On November 9th, Wissam Tayam (sometimes spelled Tayem), a Palestinian seeking passage at an Israeli checkpoint near Nablus, was observed playing his violin. According to Horit Herman Peled, a member of Machsom Watch (Checkpoint Watch, a group that monitors Israeli soldiers’ behavior at checkpoints) who videotaped the incident, Tayam was forced to play the violin to gain passage while Israeli soldiers laughed. As a result of her statements and video, numerous articles were written in Israel and worldwide condemning the soldiers at the checkpoint, the morals of the Israeli army, and some even claimed to find in the incident echoes of the Holocaust, when Jews were forced by the Nazis to play music in concentration camps. These reports failed to mention the fact that in previous instances, Palestinian terrorists used cases for musical instruments, including a guitar, to smuggle deadly explosives used in terror attacks.

In Peled’s video the soldier interacting with Tayam cannot be seen or heard laughing and appears to be merely sorting through some papers. No other soldiers can be seen or heard laughing. Peled, the videographer, does not appear to be close enough to the Palestinian and soldier to hear whether the soldier did or did not order the Palestinian to play. Furthermore, the video does not indicate that she witnessed the actual moment when Tayam began to play or what occurred right before.

According to a November 30th IDF statement, the soldier states that he asked Tayam to open his violin case for inspection, to make sure it didn’t contain explosives or weapons, but it was the Palestinian who chose to play the violin of his own volition and that the liaison officer had to ask the Palestinian to stop playing. Wissam Tayam claims that he was asked to play a sad song.

According to a November 30 Haaretz report, statements by other members of the Machsom Watch group who were there make clear that none of them, including Horit Herman Peled, has any idea what was said by the soldier to the Palestinian, because they "did not hear the exchange between the soldiers and the violinist, and in addition, the conversation was held in Arabic, which none of the volunteers understand."

In fact, initially another Machsom Watch volunteer, Rachel Bar-Or, gave a statement to the IDF supporting the Israeli soldier’s version of events. She was unable to hear the conversation between the soldier and Tayam, but based on what she saw, "she said that until she read the violinist’s account of the incident in the press, she was more than prepared to believe the soldiers’ version of events at the checkpoint. ‘When I found out that the Palestinian was denying [their story], I had no reason to prefer the IDF’s version of events over his.’ Another volunteer, Neta Efroni, also claims that the volunteers did not hear the exchange between the Palestinian and the soldiers." (Haaretz, Nov 30)

Based on what Rachel Bar-Or saw with her own eyes at the time of the incident, Bar-Or felt that the Israeli soldier had not done anything wrong. Only after hearing Tayam’s version, did she discount what she herself saw, saying, "I had no reason to prefer the IDF’s version of events over his."

Thus, initially, this was a case of the Israeli soldier’s word against Horit Herman Peled’s, who it turns out, didn’t even hear (and couldn’t have understood) the Arabic conversation between the two men. None of the initial stories had any statement by Tayam himself. Apparently based on only Peled’s questionable "evidence," many journalists repeated the story, and published the photos prominently, even the video seems to support the soldier’s case, and contradicts Peled’s. The NGO B’stelem also erroneously began a campaign around this issue.

Even if the soldier had asked Tayam to play his violin for a few seconds to ensure that it didn’t contain any explosives, such a measure is not per se humiliating or evidence of malice. And it certainly would not warrant comparing Israeli soldiers to Nazis.

At the same time, the IDF added unnecessary confusion to the issue. According to a November 25th BBC article, "The Israeli army says the man was asked to play the instrument he was carrying to prove it was not full of explosives. But, it said, the soldiers’ conduct at the West Bank checkpoint had been insensitive and they were reprimanded." The IDF did not explain if such a security measure (playing the violin to make sure it didn’t have explosives taped inside it, which would affect the sound when played) would indeed be needed, and if so, why following this precaution would be "insensitive." It is only in a statement made November 30th, as reported by AP, that an explanation of the "insensitivity" is given: "Col. Yuval said the soldiers acted insensitively only in that they did not make Tayem stop playing sooner." Since the IDF’s Nov 30th announcement of the conclusion of their investigation says the soldier only asked Tayam to open the violin case, not to play, the earlier official response was unclear and apparently inaccurate.

