Meet the real Richy Sunak

OpenDemocracy has dirt on the longtime Boris Johnson facilitator and collaborator

Rishi Sunak could become PM. Here’s what he doesn’t want you to know

Rich as fekk, privately educated at ridiculously expensive public schools, owns many properties worldwide, cut benefits, helped cause the 2008 financial crisis, has a hedge-fund company called Theleme ! registered in the Caymen Islands, unknown business dealings, his missus Murty is richer than the Queen, has strong links to right-wing think-tanks, employs slick PR.

By bailing out vulture capitalists, Rishi Sunak has revealed his true priorities

Last week, in a largely unreported decision, Rishi Sunak quietly announced that private equity owned companies would now be eligible for government bailout loans.

This means that fabulously rich private investors like Blackstone, CVC Capital Partners, Apax Partners, Permira Adviors, and Bridgepoint will have access to government business support schemes such as the coronavirus business interruption loan scheme (CBILS) and coronavirus large business interruption loan scheme (CLBILS).

In many ways, this aligns with the government’s broader strategy towards COVID support schemes: they are primarily designed to support ‘business’. And this means that although some jobs may or may not be saved, this is incidental. The main aim is to preserve the corporate economy.

Rishi Sunak said he’d protect the vulnerable. So why is he making them pay?

Overall the Budget seems designed to fuel a two-tier recovery, where the winners from the pandemic prosper at the expense of everyone else. Ultimately, the effect is to shift the cost of the pandemic onto those who can afford it least. In practice this is disproportionately the young, women and ethnic minorities.

Continue ReadingMeet the real Richy Sunak

The British government refused to assist a French investigation into suspected money laundering and tax fraud by the UK telecoms giant Lycamobile – citing the fact that the company is the “biggest corporate donor to the Conservative party” and gives money to a trust founded by Prince Charles.

French prosecutors launched a major probe into the firm and arrested 19 people accused of using its accounts to launder money from organised criminal networks two years ago, after BuzzFeed News revealed its suspicious financial activities in the UK. But the Conservatives continued taking Lycamobile’s money – and it can now be revealed that the British authorities stonewalled a formal request from French prosecutors to carry out raids in London as part of the ongoing investigation.

Confidential correspondence between British government officials and their French counterparts, shown to BuzzFeed News by a source in the UK, reveals that the French wanted British authorities to raid Lycamobile’s London headquarters last year and seize evidence as part of their investigation into money laundering and tax fraud by the company.

In an official response dated 30 March 2017, a government official noted that Lycamobile is “a large multinational company” with “vast assets at their disposal” and would be “extremely unlikely to agree to having their premises searched”.

The letter, from the team at HMRC that handles law enforcement requests from foreign governments, continued: “It is of note that they are the biggest corporate donor to the Conservative party led by Prime Minister Theresa May and donated 1.25m Euros to the Prince Charles Trust in 2012.” The email referred to Lycamobile’s donations to the British Asian Trust, which was founded by the Prince of Wales to tackle poverty in South Asia, not to his youth foundation The Prince’s Trust which has never received any money from Lycamobile.


What is MCN?

MCN stimulates the brain waves with low intensity pulses using transcranial electrical stimulation.

When we suffer emotional and physical traumas, the brain “freezes” in a dysfunctional homeostasis that leads to dys-regulation.

Thus, IASIS does not train the brain like traditional neurofeedback, but instead “disentrains” the brain by allowing it to reorganize itself and release itself from frozen, stuck patterns. This is analogous to re-booting a frozen computer.

The Science and Technology

Various studies of the brain have shown people who tend to suffer from anxiety, PTSD, depression, and other neurological conditions have shown high levels of delta wave activity.

The IASIS Micro Current Neurofeedback system has been proven to reduce or eliminate high levels of delta wave activity.

MCN helps to bring balance to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems by increasing the oscillation rate of the brain's delta waves so that the body can rest, digest, and process at an optimal level.


What Is an Example of Cultural Assimilation?

Chris Mellor/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images

Cultural assimilation occurs when members of one cultural group adopt the language, practices and beliefs of another group, often losing aspects of their traditional culture in the process. One example involves the forced assimilation of Native Americans, who were required to attend government-funded boarding schools and forbidden to speak their traditional languages. As of today, only 112 of the roughly 300 original Native American languages are still spoken.

Cultural assimilation also occurs when immigrants voluntarily adopt their new country’s language and cultural practices to integrate into society and improve their chances of economic and social gain. Social acceptance is often easier for groups whose culture and appearance more closely resemble those of the majority group. Though Italian and Irish immigrants to the United States were originally looked down on by Americans of English descent, they were eventually absorbed into the dominant white culture. Second- and third-generation children of immigrants from Asian countries, on the other hand, continue to experience stereotypes that mark them both as a “model minority” and “forever foreigners,” which are groups that have severe difficulty fully integrating into mainstream U.S. society.

The counterpart to cultural assimilation is multiculturalism, in which cultural diversity is encouraged and valued as beneficial to society.


How Many Episodes Does Manifest Have

How many episodes are there in Manifest season 2?

Therefore, some fans expected that season 2 would also have 16 episodes — but as of right now, it’s been confirmed that NBC has only ordered 13 episodes, just as they initially did for season 1. Some things will remain the same — the show will continue to air in the Monday 10PM timeslot on NBC.

How many episodes of Manifest season 3 will there be?

There are 13 episodes total that make up Manifest season 3, with each episode coming in around the 45-minute mark.

Who killed grace in Manifest?

Where is Manifest filmed?

Manifest’ Season 4 begins filming final season in New York after Netflix rescue | Marca.

Is flight 828 a true story?

Why was Manifest Cancelled?

Why was Manifest cancelled? Deadline had reported that too many complications were encountered by Warner Bros Television to keep the crew and cast on board.

Does Netflix save Manifest?

Did Netflix pick up Manifest?

Manifest will take off for one final season on Netflix, but that wasn’t always the plan. The streamer picked up the canceled NBC missing plane drama for a fourth and final season on August 28 after initially passing on it back in June.

Who killed Kelly on Manifest?

After Flight 828 While she was watching herself on television later, she was shot and killed by Christine (her housekeeper).

Who killed Ben’s wife in Manifest?

What’s the story behind Manifest?

Jeff Rake, who created the series, said it was loosely based on the disappearance of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 in March 2014. He had pitched the idea for the series before this event, but it was only picked up following the plane’s disappearance.

Is the movie Manifest a true story?

Where is the stone house in Manifest?

The exterior of the Stones’ house is located at 81-14 218th Street in the Hollis Hills neighborhood, according to The show’s soundstage sets are located at Silvercup Studios in the Long Island City neighborhood, according to Silvercup’s website.

Has Manifest started filming?

By mid-November 2021, however, Manifest was officially filming in New York City. Jeff Rake also confirmed on November 18 that the new season had begun filming, and wrote on Twitter on Christmas Day: “Merry Christmas, Manifesters! Your gift is in the works!” alongside a photo of the set.

Is Manifest appropriate for a 12 year old?

Is Manifest a horror movie?

While we wouldn’t classify Manifest as a horror series by any means, there are some infrequent instances of imagery that some viewers might find scary. For the most part, the show is a drama with leanings in both the supernatural and science fiction genres.

Does MH370 found?

Did they ever find MH370?

What happens to Cal in Manifest?

Does Manifest have an ending?

NBC canceled Manifest despite its shocking season 3 finale cliffhanger. Luckily, Netflix saved the day, ordering a fourth and final season, thanks to a new crop of fans desperate to find out what happened to Flight 828. The network pulled the plug on Manifest in June 2021, days after the two-part finale aired.

Was Manifest based on a book?

No, Manifest is not based on a book, nor is a based on a true story. While there are more than likely both books and true stories the series resembles, it’s not based on any particular source material. The show comes from the mind of creator Jeff Rake.

Has Manifest been saved?

Manifest becomes the latest property to be rescued by Netflix, but it took more than a fan campaign this time.

Do Michaela and Jared get back together?

During Flight 828’s disappearance, Michaela was presumed dead, and Jared married Michaela’s best friend, Lourdes (Victoria Cartagena). When Michaela returned five years later, she and Jared experienced some unresolved tension. The characters spent a night together, but Jared and Michaela ultimately did not reunite.

What happened to Beverly’s husband in Manifest?

During Flight 828 Glen’s wife Beverly develops Dementia and has a hard time remembering they lost their daughter, Evie. The pain of constantly reminding Beverly of their daughters death pushed Glen to lie to his wife that their daughter Evie was fine, just away from the home.

Why did Angelina stab grace in Manifest?

Grace Stone (Athena Karkanis) gave up her life in an attempt to protect Eden. Angelina’s (Holly Taylor) obsession with the baby hit an all-time high when she stabbed Grace and kidnapped her tot.


Saturday, December 3, 2022

Quaternary Celtic Knot Symbolism: Follow Your Path

What Does Quaternary Knot Mean?

Quaternary Celtic Knot Symbolism shows the unifying factors and four directions of the earth. For this reason, you get to understand different things about the right direction you have to follow to experience greatness in your life. So, you have to be keen and concentrate on what will bear fruits important in changing your life. Additionally, it talks of connections that will guarantee you prosperity in what you consider important in your work line.

What Does a Celtic Knot Symbolize?

The Celtic knot relies on love, loyalty, and friendships—it all about finding genuine companies with benefits. So, you have to do what will allow you to gain more experience on things that will value your ideas. Expand your thoughts and look for great things that will assure you of good outcomes. You are only supposed to concentrate on what will give you abundance in life and goals.

What Does The Trinity Knot Symbolize?

