Where’s the line on who gets COVID booster shots?

Many Canadians are watching as countries like the U.S. and Israel authorize COVID-19 booster shots for more people and wondering why third doses aren’t being widely recommended in Canada.

Israel is moving most aggressively, recommending boosters to everyone 12 years of age and older. In the U.S., everyone 65 years old and above is eligible for a booster, along with people with certain underlying medical conditions.

Canada’s National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) has so far only recommended third doses for people living in long-term care and people who have one of a handful of specific conditions that makes them moderately to severely immunocompromised.

Several people have been contacting CBC News to ask why those with chronic conditions that make them more vulnerable to severe illness if they get COVID-19 — or seniors who don’t live in long-term care — aren’t on NACI’s list.

CBC News spoke to immunologists, infectious diseases specialists and a geriatrics expert to find out.

All agreed that everyone will need a booster at some point — but for most people, that time isn’t now.

“As of today, we’re not seeing any risk that people who are vaccinated, outside of those special populations [identified by NACI] are having any waning immunity,” said Dawn Bowdish, Canada Research Chair in aging and immunity and a professor at McMaster University in Hamilton.

The reason people in long-term care and those who have suppressed immune systems need a third dose, Bowdish said, is that “those folks never had a very good immune system to start with.”

Ross Ha takes his 89-year-old mother outside after meeting only through glass at her long-term care home for over a year. Long-term care residents need COVID booster shots because of weaker immune systems plus the risks they face of exposure to the virus, experts say. (Evan Mitsui/CBC)

There are several other factors behind why seniors in long-term care needed a booster now, experts say, including the fact that they were among the first to be vaccinated, so more time has passed, and immunity can wane over time.

Boosting residents’ immune systems to the best they can be is critical because they’re also living in a congregate setting and coming into contact with various people, which puts them at greater risk of being exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19.

I have a chronic condition. Why am I not on the ‘immunocompromised’ list?

There’s some confusion among people who are worried that their immunity to COVID-19 might not be sufficient, because they’ve been told that their chronic condition, including diabetes or heart disease, puts them at higher risk for severe illness if they become infected with the virus.

Experts say it’s necessary to untangle two concepts: the risk of severe illness and the ability to mount an immune response when vaccinated.

“People should not make assumptions as to what their particular condition means in terms of their immune response,” said Dr. Lynora Saxinger, an infectious diseases specialist at the University of Alberta in Edmonton.

“[For] a lot of people who are told that they have medical conditions that puts them at higher risk [for severe disease] that doesn’t mean that another dose of vaccine is going to actually be helpful,” Saxinger said.

“Asthma, diabetes, heart disease — things like that, we don’t worry about them making poor vaccine responses,” Bowdish said.

For example, “diabetics tend to do really poorly with all infections, let alone COVID … [but] diabetics make amazing responses to vaccines in general,” she said.

“So those are folks that even though, yes, they would be susceptible to a poor outcome with infection, we have no concerns about them being vaccinated and not having good immunity.”

According to NACI, the immunocompromising conditions that make someone eligible for a third dose are:

  • Active treatment for solid tumour or blood cancers.

  • Organ transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive therapy.

  • People getting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplant (within two years of transplantation or taking immunosuppression therapy).

  • Moderate to severe primary immunodeficiency (e.g. DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome).

  • Stage 3 or advanced untreated HIV infection and those with AIDS.

  • Active treatment with certain immunosuppressive therapies.

How do you know it’s time for a booster?

Researchers, immunologists, infectious disease specialists, public health units and all levels of government are constantly looking for “signals” that would suggest immunity is waning in certain parts of the population.

“People are watching this really carefully … daily, obsessively,” said Dr. Allison McGeer, an infectious diseases specialist and microbiologist at Sinai Health Systems in Toronto.

One of the main signals they’re watching for is an increase in breakthrough infections among people who have been fully vaccinated.

“We’d expect if that was happening [it] would be creeping up with the people who had been vaccinated a long time ago.  And that signature is just not there,” said Bowdish.

People are pictured lined up to receive their COVID-19 vaccination at a immunization clinic in Surrey, B.C., in March 2021. Canadian immunologists and infectious disease experts believe everyone will need a booster shot at some point, but not yet. (Ben Nelms/CBC)

The other thing experts are monitoring is people’s antibody levels after vaccination.  That was one of the signals that led NACI to recommend that seniors in long-term care get boosters.

The tricky part, experts say, is determining how low the threshold needs to be before deciding a booster shot is required.

“It is completely common that after you get a vaccine your antibody level will be higher and then it will drop lower over time,” Saxinger said.

“The real question is: What does your immune system do when it’s exposed [to the virus]?”

That’s because the immune system is complicated, made up of more than just antibodies. If you’ve been vaccinated, B-cells and T-cells also recognize the virus and fight it off.

The Canadian advantage

People shouldn’t necessarily compare what’s happening in the U.S. and Israel to the booster situation in Canada, Bowdish said.

“The Canadian situation is very different,” she said. “We made a couple of gambles early on that have really paid off.”

One is the decision NACI made last March to lengthen the time between first and second doses to a maximum of 16 weeks, compared to the three-week spacing recommended by Pfizer and four weeks recommended for Moderna.

“That increased length of time had actually been proven to be extremely beneficial,” Bowdish said.

Preliminary research from the B.C. Centre for Disease Control and the Quebec National Institute of Public Health (INSPQ) have demonstrated an increased level of vaccine protection with the longer intervals.

Another Canadian decision — to allow the mixing and matching of approved vaccines — also proved to be effective, Bowdish said.

Experts suspect that the fact long-term care residents were vaccinated first — before the guidance to extend the interval between doses came out — could be one of the factors behind waning immunity in that group compared to seniors who were vaccinated later.

Who should be next to get booster shots?

Both infectious disease experts and immunologists have their eye on front-line health care workers as the potential next group to require booster shots.

Along with long-term care residents, health-care workers were among the first to receive their COVID vaccines, starting in December 2020.

That means up to 10 months have passed, so their immunity could be on the verge of waning. In addition, like long-term care residents, many of them received their two doses before increased spacing was recommended, so they won’t have that extra protective factor.

WATCH | Doctor explains why COVID-19 boosters are recommended for some but not others:

How decisions are being made about vaccine boosters

Dr. Lynora Saxinger, an infectious diseases specialist and associate professor at the University of Alberta, talks about why COVID-19 booster shots are recommended for some people and not others, and why there is no consistency across the country. 2:49

Some experts think seniors living outside of long-term care homes should be next to get boosters — particularly if they are frail.

Many elderly people requiring home care “probably would be a good candidate for a booster,” said Dr. Samir Sinha, director of geriatrics at Mount Sinai and University Health Network hospitals in Toronto.

With different care providers coming in and out, potentially increasing their risk of exposure to COVID-19, “they’re literally living in a long-term care home of one,” Sinha said.

 “But right now I don’t necessarily have the public health guidance and backing, or the guidance and backing of NACI, that I could actually successfully advocate for them to get a booster.”

Part of the problem, both Sinha and Bowdish said, is that it’s difficult to collect data on seniors at home and get the evidence needed to show if their immunity is waning or not.

Sinha worries that by the time the evidence is available that says boosters are warranted, they’ll be competing with an enormous vaccination campaign for children under 12, once Health Canada approves vaccines for them.

LISTEN | What we know about kids and COVID-19 vaccines:

The Dose21:28What do we know about kids and COVID vaccines?

COVID vaccines are already approved in Canada for people aged 12 and older. Now, PfizerBioNTech says it plans to apply to Health Canada to authorize its vaccine in children aged five to eleven, as early as this week. So what do we know about kids and COVID vaccines? 21:28

Next generation boosters

Right now, health officials are trying to “walk the line” between making sure people get third doses or boosters before they get sick, but not too much sooner than they need them, McGeer said.

That’s because it’s not yet known how long third doses will last, so timing is important to make sure people get the longest immunity protection possible.

In addition, there are many manufacturers working on the next generation of vaccine boosters, which experts hope will more precisely target variants.

“I’m fully expecting to get my third shot at some point, but I’m holding out and hoping that I’ll get one of those variant-specific boosters,” said Bowdish.

“Then [we can] use the current vaccines we have to target really vulnerable folks or people outside of Canada who are not getting vaccinated because they just don’t have access to the vaccines yet.”

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Kitchen Table | The Rebuild Issue #4

Weight: 10.00 Ounces
Gift Wrapping: Options Available

AFTER AN EXHAUSTING TWO YEARS, IT’S TIME TO REBUILD. Political, cultural, and environmental crises have exposed the cracks in our food system. Small restaurants are forced to pivot again and again as they try to survive, and the people who feed us—whether they work in grocery stores, farms and fields, or our favorite neighborhood café—struggle for protections and fair pay while being called “essential.” How can we reclaim our kitchens and make nourishing food accessible to all? Read KITCHEN TABLE #4: THE REBUILD ISSUE and find out.


Example of Direct Age Discrimination

Example of Direct Age Discrimination

Superdry discriminated against ‘low flight risk’ designer due to her age.

A fashion designer working for a well-known clothing company was the victim of direct age discrimination, rules Employment Tribunal.