Despite the IDF’s confusing initial response, there is no justification for media coverage that leaped to extreme charges that Israeli soldiers were seeking to humiliate Tayam rather than simply making sure his violin contained no explosives.

Material courtesy of CAMERA (www.camera.org)


Inspiration, Life, Motivation

50 Rousing Quotes by Henry Ford

Amazing Quotes by Henry Ford

Henry Ford was an American businessman who founded the Ford Motors Company. He transformed assembly-line methods of manufacture for the automobile. Here are some of his powerful quotes that will inspire you.

  4. “Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take your eye off you GOAL.” - Henry Ford
  5. “Don’t find fault, find a remedy.” - Henry Ford
  8. “My friend is the one who brings out best in me.” - Henry Ford
  12. “Business is never so healthy as when, like a chicken it must do a certain amount of scratching around for what it gets.” - Henry Ford
  14. “You may think the grass is greener on the other side. But if you take the time to water own grass it would be just as green.” - Henry Ford
  15. “Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is probably the reason so few engage in it.” - Henry Ford
  16. “You can’t build a reputation on what you’re going to do.” - Henry Ford
  18. “There is no such thing as no chance.” - Henry Ford
  20. “Never complain. Never explain.” - Henry Ford
  22. “Money is like an arm or leg — use it or lose it.” - Henry Ford
  25. “Enthusiasm is the yeast that makes your hopes shine to the stars.” - Henry Ford
  26. “It is all one to me if a man comes from Sing Sing Prison or Harvard. We hire a man, not his history.” - Henry Ford
  27. “Vision without execution is just hallucination.” - Henry Ford
  28. “Chop your own wood, and it will warm you twice.” - Henry Ford
  32. “An idealist is a person who helps other people to be prosperous.” - Henry Ford
  33. “I cannot discover that anyone knows enough to say what is and what is definitely not possible.” - Henry Ford
  34. “Education is preeminently a matter of quality, not amount.” - Henry Ford
  35. “He can who thinks he can, and he can’t who thinks he can’t. This is an inexorable, indisputable law.” - Henry Ford
  38. “You don’t have to hold a position in order to be a leader.” - Henry Ford
  39. “When I can’t handle events, I let them handle themselves.” - Henry Ford
  41. “The highest use of capital is not to make more money, but to make money do to more for the betterment of life.” - Henry Ford
  43. “Most people spend more time and energy going around problems than in trying to solve them.” - Henry Ford
  44. “I do not believe a man can ever leave his business. He ought to think of it by day and dream of it by night.” - Henry Ford
  45. “History is more or less bunk.” - Henry Ford
  46. “It is not the employer who pays wages — he only handles the money. It is the product who pays the wages.” - Henry Ford
  47. “There are no big problems, there are just a lot of little problems.” - Henry Ford
  48. “Competition is the keen cutting edge of business, always shaving away at costs.” - Henry Ford
  49. “That man is best educated who knows the greatest number of things that are so, and who can do the greatest number of things to help and heal the world.” - Henry Ford

Above were few of the famous quotes by Henry Ford, if you have more quotes by Henry Ford, do feel free to share the same in the comments section.


What Is Technology Schooling (Ed Tech)? Webopedia Definition

And the rapid rise of wearable expertise and the Web of Things represents the newest wave of touchpoints that may allow companies to blend digital and physical experiences even more. All voice, video and information networks and the equipment, workers and bought services necessary to function them. Know-how is unlikely to have occurred by likelihood, without being created by clever beings—many presume to be mankind—given the inherent data and requisite group of know-how as a system that enables it to supply objects and perform strategies to attain objectives.

Moreover, accepting as true Bigelow’s definition as premises for the argument, and on condition that this substance has been created by mankind, involving a course of consisting of the appliance of science, based on principles, has been given a name, and is considered exceedingly helpful based on the way it advantages society and those who create it, the substance, insulin, is technology.


