English Major Jobs: What Can You Do With an English Degree?

Find out what kinds of English major jobs you can land in the professional world after graduating with a degree in English.

Keisha Kim

Thousands of college students have a marked talent for English, English literature and criticism, and a desire to major in English. At the same time, however, these college students feel discouraged about majoring in English because they are uncertain of how an English degree can help their career prospects and land a job post-graduation. Fortunately, college students who want to major in English shouldn’t feel deterred because there are plenty of ways to apply what you’ve learned pursuing your English degree to the real world, including the job market.

Read on to find out what to do with an English degree and why it's not a bad major to pursue.

Why Major in English?

Majoring in English does not mean you’re limited to becoming an English professor or English teacher on the primary education level. Pursuing an English degree involves much more than just reading great works of fiction from throughout literary history. Majoring in English involves a significant amount of critical thinking, analytical skills — especially when it comes to studying and writing literary criticisms of written works — communication skills, and research. Pursuing an English degree can also open students up to greater awareness of other cultures and societies through the reading of non-Western literary works. Not only that, a big part of majoring in English involves analyzing and processing vast amounts of information, not to mention developing an extreme attention to detail and organization skills. And, of course, it can make you superb at grammar, a skill that is transferable to nearly all careers that involve writing that’s going to be published.

How to Major in English: Typical Requirements for an English Degree

Depending on the college you attend, the prerequisites for majoring in English can vary substantially. However, some of the more common requirements when pursuing an English degree include, but are not limited to:

  • English and American literature, often before and after a certain designated year, such as “before 1800” and “after 1800”.

  • Literary criticism, which focuses on the comparison, analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of works of literature. Literary criticism is more or less an opinion, supported by evidence, relating to themes, style, setting, or historical or political contexts of literary works.

  • Non-Western literature, such as African American literature, literature of the Global South, Asian-American literature, and similar courses.

  • Writing courses, such as creative writing classes of various types.

  • Literary theory, which involves the way of interpreting a work of art like written works.

Skills and Applications of an English Degree

Students pursuing an English degree develop several critical and transferable skills during their undergraduate studies. A big skill that English majors develop is research. A huge part of majoring in English involves extensive research of past literary works, sometimes over a thousand years old or from the recent past; research skills are developed also in the writing of literary reviews and literary criticisms of works that college students have been assigned to complete. This heavy focus on research and dissection of written works spanning various places and times can be very applicable to the job market as research skills are consistently in high demand across many different industries.

Communication skills, naturally written communication skills, is another significant transferable skill that English majors can hone and use to their advantage in the post-college world. As an undergraduate pursuing an English degree, you will do a lot of writing, proofreading, and editing, all of which are invaluable skills in the job market. You’d be surprised how many professionals and executives lack basic writing and grammar skills, and if you’re armed with an English degree, your skills could be highly sought after.

Presentation skills is an additional skill many English majors develop over the course of their studies. Very often, English majors have to present the culmination of their research and written papers to professors and fellow classmates. The ability to effectively communicate your ideas and conclusions in a live presentation is a critical skill that can be easily transferred to countless jobs after college. Tons of professionals with long careers have a terrible fear of public speaking and presentation. Majoring in English can help college students develop and refine their presentation skills, and really impress both interviewers for job openings and professional colleagues in general.

Jobs for English Majors: What Can You Do With an English Degree?

Thus, if you’re big on English and want to pursue an English degree as an undergraduate, absolutely do not be discouraged about your prospects in the post-college world of getting a job. There are numerous English major jobs out there for you to pursue. There is, obviously, the route of becoming an English professor or teacher, but there are many other career options available that can harness your skills attained while studying to major in English.

Here's a look at some popular English major jobs that you can check out that typically require an entry-level education of a bachelor’s degree, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH):

News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists

Average annual salary: $63,230

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: 6% growth

When it comes to English major jobs, going into reporting, news analysis, and journalism is a no-brainer. These occupations will make you utilize all the skills and knowledge you developed while majoring in English, including writing, editing, analyzing, researching, and presenting. With an average annual salary of $63,230, according to the BLS’s Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), news analysts, reporters, and journalists earn more on average than the average annual wage for all occupations, $58,260.

Technical Writers

Average annual salary: $81,470

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: 12% growth

Technical writers are one of the higher-paying jobs for English majors. Technical writers typically write and put together instruction manuals, how-to guides, journal articles, and other supporting documents that assist in communicating complicated and technical information more easily. Though there are tons of industries that employ technical writers, they are concentrated most in the computer and management, scientific, and technical industries. And with a 10-year projected employment growth of 12%, the job outlook for technical writers is excellent.

Average annual salary: $76,400

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: 5% growth

Editors are essential to so many industries these days, especially with the explosion of internet content as Web 2.0 developed over the last decade or more. Where in the past, editors were often limited to publishing houses and magazines, editors are in high demand by countless companies who need to produce content for their websites, email letters, brochures, video transcripts, and more. Editors are also one of the higher-paying jobs for English majors, with an average annual salary of $76,400.

