For Annual Planning, Investing Beats Budgeting

Written by
- 9 min read

By using principles from venture investing, companies can make smarter resource allocation decisions and help their departments become more nimble, aligned, collaborative, and accountable.

article photo

Just like dental work or pulling weeds, annual planning is something we know is painful yet necessary. Obviously, budgeting helps companies predict their cash needs. Less obviously, budgets, and even just the act of building them, are critically important for aligning internal teams on strategy, prioritizing initiatives, attracting capital, and setting the right targets to measure and manage against.

Having spent the better part of a decade working in corporate financial planning, I can tell you that the traditional budget process is a relic optimized for a world we no longer live in.

A typical budget cycle involves department heads, corporate executives, and financial analysts. As a starting point, an analyst will trend a department’s revenues and expenses forward based on their own assumptions of momentum and seasonality. They may assume that certain expenses will grow as the company grows (e.g., increasing hiring for customer support as sales increase), and that others will remain mostly fixed (e.g., rent for the corporate headquarters staying roughly the same, even as the company grows a bit). Department heads and finance then play a game of tug-of-war over headcount increases, premium software subscriptions, revenue targets, and travel budgets before settling on something that is often a modest increase over their current sales and spending. After all, nobody gets in trouble for approving a six percent year-over-year budget increase.

Traditional management structures and their procedural components emerged and excelled at a stage in our industrial evolution where market disruptions were gradual and the nature of work was more consistent and routine. Consequently, they struggle in today’s age of rapid innovation and extreme interconnectedness. For modern corporations, who are under incredible pressure to innovate and whose activities span many different functional, industry, and geographic domains, traditional frameworks and processes inhibit their ability to stay nimble and solve complex problems [1].

Planning, and measuring against that plan, should stay, but the way we go about it needs an update.

Budgeting Like An Investor

Zero-based budgeting, beyond budgeting, better budgeting, and activity-based budgeting are just a handful of the more recent and popular methodologies that strive to move past the traditional process in favor of something more dynamic. While they have their differences, the core concept underlying each is that planning should resemble an investing process.

Venture investing is different than traditional budgeting in that funding rounds start from first principles, where investors evaluate teams, plans, markets, and risks to comprehensively understand an opportunity. When done properly, goals are defined such that they are clear and measurable, but not overly prescriptive and rigid. While an annual forecast is typically put in front of a board of directors, venture backed startups aren't tightly managed to each individual expense line. Instead, they are primarily evaluated on their ability to hit their targets on key performance indicators (KPIs) such as user growth, monthly active users, customer churn, top-line sales, gross margin, and cost per acquisition, while keeping their overall spending to appropriate levels to optimize return on investment (ROI). This way, startups know what their mandate is from their investors and they have considerable autonomy and flexibility to adjust their strategy as they evolve and conditions shift. On the other side, investors stay focused on only the most important measures of success and avoid micromanaging their portfolio.

Investment-based Budgeting In Action

Founded in 2014, ConsenSys is a multinational blockchain company building enterprise applications, developer tools, and more. In addition to developing innovative Ethereum tech, Joseph Lubin, the company’s founder, wants to develop innovative self-organizing managerial practices that embody blockchain’s decentralized principles. Accordingly, the company refers to itself as a “mesh” of interconnected, yet meaningfully autonomous teams and individuals.

In 2019, we piloted “Mesh Fund” to arm ConsenSys with a modern budgeting process tailored to its unique org structure. Members of finance and other executives acted as partners in this internal fund, and top-level teams petitioned to get access to capital, internal authority, rights to use the ConsenSys brand, and access to internal services. Those top-level teams could then reallocate their resources into subordinate units through a similar, recursive process. Here how the whole thing worked:

Petitioners prepared a presentation that covered their team’s: purpose and mission; realistic operating goals; execution plan; financial plan; key risks; team composition and governance structure (who’s on the team and how they make decisions); and resource requests.

A panel of subject matter experts that covered a diverse range of functional areas was assembled to advise the petitioner in their preparation and to evaluate their final pitch.

In a video conference (open to the entire company) the petitioning team presented for an hour then answered questions for another hour. Panel members asked two to three questions each, followed by more questions from anyone else in attendance (asked via, in the order of most upvoted). The video from the meeting was recorded and shared with those who couldn't make it.

Feedback (required from panel members, but optional for others) was collected and synthesized into a summary that was shared with the CEO and the petitioners. Typically this feedback focused on the pros and cons related to the market opportunity, business model, strategy, team qualifications, and risks to ConsenSys, as well as suggestions on follow up work and recommendations for next steps. The CEO considered the feedback before making a decision on how to proceed.

Mesh Fund worked with the CEO and petitioners to draft a suitable mandate agreement that covered:

Scope: Outlining the high-level purpose of what the petitioning team exists to accomplish;

Financial commitments: Including revenue requirements, maximum burn amounts, and spending limits (e.g., max $40k/month for travel);

Operating commitments: Specifying various operating obligations specific to each petitioner (e.g., performance requirements related to churn, customer satisfaction, and employee utilization);

Cultural commitments: Clarifying how the petitioner must act within the company (e.g., participate in various company events, treat others with respect and kindness, operate with integrity, and provide exceptional customer service);

Reporting commitments: Laying out what regular reporting the petitioner must submit weekly, monthly, and quarterly (e.g., customer satisfaction, user growth, and site uptime metrics);

Internal authority & domain: Detailing what unique powers and rights the petitioner has internally (e.g., exclusive rights to contact external customers in the entertainment industry);

Support: Confirming service levels of support from various internal teams (e.g., SLAs detailing brand design, content creation, and online advertising support from the marketing team); and

Oversight: Detailing how the team is to be held accountable (more on this in #7).

To add flexibility and mitigate risk, any of these conditions were allowed to be adjusted at any time by the CEO. Mandate agreements weren't meant to be a binding legal agreement, even though they may have felt that way. Rather, they were intended to be a clear memorandum of understanding.

Once both parties agreed to the conditions, the mandate agreement was signed and uploaded for anyone inside the company to see on a shared drive. The petitioning team would then be considered a Mesh Fund portfolio team.

The portfolio team would then be managed and evaluated per the oversight conditions set forth in the agreement. Similar to the way a venture fund checks-in with portfolio companies, this typically meant that a Mesh Fund analyst was designated to consolidate all reporting materials, compile a scorecard that detailed how the team did in complying with all of their various commitments, and conduct a review with the team and other stakeholders to dig deeper into the subjective measures of performance. The outputs were shared with corporate executives and senior personnel inside of Mesh Fund who could decide whether or not some type of intervention was necessary (e.g., adjustments to commitments, personnel changes, comp increases, and strategy tweaks).

So How’d It Go?

In all of the important ways, the pilot was a success. First, by focusing intensely on the fundamental purpose of a team and the relevant KPIs, and establishing only the necessary, essential boundaries in a clear document, we made expectations for teams exceptionally clear. This allowed teams to be nimble and autonomous, while still remaining highly aligned and accountable. It also made the management of these teams simpler and more effective by keeping oversight focused on measuring the most relevant indicators of performance.

Second, by thinking of the resource allocation as an investment made to achieve some defined purpose, ConsenSys evaluated budgets from first principles. This prevented us from using a prior year’s annual financial performance as the justification for the perpetuation of any activities.

Third, by assembling a diverse panel of subject matter experts and inviting the entire company to view the presentation, ConsenSys received higher quality questions and feedback, and more meaningfully embodied one of its core values, “radical transparency”. Even after the mandate agreement had been signed, ConsenSys employees benefited from their thorough understanding of what various teams existed to do, how they do them, and why.

Nothing is perfect however, and we noticed that this was a slower, heavier process early on. While we'd surely get faster and smoother with practice, trade offs related to speed, transparency, and managerial control will need to be weighed and balanced.

Mesh Fund isn’t meant to be copied by every company. Instead, I encourage you to take inspiration from the design and iterate on a process that feels right for your organization. If you do, I'd love to hear about it and drop it in the comments below.

¹Lee, Michael Y., and Amy C. Edmondson. “Self-Managing Organizations: Exploring the Limits of Less-Hierarchical Organizing.” Research in Organizational Behavior 37 (2017): 35–58.

This guest blog is written by Rob Solomon. Rob is the founder of Cone, which builds solutions that enable decentralized organizations. His background is in corporate finance, operations, and organizational design for decentralized companies.

Subscribe to our newsletter

Latest articles


The organisation

Secours populaire is a movement which allows everyone of goodwill to personally invest in the practice of showing solidarity.

The structures of the SPF

A large decentralised movement, Secours populaire today is a movement for freedom comprising 98 departmental and professional federations as well as just over 600 committees.
A federation of Secours populaire is a departmental structure. It acts as a relay tasked within encouraging, co-ordinating and developing aid actions and ensuring that they are funded. Each federation is made up of all the committees and local branches in the same department. A departmental committee, elected by the departmental congress, ensures the life of the federation. This departmental committee ensures that the aims are respected and it is supported in its work by a finance committee, a secretariat, a treasurer and a general secretary.
A committee, for its part, is a local structure which brings together benefactors from a district, a commune, one or more cantons, a work place or centre of study. This operates in accordance with the organisation’s aims in order to encourage, co-ordinate and develop, by calling on donations and developing initiative which enable donors to financially contribute to actions of humanitarian aid.
Finally, the SPF branch is a group of individuals (at least two) which carries out charity work at the place where they live, work or study in association with a committee, federation or even directly with the national Association (head office) of Secours populaire. The activity must be regular.

