Bit.Trip Wiki

MODE is a central game mechanic seen across all entries in the BIT.TRIP franchise. MODE alters the audio of the game and, as the series is heavily focused on rhythm and music, it's a very important feature.

As the player progresses through each level, they are rewarded with a MODE-Up, which improves the sound and makes it more complex. If they perform poorly, they will MODE-Down, which makes the music sound simpler and less resonant. Additionally, the higher the player's MODE, the higher their score can go, with the ultimate goal being to remain at the highest MODE for as long as possible.

BEAT began with three MODEs, CORE added a fourth, VOID added a fifth, Runner added one and subtracted one, giving it five, FATE added the removed one back, and also added another new one, giving it seven, and FLUX added an eighth, giving it the highest number in the series. Runner2 and 3 retained the same number of MODEs as the original Runner.

Standard MODES[]

NETHER is the lowest possible mode in any of the games and signals that the player is close to losing. In NETHER MODE, most, if not all music is gone, the visuals become bland and monochromatic, and the sound effects become very cold and basic. NETHER appears in all games in the series except for Runner, Runner2 and Runner3. Runner's Retro Challenges bare resemblance to NETHER, however.

HYPER is the starting MODE of every game in the series. Throughout all of the games, HYPER is where you begin. Performing well will allow the player to graduate to higher modes, while doing poorly will drop the player into NETHER. In most games, HYPER has minimal instrumentation, with player actions contributing light, simple chiptune sounds. The visuals are plain and concise, making use of simple solid colours. In each game, HYPER will MODE-Up into MEGA.

MEGA is the next MODE up from HYPER, appearing in every game in the series. In MEGA, the visuals are made more vibrant and varied, featuring alternating colours and dynamic flourishes to treat the player when they do well. The music occasionally follows a similar chiptune feel to that of HYPER, but depending on the game, it can become completely different. In every game after BEAT, MEGA will MODE-Up into SUPER.

SUPER is the successor to HYPER and appears in all games except for BEAT. In each of its appearances, it almost always serves to augment the chosen sound and look of MEGA, usually adding a simple echo and other depth flourishes, while making the colours more vivid or smooth. In the games after CORE, SUPER will MODE-Up into ULTRA.

ULTRA comes after SUPER. It appears in all games after CORE. It's visual presentation often varies from game to game, but its audio improvements almost always emphasize the weight of the composition, making the audio more solid and impactful. In every game after VOID, ULTRA will MODE-Up into EXTRA.

EXTRA is the successor to ULTRA and emphasizes airy, gentle audio and a neon-rainbow aesthetic. In addition to being the cap MODE of Runner, its sequels, Runner2 and Runner3 also retain EXTRA as the highest MODE. Runner2 maintains the same airy audio, while Runner3 gives EXTRA a wider range of complex sounds. In every game after Runner, sans the sequels, EXTRA will MODE-Up into GIGA.

GIGA is the next MODE up from EXTRA. Its visuals take on a strong monochromatic magenta tone. Musical improvements aren't consistent due to the MODE only appearing in two games, and being different in both. It is present only in FATE and FLUX, and is absent in the two Runner sequels. In FLUX only, it is succeeded by META.

META is the highest MODE in the series, succeeding GIGA. It only appears in FLUX. It represents a solid dark gray text, as well as a red-white color with a huge gradient. As its the highest MODE in the series, Moding-up here will Acquire MULTI+.

OTHER Modes[]

A MULTI+ is a score bonus. After achieving the highest MODE in any given game, except for Runner, the score multiplier maxes out. The player can then continue filling the MODE-Up bar. Once filled, it will reset and the multiplier will increase by one. This can be repeated indefinitely until the end of the level.

RESET is an exclusive "MODE" in FLUX that is achieved by getting a MODE-Down in NETHER. Instead of forcing the player to restart the stage, it simply carries them back to the previous checkpoint, retaining their score at the start of the segment, minus their MODE and multipliers.


How-To Guides: Intermediate

A Complete Guide to the Avalanche Ecosystem

By Jinia Shawdagor | December 3, 2021

Avalanche is the quickest smart contract platform in the blockchain industry in terms of time-to-finality. It has the most validators of any proof-of-stake protocol securing its activities. It is a decentralized smart contract platform that is open and programmable.

Although blockchain technology has existed for the past few years, the impact of blockchain smart contracts on the modern world has been incredible. Smart contracts are a type of digital contract that is governed by a set of rules and conditions. Computer code defines these rules, which are duplicated and executed by all network nodes.

In other words, smart contracts like Avalanche on the blockchain make it easier to create a trustless protocol. This means that two people can enter into a contract on the blockchain without knowing each other. The parties involved can be assured that if the terms are not met, the contract will not be carried out.

What is Avalanche?

The open-source nature of Avalanche enables developing decentralized applications and enterprise blockchain installations in a highly scalable, interoperable ecosystem. This platform is the world’s first decentralized smart contract platform with near-instant transaction finality, designed for the size of global banking. Ethereum developers can easily build on Avalanche.

The consensus protocol distinguishes Avalanche from other decentralized networks. People have developed the misconception that blockchains must be sluggish and not scalable over time. The Avalanche protocol uses a novel approach to a consensus to deliver strong safety guarantees, speedy finality, and high throughput without compromising decentralization.

Avalanche Token(Avax)

AVAX is Avalanche’s native token. It’s a hard-capped, rare asset used to secure the platform through staking, pay fees, and serve as a fundamental unit of account between Avalanche’s several subnets. 1 nAVAX is equal to 0.000000001 AVAX.

You can buy AVAX on a centralized exchange depending on your region. AVAX is also available on decentralized exchanges like Pangolin Exchange.

Key Features of AVAX:

  • Speed-It employs a unique consensus process devised by a group of Cornell computer scientists that can permanently confirm transactions in less than one second.

  • Scalability-With 4,500 transactions per second, it outperforms existing blockchains by a factor of ten.

  • Smart Contract-Support the construction of Solidity smart contracts using Remix, Metamask, Truffle, and other Ethereum tools.

  • Private and Public Blockchains-Create your blockchains, either public or private.

  • Designed for finance-Native support for quickly generating and selling digital smart assets with complicated, unique rulesets

  • Flexibility-Create custom blockchains and decentralized apps with nearly any logic in a matter of minutes.

  • Sustainability-Instead of proof-of-work, it uses a more energy-efficient proof-of-stake consensus algorithm.

Avalanche is powered by AVAX tokens. Validators stake these coins in order to secure the network while also collecting incentives for keeping them locked up for a set duration. AVAX tokens can be used to pay fees and as a fundamental unit of account between several subnets, in addition to staking. The AVAX coin is available on all major cryptocurrency exchanges. AVAX trading pairs with practically all major currencies available.

Validators stake their $AVAX in exchange for rewards in safeguarding the network. There are various reasons why someone would want to join the Avalanche network as a validator. For one, staking rewards can reach up to 11%. Besides that, validators can set their own fees for accepting delegations to your node. Slashing is a technique used by several platforms to punish non-compliant validators. Avalanche does not engage in such actions. You can earn rewards if you meet the validation criteria.

Slashing, on the other hand, is never a problem. The hardware requirements for becoming an Avalanche validator are standard. It makes no demands on specific manufacturers or expensive equipment. The ecosystem is cooperative and long-term in nature, allowing new, high-potential applications to thrive and prosper.

How Does Avalanche Work?

Avalanche utilizes the Avalanche consensus protocol, which is much simpler and sustainable. It’s the foundation of the Avalanche network and a significant milestone in the Blockchain community.

It embraces the characteristics of Nakamoto consensus(focused on decentralization and scalability) and classical (speed and energy efficiency). Even though this model closely mirrors POS, the new consensus protocol differs just slightly. Let’s take a close look at the whole system.

  • Subsampled Voting System– In this system, a large group of validators shares information to validate the transaction to reach a consensus.
  • Fastest Operation-Regardless of the number of nodes involved in the validation, consensus reaches within a given time window representing the fastest operation.
  • Difficult to Perform Tasks-To attack the Avalanche network, one must hold at least 80% of the stakes token. It improves the security of the network.

Again, remember that every other transaction that conflicts with the accepted transaction is bound to be rejected. The validator’s job becomes easier since they won’t have to analyze things from the beginning.

Avalanche Ecosystem

It’s vital to remember that blockchain application success does not happen overnight. Numerous visionaries with exciting and new ideas are required, and technical professionals with the necessary abilities to bring the ideas to life.

The term “ecosystem” refers to a collection of materials capable of interacting with one another and with the outside world to create an environment with desired specific qualities. An ecosystem can also be defined as the agreed-upon governance structure for a certain use case.

On Avalanche, there is an ever-increasing number of dapps. A community-driven list of projects is also available. You can narrow down the projects by picking tags for the topics that interest you.

Dip in, look around, and try things out. There are a lot of hidden treasures in there.

Note that the presence of a project on the lists should not be construed as an endorsement of the project.

You must be aware of the risks, just as you must be aware of them elsewhere in the cryptocurrency world. All transactions are final and irreversible, and no one will be able to recover your funds if you fall victim to fraud.