UX Writers

Average annual salary: $120,645

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: N/A

UX writers, or user experience writers, rank among the top high paying jobs for English majors. UX writers work on creating copy for websites, apps, and other digital products that help users navigate the product. Such copy can include writing content for buttons, labels, chatbots, error messages, menus, and/or instructions to help guide users through the user flow of a product.

Writers and Authors

Average annual salary: $81,120

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: 9% growth

Not surprisingly, one of the career paths that English majors can pursue is being a writer and author. Believe it or not, writers and authors, on average, earn an annual wage of $81,120, far more than the $58,260 annual wage for all occupations. The work writers and authors do can be screenplays, advertisements, scripts, stories, novels, nonfiction, and much more.

Market Research Analysts

Average annual salary: $76,080

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: 22% growth

Thanks to the research skills English majors develop, a career in market research analysis is a fitting one for students who’ve earned an English degree. Market research analysts are in high demand, especially due to the massive growth in internet content marketing and ecommerce. This is part of the reason why the 10-year job outlook for market research analysts is a whopping 22% growth in employment from 2020 to 2030. Market research analysts can utilize not just their research skills from college, but their written communication and presentation skills to convey the findings of their analysis to important stakeholders at whatever company they work for.

English Language and Literature Teachers, College-Level

Average annual salary: $82,680

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: 12% growth

Again, this career path is an obvious one for English majors, but it’s also a solid high paying job for English majors. Being an English professor on the college-level allows English majors to teach what they love as well as conduct research and publication of their own works. The main drawback here is that to be an English professor on the college-level, you’ll have to earn a postgraduate degree beyond a bachelor’s degree.

Human Resources Manager

Average annual salary: $136,590

Job Outlook, 2020-2030: 9% growth

Although the major focus of human resources managers is on planning, directing, and coordinating human resources activities and the workforce of a company, they also require excellent written communication skills and a strong capacity for public presentations. Human resources managers have to craft language carefully and exactly for the policies that are implemented and disseminated throughout professional organizations. What’s more, human resources managers also tend to be the ones that write advertisements for open roles at companies in order to attract applicants. With an average annual wage of $136,590, this is definitely one of the highest paying jobs for English majors.

Highest Paying Industries for English Degree Jobs

If you’re wondering, what can you do with an English degree, one answer is that you can make quite a good deal of money. A broad range of industries have English major jobs and many of these industries pay comparatively well. Below is a breakdown of some of the highest paying industries for jobs for English majors, specifically 1) writers and authors, 2) technical writers, and 3) editors:

Highest Paying Industries for Writers and Authors

Hourly average wage

Annual average wage

Motion Picture and Video Industries

Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities

Nondepository Credit Intermediation

Cable and Other Subscription Programming

Federal Executive Branch

Highest Paying Industries for Technical Writers

Hourly average wage

Annual average wage

Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution

Chemical Manufacturing

Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities

Scientific Research and Development Services

Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing

Highest Paying Industries for Editors

Hourly average wage

Annual average wage

Specialized Design Services

Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing

Technical and Trade Schools

Advertising, Public Relations, and Related Services

Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities

All of these industries pay English major jobs wages that are much higher than the national average wage for all occupations, $58,260. So, if you’re committed to majoring in English, rest assured that there are high paying jobs for English majors out there.

The Bottom Line on Finding English Major Jobs

There are dozens upon dozens of career paths that English majors can pursue once they’ve graduated college. The idea that majoring in English means you cannot do anything besides be a primary school teacher or college professor is absolutely incorrect. English major jobs are in high demand and have the potential to pay very well indeed. What’s more, if you’re looking to major in English and need some financial help to pursue that dream, BrokeScholar has an entire library of scholarships by area of study, including English. Never let finances prevent you from pursuing your academic dreams and never get discouraged that your college major may be useless in the professional world.


Correlation Between Allovir and Autozone

Specify exactly 2 symbols:
Can any of the company-specific risk be diversified away by investing in both Allovir and Autozone at the same time? Although using a correlation coefficient on its own may not help to predict future stock returns, this module helps to understand the diversifiable risk of combining Allovir and Autozone into the same portfolio, which is an essential part of the fundamental portfolio management process.
By analyzing existing cross correlation between Allovir and Autozone, you can compare the effects of market volatilities on Allovir and Autozone and check how they will diversify away market risk if combined in the same portfolio for a given time horizon. You can also utilize pair trading strategies of matching a long position in Allovir with a short position of Autozone. Check out your portfolio center. Please also check ongoing floating volatility patterns of Allovir and Autozone.