Ms Sunderland (the ‘claimant’) had worked in the fashion industry for 30 years before joining Superdry (the ‘respondent’) in September 2015 as a Designer. When the claimant first started her role she was told that the respondent operated a flat hierarchy and that all designers had the same title.

Initially, the claimant’s sole focus was men’s knitwear, sales of which increased by 63% in her first season where previously they had been falling. In 2017, she took on men’s knitted accessories as well. It was during this period that a hierarchy emerged, with the respondent promoting two people to ‘Senior Designer’. The claimant raised this in her March 2017 appraisal meeting, where she was told that, in order to advance to senior designer level, she would need to take on other responsibilities, including managing other staff members. Whilst the claimant agreed in the meeting that this was something she could progress towards, she never heard anything further on this.

The metric used by the respondent to assess employees’ performance, a colour scheme system, came in for some criticism by the tribunal for its opaque nature. Review of employees’ potential was also done using a different metric, by reference to the terms ‘mastery’, ‘broaden’ and ‘stretch’, with mastery being the lowest level and stretch the highest.

The regime as a whole was described by the tribunal as ‘not particularly clear’. The claimant was also expected to design over more than one category if she were to advance, however there were no clear definitions of category set out by the respondent. The tribunal found that the claimant’s belief that she was working across more than one category when designing for men’s knitwear, men’s knitted accessories and later women’s knitwear was a reasonable one.

Not discussed with the claimant, but included on her employment file, was an assessment of her ‘flight risk’ – this is, the likelihood of her leaving the respondent. This was assessed as low whilst the potential impact to the respondent should the claimant leave was assessed as medium.

The claimant’s workload was increased dramatically in 2019, when she (in addition to her existing roles) became responsible for women’s knitwear during a colleague’s maternity leave. This came at the busiest time of year for knitwear designers and pushed the claimant to ‘breaking point’, especially as her sole assistant took an extended period of time away from work at the same time.

The respondent placed the claimant on furlough in April 2020 due to the Covid pandemic. When the claimant returned to work in July 2020, she was informed that she would now be part of the ‘Centre of Excellence’ and designing the respondent’s Autumn/Winter knitted accessories range for that year. This, for the claimant, felt like a demotion.

The claimant handed in her notice on 23 July 2020, having decided enough was enough. A contributing factor to her decision had been that junior members of staff had asked her why she was not a Lead Designer, which left the claimant feeling degraded and humiliated.

Decision of the tribunal

The tribunal found that the claimant had been unfairly dismissed; the respondent had failed to give her a clear and satisfactory explanation as to why she had not received a promotion. Without any such explanation, it was also impossible for the claimant to understand what she could do or improve upon to secure a promotion in the future.

The tribunal further found that the claimant had suffered a case of direct age discrimination. The tribunal considered the ‘flight risk’ assessment used by the respondent. Not only did it appear to have no objective basis or criteria, it operated to the disadvantage of older employees, who were considered more likely to have a lower perceived flight risk. The tribunal found the respondent’s justification for not promoting the claimant unconvincing, and found that their actions had been due to the claimant’s age.

The claimant, the subject of direct age discrimination, was awarded a total of £96,208.70 by the tribunal.

Considerations for employers

This case is an example of direct age discrimination and highlights to employers the importance of using unambiguous and objective performance criteria when assessing employees. In order to limit the scope for dispute, employees should be given clear explanations on how each criterion is considered and applied to their role. Employees should ideally also be given actionable steps and realistic, achievable targets to improve performance, none of which were present in the above case.


95% of central agency cases under Modi government are against Opposition

Debjit Mukherjee: Out of the total number of key politicians booked, arrested, raided or interrogated by the Enforcement Directorate (ED), like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), during the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) rule since 2014, 95% belong to the Opposition compared to 54% in the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) era (2004-2014).

An investigation revealed that out of 121 prominent politicians who landed in the ED net during the NDA rule, 115 belonged to the Opposition compared to only 14 out of 26 key political leaders probed by the agency during the UPA era.

In fact, more than 85% of 147 key politicians probed by the agency during the UPA-NDA rule combined in the last 18 years belonged to the Opposition.

An analysis of the ED cases registered against Opposition politicians since 2014 shows that the maximum belonged to Congress (24), TMC (19), NCP (11), Shiv Sena (8), DMK (6), BJD (6), RJD (5), BSP (5), SP (5), TDP (5), AAP (3), INLD (3), YSRCP (3), CPM (2), NC (2), PDP (2), Ind (2), AIADMK (1), MNS (1), SBSP (1) and TRS (1).


The Human Aspect of Family Business

Human resources are paramount to family firms and to families in business because they are essential for achieving human flourishing and building family businesses that last for generations. Despite the increasing focus on HR in recent years, the drivers, processes, and outcomes of family firm HR practices is still in its infancy. As a result, the development of useful theory has opportunity to grow.

The knowledge, skills, networks and energies of people and, underpinning them, their physical and emotional health, intellectual capabilities, personalities and motivations and human resources management are critically important for family business.

Despite increasing attention, the family business domain still has some way to go, both in exploring and deepening a wider variety of HR topics and in generating actionable theory. Especially in times of increasing uncertainty and disruption, as the recent COVID-19 pandemic continues to demonstrate, the importance of understanding, maintaining, and enhancing human potential and flourishing cannot be overstated. This also immediately highlights and underlines the practical relevance of HR for family firms: How, when, and why can family influence help (or hamper) to attract, retain and develop talent; what family business characteristics are conducive toward developing and nurturing long-term and mutually beneficial relationships with (both family and nonfamily) employees; how can family businesses help their associates live more fulfilling lives, both at work and in their own families, are some of the questions that occupy many family business decision-makers.

The main goal is to explore and highlight the importance of the mutual gains perspective on Human Resource Management ( HRM ) in family businesses .The mutual gains perspective originates from the HRM field where it is witnessing a significant. At the heart of the perspective is the concept of positive reciprocity, “such that if the employer prioritizes HR practices that promote well-being then this will trigger enhanced employee performance.

The mutual gains perspective is once again at the core of contemporary strategic HRM research. Within the latter, the following question is key: How can HRM achieve (a process of) reciprocity and mutual gains for all key stakeholders, including employees, as opposed to HRM that is solely focused on improving returns for employer-owners. Based on an integration of insights from a diversity of literatures there exist three conditions for achieving mutual gains through quality employer-employee relationships: (a) a capability match —the fit between the employer’s need for competent employees and the employees’ need for a stimulating work environment that promotes the use and development of their competencies, (b) a commitment match —the fit between the employer’s need for committed and flexible employees and the employees’ need for security, fair treatment and community, and (c) a contribution match —the degree to which the employer and employees feel that their respective needs are being met, or in other words, feel that their return on investment is rewarding.


When shapes are organic?

Last Update: May 30, 2022

Asked by: Alana Schuppe DDS
Score: 4.3/5 (55 votes)

Organic shapes are irregular and imperfect. Naturally these shapes will all be slightly different from one another. They are often curved and flowing and can seem unpredictable.

Can a shape be organic?

Organic or freeform shapes are shapes that seem to follow no rules. Organic shapes generally do not have a name associated with them and are typically not man-made. ... Shapes defined by objects are positive shapes (space). Shapes defined around objects are negative shapes (space).

What are organic shapes examples?

What is an example of an organic shape? Examples are circles, squares, triangles, rectangles, ovals etc. There are some geometric shapes found in nature however which include snow flakes, crystals and other naturally occurring forms.

What is an organic shape in design?

Organic shapes are not regulated by any pattern or exact dimensions in their angles, curves, or lengths of lines. They draw inspiration from nature, as they are just like the shapes we find in nature: think for example about rock formations, a leaf chewed by an insect, a landscape…

Why do people use organic shapes?

Organic shapes produce a sense of calmness or naturalness. They're often used in graphic design when we want to convey those feelings in a composition.

Geometric and Organic shapes

29 related questions found

How do you describe organic shapes?

Organic shapes are irregular and imperfect. Naturally these shapes will all be slightly different from one another. They are often curved and flowing and can seem unpredictable. Using organic shapes can make a piece of art or design seem more natural and real.

What do organic shapes represent?

Organic shapes are those that represent things we know about nature and life around us. The most common organic shapes are plant-based, like flowers and leaves. Another kind of organic shapes are those that represent forms we can create ourselves, like paint splatters or watercolor blobs.

What is a natural shape?

Definitions of natural shape. a shape created by natural forces; not man-made. types: leaf form, leaf shape. any of the various shape that leaves of plants can assume. type of: form, shape.

How many types of shapes are there?

There are many shapes in geometry based on their dimensions. Circle, Triangle, Square, Rectangle, Kite, Trapezium, Parallelogram, Rhombus and different types of polygons are the 2-d shapes. Cube, Cuboid, Sphere, Cone and Cylinder are the basic three-dimensional shapes.

Is a heart an organic shape?

Organic shapes are also called curvilinear that are made up of curves, angles or both. This structure is in a shape of a heart. This is a geometric shape as it has lines both straight and curved.

Where are organic shapes found?