It symbolizes the father, son, and the holy spirit. So, the trinity will be helping you when you think of praying for your life. You have to think of better stuff that you need and asks the ascended masters to intervene on your behalf. However, you have to trust the right side of your thoughts and let your faith lead you on the excellent channel that will guarantee you success. Keep hoping for the best answer, and the trinity will assist you.

Celtic Knot For Love

The Celtic know expresses interest on over for two people. The strong connections people can need to develop relationships that the above beings will be happy to see them working. Thus, the eternity love is the one the Celtic knot is talking about them .you have to be lenient and look for genuine love that will not affect your progress. But you have to be patient to start to experience the suitable affections into your future. Come to terms with your weakness and work hard to overcome them.

What Does The Celtic Symbolism Motherhood Knot Mean?

The relationship between a mother and child is what the Celtic knot is expressing right now. So, when you liken the spirit of togetherness through the mother, you get a clear picture of true love. So, you have to respect such a bond and accord it the correct values. In everything you do on earth, you have to show interest in getting the right things. Nothing should worry you, primarily if you aim at achieving outstanding success in life. Work smart and let your attitude play a key role in making choices.

Celtic Knots Symbolism For Visuals

The ancient Celts used specially designed knots to shows their symbolic beliefs in an artistic visual form. These Celtic knots can take various forms, each instant as a symbol of their unique culture. This is due to the two essential behavior that all Celtic knots share: endless, interwoven strands and a strict over-under pattern.

The symbolic meaning of knots typically focuses on the interlacing in these designs for obvious reasons. The tracts in Celtic knots are endless, symbolizing continuity and the infinite and eternal. In addition to this, the special pattern used in emblems (over then under) speaks of themes of the connections between people, nature, and the universe.

In Celtic knots, each strand is significantly placed and follows a specific plan. Like each person, plant, and animal globally, each strand, although different, is woven into one unified entity. No one of them is more important than the other, for the grand design relies equally on each individual.

Quaternary Celtic Knot Symbol

Quaternary knots symbols are especially recognized because of their four corners and four distinct sections within the design. Without a beginning or an end, these knots demonstrate cyclical paths and the connection between all that is natural and eternity.

Another special trait of Celtic knot works was its ability to display clan history and heritage. Families often created their own special knots as unique identifiers. This makes it particularly challenging to guarantee the true symbolism and meaning behind each knot, for each groove and thread could have a special meaning that is not widely known.

Quaternary knots have meanings that are also dependent, like other Celtic art, upon the timing and region of creation, along with specific artist interests. Each artist puts his or her own twist and creativity into the knot or its depiction- this adds to the character and personality. The Celts were great artists, after all.

Quaternary Celtic Knot Symbolism

Quaternary Celtic Knot Symbolism

As far as general symbolism is concerned, there are several schools of thought in Celtic tradition regarding quaternary knot symbolism. Several of them are fairly obvious and do not require details. For example, the number can indicate the four directions – North, South, East, and West- and/or the year’s four seasons.

When considering the natural world, which the Celts found much symbolism in, the quaternary design could represent each of the four physical elements: Earth, water, air, and fire. Once Christ made its way to Ireland, it is also possible that the four corners became symbolic of the Latin Gospels in the Book of Kells.

The four-cornered symbolism could have gone deeper still. While the Celts found a somewhat general list of characteristics and traits in all-natural and celestial realms, they also had thoughts and legends that went into more specificity. One such example is the four great treasures of the Tuatha de Danann, which restores Ireland from the Fomorians.

Is There a Celtic Symbolism For Family?

The treasures were four tales that this group of men carried to attack and defend them: a spear, a stone, a sword, and a cauldron. Each of the treasures stood for one of the four symbolic cities in the northern isles where Tuatha de Dananna settled after fleeing and restoring the stolen land. They were magical items and are still treasured for being such.

Some associate this number with the four vital Celtic fire festivals – Samhain, Imbolc, Beltane, and Luna. Others claim that it is an emblem of the Queen of the Four Fires. This queen going through four kinds of wisdom: hand, heart, head, and heart. These were obviously great qualities to aim for achieving. Still, others give more Irish news for the quaternary design, stating that it mimics the good luck of the four-leaf clover.

Celtic knots have been utilizing for more than 1500 years and show their unique, creative, and spiritual traditions. Whether viewed as a sign of security, showing certain family tradition and heritage, or as a good luck charm, the Celtic knots of the Celts are special and unique in their own way. By focusing on this Celtic symbol, you open your mind to absorbing the energy of this ancient group.

Quaternary Celtic Knot Symbolism is all about the bond and love you can grow through genuine love. Also, it shows the goodness of loyalty, friends, and love among people. It’s the things that unite people more than what might bring disunity. So, let the core values prevail in everything that you do for life. Have hope for the future and focus on your skills and emotional stability. Look into your future with a positive view.

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Principles of Microeconomics, 7th Edition PDF by Joshua Gans, Stephen King, Martin Byford and N Gregory Mankiw