The functioning of the SPF

Every two years, the aims of the Secours populaire are decided and voted for at the National Congress. They are prepared as a result of meetings with collectors from the branches, general assemblies of committees and departmental congresses. The statutory events give rise to multiple exchanges with SPF partners (collectors, aid beneficiaries, public bodies, economic decision-makers) both in France and overseas. The management bodies, elected at all levels by the collectors themselves monitor the guidelines for a period of two years.
In total, Secours populaire comprises 98 federations and just over 600 committees throughout France. Currently, a regional structure is developing with the introduction of a regional council within each region.
In order to co-ordinate and drive the movement at the national level, the structures elected by the Congress (Board of Directors and its secretariat, National committee, national office, finance committee) meet regularly several times a year.


What are some disruptive behaviors in the classroom?

What are some disruptive behaviors in the classroom?

Eating, drinking, chewing gum, smoking, carrying pagers and mobile phones, and distributing notes are all deemed distracting in the classroom and should be avoided. These behaviors may appear harmless, but they can actually be very disruptive to the learning process.

Distracting behaviors include talking during class, writing things down, surfing the web, playing with objects other than your pencil or pen, laughing or smiling during class, and absent-mindedly doing something else while listening to your teacher's lecture.

If you find yourself distracted by these behaviors, try not to do them too often or for a long period of time. If you do, you could end up feeling frustrated and unable to pay attention, which will only hurt your learning experience.

People sometimes talk or write things down in class because they don't know how to take notes verbally or in written form, respectively. If this behavior is becoming a problem for you or others, ask your instructor if there is someone available to help out in class. Some teachers may even allow students to pass notes back and forth during lectures.

Smoking, chewing gum, and eating in class are all prohibited at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.

What is an example of dangerous behavior in the classroom?

Attending class while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. >> Making arrogant or insulting comments to the lecturer or other students. Arguing over grades or "grade grubbing" for additional points after the professor asks the student to stop >> Eating or drinking in class without permission or against the class...

What are the behavioral problems in the classroom?

Some examples of immature, unpleasant, or inconsiderate behavior in the classroom, or "classroom incivilities," are:

  • Lateness or leaving early.
  • Inappropriate cellphone and laptop usage in class.
  • Side conversations.
  • Disregard for deadlines.
  • Grade grubbing.
  • Sniping remarks.
  • Cheating.

What is misbehavior in the classroom?

Student misbehaviors such as disruptive talking, chronic avoidance of work, clowning, interfering with teaching activities, harassing classmates, verbal insults, rudeness to the teacher, defiance, and hostility, ranging from infrequent to frequent, mild to severe, are a thorny issue in every classroom. These behaviors can be caused by many factors including boredom, anxiety, emotional disturbance, illness, pain medication, physical limitations, temperament, stress, and trauma.

Students who exhibit misbehavior in the classroom need help. They may be suffering from some sort of emotional problem that needs attention. Or they may have a medical condition that requires care or treatment. Or they may be bored or frustrated with school work. Whatever the cause, students' behavior problems need to be identified and treated promptly if we want them to succeed academically and develop healthy attitudes toward school and learning.

Disruptive talking occurs when children talk too much. It can be about anything that interests them which usually isn't appropriate for the class setting. For example, a student might discuss his or her favorite video game with friends during class time. This would be considered disruptive talking.

Chronic avoidance of work means doing nothing all day long. Students who avoid their homework and school work overall will not learn anything. They may appear to be doing their work, but it's only a veneer over something else.

What are the causes of disruptive behavior in the classroom?

This essay has just touched on a handful of the most typical classroom disruption reasons. Children may become disruptive for a variety of reasons, including psychological challenges such as anxiety, despair, eating disorders, and other emotional problems, as well as learning or behavioral issues. The following sections explore some of these more rare causes of classroom disruption.

Children can become disruptive to school because of physical challenges such as epilepsy, diabetes, asthma, heart conditions, cancer, severe arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and HIV/AIDS. Some children who suffer from these conditions require special assistance from others during class time or else risk hurting themselves or being hurt by others.

Disruptive behaviors may also be caused by environmental factors such as abuse, neglect, or exposure to violence. These children may be at risk for developing additional health problems or exhibiting behaviors that put them at risk for being harmed by others. In addition, they may have cognitive limitations such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that make it difficult for them to pay attention in class. Finally, some children become disruptive because they enjoy causing trouble or acting out aggressively toward people or animals.

The main goal of teachers is to help each child learn within safe limits. Some children may need extra support from their teachers to allow them to remain in the classroom environment.

What to do about distracted students in the classroom?

I strive to make my classes as engaging as possible, with students participating in discussions, group projects, and other activities. As a result, having a class full of half-present pupils dramatically limits what we can do on any given day. The solution is not to prohibit all electronic gadgets in the classroom. Rather, I recommend allowing students some privacy during breaks by telling them that they can use the time to work on assignments or study for tests.

Here are some additional suggestions that have been brought up by readers:

– Provide individual computers for each student. This way those who want to be completely focused on their studies will be able to do so without being disturbed.

– If you have a smartphone app that allows you to send messages to your class, use it! Students love receiving updates from their teachers, especially if it means they won't get in trouble for being away from their desks.

– Distribute reading materials/assignments early so that students have time to prepare before class starts.

– Have regular check-ins with your students. This helps you identify which ones need more attention than others, and also lets you know when there's something important going on in their lives that might affect their ability to learn.

– Be clear about expectations. Students should know where they stand with regards to behavior and attendance.

What are some examples of classroom etiquette?

Guidelines for Classroom Etiquette and Student Behavior

  • Take responsibility for your education.
  • Attend every class.
  • Get to class on time.
  • Do not have private conversations.
  • Turn mobile phones off.
  • Do not dominate other students’ opportunity to learn by asking too many questions.
  • Respect your instructor.

How do you help a disruptive child in class?

Ten great suggestions for dealing with disruptive behavior

  1. Do not take it personally.
  2. Think quickly and act slowly.
  3. Have established rules and procedures.
  4. Condemn the behaviour and not the student.
  5. Act as you say you will.
  6. Avoid shouting and physical contact.
  7. Control your communication and body language.

About Article Author

Virginia Pullman

Virginia Pullman is a psychotherapist and mindfulness teacher. She has been practicing for over 20 years and specializes in the areas of anxiety, stress, and relationships. Her passion is to help people find peace within themselves so they can live life well again!

Related posts


Addressing Commercial Trends In Renewables And Decarbonization | FINTECH.TV

Addressing Commercial Trends In Renewables And Decarbonization

In partnership with the Climate Group and FINTECH.TV, The Nest Summit is an official event of Climate Week NYC, dedicated to advancing sustainability in the US by convening the organizations, visionary researchers, and influential policymakers driving climate action and leading the way to a cleaner and safer environment.

While the commercial renewables industry was born inside the public policy and utility frameworks, the evolution of the industry in the past 3 years has widened considerably. We explore some of the major shifts driving demand for large-scale renewable development, the key enabling commercial points that enable wider scale adoption, and the importance of market design for participants. Key focus areas for conversation include Decarbonising supply chains, needed to promote a growing adoption of net-zero carbon corporate goals by leading multinationalsTransitioning to EV’s: a new 30-year cycle of electricity demand growth, driven by low-carbon resources Green Hydrogen and e-fuels: renewables are the key enabling component of building zero net-carbon liquid fuels for heavy industry and transportation utilities in transition: faster adoption of renewables as a driver of customer satisfaction and shareholder returns.

[hubspot type=form portal=7397263 id=053b2046-d9f0-405a-aac5-08eccd0b845d]


Realm Of Gods Project #0

Hello ICON community, today i will be answering couple questions regarding Realm Of Gods project, feel free to give me your feedback to make it a pleasant experience for players, as i would like to state that i am looking for a sponsor to make the building of this project possible.

1) What is the idea of Realm Of Gods [ present time]

    - It is consistent  of five mythologies, each mythology has eight gods that have different ranks and go initially as {Legend - Rare - Common} and with possibility to upgrade them. Each mythology has one legend god, two rare gods and five common gods. A legend god has two copies per god, rare has one copy per god and common gods have three copies per god.

1.1) How to upgrade your god/goddess?

      - To be able to upgrade your god you need to collect all copies of him and contact the creator throughout twitter ( link of my twitter profile is present in each NFT as unlockable content), after contacting me, then the user send me all the copies of his god for me to burn and transfer him the enhanced version of his god. Due to lack of resources and funding i had to come up with this idea instead of using a smart contract which is known to be more efficient and professional.

1.2) What is the status of the project?

    - Only two mythologies are minted so far ( 16 gods) having 19 owners , and with 3 upgraded gods ( 2 legend upgraded to a rare legend god and a common god upgraded into rare god)

2) How can a sponsor benefit the project?

  -1- With a fund, the dream project can come to live, in which each mythology will have its own token with varying values enabling owners to buy equipment for their gods from weapons and cloths and backgrounds and upgrading their powers and weapons on a website similar to that of GangstaBet project.
 -2- also, with a sufficient fund, this idea can reach a game level where players compete each other and have authority to order gods with lower ranks to fight and serve them.

thank you for reading about my project, feel free to enlighten me with your feedbacks and consider sponsoring it.