Diversification Opportunities for Allovir and Autozone

  Correlation Coefficient

Modest diversification

The 3 months correlation between Allovir and Autozone is 0.26. Overlapping area represents the amount of risk that can be diversified away by holding Allovir and Autozone in the same portfolio, assuming nothing else is changed. The correlation between historical prices or returns on Autozone and Allovir is a relative statistical measure of the degree to which these equity instruments tend to move together. The correlation coefficient measures the extent to which returns on Allovir are associated (or correlated) with Autozone. Values of the correlation coefficient range from -1 to +1, where. The correlation of zero (0) is possible when the price movement of Autozone has no effect on the direction of Allovir i.e., Allovir and Autozone go up and down completely randomly.

Pair Corralation between Allovir and Autozone

Given the investment horizon of 90 days Allovir is expected to generate 3.33 times more return on investment than Autozone. However, Allovir is 3.33 times more volatile than Autozone. It trades about 0.15 of its potential returns per unit of risk. Autozone is currently generating about 0.03 per unit of risk. If you would invest  748.00  in Allovir on July 9, 2022 and sell it today you would earn a total of  128.00  from holding Allovir or generate 17.11% return on investment over 90 days.
Time Period3 Months [change]
DirectionMoves Together
StrengthVery Weak
ValuesDaily Returns

Allovir  vs.  Autozone

 Performance (%)
Allovir Performance
11 of 100
Compared to the overall equity markets, risk-adjusted returns on investments in Allovir are ranked lower than 11 (%) of all global equities and portfolios over the last 90 days. Even with relatively fragile basic indicators, Allovir reported solid returns over the last few months and may actually be approaching a breakup point.

Allovir Price Channel

Autozone Performance
2 of 100
Compared to the overall equity markets, risk-adjusted returns on investments in Autozone are ranked lower than 2 (%) of all global equities and portfolios over the last 90 days. Despite quite persistent basic indicators, Autozone is not utilizing all of its potentials. The current stock price mess, may contribute to short-term losses for the institutional investors.

Autozone Price Channel

Allovir and Autozone Volatility Contrast

   Predicted Return Density

Pair Trading with Allovir and Autozone

The main advantage of trading using opposite Allovir and Autozone positions is that it hedges away some unsystematic risk. Because of two separate transactions, even if Allovir position performs unexpectedly, Autozone can make up some of the losses. Pair trading also minimizes risk from directional movements in the market. For example, if an entire industry or sector drops because of unexpected headlines, the short position in Autozone will offset losses from the drop in Autozone's long position.
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Can springtails get out of terrarium?

Last Update: May 30, 2022

Asked by: Hank Kling
Score: 4.8/5 (32 votes)

If your terrarium is a closed terrarium, your springtails should not be able to escape. The terrarium should be completely sealed, not even air or water can escape. ... The only way they may be able to escape is if you open the container and take some soil or plants out that might carry a few springtails with them.

Will springtails escape my terrarium?

As for springtails escaping - you really do not need to worry. They would much rather stay within your terrarium where conditions are right for them. If they leave the terrarium then they will most likely die.

How do you keep springtails from escaping?

Letting soil dry completely as possible is the best way to deal with infested pots already in the home. Sprinkle Safer Brand diatomaceous earth on potted soils to help them dry and to repel springtails. If infestations in potted plants persist, use a non-toxic, biodegradable soil drench to kill and repel the bugs.

How do you control springtails in a terrarium?

Springtails tend to float, while saturated charcoal does not. Add additional distilled, dechlorinated, or reverse osmosis water to the springtail culture, and simply pour out the springtails directly into the vivarium. It's that simple, and a lot less hassle than other methods.

Will isopods escape my terrarium?

Isopods are generally bad climbers of plastic and smooth surfaces, so if you open their enclosure it is highly unlikely any will escape at all. However, if they do, as long as you are not intentionally keeping them outside with food and safety, they will probably die off.

All About Springtails - Care, Culturing, Seeding & More

17 related questions found

Can isopods and springtails escape?

They like their high humidity home. If any do escape, they will desiccate and die very quickly outside of a viv or culture. If your home is humid enough to support them, you have WAY bigger problems to worry about than a few escaped springtails.

Do you need isopods and springtails?

Isopods and Springtails are the ideal choice for your Clean-up Crew, and will act as the janitors of your bio-active setup. Constantly cleaning and maintaining a balance within the setup and soil. ... You do not need to use Isopods and Springtails in your setup to be successful.

Will springtails ever go away?

Do springtails get in your bed?

Because springtails are drawn to moist environments, the root of the problem could be the result of leaky pipes or roofs, poorly sealed tubs and sinks or porous basement walls. ... The creatures will continue to nest in your bedroom if signs of moisture and humidity remain.

Do springtails fly?

Springtails do not have wings and cannot fly. But they can jump up to several inches using a special forked structure under the abdomen.

Where do springtails lay eggs?