By Joshua Gans, Stephen King, Martin Byford and N Gregory Mankiw

Guide to the text xiii

Guide to the online resources xv

Preface to this edition xvii

Preface to the original edition xx

To the students xxi

About the authors xxii

Acknowledgements xxiv

Part 1 Introduction 2

Chapter 1 Ten principles of economics 4

How people make decisions 5

Principle 1: People face trade-offs 5

Principle 2: The cost of something is what you give up to get it 6

Principle 3: Rational people think at the margin 7

Principle 4: People respond to incentives 9

Case study: Choosing when the stork comes 10

How people interact 11

Principle 5: Trade can make everyone better off 11

In the news: Outsourcing your own job 12

Principle 6: Markets are usually a good way to organise economic activity 13

FYI: Adam Smith and the role of markets 14

Case study: Adam Smith would have loved Uber 15

Principle 7: Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes 15

How the economy as a whole works 17

Principle 8: A country’s standard of living depends on its

ability to produce goods and services 17

Principle 9: Prices rise when the government prints too much money 17

Principle 10: Society faces a short-term trade-off between

inflation and unemployment 18

Conclusion 20

Summary 21

Key concepts 21

Questions for review 21

Multiple choice 21

Problems and applications 22

Chapter 2 Thinking like an economist 24

The economist as scientist 25

The scientific method: Observation, theory and more

observation 25

The role of assumptions 26

Economic models 27

Our first model: The circular-flow diagram 28

Our second model: The production possibilities

frontier 29

Microeconomics and macroeconomics 31

The economist as policy adviser 33

Positive versus normative analysis 33

Economists in government 34

Why economists’ advice is not always

followed 35

Why economists disagree 36

Differences in scientific judgements 36

Differences in values 36

What Australian economists think 37

What Australian economists think 37

Let’s get going 37

Summary 39

Key concepts 39

Questions for review 39

Multiple choice 39

Problems and applications 40

Appendix: Graphing – a brief review 42

Graphs of a single variable 42

Graphs of two variables: The coordinate system 42

Curves in the coordinate system 44

Slope and elasticity 47

Cause and effect 49

Chapter 3 Interdependence and the gains from

trade 52

A parable for the modern economy 53

Production possibilities 54

Specialisation and trade 55

The principle of comparative advantage 57

Absolute advantage 57

Opportunity cost and comparative advantage 57

Comparative advantage and trade 58

FYI: The legacy of Adam Smith and David

Ricardo 59

The price of trade 60

Applications of comparative advantage 60

Should Roger Federer mow his own lawn? 60

Should Australia trade with other countries? 61

In the news: Who has a comparative advantage in

slaying ogres? 62

Conclusion 63

Summary 64

Key concepts 64

Questions for review 64

Multiple choice 64

Problems and applications 65

Part 2 Supply and demand I: How markets

work 68

Chapter 4 The market forces of supply and

demand 70

Markets and competition 71

What is a market? 71

What is competition? 71

Demand 72

The demand curve: The relationship between price and

quantity demanded 72

Market demand versus individual demand 74

FYI: Ceteris paribus 75

Shifts in the demand curve 76

Case study: Are smartphones and tablets substitutes or

complements? 77

Case study: Two ways to reduce the quantity of smoking

demanded 78

Supply 80

The supply curve: The relationship between price and

quantity supplied 80

Market supply versus individual supply 81

Shifts in the supply curve 82

Supply and demand together 85

Equilibrium 85

Three steps for analysing changes in equilibrium 87

Conclusion: How prices allocate resources 90

In the news: Mother Nature shifts the supply curve 92

Summary 93

Key concepts 93

Questions for review 93

Multiple choice 94

Problems and applications 95

Chapter 5 Elasticity and its application 97

The elasticity of demand 98

The price elasticity of demand and its determinants 98

Computing the price elasticity of demand 99

FYI: A few elasticities from the real world 100

The variety of demand curves 100

FYI: The midpoint method: A better way to calculate

percentage changes and elasticities 102

Total revenue and the price elasticity of demand 103

Case study: Pricing admission to an art gallery 105

Elasticity and total revenue along a linear demand

curve 105

Other demand elasticities 107

The elasticity of supply 108

The price elasticity of supply and its determinants 108

Computing the price elasticity of supply 108

The variety of supply curves 109

Three applications of supply, demand and elasticity 109

Can good news for farming be bad news for farmers? 111

Why did OPEC fail to keep the price of oil high? 113

Do drug bans increase or decrease drug-related crime? 114

Conclusion 116

Summary 117

Key concepts 117

Questions for review 117

Multiple choice 118

Problems and applications 118

Chapter 6 Supply, demand and government

policies 121

Controls on prices 122

How price ceilings affect market outcomes 122

Case study: Lines at the petrol station 124

Case study: Rent control in the short run and long

run 125

How price floors affect market outcomes 126

Case study: Minimum wage rates 128

What Australian economists think 130

Evaluating price controls 130

Taxes 131

How taxes on sellers affect market outcomes 132

How taxes on buyers affect market outcomes 133

Case study: Who pays the payroll tax? 135

Elasticity and tax incidence 136

Subsidies 137

How subsidies affect market outcomes 138

Case study: Who gets the benefits from the First Home Owner Grant scheme? 140

What Australian economists think 141

Conclusion 141

Summary 142

Key concepts 142

Questions for review 142

Multiple choice 143

Problems and applications 143

Part 3 Supply and demand II: Markets and welfare 146

Chapter 7 Consumers, producers and the efficiency of markets 148

Consumer surplus 149

Willingness to pay 149

Using the demand curve to measure consumer surplus 150

How a lower price raises consumer surplus 153

What does consumer surplus measure? 153

Case study: How parking meters help you find a parking space 155

Producer surplus 156

Cost and the willingness to sell 156

Using the supply curve to measure producer surplus 157

How a higher price raises producer surplus 158

Market efficiency 160

The benevolent social planner 160

Evaluating the market equilibrium 161

Case study: Should there be a market for organs? 163

Conclusion: Market efficiency and market failure 164

Summary 166

Key concepts 166

Questions for review 166

Multiple choice 166

Problems and applications 167

Chapter 8 Application: The costs of taxation 170

The deadweight loss of taxation 171

How a tax affects market participants 171

Deadweight losses and the gains from trade 175

The determinants of the deadweight loss 176

Case study: The deadweight loss debate 178

Deadweight loss and tax revenue as taxes vary 179

Case study: The Laffer curve and supply-side economics 181

Conclusion 183

Summary 184

Key concept 184

Questions for review 184

Multiple choice 184

Problems and applications 185

Appendix 188

The welfare economics of subsidies 188

The cost of a subsidy 189

The deadweight loss from a subsidy 190

Understanding the deadweight loss from Over production 191

Chapter 9 Application: International trade 192

The determinants of trade 193

The equilibrium without trade 193

The world price and comparative advantage 194

The winners and losers from trade 195

The gains and losses of an exporting country 195

The gains and losses of an importing country 198

The effects of a tariff 200

FYI: Import quotas: Another way to restrict trade 202

The lessons for trade policy 202

Other benefits of international trade 203

In the news: Trade as a tool for economic

development 204

The arguments for restricting trade 205

The jobs argument 206

The national security argument 206

In the news: Should the winners from free trade

compensate the losers? 207

The infant industry argument 208

The unfair competition argument 208

The protection-as-a-bargaining-chip argument 208

Case study: Trade agreements and the World Trade

Organization 209

Conclusion 210

What Australian economists think 211

Summary 212

Key concepts 212

Questions for review 212

Multiple choice 212

Problems and applications 213

Part 4 The economics of the public sector 216

Chapter 10 Externalities 218

Externalities and market inefficiency 220

Welfare economics: A recap 220

Negative externalities 220

Positive externalities 222

Case study: Technology spillovers, industrial policy and

patent protection 223

What Australian economists think 224

Public policies on externalities 225

What Australian economists think 225

Command-and-control policies: Regulation 225

Market-based policy 1: Corrective taxes and

subsidies 226

Case study: Taking out the garbage 227

Market-based policy 2: Tradeable pollution permits 228

Case study: British Columbia adopts a broad-based

carbon tax 229

What Australian economists think 231

Objections to the economic analysis of pollution 231

Private solutions to externalities 232

The types of private solutions 232

The Coase theorem 232

Why private solutions do not always work 233

Conclusion 234

Summary 235

Key concepts 235

Questions for review 235

Multiple choice 235

Problems and applications 236

Chapter 11 Public goods and common

resources 239

The different kinds of goods 240

Public goods 242

The free-rider problem 242

Some important public goods 243

Case study: Are lighthouses public goods? 244

The difficult job of cost–benefit analysis 245

Case study: How much is a life worth? 246

Private provision of public goods 247

Case study: Is music a public good? 248

Common resources 249

The Tragedy of the Commons 249

Some important common resources 250

In the news: The case for toll roads 251

What Australian economists think 253

Case study: Why the cow is not extinct 254

Conclusion: The importance of property rights 255

Summary 256

Key concepts 256

Questions for review 256

Multiple choice 256

Problems and applications 257

Chapter 12 The design of the tax system 260

An overview of Australian taxation 261

Taxes collected by the federal government 261

Taxes collected by state and local governments 264

Taxes and efficiency 265

Deadweight losses 265

Case study: Should income or consumption

be taxed? 266

Administrative burden 267

Marginal tax rates versus average tax rates 267

Lump-sum taxes 268

Taxes and equity 269

The benefits principle 269

The ability-to-pay principle 270

Case study: How the tax burden is distributed 271

Case study: Who should pay for higher education? 272

Tax incidence and tax equity 273

Case study: Who pays company income tax? 273

Conclusion: The trade-off between equity and

efficiency 274

Summary 275

Key concepts 275

Questions for review 275

Multiple choice 275

Problems and applications 276

Part 5 Firm behaviour and the organisation

of industry 278

Chapter 13 The costs of production 280

What are costs? 281

Total revenue, total cost and profit 281

Costs as opportunity costs 282

The cost of capital as an opportunity cost 282

Economic profit versus accounting profit 283

Production and costs 284

FYI: How long is the long run? 284

The production function 285

From the production function to the total-cost curve 287

The various measures of cost 288

Fixed and variable costs 289

Average and marginal cost 290

Cost curves and their shapes 290

Typical cost curves 292

Costs in the short run and in the long run 294

The relationship between short-run and long-run average

total cost 294

Economies and diseconomies of scale 295

Conclusion 296

FYI: Lessons from a pin factory 296

Summary 298

Key concepts 298

Questions for review 298

Multiple choice 299

Problems and applications 299

Chapter 14 Firms in competitive markets 303

What is a competitive market? 304

The meaning of competition 304

The revenue of a competitive firm 305

Profit maximization and the competitive firm’s supply

curve 306

A simple example of profit maximization 306

The marginal-cost curve and the firm’s supply

decision 307

The firm’s short-run decision to shut down 309

FYI: Spilt milk and sunk costs 310

Case study: Near-empty restaurants and off-season

ski lodges 311

The firm’s long-run decision to exit or enter a market 312

Measuring profit in our graph for the competitive firm 313

The supply curve in a competitive market 314

The short run: Market supply with a fixed number of

firms 315

The long run: Market supply with entry and exit 315

Why do competitive firms stay in business if they make

zero profit? 317

A shift in demand in the short run and long run 317

Why the long-run supply curve might slope upwards 319

Conclusion: Behind the supply curve 320

Summary 321

Key concepts 321

Questions for review 321

Multiple choice 321

Problems and applications 322

Chapter 15 Monopoly 326

Why monopolies arise 327

Monopoly resources 328

Case study: The gas industry in south-eastern

Australia 328

Government-created monopolies 329

Natural monopolies 329

How monopolies make production and pricing

decisions 331

Monopoly versus competition 331

A monopoly’s revenue 332

Profit maximisation 334

FYI: Why a monopoly does not have a supply curve 336

A monopoly’s profit 336

Case study: Monopoly pharmaceuticals versus generic

pharmaceuticals 337

The welfare cost of monopoly 338

The deadweight loss 339

The monopoly’s profit: A social cost? 341

Price discrimination 342

A parable about pricing 342

The moral of the story 343

The analytics of price discrimination 344

Examples of price discrimination 345

In the news: Why do Australians pay more for digital

downloads? 347

Conclusion: The prevalence of monopoly 349

Summary 350

Key concepts 350

Questions for review 350