Participants’ data ownership, conditions for information sharing among participants, funding, acceptable behavior and exit, and admittance criteria are all defined in the governance system. Nonetheless, blockchain is vulnerable to additional issues just like any other new technology in modern enterprise operations.

What Opportunities Does Avalanche Bring Along?

Avalanche provides consumers with an endless number of opportunities. For instance:

Development of Customized Blockchains

Avalanche enables customers to build robust, dependable, and secure apps as well as customized, private, or public blockchain networks with sophisticated rule sets. The following are some examples of user-specific industry use cases:

  • Decentralized Finance (DeFi)-DeFi is fast expanding beyond the boundaries of a single chain. Avalanche is completely compliant with Ethereum assets, apps, and tooling with quicker speeds, higher throughput, and cheaper fees. It has been used in Asset Issuance, Derivatives, Borrowing & Lending, etc. Avalanche is compatible with popular DeFi platforms such as Pangolin, Yield Yak, Snowball, true USD, Sushiswap, and PenguinFinance.
  • Institutions, Enterprises, and Governments– Avalanche is the most credible platform for organizations, businesses, and governments. With compliance, data security, and other rulesets integrated into the foundation, you can develop apps, construct subnets and launch assets with complete control over your implementation.
  • Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)-For less than a penny, you can create your own NFTs in seconds. Prove ownership digitally and improve value flow.

Development of Solidity-Compatible dApps

You can use Avalanche to launch an existing Ethereum dApp. Avalanche is a network that is made out of other networks. It has several subnets, each of which runs one or more heterogeneous chains. This signifies that there isn’t a single chain with a single, uniform block type.

However, running an Ethereum dApp on a low-cost, fast network with instant finality is possible. The C-Chain is one of the chains that run on the Avalanche Primary Network (contract chain).

C-Chain uses coreth, a fork of go-ethereum that replaces the networking and consensus functions with Avalanche counterparts. The Ethereum VM, which controls data structures and blocks on the chain and runs Solidity smart contracts, is all that’s left. As a consequence, you’ll have a blockchain that can execute all of Ethereum’s Solidity smart contracts, but with far more transaction bandwidth and instant finality thanks to Avalanche’s innovative consensus.

Seamless Access to the Network

We believe in building “calm technology” that is powerful but predictable. Avalanche token holders can participate in primary network staking as Validators and Delegators using the Avalanche Wallet. With Avalanche, staked tokens are never at risk of a faulty network crackdown.

A validator is a token holder who runs a node and wishes to take part in staking and validating the Primary Network. They do so by sending a particular “addValidator” transaction to the Platform Chain (P-Chain).

A delegator is a token holder who wants to engage in staking but prefers to delegate their trust to an existing validating node. Delegations are started by sending the Platform Chain a special “addDelegator” transaction (P-Chain)

Mint a Token

The standard outlines the fundamental features of all Ethereum-based coins. The ERC-20 standard is followed by tokens issued on the Ethereum platform. As a result, these digital tokens are usually referred to as ERC-20, and they make up a significant component of the current cryptocurrency market.

Avalanche makes it possible to exchange funds and distribute tokens in a secure and efficient manner.

The most critical and essential element in Ethereum is ERC-20 tokens. As the Avalanche community and ecosystem expand, additional use cases and applications based on Ethereum or other blockchains will be added to the platform.

The token standard utilized for the projects isn’t set in stone, and anyone can make their own standard and token. Consequently, we’ll create our own ERC-20 coin that we can mint to any address we desire. The token will be created on the Avalanche C-Chain and will be accessible from there.

The essential thing to keep in mind is that we’ll be deploying a Solidity-based smart contract to Avalanche. This is a feature that Avalanche offers us: the ability to deploy any smart contract to the chain without needing a new language-specific contract concept.

What Are the Features of Avalanche?

Avalanche blends its engine with an acoustic design to cover a wide range of objectives. Avalanche has robust properties that can enable users globally to build custom apps using this heterogeneous compatible work. s. Here are some of the features of Avalanche based on research and extensive investigation.

Avalanche blockchain is envisioned to offer a dynamic and interoperable foundation for globally interconnected networks interested in developing applications or trading assets. It provides various blockchain development adopting value-neutral technology on the protocol.

Democratic and Accountable to the Users

The Avalanche ecosystem is open to everyone, thus allowing anyone to join and participate in the validation process. Owing to its democratic nature, any token holder can vote on crucial decisions such as defining criteria and how the network will progress.

The fundamental principle of Blockchain technology and its evolving protocol is decentralization. As for Avalanche, this network was created with decentralization in mind. Decentralization makes it possible for multiple client implementations across the network. Miners, users, and developers don’t have to know each other necessarily. That way, Avalanche easily avoids conflicts among users.

Avalanche is highly secure and reliable. Unlike the classical consensus techniques and the Nakamoto consensus models, Avalanche provides strong security unless the attacker falls behind a particular level. In such cases, the system designer has an ultimate say in deciding the threshold’s specifications.

Avalanche is an innovative blockchain system that combines tremendous efficiency, scalability, and robustness. Its central consensus engine supports and controls hundreds and millions of worldwide networks linked by low and high-powered devices. All these networks run in a peer-to-peer manner and with low latencies allowing a high number of transactions per second.

That’s Avalanche ecosystem in a nutshell. The Avalanche ecosystem’s total value continues to increase to new all-time highs, and the AVAX coin has followed suit.


To look for the average vector copy number (VCN) per cell, two qPCR reactions (optimized woodchuck hepatitis computer virus post-transcriptional regulatory element [oPRE] and FVII as research gene) were carried out

To look for the average vector copy number (VCN) per cell, two qPCR reactions (optimized woodchuck hepatitis computer virus post-transcriptional regulatory element [oPRE] and FVII as research gene) were carried out. graft-versus-host disease model system that closely mimics haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, an approach that is now being evaluated for use in the medical center. Control animals succumbed quickly to disease, whereas treatment with apceth-201 resulted in long-term survival of 57% of the animals. Within 25?days after the second injection, clinical scores returned to baseline in responding animals, indicating complete resolution of graft-versus-host disease. These encouraging data have led to planning of a phase I study using apceth-201. gene.19, 20 Under physiological conditions, AAT inactivates the serine protease elastase released from neutrophils during inflammation and prevents tissue damage from uncontrolled immune responses.21, 22 It has been shown that AAT inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1), tumor STING agonist-1 necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), and IL-8, by monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while at the same time promoting the secretion of STING agonist-1 anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist.23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Furthermore, recombinant AAT has already been tested in clinical trials for GvHD with encouraging results.31, 32 Because of the promising anti-inflammatory properties of AAT and MSCs individually, we sought to combine these therapeutic modalities into a cell-based gene therapy product for the treatment of aGVHD. The apceth-201 product consists of human MSCs that have been lentivirally transduced to express and secrete AAT. The primary aim of the present study was to characterize apceth-201 and assess the therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical murine models of GvHD. The secondary aim was to assess the security of apceth-201, specifically to determine whether immunomodulation by apceth-201 would also impair graft-versus-leukemia effects or T?cell-mediated antibody responses. Results Vector Design and Characterization of Transduced MSCs As the first step in generating AAT-producing MSCs, a lentiviral vector was designed. The pCCL backbone was a kind gift of Donald Kohn. The gene was inserted and placed under the control of an elongation factor (EF) short (s) promoter to achieve constitutive expression (Physique?1A).33 The encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) was included in the vector to ensure co-expression of the AAT transgene and a puromycin resistance cassette,34 and transduced cells were determined using puromycin. Open in a separate window Physique?1 Vector Design and Characterization of Transduced MSCs (A) Sequence of the AAT lentiviral vector: HIV, long STING agonist-1 terminal repeat (LTR), elongation factor alpha short promoter (EFs), AAT gene mode of action of apceth-201. Cell counts for reddish and white blood cells, as well as for platelets, were substantially improved in mice treated with MSCs, suggesting that short-term responses may not be AAT mediated (Physique?5B). Strikingly, bone marrow cellularity was significantly higher in mice treated with apceth-201 compared to those that received native MSCs (Physique?5C). The serum content of multiple cytokines was analyzed using a cytometric bead array assay. We found that production of two of the most crucial cytokines for mediating aGvHD responses, IFN and soluble TNF- receptor, were substantially reduced in mice treated either with native MSCs or apceth-201 (Physique?5D). The survival cohort was monitored daily to determine clinical scores based on pre-determined criteria (see the Materials and Methods; Physique?5E). Animals were removed from the study and humanely euthanized when they reached a cumulative score of 8. The median survival of untreated animals was 18?days, and it could be significantly prolonged to 22?days by treating mice with native MSCs (Physique?5F). Survival was further enhanced by administering apceth-201, which increased the median survival to 38 and 36?days, following the administration of low and high doses, respectively. Altogether, these data show that apceth-201 cells robustly guarded the cells of the bone marrow from targeted immune destruction. Furthermore, this translates into a long-term effect in the form of a significantly increased survival benefit, despite no obvious short-term differences in peripheral blood counts. Administering apceth-201 Attenuates Disease in an All-Murine Model of GvHD Having established that apceth-201 cells provide a significant survival benefit over native STING agonist-1 MSCs in a humanized model of GvHD, we utilized an all-murine model of aGvHD to Rabbit polyclonal to Smad2.The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene ‘mothers against decapentaplegic’ (Mad) and the C.elegans gene Sma. STING agonist-1 investigate the mechanism by which this protection may be conferred. The all-murine model is usually representative of haploidentical HSCT, the feasibility of which is currently being explored in the medical center.53 Splenocytes.


principal ion

in mass spectrometry
A molecular or fragment ion which is made up of the most abundant @[email protected] of each of its atomic constituents. In the case of compounds that have been artifically isotopically enriched in one or more positions such as CH313CH3 or CH2D2 the principal ion may be defined by treating the heavy @[email protected] as new atomic species. Thus, in the above two examples, the principal ions would be of masses 31 and 18, respectively.