IDENTIFICATION. Springtails are minute, wingless insects about 1/16 inch long. They lay their round eggs in small groups in moist soil, especially where organic matter is abundant. The immature stage is usually whitish, and adults tend to be whitish, bluish, or dark gray to black.

Do springtails need light?

Springtails are attracted to light and may be found in lighted areas at night. Springtails will thrive as much indoors as they will outdoors, if moisture, organic matter, and shelter are available inside the structure.

Are springtails bad?

Will springtails eat poop?

Although many species are herbivorous, others are carnivorous feeding on other springtails, nematodes and other small arthropods. Those springtails living in leaf litter and soil usually feed on fungi, plant material, feces and algae.

Can springtails climb plastic?

Can Springtails climb the sides of a Rubbermaid Storage Bin? Oh yes they will...its best to keep them in a covered container...they love the moisture...

Do springtails bite?

Snow fleas, or springtails, are tiny insects that do not bite. They're harmless to both pets and humans.

Do springtails crawl on humans?

Many people assume these tiny jumping insects are fleas. Unfounded speculation has occurred that they infest human skin, resulting in skin irritation. Springtails are not parasitic on humans and are not known to actively infest living human tissue.

Can springtails infest your house?

Many homeowners think these tiny, jumping insects are fleas. When springtails move into a home, they usually go into areas where they can find moisture. Kitchens, bathrooms and laundry rooms are common springtail habitats. ... Springtails infest boxes of stored items and even in upholstered furniture that has gotten wet.

What spray kills springtails?

Springtails can be deterred by cleaning! Spray vinegar directly on the springtails, and take a rag, and spread the vinegar around infested areas. The high acidity content of vinegar can burn and kill springtails.

Should I worry about springtails?

Are springtails more active at night?

What is the best insecticide for springtails?

Sevin® Insect Killer Granules work above and below the soil line to kill and control springtails. Apply the ready-to-use granules with a standard spreader in a 5- to 10-foot band around your foundation and other targeted areas. Water the treated areas immediately to release the active ingredients.

Can springtails eat banana?

We make a collembola food that we are pretty happy with using on our springtails. But yeah, lots of things will work, yeast, pasta, cous cous, bread, fish flake, even banana peels.

How do you keep isopods and springtails alive?

Just like springtails, isopods will readily feed on decaying organic matter and help keep your terrarium clean and fertile. Though, they are known to feed on plants in the absence of decaying matter – so keep an eye out for that. One important thing to note with isopods is that they need a high humidity to survive.

Can you have too many springtails?

It is possible to have too many springtails, but pretty rare. Even then, it would be more of a problem with froglets. It's easy to watch for. If there are so many springtails that they are crawling all over your frogs, and your frogs seem bothered in any way, there may be too many.


How are tomatoes affected by climate change?

Analysis of historical weather data of South west Italy showed that, the transplanting month of tomato is getting hotter and drier and the rise in temperature has induced a shortening of the phenology (Cammarano et al., 2020). Tomatoes can grow under a wide range of climatic conditions.

How does climate change affect tomato production?

Open field cultivation of tomatoes exposes the crop to climatic conditions, whereas greenhouse production is protected. Hence, global warming will have a greater impact on open field cultivation of tomatoes rather than the controlled greenhouse environment.

What are the problems of tomato production?

The most important production problems faced by growers are high input cost, low product price, pesticides and diseases, marketing and others. The majority of the tomatoes produced by farmers are sold at other city markets or exported to abroad by foreign tradesman.

How does climate change affect vegetables?

Under changing climatic situations crop failures, shortage of yields, reduction in quality and increasing pest and disease problems are common and they render the vegetable production unprofitable. … Drought and salinity are the two important consequences of increase in temperature worsening vegetable production.

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How are crops affected by climate change?

Are tomatoes abiotic or biotic?

Environmental (Abiotic) Problems of Tomatoes. All plants, including tomatoes, are affected by growing conditions, by the care they receive, and by their basic physical makeup.

What soil do tomatoes need?

To put it simply: tomatoes get their flavour from the soil in which they grow, just like wine. Flavoursome tomatoes need loamy soil that are rich in humus. Good quality peat-based potting compost is just the ticket.

What is the economic importance of tomato?

As Source Of Rich Minerals, Tomatoes Is Used As Juice, Sauce When Processed. Tomatoes is one of those common crops that is rich in minerals, rich in carbohydrates as well as, rich in vitamins. Tomatoes is used as salad hence, you can eat tomatoes at its raw state as an important recipe of salad.

Are tomato plants sensitive?

Nutritional Imbalance. Tomatoes are very sensitive to certain nutrients in the soil, especially nitrogen and calcium. When nitrogen levels are too high, tomato plants grow explosively, becoming tall and thin with lots of leaves, but no blooms. Low levels may result in their yellowing and even dying.

Why is tomato production important?

