How to Change Your Default Browser on iPhone and iPad

Safari is a great web browser, but there’s a reason why Google Chrome has the largest market share. Thankfully, as long as you’re running iOS 14, iPad OS 14, or higher, you can set any third-party browser as the default on your iPhone or iPad.

First, open the “Settings” app. If you’ve lost it in a sea of icons, use Apple’s built-in Spotlight Search to find the application.

In the Settings menu, locate the section for the browser you’d like to set as your default. For example, navigate to Settings > Chrome to set Google Chrome as your default web browser.

If the third-party browser has been updated to support Apple’s default browser switching feature, you will find a “Default Browser App” option in its settings. Tap it.

Next, you’ll see a list of every web browser app installed on your device that supports the default browser feature. Tap the name of the browser you’d like to use as your default.

After that, tap the “Back” button once and exit “Settings.” From now on, whenever you tap a web address link, it will open in the browser app you choose.


Investigative journalism in defense of public interest.

The 2022 Open Climate reporting initiative training

A group of 10 journalists went through a 3 day residential training in Kampala on reporting on climate change and environmental crime with support from the Centre for Investigative journalism.

The Fellows in this year’s fellowship were;

  1. Chowoo Willy
  2. Racheal pAKRWOTH from News 24/7
  3. Gerald Tenywa from New vISION
  4. Okello Jesus Ojara
  5. Jamila Mulindwa Nuwaha
  6. Kei Emmanuel Duku
  7. Patrick Jaramogi a freelance investigative journalist
  8. Gloria Atuhairwe
  9. Joel Kaguta
  10. Stuart Tibaweswa

These 10 reporters were selected on the basis of their story pitches out of a pool of over 70 that applied for this fellowship.

The fellows were first taken through an introductory lecture on climate change and environmental crime by Dr. Daniel Dumba, a seasoned climate change, and environmental Science Specialist.

Dr Daniel Dumba

This was a crucial first stage of the training process so the fellows could understand the intricate nature of climate change statistics and data.

Because a lot of the reporting on climate change involves data, the fellows were taken through a practical lesson on the latest data gathering and analysis tools available on the internet. This session was led by Deputy Executive director of the African Institute for Investigative journalism Raymond Mujuni.

Senior Investigative journalists then put on their trainer’s hats and joined us to take the fellows through various topics, among them; the art of storytelling, Investigative filmmaking, Story writing, Editing, Fact-checking, and Solution based journalism among others.

On top of speaking to senior investigative journalists, the fellows got a chance to interact with celebrated environmentalists William Amanzuru and Rebecca Sandoval who shared their experiences in the field of conservation.

Just as learning never stops, the learning went on into the night but this time in a more relaxed atmosphere, under the stars around a fire.

A fireplace dinner that gave the fellows an opportunity to interact with one another and also hear from senior journalists while enjoying a meal together.

Are you a journalist based in Uganda with an investigative story idea that you have always wanted to execute on climate change and environmental crime?

Tell us about your story idea.

Submit your story pitch, budget, cv, and a letter from your editor to

We shall fund and work with you to execute your story

The deadline for receiving pitches is 5th August 2022.

The annual investigative journalism fellowship

The annual investigative journalism fellowship kicked off on 12th July 2022 week with a three-day intense training for selected fellows from across the country.

The training focused on skills-based learning centered on data journalism, mobile journalism, introduction to investigative reporting and producing compelling investigative journalism among others.

The 15 fellows who graduated into the fellowship were selected from a large pool of applicants who demonstrated through their story pitches a keen interest to produce compelling investigative reporting in the areas of corruption and accountability, climate change and environmental crime, human rights violations and access to justice.

The Executive Director for the African Institute For Investigative Journalism Solomon Serwanjja congratulated the fellows who started the year-long fellowship upon their selection and urged them to do investigative journalism in public interest.

Solomon Serwanjja Executive Director AIIJ

“All good investigative journalism is done in the defense of public interest.

We need to increase our ability to bring the powerful to account through our stories and to offer the voiceless a voice”

he said as he opened the training.

The fellows were given an introduction to investigative journalism toolkit by Raymond Mujuni, the Deputy Executive Director of AIIJ.  He took them through the features of investigative journalism and the considerations the fellows would take for writing and producing compelling reporting. He also taught the fellows on how to research for investigative journalism.

The fellows also interacted with rekonwned investigative journalists like Frederick Musisi, Canary Mugume and Joseph Beyanga.

After the three-day training, the fellows will now competitively pitch to have their stories funded and executed.

The Annual Investigative Journalism Fellowship is the first of its kind boutique training centered on improving investigative reporting in newsrooms and local communities. It centers on equipping journalists with both skills, training and exposure combined with grants to pursue dedicated investigative reporting.

The Institute is conducting the training in partnership with the Media Innovation Centre of the Aga Khan University.

The fellowship in Pictures

A call for justice. ‘’Targeted’’ a year later

By Grace Birungi

‘’I am not looking for compensation but justice,’’ Ashraf Kasirye, a journalist who was targeted during the 2020/21 Uganda election, said.

During a dialogue organized by the African Institute for Investigative journalism (AIIJ) on 18th May 2022 at Golden Tulip hotel, candid conversations on justice for journalists that were “targeted” during elections took center stage.

It was walking down memory lane and reopening discussions on demanding for arrest and trial of security officers who violated the rights of journalists. At the peak of the 2021 General Election in Uganda, the African Institute for Investigative journalism published a documentary “targeted” that showcased chilling narratives of journalists who were tortured.

A panel discussion moderated by Solomon Serwanjja, Executive Director of AIIJ, centered on the lives of journalists who were featured in the documentary a year later.

An emotional moment it was for Irene Abalo, a journalist with the Daily Monitor who to date walks on a crutch as she faced her tormentors.  “Every time I see a man dressed in a UPDF uniform; I get traumatized. Life has been different for me. For months I could not support myself including going to the washroom. I cannot practice journalism as I did. I am only reduced to a voice-over artist to read scripts for NTV Panorama.” She said.

Ashraf Kasirye, a Ghetto TV journalist who had his head covered, explained that he can’t stand noise, wind, or sunlight, which is why he covers his head.

 “Media in Uganda is not respected by people who lead us, to an extent that, when a security officer comes out to shoot or beat a journalist, like how Enock Baine who shot me, nothing is done,” Ashraf concluded.

Daniel Lutaaya, a journalist with NBS, said if what happened to them had happened elsewhere in the world, something would be done. ‘’If you think what you are doing is right, why do you fear cameras,” he added.

Daniel concluded by saying, press freedom in Uganda is possible even when they will not see it, but it will come.

Derrick Wandera, a journalist with the Daily monitor, advised that, the only thing that can be done to stop violence is using a pen and paper to put faces to it and when it happens, the perpetrators will be isolated.

Uganda People’s Defense Forces spokesperson, Afande Felix Kulaigye, who was the keynote speaker apologized on behalf of the UPDF to the journalists that were tortured. “I am annoyed by incidents such as these that involve men in uniform beating up journalists. I condemn this strongly and it has been a part of my teaching series for soldiers in military colleges”

Benjamin Katana, a human rights lawyer expressed his concern about how men and women in uniform chose to have a side in politics, and whoever is not on their side is targeted and dealt with as an enemy of the state.

‘’It doesn’t call for journalists to be battered. What is the role of regulations? They don’t even wait for you to go through the processes of the law. It is an illusion for journalists to think their rights will be respected in a country where human rights are not respected,’’ Benjamin said.

Ruth Ssekindi, the head of the Uganda Human Rights Commission added that there is a need for more training and sensitization, and background checks before the recruitment of officers.

Torture and imprisonment have deprived many journalists around the world of their watchdog role, and nothing has been done to hold the perpetrators accountable. A lot more demands for journalist justice must be made through advocacy and publicizing atrocities against journalists.

Following the COVID-19 vaccine money, where is the 560BN?

By Grace Birungi

Uganda was in desperate need of vaccines at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic as the number of infections soared. During the first wave in 2020, parliament allocated 18.5 billion shillings to procure 18 million doses through the covax facility. In addition, the government allocated 560 billion shillings in the fiscal year 2021/2022 budget to purchase more vaccines.

During the same financial year, parliament appropriated 80 billion shillings to National Medical Stores (NMS) to procure additional vaccines. This money was fully released by the Ministry of Finance to both NMS and Ministry of health. However, Uganda’s vaccines have been donations from development partners amounting to 1.3 trillion shillings.

The investigation focuses on the accountability of the money that was given to NMS and the Ministry of Health (MOH) from the government consolidated fund to procure vaccines during the first and second wave of the pandemic mindful that many of the vaccines have been donations.

The investigation was guided on three questions;

1. Were the vaccines bought?

2. If yes, how many vaccines were procured and at what price?

3. Why did the ministry of health takeover the procurement of vaccines from the NMS body mandated by law to procure and distribute medical supplies?

Finding answers to the questions became very difficult due to a lack of access to information from the two bodies, NMS and MOH, prompting the investigations team to turn to open source information; reviewing parliamentary proceedings, documents presented by both agencies in committees, and obtaining archive footage.