George Washington might be one of our nation’s most prominent figures. Not only because he was a Founding Father and the 1st President of the United States, but also because he had a profound influence on America’s history. Consequently, we have decided to compile this general profile about his life, his beginnings, presidency, personal life, and much more.

Before delving into his life, let us first ask: who is George Washington?

George Washington

George Washington

George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner who became the first president of the United States after serving as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War. He served from 1789 to 1797.

Early Life

Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. He was Augustine and Mary Ball Washington’s eldest child of six: George, Elizabeth, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles, and Mildred. The family was considered middle-class as they lived in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on Pope's Creek.

Washington may trace his ancestors' arrival in North America to his great-grandfather, John Washington, who immigrated to Virginia from England. In England, the family was well-known, and Henry VIII granted them land. However, Oliver Cromwell's Puritan government wiped out all of the family's fortune in England. Lawrence Washington, Washington's ancestor, moved to Virginia in 1657. Until Washington's father, Augustine, was born in 1694, little is known about the family in North America.

George's father was a prominent planter and a justice of the county court in the area. He was once involved in starting iron mines and building mills. Jane Butler was his first wife, and they had three children together: Lawrence, Augustine Jr., and Jane. He married Mary Ball (George Washington’s mother) in 1731 after Jane died in 1729.

Childhood and Education

George Washington's childhood is a mystery, and it remains the most misunderstood period of his life. Augustine, George's father, died when he was eleven years old, leaving much of his assets to George's adult half brothers. The money, from what was left, was barely enough to keep Mary Washington and her children afloat. George, as the eldest of Mary's children, undoubtedly assisted his mother in the management of their Rappahannock River plantation, which made him realize the importance of hard work in one’s life.

Washington did not have the privilege to receive the proper education that he needed due to his father’s death, which left the family with very limited funds for educating him. The young man's only formal education was offered by private tutors and a local school in Fredericksburg. However, he had a passion for seeking life-long knowledge, and it showed. Even though he hadn’t attended college or had any formal education, he encouraged everyone around him to keep pursuing their education and to read. It would be safe to say that George Washington was self-taught because he started reading and experimenting to improve his area of knowledge. This path towards self-improvement was influenced by his relationship with his half-brother, Lawrence, who introduced Washington to Virginia’s nobles and elites. Not only that, but also his lifelong friendships with the Fairfaxes taught him math and science surveying techniques.

Some Interesting Facts:

  • Washington made a copy of the Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation when he was 14 years old.
  • He was a keen reader of modern farming techniques and was constantly experimenting with new plants and methods.
  • George Washington was deeply embarrassed by his lack of formal education in his life. The founders were mostly college-educated gentlemen who had spent years studying law and the classics. Washington was one of the few leaders of his generation who did not have a privileged education.
  • George Washington's library had over 1,200 titles at the time of his death. Many of these books are now secured at Mount Vernon's Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington.

Military Career

Washington hadn’t had any previous experience in the military, however, he displayed early signs of natural leadership. Because of this, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed Washington as a commander in the Virginia militia in December 1752.

After serving in the French and Indian War, he was given command of all of Virginia's militia forces, at the age of only 23. He was sent to the frontier to monitor and defend nearly 400 miles of the border. This led to a deterioration in his health, and he was eventually sent home in the year 1757.

Shortly after, Washington returned to service in 1758, this time on a mission to seize Fort Duquesne. It resulted in 14 of Washington's men being killed and 26 wounded. The British, on the other hand, were able to secure a major victory by taking Fort Duquesne and gaining control of the Ohio Valley. The aggravating war that he experienced resulted in him leaving the Virginia army by the end of that year.

However, he still did not give up on the idea of duty and service in the army. He applied for another commission with the British army but he was rejected. Consequently, he resigned his commission in 1759 and returned to Mount Vernon, where he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and served until 1774.

Marriage and Family

Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis, a month after leaving the army. Martha brought great wealth to the marriage: an 18,000-acre estate from which Washington gained 6,000 acres. With this and the land he received for his military service, Washington became one of Virginia's wealthier landowners. Martha was a widow and had two young daughters named John (Jacky) and Martha (Patsy), aged six and four, respectively.

The American Revolution

By the late 1760s, Washington had witnessed the grave effects of the taxes imposed by the British on the American colonists, and he thought that declaring independence from England was the greatest advantage to the colonists. In 1774, Washington attended the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia as a delegate. The American Revolution had started in earnest by the time the Second Continental Congress assembled a year later, where Washington had been elected commander in chief of the Continental Army besieging the British in Boston. For more than 8 years, the command kept him away from Mount Vernon, but in his letters to Martha, he told her that he expects to return home in the fall.

But then, an unexpected turn of events happened. The British situation in Boston was unsustainable, and they withdrew from the city in March 1776. But it was just a brief resting phase. A new British army, led by Sir William Howe, arrived in the colonies in June with orders to conquer New York City. Howe’s army defeated Washington’s troops at first because it was larger and better equipped. However, with great flexibility and the belief that keeping his army intact was the best solution, Washington’s troops triumphed over the fully supplied and better-trained British army, resulting in a victory that amazed the world.

First President of the United States

After signing the Treaty of Paris between America and Great Britain, Washington had decided to go back to a normal and quiet life as a loving father and a farmer. In 1787, however, he was invited to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and serve as the chairman of the committee that would draft the new constitution. His great and effective leadership skills during his time of duty persuaded the delegates that he was by far the best candidate for the position of the first president of the United States.

Washington initially resisted because he yearned to return to his peaceful life away from all the political turbulence. However, public opinion was so powerful that he finally caved in. On January 7, 1789, the first presidential election was held, and George Washington easily won. He was the first president in American history to be chosen by unanimous consent, receiving votes from every elector in the Electoral College. On April 30, he was sworn in as President of the United States at Federal Hall in New York City, the country's capital at the time.

During his time in office, he signed a bill for creating a new and permanent U.S. capital,  across the Potomac River; the city which was later named Washington, D.C., in his honor.

Retirement and Death

After serving two terms as the U.S. president, Washington finally retired in 1796. Eventually returning to Mount Vernon, he focused his efforts on restoring the plantation's productivity as it had been before he was elected. However, serving the country for more than four decades comes with its price; Washington was aged and tired. He caught a cold in 1799 that eventually worsened into a throat infection. He died on the night of December 14, 1799, at the age of 67, and was laid to rest at Mount Vernon, which was declared a national historic landmark in 1960.

Everlasting Legacy

Washington's legacy is one of the most enduring in American history. Undoubtedly, his selflessness, patriotism, and influence on the United States’ history make the nation as a whole commemorate and honor him in various ways. The most important of which is featuring his face on the United States dollar bill, dollar coin, and quarter coin, and the names of thousands of American schools, cities, and counties, as well as the state of Washington and the nation's capital city, all pay homage to him.


Digital Health Europe (DHE) has released an empowerment roadmap outlining the elements (in particular at organisational level) to improve patient empowerment and therefore better collaboration with healthcare providers and health systems, while increasing their trust in digital health. As part of this roadmap, seven key steps have been identified: Define the challenge and needs; Prepare the ecosystem; Empower key stakeholders; Co-develop digital health; Implement; Evaluate and assess; Adapt and Improve.

The patient empowerment roadmap can be downloaded here.


How Colleges Read Applications

How Colleges Read Applications - JJB Education

Contrary to common thought, colleges are looking for reasons to accept students, not reject them! Colleges look at many different aspects of students’ academic and non-academic profiles when looking for proper fits. As you know, we work with students with learning differences.

According to our governing body, Independent Educational Consultants Association or IECA, here are the top five things that colleges look for in High School Students.
  1. A rigorous high school curriculum that challenges students. This doesn’t mean every student should be taking Honors and AP classes but it does mean that students that are capable of doing well in such classes, shouldn’t stray away from them.
  2. Grades! Colleges want to see students being academically successful. They also like to see students having an upward trend in grades.
  3. Standardized test scores (ACT/SAT). Your student’s scores should be reflective of the success they have had in high school.
  4. A well written and insightful essay. This is a chance for students to set themselves apart outside of their GPA and test scores.
  5. Involvement in activities. This could be activities in school or outside of school. Colleges would prefer to see students involved in a few things for multiple years than many activities for a brief period of time.

70% of what colleges look at are student transcripts. Families often ask us what their kids could do to have a better chance of being accepted and our answer is almost always, improve or keep up grades. Everything is a small piece in the puzzle.

If you would like to see more about what colleges look for in high school students please check out this article.