Tomatoes, aside from being tasty, are very healthy as they are a good source of vitamins A and C. Vitamin A is important for bone growth, cell division and differentiation, for helping in the regulation of immune system and maintaining surface linings of eyes, respiratory, urinary and intestinal tracts.

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How does the climate affect fruits and vegetables?

Even the warmer winters are causing problems, by allowing more pests to survive. Warmer springs also make fruit trees flower earlier, increasing the risk of the blossom being damaged by late frosts. Apple growers lost a quarter of their fruit in 2017.

How is climate change affecting fruit?

Additionally, higher temperatures during ripening may result in faster and unbalanced fruit maturity, which may lead to implications on fruit quality, fruit-set, and yields (Campoy et al., 2011; Luedeling et al., 2011).

How does a climate condition affect the growth and yield of vegetable plants?

The seasonal variation in day length affects the growth and flowering of certain vegetable crops. … An unfavourable temperature combined with unfavourable moisture conditions may cause the dropping of the buds, flowers, and small fruits of the pepper, reducing the crop yield.

What crops will be most affected by climate change?

What crops will survive climate change?

“One of the major ways of mitigating future climate change is developing high-temperature stress adapted variety,” Dr. Babar said. He studies resistance in crops like grain, wheat, oats, and legumes like chickpeas and quinoa. Babar explains it isn’t just about heat resistance.

How does climate change affect food production?

Climate change is affecting the quality and seasonal availability of many foods in Australia. … Harsher climate conditions will increase use of more heat-tolerant breeds in beef production, some of which have lower meat quality and reproductive rates.

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Is there a way for me to see why my car's vehicle report has a discrepancy on the mileage?

Reginad_1974Reginad_1974 Member Posts: 1
edited August 2021 in Kia

My car is a lemon and I've been researching it recently and discovered there's a discrepancy on the history report with mileage. Is there a way to determine why? 3KPFK4A76HE140600 Kia forte 2017. It has been nothing but one problem after next like shutting off while I'm driving and not starting

  • thecardoc3thecardoc3 Member Posts: 5,559
    Can you share specifics? By far the most common reason would be a typo.
Sign In or Register to comment.


Wheelchair-accessible vehicle

Are you a property manager that is planning the updates and renovations of your properties? It is important to keep codes in mind and to ensure that you are following all safety protocols and handicap requirements. There are both governmental and state regulations when it comes to ensuring that those with handicapped needs are able to live in and maneuver around a property. These are some of the most important handicap features to consider.

Why handicap accessibility is so important
Approximately 53 million Americans live with a disability, and according to a recent study, the most common disability is associated with limited mobility. Avoiding handicap accessibility in your properties is not only illegal but also reduces the ease of access for your customers. You could be losing out on a large area of the market that either wants to visit your properties or wants to rent one of them. Making simple changes to a property can make it handicap accessible and easier for those with mobility disabilities.

Large enough entrances and exits
Having sufficient entrances and exits is also a part of safety protocol. In the event of a property fire, there need to be enough exit points in the property. To make these same entrances and exits handicap accessible, they need to be of a certain width. Many people with mobility issues rely on wheelchairs or walkers that can be difficult to move through narrow doorways. In addition to widening the entrance and exit doors, you will also want to make sure the room doors in the interior of the property are easily accessible. ADA door requirements can be found by contacting your state department. You can also work with renovation companies that specialize in making handicap accessibility upgrades.

Entrance and exit ramps
Another problem that is commonly found in properties is an inability to use stairs on the exterior of the house. When there is a deck or step to reach the front or back door, it can be difficult for someone in a wheelchair or with a walker, to climb these stairs. If you are commercial property, depending on the state of your business, you might be required to have handicap ramps. If you are going to rent out a residential property to someone, a handicap ramp might be requested. Building wheelchair ramps is a fairly simple project and can be completed in a couple of days.

Safety bars throughout the house
Safety bars prevent those with handicap disabilities from falling and injuring themselves. Every 11 seconds, an older adult is treated in the emergency room for a fall. Many handicap bathroom requirements require that there are safety bars in the shower and nearby the toilet. However, even if this is not a regulation requirement, this is a cost efficient safety addition. If a safety bar can prevent a fall or an injury, it can save you a lot in terms of liability.

Fitted stairlifts
Interior stairs can also be difficult for those who are wheelchair bound. A liftchair recliner or fitted stairlift is not usually an ADA requirement but can be helpful for residents that are mobility challenged. If you want to offer your properties to residents with mobility issues, a fitted stairlift can be extremely advantageous. Fitted stairlifts are installed into the wall and they allow a person to safely climb flights of stairs, sometimes even curved staircases.

According to AARP and the National Conference of State Legislatures, about 90% of people over the age of 65 want to live in their home as long as they can. If you make these necessary handicap accessibility changes, you are likely to be left with a resident that is appreciative and will remain in the property for a long time.


