Boeing KC-135 Family
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Franklin A. Caras (Kyriakos or Kyreakos) was born on January 19, 1934, in Spanish Fork, Utah County and was the son of the Greek immigrant Angel Caras and his wife Mary Caras (Sorenson). Angel was almost 15 years old when he left Greece around 1912 and his heritage was from Leontion village in Achaia district in Peloponnese. The couple was blessed to have 10 children, 4 boys and 6 girls. In approximately 1935, Angel Caras imported three bred Suffolk ewes from Canada. His oldest son, Earnest, wanted to begin a flock of sheep as a Future Farmers of America project. At one time the business consisted of father, Angel, sons, Earnest, Andrew, Franklin, and Jim. They called it Angel Caras and Sons. Later Angel became a Mormon and both he and his wife Mary were the first Mormon missionaries in Greece and while getting back home he met his family members in his village. Franklin graduated from Spanish Fork High School and attended Utah State University in Logan where he was affiliated with ROTC and applied for pilot training in the United States Air Force on April 21, 1955, in Parks AFB, CA. An interesting detail is that when Frank was younger he lost 1/2 of his index finger on his right hand and was so concerned that he may not become a fighter pilot because this was his trigger finger! He received his Silver Wings on August 27, 1957 (Class 55-T) with AF serial, 538443573. On January 10, 1958, he was posted to Nellis AFB, NV, home of the 3595th Combat Crew Training Wing, 3595th Combat Crew Training Group. He entered the 3594th Combat Crew Training Squadron and began his operational training on F-100 Super Sabres. After his completion of training, he transferred to the 44th Fighter Squadron, Black Widows, based overseas in Kadena AFB, Japan on December 29, 1959. A year later he was posted to Minot AFB home of the 4136th Strategic Wing and stayed there for almost 3 years where he earned “We Point with Pride” award for his flying abilities and coolness through a dangerous situation.

“Captain Caras was flying number two position in a flight of two F-l00C’s that had departed Biggs AFB. During the climb, the leader signaled Captain Caras to join in close formation prior to penetrating the clouds. As Cpt. Caras rolled into a left turn and applied sufficient rudder to overcome the aircraft yaw tendency, the rudder pedal froze in this deflected position. Cpt. Caras alternately applied right and left rudder in an attempt to free the pedals. Each time left rudder was applied the pedal would deflect a little more in that direction. This action resulted in the rudder being deflected to almost a full left position. Due to the adverse crosswind at Biggs, both aircraft were diverted to Cannon AFB, New Mexico. Enroute to Cannon AFB, the pilot was occasionally able to break the rudder free, only to have it freeze in some other intermediate position. At the time of landing the rudder was frozen in approximately the neutral position, so the pilot elected to attempt a landing from a straight-in approach. While the wind was more aligned with the runway at Cannon, its velocity was nevertheless about 30 knots. This would necessarily require either rudder control, or nose wheel steering after touchdown to keep the aircraft on the runway. Cpt. Caras flew a long straight-in approach and touched down with the rudder locked. When the nose wheel was placed on the runway in an attempt to acquire steering, the rudder broke free, and a normal roll-out was accomplished. Investigation revealed a one-quarter inch castellated nut lying against the rudder actuator assembly. The nut was bent out of round and showed evidence of being rolled over. The nut had obviously found its way to a position just in front of the rudder control support, and when the left rudder was applied, the actuator rod end came forward rolling over the nut and locked the rudder. While the severity of this emergency may not be readily evident, Captain Caras was faced with the decision to either abandon the aircraft or attempt a landing. Once the decision to land was made, it became an emergency which, in addition to being a continuing one while in the air, presented the possibility of not being able to control the aircraft once on the ground. Captain Caras’ cool and disciplined handling of this emergency prevented the loss of a USAF aircraft, and earns him the recognition of the “We Point with Pride” award.”

Cpt. Franklin Caras official photos, a portrait, and a common fighter pilot pose in front of his 'Thud'. A typical F-105D mission to North Vietnam included mid-air refueling and a high-speed, low altitude entry and exit from the target area. Though an extremely durable aircraft, F-105D pilots usually only had a 75 percent chance of completing a 100-mission tour due to the danger involved in their missions. By 1969, the US Air Force began withdrawing the F-105D from strike missions replacing it with F-4 Phantom IIs. (USAF)

I'm a Fighter Pilot
In this capacity, I have two fears;
Should war come I will have to Fight.
Either I do so facing the situation with courage or cowardice.
If I should fight I will either be killed or spared.
If I am spared I have no worries
If I am killed and die with honor I have no fear.

- Franklin Angel Caras -
Caras Combo 1
The photos above, as well as the profile, show the F-105, 58-1151 in which the Greek American pilot lost over North Vietnam. The first two photos show it before the SEA camouflage applied, while the last one and the profile show it as it fought over the North, The armament in the profile is the typical loadout the Thunderchiefs carried during their Rolling Thunder missions, A short narrative of the Republics fighter is given by the respected aviation researcher, author, and engineer Dennis R. Jenkins, "Call it the 'Lead Sled', 'Ultra Hog', 'Squash Bomber', or 'Drop Forged by Republic Aviation'. But don't call it 'Thud' unless you've flown it. That's the word from proud pilots of the F-105 Thunderchief. From the total 753 F-105D/Fs manufactured by Republic, 393 were lost to various causes over Southeast Asia. The aircraft’s familiar nickname refers to the sound of an F-105 smacking into the earth. In 1966 alone, 124 F-105s plummeted from the sky, many of them onto "Thud Ridge," an infamous mountain range bristling with antiaircraft armaments just outside Hanoi. The F-105 was invented with finer things in mind. Commissioned by the Air Force as a tactical nuclear bomber, it was to stand sentry at temperate, well-tended bases in Europe and Japan. In the Cold War days of the 1950s, its designers envisioned it poised to strike against the Evil Empire of the Soviet Union, should the need ever arise. Instead, the F-105 found itself in the hot and humid jungles of Southeast Asia, not a deterrent to war, but an active participant. The F-105 gained its fame in the skies over Southeast Asia, carrying weapons it was not designed to use in a war it was not supposed to fight." (Profile Copyright by Tom Cooper, further info from Dennis R. Jenkins)

On January 14, 1964, he kept flying Super Sabres from Biggs AFB, TX, serving with the 4758th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron. While there he also attended the Texas State University. In Biggs AFB he was awarded the Air Force Commendation Medal for his outstanding skills, knowledge, research, and subordination of self aided immensely in identifying problem areas in the fields of data link, flush procedures and in developing and implementing solutions to those problems. On October 20, 1966, he returned to Nellis AFB, NV and posted to the 4523rd Combat Crew Training Squadron, for operational training on the Republics mighty F-105 Thunderchief in anticipation of his transfer to Vietnam. Before joining the squadrons in front he took his Jungle Survival training in the Philippines and during December 20, 1966, he was posted to 421st Tactical Fighter Squadron (TFS) in Korat AFB, Thailand, flying his first missions in the war. Later the 421st TFS became the 44th TFS and continued flying missions with its F-105s and operated from the same airbase. He continued flying missions in the North wreaking havoc in Vietnamese targets. On April 28, 1967, Captain Franklin Caras was the pilot of the F‐105D 58‐1151 Thunderchief fighter on his 67th mission over North Vietnam during the Rolling Thunder campaign. The four F-105s were heavy loaded according to his load specialist Eldred Duane Mitchell:

“The normal load for the Hanoi RR yards was 6x750 (Mk 117) bombs in the time frame of Franks flight. Use of the Mk 20 Rockeye was also used rarely. Considering the target, an ECM APS 72 was most likely carried on the left outboard pylon.”

The target for that day was the Hanoi steel plant. The flight callsign was Lightning and Franklin was section leader flying as Lightning 03. His wingman was no other than the later famous and unfortunately KIA USAF hero, Karl W. Richter. The four aircraft managed to hit their target and headed back home. As he was returning from his mission he was shot down by Mig-21s cannon fire (however he was actually lost by an R-3S missile) and crashed into the north bank of the Black River in Nghia Lo Province. Before he crashed he was able to eject himself however he didn’t survive. His wingman was also damaged by the enemy fire in the airbrake area. According to USAF report of loss

“On 28 April 1967, Cpt. Franklin A. Caras, pilot of an F-105D, (58-1151), the number three aircraft in a flight of four, was on a strike mission over North Vietnam. While egressing from the target area, aircrafts three and four were attacked by a Mig-21. Cpt. Caras' aircraft was observed taking hits from the Migs cannon and started smoking and losing airspeed immediately. The aircraft caught fire seconds later and number four saw Cpt. Caras leave his aircraft in the vicinity of grid coordinates ((GC) VJ 273 461. Number four aircraft did not observe a parachute or see Cpt. Caras after he ejected because he (number four) was forced to take evasive action from the Mig-21. Cpt. Caras' aircraft was observed to crash on the south bank of the black river in the vicinity of (GC) VJ 308 460. The number four aircraft remained in the area for a short time but was forced to withdraw because of heavy enemy activity. As he departed the area he transmitted the location of Cpt. Caras' crash to the flight leader and the number two aircraft, who were in route to the area. These two aircraft made several passes over the area but made no voice or visual contact with Cpt. Caras. No parachute was seen and no beeper signals were heard. Due to the hostile location, no further search and rescue efforts were conducted. During the existence of JCRC, the hostile threat in the area precluded any visits to or ground inspections of the sites involved in this case. This individual's name and identifying data were turned over to the four-party joint military team with a request for any information available. No response was forthcoming. Cpt. Caras is currently carried in the presumptive status of dead, body not recovered.”