ORGANIC: shapes, often curvilinear in appearance, that are similar to those found in nature, such as plants, animals, and rocks.

What is the difference between shapes and form?

Is Flower an organic shape?

This image of a flower and butterfly is an example of an organic shape because it is associated with living things. This image of a flower and butterfly is an example of an organic shape because it is associated with living things.

Why do we teach shapes?

Learning shapes not only helps children identify and organize visual information, it helps them learn skills in other curriculum areas including reading, math, and science. ... Learning shapes also helps children understand other signs and symbols. A fun way to help your child learn shapes is to make a shape hunt game.

What is the difference between organic and inorganic shapes or forms?

Organic lines are loose, curving lines like those found in nature. ... Inorganic lines are generally straight or perfectly curving lines, like those found in geometry.

What are the 3 types of shapes?

What are the 2 types of shapes called?

What are the 20 basic shapes?

Basic Shape Names
  • Nonagon.
  • Octagon.
  • Heptagon.
  • Hexagon.
  • Triangle.
  • Scalene triangle.
  • Right triangle.
  • Parallelogram.

What is the most natural shape?

But the most common shape you'll find in nature, and the one that most astounds mathematicians, is the hexagon. These six-sided shapes are everywhere! Beehives, insect eyes, and snowflakes are all made up of hexagons.

What are the 5 patterns in nature?

Spiral, meander, explosion, packing, and branching are the “Five Patterns in Nature” that we chose to explore.

What is strongest shape in nature?

The arc (think: circle) is the strongest structural shape, and in nature, the sphere is the strongest 3-d shape. The reason being is that stress is distributed equally along the arc instead of concentrating at any one point. Storage silos, storage tanks, diving helmets, space helmets, gas tanks, bubbles, planets, etc.

What can shapes represent?

Shapes with rounded edges are softer and more approachable, while shapes with sharp lines and edges, depict strength and presence. When it comes to the use of shape in design and layout, designers use shapes to: symbolise ideas or concepts. set a mood or emotion.

What is another name for organic shapes?

free-form shapes. Another word used synonymously with organic shapes. formed without rules and occur randomly. They can be created by dabbing paint on a canvas or spilling ink on paper.

What shapes are most pleasing to the eye?

According to the theoretical study published in the International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics, the most efficient proportions for the human eyes to scan is a rectangular shape where the horizontal is about one and a half times the vertical, which Professor Bejan said approximates to the golden ratio.


Implementing SFP+ sideband signals on Jetson AGX Orin

Is there a preferred implementation (e.g. specific I2C and GPIO usage, and/or preferred device tree entries) to use for implementing SFP+ control interfacing on the Nvidia Jetson AGX Orin, when implementing SFP+ on the MGBE interfaces?

hello clifford9xzl1,

no, there’re not.
you may see-also Jetson AGX Orin Series Design Guide to review pin connections.