"Archimedes. I have it! My memory's not so bad." (U13.1142)
"Others in vessels, bit of a handkerchief sail, pitched about like snuff at a wake when the stormy winds do blow. Married too." (U13.1150)
"Something in all those superstitions because when you go out never know what dangers. Hanging on to a plank" (U13.1159)"
"or astride of a beam for grim life, lifebelt round him, gulping salt water, and that's the last of his nibs till the sharks catch hold of him." (U13.1160)

The Linati scheme for Nausicaa includes the correspondences Phaeacia - Star of the Sea; Gerty - Nausicaa. Nausicaa is the daughter of Alcinous, the King of Phaecia; she is the first to meet Ulysses when he reaches their shores. This engraving (1886) shows Ulysses hanging on to a plank, shipwrecked on the coast of Phaecia.
"Do fish ever get seasick?
Then you have a beautiful calm without a cloud, smooth sea, placid, crew and cargo in smithereens, Davy Jones' locker, moon looking down so peaceful. Not my fault, old cockalorum." (U12.1162)
"A lost long candle wandered up the sky from Mirus bazaar in search of funds for Mercer's hospital and broke, drooping, and shed a cluster of violet but one white stars. They floated, fell: they faded. The shepherd's hour: the hour of folding: hour of tryst." (U13.1166)

[Image courtesy of the ZJJF]
"Bears in the zoo." (U13.1185)

Dublin Zoo (located in Phoenix Park, and initially called the Zoological Gardens), opened on September 1st 1831 under the auspices of the Zoological Society of Dublin (founded in 1830 for that purpose). It is the third oldest zoo in the world, after London and Paris. The original animals, 46 mammals and 72 birds, were donated by the London Zoo. In this period ad, we see the Zoo's opening hours as well as the entrance fees. The zoo was proud of its lions; one of them went on to become a roaring lion in the MGM movie credits.
"Bears in the zoo. Filthy trip." (U13.1185)


in astronomy, a circumpolar constellation of the Southern Hemisphere bordered by Ara, Norma, Circinus, and Apus. (A circumpolar constellation lies near the celestial pole, and at most latitudes of the hemisphere it never sets. The celestial pole is the projection into space of the Earth’s axis through the geographic pole.) Triangulum Australe is located in an area of the Milky Way that is not abundant in deep-sky objects. The constellation reaches its pinnacle on June 20 at 10:00 pm

Triangulum Australe was delineated in the 16th century by two Dutch navigators, Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederik de Houtman, and published in Johann Bayer’s 1603 star atlas, the ‘Uranometria’. Keyser cataloged 135 stars and delineated 12 new constellations: Apus, Chamaeleon, Dorado, Grus, Hydrus, Indus, Musca, Pavo, Phoenix, Triangulum Australe, Tucana, and Volans. De Houtman later added more stars to the catalog, bringing the total number of stars for this region of the sky up to 303. Bayer wanted to include a southern equivalent to the well-established northern triangle, Triangulum, but the one he included in his atlas was not the same one that Petrus Plancius had included on his star globe of 1589.

The brightest star in Triangulum Australe is called Atria by navigators, a name that is a contraction for Alpha Trianguli Australis. Alpha Trianguli Australis is a second-magnitude, orange K2 giant only 80 light-years from Earth. The three brightest stars of Triangulum Australe are sometimes called the “Three Patriarchs,” which refers to the biblical Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The alpha star represents Abraham. The beta star is a third-magnitude white star that is only 33 light-years from Earth. The third, Gamma Trianguli Australis, also a third-magnitude star, is a blue-white A-type main-sequence star that is about 91 light-years from Earth. It shows spectral lines of the metal europium. The nearly equilateral triangle these three stars form is southeast of Alpha and Beta Centauri.

The small, open star cluster NGC 6025, which is on the border with Norma, contains about 30 stars of the seventh magnitude or less and is about 2,000 light-years away from Earth. Several other notable objects are NGC 5979, a planetary nebula, and several Cepheid variables. The planetary nebula has a magnitude of 13. One of the Cepheids has a period of a little more than three days and the other a period of a little more than six days. They change their spectral attributes from F white stars to yellow G stars at their most intense point. The former is called R Trianguli Australis and the latter is called S Trianguli Australis.

Critically reviewed by James Seevers


How Sanctions on Russia, War in Ukraine and Covid in China Are Transforming Global Supply Chains

Date: Thursday, March 31, 2022
Source: The Wall Street Journal

A new world order is emerging for the vital supply chains that deliver most of the goods we rely on for our daily existence.

Companies, especially tech companies, are questioning the orthodoxies of the past 50 years of globalization. Those orthodoxies include always seeking out the lowest-cost manufacturer, no matter how distant, and never carrying surplus inventory or parts. The results of the shift currently under way could include the movement of jobs and manufacturing representing hundreds of billions of dollars in economic activity in the decades to come.

As companies build more factories, in more locations, and buy parts and materials from a greater diversity of suppliers, the world’s supply chains are becoming more like supply webs.

Modern supply chains were designed to be cost-effective, but not necessarily resilient. Ever since the adoption of the shipping container in the 1960s, supply chains for most goods have grown ever longer. Making transoceanic and transcontinental shipping cheap and reliable meant manufacturing could move to wherever wages were lowest. This, in turn, meant most factories moved to the opposite side of the world, principally to China. But it also meant, especially for complicated tech like smartphones and computers, that as materials were synthesized into parts, and then subcomponents and finally finished products, they might crisscross the world multiple times.

Gadgets, which tend to have more parts sourced from more places than almost anything save automobiles and complicated industrial equipment, have turned out to be especially dependent on three features of global trade that were, until just a few years ago, taken for granted. The first is that raw materials would always be cheap and widely available. The second, that shipping would always cost a fraction of the value of the goods being moved. The third was that this shipping would always be reliable.

The U.S.-China trade war beginning in 2018 made it apparent to many manufacturers that these assumptions might not hold true. Then the Covid-19 pandemic drove home the point. Now, sanctions against Russia, the continuation of the trade war with China, natural disasters and the production and shipping capacity knocked out by the invasion of Ukraine appear to be making issues with globalized supply chains chronic.

For many companies, the pandemic-fueled pause in globalization is turning into a broad effort to figure out how to make supply chains more robust by adding more factories, suppliers and sources of materials. It isn’t deglobalization by any stretch, but it is an expensive and time-consuming reshuffling of where things are made.

All those materials and goods still have to come from somewhere. In logistics, this shift from supply chains to webs is known as “multiple sourcing,” says Nathan Resnick, president and co-founder of Sourcify, which helps businesses find and manage factories in Asia. It has long been standard practice to have more than one supplier for goods and parts in a supply chain, but beginning with the most recent trade wars, more companies, even small and medium-size ones, have been forced to do the hard work of setting up more factories and synchronizing the quality of goods across them, he adds.

Willy Shih is a professor at Harvard University and a member of a committee advising the U.S. Commerce Department on how to shore up domestic supply chains. In a recent essay, he described how the pandemic has been a wake-up call for managers, and how the world seems to be moving toward companies and countries figuring out how to relocate supply chains within regional trading blocs of politically allied countries.

At the same time that companies are recognizing their vulnerability to supply disruptions, governments also are focusing more on safeguarding access to key goods for national-security reasons. These policies go by many names. In China, this move toward self-reliance is known as “dual circulation.” It was announced in May 2020, in the country’s 14th five-year plan. In the European Union, the portion of this philosophy that deals with tech has been christened “Technological Sovereignty.”

In the U.S., a passel of legislation, executive orders, and rule making by the Commerce Department is aimed at shoring up domestic supply chains. These efforts include the $52 billion Chips for America Act, passed but not yet funded, aimed at bringing microchip manufacturing back to the U.S. The goal is to reverse a decadeslong trend that has reduced the U.S. share of global chip manufacturing to less than 12% from about 40% in 1990.

Bringing tech home

With demand for microchips growing so quickly that chip makers can’t keep up, manufacturers aren’t waiting on the Chips Act. They’ve announced a spate of new factories, scattered around the world. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, or TSMC, maker of nearly all the latest-generation chips in Apple’s products, is spending $100 billion over the next three years to increase its capacity, including new factories in Arizona and Japan. Intel has pledged to spend $95 billion on new manufacturing capacity in Europe alone, and $20 billion on a new factory in Ohio that could eventually grow to a $100 billion investment. Samsung plans a new $17 billion facility in Texas. Even makers of chips using older technology, like Texas Instruments and On Semiconductor—companies that remain critical for automobiles and appliances and for mundane functions in some advanced gadgets—are splurging on new and expanded factories.

Encouraging these investments has become a rare spot of bipartisanship in D.C., with many in both the Democratic and Republican parties taking the view that subsidizing economically important industries like chip manufacturing is also important for national security. H.R. McMaster, former national security adviser in the Trump administration, this past week called funding of the Chips Act “absolutely critical.”

The current global situation, where countries are lining up in expansive geopolitical alliances separated by trade wars and actual wars, is reminiscent of the Cold War and even World War II, says Klon Kitchen, a senior fellow specializing in technology and national security at the conservative-leaning American Enterprise Institute. In the event of escalated tensions between the U.S. and its allies and Russia, China, or other allied nations, the U.S. cannot afford to lose access to advanced microchips and the other parts and manufacturing required to build everything from weapons systems to smartphones and 5G networks, he adds.

Currently, almost all of the world’s advanced microchip manufacturing is concentrated in Taiwan, a self-ruled island democracy of 24 million people 100 miles off the coast of mainland China, which China’s Communist government has long claimed and vows to recapture.

This situation represents “an extreme concentration which should make us worried,” says Emily Kilcrease, director of the energy, economics and security program at the Center for a New American Security, a Washington think tank that in the late 2000s supplied talent to the Obama administration. “But it makes us extra-nervous that it’s in such a geopolitically fraught location, given China and Taiwan tensions.”

Regional manufacturing

Computer chips are hardly the only kind of tech for which supply chains are being transformed into multisource supply webs.

Manufacturing of batteries, especially for electric vehicles, is currently dominated by China. But dozens of new “gigafactories” for EV batteries are going up all over the U.S. and the world—basically, just about anywhere there is a robust automobile-manufacturing infrastructure.

The iPhone, that icon of the world’s longest and most complicated supply chains, continues to arrive on time in part because of coordination of Apple and Foxconn, its main contract manufacturer. Even before the pandemic, Foxconn took advantage of generous subsidies to redistribute manufacturing of the iPhone, splitting production of the device and many others that it makes between Shenzhen and western China, says Dr. Shih. Foxconn has also expanded manufacturing of the iPhone to Chennai, India, and of AirPods to Vietnam.