While appearing before a 40-member parliamentary taskforce on COVID-19, the National medical stores general manager, Moses Kamabale told the committee that, they had not received the 18.5 billion shillings but rather, the 80 billion shillings that was appropriated in the financial year 2021/2022

When asked about the whereabouts of the money, finance minister Matia Kasaija, who also attended the meeting, said that he came to the meeting unprepared and thus didn’t have any information. The committee was unable to obtain answers to accountability questions regarding the 18.5 billion, 80 billion, and 560 billion given to the MOH.

Later in the month of January, the Auditor General, John Muwanga, finalized with his forensic and audit into the expenditure relating to COVID-19 for the financial year 2020/2021. Indeed, the 18.5 billion was captured in his report as having been disbursed to the MOH, however the Auditor General did not go deep to discuss the expenditure, he did not speak about how many vaccines were procured and at what price.

When the Minister of Health, Dr. Jane Ruth Acheng was contacted for some answers, she stated that, the ministry could fully account for the money. According to her submission, the 18.5 billion plus the 80 billion and an additional 30 billion was all spent on vaccines.

Dr. Jane Ruth Acheng, too, did not reveal how many vaccines were procured, how much money was deposited on the UNICEF account to procure the vaccines under the covax facility, and at what rate per doze.

The investigation revealed that only 128 Billion Shillings was advanced to UNICEF to procure 3 million doses of vaccines. The Ministry of Health was not able to provide evidence of expenditure on the procurement of the vaccines for the 450 Billion shillings. Watch the investigation here.

By Vincent Ng’ethe.

A number of countries will have elections in 2022, including Kenya, Chad, Angola, the Gambia, Mali, Congo, Libya, Senegal and others.  Here, Vincent Ng’ethe provides some tips to help you check the claims candidates make and keep misinformation at bay.

  1. Watch and listen

To catch misinformation, you have to listen for it. Watch political rallies, radio and TV talk shows, and social media posts. Make a schedule of shows so that you don’t miss any. Talk shows often advertise their guests on social media, so check ahead of time to see who will be featured.

2. Follow and tap into conversations and trends

Follow the news in order to understand the latest political arguments, buzzwords, talking points and trends. Some politicians, such as the president, are always in the news, while others appear more sporadically. People posting misinformation often follow these conversations in order to take advantage of elevated public interest in a certain event or person.

3. Make lists and queries

Create lists of social media accounts that share misinformation and check them frequently. Social media trends are often artificially created and many repeat actors are involved. Create queries of terms that are often used to make claims or incitement and create alerts so that you receive notifications.

4. Archive first

As soon as possible after hearing or reading the claim, archive videos, social media posts, web pages and documents where claims have been made, preferably before checking them. Often, checking a claim means contacting the person who made it to ask for evidence, and their first order of business after getting off the phone with you may be to delete it or edit out the offending snippet.

Note also that quotes of interest made in a live broadcast may not be preserved in the excerpts that are chosen for a news bulletin, and live streams may not be preserved.  Public figures can deny making remarks and they may get away with it if nobody has preserved a copy.

5. Select specific claims that are actually checkable

Be very specific about the exact claim you are checking. Ensure you are fact-checking verbatim quotes, not a paraphrased statement, which the speaker can deny making. Get a video or audio recording of a person making the claim.  If you are fact-checking a speech, check the speech as was delivered, not the original published version.

6. Guard your credibility

Perceptions of bias are fatal to your credibility as a fact-checker, so ensure that you are nonpartisan, and do not check claims by only one side of the political divide or a single political party. Try and check claims by all political candidates. Do not feel compelled to check a claim because there are demands to check it, rather check it because it measures up to your own rules for claim selectio (see an example from Africa Check here).

7. Collect credible evidence

Look for credible sources of evidence. Look at official statistics, peer reviewed research and reports from credible research institutions. Collecting them as you go means that you will spend less and less time checking claims as you gain experience, making it possible to check your claims faster, and in a more timely fashion. Often the ability to check a claim hinges on whether credible evidence against which to test the claim can be found. Lack of evidence may lead it being abandoned, so focus on the availability of evidence early in the process.

8. Identify and work with experts

You need experts to help you interpret data and also to explain why claims are accurate or inaccurate. They can also direct you to the best sources of information, or suggest other experts. Get to know as many credible experts in the field as possible (Africa Check recommends that you contact more than one expert when checking a claim). Ask the experts questions until you understand the data and the explanations properly.

If a particular field predominates your fact-checking work, such as epidemiology during the Covid-19 pandemic, national debt or human rights, knowing multiple experts means you can alternate between experts at busy times, reducing the frequency with which you call on any one. They’re busy people, so they’ll appreciate that.

9. Reach out

Tell the public that you are fact-checking claims during the election, and give them a means to contact you, such as a WhatsApp number or email. Growing a fact-checking community not only increases your readers, but provides feedback that will improve your work and challenge your biases. Lastly, they will also notify you of potential claims you could check.

10. Check

The most important part of the job. Once you have written your report, go through it meticulously. Ensure you have checked the correct claim, all your links lead to the correct sources, your numbers add up, and that you have correctly captured and understood what the experts said. Make sure you understand the report. Also come up with a fitting conclusion (See this Africa Check conclusion on reaching a verdict).

11. Publish

Most people, particularly politicians, do not appreciate being publicly corrected, so your fact-checking endeavors may not be enthusiastically welcomed. At all times maintain a cordial manner. Notifying public figures that you are checking a claim means they will not be taken by surprise when you eventually publish. Avoid sensational headlines or reports and stick to the facts. Ask makers of claims to consider making a correction, and point out the benefits to their credibility of admitting to, and correcting, an error.  It helps if you have a previous example of a correction to show them. Finally, if you receive backlash, do not feel free to engage in endless online back-and-forth. Do what you can, and let it drop.

Should you make an error…

As a fact-checker, who checks claims by others, your own work is closely scrutinized. Should you make a mistake, whether you notice it yourself, or it is brought to your attention, do not hide it. Instead, acknowledge and correct it publicly. It’s the least the public deserves.

Vincent Ng’ethe is an experienced journalist and fact-checking editor.


In the general context, the evolution and upgrade of Building Management Systems are essential to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.

In the field, modern BMS can take the building management sector to the next level by making operations more efficient, affordable, and scalable while providing comfort to occupants.

A Building Management System (BMS), also called Building Automation System (BAS), is the "automated operator" that drives and monitors the technical assets. These systems have been around since the late '80s. In most cases, traditional BMS technology can be costly, proprietary, and difficult to upgrade.

BMS consist of a complex set of equipment and control programs used by a few key operators such as building managers, maintenance personnel, or service contractors. As large equipment can be controlled using BMS software, even small actions can affect the comfort and energy efficiency of the entire building.

Building operators depend on BMS to control and monitor every aspect of the facility. The day-to-day work of building management offers us insight into the deficiencies of the current BMS. In this article, we present suggestions to help improve the user experience and management of BMS, hopefully leading to improvements in the productivity of the staff on the field.

Another factor is that we have seen that despite the significant investment of acquiring a BMS, many food retailers, owners of office buildings, residences, as well as other properties took a radical decision and unplugged their BMSs. Making us question why are so many BMS in ruins?

The challenges of traditional BMS for building operators

No automation and understaffed facilities

Even though BMS are supposed to automate operations, day-to-day maintenance of buildings still needs an onsite operator or technician to address comfort complaints from occupants, BMS alarms, equipment malfunctions, among others.

It is no news that a big issue in the building management sector is how understaffed some sites are. Building operators can be in charge of multiple buildings, making it challenging to keep up with equipment's increasing complexities and challenges.

"Almost everywhere we go, they don't have enough maintenance staff to do things right most of the time. So it's very common that they do the quick fix rather than the right fix." explains a building operator interviewed for the article Managing Commercial HVAC Systems: What do Building Operators Really Need?

While building equipment and sensors have become smarter, BMS technology and its IT structure continue to be too complex to simplify the work overload of building operators. Automation and centralized data are essential to improve the working conditions in buildings.

Unscalability of management strategies

The absence of centralized data and communication between equipment makes it difficult for building operators to operate efficiently and implement strategies for better energy performance. The reliance on commissioning, lack of digital documentation, and manual checkups make it hard to identify important inefficiencies. Still, most importantly, it is unsustainable to scale management operations to other buildings.

"The number of connected devices in operation in the commercial smart building will grow from 1.7 Billion in 2020 to just under 3 Billion by 2025, representing a CAGR of 10.8%. Explains this "Managing Smart Buildings " article in Memoori.

This represents a big increase in devices and a need for more visibility and control in each building system.

Lack of schematics in BMS

In some buildings, floor plans and equipment connections are still hand-drawn or are in an unreadable format for the BMS. Architectural and mechanical plans should be available to the BMS and building operators. Newly installed sensors and other devices should be able to be added to the building's schematics.

Incompatibility and vendor lock-in

Equipment interoperability represents a challenge in building management as proprietary technologies are common for many manufacturers.

The traditional BMS business model locks in facilities with proprietary equipment, platforms, and software that require costly licenses and maintenance fees. To make any changes to the IT infrastructure in BMS, operators are dependent on the manufacturer's technical support or development team.

How can we simplify BMS for building operators?

  1. User-friendly interfaces in BMS.
  2. Interoperable technology and a vendor-agnostic business model.
  3. Centralized and shareable data for better analysis and diagnosis.
  4. Quick reporting for building operators and stakeholders.
  5. Systems that allow the easy use of integrations and smart building applications.