The coup itself failed, as Ironsi rallied the military against the plotters. Originally more, On July 6, 1775, one day after restating their fidelity to King George III and wishing him “a long and prosperous reign” in the Olive Branch Petition, Congress sets “forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms” against British authority in the American colonies. The state lost its oil fields–its main source of revenue–and without the funds to import food, an estimated one million of its civilians died as a result of severe malnutrition. As a concomitant of this system, Christian missionaries were excluded from the North, and the area thus remained virtually closed to Western education and influence, in contrast to the Igbo, the richest of whom sent many of their sons to British universities. Purpose of the war was to â¦ Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a secessionist state in West Africa that existed from May 1967 to January 1970 during the Nigerian Civil War. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, 6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970, was an ethnic and political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of … The Igbos felt that they had been deliberately displaced from government positions, because their pre-war posts were now occupied by other Nigerians (mostly Yoruba and Hausa-Fulani). After entering the country, the volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army, and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, was a three-year bloody conflict with a death toll numbering more than one million people. The election crisis had already infused bad blood in the various ethnic groups such as among the igbos, the Hausas and the Yorubas who nurse some hatred against one another even to the extermination of members. Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. The Nigerian army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Colonel Shuwa and the local military units were formed as the 1st Infantry Division. As a result, the North, at the time of independence in 1960, was by far the most underdeveloped area in Nigeria with a literacy rate of 2 percent as compared to 19.2 percent in the East (literacy in Arabic script, learned in connection with religious education, was higher). RANGE WAR The fight between Muslim herdsmen and mostly Christian farmers has killed more than 60,000 people in the last 15 years. However, the Biafrans responded with an offensive of their own when on July 9, the Biafran forces moved west into the Mid-Western Nigerian region across the Niger River, passing through Benin City, until they were stopped at Ore just over the state boundary on August 21, just 130 miles east of the Nigerian capital of Lagos. Daily Post - Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers. The current conflict in the Niger Delta first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between foreign oil corporations and a number of the Niger Delta's minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the Ogoni and the Ijaw. No war or violent conflict subsists without a war economy behind it. [6] Laws were passed mandating that political parties could not be ethnically or tribally based; however, it was hard to make this work in practice. At age two, he will be declared the Dalai Lama. This further fueled Igbo fears that the northerners had plans to strip eastern oil to benefit the North. While ethnically Igbo, Asaba was not part of the Igbo-dominated A huge box-office success, the film starred Tom Hanks in the title role of Forrest, a good-hearted man with a low I.Q. Biafra surrendered on January 13, 1970. With reason. The Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. Further feelings of injustice were caused by Nigeria, during the war, changing its currency so that Biafran supplies of pre-war Nigerian currency were no longer honored and then, at the end of the war, offering only N£20 to easterners on exchange of their Biafran currency. Hostility to economic and social innovation was therefore deeply rooted. The Nigerian civil war is commonly referred to as the Biafran War. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. The effects of the Nigeria civil war can still be felt everywhere in the country at varying degrees. After facing unexpectedly fierce resistance and high casualties, the right-hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka which â¦ Fearing marginalization within the state, on May 30, 1967 the Igbo-majority province declared its independence as the Republic of Biafra. During the war, there were 100,000 military casualties and between 500,000 and two million civilians' deaths from starvation. The West enjoyed a much higher literacy level being the first part of the country to have contact with Western education in addition to the free primary education program of the pre-independence Western Regional Government. As a condition for accepting independence, they demanded that the country continue to be divided into three regions with the North having a clear majority. Gowon, Yakuba, Efiong and Philip, University of Ibadan. His advisers, meanwhile, felt that Gowon had enacted as much of Aburi as was politically feasible and that Gowon had acted in the spirit of Aburi. Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure. Two-thirds of those who perished were children. Images of the suffering reached the global community via the media, attracting a large relief effort. With the help of other French doctors, Kouchner put Biafra in the media spotlight and called for an international response to the situation. They also wanted an independent Nigeria to be organized into several small states so that the conservative and backward North could not dominate the country. The ECOWAS Court has ordered 10 of the third-party applicants in a proceeding relating to the payment of compensation by Nigeria over its management of the country’s civil war aftermath, to file before its next sitting At the same time no peace process can accomplish its preferred objectives without the active accommodation of the war economy in its core postwar plans. This was seen as a deliberate policy to hold back the Igbo middle class, leaving them with little wealth to expand their business interests. Quick Kill in Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War. The NGO Médecins Sans Frontières was created in 1971 in the aftermath of the war by Bernard Kouchner and other French doctors who had worked in besieged Biafra. Once one of the biggest organized crime figures in America, Moran had been reduced to small bank robberies by this time. The war cost Nigeria a great deal in terms of lives, money, and its image in the world. The Igbo in the southeast, in contrast to the two other groups, lived in some six hundred autonomous, democratically-organized villages. Civil war breaks out in Nigeria Five weeks after its secession from Nigeria, the breakaway Republic of Biafra is attacked by Nigerian government forces. Biafra taught the international community how to better provide and coordinate aid and assistance to those affected by a complex emergency. Following independence in 1960, three provinces were formed along tribal lines, the Hausa and Fulani (north), Yoruba (south-west), and Igbo or Ibo (south-east). The war began on July 6, 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. This was due to the arrangement and agreement between Federal government and the East that all soldiers should be returned to their regions to stop the spate of killings in which Igbos soldiers had been major victims. Interspersed between these three groups were ethnic minorities that lacked political rights. where the elder Bush worked in the oil industry. Weâre in unofficial civil war â Ohanaeze In like manner, Ohanaeze said it completely agreed with the Emir of Daura that the level of insecurity in Nigeria was, indeed, equal to a civil war. In 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. Born in Missouri in 1835, Clemens followed a circuitous route to becoming an observer and writer of the American West. The ECOWAS Court has ordered 10 of the third-party applicants in a proceeding relating to the payment of compensation by Nigeria over its management of the countryâs civil war aftermath, to file before its next sitting, the terms of their settlement. In contrast to the Hausa-Fulani, the Igbo often participated directly in the decisions which affected their lives. In the North, the British found it convenient to rule indirectly through the Emirs, thus perpetuating rather than changing the indigenous authoritarian political system. If the coup of January 15, 1966 was the immediate cause of the civil war, its historical roots are traceable to British colonial rule. Umahi warned Igbos to be wary of IPOB, saying the outlawed group was trying to instigate another civil war. Furthermore, most Igbo eventually adopted the religion of the Christian colonialists. [3] A Nigerian commission, including British doctors from the Liverpool University School of Tropical Medicine, visited Biafra after the war and concluded that the evidence of deliberate starvation was overplayed, caused by confusion between the symptoms of starvation and various tropical illnesses. This highly centralized and authoritarian political system elevated to positions of leadership persons willing to be subservient and loyal to superiors, the same virtues required by Islam for eternal salvation. When Igbo civil servants left to join similar posts in Biafra, their positions had been replaced; and when the war was over the government did not feel that it should sack their replacements, preferring to regard the previous incumbents as having resigned. The Hausa-Fulani commoners, having contact with the political system only through their village head who was designated by the Emir or one of his subordinates, did not view political leaders as amenable to influence. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, July 6, 1967 – January 13, 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. Although taken off-guard by the surprise Biafran offensive, the Nigerians soon recovered and held off the Biafrans long enough for the offensive to stall out. Amphibious landings by the Nigerian marines led by Major Isaac Adaka Boro captured the Niger Delta cities of Bonny, Okrika and Port Harcourt on July 26, and the port of Calabar on October 18 by elements of the Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando Division. The suffering in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War led to the development of international humanitarian agencies designed to respond to complex emergencies anywhere in the world, This was despite the disconnect between Ironsi, having stopped an Igbo-led coup. But another Nigerian offensive from April to June 1968 began to close the ring around the Biafrans with further advances on the two northern fronts and the capture of Port Harcourt on May 19, 1968. Four days later, Biafra surrendered to Nigeria. Read More; role of. It was fought between 6 th of July, 1967 to 15 th of January, 1970. This coup was led by Lt. Col. Murtala Mohammed. Gowon was chosen as a compromise candidate. The Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. After diplomatic efforts by Nigeria failed to reunite the country, war between Nigeria and Biafra broke out in July 1967. Four years later, Kristine Holderied became more, In Nazi-occupied Holland, 13-year-old Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family are forced to take refuge in a secret sealed-off area of an Amsterdam warehouse. General Yakubu Gowon (retd) declared Vanguard News A … The cause of the fire was unknown, but it spread at incredible speed, racing up the more, In Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Naval Academy admits women for the first time in its history with the induction of 81 female midshipmen. Although the area contained many different groups, three were predominant: the Igbo, which formed between 60-70 percent of the population in the southeast, the Hausa-Fulani, which formed about 65 percent of the peoples in the northern part of the territory; and, the Yoruba, which formed about 75 percent of the population in the southwestern part. Initially, its forces pushed back the Nigerian army but after a year of fighting, a stalemate developed. Although there was much sympathy in Europe and elsewhere, only four countries recognized the new republic. Nigeria has one of the highest rates of internal violence in the world, only unlike others with similar levels of bloodshed such as Colombia or Chechnya, there is not a civil war going on. Biafran Currency. ", Speaking to the BBC 30 years after the war, Chief Emeka Ojukwu said that "When the civil war ended, the government promised the Ibo people that there would be no victors and no vanquished." Ethnic and political unrest continued throughout the 1990s despite the return to democracy and the election of the Obasanjo government in 1999. The roots of Nigeriaâs civil war can be traced to colonial rule, when the British forced three very distinct peoples, each living in their own regionâthe predominantly Muslim Hausa-Fulani in the North, the Yoruba in the Southwest, and the Igbo in the Southeastâto integrate into a state that encouraged regional and ethnic competition. By the 1940s they had transformed themselves into one of the most educated, wealthiest, and politically unified groups in Nigeria and presented a serious challenge to Yoruba predominance in the civil service and the professions. In the north, Biafran forces were pushed back into their core Igbo territory, and the capital of Biafra, the city of Enugu, was captured by Nigerian forces belonging to the 1st Infantry Division on October 4. More common was the claim that the arms-carrying aircraft would closely shadow aid aircraft, making it more difficult to distinguish between aid aircraft and military supply aircraft. Biafran soldiers at the frontline during the Nigerian Civil War. Struggle for oil wealth has fueled violence between ethnic groups, causing the militarization of nearly the entire region by ethnic militia grâ¦ The division was made up of mostly northern officers. The Nigerian Civil War ended on January 15, 1970, with the surrender of Biafran leadership. Ironsi then instituted military rule, alleging that the democratic institutions had failed and that, while he was defending them, they clearly needed revision and clean-up before reversion back to democratic rule. Only a few days earlier, Ojukwu fled into exile by flying by plane to the republic of Côte d'Ivoire, leaving his deputy Philip Effiong to handle the details of the surrender to Yakubu Gowon of the federal army. Many volunteer bodies organized blockade-breaking relief flights into Biafra, carrying food, medicines, and sometimes (according to some claims) weapons. eval(ez_write_tag([[468,60],'newworldencyclopedia_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',162,'0','0'])); The semi-feudal and Islamic Hausa-Fulani in the North were traditionally ruled by an autocratic, conservative Islamic hierarchy consisting of some 30-odd Emirs who, in turn, owed their allegiance to a supreme Sultan. They met little resistance and the Mid-West was easily taken over. â¦January 1966 led to the Nigerian Civil War (1967â70). The Igbos doubted that Nigeria’s oppressive military government would allow them to develop, or even survive, so on May 30, 1967, Lieutenant Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu and other non-Igbo representatives of the area established the Republic of Biafra, comprising several states of Nigeria. Nigeria's army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Col. Shuwa and designated as 1 division. The civil war was fought over the secession of Biafra (the predominantly-Igbo, former Eastern Region of Nigeria). She apologized on behalf of herself, her family and her children for the war crimes that were committed against the Igbos during the Nigerian civil war. Biafran Genocide: Britain And Its Abominable Role In The Nigerian Civil War By Collin.Isaac on July 14, 2020 Nigeria had experienced a string of political problems ever since the dawn of independence from the British in 1960, problems that almost rendered useless the independence struggle by their founding fathers. Also known as the Biafran War, the Nigerian civil war began in July 1967 and ended in January 1970. Asaba is predominantly occupied by the Igbos but was never part of â¦ The pre-1966 tax-sharing agreements on mineral wealth was changed to favor the Federal government at the expense of the state. Just as it did in the War of 1812, the Army used the Civil War as an occasion to push farther into Indian lands. Six years later, the Muslim Hausas in northern Nigeria began massacring the Christian Igbos in the region, prompting tens of thousands of Igbos to flee to the east, where their people were the dominant ethnic group. Its territory consisted of the Eastern Region of Nigeria.. Biafra's declaration of independence from Nigeria resulted in civil war between Biafra and Nigeria. When it was, he regarded this as a failure of Gowon and the Military Government to honor their agreements, and that he was acting in accord with the agreement. In Sani Abacha â¦through the ranks in the Nigerian military and by 1983 had achieved the rank of brigadier when he assisted Ibrahim Babangida in overthrowing Shehu Shagari, who had been elected to his second presidential term in 1983. Goetz writes about lessons learned from the Biafran war: During almost thirty months of fighting between the Federal Government and Biafran secessionists, the conflict received more attention from the west than any other previous African ‘emergency.’ From the standpoint of the international humanitarian sector, Biafra served as one of the first conflicts where issues of more contemporary complex emergencies began to develop. Courageous and Determined Biafran Women, Training During the War. Civil war, ethnic tensions, and broken promises: The ongoing power struggle between Ethiopian government forces and Tigrayan leaders has deep … Evelyn Okororie was a trader in Port Harcourt, southeast Nigeria before the civil war broke out. [1] On July 29, 1966, the Northerners executed a counter-coup. This article explores the consequences of a massacre of civilians in Asaba, a town on the west bank of the river Niger, during the early stages of the Nigerian civil war. The war finally ended with the final surrender of the Biafran forces in the last Biafra-held town of Amichi on January 13, 1970. © 2020 A&E Television Networks, LLC. To simplify matters, these can be referred to as the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo-based; or Northern, Western and Eastern parties. It has been argued that by prolonging the war the Biafran relief effort (characterized by Canadian development consultant Ian Smillie as "an act of unfortunate and profound folly"), contributed to the deaths of as many as 180,000 civilians. Within each of the three regions the dominant ethnic groups, the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo, respectively, formed political parties that were largely regional and tribal in character: the Northern People’s Congress (NPC) in the North; the Action Group in the West (AG): and the National Conference of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) in the East. The coup, despite its failure, was perceived as having benefited mostly the Igbos because all but one of the five coup plotters were Igbos, and Ironsi, himself an Igbo, was thought to have promoted many Igbos in the Army at the expense of Yoruba and Hausa officers. The soldiers that were supposed to defend Mid-West were mostly mid-west Igbos and were in touch with their eastern counterpart. A view of blunders in the Nigerian strategy. Kouchner and the other French doctors signed this agreement. Five weeks after its secession from Nigeria, the breakaway Republic of Biafra is attacked by Nigerian government forces. They were supported by foreign mercenary pilots continuing to fly in food, medical supplies and weapons. No food, no ammo, not even fuel, which is ironic when they were sitting on the big Niger delta oilfields. The Nigerian Civil War which broke out on 6 July 1967 and lasted until January 15, 1970, was the culmination of an uneasy peace and instability that had plagued the Nation from independence in 1960. The war that took place in the Unite States from 1861 to 1865 is now commonly called the ‘Civil War.’ However, the term was rarely used while the fighting was going on. Nicknames, Slogans, Local and Operational Names Associated with the Nigerian Civil War. This was followed by a northerner-led counter coup a few months later. Claims of electoral fraud were the ostensible reason for a military coup on January 15, 1966, led by Igbo junior Army officers, mostly majors and captains. 327, p. 201-214. The Igbo would have moved on if those that lost their jobs during the war were automatically re-absorbed into the civil service and military immediately after the war. Reconstruction, helped by oil money, was swift; however, the old ethnic and religious tensions remained a constant feature of Nigerian politics. Aguiyi-Ironsi was killed and widespread reprisals were unleashed against the Igbo. The Nigerian civil war and the invasion of Czechoslovakia / S. E. Orobator In: African Affairs: (1983), vol. Programme on Ethnic and Federal Studies. This Sultan was regarded as the source of all political power and religious authority. The Malian Army 's reprisals led to a full-blown rebellion in which the absence of opportunities for Tuareg in the army was a major complaint. The war broke out in May 1967 â¦ The civil war was fought over the secession of Biafra (the predominantly-Igbo, former Eastern Region of Nigeria). LAGOS, Nigeria â Fifty years ago, on Jan. 15, Nigeriaâs civil war ended. The capital is Abuja. It was a result of a long period of alleged political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious deprivations, which had its genesis in the geography, history, culture and demography of Nigeria. The more, In Hartford, Connecticut, a fire breaks out under the big top of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum Bailey Circus, killing 167 people and injuring 682. Ojukwu managed at Aburi to get agreement to a confederation for Nigeria, rather than a federation. The Hausas and Igbos still walk on eggs around each other, the Nigerian civil war has made tribalism or ethnic rivalry chewed deeper still.The resentment felt by the Igbos whenever there is a slight evidence of domination by the Hausas and vice versa. Gibson was born on August 25, 1927, in Silver, South Carolina, and raised in the more. With the Nigerian civil war there were saints and sinners, and there were heroes and traitors. The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. The military governor of the Igbo-dominated southeast, Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, citing the northern massacres and electoral fraud, proclaimed with the southern parliament the secession of the south-eastern region from Nigeria as the Republic of Biafra, an independent nation on May 30, 1967. Although these parties were not exclusively homogeneous in terms of their ethnic or regional make-up, the later disintegration of Nigeria results largely from the fact that these parties were primarily based in one region and one tribe. 1989-2003 - Civil war. Niger Delta is an oil-rich region in southern Nigeria inhabited by more than 31 million people. The day before, Anne’s older sister, Margot, had received a call-up notice to be deported to a Nazi “work camp.” Born in more, On July 6, 1957, Althea Gibson claims the women’s singles tennis title at Wimbledon and becomes the first African American to win a championship at London’s All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. One of the chief functions of the traditional political system was to maintain the Islamic religion. Some of the founders of Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders) took part, later establishing the agency as a response to the tragic war. These tradition-derived differences were perpetuated and, perhaps, even enhanced by the British system of colonial rule in Nigeria. When he was two years old, Bush’s parents moved to Texas. Four battalions of the Nigerian 2nd Infantry Division were needed to drive the Biafrans back and eliminate their territorial gains made during the offensive. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',167,'0','0']));eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_4',167,'0','1']));eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_5',167,'0','2'])); The Nigerian government also claimed that the Biafran government was hiring foreign mercenaries to extend the war. From these lessons came the beginnings of a framework for several issues, including: dealing with internally displaced persons (IDPs), negotiating humanitarian access and repatriation of unaccompanied children. The Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. Northern leaders, however, fearful that independence would mean political and economic domination by the more Westernized elites in the South, preferred the perpetuation of British rule. Tribal tensions increased after a military coup in 1966 which resulted in General Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Igbo, taking power as President. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. More than fifty years ago, Great Britain carved an area out of West Africa containing hundreds of different groups and unified it, calling it Nigeria. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! General Aguiyi Ironsiâs Failures. Nigeria then blocked food and supplies from entering Biafra, which resulted in a humanitarian crisis of huge proportion. Igbo and Yoruba leaders, anxious to obtain an independent country at all cost accepted the Northern demands. John J. Stremlau. Women doing laundry on the banks of the Niger River in Niamey, Niger, in 2018. The Department provided its justification for the sale of eight C-97G aircraft to Joint Church Aid U.S.A., Inc. (JCA) and ICRC and included a statement that U.S. Government policy remained "one Nigeria" with relief supplied to both sides in the conflict. Military government continued in power in Nigeria for many years, and people in the oil-producing areas claimed they were being denied a fair share of oil revenues. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article The British political ideology of dividing Nigeria during the colonial period into three regions North, West and East exacerbated the already well-developed economic, political, and social competition among Nigeria’s different ethnic groups. Like many other African nations, Nigeria was an artificial structure initiated by the British which had neglected to consider religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences. As the media takes news more and more speedily around the globe, awareness of the oneness of the human family has developed. Asaba is predominantly occupied by the Igbos but was never part of Biafra. Most notable of the mercenaries was Swedish Count Carl Gustav von Rosen who led five Malmö MFI-9 MiniCOIN small piston-engined aircraft, armed with rocket pods and machine guns. THE Nigerian Civil War ended 50 years ago, but it continued to rage in the hearts of the power elite. The entire Niger Delta became a major war front as the Nigerian Army fought and pushed Biafran Also known as the Biafra war, Nigeria's civil war was one of the most divisive conflicts in post-independence Africa. As the Civil War continued, the Nigerian government- determined to bring the oil-rich area back into its territory waged total war against Biafra, mainly in the form of a blockade, which created a famine throughout the region J. F . â¦ The Swedish eccentric, Count Carl Gustaf von Rosen, also led a flight of MiniCOINs in action; his BAF (Biafran Air Force) consisted of three Swedes and two Biafrans. For the country was divided in such a way that the North had slightly more population than the other two regions combined. Nigerian Civil War Petroleum politics Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Warri Crisis References Further reading Obi, Cyril and Siri Aas Rustad (2011). He was a Northerner, a Christian, from a minority tribe, and had a good reputation within the army. These demands seemed to cease when it became clear that oil in the southeast would become a major revenue source. "The authorities," he continued, "were desperate to avoid a repetition of the ethnic tensions which preceded the war." This article explores the consequences of a massacre of civilians in Asaba, a town on the west bank of the river Niger, during the early stages of the Nigerian civil war… All Rights Reserved. The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. Created as a colonial entity by the British, Nigeria was divided between a mainly Muslim north and a mainly Christian and animist south. The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara has been carrying out sophisticated attacks in …, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Himself pardoned in the mid-1980s, he remained concerned that since the war, "Ibos have been largely excluded from power," which "could cause instability in the future".[7]. âA year into the war, the Ibo had nothing left.