Multiple choice 350

Problems and applications 351

Chapter 16 Monopolistic competition 356

Between monopoly and perfect competition 357

Competition with differentiated products 359

The monopolistically competitive firm in the short run 359

The long-run equilibrium 360

Monopolistic versus perfect competition 362

Monopolistic competition and the welfare of society 364

Advertising 365

The debate about advertising 365

Case study: Advertising and the price of glasses 366

Advertising as a signal of quality 367

Brand names 368

Conclusion 369

Summary 371

Key concepts 371

Questions for review 371

Multiple choice 371

Problems and applications 372

Chapter 17 Oligopoly and business

strategy 375

Markets with only a few sellers 376

A duopoly example 377

Competition, monopolies and cartels 377

The equilibrium for an oligopoly 378

How the size of an oligopoly affects the market

outcome 379

Case study: OPEC and the world oil market 380

The economics of cooperation 381

The prisoners’ dilemma 382

Oligopolies as a prisoners’ dilemma 383

Other examples of the prisoners’ dilemma 384

The prisoners’ dilemma and the welfare of society 385

Why people sometimes cooperate 386

Case study: The prisoners’ dilemma tournament 387

Conclusion 388

Summary 389

Key concepts 389

Questions for review 389

Multiple choice 389

Problems and applications 390

Appendix: Types of oligopolistic competition 394

Anticipating your competitor’s response 394

Cournot quantity competition 394

Bertrand price competition 398

Comparing Cournot and Bertrand competition 399

Chapter 18 Competition policy 400

Public policy towards monopolies 401

Using the law to increase competition 401

What Australian economists think 402

Case study: The ACCC – Australia’s competition

regulator 402

What Australian economists think 404

Regulation 404

Public ownership and privatisation 405

Doing nothing 406

Public policy towards oligopolies 408

Restraint of trade and competition laws 408

In the news: How to form a cartel 408

What Australian economists think 410

Controversies over competition policy 410

In the news: When is the price of milk too low? 411

Case study: The Baxter case 413

Conclusion 415

Summary 416

Key concepts 416

Questions for review 416

Multiple choice 416

Problems and applications 417

Part 6 The economics of labour markets 420

Chapter 19 The markets for the factors of

production 422

The demand for labour 423

The competitive, profit-maximising firm 424

The production function and the marginal product

of labour 425

The value of the marginal product and the demand

for labour 426

What causes the labour demand curve to shift? 427

FYI: Input demand and output supply – two sides

of the coin 428

The supply of labour 429

The trade-off between work and leisure 429

What causes the labour supply curve to shift? 430

In the news: The economy needs you 431

Equilibrium in the labour market 432

Shifts in labour supply 432

Shifts in labour demand 434

Case study: Productivity and wages 435

The other factors of production: Land and capital 436

Equilibrium in the markets for land and capital 436

FYI: What is capital income? 437

Linkages among the factors of production 438

Case study: The economics of the Black Death 438

Conclusion 439

Summary 440

Key concepts 440

Questions for review 440

Multiple choice 440

Problems and applications 441

Appendix: The demand for labour under imperfect

competition and monopoly 444

Chapter 20 Earnings and discrimination 446

Some determinants of equilibrium wages 447

Compensating differentials 447

Human capital 448

Case study: The changing value of skills 449

Ability, effort and chance 449

Case study: The benefits of beauty 450

An alternative view of education: Signalling 451

The superstar phenomenon 452

Above-equilibrium wages: Minimum-wage laws, unions

and efficiency wages 453

The economics of discrimination 454

Measuring labour-market discrimination 454

Case study: Is Jennifer more employable than

Nuying? 455

Discrimination by employers 456

Case study: Segregated streetcars and the profit

motive 457

Discrimination by customers and governments 457

Case study: Discrimination in sports 458

Conclusion 459

Summary 460

Key concepts 460

Questions for review 460

Multiple choice 461

Problems and applications 461

Appendix: Unions and imperfect competition in labour markets 463

Unions as monopolists 463

Bilateral monopoly 465

Are unions good or bad for the economy? 467

Chapter 21 Income inequity and poverty 468

The measurement of inequality 469

Australian income inequality 469

Case study: The women’s movement and income distribution 471

Income inequality around the world 471

The poverty rate 472

Problems in measuring inequality 474

Case study: Alternative measures of inequality 475

The political philosophy of redistributing income 476

Utilitarianism 476

Liberalism 478

Libertarianism 479

What Australian economists think 480

Policies to reduce poverty 480

Minimum-wage laws 480

Social security 481

Negative income tax 481

In the news: Thinking innovatively about income

redistribution 482

In-kind transfers 483

Antipoverty programs and work incentives 484

Conclusion 485

Summary 486

Key concepts 486

Questions for review 486

Multiple choice 486

Problems and applications 487

Part 7 Topics for further study 490

Chapter 22 The theory of consumer choice 492

The budget constraint: What the consumer can afford 493

Preferences: What the consumer wants 495

Representing preferences with indifference curves 495

Four properties of indifference curves 496

Two extreme examples of indifference curves 498

Optimization: What the consumer chooses 500

The consumer’s optimum choices 500

FYI: Utility – an alternative way to describe preferences and optimization 500

How changes in income affect a consumer’s choices 502

How changes in prices affect a consumer’s choices 503

Income and substitution effects 505

Deriving the demand curve 506

Three applications 508

Do all demand curves slope downwards? 508

Case study: The search for Giffen goods 509

How do wages affect labour supply? 509

Case study: Income effects on labour supply – historical

trends, lottery winners and the Carnegie

conjecture 512

What Australian economists think 513

How do interest rates affect household saving? 513

Conclusion: Do people really think this way? 516

Summary 517

Key concepts 517

Questions for review 517

Multiple choice 518

Problems and applications 518

Chapter 23 Frontiers of microeconomics 521

Asymmetric information 522

Hidden actions: Principals, agents and moral hazard 522

FYI: Corporate management 523

Hidden characteristics: Adverse selection and the lemons

problem 524

Signalling to convey private information 525

Case study: Gifts as signals 526

Screening to induce information revelation 526

Asymmetric information and public policy 527

Political economy 528

The Condorcet voting paradox 528

Arrow’s impossibility theorem 529

The median voter is king 530

Politicians are people too 532

Behavioural economics 532

People aren’t always rational 532

In the news: Our inertia may be costing lives 534

People care about fairness 535

People are inconsistent over time 536

What Australian economists think 537

Conclusion 537

Summary 538

Key concepts 538

Questions for review 538

Multiple choice 538

Problems and applications 539

Glossary 542

Suggestions for reading 546

Index 549

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Header-COP27: Loss and damage

COP27: Loss and damage

In addition to the broad panel of scientific information, mitigation actions, and adaptation strategies to the climate crisis, the parties meeting in Sharm El Sheik must reach a fundamental agreement: how to calculate the loss and damage of global warming and how to finance it fairly. The Foundation is involved in two debates: decarbonization and its link to water and economic activity and establishing innovative cooperation strategies, two key issues in achieving any goal.

COP27 is surpassing all media expectations. Never before has a conference of the parties transcended public opinion and become a topic of informal conversation among citizens. UN Secretary-General António Guterres' powerful opening speech contributed to this: "The clock is ticking, we are fighting for our lives, and we are losing. We are fast approaching tipping points that will make climate chaos irreversible. We are on a highway to climate hell and have our foot on the accelerator. Humanity has a choice: cooperate or perish. It is a pact of climate solidarity or collective suicide."

Guterres singled out the US and China as the main parties responsible for joining forces and reaching effective agreements. And this is where the key issue to be clarified at this conference arises. Developing countries demand a special "loss and damage" fund. This issue has been unresolved for years due to rich countries' reluctance to take on most of its financing.

Climate solidarity, the essence of the matter

"Loss and damage" is a concept that is still unclear to the parties of successive conferences in recent years, especially since the issue was definitively put on the table at COP21 in Paris in 2014. It generally refers to costs that have already been incurred due to the impacts of extreme weather events and slow-onset ones, such as sea level rise, rising temperatures, ocean acidification, receding glaciers, salinization of aquifers, land and forest degradation, biodiversity loss and desertification.

Financial investment has so far focused on reducing greenhouse gases to curb global warming, but very little has gone into generating support for communities to adapt. The idea of loss and damage financing would be different, as it would aim to compensate for costs that countries cannot avoid. In other words, the idea is to protect the most vulnerable from the damage caused by climate change.

The main obstacle is how to assess loss and damage. Internationally, it is possible to calculate lost infrastructure, crops, and property; but it is more difficult to agree on concepts such as the natural capital of ecosystems or cultural assets. Various reports estimate figures over USD 525 billion per year, which could reach USD 580 million by 2030.

Controversy arises over who pays and who gets paid. The most vulnerable countries and almost all humanitarian organizations argue that, ethically, it should be the rich countries, the main drivers of the climate crisis, who should pay, since the most vulnerable, the Global South, and those who suffer the most damage are the ones who have contributed the least to the crisis. According to the World Bank, the poorest emit, on average, 44 times fewer greenhouse gases than the industrialized countries, which should be reason enough.

The US and the EU have been resisting the creation of an aid fund, arguing that it would be difficult to control the inflows and outflows of money, how much should come from rich countries, and which countries or what damage would be eligible to receive it; and that countries such as China and India, major emitters of gases, are among those affected by climate change, which they do not consider admissible.

In Sharm el Sheikh, the urgency of reaching an agreement is clear. Further delays would be unacceptable and a torpedo in the waterline of the 2030 Agenda. Developing countries have formed a common front to demand the immediate creation of the fund, and there are multiple ideas on the negotiating table. One of the most widely supported is Antonio Guterres' proposal for a windfall profits tax on fossil fuel companies.

Mitigation, adaptation, financing, and cooperation: our model

Another of the most urgent issues at the conference is the development of strategies for decarbonizing economic activity. Carlos Garriga, director of the We Are Water Foundation, participated, among nine other panelists, in the round table on this topic organized by the Fundación Empresa Privada in the Spanish pavilion at COP27. The discussion focused on the transformation process towards reducing the carbon footprint and how this depends on developing innovative solutions and improved infrastructure for effective mitigation, adaptation, and financing of the climate crisis.

Garriga pointed to the Foundation's projects that, by improving access to water and sanitation, manage to curb migration from rural areas to large cities. These consume 78% of the world's energy and produce more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions. He gave as an example of adaptation the construction of small and medium-sized reservoirs, which allow farmers in India not to depend on the unpredictability of monsoons, improve their autonomy and curb desertification. The director of the Foundation explained the model of co-financing the projects: "We co-finance all our projects, together with other collaborators, because the effort of just one, however big or small, leads directly to failure." He also emphasized the importance of cooperation, training, and commitment by all the entities involved in any project to achieve success.

Carlos Garriga was also present at the Innovative Ways of Cooperation debate, organized by UNESCO and UNITAR, the government of Costa Rica, the intergovernmental organization UPACE and the UNESCO Chair on Peace of the Abat Oliba CEU University, which was represented by Carmen Parra, holder of the UNESCO Chair on Peace, Solidarity and Intercultural Dialogue. Participating in the debate were Professor Francisco Rojas, Dean of the University for Peace; Alex Mejía, Director of the Division for People and Social Inclusion of UNITAR; David Fernández Puyana, Ambassador and Permanent Observer of the University for Peace at the United Nations Office in Geneva; and Gustavo Campos Fallas, Costa Rican Ambassador to Turkey. The debate was moderated by Bisher Iman, Programme Specialist - Hydrology, UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science in the Arab States.