Cpt. Caras kneels in front of his heavily loaded F-105 for a photo, before another mission over North Vietnam. Although the Air Force sustained 1,741 combat deaths and lost 2,255 aircraft in the Vietnam War, statistics show a less costly air war than commonly believed. The Air Force flew more than twice the number of sorties as the Army Air Forces flew during World War II, yet had only a 0.4 loss rate per 1,000 sorties, compared to 9.7 during World War II and 2.0 in the Korean War, according to “The Air Force in the Vietnam War,” published by the Air Force Association and the Aerospace Education Association. (USAF)

Standard armament for the Thunderchief was a single M61 Vulcan 20mm cannon, firing at an impressive 6,000 rounds per minute. This short-ranged armament was supplemented with a mix of externally- or internally-held ordnance in the form of conventional drop bombs of 750- and 1,000-lbs, firebombs, air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, 2.75" rocket pods and another specialty (nuclear or otherwise) weapons as needed, carried either externally or internally in a bomb bay under the fuselage. In total, Thunderchiefs could be outfitted with up to 8,000lbs of munitions to tackle a variety of roles with this total often compared to that of an entire formation of World War 2 bomber aircraft - such was the capability of the system from the start. 450-gallon fuel tanks were also part of the ordnance array, as was a "buddy" refueling tank. Additional systems included external chaff and flare dispensers. (USAF)
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While seeking what happened exactly to Franklin flight we asked for help from the expert on North Vietnamese Air Force researcher and aviation historian, István Toperczer, who gave us the following description from the NVAF point of view. On 28 April 1967, at 1534 hours a flight of MiG-21s (Dang Ngoc Ngu and Mai Van Cuong) took off and flew along the northern slopes of the Tam Dao Mountains. When it was at a point 15 kilometers north of Son Duong, the flight was ordered to turn left to Van Yen, and then to turn up north of Nghia Lo to intercept a group of F-105s that were exiting Vietnam after completing their bombing attack. The F-105s were taken completely by surprise by the appearance of MiG-21s. Dang Ngoc Ngu (No.1) spotted the target 30 degrees to his left front at a range of four kilometers. Ngu accelerated to pursue the target, and at an appropriate range he fired an R-3S missile, but the missile missed. Mai Van Cuong (No.2), stuck close to cover Ngu’s attack. When Ngu shouted that there were two aircraft to the right, Mai Van Cuong, quickly got on the tail of another F-105. At a speed of 1,100 kilometers/hour, an altitude of 2,500 meters, and a range of 1,500-2,000 meters, Cuong fired a missile that shot down one F-105. The F-105D flown by Captain Franklin Angel Caras of 44th Squadron/388th Tactical Fighter Wing was hit by the missile fired by Mai Van Cuong’s MiG-21 and exploded in an area 30 kilometers east of Na San. The pilot was listed as killed in action. In addition, the USAF records indicate that the F-105 flying in the No. 2 position in Captain Caras flight was severely damaged. After the attack, MiG-21 pilots used their high speed to pull into a climb to break off the engagement and then returned and landed safely.

The Greek American Captain was listed as Missing in Action (MIA). While Caras was missing, his name was engraved on perhaps dozens of POW/MIA bracelets. Los Angeles college students started the POW/MIA bracelet phenomenon in 1970 as a Vietnam war awareness fund-raiser. By the time the Paris Peace Accords were signed on Jan. 27, 1973, Americans were wearing more than 5 million of the bracelets as a way to demonstrate their support for the prisoners and missing. While the college group that started making and selling the bracelets, VIVA (Voices In Vital America), disbanded in 1976, today the bracelet phenomena continue under the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia. Nearly 2,000 Vietnam era military personnel are still listed as missing, according to the group's Web site, www.pow-miafamilies.org.

"All the kids (in the family) wore those bracelets," said his daughter in law Jacky Caras. "Those were years of pain."

During 1988 his family notified by USAF that their loved one was found and would return back home. Caras was one of the 5 US servicemen that have been identified and returned to the United States, as the apparent result of negotiations by a US delegation to Vietnam in August 1987. According to the necropsy, Franklin was probably dead before he hit the ground. Τhe damage to his skeleton showed that there was a powerful impact with the ground. Maybe his parachute didn’t work and there was no sign of burns of any kind which was a comfort to the family. When Cpt. Caras' remains recovered and returned in 1988, were buried in the Benjamin Cemetery, on February 20, 1988. During the burial service the family members, in turn, took off their bracelets and laid them on his casket. That day was declared by the Governor of Utah State, Norman Bangerter as Franklin A. Caras day! Cpt. Franklin A. Caras was awarded for his service the Silver Star for his gallantry actions during his missions over North Vietnam as well as the Air Medal, the Purple Heart, The Air Force Commendation Medal, The Vietnam Service Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal, the Air Force Longevity Service Award, the Presidential Unit Citation and the Outstanding Unit Award. He was promoted posthumosly to Lt. Colonel. He left behind his wife Kathlene Caras and four children.

Mai Van Cuong was the victor of Franklin Angel Caras when he shot him down using one of his R-3S Atol missiles. The North Vietnamese pilot achieved nine kills during a period of 12 months of combat flying with the 921st Fighter Regiment Mig-21s. He specifically shot down three F-105s (two of them are not confirmed by US Sources) and six Firebees drones, making him the top drone killer. He was also credited with a damaged F-4 Phantom II. On January 6, 1967, he was shot down by an AIM-7 Sparrow missile launched by Maj. Hirsch's F-4C Phantom II, 64-0849, while flying the Mig-21PFL Fishbed D, 'Red 4023', which can be seen in the profiles below. (István Toperczer)
'Red 4326' & 'Red 4023' were flown in some missions by Mai Van Cuong but it's not known which fighter he flew when he shot down Caras on April 28, 1967. Having honed their piloting skills on the subsonic MiG-17 and transonic MiG-19, the Vietnamese Peoples' Air Force (VPAF) received their first examples of the legendary MiG-21 supersonic fighter in 1966. Soon thrown into combat over North Vietnam, the guided-missile equipped MiG-21 proved a deadly opponent for the USAF, Navy and Marine Corps crews striking at targets deep into the communist territory. MiG-21s focused on F-105 Thunderchiefs, the primary threat against targets in North Vietnam. The supersonic “Thud” was best countered by a supersonic interceptor, hence the 21’s emphasis on the big, capable Republic fighter-bomber. All twenty-five of the Thud’s aerial kills were MiG-17s while no F-105 downed a 21. Most of the VPAF's 12+ aces scored the bulk of their kills in the MiG-21, which was then the best fighter produced by Russia's premier fast jet manufacturer, Mikoyan Gurevich. Well over 200 MiG-21s were supplied to the VPAF. The service with the VPAF was so successful that even Americans admit it. According to notable aviation researcher and author Barrett Tilman in the 1980s the late Brig. Gen. Robin Olds said, “A MiG-21 pilot at Phuc Yen was the best flying job in the world. If I’d been one of them, I’d have got fifty of us!” (Profiles Copyright by Balazs Kakuk, further info by István Toperczer)
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Special Thanks to Alan Rasmussen, nephew of Lt. Col. Franklin Caras for his invaluable help, István Toperczer for his contribution to this tribute and Gary Baker for giving us permission to use some of his photos. Please visit Gary's website www.burrusspta.org, a must for any F-105 fan.

1. The Daily Herald, Mar.29 issue 1965

2. The Salt Lake Tribune, Mar.14 issue 1977

3. The Daily Herald, Feb.4 issue 1988

4. The Daily Herald, Feb.4 issue 1988

5. The Daily Herald, Feb.17 issue 1988

6. Combat Aircraft 29, Mig-21 Units of the Vietnam War, István Toperczer, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978 1 84176 263 0

7. Combat Aircraft 84, F-105 Thunderchief Units of the Vietnam War, Peter E. Davies, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978 1 84603 492 3

8. Combat Aircraft 107, F-105 Thunderchief MiG Killers of the Vietnam War, Peter E. Davies, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978 1 78200 805 7

9. Duel 95, USAF F-105 Thunderchief vs. VPAF MiG-17: Vietnam 1965–68, Peter E. Davies, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978 1 47283 090 6

10. Aircraft of the Aces 135, Mig-21 Aces of the Vietnam War, István Toperczer, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978 47282 356 4

11. Vietnam Air Losses: United States Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps Fixed-wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961-1973, Chris Hobson, Midland Publishing, ISBN 978 1 85780 115 6

12. Mig Aces of the Vietnam War, István Toperczer, Schiffer Publishing, ISBN 978 0 76434 895 2


Does The Color Of Light Affect Plant Growth

does the color of light affect plant growth

Once you start growing vegetables & other plants, you might wonder how to make them grow better. A common question is: Does the color of light affect plant growth?

The color of light DOES affect plant growth, but the effect is more noticeable under low light intensity. Red & blue light are most effective for plant growth, while yellow & green have minimal effect. UV light can damage plants, causing leaves to burn. Growers often use supplemental light to optimize plant growth.

If you’re impatient like me, you can jump to my full article on recommended grow lights for every budget & situation, including:

What effect does the color of light have on plant growth?

When plants are just seeds and are first sprouting, blue light should be used.

Blue light is very important to the beginning of plant growth because it increases the amount of chlorophyll that is formed.

Some seeds won’t sprout without blue light.

Red light and blue light are important when the plants are mature and beginning to flower.