Southeast Asia in particular has become a hotbed of regional “nearsourcing” of tech manufacturing. (Nearsourcing is when manufacturing is set up in countries close to where an item is consumed or where final assembly takes place—a classic example is when U.S. companies move manufacturing to Mexico from China.) In Southeast Asia, whole Chinese factories are copied and dropped into countries like Vietnam and Thailand, which remain close to parts and materials that are still manufactured in China, but where labor costs are lower. Samsung Electronics, for example, makes the majority of its smartphones in Vietnam, as well as its smart appliances.

Policies designed to safeguard access to key goods go by various names: China calls it ‘dual circulation’; the EU calls its version ‘technological sovereignty.’

With most countries in Southeast Asia attempting to maintain geopolitical neutrality, the region has the potential to remain a supplier to pretty much every nation in the world, says Dr. Shih. That won’t stop companies from trying to copy some elements of what is currently accomplished in this region—like the packaging of microchips, a step that comes after their manufacture, in the U.S. and Europe. The result could be regional manufacturing, where countries try to assure that, even if they don’t make something themselves, they can source it from an ally, he adds.

Even if we wanted to, trying to reproduce the whole of electronics supply chains in the U.S., from raw materials to finished goods, would be extraordinarily difficult, if not impossible, says Lauren Dudley, a research analyst focused on competition with China at Rhodium Group, a New York-based economic-research firm.

America may have at one point or another made almost all of the components that go into modern gadgets, but a great deal of that knowledge has been lost, as factories were shipped overseas, engineers and technicians retired, and no one was trained to take their places, says Dr. Shih.

Some people who study supply chains and webs say the current shift risks going too far. Trying to achieve in the U.S. something like EU officials’ goal of tech sovereignty would be a mistake, says Ms. Kilcrease. While it makes sense for chips and electronics that will go into defense systems to be made here, that remains a tiny fraction of the total that are manufactured every year. “We should not forget the lessons we learned about how really complex globalized supply chains can lead to innovation,” she adds.

Whatever investments companies and governments make, nothing in a world-spanning system of manufacturing and delivery of goods changes quickly. Reordering decades of globalization, moving both factories and the expertise required to run them, is a Herculean task requiring a great deal of money—and time.

“To have this decoupling that a lot of people talk about, you are talking about a decadeslong project,” says Dr. Shih. “You really have to have a lot of commitment.”

[Read from the original source.]


Art Oracle

Ritual Suggestion: Place an intuitively picked card from the deck on your altar and ask that the artist's frequency supports you in whatever situation you are needing assistance. It is helpful to place their artwork as your phone or computer wallpaper, read their biography for connection, read or listen to their favorite books and music for inspiration, or even cook meals that they enjoyed! There is much to be learned and experienced by seeing through their lens and walking in their shoes. Pair with the Music Oracle deck for an extra dose of inspiration. Have fun!


What are the two types of blocks in table tennis?

Like we mentioned earlier, there are different types of table tennis blocks. However, the basic strokes are the forehand block and the backhand block. You can make other advanced blocking shots, like blocking a table tennis smash and returning a topspin serve.

What is table tennis push block?

What is forehand block in table tennis?

Description. The forehand block in table tennis is a more defensive shot, used to control incoming speed and spin shots from your opponent. It is an extremely useful shot for when the ball from your opponent is to strong to topspin or counter attack and you have less time to play your stroke.

How do you block in tennis?

The forehand block

Lower your centre of gravity by bending your knees. Using a short stroke, your racket arm should move from the elbow in a horizontal plane and very slightly upwards, whilst your free arm should point in the same direction as your racket arm to assist with your balance.

What does pusher mean in tennis?

In tennis, a pusher is a defensive player who “pushes” back any shot they can chase down, without deliberately hitting a winner. They can angle shots, aim deep, as well as produce effective lobs. Pushers are extremely quick and consistent, rarely making errors.

How do you stop a spin in table tennis?

How to play table tennis – Block

Is the offensive trump card in table tennis?

The offensive trump card is the smash. A player will typically execute a smash when the opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high or too close to the net. Smashing consists of using a large backswing and rapid acceleration to impart as much speed on the ball as possible.

How do you smash in table tennis?

Forehand Smash | Table Tennis | PingSkills

How many shots are there in table tennis?

The four basic table tennis shots: Forehand Drive. Backhand Drive. Forehand Push.

How do you run a backhand block in table tennis?

How to Backhand Block in Table Tennis | Killerspin

How does a drop shot is done?

Extend your elbow and flex your wrist on contact. Slice across the shuttlecock with the face of the racket slightly open, or just before contact, slow the speed of the racket down, tapping the shuttle gently over the net. Hit the shuttlecock at a flat trajectory, allowing it to drop just over the net.

What are the strokes in table tennis?

To get started, you’ll just need to learn four basic strokes: the forehand drive, the forehand push, the backhand drive and the backhand push. Once you’ve mastered these strokes, you can go on to more complicated techniques that will raise the level of your game.

Is Djokovic a pusher?

As for groundstrokes, Djokovic merely pushes for the most part or else overhits long with the forehand – anywhere but the court with the backhand.

What is a walkover in tennis mean?

What is a baseliner tennis player?

A baseliner plays from the back of the tennis court, around/behind/within the baseline, preferring to hit groundstrokes, thereby allowing themselves more time to react to their opponent’s shots, rather than to come up to the net (except in certain situations).

How do you block heavy topspin?

How to block heavy topspin

How do you block a spike in ping pong?

Blocking tactics to mess up your opponents

What is offensive stroke?

5 / 5 OFFENSIVE STROKES – A forceful shot with an emphasis on speed. – It is a power stroke that will have the intention of winning the point. Also known as a flat hit or kill. – Usually executed when the opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high and/or close to the net SMASH. 7 DEFENSIVE STROKES 1.

Is block a defensive hit in table tennis?

The block shot is a defensive stroke that allows a player to use the speed of their opponent’s shot against them. It needs to be completed straight after the bounce to ensure that the player maintains control of the ball.

How do you get disqualified in table tennis?

The referee has the power to disqualify a player from a match, an event or a whole competition, for seriously unfair or offensive behaviour, whether it was reported to him by the umpire or not. He does this by holding up a red card.

Can you spike in table tennis?

It’s also worth noting that, despite all the subtle changes to this rule, it has never been legal to volley the ball in table tennis like you can when playing tennis. And it has never been legal to “spike” the ball and then play a shot as you can in volleyball either.

Can you jump in table tennis?

You can lean, sit or even jump up onto the table during a point, as long as you don’t move the playing surface. Umpires will only rule that the table has been moved if they can see it happen with the naked eye.

How do you win at table tennis?

A point is won by a player when the opponent cannot hit the ball with a racket over the net and onto the other side of the table. A game is won by being the first player to win 11 points, and be at least 2 points ahead of his or her opponent.

What are the 5 basic hits of table tennis?

The four shots are

  • Forehand drive.
  • Backhand drive.
  • Backhand push.
  • Forehand push.

What are the 5 basic hits in playing table tennis?

The basic table tennis skills are forehand and backhand hits, pushes, flicks, loops, spinning the ball, and serving.

What is the most important skill in table tennis?


Chinese Empire, Qing Dynasty, Taiping Rebels, «Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace,» 1 Ch'ien

From 1850 to 1864, China was shaken by the Taiping Rebellion. Leader of the rebels was Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. Hong wanted to convert the Chinese to Christianity, and at the same time liberate China from the foreign rule of the Qing dynasty. In 1851, Hong founded the "Taiping Tianguo," the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace," in his hideaway in the mountains. He introduced a new calendar, starting in 1851 with the year 1 of the Taiping era. That year, the rebels started to conquer their "Heavenly Kingdom" with a series of amazing victories. In the year 3 of the Taiping era, they conquered the city of Nanjing, from where the "Heavenly Kingdom" was reigned over the next eleven years. During that time, the Taiping also issued coins; this piece is worth 1 ch'ien. The obverse has the characters for "tai ping," "peace," above and below the square hole, and the characters "tian guo," meaning "Heavenly Kingdom," to the right and left. The reverse has the characters "Sheng bao" for "holy coin" on the right and left.


What would it take for urban dwellers to sort food waste?

What would it take for households to pre-sort their waste so it can be properly managed? A literature review published in the Journal of Cleaner Production delves into the many social factors that contribute to successful waste management in urban areas. It provides a useful guide for any city willing to improve its food waste management policies.