niger civil war

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Sociological Imagination Article Review

Please click on the provided link, read the article, and answer the following questions. Instructor assignment requirements: Using the sociological imagination, answer the following question (in at least a page) 1) What made one (or more) of these individuals begin taking drugs? 2) How can you tie that moment to something beyond themselves? How did their story (biography) intersect with history? In other words, how did what was so personal connect to social and historical conditions? What occurred outside of themselves that caused them to begin to use drugs? Please make sure to use examples from the readings to help you with your responses To earn full points for this assignment: Demonstrate an OUTSTANDING understanding of the sociological imagination. Use specific vocabulary from the stories and from the talk. Write between 250-300 words

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Bridge Collapse Lawsuits

As many bridges across the country are aging, we discover that many bridge repairs are neglected due to a lack of funding. It is easy to think something like a bridge collapse would never affect you, but it is important to know just how safe bridges are.

If you were injured in a bridge collapse, contact an injury attorney for a free consultation

Pittsburgh Bridge Collapse Incident

On the morning of January 28th, 2022, just hours before President Biden was to deliver a speech on the importance of infrastructure funding, the Fern Hollow bridge in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania collapsed. At the time the bridge collapsed, there were six vehicles on the bridge. Among these six vehicles was a bus.

pittsburgh bridge collapse

10 People Injured In Bridge Collapse

Ten people were injured as a result of the collapse, three people were taken to a hospital for treatment. Not only did first responders make “human chains” to help rescue all of the victims of the collapse, they also relied on search dogs and drones to help get everyone to safety. This scary incident should serve as a cautionary tale and emphasize the importance of maintaining safe infrastructure in our country.

While no one died, people were injured. In a fall of this height, injuries can be serious and long-lasting. Is saving money on bridge repairs worth injured people and the cost to replace the bridge?

Aging Infrastructure And Lack Of Maintenance

The Fern Hollow bridge was 50 years old when it collapsed. There are over 617,000 bridges in the United States. According to BridgeReports.com, 42% of those bridges are 50 years old or older.