Herausforderung: In den letzten Jahren ist die Erkundung des Weltraums wieder zu einem Trendthema geworden. Verschiedene private Organisationen wie SpaceX, Blue Origin oder Virgin Galactic und Regierungsorganisationen aus den USA, China, Indien, Europa oder Russland konkurrieren um die Vorherrschaft im Weltraum. Neben der Erforschung neuer Welten ebnet dieser Trend den Weg für Innovationen, die auch unser Leben auf der Erde verändern werden. Zum Beispiel werden immer mehr Satelliten in den Orbit geschickt, die unsere Erde umkreisen und  neue Möglichkeiten für die Erdbeobachtung oder flächendeckendes Highspeed-Internet ermöglichen. Dies bietet neue Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten, welche mit Ansätzen aus dem Gaming und Gamification angegangen werden können. Daher lautete die Aufgabe des Kurses Designing Gamified Systems in diesem Semester:

Design an innovative game or gamification approach in which gaming, space technology and mobility meets in order to either A) improving life on earth or B) improving life in space.

Datum: Wintersemester 2021/2022

Vorlesung: Designing Gamified Systems

Team: Heschu Qarani, Jonathan Stief, Sherwet GalalCem KaratasanGerrit Sußner

The interest in space is constantly increasing: From space agencies planning longer projects, such as NASAs’ Artemis mission, to private companies such as SpaceX planning to put humans on Mars. Overall, the private sector of space tourism is projected to reach a total of US$1.7 Billion by 2027. The market will expand much further in the future, with long-term missions becoming increasingly frequent.
Yet these long-term missions pose significant strains on both the human body and the mind. First among them is the deterioration of muscles, muscle atrophy, and the cardiovascular system through microgravity. These effects are so severe that even short missions (< 30 days) can cause a muscle volume loss of 5.5 to 15.9 percent. In order to combat these effects, most space agencies employ in-flight exercises of about 2.5 hours six days a week. Secondly, space missions represent the “perfect boring situation” and can invoke mental health issues.
Our VR solution addresses both aspects equally, as it gamifies the required exercise to avoid physical consequences, as well as challenge the players mentally and provides opportunities for experiencing social relatedness. For this, it uses both state-of-the-art VR equipment, as well as a Teslasuit, to not only make the experience feel even more immersive through haptic feedback, as well as the possibility to enhance training effects. The main game consists of resource collection during the exercise and a base-building type game in the phases between workouts. Both take place in VR.
In order to overcome the dullness of the monotonous environment, the game features a story putting the players in a scenario in 2075, where Mars has been colonized, and it is now their shared mission to defend and extend the colony. However, players need to collect resources through exercise to repair and build further modules, which is conducted within the VR game.
In the story mode, they are guided through their exercise by story-related messages, collecting resources while traversing the base and the landscapes of Mars. As voluntariness represents an important point in the acceptance of gamified approaches, however, players also have the option to avoid the story. While exercising, they collect resources by swiping them to the side with their controller. From the collected resources they then have the possibility to build three different types of buildings: (1) shelter domes, which set the defense for the whole colony, (2) windmills, which produce electricity for the colony, (3) greenhouses, which produce oxygen. To increase complexity, create fun, and challenge players mentally, the electricity and oxygen stats must match the shelter, or the colony will be dysfunctional, and the defense will receive a debuff. Players will have to ready their bases for increasingly difficult challenges, such as further alien attacks, sand storms, and similar difficulties that life on Mars would bring. This aims to create a long-time engagement in the player, relying on the immersion and social interaction between the crewmates of the space mission to defend their shared colony.

We use a Teslasuit, a smart textile two-piece full bodysuit, to make the experience immersive and interactive. The suit provides haptic feedback, captures motion and biometric functions. Further, a full-body haptic feedback system is built into the suit with 80 electrostimulation channels, which could be used to provide instant feedback on the players‘ performance within the game. It can be functionalized in response to motion capture comparison at any time. No additional equipment will be need. The approach may be used with existing training equipment in space stations such as the ISS.

Astronaut Mark Vande Hei Expedition 53 Flight Engineer exercises on the COLBERT (Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill) in the Tranquility module – Photo by NASA

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What procedures or tools would you recommend employees use to prevent and identify issues on the network?