The Wattsense solution and Mini-BMS

Wattsense is a simple and open IoT solution that allows you to control and monitor buildings of any size. Reduce energy consumption,  improve occupant comfort and keep control of buildings with a simple BMS.

The Wattsense solution is an affordable, cyber-secure, and interoperable technology with field communication protocols (noticeably private LoRaWAN networks) and IT solutions hosted in the Cloud or locally. It has a simple and intuitive interface for monitoring and controlling the site's technical equipment.

The Wattsense Mini-BMS offers all the essential features of a traditional BMS without the complexities. It’s composed of an Edge Device and a user-friendly BMS console which offers a Configuration Wizard, Alarms, Schematics, and Graphs features.

With our products, users can easily integrate energy monitoring solutions and quickly share data onsite, on the Cloud, or on a facility manager's hyper vision system to ensure data analysis.

These features allow building operators to operate swiftly and upgrade BMS and properties to be transformed into smart buildings cost-effectively, saving weeks of deployment and reducing operating costs.

Building operators, integrators, facility managers, Proptechs and property owners can find and deploy the perfect smart building tool to implement management strategies successfully.

Create value using the building's data, improve equipment performance, and reduce field trips and energy consumption. Try the Wattsense solution. Request a Demo.


2-min read

Economics behind the Open Source Model

Economics is often linked with a rationale of understanding the flow of money. This can be considered analogous to amateurs linking open source paradigm to free software! Both economics and open source software have a wider horizon.

Economics is majorly about understanding the management of resources in a system while Open Source is based upon a lot of operations which do not necessarily involve the “free” element in it. To be precise, Open Source and Economics are related in a sense that they require time and effort to be quantified and measured by both - producers and consumers. The “perceived value” of these resources in the Open Source community is actually worth pondering a thought over.

The successful economic paradigm shift in developing free software for people is actually looked down by the traditionalists in terms of it having an economically detrimental effect on the proprietary software industry. But in verity, the fact is that successful economic models applicable to the Open Source are both sustainable and of stupendous benefit to the overall software industry.

The economic model that is directly applicable here is the concept of “market” which forms a basis for free market economics i.e. supply and demand of a specific product or service. Like other markets, Open Source also constitutes for the demand of a product resulting in its supply and a source which acts as a medium for exchange.

A few identifiable products and services which are exchanged in the Open Source market include;

Today, a company - big or small, needs software to implement business operations and hence make it more efficient. The two main factors that influence the Open Source market are enablers of technology and differentiating parameters of business. The main economic archetypes of Open Source software development are;

The effectiveness of Open Source economics can be understood by the fact that it has largely contributed towards the development of web 2.0 generation, enabling testimony to the verity that it is much more beyond software and technology.

The addition of value is the key prerequisite for an economic models to be able to sustain over a period of time. Hence, for an Open Source business model to be successful, the most important factor is its ability to deliver value to businesses, contributors and consumers.

The Open Source movement is here to stay for long. It has acted as a serious value creator and resulted in revenue generation mechanisms for businesses, both - small and big.

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Any way to display Arabic characters?

I purchased some Iranian black metal on Bandcamp last week. The title of the album is میراث. The track titles are also in Arabic. Is there any way to get these characters to display in Roon? They show up fine in iTunes (and in this post, I think), so shouldn’t I have the needed font somewhere in my system? I know Roon’s graphic engine is much closer to a video game than a text viewer, but wondered if there’s a way. Thanks!


‘Missouri Will Defend Its Citizens’: State Shoots Back At DOJ Over Gun Laws

(Photo by Jacob Moscovitch/Getty Images)

Brianna Lyman News and Commentary Writer
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Republican Missouri Gov. Mike Parson and Attorney General Eric S. Schmitt said Thursday the Biden administration is infringing on the Second Amendment in a letter pushing back against the Department of Justice (DOJ).

“We will fight tooth and nail to defend the right to keep and bear arms protected by the Second Amendment,” the letter states. “We will not tolerate any attempt by the federal government to deprive Missourians of this critical civil right.”

The DOJ warned the state Wednesday they cannot disregard federal gun laws after Parson signed a bill Saturday prohibiting police from enforcing federal gun laws.

Missouri’s new law prohibits local police from helping federal agents enforce laws that are deemed “invalid” and prohibits the hiring of former federal agents who enforce the laws. Local police departments can be sued for up to $50,000 if they enforce federal law. Federal agents can still enforce the laws, however.

The DOJ argued the new law impedes the “working relationship between federal and state law enforcement officers.” The department stated the state lacks the authority to prevent federal law enforcement agents from performing their job.

Parson pushed back against claims the state is trying to “nullify federal law” and instead said the state “is defending its people from federal government overreach.” (RELATED: Man Exercises His Second Amendment And Fatally Shoots Violent Man Armed With Metal Baton)

“We must remind you that our liberty is safeguarded both by the right to keep and bear arms and by the power reserved to the State of Missouri under the Tenth Amendment and basic principles of federalism.”

Parson argued the Second Amendment is inalienable, the state can refuse unconstitutional infringements and the state will defend its citizens from government overreach.

Parson said the Second Amendment Preservation Act protects Missourians from “unconstitutional gun taxes, confiscation, and control.”

The DOJ cited the Supremacy Clause in the Constitution to claim Missouri “cannot nullify federal law.” Under the clause, federal law supersedes state law. Parson, however, argued, “Missouri has the right to refuse to enforce unconstitutional infringements by the federal government.”

“The State of Missouri has every right under our system of government and the Tenth Amendment to place limitations on what state and local officials may do,” the letter stated. “The Department of Justice has identified no conflict with the federal law from the Second Amendment Preservation Act’s restrictions on state activities and hiring practices.”

“President Biden and the Department of Justice have decided to reward states and cities that refuse to cooperate with enforcing constitutional immigration laws that protect our citizens against foreign threats, but now they attack Missouri for refusing to cooperate with enforcing unconstitutional gun confiscation laws that put our citizens in danger and degrade their rights. You cannot have it both ways,” it continued.


Starr: An Efficient Census is Necessary For Effective Democracy

A March to the Mailbox rally sign from the 2010 Census. (Courtesy Flickr)

By Kennedie Starr, Opinion Writer

When the Constitution was drafted and ratified by the Founders, they decided that direct taxation and each state’s number of representatives would be determined by population. The apportionment procedure is codified in the Constitution under Article 1, section 2 and was modified with the passage of the 14th Amendment in section 2 to better include people beyond white men. “The whole number of persons in each State” determines representation, and because of this, we all should be watching the incoming 2020 Decennial Census closely. Adequate funding is crucial to obtaining an accurate count of people, especially the populations which are isolated and systemically ignored.

Since the first census in 1790, the nationwide count occurs every 10 years. It is intended to empower people politically, provide data to aid the fair distribution of funds and help businesses and cities operate with functionally in a data-driven manner. The “short” census form is received by most households and collects basic information about age, race, gender and the total number of people living in the United States. The “long form” gathers deeper information related to economic and social data such as ability status, income and level of education.

Long-form information is more useful for economic development measures and social program placement and funding — both forms are critical for the democratic process. Questions on both forms have changed over time, and the inclusion of certain inquiries, the placement thereof and the specific wording can impact response rates and therefore the direction of services, funding and the allocation of representatives.

Representation by the House of Representatives is more democratic than the Senate, and it’s determined by the population count to ensure an equitable distribution of seats. Power is proportionate to the population in the House, unlike the Senate, which guarantees each state two senators. As the population shifts, House seats are created or combined, and the political affiliation of their representatives impacts policy. For example, Utah gained another house seat after the 2010 Census, which increased its political capital. Projections show that after the 2020 count, 10 seats will change across 16 states throughout the country.

After the census results are in, redistricting begins to better reflect population changes in order to achieve proportional representation. Therefore, the information from the Census is vital and the state legislatures redraw most congressional boundaries. These legislators should be informed by data, not by the majority party’s desire to cling to power through gerrymandering. Regular participation in elections is obviously important, but participation in the census is an under-looked form of representation.

Having a seat at the table during the making of important decisions is the foundation of democracy, but the census does more than divide up the 435 House seats. Population data has a big influence on where more than $675 billion per year of federal money goes. These funds are the necessary lifeblood for schools, hospitals and infrastructure projects. The data collected about sex and race can be important tools for helping mitigate race and sex discrimination. According to the Population Reference Bureau, a nonprofit specializing in population and health data analysis, census data can assist government and communities in ensuring equal opportunity. Gathering information may seem like a basic way to promote equity, but it is a truly practical measure to forward social justice goals when the data is explored and utilized.

The wording of ethnicity and race questions can have large impacts on data collection and resource allocation. Questions need to be based on what we know in terms of response rates. For example, the third-largest racial group found in both the 2000 and 2010 census was “some other race” because folks were not finding their group amongst the categories. Future questions need to gather the most reflective data as possible.

Here in Utah, the state legislature has funded the 2020 counting effort through a bill that grants $1 million for “Census Outreach,” a smart funding choice by the state. Efforts to count people in rural areas of Utah will be a major priority, as well as “populations of lower socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic minority communities and aging populations.” A detailed plan about how to best procure the relevant data will come in November.