One of the values that shaped the creation of the We Are Water Foundation was cooperation as a critical factor in achieving any solidarity objective. "The cooperation we are looking for allows us to work with different international organizations instead of just one," declared Garriga, "because in this way, we can all learn and share different ways of working, learn about good and bad practices and create synergies to be able to reach any place in the world to develop any project."

Cooperation involves all entities, from national to local governments. "We have to do it with a clear strategy, with broad and general synergies, with funds," said Garriga, who gave as an example our experience in Burkina Faso: "The national government firmly wanted to declare the central province of Sissili free of open defecation in five years, and they did it. And how did they do that? With cooperation, putting the Ministry of Water and Sanitation, the local government, some local entities, an international organization such as Unicef, and a private entity, the We Are Water Foundation, at the same table. Our role there was to provide very specific experience in this field after having developed and visited dozens of sanitation projects all over the world."

Cooperation also involves all sectors of economic activity to achieve tangible and practical solutions to the problems of water and sanitation; above all, it needs women, who are the ones who suffer most from this cause, and schools, which are the basis for the transmission of knowledge to society.

Among all the objectives of COP27, it is essential that a new spirit of cooperation is born in the world. We must reach agreements and we must honor them. A new way of tackling problems based on the knowledge that we all share the same environment, based on the conviction that if one loses, we all lose.


Our Curriculum

Please click below to find more information on our approach to teaching our core subjects and EYFS at Highfields.

Foundation Subjects

Our foundation subjects link to the curriculum topic where appropriate. Please see below the curriculum maps for the whole year for all year groups. We ensure that the curriculum is broad and balanced with opportunities for greater depth challenge.

As Geographers at Highfields Spencer Academy, children will be inspired to develop a curiosity and fascination about the world and its people, including of our local area, where they will have opportunities to explore, observe, question and compare how children, including themselves, live around the world; this will remain with them for the rest of their lives.  We will aim to bring the wider world into the classroom/school through practical activities, fieldwork visits and themed days.  Children will understand the physical processes that form the world around them as well how they can play a responsible part in how human geography affects our planet.

“The farther back you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see” (Winston Churchill)

“The important thing is to not stop questioning, curiosity has its own reason for existing.” (Albert Einstein)

“The aim of the historian is, like an artist, to enlarge the picture of the world.” (James Joll)

As Historians at Highfields Spencer Academy, all children will be inspired to develop a natural curiosity and fascination about Britain’s past and that of the wider world.  Through an engaging range of history driven topics, which are accessible to all, our children will develop their knowledge about the history of Britain and how it has influenced and been influenced by the wider world; research and analyse significant aspects of the history of the wider world such as ancient civilisations and empires; investigate historical changes in their own living memory and beyond; interpret and reflect on the lives of significant people of the past; understand the methods of historical enquiry and be able to ask and answer perceptive questions, think critically, weigh evidence and develop their own judgements.  They will always be asking “why?”  The children will enjoy and love learning about history by gaining this knowledge and skills through experiences in the classroom and via the use of visitors to school and educational visits to places both within Littleover, Derby and our surrounding areas.  As Historians, Highfields children will learn lessons from history to influence the decisions they make in their lives in the future.

At Highfields Spencer Academy we aim to ensure our Art Curriculum embodies the highest form of creativity that is accessible to all, maximising the development of every child’s ability and academic achievement. We want our pupils to be engaged, inspired and challenged in order to equip them with the knowledge and skills needed to experiment and express themselves through art. Our curriculum will enable children to think independently and critically whilst develop an understanding of how art contributes positively to our world.

Design Technology

At Highfields Spencer Academy children will use creativity and imagination to design and make products that solve real and relevant problems within a variety of contexts, considering their own and others’ needs, wants and values. They will acquire a broad range of subject knowledge and draw on disciplines such as mathematics, science, engineering, computing and art. Pupils will learn how to take risks, becoming resourceful, innovative, enterprising and capable citizens. Through the evaluation of past and present design and technology, they will develop a critical understanding of its impact on daily life and the wider world.

Physical Education

Highfields Spencer Academy recognises the importance of PE and the role it has to play in promoting long term, healthy lifestyles. The intent of our PE curriculum is to provide all children with high quality, inspiring and engaging PE lessons which are enjoyable, challenging and accessible to all. Our vision is that every pupil will achieve their full potential as well as lead and understand the importance of a physically active lifestyle. We will strive for our pupils to succeed and excel in competitive sport and other physically demanding activities. It is our belief that opportunities to compete in sport and other activities build character and help embed our school values of: courage, respect, determination and friendship. Our curriculum will provide opportunities for pupils to become physically confident in a way which supports their health and fitness.

At Highfields Spencer Academy we believe children should be able to sing and play musically with increasing confidence and control. They should develop an understanding of musical composition, organising and manipulating ideas within musical structures and reproducing sounds from aural memory. Children will have the opportunity to play and perform in solo and ensemble contexts, using their voices and playing musical instruments with increasing accuracy, fluency, control and expression. They will develop their ability to compose music for a range of purposes using the dimensions of music, use and understand staff and other musical notations, appreciate and understand a wide range of high-quality live and recorded music drawn from different traditions and from great composers and musicians and have an understanding about the history of music.

Religious Education

Here, at Highfields Spencer Academy, we will have a rich heritage of culture of diversity that is ever changing. The aim of Religious Education is to promote the spiritual, moral, and cultural development of pupils and prepares them for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life. RE also contributes to pupils’ personal development and well-being, as well as to community cohesion, by promoting mutual respect and tolerance in a diverse society. Throughout our curriculum, we focus on Christianity, Buddhism and Islam, looking at the concepts of these religions and how they may apply to their own personal lives. Pupils will be given opportunities to compare the contrasting concepts across the religions as well. We provide important experiences to help the children become well rounded pupils, accepting of all, such as visiting places of worship and speaking to people of different faiths. As a school, we will also encourage pupils to celebrate all cultures and religions through many different activities, which will help them to further their understanding of the community they live in.

MFL: Spanish

At Highfields Spencer Academy we realise the value of communication and our role as global citizens. We aim to provide all pupils with the opportunities to regularly hear and speak Spanish, through teaching key vocabulary and providing contextual events and experiences in which this new learning can be meaningfully employed. We will also provide opportunities for pupils to learn about the Spanish culture and other cultures and languages around the world through their topic studies.


Slonik learns chess from self-play

Need for speed

Recently I wrote about my chess engine Slonik. It is able to play chess autonomously, without human guidance, and she is probably the best playing Python chess engine in existence. However, it is still not very strong by today’s standard. A rough estimate places it somewhere around 1500 ELO, which is “chess club player” strength. It’s greatest limitation is it’s speed. Most chess engines today are written in C++, a language optimized for speed. From the starting chess position, just generating all the legal positions possible five half-moves deep (4.8M positions), Slonik takes 58 seconds, so about 82K positions per second. Currently I am working on a C++ port of Slonik. Under the same conditions, C++ Slonik runs the same computation in a tenth of a second, at 4.6M positions per second. That’s over 500 times faster! The primary driver for this improvement was to make bigger strides in Slonik’s self learning experiments.

Artificial Intelligence

One of the other major goals mentioned in my original post which introduced Slonik to the world, was to have her learn from her own games. The original version of Slonik, like nearly every chess program in existence today, ran a hand-coded chess position evaluation function. Given a chess position, it outputs a number, indicating which side it thinks is better and by how much. Chess engines today differentiate themselves by implementation/performance/design differences, but more importantly, by how well they’ve taught their engine chess in the position evaluation function. Improvements to the chess knowledge, from version to version of the chess engine, are the primary means by which the chess engine improves. These improvements require an incredible amount of human effort, and more importantly are limited by the imagination of the engine author.

In September 2015, a new chess engine came out, called Giraffe, which learned to play for it’s own games. It is written in C++, like most chess engines, but unlike the others, it does not have a hand-written position evaluation function. Instead, it used a neural network and after starting from a somewhat initialized state (wherein it was fed labelled data teaching it only the approximate value of the pieces), it played games against itself for a week and reached about 2400 ELO strength. An engine that learns autonomously should be able to supersede the others. Giraffe was held back by performance (neural nets take longer to call than the optimized linear functions of other top engines).

One of my goals since my last post was to implement these ideas in Slonik. Inspired by Giraffe and eager to learn, I read Sutton and Barto’s Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction and even had some correspondence with Dr. Sutton (nice guy!), and then got to work on putting these ideas into practice on Slonik. To try to improve upon Giraffe’s ideas, I’ve experimented with various potential improvements, like Double Learning (two neural networks learning side by side, helping each other to improve and reducing bias) and prioritized sweeps (revisiting and giving priority to positions that were difficult, whilst adjusting for the artificial modification of the distribution of positions seen by the engine). Many of the ideas did not pan out, but some did, and some may still work yet when revisited (combined with other changes since). I have more ideas that I have yet to try. Besides the differences in architectures that I have tried, one major difference in Slonik that made a big improvement in self-learning was through the use of Huber loss, rather than the L1 loss used in Giraffe. These loss functions are an attempt to deal with the very frequent occurrence of outliers in the self-udpates arising during the learning process. The other major improvement was in the Reinforcement Learning algorithm itself. There is an interesting little story associated…

Slonik improvement iterations vs score graph
Slonik improving in chess playing strength over time through self-play. STS score on y axis. Starting from random initialization at approximately 1500 STS score (2 ply look-ahead search per position). Slonik is still playing and learning, this is a current snapshot as of the writing of this post.