A bridge being 50 years old does not inherently make it dangerous. Each bridge has an estimated lifespan based on how it was made, used, and cared for. With proper inspection and maintenance, many bridges are expected to remain functional for 50-70 years. So, why did this steel bridge collapse after 50 years of use?

bridge collapse injury lawyer

Importance Of Bridge Inspections

When a bridge collapses way before its estimated lifespan is up, there may have been poor upkeep or a poor constructional foundation. The collapsed bridge’s most recent inspection occurred in September 2021, just four months before the collapse. The recent inspection revealed that the bridge was in relatively poor condition. However, this specific bridge had a poor rating since 2013. Inspectors have been warning this bridge needed repairs for almost a decade before it fell.

It is important to recognize the Fern Hollow bridge collapse was preventable. The injuries and trauma those people experienced were preventable. First responders put themselves at extreme risk to rescue people in an event that was preventable.

Why Wasn’t The Bridge Repaired?

Inspectors claim that a poor rating does not make a bridge unsafe, it just shows that the bridge needs repairs in the near future. However, with the Fern Hollow bridge, recommended repairs were neglected. For almost ten years, repairs were neglected.

aging bridges in pennsylvania

Many bridges across the country end up with poor safety ratings but never get the repairs they need. This is a problem that must be resolved before another bridge collapse causes injury or death. Yet, repairing or replacing a bridge is expensive.

Lack Of Funding

Politicians on record blame a lack of funding for neglected bridge repair projects. However, lack of funding is no excuse. If the government fails to plan – it plans to fail. Infrastructure maintenance should always be a budget priority.

When a government entity neglects its responsibilities, people get hurt. In this situation, several people were hurt. In the future, it could be more severe. Without accountability, nothing will change and people will still be put in harm’s way.

Talk To An Injury Attorney

If you or a loved one suffer injuries in a bridge collapse, talk to an injury attorney as soon as possible. It is possible to recover compensation, but there is a tight time limit to file a claim against a government entity. An experienced injury attorney can secure your claim and navigate the legal hurdles for you.

Personal Injury Attorney In Lancaster, PA

Haggerty & Silverman is your trusted, local injury attorney. Our attorneys are licensed to practice in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland. Contact us today for a free consultation with an injury attorney.


The Legacy of Batavia

Located in the prime area of Jakarta, Hotel Des Indes Menteng is inspired by Batavia’s rich history and a mix of contemporary hospitality and cultural experience.

Becoming the legacy of Batavia, our hotel conveys the city’s heritage throughout the antique building & its facade, the calm ambiance in our room interiors, and the relaxing scent in every corner of our hotel.

Surrounded by beautiful parks, museums, art galleries, embassies, bars, restaurants, and many more, Hotel Des Indes will be a perfect place to stay after your long day and to feel the serenity in the midst of city hustle

Discover the Rich History
of Batavia

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In history, Hotel Des Indes was one of the oldest and most prestigious hotels in Asia. Located in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (modern-day Jakarta, Indonesia), the hotel had accommodated countless famous patrons throughout its existence from 1829 to 1971.

The story begins in 1829 when Antoine Surleon Chaulan bought a real estate that was once used by an unsuccessful all-girls school. He converted the place into a hotel and named it after his birthplace in France, “Hotel De Provence”.

In 1845, Etienne Chaulan bought Hotel de Provence from his brother Antoine, at an auction for 25,000 Dutch guilders. Etienne made the hotel famous for being the first to sell different types of European-style ice cream.

The first hotel to serve ice cubes & cold drinks in Indonesia…

Cold drinks sometimes can be the best option in this tropical country. It can refresh not only our thirst but also our mind. But, did you know where the ice cube was first served in Indonesia?

Back in 1846, the first ice cube arrived in Indonesia, carried by an American ship and became horrendous to the local citizens. Around that time, cold drinks & ice cubes were only served for the upper class, especially in the Batavia area. On Christmas Eve, one month after the arrival of ice cubes in Indonesia, Hotel Des Indes became the first hotel to serve ice cubes & cold drinks for its guests.

Then in 1851, the hotel was bought by Cornelis Denninghoff, who changed the name to “Hotel Rotterdam”. Despite the hotel’s location next to the elite “Harmony Society” and French tailor shop “Oger Freres”, it lost prestige and the next year was bought by a Swiss staff member named Francois Auguste Emile Wijss.

Continued in 1856, a famous writer Eduard Douwes Dekker, who is a friend of Wijss and also a regular patron of Hotel Rotterdam, suggested Wijss change the hotel name to the much more chic-sounding “Hotel Des Indes”

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Proclamation of Indonesia Independence

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Several conflicts indeed happened before the day of Indonesian Independence Day. Not only related to the speech microphone and typewriter issue, but also to the location where the Proclamation text was formulated.

At first, the old Hotel Des Indes which was located in Gajah Mada Street, Jakarta, was chosen as the place for Proclamation text arrangement because many members of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) stayed at the hotel

Because of the curfew rules set by the Japanese military government at that time, the hotel refused to conduct any meetings or events after 10 PM. Therefore, the formulation of the Proclamation text was finally being held at the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, in Meiji Dori Street (modern-day Imam Bonjol Street, Jakarta)

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Man and woman in the kitchen busy cutting up vegetables, discussing how does the ear work

How Does the Ear Work? | Hearing Loss

Published: April 26, 2021

Updated: July 19, 2022

How does the ear work? To best answer this question it is important to first understand the sense of hearing and the function of the ear. The human ear is more than what we see on the outside. It has three sections that include the outer, middle, and inner ear, each playing a part in the process of hearing. The outer ear collects the sounds that we hear and channels them into the ear canal. From the ear canal, the sound waves stimulate our tympanic membrane, more commonly known as the eardrum, and make it vibrate.

How does the ear work?

From the inside of the eardrum to the cochlea, is the middle ear. Three small bones, called ossicles, are attached to the eardrum and connect to the cochlea on the other side. Sound waves travel from the eardrum through the ossicles and into the cochlea through the round window where the third ossicle connects. From the cochlea onwards, is the inner ear. The cochlea is a fluid-filled bony structure that looks a little like a snail’s shell. Vibration from the stapes creates movement in the cochlear fluid and in turn, stimulates the Organ of Corti, a small structure in the middle of the cochlea. Inside this organ, small hair cells represent each and every frequency that the human ear can hear. When these hair cells move due to the cochlear fluid movement, signals are sent to the auditory nerve and finally, the brain. The brain interprets all the sounds that we hear and makes sense of them. Understanding the function of the ear makes it easier to understand that hearing loss occurs when there is a breakdown anywhere in this hearing process, in any of the sections of the ear.

Types of hearing loss

Conductive hearing loss occurs when the hearing loss is caused by a condition of the outer or middle ear, preventing sound from reaching the inner ear. Examples of causes of conductive hearing loss are an ear wax obstruction, middle ear infection, or ossicular discontinuation (when the little bones in the middle ear become dislocated). The treatment for conductive hearing loss is generally by medical means, but in the cases where the conductive hearing loss is permanent (for example, due to recurring middle ear infections), audiological treatment is necessary.

Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the hearing loss is caused by a condition of the inner ear or auditory pathway in the brain. Examples of causes of sensorineural hearing loss are excessive noise exposure, genetics, or the natural process of aging. The treatment for sensorineural hearing loss is audiological and usually involves the fitting of hearing aids.

Mixed hearing loss occurs when a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss exists. There would usually be both medical and audiological treatment for this kind of hearing loss.

Lexie offers you a variety of hearing aids. Find out more about Lexie Hearing’s offerings by clicking here

Image of post writer Marcellé Swanepoel.

Written by Marcellé Swanepoel

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Mammoth Memory

Idiom – different meaning to words used, and difficult to translate

Idioms, if translated exactly, would only convey the literal meaning, and not the intended meaning that lies behind the phrase.

To remember this, we’ve used a typical idiom and referenced it to the word “translator”. The idiom chosen is “Up in the air”, which refers to the status of a plan or an issue that is still to be settled.

An idiom is a different meaning the a word or phrase

The idiot’s omelette (idiom) was thrown up in the air and landed on the translator.

An idiom is a phrase that has a meaning that is not conveyed by the literal meaning of the words used. For instance, “Over the moon” is used to mean delighted or very pleased, but literally it means a point somewhere above Earth’s natural satellite. Idioms cannot be translated exactly.

Idiom also refers to phrases used by particular groups of people who share an interest, or who come from a certain region, which would probably not be understood by people outside of those groups or regions.

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Frequent question: Is Java necessary for testing?

Knowledge of manual testing, scripting languages like JavaScript, etc. will add credit to your testing skills. Being a tester, you should build your basic knowledge of programming languages like Java, VBScript It is not must, but it is necessary.

Is Java mandatory for testing?

Java is a vast language. However, You don’t need to learn full features of Java as that’s not required for selenium automation testing. You only need to learn a selected portion of Java language. … There is always an apprehension and fear amongst non-programmers, about learning any programming language.

Is Java used in manual testing?

It is completely designed on the JAVA application to load the functional test behavior and measure the application’s performance. It facilitates users or developers to use the source code for the development of other applications.

Can I learn Selenium without knowing Java?