Representative democracy, the direction of federal and state funds, redistricting and social justice are contingent on the census. Efforts to count all people living in the United States needs to be well funded and well-staffed. While giving everyone the opportunity to mark their race and note their sex may seem like a fairly empty task for a bureau to complete, it’s one of the many nuts and bolts of a well-oiled democracy.

[email protected]


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Starts With A Bang

Time isn’t simply just another dimension

We live in a four-dimensional Universe, where matter and energy curve the fabric of spacetime. But time sure is different from space!
time dilation
Both space and time coordinates are needed to describe an object in our Universe. Your location in this Universe isn't just described by spatial coordinates (where), but also by a time coordinate (when). It is impossible to move from one spatial location to another without also moving through time.
(Credit: rmathews100/Pixabay)
Key Takeaways
  • According to Einstein's General Relativity, matter and energy curve the fabric of spacetime, and that curved spacetime determines the motion of matter and energy.
  • But while spacetime itself is four dimensional, it can be decomposed into three spatial dimensions and one time dimension.
  • Even though we understand the mathematics governing them magnificently, time has some fundamental differences from every other dimension; here's what everyone should know.

Here’s a question that most of us have been asked at some point in our lives, “What’s the shortest distance between two points?” By default, most of us will give the same answer that Archimedes gave more than 2,000 years ago: a straight line. If you take a flat sheet of paper and put two points down on it absolutely anywhere, you can connect those two points with any line, curve, or geometrical path you can imagine. So long as the paper remains flat, uncurved, and unbent in any way, the straight line connecting those two points will be the shortest way to connect them.

This is precisely how the three dimensions of space work in our Universe: in flat space, the shortest distance between any two points is a straight line. This is true regardless of how you rotate, orient, or otherwise position those two points. But our Universe isn’t made up merely of three space dimensions, but of four spacetime dimensions. It’s easy to look at that and say, “Oh, well, three of them are space and one of them is time, and that’s where we get spacetime,” and that’s true, but not the full story. After all, the shortest distance between two spacetime events isn’t a straight line any longer. Here’s the science of why.

Normally, we measure the distance between two points by the distance traveled, such as that along the line connecting points A and B. But the shortest distance between them is a straight line directly connecting A to B. This works for spatial distances only.
(Credit: Simeon87/Wikimedia Commons; annotated by E. Siegel)

For most of us, our first exposure to the idea of a straight line being the shortest distance between two points comes from a place we might not realize: the Pythagorean theorem. You might remember the Pythagorean theorem as a rule about right triangles, that if you square each of the short sides and add them together, that equals the square of the long side. In math terms, if the short sides are a and b while the long side is c, then the equation relating them is a² + b² = c².

Think about what this means, however, not from the perspective of pure mathematics alone, but in terms of distances. It means that if you move through one of your spatial dimensions by a certain amount (a, for example) and then move through a perpendicular dimension by another amount (b, for instance), then the distance between where you began and where you wound up is equal to c, as defined by the Pythagorean theorem. In other words, the distance between any two points on a plane, where those points are separated by a in one dimension and b in another dimension, is c, where c = √(a² + b²).

There are many ways to solve and visualize a simple Pythagorean equation like a² + b² = c², but not all visualizations are equally useful when it comes to extending that equation in various mathematical ways.
(Credit: AmericanXplorer13 at English Wikipedia)

In our Universe, of course, we’re not restricted to living on a flat sheet of paper. We have not just length and width (or the x and y directions, if you prefer) dimensions to our Universe, but depth (or the z direction) as well. If you want to figure out what the distance is between any two points in space, it’s the exact same method as it was in two dimensions, except with one extra dimension thrown in. Whatever amount your two points are separated by in the x direction, the y direction, and the z direction, you can figure out the total distance between them just the same as earlier.

Only, because of the extra dimension, the distance between them — let’s call it d — is going to be given by d = √(x² + y² + z²). This might look like a scary equation, but it just says that the distance between any two points is defined by the straight line connecting them: the line that accounts for the separation between your two points in all three dimensions: the x-direction, the y-direction, and the z-direction combined.

The displacement between any two points in three-dimensional space, such as the origin and point P shown here, is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the distance differences in each of the three (x, y, and z) directions.
(Credit: Cronholm144/Wikimedia Commons)

One of the interesting and important realizations about this relationship — the distance between two points being a straight line — is that it absolutely does not matter how you orient your visualization of the xy, and z dimensions. You can either:

  • change your coordinates so that the xy, and z dimensions are in any (mutually perpendicular) directions you like, or
  • rotate these two points by any amount in any direction,

and the distance between them will not change at all.

Sure, the individual components will change if you either rotate your perspective or rotate the line connecting those two points, as your definitions of length, width, and depth will change relative to one another for that line as the rotation occurs. But the overall distance between those two points doesn’t change at all; that quantity of the distance between those points remains what we call “invariant,” or unchanging, regardless of how you rotate them.

As illustrated here, there is a certain distance between the two objects composing the “double planet” shown here in the foreground. Regardless of how you orient your coordinate system or how you rotate these planets through space, the distance between them remains constant.
(Credit: NASA/Norman W. Lee and Stephen Paul Meszaros)

Now, let’s not simply consider space, but time as well. You might think, “Well, if time is just a dimension, too, then the distance between any two points in spacetime will work the same way.” For example, if we represent the time dimension as t, you might think the distance would be the straight line connecting two points through the three spatial dimensions as well as the time dimension. In mathematical terms, you might think that the equation for the separation between any two points would look something like d = √(x² + y² + z² + t²).

After all, this is pretty much the same change we made when we went from two dimensions to three dimensions, except this time we’re going from three dimensions to four dimensions. It’s a reasonable step to attempt, and describes exactly what reality would look like if we had four dimensions of space, rather than three.

But we don’t have four dimensions of space; we have three dimensions of space and one dimension of time. And despite what your intuition may have told you, time isn’t “just another dimension.”

Having your camera anticipate the motion of objects through time is just one practical application of the idea of time-as-a-dimension. For any set of conditions that will be recorded throughout time, it’s plausible to predict when a certain set of conditions will arise, and find multiple possible solutions in the past and future.
(Credit: Sony/YouTube)

There are two ways that time, as a dimension, is different from space. The first way is a small one: you can’t put space (which is a measurement of distance) and time (which is a measurement of, well, time) on the same footing without some way to convert one to the other. Fortunately, one of the great revelations of Einstein’s theory of relativity was that there is an important, fundamental connection between distance and time: the speed of light, or equivalently, of any particle that travels through the Universe without a rest mass.

The speed of light in a vacuum — 299,792,458 meters per second — tells us precisely how to relate our motion through space with our motion through time: by that fundamental constant itself. When we use terms like “one light-year” or “one light-second,” we’re talking about distances in terms of time: the amount of distance that light travels in one year (or one second), for example. If we want to convert “time” into a distance, we need to multiply it by the speed of light in a vacuum.

An example of a light cone, the three-dimensional surface of all possible light rays arriving at and departing from a point in spacetime. The more you move through space, the less you move through time, and vice versa. Only things contained within your past light-cone can affect you today; only things contained within your future light-cone can be perceived by you in the future.
(Credit: MissMJ/Wikimedia Commons)

But the second way requires an enormous leap to understand: something that eluded the greatest minds of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The key idea is that we’re all moving through the Universe, through both space and time, simultaneously. If we’re simply sitting here, stationary, and not moving through space at all, then we move through time at a very specific rate at which we’re all familiar: one second per second.

However — and this is the key point — the faster you move through space, the slower you move through time. The other dimensions are not like this at all: your motion through the x dimension in space, for example, is completely independent of your motion through the y and z dimensions. But your total motion through space, and this is relative to any other observer, determines your motion through time. The more you move through one (space or time), the less you move through the other.

Time dilation (L) and length contraction (R) show how time appears to run slower and distances appear to get smaller the closer you move to the speed of light. As you approach the speed of light, clocks dilate toward time not passing at all, while distances contract down to infinitesimal amounts.
(Credit: Wikimedia Commons users zayani (L) and JRobbins59 (R))

This is why Einstein’s relativity gives us concepts like time dilation and length contraction. If you move at very low speeds compared to the speed of light, you won’t notice these effects: time appears to move at one second per second for everyone, and lengths appear to be the same distance for everyone at speeds normally achievable on Earth.

But as you approach the speed of light — or rather, as you perceive an object where the relative speed between you and it is close to the speed of light — you’ll observe that it’s contracted along its direction of relative motion, and that clocks appear to run at a slower (dilated) rate relative to your own clocks.

The reason underlying this, as realized by Einstein, was straightforward: it’s because the speed of light is the same for all observers. If you imagine that a clock is defined by light bouncing back and forth between two mirrors, then watching someone else’s clock as they move close to the speed of light will inevitably result in their clock running slower than your own.

A light-clock, formed by a photon bouncing between two mirrors, will define time for any observer. Although the two observers may not agree with one another on how much time is passing, they will agree on the laws of physics and on the constants of the Universe, such as the speed of light. Most importantly, time always appears to run forward, never backward, and that by applying the proper relativistic physics, any observer can calculate what any other observer will experience.
(Credit: John D. Norton/University of Pittsburgh)

But there’s an even deeper insight here, which initially eluded even Einstein himself. If you treat time as a dimension, multiply it by the speed of light, and — here’s the big leap — treat it as though it were imaginary, rather than real, then we can define a “spacetime interval” the same way we defined distance earlier. Only, since the imaginary number i is just √(-1), this means that the spacetime interval is actually d = √(x² + y² + z² – c²t²). [Note the minus sign attached to the time coordinate!]