Forbidden algorithms

Giraffe used an algorithm called TD-Leaf for self learning, which assumes that the evaluation of the successive positions (more accurately, the evaluation of the leaf node of the principal variation starting from the root position of the next move) is better than the corresponding evaluation one move prior. The “TD”, or temporal difference, part of TD-leaf makes the assumption that, in the backwards view, moves immediately prior are more to blame (or credit) for the change in evaluation of the target node, than moves still further prior. At some point after the recent AlphaGo success, I was looking into the work of David Silver, lead architect of AlphaGo, and discovered that he had been involved, in 2008, in the development of a revolutionary (but probably overlooked) self-learning chess program called Meep by Joel Veness, and was the first to achieve a high level of play (2300s ELO) in chess, entirely through self-play. Unlike Giraffe, Meep did not use a neural network, but a linear model, since linear models are faster to execute and are known to be sufficient for top-level play in chess. Furthermore, Meep did not use TD-Leaf, but a more efficient learning algorithm, which they called TreeStrap. TreeStrap differs from TD-Leaf by using each position’s search tree for updates, rather than the single evaluation of the next move.

I had some success with self-learning in Slonik using TD-Leaf, but when I read the TreeStrap paper, I was in awe. If this algorithm is as good as it sounds (and it sounds very good), then Giraffe should have been using this algorithm instead. I went ahead and replaced TD-leaf with TreeStrap in Slonik and the learning speed sky-rocketed. Why didn’t Giraffe use TreeStrap? Did Matthew Lai, the author of Giraffe, not know about it? Since this is my first major C++ project, I sometimes peruse the source code of Stockfish and Giraffe for implementation tips and ideas. About 3 weeks ago, I noticed an eyebrow raising comment in the Giraffe source code. There was an unused field on a class, with a comment that said “during TreeStrap we have to record write to the ttable”. Wait… so Matthew Lai did know about TreeStrap?

Then I realized what probably transpired. In a forum post on talkchess, Matthew Lai announced that he was hired by Google DeepMind, due to his awesome success on Giraffe (and his impressive background helped, no doubt — have a look at his resume), and that due to his work there, he can’t continue to improve his open-source engine Giraffe. He learns many techniques during his day job at Google and the divide between open knowledge and trade secrets is muddy. Matthew was hired there in December 2015. A little bit of investigating in the Giraffe source repository shows that the TreeStrap comment was added in that same month. I can see it in my head now — Matthew being interviewed by David Silver where David tells him about his work on Meep a whole 7 years earlier! It appears to me that Matthew started implementing TreeStrap, then learned he couldn’t use those ideas, and a forgotten remnant remained in the source. Well, it’s all speculation, but if that’s what happened, maybe Matthew can use TreeStrap in Giraffe now that someone else is using it openly. The white paper on TreeStrap is, after all, linked from David Silver’s personal page. However, probably that won’t happen, as Matthew Lai wrote he has other ideas and pet projects he’d rather spend his time on, and besides, there may be other ideas in the private Google hive mind that are even more performant. I suspect that this idea of learning from it’s own search was probably used in AlphaGo’s UCT routine, but I’m patiently waiting for Google to release the details of the techniques used in the recent success against world champion Ke Jie. In the meantime, I continue to work on Slonik (primarily the C++ port, currently). I have many ideas I want to try, including what I hope will be an improvement to the TreeStrap algorithm!


5/28/2013 - 3:38 PM

Install Illuminate (Laravel 4)

1 Install Composer

If you don't already have Composer installed: Launch Git Bash, enter the following command: curl -s | php

This installs composer...

2 Clone Illuminate (Laravel 4)

If you aren't already in your project folder, cd to it.

Now we clone Illuminate (Laravel 4) and install it's dependencies with composer:

git clone git:// && cd app && composer update

Now you are ready to test Laravel 4

Note: As it is under heavy develeopment you may want to fork it to keep track of its changes.


You are here: Home > Allgemein > Who Fills Out a Purchase Agreement

Who Fills Out a Purchase Agreement

If you`ve decided to buy an existing business, you need to understand what goes into creating a good small business sales contract to protect your interests. For buyers, closing costs can be 3% to 6% of the purchase price. Closing costs may be slightly higher for sellers. A purchase agreement covers various topics such as home financing, repairs, closing details, and the end date on which the buyer can take possession of the property. If certain conditions are not met, the sale cannot take place. For this reason, it is essential to create a purchase agreement and carefully execute every detail of a transaction for sale by the owner (FSBO). Mark the financing condition that applies to the purchase. If you may not be able to get the necessary financing and don`t want to be forced to buy the house without financing, you will find that the purchase depends on your financing. If you do not need to qualify for a mortgage to make the purchase, check the option that indicates that the transaction does not depend on the credit rating.

Should you use an order or purchase contract when purchasing goods for your business? To determine this, you need to understand the differences between these two commercial purchase documents. Buyers and sellers have many opportunities to terminate purchase contracts – but cancellation can only be made under the terms of the contract. For example, the buyer has the right to withdraw if one or more contingencies of the contract cannot be performed. However, if the buyer or seller does not meet certain requirements of the contract, he may be considered to be in default with the contract. A defect can occur in the following situations: If you want to buy a member, sell your business, or transfer ownership, you should first review your operating agreement, which may already have sales instructions in place. Ensuring that the agreement fully establishes the responsibilities of the other party can be crucial in the event that you decide to withdraw from a purchase contract, which is usually only possible if there is a breach of contract by the other party. In addition to a review initiated by the buyer, an evaluation must be performed by the lender. If the valuation does not reach or exceed the declared value of the home, it is up to the buyer to compensate for the difference or negotiate a lower purchase price.

The lender may also require the seller to make repairs prior to closing at the seller`s expense. If this possibility is not fulfilled, the buyer is entitled to withdraw from the contract. The best time to withdraw from a real estate purchase is before you have signed the purchase contract. After that, you are under contract and you may be penalized if you withdraw for reasons not specified in the purchase contract. Use our easy-to-customize property purchase agreement template to create your legal document online in minutes. There are fees associated with preparing an FSBO purchase agreement. It`s considered closing costs, and when it comes to closing costs, everything is negotiable. Buyers usually pay a certain percentage and may require certain expenses to be covered by the seller. Costs can be agreed in advance between the two parties. Add any contingencies or clauses that may apply to the agreement. For example, if the purchase contract covers real estate, a clause may be added stating that the contract is only valid if the building passes the inspection.

Once the offer is submitted to the Seller, the Seller completes the Acceptance, Counter-Offer or Rejection and Date section and starts all pages of the contract and returns it. You will sign and date the receipt section of the document once a final agreement has been reached. In many states, sellers are required to disclose any knowledge of past methamphetamine production on the property for sale. If the seller is aware of the previous production of methamphetamine, the withdrawal and repair status must be indicated in the purchase agreement or in a methamphetamine addendum. Even if you`re not a legal expert, it`s still important to understand the legal and contractual aspects of selling or buying your home. Buying or selling a home is a big deal, and you can avoid headaches by making sure the deal you`re getting into is a good one. As a real estate buyer, a purchase agreement is one of the first steps to closing the sale. Some items may be displayed if the property is shown but are not intended to be included in the sale. These excluded elements must also be highlighted in the purchase contract. Purchase contracts often contain guidelines that specify the steps buyers or sellers can take if the other party breaches the agreement. This may include confiscating serious money or continuing a dispute.

When you or your company buy or sell goods, you want to have some sort of documentation of the transaction. Especially for more complex transactions, you may need to use a purchase contract, which is a legal contract that sets out the terms of selling and buying goods. When working with beycome, you don`t have to worry about drafting FSBO purchase agreements from scratch. Signing up with us means that buyers and tenants have the opportunity to make an official offer for their dream property in just 3 minutes via our interface (and landlords have the option to accept, counter or decline the offer with a simple click of a button). It`s even better: once the time is right for you to conclude, we will provide you with a free, legally written and verified contract that all parties can read, sign and seal. Who else can say that? Do not leave any blank lines on the purchase contract. If a section or item does not apply to your transaction, write „N/A“ in the row or next to the boxes you want to check. Most real estate purchase agreements include details such as the purchase price, closing date, and any eventuality on which the sale depends, such as.B. inspection or valuation of the property at a value that the buyer`s lender agrees is high enough to warrant a mortgage. Write the current date in the upper right corner of the purchase contract.

This makes it easy to know when the agreement was signed if you find yourself in any type of legal proceeding. A purchase contract is a contract that describes the conditions of sale of a home. Once the buyer and seller have accepted these conditions and applied their signature, this document becomes legally binding. Indicate the agreed sale price as well as any deposit or deposit amount, and how the money will be refunded if the deal fails for any reason. For example, the contract will specify whether the buyer will receive a mortgage to purchase the property, or whether they will use an alternative, e.B. accept the current mortgage on the property or use seller`s financing when the buyer makes payments to the seller rather than to a traditional mortgage lender. As a rule, the seller`s agent is the person who is held responsible for this task. However, in an FSBO situation, the seller can hire a real estate lawyer or a lawyer. In any case, some States require that such agreements be concluded by lawyers approved by the State. You will have the most experience and will be able to explain the sometimes difficult to read additions that cause confusion or misunderstandings in a case. The purchase contract must include the price of the offer accepted by the seller as well as the means by which it is provided. Common methods include full payment in cash, with a cash deposit and a new mortgage, or with an agreement with an existing mortgage.

