as an international agreement. The document has been adopted by most of the European states with the purpose to regulate legal issues concerning road freight transportation.

What is the purpose of TIR Convention?

The objective of the TIR Convention is to facilitate international transit through a simplified Customs transit procedures and an international guarantee system.

What is the difference between TIR and concentricity?

In the case of the TIR check, an indicator is used to watch the test diameter as it is rotated. However, with the concentricity check, one diameter is held in a fixture to set up a reference axis (or the CMM may create an axis based on a few diameter touches on the reference).


Edition 100
A tribute to life. Colors and textures that smell of freedom and life outdoor. Technically advanced outerwear, inspired by contemporary dynamism. To be layered over tees in intense tones: blue and military green, striped patterns. Vitamin colors, yellow and orange, to be balanced with the nuances of ecru. It is a season characterized by the absence of constraints: the shirt takes the shape of a polo shirt or looks at oversized models, Bermuda shorts and trousers alternating with organic stretch denim. More than ever, the world of beachwear designs a journey in search of the sun: from the palm trees of Malibu to the scent of hibiscus from Hawaii, in line with a new light-heartedness. Evocative prints for a virtual suitcase.
Astorflex addresses its proposal to a consumer who is sensitive toward the environment. The choice of materials is fundamental, and the styles are timeless and without season: this is the DNA of a collection that enhances the well-being of the feet. The iconic pieces Greenflex, Driftflex, Beenflex, Ettoflex, alongside lighter proposals such as Ciabflex and Boatflex, where an extralight sole for further comfort replaces the natural sole.
Avant Toi
Characterized by the link with the world of art and research, the brand was born from the transposition on yarn and intertwining of the creative instinct of the founder who is an eclectic artist. The breaking of canons is the basis of the Avant Toi philosophy, a bridge between what is considered noble and what is not, enhancing distinctive details in opposition to the recognized standards in cashmere. Destroyed, shaded, spread, are just some of the many processes applied to the garments.
Fluid, soft, light garments; so comfortable that they glide over the body like a skin conditioner. A collection of exclusive pieces designed for the pleasure of being worn. Made of precious and exclusive materials, worked with the utmost respect for the Made in Italy craftsmanship, they start to become timeless pieces to live, mix, and layer.
Blauer Usa
The outerwear evolves through a mix of fabrics, colors, and materials. Bomber jackets, reversible rain jackets, blazers, and over shirts. Textured and garment-dyed nylon, shiny, stretch and mixed with taslan, satin with ultralight neoprene, denim, canvas, stretch gabardine. The leather is shiny, perforated, suede, and coupled with jersey. Innovative fabrics are back, such as the Repreve recycled fabric, the Thermofix heat-stitching process. And last but not least, organic, comfortable, and eco-friendly stretch denim.
Focus on the concept of Euphoria, for a new light-heartedness. With a minimalist approach, the collection combines futuristic elements and sporty elegance. A focus on individualism, with no social limitations. As always, the fluidity of genre is explored extensively, reinforced by a palette played in contrast between the blue of the skyscrapers and the white of the clouds, alongside monochromatic accents.
The new claim “Crafted to Perform” summarizes the sense of a challenge. A mission, more than a declaration. There is the legacy of artisan footwear manufacturing that is handed down; there is the Italian style of attention to technical and stylistic detail, and the history of the epic climbing feats, whose values are still a source of inspiration. But there is also openness to the world, to new global challenges and to the new generations.
Spring Summer 2022 is about a local adventure that brings skateboarding, culture, and nature under the spotlight. Consumers are rapidly evolving, navigating through new restrictive climates. Restrictions that quickly translate into opportunities, encouraging interest in self-sufficiency and the search for outdoor adventures.
Enzo Pisano
Nel mondo sartoriale fin dal 1990, Enzo Pisano ha dato nuova vita all’atelier di famiglia. La sua preziosa esperienza e la passione sono oggi elementi alla base di ogni collezione che porta il suo nome. Mentre il made in Napoli delle sue camicie mantiene inalterato il suo fascino, nuove stampe di collezione interpretano un’estate fresca e colorata.
Precious materials, experimental workmanship and attention to detail. Using lighter fabrics, Myths was among the first to make vintage-effect garment-dyed cool wool trousers. Timeless pieces are associated with casual and sporty cuts. For the summer, the protagonists are fresh wool garments, linen and all about the active world declined in neutral and vitamin shades.
Jeans born from the selection of hyper-refined fabrics (Egyptian cotton, denim with cashmere, Japanese selvedges, hi-tech fibers) combined with attention to detail (accessories, washes, prints and treatments) and a unique vocation in the jeans market. With the patent code for the personalization of the garment through initials, metals and colors.