How much are dolphins sold for?

Enos Conroy asked a question: How much are dolphins sold for?
Asked By: Enos Conroy
Date created: Mon, Feb 22, 2021 7:46 AM
Date updated: Thu, Oct 6, 2022 9:28 AM

Top best answers to the question «How much are dolphins sold for»

Who are the highest paid players on the Miami Dolphins?

  • Byron Jones and Xavien Howard will earn a combined $32 million making them the highest paid corner pair in the NFL. The team also signed a familiar face for head coach Brian Flores in linebacker Kyle Van Noy, who played under Flores in New England. Van Noy signed a four-year, $51 million deal.

What size are bottlenose dolphins?

  • Bottlenose dolphins reach an average length of 2.5–3 metres (8–10 feet) and weight of 135–300 kg (300–650 pounds). Males are generally larger than females.

Those who are looking for an answer to the question «How much are dolphins sold for?» often ask the following questions:

🌴 Are dolphins sold as meat?

  • As with whales dolphins have also been sold as a form of meat that can be purchased at meat markets, supermarkets and restaurants in certain countries. Dolphin meat has even been found being sold in cans of tuna.

🌴 How much dolphins weigh?

Adult length is from 8-12 feet. These dolphins may weigh as much as 1,430 pounds off Great Britain, though most are much smaller in other parts of the world. Males are significantly larger than ...

🌴 How much are dolphins cost?

How much swimming with dolphins should cost. Prices paid and comments from CostHelper's team of professional journalists and community of users. A simple shallow-water interaction costs about $80-$145, depending on the resort location and the dolphins' behavior. Guests wade into waist-high water to enjoy a dolphin song, kiss, hug or handshake without swimming a stroke.

11 other answers

Much of dolphin meat sold around Japan is actually mislabeled or sold as counterfeit whale meat from a larger whale, which sells for far more money than dolphin meat. Hundreds of samples of dolphin meat tested from around Japan has all been shown to be toxic and far exceeds their own ministry of health recommendations.

Three other Dolphins Super Bowl rings from the 1972 team have been known to be sold. Hall of Fame center Jim Langer’s ring went for $32,500 in 2015. Left tackle Wayne Moore’s ring from that ...

do you have any pink amazon river dolphins if so how much. Anonymous on April 11. You all are disgusting and what’s wrong with this planet. How would you feel, enclosed and swimming in the same circle for the entirety of your living. Gross. Savannah on March 14.

Don the Dolphin: Sold for £14,000 Don the Dolphin was designed by artist Nicole Porter, who took inspiration from the parade of football fans she regularly see’s pass her King Street gallery.

HORRIFIC footage shows defenceless dolphins being hunted in Japan's "killing cove" for the entertainment of tourists. The video reveals the brutal hunting trade in Taiji, Japan as the heartless ...

Even if no more dolphins are taken captive this season, capturing live dolphins has netted an estimated $1.24 million in revenue for the fishermen, and roughly $5 million in revenues for the brokers.

Revenues and operating income are for the 2019 season and net stadium debt service. 1. Enterprise value (equity plus net debt) of team based on current stadium deal (unless new stadium is pending ...

When purchased team and for how much: Became majority owner in Jan. 20, 2009, for $1.2 billion. Franchise valuation: $1.3 billion (Forbes) 2014 revenue/rank: $281 million/16 th (Forbes)

Despite the change in fortunes, the Miami Dolphins have continued to attract fans to the Hard Rock Stadium from afar, and their ticket sales would provide the evidence to help back that up. According to figures provided, the 2019 season managed to generate $71 million in ticket sales alone.

Estimated Current Value: $1.1 billion The Dolphins became the most expensive team ever purchased in North America and the second-most expensive team ever purchased in the world when they were sold...

Your Answer

We've handpicked 22 related questions for you, similar to «How much are dolphins sold for?» so you can surely find the answer!

How much do baby dolphins eat?

they eat 3-6 meals a day

How much do bottlenose dolphins dream?
How much do bottlenose dolphins eat?