This helps them produce more leaves and more crops.

Violet light can is used at any point in the plant’s life to enhance the color and taste of a plant.

Understanding visible light and how it relates to plant growth

The light we can see–visible light–is only a tiny fraction of the entire spectrum of electromagnetic energy.

Electromagnetic energy–light–can come in a wide variety of forms.

These include: visible light, gamma rays, infrared light, radio wave, microwaves, x-rays, etc.

While some forms and colors of light are beneficial and even required for plant growth, other forms of light can harm plants.

Here’s a graphic showing how visible light is just a tiny slice of the entire electromagnetic spectrum:

Visible light spectrum for plant growth

So, why do plants need light?

Plants use light to manufacture their own food through photosynthesis.

And chlorophyll–the green pigment in plant leaves & stems– converts carbon dioxide into food using the energy from visible light.

So, wavelengths of visible light are used for plant growth.

But can we adjust or enhance how much light we provide so that our plants grow faster, or healthier?

The short answer is yes.

Oh, and if you’re curious whether plants grow better in sunlight or artificial light, we’ve got an entire article about that.

How does red light affect plants?

Red light is responsible for making plants flower and produce fruit. It’s also essential to a plant’s early life for seed germination, root growth, and bulb development.

Plants need red light because it helps them make chlorophyll, which is the green pigment that absorbs energy from the sun.

This energy is then converted into sugar in the plant’s leaves, which is used to power photosynthesis.

Leaves appear green because the chlorophyll is absorbing all other colors except green.

Find out more about photosynthesis here

In addition to photosynthesis, red light also plays an important role in photosynthetic acclimation—the process by which plants adapt to changes in their environment.

Red light triggers a process called photomorphogenesis, which causes plants to produce protective proteins that help protect them from environmental stresses like cold temperatures or drought conditions.

Red light is good for flowering and fruiting plants.

It has a longer wavelength than blue light, meaning it penetrates deeper into the plant tissue.

Red light is more likely to be absorbed by chlorophyll (a green pigment found in most plants), which plays a role in photosynthesis; red light is also more likely to be absorbed by anthocyanin (a red pigment) that gives many flowers their coloration.

How does red light affect flowering and flavor?

Red light helps plants produce more flowers and fruits because it stimulates the production of anthocyanin.

Anthocyanin is a pigment found in all flowering plants and some non-flowering plants as well.

It gives flowers their coloration and plays an important role in attracting pollinating insects like bees, butterflies, and moths.

The response to red light varies depending on the plant species.

Although strawberries can grow in red light alone, they grow bigger when blue light is also used.

They also taste different depending on how much red or blue light is present.

A group of researchers found that one species of bellflower will flower later when exposed to red light, but pansies’ flowering time will not change.

For most plants, red light is important for growth but should be combined with blue light for optimum results.

How does blue light affect plant growth?

Plants that receive plenty of blue light will have strong, healthy stems and leaves. When the plant absorbs blue light, it triggers the production of more chlorophyll, which leads to stronger stems and leaves. These plants will also produce more sugar than plants exposed to other wavelengths of light because they are receiving more energy from the sun.

Blue light has a short wavelength, between 400 and 500nm, and has a pronounced effect on plant growth.

Blue light helps plants grow because it’s the most beneficial light for photosynthesis, which is how plants turn energy from the sun into food.

Blue light also regulates the opening of stomata, which are the cell structures on leaves that control the exchange of water and carbon dioxide.

When blue light hits your plants, it causes them to open their stomata.

This allows more CO2 to be absorbed by the plant, making it more efficient at photosynthesis.

The result? Your plant will grow faster and stronger!

Blue light can also have a positive effect on food crops.

In some leafy greens, blue light increases the production of antioxidants and vitamins.

If you are growing these plants indoors, be sure to include blue light in your lighting setup.

To find out more about growing plants with artificial light, check out this article.

As before, the response to blue light varies from one plant to another.

One study showed that lettuce was extremely sensitive to blue light, whereas the wheat and soybeans were not really affected.

For most plants, blue light is important for growth but should be combined with red light for optimum results.

Why do plants grow best in blue and red light?

Plants are able to make use of only a limited spectrum of the light that is available from the sun.

Blue and red light are particularly effective at promoting plant growth, but in different ways: blue light promotes growth mainly by increasing photosynthesis, whereas red light helps root growth and bulb development.

What this means for you is that if you want your plants to grow as quickly as possible, the best type of lighting for them will be a combination of both blue and red lights.

You can purchase special grow light bulbs for this purpose.

However, if you’re just starting out with indoor gardening and don’t have much money to spare on fancy bulbs just yet, it’s perfectly fine to just use regular incandescent or fluorescent lights in conjunction with each other—the results should still be good enough!

Find out how to make your own DIY grow light here

There are plenty of reasons why a combination of red and blue light is the best way to grow plants indoors.

First off, it’s important to note that not all plants need the same amount of light exposure in order to thrive—different species have different requirements for optimal growth.

But if you’re looking for an easy rule-of-thumb, then using both types will ensure success with almost any type of plant.

A plant has a mix of different types of photopigments so that it can absorb light of different colors.

When white light, which contains all colors of light, shines on a plant, all of the specific photopigments are activated, since their specialty color is present.

This means the photopigments can all work together to create food for the plant.

Conversely, if one color is missing (particularly red or blue light) then certain photopigments will not be activated and the food-making process will be less efficient for the plant.

For this reason, a combination of red and blue light allows plants to grow best.

Quick science lesson on photosynthesis

So we’ve discussed how each color affects plants but I think it’s also important to understand the science behind why the colors affect plants the way they do.

Photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and wavelengths are all factors to consider for how different color lights affect plant growth.

Photosynthesis is the process that plants go through to change light, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.

Glucose is a type of sugar and is used as a food for the plants.

The byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen.

Photosynthesis cannot take place without chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll is what makes plants green and allows plants absorb light energy and turn it into food.

Since chlorophyll is green, colors on the opposite side of the color spectrum are most efficient for plant growth including red and blue.

does the color of light affect plant growth

Light is a type of energy and it varies based on the wavelength of the color.

Ultraviolet has the shortest wavelength so it has a higher energy.

Next, in increasing order by wavelength is violet, blue, green, yellow, and lastly red which has the longest wavelength and is least energetic.

This is important when considering which light to use for plant growth.

Since UV light is so energetic, it’s actually harmful to plants.

And since red light is less energetic, it is less effective for plant growth when used by itself.

All this is important to understand how light affect plants.

Without the proper energy from light, plants would not be able to go through photosynthesis and produce food to sustain the plants.

DLI and why it's important

What the heck is DLI, and why should you care?

Commercial greenhouse growers and horticulturalists often look at DLI, since it gives them a benchmark to know who healthy their plants are.

So what exactly is DLI?

DLI–the daily light integral–is essentially a measure of how much light a plant gets that it can use for photosynthesis.

Not all light is used by plants for photosynthesis.

Some colors and wavelengths are used differently by plants, and some wavelengths can’t really be used at all.

DLI tells how much light is available to the plant for photosynthesis–which is light in the  400-700 nm range–in other words, visible light.

The more DLI, the more your plants can photosynthesize, and the more they can grow.

Greenhouses, because of the glazing, allow less light for plants.

Researchers from Purdue University and Michigan State University found that supplemental lighting–in other words, grow lights–were the only way to increase DLI in a greenhouse to be able to produce high-quality plants (original article here).

So, to ensure your plants grow optimally, you’ll want to keep an eye on DLI, and how much daily light each type of plant that you’re growing requires.

Out of the colors in the visible spectrum, red and blue are the most important colors for optimal plant health and maximizing plant growth.

Ultraviolet light is actually harmful for plants, and green and yellow light have minimal effects on plants.

Details for each light color and its affect on plant health and growth are listed below.

Ultraviolet Light

Ultraviolet light, also known as UV light, is commonly known as being harmful for humans.

If a human is exposed to too much UV light they will get sunburned and can have other negative effects.

Just like prolonged exposure to UV light is harmful to humans, high-intensity or long exposure to UV light is harmful to plant growth.

The less exposure to UV light, the better your plants will grow.

Violet Light

Violet light is beneficial to plants.

Violet light has a higher amount of energy so when plants are exposed to violet light the plant color, fruit and vegetable taste is enhanced, the plants have a better aroma, and increases the amount of antioxidants that the plant produces.

So overall, violet light helps plant growth, and can be used to protect the plants from damage.

Blue Light

Plants benefit from blue light primarily during the early stages of growing.

Blue light helps with the plant’s production of chlorophyll–the green pigment that traps light energy and is integral to photosynthesis.

In other words, blue light is easier for a plant to absorb and use the energy in photosynthesis.

So, blue light increases plant growth and makes the plant reach maturity faster.

This is why blue light is especially important for seedlings and young plants.

Exposure to blue light can help the seeds germinate, and ensure robust growth for roots, stems, and leaves.

Green Light

Plants absorb many types of light but reflect green light.

This is why plants typically have green leaves.

Mostly green light is used to enhance the production of chlorophyll making the plants greener.

While green light isn’t as integral as red or violet light to plant growth & health, green light can make plants appear greener, and therefore is useful in commercial greenhouses where customers are viewing & selecting plants to purchase.

Yellow Light

Yellow light is similar in its effects on plant growth & health as green light.

The major difference yellow light has as opposed to green light is that, while yellow light doesn’t directly help produce chlorophyll, some studies have shown that removing yellow light from greenhouses may produce healthier plants than growing the same plants outside, where they’re exposed to full-spectrum sunlight.