The unintended consequences of successful urban food policies

The A to Z of urban food analysis

urban food system analysis

Food waste: raising awareness is important, but not decisive


Ward's World + McGraw Hill's AccessScience

Ward's World+McGraw Hill Bacteriology_with_questions

Issue link: https://wardsworld.wardsci.com/i/1321072

Contents of this Issue

Page 0 of 2

Bacteriology Article by J.C. Ensign, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Key Concepts • Bacteriology, a specialized branch of microbiology, is the study of bacteria. • Bacteria display an incredible physiological diversity. • One of the most important events in the history of civiliza- tion was the discovery that bacteria cause disease. • Bacteria have no discrete, membrane-bound nucleus and no special intracellular membrane-bound organelles. Access to this content is available to Ward's World readers for free from McGraw Hill's AccessScience, an award-winning, digital STEM resource containing exclusive articles written by expert scientists and engineers; biographies of well-known scientific figures; science news, videos, and animations; and much, much more. Instructors can use AccessScience to guide students on their research project journeys, to help students understand scientific concepts, to support distance learning efforts, in flipped classroom approaches, and in countless other ways. Ward's World and AccessScience have partnered to offer educators a no-obligation, free trial subscription to AccessScience. Request your free trial today to discover how valuable AccessScience can be for you and your students! Get your free trial now. The study of bacteria. The science of bacteriology is a special- ized branch of microbiology concerned with bacteria (Fig. 1) Although bacteria are different in some important respects from all other kinds of cells, their basic processes of physiology and genetics are the same as in all forms of life. One unusual property of bacteria as a whole is their physiological diversity. Some bacteria live in the total absence of oxygen and convert complex carbohydrates to acids and alcohols (fermenta- tion), sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, nitrate to nitrogen gas, and hydrogen plus carbon dioxide to methane gas; other bacteria carry out photosynthesis by mechanisms nearly identical to plants; some bacteria can grow and multiply by using energy obtained from oxidation of sulfur, ammonia, hydrogen, or iron, while obtaining carbon for cell synthesis from carbon dioxide; and some can obtain their needed nitrogen from the gas in air. Humans and the planet Earth are profoundly affected by bacteria. There is solid evidence that oxygen first appeared in the air some 2 billion years ago as a result of the activity of bac- teria. Moreover, bacteria are critically important in the recycling of materials essential to plants and animals. The degradation of complex substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, to carbon dioxide allows plants to grow. Conversion of ammonia to nitrate and of nitrogen gas to amino acids is also essential to plants. Great numbers of bacteria live on human skin surfaces as well as in the mouth and intestinal tract; most of these are benign or even beneficial. Some bacteria, given the opportunity, can cause severe diseases of humans, other animals, and plants. Relationship to other life forms Bacteria were considered to be primitive plants until approx- imately 1955, when improved technology of electron micros- copy made it possible to observe their intracellular structure. which was found to be much different and simpler than that of + ward ' s science Content • Relationship to other life forms • Bacteria and disease • Models for biochemistry and genetics • Biotechnology Fig. 1: Colorized transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a Helicobacter pylori bacterium, which uses its flagella (hairlike strands) for locomotion. This bacterium commonly causes inflammation of the stomach lining and stomach ulcers. (Credit: Heather Davies/Science Source)

Articles in this issue

Links on this page

Archives of this issue

view archives of Ward's World + McGraw Hill's AccessScience - Ward's World+McGraw Hill Bacteriology_with_questions


Effects of Stress on Type 1 Diabetes

Getting diagnosed with type 1 diabetes can be a traumatic event to live through. Unfortunately, the initial diagnosis is just the beginning of a life-long relationship with the disease. While getting back to normal is completely achievable, the stress that comes along with type 1 diabetes needs to be properly managed for life to resume again.

Not only does diabetes itself bring stress, but all the worries experienced before a diabetes diagnosis still exist and now can affect our bodies more intensely. Thankfully, armed with awareness and knowledge, a type 1 diabetic has the power to overcome most of the stress that diabetes will try to add to life.

Read on to learn more about how stress physically affects the body of a type 1 diabetic, tips for managing blood glucose levels during stressful times as well as overall stress management.

How Stress Affects the Body

When the body is dealing with stress, it causes our hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol to rise. This means that the body is hormonally unbalanced and dealing with inflammation. A spike of hormones in the body inhibits our receptor cells that convert glucose to energy which causes blood glucose levels to rise.

Constant emotional or mental stress will cause a slight overall increase in blood glucose levels. Acute physical stress or emotional shock will cause a big spike in glucose levels. If not dealt with, both can have a great impact on one’s long term health.

Managing Blood Glucose Levels

It is important to keep a close eye on blood glucose levels while dealing with stress. Because it is known that stress causes an increase in glucose levels, taking the necessary steps is advised. Some diabetes management tools you may want to draw upon while living through a stressful time are:

  1. Testing blood glucose more often and keeping track of patterns.
  2. Adjusting one’s basal rate if BG remains high for longer than a day (always discuss with your doctor before adjusting your rates).
  3. Staying hydrated. High BG levels increase the risk of dehydration which can cause diabetic ketoacidosis, have liquids nearby at all times.
  4. If physical stress is expected, try administering a small amount of medication before the event (again discuss with your doctor before doing this to get help with dosing).
  5. Make an effort to eat nutrient-dense foods, rich in fiber and vitamins. The body will feel more balanced and blood glucose levels react the best to whole foods.
  6. Prioritize sleep above almost all other things. Stress + diabetes can be extremely exhausting. It’s important to give your body the rest it needs.
  7. Exercise if possible. When dealing with stress, it can be hard to get motivated to move, but exercise reduces stress hormones and will help get blood glucose levels back to a balanced place.

Managing Stress

Maintain a Daily Routine

It’s a good idea to have a daily routine that keeps stress managed, even when no stress is interfering in one’s life. Set aside 10 minutes a day to meditate. Be consistent with it so that it becomes a habit and well integrated into daily life. This will prepare and help tackle extra stressful days.

Keep a diabetes reflection journal on blood glucose levels and/or feelings regarding type 1 diabetes. Often times, we can be in denial of our how type 1 diabetes, it’s good to be aware of how the disease is really affecting us to we can tackle problems and live better. Also, be sure to get fresh air every day. Get outside and take a couple of deep breathes. Appreciate the day, remind yourself of something you are grateful for and do your best to live in the now.

Seek Therapy

When dealing with big problems, such as feeling stuck and unable to get out alone, do not be ashamed about seeking professional help! It is a therapist’s job to help us feel better so trust in the process that they are doing their best as well as trust in yourself that you are too.

Don’t Hide

Don’t hide your diabetes. This goes for friends, family, and work. Let people know in a causal or non-casual way (whatever works for you) that you are living with a chronic illness and it can cause some immediate health risks at times. This will reduce unwanted anxiety and stress related to future health concerns.

Living with Diabetes

As you can see, living with type 1 diabetes adds a lot of stress to ones life. As if simply managing blood glucose levels wasn’t enough of a task, every emotion and action also affects blood glucose levels.

Thankfully, we live in a time where research and development have been able to explain and help us manage diabetes better than ever. With a little bit of extra effort, nothing can get in the way of achieving one’s goals and aspirations, not even the stress of living with type 1 diabetes.

Abigail David

Abigail David


Skip to Content

How Isopods Sense their Environment — Just Wow!

How Isopods Sense their Environment — Just Wow!

I like a clean home, and one morning as I was sweeping, I found a rolled-up little crustacean in my home. It was a pillbug or isopod, also known as a roly-poly.

Having never seen one up close, I decided to place it somewhere dark and quiet and watch it for a while.

After a few moments, the roly-poly unrolled and began to amble about. I was utterly fascinated by the way in which it was figuring out where to go, and I wondered just how isopods sense the world around them.

Turning on the light triggered a much more intense reaction, and the isopod began to run at speed. Just how did it know the light was on, and why did it scurry away?

I had some questions, and I set off to my local insectologist to find the answers.

How Isopods Sense Their Environment

Some isopods have 2 antennae on either side of their head, others have 2 sets, totaling 4 antennae. These antennae are used like a blind man’s walking stick to feel out their environment, connecting with objects, reading the texture and moisture of the surrounding environment, and telling the isopod about the world around them.

Isopod Sensory Adaptation Explored

Isopods have different systems that help them to interpret their world. Unlike many insects and mammals that rely on their eyes to provide sight and sensory interpretation, isopods have antennae that guide them.

This makes an isopod similar to a centipede or other segmented insects that have antennae to detect their world with.

How Isopods See Their World

By using their antennae to read the stimuli from their world, isopods can tell what the temperature, moisture, and telemetry of their world are like.

Isopods do have compound eyes that help them tell the light spectrum from the surrounding area. It is these eyes that will cause an isopod to roll up into a protective ball, scatter when your shadow falls on them, or if you turn on the light.

With sustained darkness, your isopod’s eyes will inform it that it is now safe to emerge from its protective position and continue exploring its world.

This is why the isopod I found in my kitchen unrolled when I placed it in a dark place.

Other Senses for Isopods

Isopods mostly rely on their antennae to tell them where they should move to and at what speed.

For the most part, their antennae have two functions: to tell the isopod where it is moister as isopods breathe through land-gills that require a moist environment and to detect areas that are darkest and food-rich.

As a way to ensure they never lose their sensory abilities, isopods usually have two antennae and two antennule (or short antennae) to guarantee that if the larger antennae are severed by a predator or accident, they are still able to “see” their world.

If an isopod is no longer able to tell moisture and darkness levels of the world around them, they will die.

Isopods are land-based crustaceans that require moist, dark, and decay-filled environments to survive. They use their antennae and compound eyes to find the perfect places for them to hide such as under your home’s potted plants, among roots of plants, and in leafy compost.

I have since been placing any isopods I find in the darker corners of my garden near my leafy plants that have nice mulching to cover their roots.

A final interesting adaptation that isopods have is their ability to smell with their antennae. I found this most interesting!

Isopods, despite not having noses, are able to smell where their food sources are.

Smell helps them move in the general direction of their food source, using taxis to get there.

Or if they smell that they are moving toward a dry area with too much light, they can redirect their movement using kinesis to move in a different direction at random to reacquire the scent of a more favorable place.