An essay is, in general, a literary piece that delivers the writer’s point of view, but frequently the precise definition is quite vague, encompassing most of those of a personal letter, report, book, pamphlet, article, and a brief story. Essays are traditionally always formal and academic. In most cases the title page of any essay carries the title of the author, the college or university in which he or she is a pupil, and also the year in which the article was written. Nearly all essays are written in one of three big genres – creative writing, persuasive writing, or academic writing.(Other sub-genres contain commentaries, story, essays on life, poems, short stories, and sonnets.) The kind of essay will almost certainly be based on the type in which it was written.

Creative writing is described as”a work of prose art, or of imaginative literature”, and it usually presents a subject, an idea, or even a setting, and thus requires at least some imaginative interpretation by the writer. Essays of this nature are typically composed for publication, but they could also be submitted to magazines, newspapers, or internet books. The article’s thesis statement is its fundamental claim or focus. The thesis statement is usually an essay written in the third person and so presents either an opinion regarding the writer’s own subject, or about any aspect of his or her subject.

Conformity is the key to writing an essay outline. It begins with choosing the particular subject for which you may develop the article, after the outline which you have developed. It then becomes obvious that you need to organize your thoughts and arguments into a logical structure by first writing the introduction, followed by the body of the work and the end. The introduction sets the stage, gives the context for the essay, and identifies the main focus of this job.

The introduction needs to convince the reader that you are knowledgeable about the topic, which you understand the question or issue which you’ve researched, and that you understand what you’re writing about. After the introduction, the body of this article should contain your main thesis statement, which ought to elaborate on the topic in an engaging manner. The decision will summarize your arguments concerning the issue, again presenting you as an expert on the issue. Your conclusion should join all your thoughts into a cohesive argument.

In addition to composing the introduction, conclusion, and body of your essay, you also need to ensure that your paragraphs contain the right number of sentences, paragraphs, and paragraphs to support your thesis statement and other ideas. There are several distinct ways to arrange your paragraphs and support your arguments. Most writing software will let you just copy and paste your paragraphs after the debut and choose those that best support your own argument for the conclusion. Some writing programs also allow you to customize the style of your paragraphs by adding key words, pictures, and code inside your paragraphs. This provides further support for the essay and allows you to easily update your essay if needed.

Finally, in regards to writing essays, you must make certain that you proofread and edit your <a href=" writing websites reviews composition to ensure that you haven’t misspelled words, mixed up sentences, omitted any essential information, and presented any incorrect information. Even though it is not mandatory for you to proofread each and every sentence in your article, it’s often helpful to do so. It could take a few passes to catch any mistakes, but it’s well worth it to have everything in order and also to prevent having to start re-editing your essay after the first paragraph since you mistyped a word. Essays must be free from errors and grammatical errors. If at least one of these things are found, your assignment will be rejected and you will get no score.


From the Chinese ‘Bow’ to the Indian ‘Namaste’

by Admin | Jun 1, 2020 | IITBOMBAY-WU

The British Industrial Revolution was one of the most important socioeconomic events in human history. Before this revolution, humanity had lived essentially at a sustenance level. In around 1760, the United Kingdom entered into an era that witnessed an increasingly higher standard of living and a permanent growth in per capita income. Because of the remarkable increases in living standards and national income, almost every nation in the world tried to emulate the British Industrial Revolution.

What China underwent in the last 4 decades is also an offshoot of Britain’s maiden step towards manufacturing and modernization. But this was not China’s first attempt at industrialization, but it’s fourth over the past 120 years. This attempt began in 1978 under leader Deng Xiaoping. But this time the country instead of taking advice from Western economists, took a very grounded, modest and experimental approach with its reform policies.

At a national level: China maintained political stability at every cost and provided enormous aid for infrastructure build-up.

At the business level: the country focussed on its strengths – agriculture instead of the financial sector and promoting rural industries came first.

And finally at an evolutionary level: China started the use of manufactured goods and followed a dual-track system of government + private owned enterprises rather than completely private. They finally moved up the industrial ladder, from light to heavy industries, labour- to capital-intensive production, manufacturing to financial capitalism, and a high-saving state to a consumeristic welfare state.

China’s fourth attempt imitated the proven steps of the British Industrial Revolution, despite dramatic differences in the ways the 2 two countries were and are run politically.

Today, China is seen as the next candidate for superpower status, with some actually asserting that China wants to take over the world. These interests serve a national purpose, but what they all add up to is a compulsive need to control foreign resources and commodities, including in a militaristic sense.

One of the most recent examples of China’s aggressive economic growth is that as of October 2019, when China had more privately-held start-ups valued by investors at over $1 billion than the US. There were 206 Chinese firms out of a global total of 494 ultra-valuable start-ups, known as “unicorns”, in June 2019, according to the research firm Hurun Report. This made China the country with the largest number of unicorns in the world, with the US coming in second with 203 such companies. China and the USA dominate with over 80 per cent of the world’s known unicorns, despite representing only half of the world’s GDP and a quarter of the world’s population – a classic economic ‘Pareto’.

Another example of China’s high focus on dominance is proven by its strategy in Africa and Latin America. Air and sea routes are increasing between China and African nations as massive deals are made for commodities, trade, labour and military cooperation. Chinese private schools, embassies and cultural centres are popping up in places like Rwanda, Nairobi and Angola. Angola even has its own “Chinatown” district. Similarly, China has reached out to Latin America as well, bypassing the United States as Brazil’s No. 1 trading partner, and coming in second to the United States in Argentina, Costa Rica, Chile, Peru and Venezuela. With this kind of reach, and a population at well over a billion people, it’s no wonder that a large percentage of the global financial news focuses on China.

Enter covid19…

China was the first country to enter the post covid-19 era. But the world did not see China lead the way for the world in the fight against corona. In fact China’s overseas investment policies that have traditionally been politically driven; with nationalistic objectives have been accentuated during this crisis.

There is growing unease about predatory investments and hostile takeovers of domestic companies at a vulnerable time like this. Governments are clamping down – Australia, Germany, Spain, America, Italy and now India, are all introducing stricter rules to defend their domestic industry. There are lessons from the past as well. Policymakers across continents are conscious of Chinese state-owned companies buying dozens of assets after the 2008 financial crisis, and also in Europe (Greece and Portugal) when their economies were hit by the European debt crisis. Most are afraid of their local economies being exploited again at an unprecedented time like this.

The Chinese origins of the pandemic make things even more difficult. It has led to a rise in anti-China sentiment, making a compelling narrative against the Asian superpower. It is fuelling public outrage and therefore also inviting political intervention.

The coronavirus outbreak has exposed how lopsided the global supply chains really are. Companies want to reduce their dependence on China now and India is emerging as one of their most viable options.

Can China’s loss be India’s gain?

Foreign businesses based in China want to move out. They are looking at India as their new home. 1000 odd companies have reached out to India and are engaged in discussions with Indian officials at various levels of progress. At least 300 companies are already actively pursuing production plans. They belong to industries like mobiles, electronics, medical devices, textiles and synthetic fabric.

There are reports that South Korean companies like Posco and Hyundai, Apple’s manufacturing partner Wistron Corporation, the company that assembles the iPhone and some start-ups are all considering India. India is being seen as a dependable alternative and as a global manufacturing hub. The Indian government has also urged industry bodies to attract top companies from the US and the UK backing the idea of more joint ventures and assuring the government’s complete support.

The Indian government is keen on capitalising on the shift. There are reports that claim that the government is planning an aggressive “Make in India” push after the lockdown. Most importantly, India is developing a land pool that is almost double the size of Luxembourg (5000 plus square kms), promising easy access to land for companies leaving China. India was already an attractive option after the cut in corporate taxes last year. The corporate tax was reduced to 25 per cent for new manufacturing firms and is as low as 15 percent. This is an attractive proposition.

While doing this India has to also overcome its challenges of red tape if it wants to lure business away from China. And there is competition too. Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia are some of the other alternatives that companies are considering. India may need to do more to attract big investment and the country is reportedly willing to offer incentives to foreign businesses.

The Prime Minister’s office, Niti Aayog and other government agencies are working on a plan. The government plans to set up dedicated groups that will directly engage with the firms that wish to diversify out of China. 100 odd companies have already been approached.