Types of prey dolphins consume. Most species of dolphin stick to a diet that consists primarily of small fish and squid however there are a few species that also consume larger prey and marine mammals. Here are some foods that dolphins have been known to consume: Cod (a common fish) Capelin (a common fish) Herring (a common fish)

How much do bottlenose dolphins weigh?
  • Bottlenose dolphins can typically achieve an average weight of between 331.5-442 pounds (150-200kg) and a length of 6.6 to 12.8 feet (2-3.9meters). Sharks are attuned to a wide range of aquatic habitats. Some species inhabit shallow coastal waters while others prefer the open ocean or deep-water ocean floor.
How much do dolphins fish eat?

How much do dolphins sell for?

How much do dolphins tickets cost?

This graph depicts the average ticket price for Miami Dolphins games in the National Football League from 2006 to 2020. In 2020, the average ticket price was 84.36 U.S. dollars.

How much do female dolphins weigit?

Dolphins and Porpoises. How much do female dolphins weigh? Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User Answered 2012-05-10 07:11:03. easy nothing. 0 0 1.

How much do juvenile dolphins weigh?

Baby Australian snubfin dolphins are called calves. At birth, calves weigh around 22-26 lb (10-12 kg). They are born swimmers and influenced by their mothers until the age of two years old. They stay in the same group until they are six years old and leave their groups after obtaining adult size.

How much do pet dolphins cost?

For each level the pet has, there is a 0.3% discount. For example, at level 50 there will be a 15% discount to the price listed below. Also, the cost listed is for the pet of that type to be upgraded, after which time the rarity will be that of the above type.

How much do pink dolphins eat?

Depending on the dolphin species, dolphins are known to consume anywhere from 2% – 10% of their body weight in food daily. Lastly, size does not always determine the types of food a dolphin is likely to eat.

How much do spotted dolphins eat?

How much do spotted dolphins weigh?

Organ weight of striped dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea was obtained from 12 juvenile or subadult dolphins (range: 147-196 cm in body length) (Gihr and Pil leri, 1969). Perrin and Roberts (1972) reported organ weight of 68 eastern Pacific spotted dolphins (range: 78-218 cm), and 14 eastern Pacific spinner dolphins (range: 105-177 cm).

How much does dolphins plus cost?

They are available in full or half day schedules and they include the in-water encounters with dolphins. The cost ranges from $350.00 for a 1/2 day and $630.00 for a full day.

How much does dolphins qb make?

Tua Tagovailoa signed a 4 year, $30,275,438 contract with the Miami Dolphins, including a $19,578,500 signing bonus, $30,275,438 guaranteed, and an average annual salary of $7,568,860.

How much fins do dolphins have?

Dolphins are known to have signature whistles much like how humans have names, and social communication and interaction among the pod is a key component of their daily lives. These mammals have perfectly evolved to thrive in the ocean, where they deserve to live freely. Captivity simply cannot provide an adequate environment for these wild species. Life In Captivity. Dolphins living in captive conditions face circumstances vastly different than those of the ocean. The surroundings are bare ...

How much food do dolphins eat?
  • An adult dolphin will eat about 5 percent of its body weight in food every day. This means that an average-sized dolphin (about 385 pounds) will eat almost 20 pounds of fish, squid and shrimp a day. This means that an average-sized dolphin (about 385 pounds) will eat almost 20 pounds of fish, squid and shrimp a day. A similar-sized nursing mother will consume 30 pounds of food each day.
How much oxygen do dolphins breathe?
How much plastic pollution affects dolphins?
How much sleep do dolphins need?

How much sleep do dolphins require?

Dolphins Are Alert While Sleeping. The unihemispheric sleep patterns allow dolphins to be alert for extended periods of time. A study completed in 2012 by Brian Branstetter and colleagues revealed dolphins can stay alert to the point of completing another task for 15 days straight. The study showed that even while resting in “dolphin sleep ...

How much space do dolphins need?


Difference Between Connotation and Denotation

Although connotation and denotation are two important methods to describe a word used in several types of creative writing, what differentiates connotation from denotation is that denotation is the direct meaning of the word.