Frequently Asked Questions about How Isopods Sense Their Environment

What stimuli do isopods react to?

Isopods can detect many small environmentally based stimuli. These include heat, moisture, nitrogen from fertilizers, insecticides, and flooding. Detecting these stimuli is how the isopod can read and interpret its environment. It helps them know where to move for food, shelter, and moisture. An isopod that is caught out in the open for long periods of time will eventually die from suffocation as they need a moist environment to breathe. Being in light areas where there is dry humidity will result in the isopod weakening. This is when it will need its antennae to tell it in which direction to taxis.

What kind of environment do isopods prefer?

Isopods are designed to function best in a dark and clammy environment. They are specially adapted to have antennae that can read stimuli from the world around them and interpret this into information that lets the isopod thrive. You will likely find isopods busy wiggling their way through rotting vegetation and compost with their antennae sensing and smelling the presence of food matter that the isopod can feed on.

Why do isopods prefer dark environments?

Most places where isopods thrive are dark and damp. You will find isopods in your garden beds or in the damp corners of your basement. This is their ideal type of environment: moist and gloomy. Isopods need dark and damp areas to allow their land gills to take care of their breathing processes.

The Last Isopod

Isopods are peaceful insects, and if you find one in your home, be sure to pick it up carefully and place it in your garden in a dark and damp place such as among the roots of your plants.

I am just fascinated by the tap-tap of their antennae, and knowing that this is how they see their world, I really have a newfound respect for these roly-poly crustaceans.


Preferred Language

Preferred Language

Delhi Metro Insurance FAQs

Why should I buy the Delhi Metro Insurance?

When you travel by public transport, there is always a risk of accidents and other dangerous incidents. To protect yourself in case of any Delhi Metro accident, Bajaj Finserv brings you the Delhi Metro Insurance.

What amount is covered under the Delhi Metro Insurance?

The Delhi Metro Insurance by Bajaj Finserv has a high coverage limit of Rs. 1,00,000.

What is the amount of premium I need to pay?

You pay a premium of just Rs. 399 per annum for the Delhi Metro Insurance.

What are some benefits of the Delhi Metro Insurance?

In case of death while travelling in the Delhi Metro, your nominees will get up to Rs. 1 lakh to help provide for them.

In the event of disability due to injuries sustained in a Delhi Metro train accident, you are covered against loss of income, for Rs. 2000 per week in the policy period.

Is there an age limit to be eligible for the Delhi Metro Insurance?

Yes. Individuals below 18 years and those above 70 years are not eligible for the Delhi Metro Insurance.


Why are some countries vaccinating children?

The primary public health objectives of COVID-19 vaccination is to reduce severe disease and deaths and to maintain essential services.

This is why the highest priority in every country should be to vaccinate:

  • Individuals at highest risk of severe outcomes (immunocompromised individuals of any eligible age, including children from age 5; older adults; residents of long-term health care facilities; people with underlying health conditions; and disadvantaged socio-demographic groups, including refugees);
  • close contacts of immunocompromised persons;
  • identified essential services workers (e.g., front line health and social care workers and school teachers).

Countries that have reached high uptake with primary doses and a booster dose in the highest priority population groups, and that have the financial and programmatic means to do so can offer an approved paediatric formulation of COVID-19 vaccine to children aged 5-11.

In deciding whether to offer vaccines to healthy children from age 5, countries must consider the balance of benefits and risk of COVID-19 vaccination in this age group in their epidemiological context.

  • COVID-19 is generally less severe in healthy children aged 5−11 years, but it can occasionally result in serious disease.
  • Clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine in young children underwent a rigorous process, and were required to meet the same standards as for other vaccines.


Join date: May 7, 2022

Anabolic steroids vs glucocorticoids, corticosteroids

Anabolic steroids vs glucocorticoids, corticosteroids - Buy anabolic steroids online

Anabolic steroids vs glucocorticoids

If they use steroids in a dose of five mg glucocorticoids per day, we should also recollect teriparatide managementand provide for the steroid-induced bone fracture (4). However, it is very possible that the use of more than 5 mg per day might not be optimal as glucocorticoid levels and corticosteroid therapy increase throughout life (5,6). If the patient is not taking this prescribed dose, we should monitor for osteopenia and osteoporosis; the patient should be managed as a patient with primary and secondary osteoporosis, corticosteroids. If the patient has not taken any glucocorticoids for two years, we should monitor for a change in bone health. For men, if the patient still is not taking steroids, if they still do not have osteopenia and osteoporosis, or were never treated for primary osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) should be considered as the primary endpoint, anabolic steroids vs medical steroids. RESULTS Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics Of 989 participants who were treated in this randomized double-blind study (the first double-blind osteo-exercise trial), 18 were excluded due to lack of a physical examination (2% [n=4]), and 468 patients completed the trial (90%). Table 1 presents the characteristics of the treatment group, anabolic steroids vitamin d. The average BMI was 26.8 in our patients vs 26.8 (±4.2) in the control group in 2014. Table 1, anabolic steroids vs natural. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the first osteo-exercise trial (primary outcome) included in this study [2] View this table: Osteoporosis and osteopenia In the initial assessment, all subjects were taking the standard antirheumatic drugs and their usual use was defined according to the protocol, anabolic steroids vs glucocorticoids. Among all treatments in the primary outcome, the patients taking glucocortisol in the standard doses at baseline had the highest risk of hip fracture and hip osteopenia (odds ratio [OR], 3, types of steroids for bodybuilding.75; 95% CI, 2, types of steroids for bodybuilding.57 to 5, types of steroids for bodybuilding.49; P = 0, types of steroids for bodybuilding.004, OR = 4, types of steroids for bodybuilding.00; 95% CI, 2, types of steroids for bodybuilding.56 to 5, types of steroids for bodybuilding.87; P = 0, types of steroids for bodybuilding.027, and OR = 4, types of steroids for bodybuilding.01; 95% CI, 2, types of steroids for bodybuilding.51 to 5, types of steroids for bodybuilding.88; P = 0, types of steroids for bodybuilding.004; respectively), types of steroids for bodybuilding. However, this risk did not decrease over time with the increase of glucocorticoid dose. The OR also does not decrease even more for patients taking five or more mg/day of steroids (OR, 3.72

Background: COPD guidelines report that systemic corticosteroids are preferred over inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of exacerbations, but the inhaled route is considered to be an optionfor people with chronic inflammatory conditions that are not severe enough to warrant systemic corticosteroids. This review examines the evidence for the use of systemic corticosteroids compared with the intramuscular/nasal route of administration in exacerbations of asthma. We focus on the effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in terms of treating exacerbations and also on assessing the safety of intramuscular/nasal corticosteroids, anabolic steroids vs corticosteroids. We compare the risk profile of inhaled corticosteroids with that of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids for asthma. Keywords: Systemic corticosteroids, Intramuscular corticosteroids, Pertussis INTRODUCTION Acute exacerbations of asthma can be devastating, with some requiring the use of emergency medical services and/or life support. For some persons, the impact of asthma exacerbations on their quality of life is significant enough that they will consider having a CT scan, an emergency room visit or even a trip to the hospital, do steroids kill bacteria. Despite the severity of the condition, the majority of individuals who present to the emergency department with exacerbations of asthma will be able to be treated with no complications in the short term; however, in the long term, the patient will experience adverse effects such as a worsening of their quality of life, including more frequent exacerbations, corticosteroids.1,2 Thus, the long-term benefits of treatment with corticosteroids (corticosteroids are available as nasal spray or inhalational preparations and can be given by intramuscular injection) are significant, corticosteroids. This effect is known as adjunctive therapy.3–5 There has been strong evidence to support the efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma in the literature, although it is uncertain to what extent there is any increased risk to patients compared with other treatment modalities for asthma. The long-term effectiveness and safety data are limited in the literature, corticosteroids. A systematic review of the evidence to date for adjunctive therapy and the long-term outcomes for asthma in the general population were conducted by the Cochrane Collaboration (2015).6 The Cochrane Collaboration review reports that adjunctive steroid therapy has a safety and evidence-based quality rating of 7 of 10 on the Cochrane Risk of Bias scale (8 of 10 being the highest possible rating; an additional 2–5 are considered very high; a total of 26 of the 27 ratings, including 3 of the top three,

If you have been looking for the effects of these illegal anabolic steroids without breaking the law or harming yourself then Crazy Bulk legal steroids are the solution for you. These steroids and bodybuilding aids are made from natural ingredients that are safe to take on any kind of bodybuilding stage of your life. To make the use of the supplements easy we have selected a list of the best legal steroids. You will find the products from which you will be able to get the most effects, even before you start using these supplements. The products listed in this post are listed in alphabetical order. Legal Anabolic Steroids All you need in your box is these materials Liquid Extractable A Liquid Extractable B Liquid Extractable C Liquid Extractable D C-I C-V C-T C-X C-XR C-Z C-ZR Gonabol HGH Gonone HGH-3 HGH-3A HGH-8 HGH-12 HGH-15 HGH-20 HGH-21 HGH 20 The main ingredients that you need are: Gonabol (Protein Catalyzed) HGH (Hormone Augmented) HGH 3 HGH 1 HGH 1A HGH 20 HGH 20A HGH 2 HGH 1B The main components for you to use are: Gonabol [Protein Catalyzed] Anabolic Steroids in the Natural Way This post may contain affiliate links. My referral links may earn me some commission. Gonabol Anabolic Steroids Gonabol is an anabolic steroid drug that is made of natural molecules that are naturally present in human cells. It is used to make muscle growth possible. There are many natural compounds found in the body that are used to make muscle growth possible. These compounds are known as growth factors. You can find out the exact name of each of these growth factors by looking for a supplement label. You can find the different kinds of growth factors on the front of each capsule and then on the back of the bottle. You will find the names of the various growth factors on each bottle of a product from the following list: Progenitor Growth Factor (PGF) Myogenic Growth Factor (MGH) Stature Growth Similar articles:

Anabolic steroids vs glucocorticoids, corticosteroids
More actions


The name in Indian languages is Bharata after the emperor Bharata. Historically the name Bharata and India referred to either the region of Greater India and the Indian subcontinent. Today it refers to the contemporary Republic of India located therein. The name is originally derived from the name of the river Sindhu (Indus River), located in modern day Pakistan, and has been in use in Greek since Herodotus (4th century BC). The term appeared in Old English as early the 9th century and reemerged in Modern English in the 17th century. The Republic of India has two principal short names in both official and popular English usage, each of which is historically significant, India and Bharat. The first article of the Constitution of India states that "India, that is Bharat, shall be a union of states," implicitly codifying India and Bharat as equally official short names for the Republic of India. A third name, Hindustan, is a historical term for the north and northwestern subcontinent (especially during the British India period) that is now widely used as an alternative name for the region comprising most of the modern nations of the subcontinent when Indians speak among themselves. The usage of Bharat, Hindustan or India is dependent on the context and language of conversation. According to Manusm?ti (2.21–22) North India (i.e., India north of the Vindhyas) is also known as Aryavarta. (source : Wikipedia)

Art Number 15349
Artwork Title Bharat Bhoomi
Artist Name S H Raza
Medium Serigraph on Paper
Size 40 x 40 inches (101.6 x 101.6 cm)
Other details Edition of 100
Price Rs. 160,000 ($2,170.96)

Other Artworks

Asto Maa

Screenprint in 40 colours
40 x 30 inches
(101.6 x 76.2 cm)
Edition of 100
Rs. 130,000 ($1,764)

Screenprint in 66 colours
60 x 60 inches
(152.4 x 152.4 cm)
Edition of 100
Rs. 300,000 ($4,071)

Bindu I

Screenprint in 12 colours
40 x 30 inches
(101.6 x 76.2 cm)
Edition of 100
Rs. 115,000 ($1,560)


Clayoquot Sound

CLAYOQUOT SOUND  () on the west coast of VANCOUVER ISLAND extends from ESTEVAN POINT on the HESQUIAT Peninsula in the north to PACIFIC RIM NATIONAL PARK in the south. It encompasses 9 major watersheds, several large islands—including FLORES, VARGAS and MEARES—and 2,440 sq km of lush rain forest nurtured by dense fogs and heavy annual precipitation. It is considered one of the most spectacular wilderness areas on the continent. Most of...


Join date: May 8, 2022

Best steroid cycle for lean bulking, bulking cycle steroids advanced

Best steroid cycle for lean bulking

It can really bulk you up, though you will need to work hard during the cutting cycle to get rid of the water you retain during the bulking cycle, best anabolic steroid cycle for muscle gainof 6 weeks to 1 month or you may start to go back to normal bodybuilding. We highly recommend using these as early as possible before you ever go into bulking stage and to reduce the amount of water you lose during the bulking cycle. When your diet is perfect for your size & weight goals, then you'll be just like any other guy - with a small fat area behind you in your back, but when you see a really large fat-free area in your back, it's no surprise to see a bulge form, cutting best for tren cycle. If you are an outlier, then your chances of experiencing bulking are about 95%, bulking cycle steroids advanced. So for those of you who think you have to go into bulking mode on your own to get the biggest gain, we'll tell you why that's just not true. If you really want to do it, I suggest you do it during a time period when you are not in the most optimal physiological state, not only in physical appearance, but also in your overall health, health insurance, relationship status, sleep quality, life style, your career, your finances, or your family life, best steroid stack for bulking and cutting. Then, if everything went according to plan (see my nutrition plan below), after about 6 weeks, and all of those "bulk days", you'll get the bulking stage done. Here's what you do the very first day/week: you eat the right amount of protein, carbs, fat and protein with moderate amounts of fiber and the right amounts of electrolytes; you make sure all your fluids are high quality electrolytes that are low in sodium, and electrolytes that contain high amounts of potassium, magnesium and protein; after 4 weeks, you try again with a lower protein, carbs & fat diet, but you'll try to keep a higher-protein, fat-free diet and try to keep all of the electrolytes the same; after 12 weeks you could also do whatever seems best to you - but when you can do that, it's good to do for a while before you really dive head first in, best tren cycle for cutting. There is no magic day/week schedule, which means that this plan can get pretty confusing if done on your own and after a couple months of getting it done, you aren't sure as to whether you actually improved your body size, or if you just didn't eat the right amount of calories for what needed to, bulking cycle steroids advanced. In fact, the best thing that can happen is to improve your fat loss on the plan and see what you can do.

Bulking cycle steroids advanced

undefined Similar articles:

Best steroid cycle for lean bulking, bulking cycle steroids advanced
More actions


शनिबार, जेठ १४, २०७९

Cinema halls reopen in China

नेपालखोज २०७७ साउन ५ गते १४:००

Cinema Halls in China are reopening after several months.

According to the Chinese Film Board, the cinema halls can be opened in the areas which are less vulnerable to the Covid 19 infection.

As almost all the parts in the country have been identified as areas less prone to infection, most cinema halls have been opened. Due to the lockdown, most of the cinema halls were closed in China.

The board has directed that only the cinema halls has to limit the audience to only 30 percent of the sear capacity.

Before entering, the body temperature of the audience will be measured and masks will be compulsory for all. The audience needs to buy the ticket online and they should maintain the distance of one meter while watching the movie.

China, which is the epicenter of corona virus is a second big market for cinema. the market size of film industry was more than 9 billion dollar in 2019.

However, this year the market is expected to go down due to the lockdown. According to Wanda Films, which owns more than 600 cinema halls in China, the film industry will experience loss for next six months. The company said that it might have to bear loss of around 1.6 billion Yuan.

Source: Agency


Pluto surprises with ice volcanoes and alien weather

Space 9 November 2015

New Scientist Default Image

They sure look like ice volcanoes. An avalanche of data and new interpretations just released from NASA’s New Horizons probe, which flew past Pluto on 14 July, are showing the dwarf planet has a textured geology shaped by alien weather.

“Pluto and its system of moons have really outsmarted us,” says team leader Alan Stern today at the meeting of the American Astronomical Society’s Division of Planetary Sciences in National Harbor, Maryland. “It’s sort of a graduate course in planetary science.”

The informally named Piccard Mons towers 5.5 kilometres in elevation and has the same shape as volcanoes we see on Earth – but with ice slurry standing in for lava. The relatively puny Wright Mons stands 3.2 kilometres high and looks the same way. Volcanoes are common on the solar system’s rocky inner planets, but they weren’t expected so far out.

“Whatever there are, they’re definitely weird, and volcanoes are probably the least weird explanation at the moment,” says New Horizons team member Oliver White.

Carved by ice

Pluto also hosts systems of branching grooves, which are thought to be carved by nitrogen ice glaciers as they slide over the ground on a slippery, half-melted base. Similar features form under thick, slow-moving ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. Alternatively, these features could be carved by nitrogen snow flowing down mountain slopes.

In perhaps the most dramatic revision to our pre-New Horizons vision of Pluto, the spacecraft revealed that all this diverse geology is happening under the blanket of an atmosphere that is more compact than we thought.

Previous Earth-based observations led us to believe that Pluto was losing a large and puffy atmosphere into space, possibly because UV radiation from the sun was launching atoms from the upper atmosphere outward.

But observations taken as New Horizons looked back at the sun through Pluto’s atmosphere show that the atmosphere is packed more densely.

“From an Earth-based perspective, we got it all wrong,” Stern says. It seems that newly discovered hydrogen cyanide molecules in the atmosphere absorb UV energy and radiate it out as a radio glow, instead of allowing it to strip the atmosphere away.

The resulting compact atmosphere means that much less nitrogen ice has evaporated from the surface of Pluto than we thought, leaving more ice to flow on the ground – and perhaps more weather to move it around.

More on these topics:

ERCOLANO, ITALY - APRIL 22: General view of the Archaeological Park of Herculaneum on April 22, 2022 in Pompei, Italy. Visits to the underground path of the Ancient Theater of the Archaeological Park of Herculaneum start again, after a period of closure imposed by the limitations due to the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Ancient Theater, destination of the grand tour, was buried by the eruption of 79 AD. it was the first monument to be discovered in the Vesuvian sites during the eighteenth century. In 1738, King Charles III of Bourbon began an intense excavation that marked the beginning of modern Western archeology. (Photo by Ivan Romano/Getty Images)

Proteins in human bones near Pompeii survived temperatures of 500°C

The two individuals found in the ?Casa del Fabbro? or "House of the Craftsman" (room 9) in Pompeii. Credit: Notizie degli Scavi di Antichit?, 1934, p. 286, fig. 10.

An ancient Roman who died in Pompeii has had their genome sequenced

Lightning storm

Strange gamma ray flashes from lightning storms may have explanation

Sign up to our newsletters