Red Light

Red light carries less energy than the other colors and is not very effective on its own.

But when combined with blue light, red wavelengths are very helpful for mature plants.

Red light helps flowers bloom.

When combining red and blue light, the amount of leaves that a plant grows is greatly increased.

Specifically, a study by Michigan State University floriculture extension team found that if plants are grown only using red light, they’ll have a stretched, enlongated appearance, and their leaves will become thin and large.

Adding 10-20% blue light allowed plants to grow much healthier, with a compact appearance.

There is also far-red light which is has wavelengths that are lower than normal red light–similar to near-infrared wavelengths.

Far-red light helps the plants produce greater yields.

The far-red light does this by speeding up the process a plant goes through in the night.

During the night is when the flowers ripen.

By speeding up the nighttime process, red light helps produce greater yields for your plants.

Choosing the right light

Although it may be tempting to choose a light that is concentrated on color, plants need to have a bit of each color.

Providing your plants with each type of light will benefit the plants the most.

If you have a higher concentration of blue and red light rather than yellow and green light there will be enhancements in the function of your plants.

Other considerations when choosing a light is how intense the light is and how long the plants are exposed to the light.

Higher intensity increases the amount of photosynthesis the plant goes through.

The duration of light outside is based on the sun, but in a greenhouse, it’s recommended to keep the lights on for 12 to 14 hours per day to achieve the best results.

Recommended grow lights

For a more comprehensive, updated article with specific recommendations, I’ve put together a separate article.

And here’s a quick summary of different types of lights:

  • High intensity discharge lights are used mostly by major growth operations, because they use more electricity and produce more heat.
  • Fluorescent lights are longer lasting and produce a lot of blue light. They may not provide the full color spectrum but for leafy plant such as herbs and lettuces they are effective. They are often chosen because they are long lasting, energy efficient, and do not produce a lot of heat.
  • LED lights are designed to produce red and/or blue light. They are increasingly popular for hobbyist indoor greenhouses, but they don’t produce very high intensity, so shouldn’t be used for large-scale growth operations.
  • Incandescent lights are not ideal for a greenhouse. These are often used for aesthetics and not function. Although they are the cheaper than other types of lights, they don’t provide the needed intensity that plants require.

How Far Should Grow Lights Be From Plants?

Distance from the light to the plant depends on the type of light used:

  • High intensity discharge lights: 5 to 8 feet above the plants
  • Fluorescent lights: 4 to 6 inches above the plant
  • LED lights: 14 to 30 inches above the plants

You can make you own grow light using light boxes, chains, and light bulbs.

The chains are used to adjust the distance the light is from the plant.

As the plants grow you will need to adjust the distance the light is above the plant.

You can bounce over to our full article to find out the recommended LED grow lights distance from plants.

how far should grow lights be from plants

Related questions

Does leaf color affect photosynthesis?

Yes, green leaves have a higher rate of photosynthesis than other colors of leaves because green leaves have more chlorophyll. Plants with predominantly reddish leaves tend to be less productive–in other words, they tend to grow slower and have less biomass that green-leaved plants.

Does light intensity affect plant growth?

Yes, higher intensity light tends to increase the rate of photosynthesis. This is because the higher intensity of light will speed up the reactions needed for photosynthesis to occur. Greenhouse glazing decreases the intensity of light available to plants for photosynthesis, so supplemental lighting is recommended.

Do plants grow under white light?

White light–in other words, full-spectrum light–is what plants normally have available to them, since the sun produces full-spectrum light. Plants grow optimally in natural sunlight, and white light can also be used in a greenhouse, though you might need to experiment to see what type of light works best for the plants you’re growing.

Does green light affect plant growth?

Green light tends to be the least effective for plant growth. You can tell that green light isn’t absorbed by plants because plants appear green–green light is reflected from, rather than absorbed by, plants. That said, green light is still useful for photosynthesis, but isn’t nearly as essential as red or blue light.

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Greg Volente


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The rise in silicon-manganese prices will also affect the rise in aluminum slitting line

Since the beginning of this year, driven by the expectation of steady growth, most varieties of the black industry chain have increased greatly, steel up by about 20%, iron ore up by about 40%, coal coke up by more than 50%, while the current price of silicon-manganese is still in a state of low oscillation, spot price from the beginning of 7800 yuan/ton to about 8400 yuan/ton, an increase of only 8%. The reason is that the supply of silicon manganese itself is loose, and high inventory suppresses the price of silicon manganese. Looking forward to the future market, we believe that silicon-manganese demand elasticity is greater than supply, high inventory is expected to disappear, silicon-manganese price may usher in a catch-up market.

On the supply side

As ferroalloy is a typical energy-intensive industry, it was greatly impacted by the double carbon policy last year. However, with the correction of the campaign carbon reduction, the output of silicon-manganese has been continuously recovering since Last October. As of last week, the average daily output of 121 independent silicon-manganese enterprises has recovered from the minimum 17,000 tons to about 29,100 tons. Utilisation rates rose from 24% to 66%.

In terms of profit

W ith the increase of cost, the profit of silicon-manganese factory has narrowed considerably, while the southern factories such as Guangxi have higher costs and are in deficit. If electricity prices continue to remain high, it will affect the recovery of silicon-manganese supply in peak season, thus supporting silicon-manganese prices.

In terms of inventory

D ue to the difference in production rhythm between the two ends of supply and demand of silicon-manganese, the supply resumed production earlier, resulting in the current high inventory of the industry chain. The inventory of 63 independent silicon-manganese alloy factories is 134,000 tons, and the warehouse receipt inventory of delivery warehouse is about 140,000 tons, which is still high compared with last year. But with the late steel mills continue to resume production, silicon-manganese high inventory is expected to go.

In terms of basis

T he price of 6517 silicon-manganese in northwest producing area is 8400-8500 yuan/ton. After the rise of futures last week, it is in a state of small premium. Warehouse order inventory liquidity is weak.

In general, the current silicon-manganese market is in a state of booming supply and demand, high cost and inventory, and low profit. The pattern of oscillation will continue in the short term. In the later period, with the effect of stable growth, the elasticity of the demand side will be greater, and the high inventory of silicon-manganese is expected to disappear, and the price of silicon-manganese will face a stage rise.

Steel processing industry - Current status of the aluminum slitting line

Growth in the construction, automotive and consumer aluminum slitting line has played a big role in providing the needed boost to the global steel processing industry. The global steel processing industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.86% between 2020 and 2026. Alloy steel is the fastest-growing segment of the global steel processing market and is suitable for all applications. If you have any questions about the aluminum slitting line or want to seek our help. Send an email to ，please feel free to contact us.

Rising oil prices drive up the cost of steel limited will also have an impact on product name prices

Oil price rise undoubtedly drives freight costs to move up. According to the general law of steel freight, according to the approved load of 35 tons of heavy truck calculation, 100 kilometres of fuel consumption of about 40 litres, a diesel price increase of 1000 yuan/ton is equivalent to the diesel price increase of 0.83 yuan/litre or so, thus calculated, since 2022 diesel price increase will increase the transportation cost of 0.664 yuan/ton/km, If the average transportation distance is 400 kilometres, the increased transportation cost of raw materials and steel is about 7.57 yuan/ton. In addition, the ore relies on long seaborne shipping routes, and rising oil prices are undoubtedly a factor in pushing up the cost of purchasing iron ore. But all of the above for the overall cost of steel moving up is still not big, and from the current weak transportation market, transportation costs transferred to the final sales of steel strength needs time to observe.

Metal and Steel Processing industry – the aluminum slitting line market demand

Metal and Steel Processing Industry - Future planning of the aluminum slitting line

Steel deep processing is the only way for the development of the aluminum slitting line steel industry. Chinas steel production is in the stage of oversupply, structural contradictions are: advanced production capacity and backward production capacity coexist; The shortage of high-end products and the surplus of low-end products coexist; Industrial concentration is poor.

Leading manufacturer of metallic processing machines, the aluminum slitting line supplier

1)start-stop shear CTL line;

2)flying shear CTL line;

3)rotary shears CTL line ;

4)trapezoidal shear CTL line;

5)heavy gauge CTL line;

6)flat bar cut to length line

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Systems for identifying and tracking the position of objects

The term ‚location‘ refers to the automatic acquisition of the position of moving objects by means of indoor positioning systems, also known as Real-time Location Systems (RTLS) or by satellite positioning in outdoor areas using GPS, Galileo, etc.

Location systems enable the automatic, continuous and complete identification and tracking of objects in real time, comparable to a video recording. Events such as an entry into defined areas from all directions or even the collision of two different objects can be detected in the digital model in real time. For example the automatic recording of transportation between plants, material flow in logistics and production, the use of tools and assets.

Location systems are based on various technologies with different characteristics and costs. In outdoor areas, external infrastructure such as satellite networks or data communication networks can usually be used. The accuracies that can be achieved with standard antennas are limited to a maximum resolution of 10 meters. With suitable, special antennas and a higher energy consumption, the resolution of GPS/Galileo can be improved to up to one meter. 5G networks promise better accuracy in the future. But it remains to be seen how much additional infrastructure will be necessary. For indoor tracking, a dedicated infrastructure is definitely required. The spectrum of possibilities ranges from the detection of presence in a building, simple zone location, precise location with a resolution of about one meter to high-precision location with resolutions of a few centimeters or even millimeters. A simple rule of thumb is: the more precise the resolution of the location, the more investment is necessary to implement the system.