In other words, the transformation from “motion through or separation in space” to “motion through or separation in time” is also a rotation, but it’s a rotation not in the cartesian coordinates of space (where xy, and z are all real numbers), but through the hyperbolic coordinates of spacetime, where if the space coordinates are real, then the time coordinate must be imaginary.

In a great twist of fate, the person who first put these puzzle pieces together was Einstein’s former teacher, Hermann Minkowski, who noted in 1907/8 that,

With Minkowski’s mathematical rigor behind it, the concept of spacetime was not only born, but was here to stay.

Hyperbolic coordinates, drawn in red and blue, obey fundamentally different mathematical relationships between the two different sets of axes than the traditional cartesian, grid-like coordinates.
(Credit: Rocchini/Wikimedia Commons)

What’s remarkable about all of this is that Einstein, despite lacking the mathematical insight to understand exactly how the dimension of time was related to the three conventional dimensions of space, was still able to piece together this key physical insight. Increasing your motion through space decreased your motion through time, and increasing your motion through time decreased your motion through space. All measurements of space and time are only meaningful relative to the observer in question, and depend on the relative motion of the observer to the observed.

And yet, the spacetime interval remains invariant. No matter who is doing the observing or how quickly they’re moving, the combined motion of any object through spacetime is something all observers can agree on. In some ways, the success of relativity was made all the more impressive in light of Minkowski’s assessment of Einstein. Speaking to his (later) student, Max Born, Minkowski had the following to say,

“For me [relativity] came as a tremendous surprise, for in his student days Einstein had been a real lazybones. He never bothered about mathematics at all.”

Fortunately, in physics, the Universe itself — not anyone’s opinion — is the ultimate arbiter of scientific truth.

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Home #WHERETONEXT 5 Places to Take Your Class for a Math-themed Trip

5 Places to Take Your Class for a Math-themed Trip

Mathematics is often one of the most difficult subjects for students to master. Educators need to find ways to help students understand the importance of mathematics in daily life. This can motivate students because they begin to see how it applies to real-life situations. It can start to live for them outside the classroom instead of being an abstract subject that holds no interest to them. Here are some places to take a class for a math-themed trip.

Image by rawpixel.com

1. Bletchley Park in England

For two years running, Bletchley Park in England was named “Best Venue for Maths Learning” by School Travel Awards. It was the country house and estate where top codebreakers operated in secret during World War Two.

Students can go on a guided tour of the facility, which was the birthplace of modern information technology. They can also take part in interactive workshops on many different topics. One of the workshops is about the role of code breakers in the war. Students will be fascinated by their brilliance and how much they contributed to the war effort.

Math problems and answers

Taking mathematics trips can motivate students and help them to develop a love of mathematics. Once they have that enthusiasm, they will have more incentive to practice. Plainmath is a platform that helps students to understand how to solve math problems. It provides accessible sample problems and answers. For example, students can find calculus 2 problems and answers so they can see whether they are correct in their approach to finding solutions. Online math answers prove to be of great help to students who need additional help in this subject.

2. Museums in Italy

A visit to Florence in Italy will give students an insight into the development of the scientific method. During the Renaissance, there was an emphasis on mathematics and empirical evidence. Mathematicians like Galileo and Leonardo Da Vinci were celebrated. There are museums in Florence honoring these two amazing mathematicians. They give students the chance to see inventions and historical equipment.

The Garden of Archimedes also helps students to understand mathematics. This museum has interactive exhibits that help to bring maths to life. A visit to math museums can help to show students the infinite possibilities that mathematics can open up.

Image by artursafronovvvv

3. National Museum of Mathematics (MoMath) in New York

This museum in New York highlights innovative exhibits and programs designed to spark curiosity in people of all ages. The main purpose of this museum isn’t to explain complex math formulas. It demonstrates what can be achieved through math in an interactive way. For example, the Tessellation Station allows students to construct their own displays.

From interacting with robots to making fractal trees in their own image, students can have fun and learn at the same time. One of the most famous exhibits is a tricycle with square wheels on which it’s possible to experience a smooth ride. Math Flash gives an insight into contemporary advances in math. Twisted Thruway gives a tour of a Mobius strip, and Motionscape offers an experience of velocity and acceleration.

4. Legoland, Windsor Resort

Legoland is the perfect place to spend an engaging field trip. There are multiple workshops to choose from that are designed to bring math to life outside of the classroom. They encourage problem-solving, communication, collaboration and critical thinking.

The LEGO Robotics Space Challenge workshop offers students a series of space challenges to help develop their problem-solving skills. In another workshop, students can build a LEGO merry-go-round to explore gear ratios and experiment with gear trains to see which combination enables the ride to spin fastest.

5. Mathematikum, Giessen, Germany

This museum offers hands-on interaction with over 170 math-related exhibits. On three floors of exhibits, students can make music, build bridges, embody the golden ratio and much more. The museum relies on sensory experiences to make sense of the ideas that underpin key math insights. Through all kinds of experiments and puzzles, students can gain insight into complex math concepts. They can explore the properties of soap while standing inside a giant soap bubble and experience pi spatially.

Field trips outside of the classroom can help students to see mathematics in a whole new light. They can explore, discover and have fun with math concepts and problems in a real-world context. Fostering enthusiasm for math is particularly useful when math becomes more abstract for students. When they see the real-life application of complex concepts, they start to make more sense. This can give students the motivation they need to work hard at math inside the classroom.

Author’s Bio

Connie Elser works as a textbook writer, blogger and essay writer. She’s got some charming style of writing that her work always ranks high when it’s about book sales or blog ranking in search engines. She gained this experience through some popular writing mentors. She’s currently developing the plot of her book on the state of education in South Asian countries.


Key Questions for Modelling COVID-19 Exit Strategies

Thompson RN, Hollingsworth TD, Isham V, Arribas-Bel D, Ashby B, Britton T, Challenor P, Chappell LHK, Clapham H, Cunniffe NJ, Dawid AP, Donnelly CA, Eggo RM, Funk S, Gilbert N, Glendinning P, Gog JR, Hart WS, Heesterbeek H, House T, Keeling M, Kiss IZ, Kretzschmar ME, Lloyd AL, McBryde ES, McCaw JM, McKinley TJ, Miller JC, Morris M, O’Neill PD, Parag KV, Pearson CAB, Pellis L, Pulliam JRC, Ross JV, Scalia Tomba G, Silverman BW, Struchiner CJ, Tildesley MJ, Trapman P, Webb CR, Mollison D & Restif O (2020) Key Questions for Modelling COVID-19 Exit Strategies. Proc. R. Soc. B. 287:20201405.

Read online | PDF | Preprint

Combinations of intense non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdowns) were introduced worldwide to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Many governments have begun to implement exit strategies that relax restrictions while attempting to control the risk of a surge in cases. Mathematical modelling has played a central role in guiding interventions, but the challenge of designing optimal exit strategies in the face of ongoing transmission is unprecedented. Here, we report discussions from the Isaac Newton Institute ‘Models for an exit strategy’ workshop (11-15 May 2020). A diverse community of modellers who are providing evidence to governments worldwide were asked to identify the main questions that, if answered, would allow for more accurate predictions of the effects of different exit strategies. Based on these questions, we propose a roadmap to facilitate the development of reliable models to guide exit strategies. This roadmap requires a global collaborative effort from the scientific community and policymakers, and has three parts: (i) improve estimation of key epidemiological parameters; (ii) understand sources of heterogeneity in populations; and (iii) focus on requirements for data collection, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. This will provide important information for planning exit strategies that balance socio-economic benefits with public health.


Centre for Biodiversity Genomics. CBG Photography Group. Year: 2008. Contact: ccdbcol@uoguelph.ca.   cc-by-nc-sa-3.0

Dexaminoidea is a superfamily of amphipods. There are 305 species of Dexaminoidea, in 49 genera and 5 families. It includes groups like Melphidippidae, Lepechinellidae, and Pardaliscidae. They rely on drag powered swimming to move around.

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Intelligent Design Icon Intelligent Design
Physics, Earth & Space Icon Physics, Earth & Space

Anthropic Fine-Tuning as Evidence of Design

Stephen C. Meyer
Image credit: Gerd Altmann via Pixabay.

Editor’s note: This article is an excerpt from a chapter in the newly released book The Comprehensive Guide to Science and Faith: Exploring the Ultimate Questions About Life and the Cosmos. We are presenting Dr. Meyer’s chapter as a series, in which this is the fourth post. Find the full series so far here.

The evidence of design in living cells is not the only such evidence in nature. Modern physics now reveals evidence of intelligent design in the very fabric of the universe. Since the 1950s and 1960s, physicists have recognized that the initial conditions and the laws and constants of physics are finely tuned, against all odds, to make life possible. Even extremely slight alterations in the values of many independent factors — such as the expansion rate of the universe, the speed of light, the masses of quarks, and the precise strength of gravitational or electromagnetic attraction — would render life impossible. Physicists refer to these factors as “anthropic coincidences,” and to the fortunate convergence of all these coincidences as the “fine-tuning of the universe.”