The coronavirus outbreak and the lockdowns have killed demand like never before. Major businesses especially in the B-to-C space are practically shutting shop. At the moment, India’s fortunes are tied with the global economic revival. If India makes the right moves, it could have the early mover’s advantage in this ‘exodus’ opportunity coming from China. It has the opportunity to not just compensate but in fact surge ahead and become the critical point in strong supply chains across the world, further leading to a positive cycle of employment, demand and renewed supply in India.

Source: Yi Wen (Economist),

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Quick Answer: What kind of toothpaste do you use to clean jewelry?

Can you clean your jewelry with toothpaste?

A common myth is that toothpaste is a good way to clean your jewelry. This is actually false. Toothpaste can damage your diamonds, gemstones and gold. … So unless you are cleaning a loose diamond, it is best to not use your toothpaste, and stick with a jewelry cleaner made to clean your specific jewels.

How do you clean a necklace with toothpaste?

Toothpaste is the ultimate all-purpose jewelry cleaner.

Does toothpaste remove tarnish?

Toothpaste is one of the easy DIY silver cleaning methods. Just take a pea-sized amount of toothpaste on a dish and rub onto the jewellery or silverware with circular motions to polish it and clean off the tarnish. Leave it for 5 minutes and then rinse off the toothpaste with water.

What is the best thing to clean jewelry with?

Dish Detergent & Warm Water

Is toothpaste safe to clean diamonds?

Take special care to brush the bottom side of your diamonds and ring, and get into any crevices. Do not use toothpaste to clean your engagement ring! Toothpaste can damage the setting. Rinse and Dry – Use a lint-free or diamond cloth to dry your ring if possible.

Can I polish silver with toothpaste?

Clean Silver with Toothpaste

Apply a bit of toothpaste to a microfiber cloth. Rub the silver until the tarnish is removed. Rinse with warm water and dry with a clean cloth.

What kind of toothpaste cleans silver?

Choose a plain, solid-colored toothpaste with no baking soda, tartar control, or whitening agents. These “extras” are too abrasive and can scratch your jewelry. At the same time, however, you’ll want to avoid using gel toothpaste because it isn’t abrasive enough to remove tarnish. Dampen the silver with some water.

Can I use toothpaste to clean Pandora?

The second method that you can use for cleaning Pandora charms is using toothpaste and water. For this method, you will need an old toothbrush (preferably one with soft bristles), toothpaste (any brand will do), and some lukewarm water. … Apply the toothpaste generously, until everything is covered.

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Does mouthwash clean jewelry?

Things to Avoid When Cleaning Jewelry

(Be aware that even alcohol-based mouthwashes can damage some types of oral jewelry, too! It’s better to rinse your mouth with a saline oral rinse than to risk damaging your oral body jewelry with alcohol-based mouthwash.)

Can you clean Tiffany jewelry with toothpaste?

Use a small amount of white toothpaste on a soft cloth and buff jewelry to a shine. Make sure to use a cloth rather than a toothbrush because the bristles can sometimes scratch sterling jewelry’s soft metal surface.

How do you clean jewelry yourself?

  1. Pour water into a microwave-safe mug or bowl. Heat in the microwave for 1 to 2 minutes.
  2. Line the bottom of a cereal bowl with aluminum foil. Pour hot water into the bowl. Add salt, baking soda, and dish detergent; do not stir. …
  3. Rinse jewelry in cool water and dry well with a soft cloth.

Does toothpaste remove oxidation?

In just a few minutes, the gentle abrasives in the toothpaste will help remove dust, dirt, grime, and light-dimming oxidation, making your headlights shine brighter and clearer.

How do you clean a diamond ring with toothpaste?

Use Toothpaste

How do you clean your teeth with jewelry?

Before working with extracted teeth, they should be cleansed of visible blood and gross debris.

  1. Scrub with detergent and water or using an ultrasonic cleaner.
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I recently suggested an edit, which slightly improved the grammar of the question and replaced an irrelevant tag with one that was applicable.

The edit was rejected by the Community user with the message:

And was then edited to almost exactly the same as my suggestion (instead of the word "After" the editor used "Upon", added a comma, and replaced a dash with a colon) except for the fact that the tags were not modified (which, in my opinion, was the most important part of my edit).

So, my question is, what exactly were the critical issues I didn't correct but the final revision did? Is this because I changed the tags? Am I just looking at the revision incorrectly? (Admittedly I don't see them often so I might be missing something obvious)

  • 5
    "After sanitizing the `src` attribute is not included in the sanitized html." isn't clear at all. Try reading that aloud. "Upon sanitizing, the `src` attribute is not included in the sanitized html." is the appropriate fix, the comma and the word change indicate the src attribute isn't included in the html once it's sanitized.
    – CubeJockey
    Sep 30, 2015 at 18:10
  • 3
    I'd say at best your suggestion was "no improvement" and should have been rejected anyway. As Trobbins pointed out, the reviewer actually made the post clearly understandable. That comma is really important in parsing the sentence into distinct parts.
    – ryanyuyu
    Sep 30, 2015 at 18:14
  • 2
    Ah I understand, should've read that sentence out loud I guess. I was mainly concerned about the tags, probably why I missed it. Thanks! Sep 30, 2015 at 18:15

1 Answer 1

Edit was "reject and edit" which should be read as:

"your change did not meet review bar even if it could be useful. Please avoid minor/incomplete changes till you get to 2K".

In general tag changes are considered minor and likely will be made quickly by someone with 2K complete edit privileges anyway. I'd not worry too much about misplaced tags as long as question gets attention till you get to 2k and can edit without review. One case where tag-only (or close to it) edit would be ok as "suggested edit" is if OP made completely invalid low traffic tag choices essentially making post invisible for most viewers (i.e. "batch-file" for Java question) - would need clear comment why it is useful.

You must log in to answer this question.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .


Accepted Paper:

Emotion and ethnography: Thoughts on outreach and its limits

Ruben Andersson (University of Oxford)

Paper short abstract:

These are reflections on how anthropological expertise is mobilised in debates over migration, as in the 2015 sense of crisis. The role of emotion in politics is an analytical and practical problem, needing both ethnographic scrutiny and scholarly experiments with “affective” communicative forms.

Paper long abstract:

I will offer some brief personal reflections on how anthropological expertise gets mobilised in discussions around migration, with particular emphasis on the sense of “crisis” gripping media and policymakers in 2015 in Europe. As is well known, established “expert” positions tend to emphasise rational, abstract accounts of contentious social phenomena, migration being a strong case in point. This has serious consequences in a polarised public sphere. By reaching out into the public sphere with a “voice of reason” on highly charged topics such as migration, “experts” effectively leave the whole emotional terrain to other (political) voices. The debate becomes stuck between positions speaking different languages, separated by a reinforced borderline between rationality and affect. In other words, the role of emotion in politics is both an important analytical and practical problem, in need of further ethnographic scrutiny on the one hand, and scholarly experimentation with “affective” forms of communication, on the other.

Panel Plenary B
Migrants, refugees and public anthropology


ODUOnline Grad Named AASL Emerging Leader

Headshot of Laurel Taylor, Old Dominion University graduate

It's sad to imagine a child reluctant to visit the library, but Laurel Taylor, MLIS '20, sees it all the time.

"Not all students are comfortable," she says. "I meet students who have had a negative encounter at a library, have a negative view of themselves as students, or are part of a group who has traditionally been excluded from libraries." These encounters and her work to change perceptions for these kids are part of why Taylor was selected as a 2022 American Association of School Librarians (AASL) Emerging Leader.

According to their website, the AASL Emerging Leader program gathers library workers to participate in problem-solving work groups, network with peers, and have an opportunity to serve the profession in a leadership capacity. Taylor is looking forward to putting her passion to work with other Emerging Leaders, building relationships, and together tearing down the "shushing librarian" stereotype.

After earning her bachelor's degree from Middle Tennessee University, Taylor started her career teaching high school English. She soon decided her passion was in the library instead. She wanted a Master of Library and Information Studies, but wanted it done as quickly as possible, without it costing a fortune, and online. That's where ODUOnline came in. "Everyone was so helpful, so accessible," Taylor said. "Even after I graduated they were helpful with projects. I learned a whole lot, but I also felt like I was supported."

Now Taylor works in the library at Alexandria City High School in Virginia. She serves what she calls a "great cross-section of students, with a lot of different needs and interests." As a librarian, she engages with those students through a variety of means, such as bringing popular books to them with a "bookmobile cart" or chatting about their favorite TikToks to find out their interests and recommending a book. Taylor is passionate about sharing library resources with students, and hopefully sparking a lifelong passion for not only reading, but information.

Her AASL Emerging Leader cohort is hard at work, and we can't wait to see what they come up with!

If you are interested in following in Laurel Taylor's footsteps and earning your MLIS degree, visit online.odu.edu/mlis for more information.


Our next reading will be from the media theorist Marshall McLuhan. For this reading, you have two options. Please read one of the following:

The Introduction, Chapter 1 and Chapter 7 from McLuhan’s influential 1964 book Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. This is a fairly straightforward text. Here is a PDF:

Selected paged from The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effect, co-created by McLuhan and Quentin Fiore in 1967. This is an experimental text that relies heavily on image-text interactions. Here is a PDF:

Please take a look at both, to get a sense of the material, then choose one or the other to really focus on.