Location technologies

This graph shows the relationship between increasing accuracy (vertical axis) and the cost of a reference configuration for the various location technologies. There is no technology that represents an ideal solution. Rather, our guideline is to select the appropriate technology for an use case respecting the goal of a return on the investment. Therefore it is important that different technologies can be combined in one application software environment to cover all use cases with one user interface and as little integration effort as possible.

  Identification Presence Location Precise Location
Methodology Detect entry and exit via gateway/chokepoint or manual scanning Strongest RSSI at one or more receivers Weighted RSSI, Triangulation, Multilateration Triangulation, Multilateration
Reliability Missing an entry or exit results in a permanent error or is due to human error Positive interference of the signal (false positive) results temporarily in an incorrect selection Location error leads temporarily to an incorrect position Location error leads temporarily to an incorrect position
Mitigation Manual plausibility check defined by the process step Manual or automatic plausibility check made by software Automatic plausibility check made by software / due to geometry Automatic plausibility check made by software / due to geometry
Requirement Defined entry/exit gates Signals separated by physical barriers (e.g. by a wall) Buffer zones between areas (e.g. aisle) Minimum required tolerance compatible with the accuracy
Hardware cost Low
(1 gateway per access)
(1 or more receivers, depending on the size of the room)
Medium-High High-Very High
Suitability Registration of incoming goods, logistics, issuing tools, etc. Block storage, tool storage, mustering (counting objects in the vicinity), etc. Tracking work in progress, finding objects (also in open spaces) Automation, e.g. registering a storage location, plausibility check, equipment configuration or actuation, etc.

It is very challenging to keep track of the different technologies and vendors in the field of location and identification systems. Development is taking place in ever faster cycles. We know the advantages and disadvantages of the most important systems on the market and keep a close eye on further developments.

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Bowling and Politics

In this post mariner promotes two books. The first one is a sociological view of American behavior particularly as it relates to how Americans have changed how they socialize. The second is by a memorable US Representative from Michigan, John Dingell, who was an active liberal during his tenure – the longest of any Representative serving from 1955 to 2015.

֎ Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam, 2001, Simon and Schuster

The premise is that Americans have, as a total population, withdrawn from community activities and civic life. The popularity of TV reflects people’s desire to wind down and relax in a setting over which they have total control. Many people may feel that socializing with neighbors is taxing, while TV is in one’s home and it’s always available. The national average across all segments of the population is eight hours per day.

Add to TV the phenomenon of smartphones. Mariner has noted in past posts how the smartphone eliminates extended or serious conversations in family life. Children aren’t admonished for using the smartphone too much because the parents are busy using the smartphone too much. A Silicon Valley executive once admitted he requires all electronics to be left by the door when family members return home. Just like in the Wild West days when guns were left at the door – will both harm us?

Another distraction to interactive human life is social media. Why visit family when one can pretend to visit on Facebook?

“Putnam contends that participation in collective activities such as bowling leagues and other leisure, faith and political associations, fosters norms of reciprocity through which people develop an orientation to cooperate with and trust others. Surveys have consistently shown that members of associations tend to trust others and have more friends in the neighborhood than non-members. Such norms and networks of civic engagement constitute what sociologists have called ‘social capital’. Drawing on theoretical insights developed in his previous book Making Democracy Work, Putnam argues that social capital is important because the high levels of trust and cooperation that characterize socially and civically engaged communities are positively associated with the performance of social institutions, economic prosperity, and individuals’ wellbeing and longevity.”[ResearchGate]

Since the 1960s Americans increasingly have moved to socially and ethnically homogeneous, car-dependent suburban areas. Obviously this arrangement limits open, public discourse on matters of the day with others who may be from different social situations. This neighborhood isolation leads to false assumptions that are counterintuitive to democratic concepts, for example, “NIMBY” – not in my backyard!

֎ The Dean – The Best Seat in the House, John Dingell, 2018, HarperCollins.

John Dingell always has been known for calling a spade a spade. Speaking to the terrible shape our nation is in:

“There are many reasons for this dramatic decline: the Vietnam War, Watergate, Ronald Reagan’s folksy but popular message that government was not here to help, the Iraq War, and worst of all by far, the Trumpist mind-set. These jackasses who see “deep state” conspiracies in every part of government are a minority of a minority, yet they are now the weakest link in the chain of more than three centuries of our American republic. Ben Franklin was right. The Founders gave us a precious but fragile gift. If we do not protect it with constant vigilance, we will most certainly lose it.”

How does John suggest we restore our political ethos?

“An electoral system based on full participation. At age 18, you are automatically registered to vote. No photo ID, no residency tests, no impediments of any kind. Advances in technology can make this happen effortlessly. Yes, voting should be restricted only to American citizens. Strict protections against foreign meddling are also necessary.”

“The elimination of money in campaigns. Period. Elections, like military service—each is an example of duty, honor, and service to country—should be publicly funded. Can you imagine if we needed to rely on wealthy donors to fund the military? I know there are those who genuinely believe in privatizing everything. They are called profiteers.”

Restructuring the Federal branches of government:

“The end of minority rule in our legislative and executive branches. The Great Compromise, as it was called when it was adopted by the Constitution’s Framers, required that all states, big and small, have two senators. The idea that Rhode Island needed two U.S. senators to protect itself from being bullied by Massachusetts emerged under a system that governed only 4 million Americans.”

“Today, in a nation of more than 325 million and 37 additional states, not only is that structure antiquated, it’s downright dangerous. California has almost 40 million people, while the 20 smallest states have a combined population totaling less than that. Yet because of an 18th-century political deal, those 20 states have 40 senators, while California has just two. These sparsely populated, usually conservative states can block legislation supported by a majority of the American people. That’s just plain crazy.”

“With my own eyes, I’ve watched in horror and increasing anger as that imbalance in power has become the primary cause of our national legislative paralysis. In primaries, the vocal rump of a minority of obnoxious asses can hold the entire country hostage to extremist views. This insanity has sent true public servants fleeing for the exits. The Electoral College has the same structural flaw. Along with 337 of my colleagues, I voted in 1969 to amend the Constitution to abolish it. Twice in the past 18 years, we’ve seen the loser of the popular vote become president through the Electoral College formula, which gives that same disproportionate weight to small states, each of which gets two automatic votes for its two senators.”

There is a solution, however, that could gain immediate popular support: Abolish the Senate. At a minimum, combine the two chambers into one, and the problem will be solved. It will take a national movement, starting at the grassroots level, and will require massive organizing, strategic voting, and strong leadership over the course of a generation. But it has a nice ring to it, doesn’t it? “Abolish the Senate.” I’m having blue caps printed up with that slogan right now. They will be made in America.

If mariner were motivated to write a book, he would not need to – John wrote it for him.

Ancient Mariner


How did 2-point attempt failure in first half impact Tennessee Titans' strategy late in Bengals game?

Nick Gray
Nashville Tennessean
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The Tennessee Titans could have kicked an extra point after their first touchdown in the first half of the AFC divisional playoff game against the Cincinnati Bengals on Saturday.

But the Bengals were penalized on the potential try for having 12 players on the field. Titans coach Mike Vrabel decided to count the penalty on a 2-point conversion attempt instead of the kickoff, moving the ball in that situation from the Bengals' 2-yard line to the 1.

Titans running back Derrick Henry, though, was stopped just short of the goal on the 2-point try, leaving the game score tied at 6 with 6 minutes, 7 seconds left in the second quarter.

It'll be a offseason for the Titans and their fans as they mull over every factor in the 19-16 loss to the Bengals at Nissan Stadium.

As Titans left tackle Taylor Lewan put it after the game: "August is a long way away."

GENTRY ESTES:Tennessee Titans' playoff loss to Cincinnati Bengals will sting for a long, long time

REPORT CARD:Did the offense flunk Tennessee out of the playoffs?

THE GAME TURNED:Ryan Tannehill's third INT dooms Tennessee Titans, sets up Bengals' game-winning field goal

The Titans and Bengals were tied at 16 until the final play, Evan McPherson's game-winning field goal, and it would make sense to wonder about that missed 2-point try and whether the risk of going for two from the Bengals' 1-yard line was worth eschewing the extra point.

"We tried to score from a yard," Vrabel said, succinctly, when asked about the decision.

Tennessee Titans head coach Mike Vrabel takes issue with a call during the second quarter of an AFC divisional playoff game at Nissan Stadium Saturday, Jan. 22, 2022 in Nashville, Tenn.

Let's dive into it.

From ESPN's Kevin Seifert: 2-point conversion attempt success rate from the 2-yard line is just under 50%, at 48.5%, while tries from the 1-yard line are successful 62.4% of the time.

NFL kickers made 93.4% of their extra points in 2021-22, with Titans kicker Randy Bullock going 42-of-45 (93.3) this season and making all 13 of his extra point attempts after the early December bye week.

As Football Outsiders' Aaron Schatz explained on Twitter, the expected points from a 2-point try from the 1-yard line is more than an extra point by the numbers. In this case, it would be about 1 expected point from a normal extra point, and about 1.25 expected points from a two-point attempt from the 1-yard line.

The risk, of course, is in the percentages of converting. An extra point is nearly, but not entirely, a certain make, while a 2-point try from any place on the field is a larger risk.

Still, by the numbers, Vrabel's risk appeared to be rooted in an accurate analysis of the statistics.

The question on Titans fans' minds will be about the impact on how Tennessee and Cincinnati would have played out the fourth quarter in something other than a 16-16 tie game.