This information may be described in detail in the purchase agreement or additional financing may be included to clearly describe the buyer`s down payment and credit situation. Enter the amount you are offering on the property under „Purchase Price“. The purchase price section contains areas where you can divide the purchase price into categories: down payment, mortgage proceeds, loan support, seller financing, portion payable in cash at closing, or „Other.“ A portion of the total price goes hand in hand with the categories that apply to your purchase, and these numbers should match the amount of the offer. .

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How to start a great OSS project

Mike Vanbuskirk ·
Oct 18, 2022 · 10 min read · Leave a comment

If you spend any time coding, you've probably considered starting an OSS project at some point. Of course, the natural temptation is to immediately sit down and start writing code. That's a great approach that many projects have started from, but what about when it's time to let others contribute?

An OSS project is as much about community as it is code, and the key to building a good project is providing an inviting, productive place for that community to work and create. How can new contributors be onboarded smoothly? What kind of maintenance and automation will allow the project to scale beyond the scope of its original creator's time and resources? This article hopes to answer a few of these questions and provide first-time project maintainers with a solid foundation for launching a great OSS project.

Create a great

A README file is the "entry point" to an OSS project. Most distributed version control software hosting platforms like GitLab make the README file the first thing a visitor sees when viewing the repo. A good README manages to convey important information about a project while focusing on ease of navigation and reading and grabs the attention of potential contributors and users.

To start, maintainers should familiarize themselves with Markdown, the markup language used for most OSS project documentation files like README. Markdown is a simple, elegant tool for crafting content and it's helpful to be aware of its features and capabilities.

For the README file itself, there are some things maintainers can include that will help drive productive participation and engagement.

Overview of the project

A great way to draw attention to your project is to lead with a UI or CLI screenshot of the software. Even better: record some basic usage and convert it to a GIF using an OSS (of course!) tool like Terminalizer. The overview should also include the "why" of the project; it should be clear what problem or problems the project solves, and what drove the maintainer to create the project.

How to install and use it

OSS project users can often become OSS project contributors; a well-run and well-documented project goes a long way towards bringing more contributors into the fold. Users should be presented with clear, concise, and most importantly correct instructions for installing and using the software contained in the project. Potential users and contributors are likely to be put off by confusing, complex, or non-functional installation instructions.

Not all project documentation does or even should fit inside the README file. Your project likely depends on one or more programming languages, as well as the many development tools, libraries, and modules in the language ecosystem. The README should serve as a project portal; linking to third-party documentation as needed, rather than as a comprehensive collection of all relevant documentation in one place.

The global OSS project community is made up of a great many individuals, representing a rich, diverse spectrum of backgrounds and identities. With that in mind, an OSS project needs to provide a welcoming, inclusive Code of Conduct with firm and clear rules around expected behavior and decorum. One option is Contributor Covenant. A shared understanding of what defines good conduct is a pillar of a good community.

If OSS project users become contributors, a great way to foster this transition is to make it easy to report bugs or request features. Ideally, this is where your README file links to your file as well.

A great example of an OSS project with an awesome README is Leapp; here’s another example on GitLab. This Hacker News discussion further demonstrates the power of the OSS project community in helping drive better engagement.

Creating a great is important too

The file represents another very important piece of documentation in an OSS project. Ideally, a CONTRIBUTING file should contain clear instructions for how individuals can get started contributing to your project. It's also important to be cognizant of first-time contributors to your project versus first-time contributors to OSS. For first-time OSS participants, it can be helpful to include links like this.

The focus should be on technical detail; clear, concise instructions for how to clone, build, test, and commit are just some of what should be included. An adequate amount of detail and context is important, especially around what pre-requisite knowledge is expected and where it can be gained. The goal is to provide a deterministic path for contributors, with the end-state being a well-formed Merge Request. The GitLab document provides an excellent example.

The documentation for contributing should include:

An introductory message

This should be a warm and welcoming message that encourages individuals to participate, but also gives them the right foundation and context for creating successful and helpful commits.

How to set up a development environment

Development environments can be tricky to get right. Contributors may be working from a variety of different operating systems, IDEs, and hardware. Focus on making your project as environment agnostic as possible. Containerization tools like Docker can help by isolating dependencies within the boundaries of a container environment. Ideally, as the project grows, you can take advantage of CI/CD automation to standardize things like linting and testing in a controlled environment or provide a one-click deployment option via something like GitPod.

How to run tests

Early in the project lifecycle, testing will probably be a minimal, non-comprehensive affair. Contributors will need to have clear guidance on setting up local development and testing to ensure their commits don't break existing functionality. Tests are another aspect of contributions that benefit heavily from automation.

Contributors will almost always need to refer to additional resources to help them complete their work. The Contributing doc is a great place to link helpful and relevant documentation, including style guides, as well as third-party information. You should also highlight where the primary discussion medium for the project is hosted, which can be something like Slack, Discord, or within the repository itself.

Specific instructions on reporting bugs, and submitting changes/features

Be specific and explicit with instructions for bugs, changes, and features. Providing this up-front reduces the amount of time that might be spent requesting basic formatting changes or additional information that's typically always needed on these topics.

Less experienced contributors? Suggest first-time issues

Contributing to OSS can be very intimidating for first-time contributors. It can be extremely helpful not just for your project, but for the entire OSS ecosystem to label issues that are ideal for first-time contributions. GitLab uses the good for new contributors label to highlight such issues.

Some criteria that make for good first issues:

Choose a good license

An often overlooked, but no less important, part of starting an OSS project is choosing a good license. The sometimes verbose legal language of OSS licenses, as well as the scare stories of them being applied inappropriately, can be intimidating to first-time contributors.

Fortunately, tools like Choose a license are available, allowing maintainers to make an informed choice about which license model is the best fit for the project.

The MIT and Apache licenses are common choices for OSS projects, but each project and maintainer are unique. Something else to consider is that a lot of OSS contributors often work professionally as software engineers, and may be subject to rules that prohibit or limit OSS contributions based on intellectual property concerns.

Use templates to make OSS maintenance easier

Early in the life of your OSS project, there are likely to only be a few contributors. The inflow of pull requests, issues and feature work will generally be pretty manageable at this stage. The need for automation and well-defined processes won't be immediately obvious, but once the project scales it's very easy to feel overwhelmed without some structure in place.

Templates are a great way to help establish some formal processes for dealing with common workflows in OSS projects. For most version control platforms, templates are Markdown documents that allow maintainers to pre-define the format and structure of things like issues, pull requests, and merge requests. There are some good examples of issue templates here, as well as templates for merge requests.

Giving contributors a clear picture of the required information up front saves a lot of time and headache, and avoids the dance of maintainers having to frequently ask follow-up questions on issues to get a clear picture of the actual technical problem at hand. Once your project hits a critical mass of participation, it's very important to have a good structure of templates in place to allow you, and eventually other maintainers to leverage their time.

Another easy win for ease of maintenance is committing a well-formed gitignore file that's relevant to the type of project and language choice. The SCM Git docs provide great documentation.

Automate your OSS project

Leveraging maintainer resources and time is the key to successfully growing an OSS project. Beyond templates, some platforms allow maintainers to automate significant portions of the building and deployment of their projects.

One piece of automation that should be familiar to anyone with experience in a DevOps environment is Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery(CI/CD) pipelines. CI/CD tools enable engineers to define a repeatable workflow that can lint, analyze, test, and deploy code while providing fast feedback on the outcome of each step. For example: a project using Python could integrate pyflakes into its CI workflow, ensuring all contributions are tested with a common standard for linting and syntax. Even Markdown code can be tested this way! If maintainers want to take this pattern even further, a tool like MKDocs can be integrated into a CI/CD workflow as well to automatically generate documentation for the project. For busy maintainers, automating the typically tedious process of writing and updating documentation is a huge win.

With automation deployed, status badges can be a great way to provide contributors with a holistic view of the state of things like test coverage, build status, CI/CD health, and the current release version. The status badges on this project provide both users and contributors with an at-a-glance understanding of pipeline health, and the most current release version of the module.

For anyone thinking about starting a project or already maintaining an open source project, the GitLab for Open Source program provides maintainers access to Ultimate features for free, which includes many valuable Security features as well as additional CI minutes.

Great OSS projects aren't just code

Code is of central importance to open source software. However, an OSS project is more than just code. It's a community of diverse individuals participating in a shared goal. To help achieve that goal, it's crucial to provide a well-maintained space for that community to participate.

Saying thanks for every contribution, welcoming everyone, and encouraging them to stay with feedback can also help make the project an inviting space. Along the way, you'll find new maintainers, and friends as well.

GitLab developer evangelist Michael Friedrich made significant contributions to this post.