Please consider the following:
McLuhan describes technology and media as “extensions of man.” How do media extend human beings, or humanity in general? What hazards might technological progress bring for individuals and society? If “the medium is the message,” what role can artists and designers play in creating new messages? How is the work of a designer subordinate to the media they use to create or distribute information?

You also have two options for this response. You can write 3-4 paragraphs. Or you can respond in a “typophoto-graphic” manner, combining images and text.


Opioid addiction is notoriously difficult to overcome, especially without professional help. Opioids have caused a nationwide epidemic of addiction and overdose, and each year, the situation worsens. However, there are diverse treatment options out there, and some have been shown to help people get back to living healthy and productive lives.

Methadone is a prescription drug in the opioid class that has been the flame used to fight the fire of opioid addiction for many years. While it has been controversial, it has helped to remove people from active addiction lifestyles to pursue productive lives.

Methadone is used to treat addiction in two ways: as a way to use smaller and smaller doses of a controlled opioid to wean people off active opioid use and for methadone maintenance, a method of long-term treatment.

Methadone maintenance has shown to keep people in treatment longer because it helps to avoid opioid withdrawal symptoms and cravings. However, it can cause chemical dependence as well, and the longer you use it, the harder it will be to quit. In fact, methadone withdrawal symptoms are reported to be even more intense than other opioids. Methadone detoxification can be extremely uncomfortable and requires medical services.

When abused, methadone can cause euphoria like other opioids, which is part of the reason the drug’s use in treatment needs to be closely monitored. However, it’s commonly used in addiction treatment, and it can also be used as a painkiller. If you, or someone you know, has been prescribed methadone or if you’ve used it recreationally, it’s important to know the signs of abuse and addiction. Learning about the symptoms of an opioid use disorder can help you get the guidance you need before addiction causes some of its more serious consequences.

Learn more about methadone addiction and how it can be treated.

What Is Methadone?

Methadone is an opioid that’s used for the treatment of opioid addiction. While less common, it also can be used to treat pain and may be used in conjunction with other opioids in rotation to avoid dependence or tolerance. Methadone has a long half-life when compared to many other opioids and can remain effective for hours. Analgesic effects can last for eight to 12 hours, but it can stave off withdrawal symptoms for a day or two, which makes it useful as a maintenance drug.

Opioids work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain that are designed to bind with naturally occurring painkillers called endorphins. These chemicals manage the pain response in the body and bind to sites all over the body, in the spine, and in the brain. However, the body is designed to let you know when something is wrong. If something is causing damage, pain alerts you to avoid continued issues. Endorphins take care of mild pain and help you to relax. One of the ways you feel endorphins the most clearly is after a tough workout through a phenomenon called runner’s high. However, serious pain needs medical attention.

Opioids are powerful versions of endorphins that are found throughout nature and exist for several purposes in addition to analgesics.  Several opioids have been used to treat pain in humans with a high degree of success, but with some serious adverse effects. Opioids can lead to tolerance, dependence, and addiction if they are used in high doses, used for too long, or used recreationally.

Even as a medication for the treatment of opioid dependence, methadone has a high risk of abuse, dependence, and addiction.

Signs and Symptoms of Methadone Addiction

Addiction is a chronic and complex disease, but it often comes with some warning signs. Learning to identify these signs can help you get the assistance you need as soon as possible. Even addiction to prescription opioids can lead to illicit drug use, legal trouble, and an increased likelihood of developing intravenous diseases. Treating a substance use disorder early can help to avoid many of the most dangerous consequences of addiction.

An opioid use disorder may start with the feeling that you are becoming more tolerant to a standard dose. Tolerance is less likely to occur if you take the drug as directed by your doctor; however, abuse can lead to tolerance fairly quickly. If you continue to use and take higher doses to make up for tolerance, you may soon develop a chemical dependence.

Chemical dependence occurs when your body starts to get used to the presence of a psychoactive substance and starts to rely on it to maintain normal functioning. Your nervous system may start to decrease its production of naturally occurring chemicals that would have the same effect as the drug.

If you abruptly stop using, there will be a sudden lack of that chemical in your system. When it comes to opioids, endorphins affect your entire body. When there is a lack of them, the shock to your system may produce symptoms that mimic the flu.

Opioid withdrawal can cause:

  • Muscle pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Nausea
  • Restlessness
  • Sweating
  • Goosebumps
  • Insomnia
  • Tremors

If you or a loved one is exhibiting these symptoms, you may need help from an addiction specialist to overcome a substance use disorder. Addiction also comes with behavioral symptoms like isolation, loss of interest in normal activities, trouble at work or school, a strange sleep schedule, and lying about drug use.

Finally, addiction is characterized by the continued, compulsive use of a drug despite the consequences. If you continue to use after medical complications, legal trouble, financial problems, or social consequences that are related to drug use, you may have a severe substance use disorder.

How Is Methadone Addiction Treated?

Methadone addiction is a complicated disease, and it requires a complex solution. That’s why the most effective addiction treatment involves a treatment plan that is tailored to your specific needs. Treatment involves a process that addresses both addiction and any underlying issues. For that reason, treatment should address any medical, psychological, social, legal, and financial needs you might have.

The most pressing needs are addressed first, and this usually means medical problems related or unrelated to drug use. Withdrawal and other medical problems are treated in medical detox, which is the highest level of care in addiction. Detox is 24-hour medically managed care that lasts for about a week. You may receive medication that helps with uncomfortable symptoms, and you will be monitored at all times to help avoid any medical complications. Opioid withdrawal isn’t typically life-threatening, but it can cause symptoms that can lead to dehydration which can be dangerous.

After detox, you will have help from clinicians to find the next level of care for your needs. If you need highly intensive care, your next stop might be an intensive inpatient treatment program. If your condition is stabilized, your psychological and emotional health is manageable, and you are living in a positive recovery environment, you may enter intensive outpatient or outpatient treatment.

Through the treatment process, you will go through a variety of therapies based on your needs which can include individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and a variety of behavioral therapies.

Methadone Addiction Stats

  • An estimated 115 people die from opioid overdose every day.
  • Opioid medications were involved in more than 49,000 deaths in 2017.
  • 80% of people who use heroin, first misused prescription opioids.

Finding Help with Methadone Addiction

If you or someone you know is struggling with dependence or an opioid use disorder, there is help available to help you achieve lasting recovery. To learn more, speak to an addiction specialist at The Palm Beach Institute at (855) 960-5456. Call anytime to hear more about your options for addiction therapy and treatment. Addiction may be a chronic disease, but it’s one that’s treatable with the right therapy options and guidance from certified clinicians. Start your road to recovery today.

Tap to GET HELP NOW: (855) 960-5456


Bare was the body and blak to the bone,

Entrance to the woods surrounding the Tarn Wadling.

Naxte [nasty] and nedefull, naked on night.

Hannah Zdansky, Ph.D.
University of Notre Dame

[2] You can find information about the location here:

[4] The entire manuscript is digitized here: Dated c. 1300-1380, it contains part of the Lancelot of the Vulgate Cycle. The image shows Arthur and Guinevere receiving news from a damsel.

[5] See the catalogue description with some images here: This manuscript contains another copy of the Lancelot, c. 1316.

Undergrad Wednesdays – Poetic Nuance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1.250-278):

Þenn Arþour bifore þe hiȝ dece þat auenture byholdez,
And rekenly hym reuerenced, for rad was he neuer,
Þe hede of þis ostel Arthour I hat;
Liȝt luflych adoun and lenge, I þe praye,
And þy burȝ and þy burnes best ar holden,
Stifest vnder stel-gere on stedes to ryde,
Þe wyȝtest and þe worþyest of þe worldes kynde,
Preue for to play wyth in oþer pure laykez,
And here is kydde cortaysye, as I haf herd carp,
Ȝe may be seker bi þis braunch þat I bere here
Þat I passe as in pes, and no plyȝt seche;
For had I founded in fere in feȝtyng wyse,
I haue a hauberghe at home and a helme boþe,
A schelde and a scharp spere, schinande bryȝt,
Ande oþer weppenes to welde, I wene wel, als;
Bot for I wolde no were, my wedez ar softer.
Bot if þou be so bold as alle burnez tellen,
Þou wyl grant me godly þe gomen þat I ask
bi ryȝt.’
Arthour con onsware,
And sayd, ‘Sir cortays knyȝt,
If þou craue batayl bare,
Here faylez þou not to fyȝt.’

My Translation:

And courteously greeted him, for afraid was he never,
And said: “Knight, welcome indeed to this place.
The head of this hostel, Arthur I am called.
Dismount graciously down and stay, I pray thee,
And what your will is, we shall learn after.”
To dwell any while in this abode was not my errand;
Stiffest/Strongest under steel-gear on steeds to ride,
The strongest and the worthiest of the world’s offspring,
Valiant to play with in other noble games,
And that has brought me here, certainly, at this time
You may be safe by this branch that I bear here
That I pass as in peace and seek no plight;
For had I set out in company in a fighting fashion,
A shield and a sharp spear, shining bright,
Thou will grant me goodly the game that I ask
By right.”
Arthur did answer
And said: “Sir courteous knight,
If thou crave bare battle,
Here you will not fail to fight.”