That also would be a simplistic analysis that discounts what all could have unfolded differently throughout the second half. One doesn't have to play the string out long enough to see that the Bengals themselves would have had a decision after their third-quarter touchdown. It's a possibility that Zac Taylor and Cincinnati go for a 2-point conversion themselves in a 15-7 game before the extra point try. A 10-point lead is different than a 9-point lead.

That string produces more strings, which play out differently. Yes, a 16-7 game could have turned into a 17-16 Titans lead (had the Titans' two scores played out the same way) that the Tennessee offense would have nursed in the final minutes instead of throwing the ball in a drive that resulted in Ryan Tannehill's third interception. But the Bengals' game-management aggressiveness could have changed, even with two fourth-and-long punts near midfield in the fourth quarter.

Re-legislating tough losses are a symptom of playoff losses, given the long layoff between now and Game No. 1 of the 2022 Titans regular season. Little is fair, and by the numbers, the Titans' 2-point conversion attempt in the first half was a risk-reward that failed.

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The Silent Sea - What We Know So Far

A new futuristic sci-fi thriller set in space is making its way to Netflix, set to premiere next month, and it looks like the eerie mystery drama will surely satisfy fans of space narratives and sci-fi alike. The South Korean series is based on the short film, "The Sea of Tranquility," which was written and directed by Choi Hang-yong, who will also be directing the new series. The series is the director's first credit on IMDb, with his short film having been his debut as a director and writer.

The eight episodes of "The Silent Sea" were written by Park Eun-kyo, whose previous writing credits include 2009's "Mother" and 2018's "The Great Battle" (via IMDB). Additionally, prominent South Korean actor Jung Woo-sung ("Asura," "A Moment to Remember") is set to produce "The Silent Sea," in what is just his second producer credit following the 2016 film "Remember You," in which he also starred (via IMDb).

Netflix announced the new series back in 2019, teasing a plot revolving around a "precarious future" of Earth, in which a team of scientists must embark on a mission to the moon to save the planet. Now the streamer has released the first trailer, giving viewers a peek into what they can expect from the upcoming series. Here's everything we know so far about "The Silent Sea."

When will The Silent Sea be released?

If "The Silent Sea" has caught your attention so far, you're likely wondering when the new series will be available to watch. Well, as is revealed in the trailer, "The Silent Sea" will be released in its entirety on Netflix on December 24, 2021. With this release date, the sci-fi thriller series will be available right in time to binge watch over the holidays (if Christmas-themed films and shows are not your cup of tea).

The recently released minute and a half trailer is described as a teaser, meaning that we can likely expect at least one more trailer for the series before it premieres next month. Recently, Korean dramas have become extremely popular on the streaming platform, with past hits being "Crash Landing on You" and "Sweet Home" — and of course, "Squid Game" — while a new series, "Hellbound," just came out on November 19, 2021. The premiere of "The Silent Sea" comes seven years after the short film, "The Sea of Tranquility," premiered at the Mise-en-scène Short Film Festival in 2014 (via Netflix).

Who will be in The Silent Sea?

With the series taking place on a space mission, the main cast of "The Silent Sea" is relatively small and mostly consists of those making up the main mission crew: actors Gong Yoo, Bae Doona, and Lee Joon. Yoo, who recently cameoed in two episodes of Netflix's ultra popular "Squid Game," has over 20 acting credits to his name, including 2021's "Seobok" and the 2016 series "Guardian: The Lonely and Great God" (via IMDb).

Doona has also starred in several big Netflix Original TV shows in recent years, including "Stranger" and "Kingdom," as well as the English-language "Sense8," which ran from 2015 to 2018, after which it was cancelled. The third cast member, Joon, has also appeared in a string of recent shows, including "Father is Strange" in 2017 and "Woman with a Suitcase" in 2016. Additionally, a supporting role is played by Heo Sung-tae, who many will recognize from his prominent role in "Squid Game," portraying Jang Deok-su. He also appeared in other recent series such as 2021's "Beyond Evil" and 2019's "Psychopath Diary."

What will The Silent Sea be about?

According to Netflix's announcement from late 2020, "The Silent Sea" is "set in a future Earth that has undergone desertification." To try to save Earth, a group of scientists — exploration leader Han Yoon-jae (Gong Yoo), astrobiologist Doctor Song Ji-an (Bae Doona) and engineer Captain Ryoo Tae-seok (Lee Joon) — must embark on a mission to the moon in search of "a mysterious sample from an abandoned research station" called Balhae Base. Heo Sung-tae, in his supporting role, plays Kim Jae-sun, the chief of Resource Group of Aviation Administration (via Digital Spy).

The description of the teaser trailer on Netflix Asia's YouTube provides a bit more detail into the plot, revealing that the mission has just a 10% chance of survival, which rapidly ups the stakes, and that "one by one, crew members end up dead." We can't wait to see the thrilling and eerie events of "The Silent Sea" play out when the new sci-fi series premieres next month on Netflix.


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Can cannabidiol and education work together?

It's time to stop lying to yourself. If you're a college student and you're an avid cannabis fanatic, you really need to start asking yourself about its impact on your studies. According to some studies, if used in moderation, it can be very beneficial. If you are still a minor, well, this article is not for you. You shouldn't even be using it. The use of such a substance by minors is intolerable, and there are clear medical reasons for this. During adolescence, the brain is still growing and developing and this could be negatively impacted by cannabis use. Nevertheless, if you are already a student, chances are you have already been exposed to people who use it. Most people have a biased perception of cannabis and CBD, which is one of its components. They see it as a drag on productivity and motivation. Yet, some students claim that it helps them focus more. So what is the impact of cannabis on the human brain

Cannabis and the brain: what relationship to establish

Cannabis legislation is gradually expanding, and perhaps with it, it would be possible to improve scientific research on the plant as well as on these components. Research institutions and universities could have the freedom to experiment with controlled crops within a scientific framework. Certainly, it is claimed that cannabis would improve neural connectivity inside the brain, but scientists are looking to establish the exact link between some rare cases of psychosis and cannabis use.

Other much more up-to-date research conducted at the University of Texas noted that despite the fact that cannabis would reduce brain measurements, it still increases the number of neuronal connections. This is very positive on the other hand. To reach this conclusion, they needed 48 adults between 20 and 36 years old, all of whom are cannabis users. These were compared to a control group, which was composed of non-consumers.

MRI scans were then used to track how the cannabis-using subjects respond after an average of 3 joints per day over a period of 6 to 8 years. The images obtained lead to the conclusion that THC, a component of the plant, could cause the shrinkage of the grey matter. From the same images, the researchers noticed that the orbitofrontal cortex was vulnerable to shrinkage. This could be a real problem, as this is the part of the human brain that is associated with adversity and reward processes.

However, even if over the course of use, there were an improvement in neural connectivity, it could very quickly begin to degrade, if use became too excessive. That said, it must be said that this connectivity still seemed to be above average and healthier. The researchers who conducted this study admitted that this observation did not yet have a sudden impact that could result from abstinence or occasional users. Certainly, this study shows that connectivity is still improved among regular users, but it should also be noted that those who only use occasionally also enjoy some benefits when studying.

What are the benefits of studying under the influence of cannabidiol

It is possible to get a little bit of a kick out of cannabis after a good study session. This can be a good reward system. But would it be possible to study and revise better after consuming cannabis On a scientific level, people with pediatric epilepsy who are resistant to treatment can benefit in many ways from the different benefits of cannabis. Let's remember that here CBD is the main substance that is used and not THC. It has been noted in some cases that subjects with various forms of epilepsy who took CBD-rich cannabis showed a real decrease in the frequency of seizures. Aside from this, there was also an improvement in sleep, a better mood, and a much increased alertness.

In addition, note that CBD-enriched cannabis was recently approved by the state of Rhode Island for the treatment of autism. So, after consultation with a medical professional and depending on an individual's situation, those with specific neurodivergent disorders are able to benefit from improved study skills through the use of cannabidiol.

But, if one is not affected by any of these disorders, is cannabidiol still beneficial for studying

The different strains of cannabis are great for helping to fall asleep or relax. Usually, we forget that with a good night's sleep, we can avoid many problems. This is very important, especially when you consider that students don't really have a regular sleep schedule. A normal adult needs 6 to 8 hours of sleep per night for their body to function efficiently. It is then very important to find your own time slot and stick to it. A much more relaxed mindset after taking cannabidiol can help you increase your focus on a reading activity before bed. You will benefit from a much more energetic intoxication that will be of great use.

From consuming CBD-enriched cannabis you will get a cerebral and creative effect thanks to which, you will be able to brew several ideas. You will be able to work on your topics with more pep.

Are there any drawbacks to studying under cannabis

Depending on the strain you choose and the circumstances, you will be able to get some real benefits from using CBD-enriched cannabis. But, all of this will only be beneficial when taken in moderation of course. When you consume too much, your concentration and motivation will be affected. It is not recommended to go to mid-term after consuming a variety rich in THC. The latter is clearer to concentrate.

Cannabis rich in CBD is very practical, as it is involved in improving the flow of creativity and thought. However, this can sometimes be accompanied by a lack of concentration. Indeed, one can easily be entertained by his thoughts. When one is in such a fluid state of mind, the memory takes a hit. According to research on the subject, it has been shown that spatial memory can be impacted when over-consuming CBD-enriched cannabis. The same is true for working memory. The latter refers to the brain's ability to process information in real time.