In this assignment you will consider a specific case and answer questions about how to create a secure and reliable network and troubleshoot any issues that arise. When responding to this assignment, assume that you are discussing a local area network (LAN) for a small office with 10 employees. Both wired and wireless connections are required for employees and occasional guests. The company relies on cloud infrastructure and services but does maintain their own internal network for sharing resources within the office. Most desktop and laptop computers used in the office run the Microsoft Windows operating system (OS). Mobile devices that connect to the network might use any standard mobile OS.Answer the questions in each section to describe your network choices and the techniques you would use to support this network. Be sure to clearly label each section of your paper so that the answer to each question is clear.Network diagram: Draw a diagram of how you think this LAN should be set up and include all hardware components. Any topologies you would use for your network should be represented. Be sure to include any hardware devices that you might use for network operations, performance, security, or maintenance. Your drawing should not exceed half of a page.Network issues: Identify at least five issues that might occur to disrupt data communication for this organization. For each issue, identify the level(s) from the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model where it occurs. Be sure to discuss issues and disruptions that might occur when relaying messages within the LAN and those that are delivered outside the LAN across a wide area network (WAN).Tools and techniques for securing and troubleshooting: As the most knowledgeable person in the organization about the topic of networks, you need to make recommendations to the owner about how to protect and maintain the network. Write a summary of the tools and techniques that can be used to prevent or react to the disruptions (discussed in part 2 above), and ensure that the network performs as required.Policies for Windows computers: You realize that is also a good idea to develop policies and standards for the Windows computers that connect to the network. What procedures or tools would you recommend employees use to prevent and identify issues on the network?Your case study response should be minimum three pages in length, not counting the title page and reference page. You should include a minimum of three sources. Be sure to use the readings in uCertify as your primary source and include other reputable sources as needed.Adhere to APA Style when creating citations and references for this assignment. APA formatting, however, is not necessary


The ban, ‘the symbol’ celebrates one year

Column by Austin Schmitt. E-mail [email protected]

Think about what you learned in your Freshman English class. Yes, your Freshman English class.  You probably read all of the books and essays, not really thinking about the concepts. Just going through the motions, you may have come along a concept called symbolism.

Authors sometimes use symbolism in their writing to mask an underlying theme. They use one object or tell one story to prove a point.

Today is the one year anniversary of the tobacco ban. English professors across campus are smiling from ear-to-ear as the university celebrates the greatest use of symbolism the members of this campus have ever seen.

One year ago today, a change was brought to this campus; a change that everyone thought would be epic; a change that was supposed to be the end of the world; a change that had everyone up in smoke.

It didn’t quite turn out that way, though.  Sorry “Tea Party” smoke activists, your exhibition in front of Patterson Office Tower didn’t amount to anything and hell didn’t freeze over.

Yet, from the very beginning, this ban was about two different groups of people: smokers and non-smokers.  But more than that, it is an “initiative,” as is the politically correct term, which is more symbolic than any actions rendered

The images of students putting a cigarette in the mouth of the James K. Patterson statue will forever be ingrained in the minds of the members of this campus. Take that image and then consider the columns, the letters to the editor, the editorials and the news stories, and you have symbols of what would come to be.

The anti-ban activists said this was about taking away their rights. But what rights did they have in the first place? Sure, smoking is an individual choice, but what about the people around you?

This group of smokers who were against the ban did have one selling point, though, as Albert Einstein pointed to in the above quote, a law must be enforced to be effective. How would this ban be enforced?

As it turns out, the ban would be self-enforced and didn’t take long to become common law around campus.  As one of my friends, a smoker, said the week after the ban took effect, “I’ve never gotten more dirty looks when smoking a cigarette as I did when I smoked outside of the library tonight.” Game. Set. Match.

“No man is above the law and no man is below it; nor do we ask any man’s permission when we ask him to obey it,” Theodore Roosevelt said.

This was the stance UK was taking, and there was no negotiation.  The ban was coming Nov. 19, and it wasn’t a debate, rather it was a standard.  This ban wasn’t about rights, as the other group alluded to. It was about symbolically creating “a better commonwealth,” as Tobacco Initiative champion Ellen Hahn said with such poise and confidence.

UK wasn’t messing around. There would be no designated smoking areas.  There would be no smoking on the sidewalks surrounding campus. Either obey or get off campus. Nobody was above the law, as Theodore Roosevelt so wisely stated in the above quotation.

Students could protest and complain all they wanted.  They could put cigarettes in Patterson’s mouth, but this wasn’t about the students.

This was about the landmark university in the landmark state of tobacco production banning the use of tobacco products. Industry and economy be damned, we are banning tobacco.

“Applause waits on success,” Benjamin Franklin said.

So the question must be asked: Was the tobacco ban a success?

I surmise that if you ask the two groups profiled above, you will get two completely different answers.

Next time you walk around campus, count the amount of smokers you see. I walk behind smokers everyday on my way to class.

Next, look at the smokers who crowd around the “90” in their attempt to be off campus,     and you will see the success of the ban.

But, I don’t believe the success of the ban can be measured in the amount of smokers who are still smoking on campus. Remember, this ban is symbolic. It was never about revolting against smokers, it was about “creating a better commonwealth.”

So I leave you with one question, UK, have you created a better commonwealth? As Benjamin Franklin stated in the previous quote, applause waits on success, so before you pat yourself on the back and praise the ban, answer that question for me.


LetsExchange / LetsExchange Blog / Stablecoins Problems in 2022 and Tether Perspectives

Stablecoins Problems in 2022 and Tether Perspectives

Sep 7, 2022 4 min read

Stablecoins - What Are They and Why Are They Needed?