My Analysis:

Original illustration in the Pearl-manuscript. Source:

Margaret Quinn
University of Notre Dame

Undergrad Wednesdays – Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Lines 37-59)

My Translation:

This King lived at Camelot during Christmas
With many gracious lords, leaders of the best–
All the righteous brothers gathered at the Round Table–
With rich revelry and reckless mirth.
There men tourneyed many times and often,
These noble knights jousted gallantly,
Then carried on to the court, to make ring-dances;
For there the feast was held for fifteen days,
With all the food and the mirth that men could imagine:
Such clamour and glorious glee to hear,
There they dined upon day, danced on nights –
All was happiness there in halls and chambers
With lords and ladies, as it delighted them.
With all the wellbeing of the world they lived there together,
The most well-known knights on earth
And the loveliest ladies that have ever lived,
And he the comeliest king, that held court;
For all the fair folk were in their prime,
On earth,
The happiest under heaven,
King an honest man of will –
There was no greater group to name
As those here on the hill.

Knights at the Round Table

In this passage, the glitz and glamour of King Arthur’s court is beautifully described. The poet’s use of imagery in this passage is consistent with the rest of the poem. Through detailed description of the actions of the people of the court, the poet is able to paint a vivid image of what it must have been like if any one had been able to catch a glimpse of the lifestyle of the court during that time.

Along with his unique ability to create imagery for the reader, the poet was also part of a literary movement during the late-fourteenth century most commonly known as the alliterative revival. The poet’s use of alliteration can be seen throughout the poem. Although often compared to Chaucer’s style, the Gawain-poet’s use of alliteration is different because it enables the reader to imagine as if he or she was actually a participant of the story. Chaucer preferred to keep a narratorial distance from what he was describing while the poet makes it possible for the audience to become involved in what is seen by an observer within the actual text. This ties back to the poet’s ability to create vivid images.

There is always difficulty in capturing all the purposes of a poem when it is being translated, and although Marie Boroff’s translation is considered one of the best, there are still instances when her translation loses certain aspects of the original passage.

What makes King Arthur an interesting character in this poem is how he only plays a minor role, making appearances at the beginning and end, and yet the poet spends a great deal of time devoted to describing King Arthur and his court. King Arthur and Camelot were greatly influential in early medieval romances, representing a group of chivalrous men who were not stained by the corruption affecting real kings and courts at that time. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, King Arthur’s court serves as a happy safe haven for knights like Gawain. As part of the dedication to describing King Arthur’s court, the poet wrote, “With mony luflych lorde, ledez of þe best” (38). Borroff’s translation is, “Many good knights and gay his guests were there.” Although the literal meaning is not lost in the translation, the nobility and courtliness of these knights being lords and leaders is lost. Borroff’s translation dilutes the greatness of these men. Another example of this in the passage is when Borroff translates the original poet’s “With alle þe mete and þe mirþe þat men couþe avyse:” (45) to “With all the meat and the mirth that men could devise.” Although this is essentially the literal translation of the original text, describing a feast as meat in modern English leads to the description losing all of the elaborate glamour and luxury and making it very aggressively concrete.

There were also moments when Borroff’s translation was too literal, not taking into account how modern English has led to different understandings of certain terms and phrases. The original poet wrote, “Justed ful jolilé  þise gentyle knig3tes,” (42) and Borroff translated this as “Joined there in jousting these gentle knights.” Although this closely follows what the original poet had written, in a modern day translation, “gentle knights” is somewhat of an oxymoron, especially when these knights are jousting, which is not considered a gentle activity.

Borroff’s maintenance of alliteration in her translation at times also affects the deeper understanding behind certain lines. For example, the original poet had written “For al watz þis fayre folk in her first age/On sille.” (54-55). In trying to keep the alliteration as well as the most literal translation possible, Borroff wrote “For all this fair folk in their first age were still.” This part of describing King Arthur’s court is putting emphasis on how all the members of the court were in their prime at this time, filled with life and youth. By maintaining that the knights and ladies of the court were in their first age, Borroff’s translation of them being in their prime is lost in modern English. Another example of Borroff’s translation leading to more confusion from the perspective of a modern English reader is when she translates the original poet’s “With all  þe wele of  þe worlde  þay woned  þer samen” (50) as “In peerless pleasures passed they their days.” Peerless pleasure is not a common term used today and brings forth more negative connotations of aimless pleasure, which was most likely not the poet’s intention in describing how the court spent their time.

Overall, although Marie Borroff is an incredibly gifted poet who has made a very successful translation of Sir Gawain and the Green Poet, after a careful analysis of both passages and comparing the two, it is only made more clear that nothing could ever be compared to the original text.

Audrey Vu
University of Notre Dame

Works Cited
Andrew, Malcolm, and Ronald Waldron, Eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript: Pearl, Cleanness, Patience, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Exeter: U of Exeter, 2007. Print.

Borroff, Marie, trans. and Ed. The Gawain Poet: Complete Works: Patience, Cleanness, Pearl, Saint Erkenwald, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: W.W. Norton, 2011. Print.


The American Foundation for Equal Rights (AFER) announced Monday it's closing its doors. The decision to close up shop follows the United States Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v Hodges and mirrors the move by marriage equality group Freedom to Marry to also "go out of business."

"Nearly six years ago, the American Foundation for Equal Rights (AFER) was created with the specific mission of arguing for marriage equality before the U.S. Supreme Court and to, while doing so, dramatically advance the American conversation on equality," reads a press release from AFER.

Although the statement reads like a well-earned "victory lap," it goes on to urge support for the Equality Act which was introduced into congress last month.

The statement continues:

But, even as we celebrate this amazing milestone, please remember we're going to have to work harder than ever before to ensure that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Americans have full federal equality-nothing more, and nothing less.

The fact is that in 31 states LGBT people have very few clear, consistent legal protections against discrimination. They are still at risk of being fired, denied a job, evicted, bullied, harassed, refused service, or denied access to credit because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.

Last week, leaders in Congress introduced the Equality Act -- a comprehensive federal nondiscrimination bill that would guarantee critically needed protections to LGBT Americans, based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, in the workplace, housing, public accommodations, lending practices, education, jury service, and the use of federal funds. With more than 200 cosponsors already, this essential legislation is starting off stronger than any pro-LGBT bill in history.

While AFER is closing its doors, they plan to dedicate their remaining resources to the ongoing battle for equality. "It's going to take all of us to reach the finish line, and we hope you will continue on this journey with ... HRC," their statement reads. "As we turn our sights to securing comprehensive LGBT nondiscrimination protections in this country and to ensuring lasting equality around the globe."


Chris Harley smelled Kitsilano Beach before he even arrived.

Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 7/7/2021 (324 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.

Chris Harley smelled Kitsilano Beach before he even arrived.

The odour permeating from the British Columbia beach in late June signified one thing — death.

Extreme heat temperatures, rising up to 40 C in Vancouver, had caused sea animals like mussels, clams and snails to cook to their death.

“It’s (like) leaving a car in a hot parking lot,” Harley told the Star, recounting his visit to the beach. “It gets a lot hotter than the air does. So that’s what happens to the shoreline when it’s out in the sun and low tide.”

Harley, a marine biologist at the University of British Columbia, roughly estimates that a total of one billion animals died in the Salish Sea off the coast of Vancouver during the heat wave, but says his team is still gathering data and whatever the actual number is, it’s massive. This is in addition to the human impact. The B.C. Coroners Service reported a total of 777 sudden deaths in the province from June 25 to July 1 — a considerably higher number than the same period last year — and officials presume heat waves to be a significant contributing factor.

“It’s a reminder that yes, there are very important human tolls to climate change, but the whole system around us is changing too, and we don’t know what all of the consequences of those changes are going to be.”

Harley calls mussels the “poster child” indicator of the heat’s devastation to the sea, explaining that they were the most vulnerable and obvious when they died. They also play a role in water quality.

“Marine mussels, the ones that are dying here, just like freshwater mussels, they’re filter feeders so they do clear out particles in the water and make the water a little clearer,” explained Harley, adding that mussels are in the middle of the food web.

“They grab plankton that’s floating around in the water and use it to grow and then they feed other things on the shore so they sort of connect the open water habitat to the shoreline.”

Death of a mass amount of mussels will also impact other animals that rely on them for food like starfish and sea ducks that migrate back and forth from Alaska.

Harley and photographer Carter Burtlake used a thermal imaging camera with a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) to measure the amount of radiation from a surface and determine its temperature. Some surfaces they captured were up to 50 C.

In Ontario, climate change’s impact is felt in the decreasing population of Canada jays. A study from December 2020 showed that fluctuating autumn temperatures and more freeze-thaw days impacted the birds’ food stock, having an effect on their population numbers.