It is therefore advisable when you are learning to write down all the information you will need to remember in a clear and precise manner. Certainly, your brain is more capable of retaining the information, but it can also forget it very quickly with this flow of thoughts rushing inside it. On the other hand, when you consume cannabidiol before throwing yourself into the treatment of a subject, you can manage to concentrate more easily. It will be enough to know how to dose and to go slowly enough and to find the adequate dose. Thus, you will be able to appreciate the different effects that this intake has on you. You will be able to know if cannabidiol helps you learn better or if it is totally the opposite. In the latter case, it is to be put aside if you want to pass your midterms.

The entire website should be considered as information. We remind you that before consuming cannabidiol products you should consult your doctor to obtain his approval in your specific case.
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Tech Future

Pc Science, It And Software Engineering

Within each occupation, earnings vary by experience, accountability, efficiency, tenure, and geographic area. For most profiles, this tab has a table with wages within the major industries using the occupation. It does not include pay for self-employed workers, agriculture employees, or workers in non-public households as a outcome of these data aren’t collected by the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey, the supply of BLS wage information within the OOH.

Which forms of know-how are most commonly used?

Information Technology, or I.T briefly, is the most popular type of know-how nowadays. I.T is a means of storing, compiling and processing electronic knowledge for info functions. Data retrieval, transmission and networking are also a part of IT.

The software program engineers develop the software design iteratively, adding element and correcting the design as they develop it. The software program design includes a description of the construction of the software program that shall be carried out, data fashions, interfaces between system components and potentially the algorithms the software program engineer will use. System software sits between the pc hardware and the applying software program. Users don’t work together instantly with system software program because it runs within the background, dealing with the fundamental capabilities of the computer.

Browse Engineering Programs

Also often known as shows, a computer monitor is a visual show for computer systems that might be linked to a pc by way of VGA, HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt or DVI connections. Originally, laptop displays had been used for knowledge processing, whereas television receivers have been used for leisure. From the 1980s onwards, both televisions and computer displays have been used for each processing and leisure functions. Computer software consists of programs that communicate tasks to the computer through a programming code. Learn about laptop software, together with examples and different types of laptop software program.

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Generally, safety-critical code should be isolated from non-safety-critical code. This analysis is to indicate this isolation is complete and that interfaces between safety-critical code and non-safety-critical code don’t create hazards. Bus and channel pace and bandwidth, reminiscence pace, memory administration strategies, and system software also decide complete throughput. In software engineering, a predefined sequence of laptop directions that’s inserted into a program, often during meeting or compilation, at every place that its corresponding macroinstruction seems in this system. A shared boundary between two useful items, defined by functional traits, widespread physical interconnection characteristics, sign traits, and different traits, as applicable. The idea involves the specification of the connection of two devices having totally different features.

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Any technology works better if there is an agreement on corresponding standards. Standards make it easier to use the expertise and strongly contribute to technology switch from research labs to business and to its final success. For instance, due to a standard for electrical techniques, completely different sorts of electrical tools can be utilized in a plug-and-play method in many international locations all over the world. When you travel to another nation, it is fairly disappointing to find out that the native electrical system just isn’t compatible, say, with your shaver. Dynamic flowsheeting–Initialize the dynamic simulation, for example utilizing the steady-state results. Failure of this step is often very difficult to resolve.

technology, computer, software

Contrast with code evaluate, design review, formal qualification evaluate, necessities evaluation. A specification that documents the necessities of a system or system component. It typically contains useful requirements, efficiency requirements, interface requirements, design requirements , growth requirements, etc.

In this respect, linear algebra has a vital role in varied engineering and scientific disciplines. This course develops concrete computational abilities together with theoretical concerns. This course covers the essential methods used to research problems and algorithms, including asymptotic, upper/lower bounds, and best/average/worst case analysis.


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March 10, 2022

Social determinants of health and how they influence employee populations

This guest post is written by Collective Health. AccessHope is a part of Collective Health’s Premier Partner Program™.

Health-related problems are responsible for hundreds of billions in lost productivity for companies across the U.S. In 2019 alone, poor health cost employers as much as $575 billion and 1.5 billion days of lost productivity. As data emerges on the impact of COVID-19 in the workplace, it could be even higher now.

With 6 in 10 Americans diagnosed with a chronic disease and millions of new cancer cases emerging every year, safeguarding the health of employees is more critical than ever. Add to that the intense labor market pressures and fierce competition for talent, and the need for informed and accessible benefits plans becomes a linchpin for companies looking to grow.

However, the healthcare landscape in the U.S. is notoriously difficult to navigate, and spending more money does not necessarily guarantee better outcomes. For benefits leaders and brokers, evaluating the non-medical factors that influence employee health presents an opportunity to build a more inclusive workplace that empowers all employees to take control of their health.

Medical care and genetics only provide part of the picture when it comes to a person's health status. Economic, social, environmental, and behavioral factors account for the rest, which could account for as much as 55% of health outcomes. These non-medical aspects are known as the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH), and they contain key insights for benefits leaders and brokers looking for novel strategies to enhance and tailor their plan offerings.

What are the social determinants of health?

For centuries, human health was believed to rely primarily on biochemical parameters. While this type of thinking still dominates Western medicine (i.e., using medical interventions to target disease, but not the environmental factors that contribute to it), the world is moving towards a more balanced approach, which recognizes the role of economic and societal factors on a person’s health status.

Health is a holistic concept: physical and mental ill health cannot be dissociated. For example, experiencing chronic stress can dysregulate the immune system and stimulate inflammation, triggering depressive symptoms or worsening depression which, in turn, is associated with higher cancer-specific mortality and poorer cancer survival.

There are more obvious challenges associated with socioeconomic status too. Imagine this: a retail worker with no personal vehicle is diagnosed with cancer. The compounding effect of low income, lack of transportation, and the inability to set their own schedule puts the entire care journey at risk. This person may miss appointments, struggle to afford medication, and delay care until the problem becomes too entrenched to ignore, at which point, their employment and their financial situation are in jeopardy.

Cancer patients are particularly vulnerable due to the high costs of modern cancer care. One study showed that 42% of cancer patients depleted their entire life savings in the first two years after diagnosis. In recent research by AccessHope that noted cost savings associated with their care model, it also highlighted the role of smoking in lung cancer emergence with 83% of the cases found in past and present smokers (57% and 26% respectively). How does this tie into SDoH, you might wonder? Well, according to the Centers for Disease Control, smoking is more prevalent in low economic status groups, those with lower levels of education, and those living near or below the poverty line.

For companies, these barriers to health should not be underestimated. It is only by understanding the unique situations faced by employee populations that brokers and benefits leaders can design plans that empower members with the tools and resources they need to stay healthy. It starts with the five primary social determinants of health:

  • Healthcare quality and access: barriers to good health include health insurance coverage, level of health literacy, and the availability and quality of healthcare services at a person’s disposal.
  • Education access and quality: the quality, level, and duration of education, including early childhood development, influence the health status of adults.
  • Social and community context: broader considerations such as discrimination, incarceration rates, community cohesion, civic participation, and employee relationships can take a toll on health.
  • Economic stability: the availability of financial resources to individuals influences factors such as poverty, food security, and housing stability.
  • Neighborhood and built environment: housing quality, transport links, access to nutritious foods, pollution, and crime can affect health.
Not every segment of the population is affected equally by SDoH. Depending on the industry, the geography of the employee population, their background, and the nature of their employment, the social determinants may have a protective effect–like tech workers, who tend to be highly educated and better compensated. Conversely, they may increase the risk, particularly for say, companies operating in dense urban areas, those with a high percentage of low-wage workers, or those with a high percentage of workers working in hazardous conditions.

Understanding these factors empowers benefits leaders to deliver meaningful programs by meeting employees where they are on their health journey, anchored in their lived experience as individuals.

How employers can make a difference

Employees can’t leave these challenges at home, and their consequences ripple through to the bottom lines of organizations, impacting everything from lower productivity and absenteeism to employee satisfaction and wellbeing. Forward-thinking leaders are integrating social determinants of health into their benefits planning strategies using these seven tools and perspectives.

1. Understand how SDoH affect your employee population

Get started with this free tool by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, which allows you to see how any U.S. zip code ranks on metrics such as health outcomes, quality of life, health behaviors (i.e., smoking, physical activity, obesity), and socioeconomic factors influencing health, to name a few.

2. Collect in-depth data from your employees

Dig deeper into the societal and economic factors that influence your workforce with PRAPARE, the Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patient Assets, Risks, and Experiences. This standardized social risk evaluation tool was developed for use in clinical settings to evaluate the SDoH of patients, but can help brokers and benefits leaders looking to get a more comprehensive picture of the challenges facing their employee populations.

3. Build a targeted and holistic health benefits program

Once you’ve done your research, and collected and analyzed the data, consider how your benefits plan fits in. Start by looking at point solutions that can target population-specific issues. With the rise of digital health, there is now a wealth of remote, virtual, and self-service solutions to tackle a range of problems from behavioral health to remote cancer support.

4. Develop programs that mitigate unhealthy behaviors

Human behaviors, such as tobacco usage, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and drug use may be responsible for as much as 40% of premature deaths in the U.S. Identifying high-risk behaviors in your employee population is the first step to curating services and developing campaigns to raise awareness and empower employees to make changes that can transform their lives. For example, companies seeking to address obesity can make changes in the workplace to encourage positive behaviors by providing healthy food options, access to physical activity facilities, and health education classes. Conversely, industries where workers are at above-average risk of serious injury (and thus opioid dependency), like logging or construction, may benefit more from digital health services and wearable technologies that provide non-addictive pain management.