PBS NewsHour

U.S. acting ambassador to Ukraine on the state of the war

Clip: 05/02/2022 | 6m 35s | Video has closed captioning.

In the western city of Lviv, the U.S. chargé d’affaires to Ukraine Kristina Kvien returned on Monday to the country for the first time since evacuating six weeks ago. Kvien joins Nick Schifrin to discuss new shipments of U.S. arms to Ukraine, sanctions against Russia and how the U.S. would define victory in the war.

Aired: 05/02/22

Rating: NR

Problems Playing Video? | Closed Captioning


Min Zhou

Real Estate Broker

Min Zhou is a real estate broker. Her approach is to give a high-quality service, to work with honesty, to be loyal to her clients and brokers that are working with her.
Her philosophy is: EVERYTHING FOR THE CLIENT and each transaction should be a WIN-WIN situation.
The best way to describe Min is: Friendly, Trustworthy and Highly Reliable.
Do not hesitate to contact me for your real estate needs!

Listings of Min


How Dirty Air Affects Your Gut

Skyline photo of factories spewing polluted air from their chimneys

The increasingly polluted air we breathe impacts the healthy functioning of our gut. Why does this matter? Because gut health is linked to all sorts of health dynamics in our bodies. Air pollution takes a heavy toll on gut bacteria, raising the risks of obesity, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, and other chronic illnesses.

Reducing the pollutants in the air you breathe through a high-quality air purifier reduces the strain on your gut health, which could improve the overall health of your body.

Curious how all of this works? Read on.

Air Pollution and the Microbiome

Multiple studies have delineated a correlation between the health of the gut microbiome and exposure to pollutants in the air. While the adverse effects of air pollution on cardiovascular and respiratory health have long been known, emerging evidence supports the fact that poor air quality also negatively affects gut health.

Of the known pollutants in the air, the gastrointestinal tract is notably affected by particulate matter (PM) in the air. Every day, 1012–1014 particles are ingested by a typical individual in the western world.

Ingested particulate matter (eaten or inhaled) is a key factor that elevates the adverse effects of air pollution on gut health.

Air Pollution and Gut Microbiota

Exposure to pollutants in the air, specifically particulate matter, alters the composition of gut microbiota. This increases the risk of diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, and other chronic illnesses.

When exposed to pollutants such as particulate matter, the intestines become more permeable.

Increased permeability has been tied to intestinal inflammation, which is linked to developing a wide range of intestinal diseases and disorders. This, combined with the altered gut microbiota, increases the likelihood of intestinal diseases such as Crohn's and celiac.

Air Pollution & Your Gastrointestinal Health

Urban airborne particulate matter is commonly ingested via contaminated air or food. Under both normal and inflammatory intestinal conditions, this contaminated air or food can alter the gut microbiome and immune function.

Air pollution specifically has significant effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Long-term exposure to higher concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter has been linked to an increased risk of early-onset Crohn's disease and other intestinal conditions.

Can Poor Air Quality Cause Stomach Problems?