“Everything you need to know to start a great OSS project” – Mike Vanbuskirk

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Neil Peart Quotes

About Author
Neil Ellwood Peart OC (; September 12, 1952 – January 7, 2020) was a Canadian-American musician, best known as the drummer and primary lyricist of the rock band Rush. Peart earned numerous awards for his musical performances, including an induction into the Modern Drummer Readers Poll Hall of Fame in 1983 at the age of thirty, making him the youngest person ever so honoured. Known to fans by the nickname 'The Professor', his drumming was renowned for its technical proficiency and his live performances for their exacting nature and stamina.
Peart was born in Hamilton, Ontario, and grew up in Port Dalhousie (now part of St. Catharines). During adolescence, he floated between regional bands in pursuit of a career as a full-time drummer. After a discouraging stint in England, Peart returned home to concentrate on music where he joined Rush, a Toronto band, in mid-1974, six years after its formation. Together they released nineteen studio albums, with ten exceeding a million copies sold in the United States. Billboard ranks the band third for the "most consecutive gold or platinum albums by a rock band".Early in his career, Peart's performance style was deeply rooted in hard rock. He drew most of his inspiration from drummers such as Keith Moon, Ginger Baker, and John Bonham, players who at the time were at the forefront of the British hard rock scene. As time passed, he began to emulate jazz and big band musicians Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich. In 1994, Peart became a friend and pupil of jazz instructor Freddie Gruber. It was during this time that Peart revamped his playing style by incorporating jazz and swing components.In addition to serving as Rush's primary lyricist, Peart published several memoirs about his travels. His lyrics for Rush addressed universal themes and diverse subjects including science fiction, fantasy, and philosophy, as well as secular, humanitarian, and libertarian themes. Peart wrote a total of seven nonfiction books focused on his travels and personal stories. He also coauthored with Kevin J. Anderson three steampunk fantasy novels based on Rush's final album, Clockwork Angels. The two also wrote a dark fantasy novella, Drumbeats, inspired by Peart's travels in Africa.
Peart announced his retirement from touring in an interview with Drumhead Magazine in December 2015. In January 2018, bandmate Alex Lifeson confirmed that Rush had disbanded also due to Peart's health issues. During his last years Peart lived in Santa Monica, California, with his wife, Carrie Nuttall, and daughter. After a three and a half year illness, Peart died of glioblastoma on January 7, 2020, at age 67.


What are three other countries that celebrate Thanksgiving?

Let’s learn more about these celebrations and discover seven of the most surprising countries that celebrate Thanksgiving (besides the US).

  • Canada. …
  • Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. …
  • The Netherlands. …
  • Grenada. …
  • Japan. …
  • Liberia. …
  • the United Kingdom. …
  • Brazil.

Do Canada celebrate Christmas?

In Canada, Christmas Day is celebrated on 25th December. The Christmas festivities here are quite similar to the American observance of the occassion. Pantomiming wearing masks is a popular tradition in Canada and comes from Newfoundland.

Does Germany celebrate Thanksgiving?

Meaning of “Erntedank” in Germany

At the same date as in Canada, the Germans celebrate their Thanksgiving (Erntedankfest). During the celebration, which is usually held in a church but also regionally as a procession, crops, cereals, and fruit are decoratively arranged.

What is Santa called in Canada?

In the US and Canada, some people call him Kris Kringle, which originates from the German word Christkind (Christ child). Here, it’s custom to leave milk and cookies to keep him going.

Do Canadians speak English?

As you may have guessed, English is the most commonly spoken language at home in our country. In fact, a whopping 98 per cent of Canadians say they have the ability to conduct a conversation in English, French or both.

Why do Canadians say eh?

What does sorry mean in Canada?

Saying sorry as a reflex renders it an essentially meaningless courtesy. Here in Canada, saying “sorry” is a nicety that feels a little bit like a joke so worn out, all that remains is the punch line. We say it to mean: “I’m so sorry for the fact of human frailty.

Is it expensive to live in Canada?

Cost of living in Canada compared to other countries

For 2022, Canada is the 25th most expensive country to live in in the world.

What is the main religion in Canada? According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the largest religion in Canada was Christianity. About 22.1 million people—or just over two-thirds (67.3%) of the population—reported that they were affiliated with a Christian religion.

Why is Thanksgiving so late in 2021?

This year, the fourth Thursday of the month falls on Nov. 25, 2021. As it turns out, there’s a reason why Thanksgiving is falls when it does each month, and it’s based in the history of Thanksgiving. The story dates to 1939, when Franklin Roosevelt decided to shake up the tradition a bit in the name of capitalism.

What do Canadian kids leave Santa?

In Canada and the United States, leaving out a glass of milk and a plate of cookies for Santa Claus on Christmas Eve is an age-old tradition among children. This tradition took off in the 1930s during the Great Depression.

What year did Canadian Thanksgiving start?

The first Thanksgiving after Canadian Confederation didn’t happen until April 1872, when the holiday was observed to celebrate the recovery of the Prince of Wales from a serious illness.

Why is Thanksgiving dinner so early?

Sitting down for an earlier dinner allows for guests to arrive earlier, sit down for the meal without a long intermission between arrival and dinner, and allow time for the feast to settle in their system before making their way back home. It also allots a lot of time and people for dish duty shifts.

What eh means in Canada?

Although eh has its roots in Middle English and did not originate in Canada, the interjection acts as marker of anglophone Canadian identity and distinguishes Canadian English from other dialects. Eh is internationally recognized as a uniquely Canadian form of speech, often to the point of exaggeration and stereotype.

Does Santa drink milk? “There are several reasons that I prefer milk on Christmas Eve.” Santa told me. “I drink milk because it’s good for me. It keeps my bones strong so I can carry the bag around on Christmas Eve. I also need strong bones to help me withstand the speed of the sleigh.

Does Santa drink alcohol? Look, it’s clear that Santa is a big drinker – every Christmas Eve he jets around the world, and he does a shot of sherry in almost every house.

What is the name of Santa’s wife? The Santa Claus that we know lives in the North Pole. According to some North American sources, his original name was Kris Kringle before he changed his name to Santa Claus. Kris Kringle was a toymaker who married Jessica. Other names found for Mrs Claus are Mary Christmas, Gertrude, and Carol.

Does the UK celebrate Thanksgiving?

Does the UK celebrate Thanksgiving? No – Thanksgiving is not widely celebrated in the UK although often Americans who live here invite British friends and family to join festivities.

Is Thanksgiving always on the 25th?

Today, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. But that was not always the case. When Abraham Lincoln was president in 1863, he proclaimed the last Thursday of November to be our national Thanksgiving Day.

Do they have Thanksgiving in Australia?

Australia. In the Australian external territory of Norfolk Island, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the last Wednesday of November, similar to the pre–World War II American observance on the last Thursday of the month.

What countries have Thanksgiving?

The are the nine countries that celebrate thanksgiving.

  • Canada. The other Thanksgiving Americans are most likely to be familiar with is the Canadian Thanksgiving.
  • China.
  • Germany.
  • Grenada.
  • Japan.
  • Norfolk Island.
  • South Korea.
  • Liberia.

Why does only America celebrate Thanksgiving?

The event that Americans commonly call the “First Thanksgiving” was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621. This feast lasted three days and was attended by 90 Wampanoag Native American people and 53 Pilgrims (survivors of the Mayflower).

Thanksgiving (United States)

Frequency Annual

Is Thanksgiving Only in America?

Thanksgiving is a national holiday celebrated on various dates in the United States, Canada, Grenada, Saint Lucia, and Liberia. It began as a day of giving thanks for the blessing of the harvest and of the preceding year. Similarly named festival holidays occur in Germany and Japan.

Do Aussies celebrate Thanksgiving?

Sales of the big bird have increased this month as more Australians enjoy Thanksgiving. The holiday, celebrated as a national holiday in the United States on the fourth Thursday of November, originally gave thanks for the blessing of the harvest each year.

What is Halloween called in Germany? Halloween is when all demons and witches are out for the night hunting, and when there are pumpkins glaring out of the windows, and when it’s better to give a treat instead of being tricked…

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What is Jeff Timmer’s Net Worth?

If you are interested to know the net worth of Jeff Timmer, you’ve come to the right place. He’s a successful private corporate executive who works in Michigan. His net worth is estimated to be around $2 to $4 million. He’s also a well-known political pundit and strategist. His sharp wit and smartassery make him an all-around good choice for the political scene.

Listed below are the main sources of Jeff Timmer’s net worth: Timmer has been a political strategist, public affairs specialist, and communications strategist for over 30 years. His portfolio includes work with top corporations, political associations, and campaigns. He’s also an award-winning director and producer of memorable television commercials. While there’s no clear source for his net worth, there are several sources that give insight into his career.

Until recently, Timmer was an independent political analyst and political consultant. He spoke at corporate events, advised politicians, and worked as a senior advisor for the Lincoln Project. Before joining politics, Timmer was an executive with the Detroit Tigers’ hockey team. Aside from his political work, Timmer also had a successful political consulting firm, Two River Public Affairs, which specializes in high-level strategy and creative communications.

Though Timmer is a pure American, his wife is of Afro-American heritage. They have a son, but the latter is unknown. The two were married in 1995, and Timmer’s son, Kabul, is of mixed race, although it is possible that he was adopted. Timmer’s political career started while he was still in high school. He became involved with politics at a young age and later went on to become a political consultant.

The Michigan-based political consultant, Jeff Timmer, has a net worth of $2 million. His contributions to the country’s politics include writing books, consulting, and serving as an overseer for the Republican Party. A well-respected political analyst, Timmer also holds a position as the co-founder of Republicans and Independents for Biden, an organization that educates and engages voters on political issues.

Timmer is happily married. His wife, Mattie Timmer, is a writer and political advisor for the United States. They have three children together: one son and two daughters. Although they have been married for a long time, they are not keen on being in the spotlight. Timmer’s son passed away on March 7, 2022. As a result, his net worth is $1-$5 million.

Timmer began his career as a political marketing strategist in Caledonia, Michigan. He then went on to work as a vice president for Sterling Corporation for 5 years before becoming a senior adviser to the Lincoln Project. Despite his political background, he has kept his personal life very private. His net worth has not been revealed publicly, but it’s estimated to be between $1 million and $3 million. Jeff Timmer is on twitter via the @jefftimmer, but he’s not on Instagram.

Jeff Timmer is a well-known adviser and political strategist who lives in Michigan. He’s currently married to Mattie Timmer, who is his wife. Timmer is 53 years old and has a 34-26-34-inch body measurement. He has thousands of subscribers, and he’s a very popular person in his field. This means that his net worth is quite high! The question now is: how much is Jeff Timmer worth?


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