There’s no immediate solution to the devastation of climate change, but Harley says there is one major thing to do in order to make our futures cooler, better and safer — reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

“(During the pandemic) we changed our behaviours, and we tolerated lockdowns, started wearing masks, and I think if people care enough, they will also find ways to, you know, drive less, make their next car a cleaner vehicle,” said Harley. “All these little changes that we do can make a difference.”

Danica Samuel is a Toronto-based staff reporter for the Star. Reach her via email: or follow her on Twitter: @danicasamuel


You asked: What are the pillars of emotional intelligence?

There are four pillars to emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and.

What are the four pillars of emotional intelligence and why they matter?

The four main sets of skills are self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. Emotional Self-Awareness, the ability to know yourself and understand your feelings. Accurate Self-Assessment, understanding your strengths and weaknesses and their effects.

What are the 4 domains of emotional intelligence?

What are the 5 emotional competencies of emotional intelligence?

Emotional intelligence in leadership is comprised of empathy, social skills, self-awareness, self-regulation and motivation. These are all teachable soft skills that are the focus of our online leadership and management courses.

Are there 4 or 5 components of emotional intelligence?

Such individuals typically have a need for achievement and search for ways to improve. They are also more likely to be committed and take initiative. This has been a brief introduction into the 5 components of Emotional Intelligence: self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, empathy, and motivation.

What are the 4 stages in order of emotional intelligence development?

  • 1) Self-awareness. …
  • 2) Self-management. …
  • 3) Social awareness. …
  • 4) Relationship management.
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What is the purpose of a gate valve?

lockout tagout valve lockout April 30, 2022 1 min read

A gate valve is the point of access to a fluid flow. When open, the gate valve allows a full flow in a pipeline. When fully closed, the valve shuts the flow off.

Typically, gate valves are most effective in either a fully open or a fully closed position. They cannot regulate the flow or pressure of fluids, and they also cannot be kept partially open. Keeping a gate valve partially open can also cause damage to its parts.

To open or close the gate valve, one will have to turn the wheel handle many times. Thus, a gate valve lockout tagout lock has to fit over the handle to keep it from turning.

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Puzzle Ninja Puzzle
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A successor of the cubedron. With tetrahedral shape. Also known als Trihx.

This puzzle is based on the Cubedron Classic puzzle concept, but instead of a cube, a tetrahedron is being used.. The puzzle consists of a clear sphere with three white pyramids inside, which form a tetrahedron with one pyramid missing. When looking in the empty space, the puzzle always displays two eyes and a mouth (which belong to the Puzzle Ninja cartoon), symbolizing the emotions of the Puzzle Ninja. There exactly 54 different combinations, which translates to exactly 54 emotions.

To flip a pyramid, ensure the empty space is always at the top, then move one pyramid towards the empty space, and so on. This type of movement is a natural movement, when one pyramid rotates with respect to the center of the sphere, while the position of the other pyramids is invariant.

A combination of systematic approaches is required to achieve a specified emotion. There are some interesting mathematical problems involving temporarily exchanging positions and rotations. Since the base is triangular, this puzzle does not have any parity issues (found in the Cubedron), but new problems arise, such as ensuring that there is a balance in the way the pyramids are swapped and rotated.

This puzzle attended the design competition during IPP29 in 2009.

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vBrownBag TechTalks at HPE Discover

What is vBrownBag?

We are a group of data center infrastructure specialists who create free video training to help other data center infrastructure specialists get better at their job or find a new job. We have a website at vbrownbag.com and a YouTube channel at youtube.com/vbrownbag as well as a podcast on iTunes. We have a weekly podcast where we record an hour of video training for the iTunes feed and YouTube. There are also podcasts in Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese, as well as ones in EMEA and APAC time zones. We target much of the training at industry certifications, but there is a lot of general data center, and product focused education, all of it is free to consume.

What is a vBrownBag TechTalk?

A TechTalk is a shorter presentation, usually 12 minutes long, that you deliver for a live audience at a conference. The presentation is often live-streamed and always recorded for posting to the YouTube channel. You will use our laptop for your presentation, if you can do a live demonstration with our laptop, then that is even better. You don’t have to use the laptop; you can just explain your topic to the audience or have a colleague join you for a conversation on camera. TechTalks should be relevant to data center professionals, people who design, build, and maintain systems in data center or clouds, they are our primary audience. You might show them how to solve a particular problem or help them to understand what data center technology will look like in the future. When you talk about your product, assume that the audience has already bought the product, this is not a place where glossy sales and marketing presentations do well.

Here are a couple of examples of popular TechTalks:


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Korean J Crit Care Med > Volume 31(2); 2016 > Article
Gil, Ha, Suh, Chung, and Park: Primary Invasive Intestinal Aspergillosis in a Non-Severely Immunocompromised Patient
This article has been corrected. See "Primary Invasive Intestinal Aspergillosis in a Non-Severely Immunocompromised Patient" in volume 31 on page 263.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is most commonly seen in patients with risk factors, such as cytotoxic chemotherapy, prolonged neutropenia, corticosteroids, transplantation and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. IA commonly occurs in the respiratory tract. Extrapulmonary aspergillosis is usually a part of a disseminated infection, and primary invasive intestinal aspergillosis is very rare. Herein, we report a case of an immunocompetent 53-year-old male who suffered recurrent septic shock in the intensive care unit (ICU) and was finally diagnosed as invasive intestinal aspergillosis without dissemination. IA is rarely considered for patients who do not have an immune disorder. Thus, when such cases do occur, the diagnosis is delayed and the clinical outcome is often poor. However, there is a growing literature reporting IA cases in patients without an immune disorder, mostly among ICU patients. Primary intestinal aspergillosis should be considered for critically ill patients, especially with severe disrupted gastrointestinal mucosal barrier.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is most commonly seen in patients with risk factors who are undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy, have prolonged neutropenia, are taking corticosteroids, have undergone transplant, and have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1] However, there are a growing number of reports of IA cases among patients who do not have an immune disorder; these cases are mostly among intensive care unit (ICU) patients.[2,3] It is difficult to diagnose IA in immunocompetent patients during its early septic period. Consequently, diagnosis and treatment of IA is often delayed, decreasing the likelihood of a positive outcome.[3] Moreover, in patients with extra-pulmonary IA without dissemination, it is especially difficult to diagnosis. This report presents a case of isolated invasive intestinal aspergillosis developed without dissemination in a patient with no classic predisposing risk factors.

Case Report

A 53-year-old male was referred to our emergency department in a state of shock after drinking a large amount of alcohol over a period of a week. He was a heavy drinker (1 bottle of Soju/day for the past 5 years) and 21 years ago he underwent subtotal gastrectomy to treat a perforated gastric ulcer. He had no diseases that required habitual medication.
At presentation, the patient’s blood pressure was 82/50 mmHg; his pulse rate was 78 beats per minute; his respiratory rate was 28 breaths per minute; and his body temperature was 34ºC. We conducted a limited physical examination because of his drowsy mental state, but was at least able to note the patient’s distended abdomen without muscle guarding. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed that the patient had severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.74, PCO2 21.1 mmHg, PaO2 100.9 mmHg, HCO3- 2.8 mmol/l, lactic acid 17.55 mmol/l). The laboratory test results of this patient were as flows: hemoglobin: 10.1 g/dL, total leukocyte count: 23,060 cells/μL (segment neutrophils: 90%), platelet count: 23,000 cells/μL, blood urea nitrogen: 20.9 mg/dL, creatinine: 2.08 mg/dL, total bilirubin: 1.8 mg/dL, C-reactive protein: 42.75 mg/dL, and procalcitonin: 158.22 ng/mL. Initial abdominopelvic computed tomography (APCT) showed acute pancreatitis with peripancreatic infiltration and severe enterocolitis (Fig. 1A and 1B). He was immediately transferred to the medical ICU for management of his septic shock with multi-organ failure. Aggressive resuscitation and antibiotics (piperacillin/tazobactam at 2.25 g, every 6 hours) were initiated and the patient was treated with a mechanical ventilator and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). He required high-dose vasopressors (1.43 μg/kg/min of norepinephrine, 0.04 IU/min of vasopressin, and 0.5 μg/kg/min of epinephrine), so we started him on 200 mg/day of hydrocortisone. There was no growth of blood cultures.
After 5 days in the ICU, follow-up APCT showed that his acute pancreatitis was unchanged but that his enterocolitis had improved. And there were no evidence of microorganisms in follow up cultures. On his ninth day in ICU, he was weaned off the mechanical ventilator, vasopressors, CRRT and steroids. The next day, while still in the ICU, he developed hematochezia, but did not have any abdominal pain or tenderness. Sigmoidoscopic findings and biopsy indicated ischemic colitis (Fig. 2). However, his vital sign was stable and there was no sign of peritonitis. Therefore, we managed his condition conservatively with surgical observation. On his thirteenth day in ICU, he had a second attack of septic shock, with the following vitals: blood pressure, 75/43 mmHg; pulse rate, 89 beats per minute; respiration rate, 33 breaths per minute and body temperature, 38.6ºC. His abdomen was distended and intra-abdominal pressure was 19 cmH2O. APCT indicated he had advanced intestinal ischemia and peritonitis with no change in his pancreatitis. He was transferred to the operating room for surgical exploration and we found multifocal ischemic and necrotic changes through his whole bowel except for an approximately 100 cm segment of his proximal jejunum. We performed a near total small bowel resection, total proctocolectomy and end jejunostomy. Cultured intra-abdominal fluid produced vancomycin-sensitive enterococci and multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci; we immediately administered the patient with vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam. On postoperative day (POD) 4, the patient was once again weaned off the ventilator, CRRT, and vasopressors. On POD 7, pathologic reports revealed segmental total ischemic necrosis with invasive aspergillosis. The resected specimen showed septated fungal hyphae with acute angle branching, suggesting Aspergillus species with angioinvasion (Fig. 3A and 3B). Unfortunately, fungal culture of the resected bowel was not available at that time. A serum Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) antigen test was positive (Enzyme linked immunoassay, index value 3.07) and Candida albicans was cultured from the intra-abdominal fluid, so we started liposomal amphotericin B treatment for 19 days. Additional intra-abdominal drainage catheters were inserted at POD 10 due to infected fluid collection and SMA branch embolization was done at POD 12 due to jejunostomy site bleeding. After these additional treatments, 63 days after admission to the ICU, he transferred to a local hospital. Another 2 months later, all intra-abdominal drains and the dialysis catheter were removed. However he needed parenteral nutrition support due to short bowel syndrome.