It is difficult to find somebody who hasn’t heard about cryptocurrency. Most people know that cryptocurrencies are highly volatile. So, if one invests in it, one can either earn a lot or lose a lot. It means that the crypto world is highly unstable. To make it more attractive for investors and traders, some stability is needed.

Stablecoins were created with the aim to provide this stability. Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies that have a stable value. Normally, a stablecoin’s price is pegged to another asset - a physical one, such as a piece of gold, or fiat money. A peg to the most popular fiat currencies (EUR, USD) is the most common.

Stablecoins Types

Stablecoins are classified into three main groups based on the way how the peg is ensured:

  • Fiat-collateralized
  • Crypto-collateralized
  • Algorithmic

Fiat-collateralized stablecoins

As the name implies, such coins are collateralized by fiat currency. For example, if a company releases 1,000,000,000 stablecoins to the market, they shall be backed by fiat money. Fiat reserves are kept in special accounts. This way, all stablecoins are redeemable for fiat whenever users want to swap them.

The collateral reserves are stored in special custodial accounts and are audited constantly by third parties. It is done to ensure that all coins are collateralized, and users’ investments are safe.

USDT, USDC, and BUSD are the most popular stablecoins.

Crypto-collateralized stablecoins

Stablecoins can be collateralized not only by fiat or a physical asset. They can be collateralized by other cryptocurrencies. Usually, more popular cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum serve as collateral. As we know, cryptocurrencies, even the most popular ones, are highly volatile. Their prices can go up and collapse rapidly. That’s why backing up any asset with crypto is risky. This is the reason why all crypto-collateralized stablecoins are over-collateralized. It means that companies operating crypto-collateralized stablecoins shall have in their reserves cryptocurrency whose value exceeds the value of stablecoins that circulate in the market.

DAI is the most popular crypto-collateralized stablecoin.

Algorithmic stablecoins

These stablecoins may or may not be collateralized. Their price is kept stable by an algorithm. The algorithm controls the coin supply depending on demand. If the demand grows, the algorithm works in a way to issue more coins and thus prevent their price from growing. If the demand drops, the algorithm prevents new coins from being issued or burns some coins to keep the price stable.

TerraUSD was the most popular algorithmic stablecoin before it lost its peg in May 2022, and the entire Terra-LUNA ecosystem crashed.

While the idea of algorithmic stablecoins is promising, many aspects shall be considered to make it all work as expected. Maybe in the future, after many efforts and errors, a perfect algorithmic stablecoin will be developed.

Tether as the Largest Stablecoin - What Its Perspectives Are?

Tether is among the most critical coins in crypto trading. This is a fiat-collateralized stablecoin. This asset takes third place in the crypto market based on market capitalization.

Even though the market capitalization of USDT dropped dramatically after the TerraUSD collapse, the coin managed to keep its position among the leaders. Now, the situation has stabilized.

Even though Tether has had issues with financial authorities in the past, everything is settled for now. The coin is backed 85% by cash, cash equivalents, commercial papers, and short-term deposits. The other 15% are backed by “other investments”. The company though has never disclosed what types of investments those are.

Tether is not decentralized. The company behind USDT is called Tether, and it decides when coins are issued or burnt. This is another point to consider when choosing to invest in Tether.

Stablecoins - Do They Pose Any Risks?

While stablecoins were invented to provide some stability to the crypto ecosystem, they pose some risks to the crypto world. Stablecoins are widely used for trading. Thus, they are mostly held by large investors.

In case of an emergency, it will be enough for several large wallets to dump Tether to dry out liquidity from a big part of the ecosystem. It can disrupt trading activities and send the crypto prices down.

Another concern is regulation. Considering the very high market capitalization of stablecoins, their influence on the crypto ecosystem is immense. That’s why regulation is needed at least in the sector of collateralized stablecoins.

Most stablecoins are centralized and thus, the main advantage of cryptocurrencies compared to fiat money - decentralization - is eliminated.

Even though stablecoins run on a blockchain, their performance still cannot be compared to the performance of traditional currencies. Blockchain technology is still not developed enough to process effortlessly and safely as many transactions as, say, VISA does.

Therefore, even though stablecoins have immense potential, they are still not developed enough to replace fiat money and provide the required stability to the crypto market.

Is Tether a good investment?

Considering that Tether is a stablecoin, it is not suitable for investment purposes because its price is always equal to 1 USD

Will Tether go up?

Tether is not intended to go up. It is a stablecoin whose value is pegged to the US dollar. So, if the system works as expected, 1 USDT is always equal to 1 USD.

Where to buy Tether?

Tether is available on the majority of exchanges. It is the largest stablecoin based on market capitalization. You can get as many USDT as you need on LetsExchange.io without KYC, mandatory account registration, and no upper limits.