5. Identify community resources that support your employees

Your benefits plan cannot meet every need of your employee population, so it’s important to look towards the broader community to see which support services are available to help with the social determinants of health that are outside of the organization’s purview, such as financial or housing assistance and food pantries. Resources such as allow you and employees to search for community resources available to them in their locality.

6. Work with benefits platforms and TPAs that offer care navigation services

In 2020, 1 in 4 Americans avoided seeking treatment because they didn’t know what their plan covered. Healthcare avoidance is a serious problem that can be mitigated with reliable care navigation services provided by transdisciplinary teams of nurses, pharmacists, social workers, dietitians, and more. By leveraging the power of machine learning with inputs from various sources, including medical claims, combined with real-time human support, nowadays you can offer your members a personalized experience that takes into account SDoH. This approach, adopted by Collective Health, is especially valuable for high-risk members with complex care needs.

7. Ensure confidentiality to prevent fear of stigma

A person’s health is a private matter for many good reasons, including the stigma associated with various diseases, not to mention socioeconomic circumstances. Employees may not want to share sensitive information about their health status, financial difficulties, or living conditions with employers, which is why ensuring that members feel safe and their information is protected is paramount in a successful benefits strategy. You can give your employee population peace of mind by using a HIPAA-protected, PHI-secure network that allows people to access support confidently and privately.

About Collective Health

Collective Health simplifies employee healthcare with an integrated technology solution that makes healthcare work for everyone. With nearly a quarter of a million members and over 50 clients—including Driscoll’s, Pinterest, Red Bull, Restoration Hardware (RH), and more—Collective Health is reinventing the healthcare experience for forward-thinking organizations and their people across the U.S. The company has developed a range of population health management solutions, and partnered with innovative companies across care delivery and diagnostics to meet the most pressing healthcare challenges for employers today.

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July 19, 2022
Declan Maltman

5 Keys to Creating a Productive Meeting Environment

Create a Collaborative Environment

The first step to creating a productive meeting environment is to create a collaborative environment. Creating an environment that is conducive to collaboration requires a few key adjustments. First, you’ll want to choose the best meeting location. Research shows that open environments like conference rooms and lounges with high ceilings and lots of light promote collaboration and creativity. Closed-off rooms with dimmed lights encourage a more serious and focused mood. You’ll also want to choose the right technology for your meeting. While you want to avoid bringing too many devices, you also want to make sure the technology you’re using is the best fit for your team. For example, you should avoid using a computer-based meeting platform if people who attend the meeting use different operating systems. The equipment you select should also have enough bandwidth for all attendees. If you can, avoid scheduling meetings during peak times so that others in your organization aren’t also reduced to watching a spinning wheel.

Establish Rituals

Once you’ve created an open and collaborative meeting environment, you’ll want to establish rituals. Rituals are certain behaviors that you and the team regularly engage in. They help to create a sense of heightened awareness—your team is more aware of what they’re doing and why they’re doing it. They also help to create a sense of common purpose and identity among team members. You and your team should establish rituals to begin and end every meeting, and to keep the meeting on track. One way to begin each meeting is with a concise discussion of the agenda. This is especially important if you are part of a large team or working with distributed teams. It’s often difficult to follow an agenda if you don’t know what it is. You can use a visual agenda to help keep everyone on track. Your agenda should be specific enough to guide the discussion, but general enough to allow for spontaneity.

Assign Roles

Each meeting you host will have different objectives and varying numbers of attendees. To accommodate this, you should assign roles to each attendee. This helps to promote clear expectations and organization within the meeting space. It gives attendees something to focus on other than just their own thoughts and responsibilities. Role assignments can be as simple as “scribe” and “timekeeper”, or they can be more specific, such as “social media manager” and “search engine optimization manager”. The more specific you make your role assignments, the more efficient and productive your meeting will be. You may want to assign roles based on the expertise or information each attendee brings to the table. Or you can assign roles based on what each attendee will be responsible for after the meeting. Assigning meeting roles gives attendees something specific to do during the meeting, as well as something to do after the meeting concludes.

Cut Out Distractions

As much as you’d like to believe that everyone in the room is giving 100 percent of their attention to the meeting, it’s simply not true. We’re human, we have those pesky human tendencies we’re always trying to overcome. One of these is that we’re easily distracted by our surroundings. You want to do everything in your power to cut out distractions so that your team can give their full attention to the meeting at hand. Begin by controlling the room temperature and lighting. Research has shown that higher temperatures and brighter lights cause us to be less attentive. Try to keep the room temperature between 70 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit, and the lights dimmed or off. You can also cut out distractions by politely asking attendees to put away their cellphones and other devices. Be sure to include yourself in this rule! It’s easy to get lost in your phone when others are talking, even if you have nothing to do with the meeting.

Create Productivity Tools

Another way to create a productive meeting environment is to make the most out of productivity tools. You have to be flexible enough to change the tools you use based on the situation, and you have to use the tools to promote and maximize productivity. When you use productivity tools, you have more time to think about the content and less time trying to find your notes, data, or other materials. Take these three tools as examples: - A digital agenda: A digital agenda is a great way to keep track of your agenda and choose your meeting room based on its technology. - A meeting management tool: A meeting management tool can help you and your team keep track of everyone’s agenda, time, and tasks. - An online collaboration tool: Online collaboration tools can help your team work together to build consensus and structure ideas.

Summing up

Creating a productive meeting environment is challenging, but it can be done. It all starts with creating an open and collaborative meeting environment, establishing rituals, and assigning roles. Once you’ve cut out distractions, you can use productivity tools to maximize your meeting time. With these five keys in mind, you can create a productive meeting environment, where your team is able to work together and achieve their goals. Now, it’s up to you to implement these five keys to creating a productive meeting environment. Once you’ve done so, you and your team will feel less stressed and more excited about working together.

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Stages of Cancer in Hackensack, NJ

Stages of Cancer Hackensack, NJ

Cancer is a word used to describe the division and growth of abnormal cells inside the body. Cancer cells can reproduce and attack tissues throughout the body and can be hard to control. Cancer can be identified early or very late depending on where it is, what kind of symptoms it causes, and how soon you see your medical provider once you notice a problem.

What are the different stages of cancer?

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with cancer, a medical provider may have given you information about the cancer's stage.

Cancer Staging is a way of estimating how much cancer is in the body and how severe the cancer is. Staging also helps your medical team establish a treatment plan.

There are four stages of cancer starting with stage 1 and going to the most advanced, stage 4. No matter how a patient's cancer progresses, the staging number will stay the same as it was when the cancer was found.

Staging looks at four main parts:

  • The location of the original tumor
  • Tumor size and how involved it is in the tissue around it
  • Cancer cells in the lymph nodes
  • The presence of metastasis, or movement of the cancer to other body parts nearby or far away from the tumor

Your medical provider may use a variety of tests (like X-rays , CAT scans or PET  scans) plus blood work  and a physical to help determine how advanced the cancer is. You may also need surgery to look more closely at the cancer or to remove it; your medical provider may also need to take samples of tissue or lymph nodes (biopsy ) to know more about the cancer's stage.

Stage 1 Cancer (Localized Cancer)

Stage 1 cancer cells have grown enough to move past their border called a “basement membrane” and out into the surrounding tissue.

Stage 2 Cancer (Local Spread)

Stage 2 cancer means the cancer cells have invaded the surrounding tissue more than in stage 1 and the tumor size is larger than a stage 1 cancer. Stage 2 cancers typically affect surrounding tissues, but may not have spread to other areas of the body. Sometimes stage 2 cancers will have early involvement in lymph nodes if they are nearby.

Stage 3 Cancer (Regional Spread)

Stage 3 cancers are larger and more advanced than stage 2. Tumors are larger and the cancer will have spread more deeply into healthy tissue. Stage 3 cancers usually invade several lymph nodes in the area and raise the risk that cancer cells will move through that connected system to other areas of the body.

Stage 4 Cancer (Advanced Cancer)

Stage 4 cancers are the most involved. These cancers will have grown even larger, spread to other organs or tissues of the body, and have formed tumors or established cancer cells in those areas. More than one part of the body may be involved in stage 4 cancer.

Cancer Treatment

Request more information on stages of cancer today: call (201) 806-6099 or contact Dr. M.T. Shahab online.

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The advantages of Data Areas

//The advantages of Data Areas

The advantages of Data Areas

Data rooms are electronic locations in which documents are stored securely and made accessible to the appropriate gatherings. They provide safeguarded sharing of documents, reducing the risk of protection breaches. Companies that have multiple teams concentrating on the same circumstance can benefit from the use of a data space, as almost all documents can be accessed coming from a single location. Using a data space, all stakeholders, including board individuals and control, can collaborate on crucial documents.

Over the internet data areas are commonly used for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions. These transactions involve several levels, including planning, defining the desired performance of the transaction, and research. During the prep stage, businesses store and promote documents that happen to be sensitive or of interest to 1 party yet another. As a result, data room facilitators create particular categories for each and every type of document, ensuring that the data shared within the room is grouped appropriately.

The utilization of data rooms reduces the stress of organization advancement and estimate management, when improving reliability by protecting confidential facts from not authorized viewers. Additionally , data areas have a user-friendly program and help users concentrate on their responsibilities. User-oriented data rooms offer no-plug-in get, multilingual nav, and portable device support.

Advanced virtual data bedrooms offer finished security architecture and global availability through a web browser. Additionally , they include their own tablet apps designed for mobile users. These features ensure secure effort and end-to-end protection of confidential documents. They are used by enterprises around the globe for table communications, research and development processes, and legal work.

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