Yes, of course, you can learn Selenium without knowing Java. If you want to create your tests using record and play feature of Selenium IDE, you don’t need any knowledge of Java. … Selenium IDE – For this no programming knowledge needed, supports only Firefox browser, no iterations, no conditional statements.

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Is core Java enough for automation testing?

Most of the Selenium testers using Java programming for writing Selenium Test Script, So try to learn Java for Selenium. Java Standard Edition or Core Java is enough for Automated Testing with Selenium, and Advanced Java is not required.

Is Selenium difficult to learn?

Learning Selenium is not really tough, however, it requires a good disciple and strategic road map to learn it fast. Therefore, in order to gain better understanding and familiarity, one should target four things: Java, Selenium Webdriver, TestNg and Frameworks to learn automation testing with Selenium.

How much Java is required for testing?

Java basic knowledge is sufficient for this. After learning the basic concepts, you should be able to create simple test automation scripts with Selenium. These scripts will include WebDriver API which is ok while learning Selenium.

Does QA require coding?

QA role is not as technical as a developer and may not require coding. … SDETs have to work during the development phase and require a coding knowledge. So the role of an SDET is more challenging, and it involves job of both, developer as well as a Tester.

Which is better coding or testing?

Software isn’t complete without testing. Software testing involves analyzing the software in terms of its industry standards, user satisfaction level, and bugs. … Developer puts their efforts to make the product, while a software tester has to verify it for use. Hence testing is a more responsible job.

Is coding required for Selenium?

Selenium IDE is the only flavor that does not require the use of a programming language. Selenium is a web test automation technology that is free and open source.

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Is Java testing easy?

It is not difficult. It is challenging. If test automation is easy, all testers would know it.

Can a manual tester learn Selenium?

It is not at all difficult, any individual with clear testing concepts can learn Selenium. You can refer to tutorials available on various medium and proceed. Nothing is Impossible!

Is Selenium testing a good career?

Selenium Career Opportunities

When there is a discussion about web testing tools, Selenium is surely one of the best in the field to help developers with automation testing. Hence, the demand for Selenium Web Testers is on the rise, and it is only going to increase in the future exponentially.

Does Selenium use Java or JavaScript?

Selenium (software)

Operating system Cross-platform
Type Software testing framework for web applications
License Apache License 2.0

How fast can you learn Selenium?

If you really want to learn Selenium then you can learn it very easily. If you focus properly then you can learn it within one to two months of time. You must be knowing the basic concepts of any programming language like Java, Python, PHP and many more.

What is required for Selenium testing?

No prior knowledge is required to learn Manual Testing, Computer Operating knowledge, Thinking, Reasoning, and Documentation knowledge are enough to conduct Manual Testing. Note: These topics are not only for learning Selenium, and also for working using Selenium.

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Synchronising the gears
When the driver selects a gear, matching cone-shaped friction surfaces about the hub and the gear transmit travel, from the turning gear through the hub to the shaft, synchronising the speeds of the two shafts.
With further activity of the gear lever, the ring techniques along the hub for a short distance, until its teeth mesh with bevelled dog teeth privately of the gear, in order that splined hub and gear are locked together.
Modern designs also include a baulk band, interposed between the friction floors. The baulk band also has dog teeth; it is made of softer steel and is a looser in shape on the shaft than the hub.
The baulk ring should be located precisely on the side of the hub, through lugs or ‘fingers’, before its teeth will line up with those on the ring.
In the time it requires to locate itself, the speeds of the shafts have been synchronised, so that the driver cannot make any teeth clash, and the synchromesh is reported to be ‘unbeatable’.

Material selection is founded on Process such as for example forging, die-casting, machining, welding and injection moulding and request as type of load for Knife Edges and Pivots, to reduce Thermal Distortion, for Secure Pressure Vessels, Stiff, Large Damping Materials, etc.
In order for gears to accomplish their intended performance, strength and reliability, selecting the right gear material is vital. High load capacity requires a tough, hard materials that is difficult to machine; whereas high accuracy favors resources that are easy to machine and for that reason have lower durability and hardness ratings. Gears are made of variety of materials according to the need of the machine. They are made of plastic, steel, hardwood, cast iron, aluminum, brass, powdered metallic, magnetic alloys and many more. The gear designer and user facial area a myriad of choices. The ultimate selection should be based upon a knowledge of material homes and application requirements.
This commences with an over-all overview of the methodologies of proper gear material selection to boost performance with optimize cost (including of design & process), weight and noise. We’ve materials such as SAE8620, 20MnCr5, 16MnCr5, Nylon, Aluminium, etc. used on Automobile gears. We have process such as Hot & freezing forging, rolling, etc. This paper will also focus on uses of Nylon gears on Automobile as Ever-Electric power gears and today moving towards the transmitting gear by controlling the backlash. It also has strategy of equipment material cost control.
It’s no secret that vehicles with manual transmissions are generally more fun to drive than their automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing fascination in the action of driving, then you as well appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how really does a manual trans really work? With this primer on automatics available for your perusal, we believed it would be smart to provide a companion overview on manual trannies, too.
We realize which types of autos have manual trannies. At this moment let’s check out how they do the job. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the ’60s to the most high-tech six-speed in an automobile of today, the concepts of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must change from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch casing (or bell casing) that, subsequently, bolts to the trunk of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission nonetheless attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is normally referred to as a transaxle. That is because the transmitting, differential and drive axles are one accomplish product. In a front-wheel-travel car, the transmission also serves as part of the entrance axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a tranny and transaxle will both become described using the term transmission.
The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and front wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle). Gears in the transmission adjust the vehicle’s drive-wheel speed and torque with regards to engine rate and torque. Decrease (numerically higher) gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and support the engine to build up enough capacity to accelerate from a standstill.
Initially, electrical power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmission and rotates the main drive gear (or input shaft), which meshes with the cluster or counter shaft gear — a series of gears forged into one part that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates any moment the clutch is engaged to a jogging engine, whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral.
There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the essential — and now obsolete — sliding-gear type, there is nothing turning within the transmission case except the main drive equipment and cluster gear when the trans is usually in neutral. So as to mesh the gears and apply engine capacity to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a equipment along the mainshaft, which is normally mounted directly above the cluster. After the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is normally released and the engine’s electricity is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of several diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage was created so the driver has to unmesh one equipment before having the capacity to mesh another. With these aged transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at unique speeds.
All contemporary transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. However, all of the mainshaft gears happen to be in continuous mesh with the cluster gears. That is possible because the gears on the mainshaft aren’t splined to the shaft, but are absolve to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the primary drive gear, cluster equipment and all of the mainshaft gears will be always turning, even when the transmission is in neutral.
Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a puppy clutch, with a hub that’s positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both the mainshaft equipment and the band of the dog clutch possess a row of teeth. Moving the shift linkage moves your dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the apparatus to the mainshaft.
To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully “synchronized” manual tranny has synchronizers. A synchronizer commonly includes an inner-splined hub, an external sleeve, shifter plates, lock rings (or springs) and blocking rings. The hub can be splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held set up by the lock rings, the shifter plates situation the sleeve over the hub while also having the floating blocking bands in proper alignment.
A synchro’s internal hub and sleeve are constructed with steel, but the blocking band — the area of the synchro that rubs on the gear to improve its speed — is usually manufactured from a softer materials, such as brass. The blocking ring has teeth that meet the teeth on the dog clutch. Many synchros perform double duty — they press the synchro in one route and lock one gear to the mainshaft. Press the synchro the other way and it disengages from the 1st gear, passes through a neutral posture, and engages a equipment on the other hand.
That’s the basic principles on the inner workings of a manual transmitting. As for advances, they have already been extensive through the years, primarily in the area of added gears. Back the ’60s, four-speeds had been prevalent in American and European functionality cars. Most of these transmissions got 1:1 final-drive ratios with no overdrives. Today, overdriven five-speeds are normal on almost all passenger cars available with a manual gearbox.
The gearbox may be the second stage in the transmission system, following the clutch . It is usually bolted to the rear of the engine , with the clutch between them.
Modern day cars with manual transmissions have 4 or 5 forward speeds and 1 reverse, as well as a neutral position.
The apparatus lever , operated by the driver, is connected to a series of selector rods in the most notable or part of the gearbox. The selector rods lie parallel with shafts having the gears.
The most famous design may be the constant-mesh gearbox. It offers three shafts: the type shaft , the layshaft and the mainshaft, which manage in bearings in the gearbox casing.
Gleam shaft on which the reverse-equipment idler pinion rotates.
The engine drives the input shaft, which drives the layshaft. The layshaft rotates the gears on the mainshaft, but these rotate freely until they happen to be locked by means of the synchromesh gadget, which is usually splined to the shaft.
It is the synchromesh product which is actually operated by the driver, through a selector rod with a fork on it which moves the synchromesh to engage the gear.
The baulk ring, a delaying product in the synchromesh, may be the final refinement in the modern gearbox. It prevents engagement of a gear until the shaft speeds happen to be synchronised.
On some cars an additional gear, called overdrive , is fitted. It is greater than top gear and so gives economic driving at cruising speeds.