A Preexistent Intelligence

Many physicists have noted that this fine-tuning strongly suggests design by a preexistent intelligence. Physicist Paul Davies has said that “the impression of design is overwhelming.”1 Fred Hoyle argued, “A commonsense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as chemistry and biology.”2Many physicists now concur. They would argue that — in effect — these parameters appear finely tuned to make life possible because someone carefully fine-tuned them.

To explain the vast improbabilities associated with these fine-tuning parameters, some physicists, such as Lawrence Krauss and Leonard Susskind, have postulated not a fine-tuner or intelligent designer, but instead, the existence of a vast number of other parallel universes. This multiverse concept posits the existence of many other universes, each with different sets of physical parameters. In so doing, it attempts to show that a set of fine-tuning parameters necessary for life would — in all probability — inevitably arise somewhere in some universe, since this multiplicity of new universes would vastly increase the number of opportunities for generating a life-friendly universe.

Multiverse advocates not only posit a great multiplicity of other universes, they also posit the existence of some universe-generating mechanism to explain where these other universes came from. It’s important to understand why they must do this. Most proponents think of the different universes that they postulate as causally isolated or disconnected from each other. Thus, they do not expect to have any direct observational evidence of universes other than our own.3 Consequently, nothing that happens in one universe should have any effect on things that happen in another universe. Nor would events in one universe affect the probability of events in another universe, including the probabilities of whatever events were responsible for setting the values of the fine-tuning parameters in another universe — such as ours. As science writer Clifford Longley explains the concept: “There could have been millions and millions of different universes created each with different dial settings of the fundamental ratios and constants, so many in fact that the right set was bound to turn up by sheer chance.”4

A Cosmic Lottery

Yet if all the different universes were produced by the same underlying causal mechanism, then it would be possible to conceive of our universe as the winner of a cosmic lottery, where some winning universe with just the right laws, constants, and/or initial conditions, would eventually emerge. Postulating a “universe-generating machine” could conceivably render the probability of getting a universe with life-friendly conditions quite high, and, in the process, explain the fine-tuning as the result of a randomizing element — like the action of a giant slot machine or a roulette wheel turning out either life-conducive winners or life-unfriendly losers with each spin or pull on the handle.

But, as I explain in my new book Return of the God Hypothesis5 in much more detail, advocates of these multiverse proposals have overlooked an obvious problem. The speculative cosmologies (such as inflationary cosmology and string theory) they propose for generating alternative universes invariably invoke mechanisms that themselves require fine-tuning, thus begging the question as to the origin of that prior fine-tuning. Indeed, all the various materialistic explanations for the origin of the fine-tuning — i.e., the explanations that attempt to explain the fine-tuning without invoking intelligent design — invariably invoke prior unexplained fine-tuning.

Improbability and Functional Specification

Moreover, the fine-tuning of the universe exhibits precisely those features — extreme improbability and functional specification — that invariably trigger an awareness of, and justify an inference to, intelligent design.6 Because the multiverse theory cannot explain fine-tuning without invoking prior fine-tuning, and because the fine-tuning of a physical system to accomplish a recognizable or propitious end is exactly the kind of thing we know intelligent agents do, it follows that intelligent design stands as the best explanation for the fine-tuning of the universe. And that makes intelligent design detectable in both the physical parameters of the universe and the information-bearing properties of life.

Next, “Intelligent Design: Theistic Implications?”

  2. Fred Hoyle, “The Universe: Past and Present Reflections,” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), 16.
  3. A few physicists have proposed that if our bubble universe bumped into another bubble universe, it would leave detectable patterns in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). See Joshua Sokol, “A Brush with a Universe Next Door,” New Scientist 228 (October 31, 2015), 8-9.Roger Penrose has made a similar claim for his conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC) model, in which the universe goes through infinitely many cycles, with the future time-like infinity of each earlier iteration being identified with the big bang singularity of the next. For a popular account, see Roger Penrose, Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011). He argues that observed “hot spots” in the CMBR represent evidence of interaction between the different modes of the universe in its collapsing and expanding phases. Specifically, he sees hot spots in the CMBR as evidence of the collapse of black holes prior to the beginning of our universe in its present expansion phase. See Roger Penrose, “On the Gravitization of Quantum Mechanics 2: Conformal Cyclic Cosmology,” Foundations of Physics 44 (2014), 873-890. Even so, his model does not, strictly speaking, represent a multiverse model, since the universes exist in succession, not in parallel.
  4. Clifford Longley, “Focusing on Theism,” London Times (January 21, 1989), 10.
  5. Stephen C. Meyer, Return of the God Hypothesis: Compelling Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God (San Francisco, CA: HarperOne, 2021).
  6. Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay Richards, The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004), 293-311.


How exactly to match wallpaper and ground?
For individuals who like white floors, it is recommended to employ a gray-white floor. Many households now prefer to use white flooring, hoping to have a quiet home atmosphere. It is recommended to use a lighter color such as grayish white, which is usually easy to give a feeling of tranquility, and does not trigger the “top-heavy” light color of the wall.
The yellow floor should be matched with adjacent color walls. Some family members prefer to use a slightly yellow floor. The wall structure uses the “adjacent color” rule to select a dark yellowish or light yellowish color adjacent to the yellow color. Very warm atmosphere.

The black-brown floor ought to be equipped with ivory color. The dark-colored floor has strong charm and expressiveness. The character is distinctive. For example, the color of the floor with red tone gives a solid feeling. If the wallpaper is also thick, it’ll appear. Not really harmonized. But choose to have ivory or light gray, and the black brown floor will form a sense of unity.
The darkish floor should be fitted with a beige, and some heads of households are willing to match the white walls to the darkish floor, which makes the ground look dark. If the wall selection is equivalent to the beige color of the cashmere, the colour of the wall space and flooring will be easier to access and the area will be bigger. The style is easy, fresh and elegant.

Color impacts people’s visual effects, warm colors are expanded, and great colors are contracted. As a result, the floor of a little room should select a great color of dark color, or a simple and bright floor, making people feel the growth of the area. If you select a warm color flooring with a solid color, it will make the space appear narrower and boost the feeling of depression. In addition, in the choice of color, should prefer small texture or right grain effect, avoid huge and chaotic patterns.

How exactly to match wallpaper and sofa?
Proposal 1: Space for the primary character
Ask yourself first, what kind of feeling do you want? Think about space first, after that choose furniture. The colour of the wallpaper can be the main color, and the jewelry is merely embellishment. The whole group of sofas and wall space are coordinated shades, the living space is huge, and the color of the whole set of sofas could be bold. Want focus, jump out with an individual chair with a special shape and color.

Proposal 2: Non-Woven Wallpapers Taking home furniture as the main corner
If the furniture is the primary character, the space is the same color. Crimson wallpaper could be retro first color leather sofa, green wallpaper is certainly suitable for English leather sofa with key, purple wallpaper is suitable for all white leather sofa. In the color matching of the furniture, the coffee desk or the side desk uses the medium wood or metal glazing material, the large area sofa has the weight feeling, the light color sofa gets the dark pillow, and vice versa, the contrast color or the comparable color may be used, the concentrate is not More than 3 colors to avoid clutter.
Proposal 3: Coordinating similar colors
The combination of a single color system and an identical color system is coordinated, however the space is simple to flow in monotonous and lifeless. For instance, the wallpaper is normally light blue, the sofa comes in dark blue, and the pillow is constructed of contrasting orange or conflicting crimson or multi-colored patterns. It is advisable to put in a pot of green trees. Earth color matching hardly ever fails since it comes from character. In the house is a color sofa, you may take one color from the cloth as the color of the wallpaper.

Proposal 4: Rhythm comparison color
Contrast color beating, reddish colored wallpaper green sofa, emphasizing the shape of the sofa, very jumping but simple to see exhausted, generally recommended never to be used, can only be utilized in essential areas. Orange, reddish colored, and yellow warm-coloured sofas, in contrast to the blue, green, and purple-colored color wallpapers, match one another, in addition to vivid, but also produce a sense of rhythm. The same group of blue sofas creates a different feel under the history of a white wall structure or an orange-red wall structure or a yellow wall. Blue and yellow could be added with a neutral color green to reconcile. The wallpaper and the sofa are in the same color or related colors, and the contrasting color pillow can be used to jump the color.

How to match wallpaper and curtains?
Different varieties of wallpaper with a carefully decided on curtain often bring a dreamy surprise alive. Opening the door, wallpaper curtains are usually the most eye-catching due to the location advantage, and the decision of wallpaper and curtains can fully display the owner’s flavor and pursuit, so the purchase of wallpaper curtains is specially important. Therefore how to help make the wallpaper and curtains perfectly match, so that our living room is more romantic, romantic and quality?

The combination of wallpaper and curtains mainly pays focus on both color and shape.
Color part: To begin with, the colour of the curtains and wallpaper need to complement one another. If the wallpaper is certainly chosen to be plain, then the curtains can be slightly more fancy. For instance, you can select the style of hollowing out or three-dimensional embroidery, that may mobilize the flexibility of the whole house.
Secondly, the curtains and wallpapers should be matched with the overall home environment, which has become the default rule for purchasing curtain wallpapers. For instance, brown wallpaper, brown velvet curtains, and the same color of the floor and table and seat, normal Western classical decoration style, could make the atmosphere of the whole room exquisite and elegant.
Form part: The design of the curtain should match the style of the wallpaper. If the wallpaper is normally American nation style, the curtain can not choose a Chinese style. If the wallpaper chooses a style with a small pattern (such as pastoral style, European court style), when choosing curtains, it is not recommended to select a curtain with a little design and a curtain. Usually it’ll appear that the room isn’t generous and steady. It is advisable to choose plain or somewhat striped curtains.