Studies have found an association between exposure to air pollution and a range of gastrointestinal diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), appendicitis, and enteric infections in infants.

A different composition of the gut microbiome is associated with exposure to air pollution, and an altered gut microbiome is tied to the onset of gastrointestinal diseases.

What Does Dirty Air Do to Your Body?

Dirty air does more than just damage your gut. In addition to the adverse effects of air pollution on gut health, breathing greenhouse gasses and airborne particulate matter have a wide range of poor health outcomes.

Breathing dirty air has been linked to respiratory problems including asthma and lung cancer, cardiovascular disease and heart attack, nervous system impairment including stroke and seizures, reproductive effects including infertility and cancer in women, and urinary system effects including liver and kidney damage and urinary and bladder cancer.

Air pollutants can live in both indoor and outdoor air.

The six primary sources of air pollutants include building materials, household cleaners, heaters and cooking appliances, HVAC systems, tobacco products, and outdoor air pollution. Poor indoor air quality can have immediate and long-term effects, ranging from headaches and asthma to respiratory diseases and cancer.

On the other hand, outdoor air pollution causes an estimated 3 million deaths worldwide each year, ranking it one of the world's most common causes of death.

How Dirty Air Could Be Affecting Your Gut Health

While much of our gut health is determined by diet, emerging research supports that our gut microbiome can change throughout our lives due to exposure to dirty air from air pollution. This is bad news for humans as countries continue industrializing and worsening air quality worldwide.

Increased exposure to dirty air is linked to developing inflammatory intestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

Both diseases are based on an immune system improperly functioning, which starts attacking itself and causing gut inflammation.

This immune response is triggered by exposure to particulate matter in the air, also known as air pollution.

Ultrafine particles of particulate matter can reach the intestine through inhalation and diffusion, causing inflammation in the intestinal tract

Reducing Air Pollution Could Improve Gut Health

We know that the gut microbiome is a dynamic environment that can worsen or improve. With the right air purifier, it is possible to reduce particulate matter in indoor air, thus reducing the particulate matter absorbed into the intestinal tract through inhalation.

With the technology of the iAdaptAir®, which includes a HEPA filter, carbon filter, silver ion filter, UV light, and Bi-Polar® ionization, the air purifier will filter the particulate matter as small as PM2.5 particles multiple times per hour.

Inhalation of particulate matter into the intestinal tract causes intestinal inflammation, leading to intestinal disorders such as IBC or Crohn’s and increasing the likelihood of obesity and diabetes.

Reducing particulate matter in your indoor environment can improve gut health.

Happy Gut, Happy Life: Find an Air Purifier for Your Home

Air pollutants have far-reaching impacts on our health. The health of the gut has been directly linked to exposure and ingestion of particulate matter in the air. We also know that gut health is connected to several serious health conditions, including diabetes, Crohn's, obesity, etc.

Investing in a quality air purifier has countless positive effects on your health, including protecting against ingested pollution in your gut. Shop the Air Oasis purifiers now.

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Improving quality, efficiency, and chemical process economics using HyperFlux™ PRO Plus real-time reaction monitoring

Chemical production and processing is an essential part of modern life and the foundation of numerous industries including pharmaceutical, petrochemical, food & beverage, specialty chemical, and bioprocessing. Continuous in-line real-time measurements can ensure quality, improve efficiency, and enhance economy compared to off-line testing of samples extracted from a process. However, in-line real-time measurements can be challenging to obtain with enough speed and accuracy to be useful. The superior performance of Tornado Spectral System’s HyperFlux™ PRO Plus Raman spectroscopy system helps overcome these limitations, making it an ideal solution for chemical reaction monitoring in production line and laboratory settings. In this application note, a major pharmaceutical company needed to monitor the conversion of benzoic anhydride to the corresponding ester. We present how Tornado’s HyperFlux™ PRO Plus provided a fast and accurate monitoring tool to confirm reaction quality and optimize reaction timing.

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