How To Keep Pool Water Clear & Clean

It’s that time of year again – time to break out the swimsuits and enjoy some time in the pool. But before you can dive in, you need to make sure your pool is clean and the water is crystal clear. Here are a few tips on how to keep pool water clear & clean:

1. Use a quality Pool Filter

If you want to enjoy a clean and clear pool all season long, be sure to use a quality pool filter. There are many different types and brands of pool filters on the market, so it is important to do your research to find the best one for your pool. Some factors to consider include the size of your pool, the type of filtration system you have, and your budget.

A good pool filter will capture all of the dirt, debris, and bacteria that can make your pool water dirty. This will help to keep your water clean and clear and prevent you from having to clean your pool as often. It is important to change your pool filter regularly, as it can become clogged with dirt over time. Depending on the type of filter you have, you may need to change it every few months or so. Be sure to check your owner’s manual for specific instructions on how often to change your filter.

Investing in a quality pool filter will help you to enjoy a clean and safe pool all season long!

2. Keep The pH Level Balanced

If you own a pool, you know how important it is to keep the pH level balanced. The pH level is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the water, and it’s important to keep it within a certain range. If the pH level gets too high or too low, it can be dangerous for swimmers and cause problems with the pool itself.

There are a few different ways to test the pH level of your pool. You can buy test strips at most pool supply stores, or you can use a digital pH meter. Once you know the pH level, you can adjust it as needed.

Several things can cause the pH level to get out of balance. Rainwater can be more acidic than pool water, so after a heavy rainstorm, it’s a good idea to test the pH level and adjust as necessary. Swimmers can also affect the pH level since sweat and urine are acidic. If you have swimmers in your pool regularly, you may need to test the pH more often and make adjustments as needed.

Making small adjustments to the pH level is usually all that’s necessary to keep your pool safe and comfortable for swimming. However, if the pH gets too far out of balance, you may need to add chemicals to correct it. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when adding chemicals to your pool.

By keeping an eye on the pH level and making adjustments as needed, you can help keep your pool safe and pleasant for swimming all season long!

3. Shock The Pool Once a Week

It’s summertime, which means it’s time to break out of the pool! But don’t forget to shock the pool once a week.

Shocking the pool helps to remove contaminants and bacteria that can build up over time. It’s also a good way to keep the pH levels in check.

To shock the pool, simply add the recommended amount of chlorine or other disinfectants. Then, let the pool filter run for a few hours. You may also need to brush the sides of the pool.

4. Skim Debris From The Water Daily

It’s summertime and that means swimming time! However, before you can enjoy a refreshing dip in the pool, you need to make sure the water is clean. One way to do this is to skim debris from the surface of the water daily.

This will help to keep the pool clean and clear, and will also prevent any unwanted insects or animals from taking up residence in your pool. So make sure to skim the pool water every day – your swimming enjoyment will thank you for it!

5. Vacuum Regularly

Part of keeping your pool clean is vacuuming it regularly. You may be wondering how often you should vacuum your pool.

The answer to this question depends on a few factors. First, how often do you use your pool? If you use it every day, you will need to vacuum it more often than if you only use it once a week. Second, how big is your pool? A smaller pool will need to be vacuumed more often than a large pool.

Assuming you have an average-sized pool and you use it regularly, you should vacuum it at least once a week. If you have a lot of debris in your pool, you may need to vacuum it more frequently.

Vacuuming your pool is important because it helps remove dirt, leaves, and other debris that can accumulate in your pool. It also helps circulate the water and keep the pH levels balanced. So make sure to add vacuuming your pool to your regular maintenance routine!

6. Hire A Professional

One of the most important aspects of pool maintenance is keeping the water clean. This means regular cleaning and checking of the filters, as well as shock treatments

There are several ways to keep your pool water clean. You can do it yourself, or you can hire a professional pool cleaner. If you have the time and knowledge to do it yourself, then, by all means, go for it! However, if you would rather relax and enjoy your pool without having to worry about maintenance, then hiring a professional pool cleaner is the way to go.

A professional pool cleaner will have the necessary equipment and experience to keep your pool looking great all season long. They will also be able to identify any potential problems with your pool and help you fix them before they become a big issue.

Hiring a professional pool cleaner is an investment that will pay off in the long run. Not only will you save time and energy, but you’ll also have peace of mind knowing that your pool is being well taken care of.

CLICK HERE to find a Premier Pool Service near you or fill out the free quote form below!


US DOE Addresses Important Special Ed Issues

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandates that children with disabilities be given a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE). This right is protected through the use of an individualized education program (IEP) designed to meet the child’s specific academic, social, and emotional needs. Where a child’s disability manifests itself in behaviors that interfere with the child’s learning, the IEP must include behavioral supports and services to address the behaviors. Despite this clear mandate, some local and state educational agencies have been resorting to short-term disciplinary removals, such as suspensions, as a means to address disruptive behavior without considering the specific needs of the child. Citing data confirming the lasting negative consequences of short-term school removal, the letter advises that these removals greatly hinder a child’s educational experience, and are especially detrimental to children of color, who face higher rates of removal.

The guidance letter specifically cautions school districts against using multiple short-term (shorter than 10 days) removals in order to avoid the IDEA’s procedural requirements for longer removals. In some situations repeated use of short-term suspensions could itself be deemed a denial of FAPE, particularly where the student is exhibiting a pattern of misconduct related to the student’s disability.  Instead, a pattern of behavioral issues should prompt the child’s IEP Team to consider whether it needs to add or revise behavioral supports or individualized services in the IEP such as lessons on school expectations, violence prevention programs, mental health counseling, skills training, and anger management groups. It also encourages school districts to restructure their staff training to include lessons on how to address the behavioral needs of children with disabilities.

The letter also aims to inform parents of their rights under the IDEA. It highlights the integral role that parents are supposed to play in the development of their child’s IEP. It also outlines ways in which parents can get involved in the process to ensure that their child’s rights are not violated. Parents have the right to request an IEP meeting, which, if reasonable, must be granted by the school. Parents are permitted to attend IEP meetings, and to be a part of the decision-making process. If parents believe that their child is being denied a FAPE, they can file a formal complaint against the school and request a hearing on the matter.

The Public Interest Law Center commends the Department for issuing this letter, as it is an important step towards ensuring that children with disabilities, particularly those whose behaviors are impairing their access to education, are receiving help rather than being shunted aside. The Law Center has a rich history of fighting for the rights of people with disabilities, and is presently suing the School District of Philadelphia in two federal class actions which allege that the District fails to meet other aspects of its IDEA obligations. The Department’s letter advances the Law Center’s core goal of ensuring that children with disabilities, particularly the children of color or from low income homes, are provided the full benefits of the law and have the greatest opportunity to learn and become healthy, productive adults.

You can read the entire letter here.


Antoinette King: “Record Scratch”

Today’s guest is Antoinette King, founder of Credo Cyber Consulting.

In this episode, Antointte discusses founding Credo Cyber Consulting and her role there, the dangers of looking at cybersecurity as a “cost center”, the connection between physical and cyber security, data privacy, her work in the Security Industry Association, her attitude towards biometrics and AI, RAD (robotics assisted devices) and their mission, the impact of technology on youth, what keeps her up at night, and as always, her toughest lesson learned.


beach with sun

What Kinds of People Live in a Sober Living for Aftercare Recovery Following Rehab?

While inpatient treatment for addiction is a critical step in the recovery process, it is also only one step on a very long journey. Inpatient rehab helps to break individuals struggling with addiction out of the habits, patterns, and routines that often foster and facilitate their addiction. Once these habits and patterns have been broken, however, new habits and patterns need to be formed in their place or individuals struggling with addiction will often go right back to them.

This is where a sober living house for aftercare recovery following rehab can help. When individuals undergo inpatient treatment in a rehab facility, their lives are strictly monitored. Their access to guests is severely limited and they are often encouraged to remain somewhat sheltered during their stay in order to focus on their own recovery. In many cases, individuals struggling with addiction have messy, tumultuous relationships, which are often the cause of them seeking treatment in the first place. They can’t focus on getting that treatment, however, if they are constantly being pulled back into the chaos and drama of their outside relationships. Rehab offers shelter from that among other things, but eventually, those relationships need to be faced and dealt with.

Sober Living Offers A Safer Transition Between Rehab And “Normal” Life

Rehab generally only lasts a few weeks and is just one of the first steps on a very long journey. Rehab can help individuals struggling with addiction develop new tools to help them succeed, but they still need to learn to actually apply them. This is where sober living houses can help. Sober living houses offer a type of mid-point between the rigorous structure of a rehab facility and total independence. Once individuals leave rehab, they are free to return to their normal lives.

Not only do those “normal” lives include certain routines, habits, and patterns that foster and facilitate their addictive behaviors, however, they also include the tumultuous and messy relationships that often contribute to addiction as well. Without continued structured support, individuals struggling with addiction are likely to simply return to what they know once they leave rehab. Sober living houses help them re-engage with their lives and relationships while still receiving support to develop new, healthier habits, patterns and behaviors. If you or someone you love is struggling with an addiction, give us a call today at 833-846-5669. We can help you find a treatment that works.