An ideal match between wallpaper and curtains is highly recommended when it comes to color and style. Both of these can add color to your home life, boost romance and increase flavor.


The jeans you never wash...

The jeans you never wash...

We are often asked about why we advice not to wash your pair of raw denim jeans as long as possible. We understand the trouble you will get at home if we not properly explain this, so off we go:

When or how to wash your pair of Grivec Bros jeans

As our slogan says ‘Dry till you die’, you can tell our passion for raw denim. And indeed we advice not too wash these at least the first 6 to 12 months. Why? Simply because when you wash your jeans too quickly you will ‘disturb’ the magical aging process. And that’s exactly what raw denim is all about.

The true denim aficionados for example like heavy wear patterns, heavy contrasts on their pairs, so they decide to wear their jeans for at least 6 months before their first wash. Others prefer to rinse their jeans before they start to wear them. This is a method where they put their jeans in a bathtub with cold water for around 15 – 20 minutes so the jeans will be less stiff, so easier to ‘break in’. Anyway, there’s nothing cooler on earth to experience and see that slowly but surely the indigo chips off your jeans so you will get the most beautiful fades. The result is that your jeans will truly become your personal pair of jeans, reflecting your lifestyle. The only thing you need is patience!

So, if you do wash your jeans too quick the indigo of your pair will ‘bleed’, and the outcome will be less interesting to our opinion. So, wear it as long as possible to get the coolest pair you have ever seen!

Having that said, it is a matter of taste. It is of course not really a case of good or bad. It’s all up to you. You wash it whenever you think your pair is ready for it.

How about hygene?

The Canadian student project

Some people ask us if it isn’t disgusting to wear your jeans for such a long time. Though we understand the question, we dare to say this is not the case. Luckily we can always share the story of the Canadian student. Around ten years ago, a student did an experiment for school where he was wearing the same pair of jeans without washing or fresh-up treatment for 15 months. He wanted to know how many bacteria would end up on his pair after such a long time of wear. So, he wore his jeans for 15 months straight, and yes, he spilled sometimes a bit of his beer or burger on it, but nothing to worry about. After 15 months he swapped the jeans before washing them to see the number of bacteria. Then he washed the jeans and wore his fresh pair for 13 days, and tested them again.

The outcome was that there was no difference in the bacterial carriage depending on whether the jeans had been worn for 15 months or only 13 days. And, most of the bacteria present on the jeans came from his skin and was not harmful at all.

Wash your jeans when they’re ready for it!

To wash your jeans, or clothes in general, regularly is something that became a new standard in these modern times. But, back in the days, they didn’t wash their clothes after one or two days. They washed them when they were dirty. The same you’re doing nowadays with your Winter jacket for example. And, that’s exactly what we recommend people when they question us about this topic. Wash it when you think your jeans need it.

The basics to fresh-up your jeans

As said, there’s no good or bad in how to treat your jeans. But, to avoid tears and rips in your worn-in jeans we recommend washing them now and then as the water strength the fibers of your pair. So, here are 5 ways which you can use when you think your beloved pair of Grivec Bros jeans is ready for it.

Machine wash

The most common is to wash your jeans in a washing machine. First, turn your jeans inside out, this will help to preserve the original color. Then, add detergent (not too much) without bleach. Use a simple short washing program, gentle cycle (or delicate cycle, depending on your machine), and choose the coldest water option. When it’s ready, hang (air) dry the jeans afterward, so skip the dryer.

Jeans can also be washed by hand. This will clean the jeans, and it will strengthen the fibers too. You can easily do this in a bathtub or sink. Turn your jeans inside out, and use lukewarm water (this to avoid shrinking), and add a small amount of detergent without bleach. Gently agitate the jeans to remove dirt and let them soak for at least 60 minutes. Wring it out, and hang dry the jeans afterward.

Fill your bathtub or sink with lukewarm water. Add a small amount of detergent without bleach. Flip your jeans inside out, and leave them there for around 15 to 20 minutes. Wring it out, and hang dry the jeans afterward.

Some denim heads put their jeans in the freezer to get rid of the bacteria, and the smell. But, this theory is more a myth that it should work. Sure, the jeans will emerge from the deep freeze odorless, but as soon as you put them on and your body heat makes contact with the material, all the bacteria and odors will be reactivated again.

Airing Outside

This last method is one of our favorites. It is freshening your jeans between wearings. We like to air our jeans outside when we’re in bed, yes, this is the only time we don’t wear jeans ; ) Airing outside will keep the jeans sort of fresh naturally, and you don’t disturb the aging process. When you wake up, they’re ready for another wear day.

And, sometimes we hang our pair in our bathroom while we’re taking a shower, the steam will give the jeans a ‘dry clean’ treatment too.

1 Kommentar

  • Jiri Mildner

    Thank’s a lot.
    I think this info should come with every pair of Jeans you sell.

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Data Discovery vs Data Catalog: 3 Critical Aspects

on Data Catalog, Data Discovery • July 23rd, 2022 • Write for Hevo

Data Discovery vs Data Catalog: Featured Image

In a variety of sectors, data-informed decision-making is swiftly taking over, and businesses are working to provide their data and business teams with easier, more approachable methods to access and use data.

Both data discovery and data cataloging intend to help you understand what you have and how it relates to other data. The former finds connections between various datasets both inside and across various (heterogeneous) data sources. It frequently serves as a tool for data asset discovery, test data management, and regulatory compliance (GDPR).

Data catalog tools offer a repository of details about a company’s data assets, including what data is kept, what format it is in, and to which (business) domains is data important to. These tools also employ data discovery behind the covers. The data is automatically gathered, and it can also be further categorized according to time, place, access control, and other factors.

Take a look at the detailed aspects of the data discovery vs data catalog discussion.

Table of Contents

What is Data Catalog?

Data Cataloging: Data Discovery vs Data Catalog
Image Source

A data catalog is a well-organized inventory of your data assets from all your data sources. Data cataloging helps companies in improving data discovery, comprehension, and consumption. All of your data, related metadata, and discovery tools are arranged, indexed, and easy to find for both business needs and data users when you have an enterprise data catalog.

A library is a typical metaphor for data catalogs. It serves as the perfect analogy since it is stocked with information assets (like books) and requires a way to manage them. In this example, books serve as the information asset, while details about the books, such as their title, author, ISBN, and genre, serve as their metadata.

A data catalog is precisely what it sounds like—a catalog that is updated with information about the books, their location, and other things. It enables users to locate the list of available books, organize it according to their preferences, and easily choose the ones they need.

A good data catalog meets the following criteria:

  • Empowers Metadata
    You need data catalogs that can broadly discover, catalog, enhance, and utilize all types of metadata, enabling manual or automated usage of the same throughout your data stack.
  • Assembles and Combines Metadata in One Repository
    Modern data catalogs serve as the uniform access layer for all data sources and repositories and are driven by visual querying capabilities to enable equitable access to both technical and business users.
  • Facilitates Integrated Teamwork
    All data consumers have different tool preferences, skill sets, and procedures. Modern data catalogs are inclusively built to serve them all in their native environments because they realize the power of this variety.

Benefits of Data Cataloging

Data catalog offers a variety of benefits along with robust metadata and enhanced dataset searching. These include:

  • Greater Data Comprehension by Improved Context: With an enterprise data catalog, data professionals may access thorough descriptions of data, including comments from other team members, and better understand how data is relevant to the business.
  • Improved Operational Effectiveness: Data cataloging establishes an ideal division of labor between users and IT, enabling data citizens to access and analyze data more quickly while allowing IT employees to devote more time to activities that are of the utmost importance.
  • Reduced Risk: Enterprise data catalog reduces business risk by ensuring that data is only used for the intended uses and that it complies with company policies and data privacy laws. Additionally, your data professionals can swiftly scan annotations and metadata for empty fields or erroneous values that can affect their analysis.
  • Enhanced Performance with Data Management Programs: The more challenging it is for data professionals to locate, get, prepare, and trust data, the less likely it is that business intelligence (BI) projects and big data projects will be successful. A data catalog assists in finding new opportunities for cross-selling, up-selling, targeted marketing, and more by giving your data and business analysts a single, accurate, and comprehensive representation of their clients.
  • Faster, More Accurate Data and Analysis: With analysis and solutions based on the most pertinent, contextual data available within your business, your data professionals can respond quickly to issues, difficulties, and opportunities and create a competitive edge.

A data catalog can help you in implementing data lake governance by fostering, streamlining, and automating governance. This prevents data swamps and offers the policy framework for creating, implementing, and supervising AI models with an emphasis on sincerity, accountability, safety, and clarity.

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What is Data Discovery?

Business intelligence has often been the domain of IT departments or domain experts running elaborate technology stacks. Business professionals can now prepare, load, and engage with data without the aid of IT thanks to the evolution of BI reporting and analytics technologies. Data discovery capabilities aid in breaking down data silos, removing bottlenecks, and making it simpler for users to comprehend and explore enterprise-wide information assets.