Risk factors for IA include undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy, having prolonged neutropenia, taking corticosteroids, having received an organ transplant and having AIDS. Aerosolized Aspergillus spores may become a potential source of infection in the upper respiratory tract and the alveoli manifesting as pneumonia.[1] Aspergillus spores can be ingested and reach the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but they cannot penetrate a normal intact mucosal barrier. However, in pathological condition such as gastric ulcers and severe gastritis, penetration of the mucosal barrier by Aspergillus spores is possible. In these situations, these spores can cause invasive GI aspergillosis.[4]
There are no well-known risk factors for invasive aspergillosis among ICU patients who are not immunosuppressed. However after an extended ICU stay, hemodialysis, low-dose steroids, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, congestive heart failure, liver disease and diabetes mellitus (DM) could all be potential risk factors for IA.[5] Cha et al.[6] and Choi et al.[7] reported invasive GI aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. They described lower GI aspergillosis cases in non-neutropenic patients. However, in their case reports, predisposing colon cancer and DM may be associated with immune dysfunction in these patients. In our case, the patient was a heavy drinker who was otherwise relatively healthy, and he had no history of cancer or DM. However, we administered hydrocortisone for 9 days as his initial treatment. To our knowledge, there have been no reports about risk factors for GI aspergillosis. However, sepsis, ICU care, CRRT, and steroid use could all be associated with of immune dysfunction and could, therefore, be risk factors.[8] Furthermore, history of enterocolitis and shock-induced non-occlusive bowel ischemia could instigate GI mucosal damage. Even though the patient recovered from septic shock, his GI mucosal barrier had not fully recovered. We suspect Aspergillus spores could penetrate the GI mucosa during that period of damage, and his initial clinical manifestation of GI aspergillosis could be hematochezia.
In general, a diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients is made on the basis of a combination of compatible clinical findings, abnormal radiologic findings, and microbiologic confirmation or on the basis of histologic proof of tissue invasion by the fungus. Among the clinical challenges in the diagnosis of IA is the absence of early signs and symptoms for defining illness, particularly among immunocompetent patients. Cultures, the gold standard for guiding choice of antimicrobial agents, are positive in less than 50% of patients and take several days for detection.[9] Microscopic examination of clinical specimens remains a key first diagnostic test to detect fungal elements. However, stains are limited by their inability to distinguish between morphologically similar fungi. Aspergillus is characterized by septate hyphae with acute-angle branching, a finding that may also be similar in appearance to that seen in other moulds (Fusarium, Penicillium, Psuedallescheria, and Scopulariopsis species) with differing susceptibilities to antifungal agent. GM is an Aspergillus-specific fungal cell wall component released during Aspergillus growth and tissue invasion.[10] Studies of neutropenic patients have revealed high rates of sensitivity and specificity. However, the GM test is characterized by multiple false positive, making its utility in many patients uncertain. GM demonstrates cross-activity with other fungi including Penicillium, Botrytis, and Paecilomyces. False positive have also been associated with antibiotics produced by Penicillium (piperacillin/tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate).[11]
Amphotericin B has been the dominant treatment for IA for a long time. Recently, voriconazole, a derivative of fluconazole, has become the new standard of care for treating IA because it yields better outcomes. However, the mortality rate of IA exceeds 50% and is much higher in critically ill patients (> 80%).[2] Kazan et al.[12] reported about GI aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Most had non-specific clinical manifestations; abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemorrhage, intestinal obstruction and perforation. Also, 16 out of 20 patients (80%) had a positive finding GM antigenemia test. The gut seems to be an exceptional site for Aspergillus infection even among hematology patients. From this study, we concluded that invasive GI aspergillosis is rare and extremely difficult to diagnosis without surgical intervention because of poor symptom specificity and a lack of characteristic imaging findings. Patients with abdominal symptom and a positive GM antigenemia test that cannot be explained by respiratory lesions should be suspected to have gut aspergillosis and diagnostic procedures should be performed without delay.
Recently reports about IA, particularly pulmonary aspergillosis, are increasing among immunocompetent patients many of whom are in the ICU. Delayed diagnosis of GI aspergillosis, due to its difficulty, could lead to poor outcomes for critically ill patients. This emphasize the importance of the awareness about possible IA in critically ill patients without risk factors, and readiness to proceed with appropriated diagnosis and treatment. We should not disregard positive GM antigenemia results in a critically ill patient. Consider and investigate its clinical signiﬁcance, even in the absence of classic risk factors. Especially in critically ill patients with severe disrupted GI mucosal barrier, invasive GI aspergillosis should be considered.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fig. 1.
Abdominopelvic computed tomography shows acute pancreatitis with peripancreatic infiltration and severe enterocolitis. (A) Transverse computed tomography (CT) image (B) Coronal CT image. Hospital day 1.
Fig. 2.
A diffuse geographically-shaped mucosal ulcer was observed beginning at the anal verge (AV) 15 to 20 cm and AV 25 cm to upward on sigmoidoscopy, which is suggestive of ischemic colitis. Biopsy was done at the AV 15cm. Hospital day 10.
Fig. 3.
Hematoxylin and eosin (A) and Grocott’s methenamine silver (B) stains (original magnification, x200) of the resected terminal ileum: The specimen shows numerous fungal hyphae with acute angle branching and angioinvasion, which is morphologically compatible with a diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Pathologic result was reported at postoperative day 7 (hospital day 22).

1. Segal BH. Aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1870-84.
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2. Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Maertens J, Van Wijngaerden E. Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:205-16.
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3. Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Acute community-acquired pneumonia due to Aspergillus in presumably immunocompetent hosts: clues for recognition of a rare but fatal disease. Chest 1998;114:629-34.
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4. Eggimann P, Chevrolet JC, Starobinski M, Majno P, Totsch M, Chapuis B, et al. Primary invasive aspergillosis of the digestive tract: report of two cases and review of the literature. Infection 2006;34:333-8.
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5. Stevens DA, Melikian GL. Aspergillosis in the ‘nonimmunocompromised’ host. Immunol Invest 2011;40:751-66.
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6. Cha SA, Kim MH, Lim TS, Kim HH, Chang KY, Park HS, et al. Invasive primary colonic Aspergillosis in the immunocompetent host without classical risk factors. Yonsei Med J 2015;56:1453-6.
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7. Choi SH, Chung JW, Cho SY, Kim BJ, Kwon GY. A case of isolated invasive Aspergillus colitis presenting with hematochezia in a nonneutropenic patient with colon cancer. Gut Liver 2010;4:274-7.
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8. Nivoix Y, Velten M, Letscher-Bru V, Moghaddam A, Natarajan-Amé S, Fohrer C, et al. Factors associated with overall and attributable mortality in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1176-84.
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9. Hsu JL, Ruoss SJ, Bower ND, Lin M, Holodniy M, Stevens DA. Diagnosing invasive fungal disease in critically ill patients. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011;37:277-312.
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11. Sulahian A, Touratier S, Ribaud P. False positive test for Aspergillus antigenemia related to concomitant administration of piperacillin and tazobactam. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2366-7.
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12. Kazan E, Maertens J, Herbrecht R, Weisser M, Gachot B, Vekhoff A, et al. A retrospective series of gut aspergillosis in haematology patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:588-94.
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Gurgoan is evolving in terms of buildings widely. Voro-zon cinsists of three twisted towers. Towers varies in size and have connecting bridges. Three towers together forn a shape which responds to the triangual site. It consists of mainly retail, hotel, office and co working spaces. The bridges joins mostly the public spaces which can be inferred as democratic spaces ad they are see through letting people be more aware about it’s surrounding.

The building has a souble skin façade. The outer most skin is a voronoi pattern which inspired the name of the building. Voronoi skin façade will provided structral strentch and aesthetic purpose to building. As the pattern is dense at bottom which gives support to the building and panels become wider for the view from hotel rooms above.