Data discovery tools enable business users to explore and interact with an organization’s data more easily, while also providing enterprises with a comprehensive view of their information assets. Without needing to acquire data modeling and other new abilities, even non-technical people can have insightful data. Users may engage with data and analytics via drag-and-drop capabilities, natural language interaction, and visual interaction thanks to data discovery technology.

Through visuals and drag-and-drop features, AI help enables people to access, prepare, and engage with data. They can utilize powerful analytics and machine learning frameworks through straightforward visual interaction and search data the same way they would browse the web.

Users can easily clean up, integrate, and analyze large data sets using data discovery technologies, providing them with the expertise they need to come to insightful ﬁndings.

How Helpful is Data Discovery for Me?

Data Discovery: Data Discovery vs Data Catalog
Image Source

Data discovery helps firms in educating their workforce and enabling more users to combine and work with data from various sources and perform analyzes.

With the right data discovery methods in place, data professionals spend less time looking for data and more time obtaining answers to their urgent issues. This reduces the time to insight. Using data discovery, your frontline data users are able to obtain the information they want without the assistance of IT.

By enabling your decision-makers to combine huge amounts of different data it provides them a wider perspective. They also get to obtain better insights while uncovering new opportunities. Data discovery also fosters innovation and creativity. And ultimately, your business becomes more efficient and insight-driven as your data professionals becomes more comfortable with data.

What are the Benefits of Data Discovery?

Here are a few ways data discovery can benefit your business:

  • Facilitate visualization, merging, and migration of data across various data sources
  • Categorize sensitive data assets from massive amounts of structured and unstructured data automatically
  • Expand the varieties of data that can be analyzed, enabling the addition of more variables to data models
  • Identifying and swiftly analyzing real-time data in making informed business decisions
  • Foster governance and security. Platforms for data discovery can categorize data and pinpoint its organizational context, setting the groundwork for governance and security regulations

Data Discovery vs Data Catalog Comparison

We have broadly divided Data Discovery vs Data Catalog discussion into 3 broad aspects, let’s examine them:

Data Discovery vs Data Catalog Comparison: Working

Data discovery, along with data archival, test data management, data masking, and other techniques is employed when it is crucial to comprehend (referentially intact) corporate data entities that you are maintaining or altering. Because business analysts comprehend data at this level, putting a focus on business entities is also crucial for fostering communication between the business and IT.

Data discovery is crucial for master data management implementation because it makes it possible to find things like matching keys and offers precedence analysis. Understanding data landscapes might be referred to as one of the main use cases for data discovery. This is relevant to really large organizations with hundreds or thousands of databases that wish to comprehend the variety of connections between them.

Modern data catalogs, which may span multiple data sources (relational, NoSQL, and others) and serve to eliminate data silos, were initially created to function in association with data lakes. Users can thus have access to all data held by the company and are not constrained by the location of any data they may be interested in.

Second, catalogs promote productivity by allowing self-service. They enable data professionals to do targeted information searches without involving IT, provided they have the necessary rights. Third, it prevents wasting a lot of time looking for information by finding it much more rapidly. Last but not least, catalogs help make sense of all this by bringing some order and structure to the environment, allowing users to understand what data is useful and what data is not, given the flood of data that many firms are being swamped with.

Data Discovery vs Data Catalog Comparison: Personnel

Data discovery is crucial for chief information officers (CIOs) who want to comprehend their data landscape, as well as for anybody worried about data governance and compliance. As per studies, knowing the linkages found by data discovery is critical to data transfer.

Data cataloging is significantly important to the administration of data lakes (IT) and their use since it supports governance on the one hand and data preparation on the other (business people looking to exploit the information in your data lake).

Data Discovery vs Data Catalog Comparison: Latest Trends & Vendor Landscape

Whilst data discovery is an established technology, since the time GDPR was implemented, there has been an increased interest in using it to locate sensitive data. There are several notable variations across data discovery tools in this regard.

For instance, some vendors can do database stored procedures inspection as part of the discovery process, but other vendors lack such capability. We anticipate that this disparity will close over time. In terms of data catalogs, there are an increasing number of providers who provide both data preparation and data cataloging. Although the former is not a big deal, there is a risk that you may wind up having many catalogs that are incompatible with one another.

Vendors for data discovery and data cataloging come from a wide range of backgrounds. Data quality, data mobility, data masking, and test data management providers all frequently provide data discovery, while data preparation and analytics vendors, as well as both data governance vendors, may supply data catalogs.

Many businesses provide a variety of these product categories. Since data cataloging is still a young field of technology, there are many companies on the market that provide either data preparation or production of data catalogs. This covers all providers offering business intelligence and analytics, not just the pure-play ones.

Today, data cataloging is a service offered by almost all data governance suppliers. Although some consolidation has already begun (Qlik acquired Podium Data), more are likely. We anticipate further consolidation since it is impossible to predict how many pure-play providers will remain in business over the long run.

What’s Next for Data Discovery vs Data Catalog?

When you have stringent models, data catalogs function fine, but as data pipelines become more intricate and unstructured data becomes the norm, our perceptions of this data—what it does, who uses it, how it’s utilized, etc.—do not correspond to reality.

Next-generation catalogs, we think, will be able to learn, interpret, and infer data, allowing users to exploit its insights in a self-service way. Data discovery, a novel method for assessing the condition of your dispersed data assets in real-time, must be included in metadata and data management plans in addition to cataloging data.

Data discovery holds diverse data owners responsible for their data as products and for promoting communication amongst scattered data spread out over many sites. Once a specific domain has received and processed data, the domain’s data owners can use the data for their operational or analytical requirements.

Data discovery reveals a real-time awareness of the data’s present state as opposed to its ideal or “cataloged” form, but more like a data catalog, governance rules and tools are federated across various domains (allowing for greater accessibility and interoperability). We believe that in the future we will see the best of both methodologies to overcome their shortcomings in form of a combined platform with all relevant functionalities rolled into one.

Final Thoughts

It is crucial to comprehend the condition and dependability of these most important assets as businesses use data to power digital offerings, drive decision-making, and spur innovation. Data catalogs have been used by companies as the foundation for data governance for many years.

Data discovery technologies can find data anywhere in your distributed infrastructure by automating the process of gathering characteristics about your data assets. This reduces the need for manual work. Additionally, it continuously updates metadata in real-time for both data at rest and data in motion (since data constantly transforms as it travels through your data pipelines). It offers simple-to-understand grades for data health and quality that are in line with the requirements of various users inside your business, in other words, providing more pertinent results for their data queries.

Looking at how the modern data stack is shaping up, it wouldn’t be farfetched to say that the emergence of a platform with ideals and features of data catalog and data discovery coupled into one set is assured. This, we expect would give complete visibility to data professionals to trust and leverage data and turn it into smart decisions.

Give us your thoughts on Data Discovery vs Data Catalog!

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Apple, Google, Microsoft, Mozilla Working Together to Improve Interoperatibility Across Web Browsers

BY Chandraveer Mathur

Published 4 Mar 2022

Web Browsers

In what could be exciting news for web developers worldwide, several Big Tech companies, including Apple and Google, have joined forces to eventually help websites offer a seamless and consistent experience across different platforms.

The group comprised of software consultancies Bocoup and Igalia, in cooperation with web browser makers Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla, have developed a benchmark aptly named Interop 2022. It evaluates browsers like Safari, Edge, Chrome, and Firefox on how they implement specific web standards. Interop scores browsers based on 15 web platform specifications, namely cascade layers, color spaces, CSS color functions, new viewport units, scrolling, and subgrid. Three other capabilities aren’t mentioned but are also being investigated.

In simple terms, these parameters together evaluate how browsers reproduce colors, content layers, sizing of the area to display content, and how they handle scroll snap and over-scroll. Interop 2022 encourages interoperability, so websites share more similarities across browsers in terms of appearance and functionality without requiring web developers to pour in additional effort to ensure compatibility. A part of the burden of guaranteeing interoperability is passed on to browser makers.

In a blog post, Google executives Rachel Andrew, Philip Jägenstedt, and Robert Nyman heralded the combined effort behind Interop 2022.

“For the first time ever, all major browser vendors, and other stakeholders, have come together to solve the top browsers compatibility issues identified by web developers.

In essence, the goal is to make the web platform more usable and reliable for developers, so that they can spend more time building great web experiences instead of working around browser inconsistencies”

Apple web development evangelist Jen Simmons also voiced a similar sentiment.

“We care deeply about the health of the web, and interoperable implementations of web standards.”

Different browsers lack on different fronts. For instance, Safari has been slow to implement some WebKit APIs that favor apps that rival native Apple solutions. The Interop 2022 benchmark hopes to get the most popular browsers on a level playing field so users can enjoy interoperability across platforms. It intends to help web developers work with browser makers to streamline the experience for everyone using the web.

In an initial run evaluating the stable releases, Chrome and Edge scored 61 on a 100-point scale, surpassed by Firefox’s score of 69. However, Apple’s Safari scored a dismal 50 points. That said, the most current beta builds of these browsers showed promise. Chrome and Edge scored 71 while Firefox scored 74, and Safari didn’t lag too far behind with 73.

Do you believe Interop 2022 will succeed in bringing homogeneity across browsers? Please tell us what you think in the comments below.

[Via The Register]