Connotation vs Denotation

The main difference between connotation and denotation is that connotation is the hidden meaning or the emotional perspectives of a word whereas a denotation is directly the dictionary meaning of the word. Both are two very important methods in language, but both have their own specific places to fulfill.

Connotation vs Denotation

Connotation is the secondary meaning of a word based on its emotional perspective, especially from the reader’s view. It adds extra meaning to the word depending on the background it is spoken about.

It is used to signify or mean something specific. Denotations are the literal meaning of the respective word.

Comparison Table between Connotation and Denotation

Parameter of Comparison Connotation Denotation
DefinitionConnotation is the secondary meaning of a word which is mainly based on the cultural and emotional aspect.Denotation refers to the primary meaning of the word which is the literal meaning of the word according to the dictionary.
TypeIt is the indirect and hidden meaning of the word. It contains emotional overtones.It is the direct meaning of a word. It is factual.
ClassificationConnotation can be classified into two types, positive and negative. There is also another type of connotation known as the neutral connotation.Denotation cannot be classified.
Effect of culture and religionMight change depending on the social, cultural, and religious impact of a particular region.Remains unchanged in respect to the culture and religion of a region.
Meaning Connotations are subjective meaning.Denotations are the primary meanings

What is Connotation?

A connotation of a word which signifies the cultural or the emotional association of the word which is a little different from the direct meaning of the word. Connotations are the suggestive meanings of a word.

The word connotation has come from the Latin word “connotation” meaning “signify in addition to the main meaning”. It can either be positive or be negative.

Connotation is mainly used to relate how a thing or a set of things can be related to a word or a phrase based on its emotional or social judgment. In other words, the connotation can be described as the feeling or idea of a word.

What is Denotation?

In simple words, denotation may be defined as the literal meaning of a word. The word denotation has come from the Latin word “denotation” meaning “indication” It is similar to the way dictionaries are used to define the word.

The denotation of a word is generally perceived through visible concepts. In short, the denotation of a word is devoid of feelings or emotions. It can either be an act of using a symbol as well as a word.

Denotation is very important to get a clear view of a particular word but is not a good option when it comes to expressing the creative side.  denotation implies the primary meaning of the word.

The writer needs to be observant about his or her word choices which have to be very precise, as any minor substitution will affect the tone and mood of the writing.

Main Differences between Connotation and Denotation

  1. Connotation can be classified into mainly two types which are positive connotation and negative connotation. Another type of connotation is also present which is known as neutral connotation.
  2. One of the main factors on which the connotation of a word depends is the culture and religion of a particular place.
Difference Between Connotation and Denotation

Connotation and denotation are two such words that are much different from each other by their meanings or in other words they are in contrast to each other.

But these two are not completely different things, rather two different aspects of one single thing. A connotation is used to represent various types of social overtones, emotional and cultural implications that are hidden inside a word.

A denotation straight away signifies the dictionary definition of a word. It is the explicit or referential meaning or association of a word.

  1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-9777-6_11
  2. https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HYKJ201608003.htm
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Pogostemon cablin leaf oil

Pogostemon cablin leaf oil (Patchouli essential oil)

Patchouli is a plant native to Indonesia and Malaysia. The leaves are used to recover the different molecules that give the essential oil by fermentation process. This oil has a woody, earthy, dry, camphor scent. This oil has soothing and purifying properties.


@article{Pande_2004, title={Undoing Gender Stereotypes in Hindi}, volume={21}, url={https://bop.unibe.ch/linguistik-online/article/view/1416}, DOI={10.13092/lo.21.1068}, abstractNote={The basic prerequisite for using any language is the willingness of the speaker to follow the rules of the game. Socially defined norms of language use then tend to set the limits within which one can express oneself using this language. Whether these norms set the speaker free or whether they act as constraints in a free expression of Self, is a question that will be raised in this article. Using examples from Hindi, the paper highlights the role of such norms of language use in perpetuating gender stereotypes. Gender stereotypes get constructed as part of a broader process of social differentiation but the site of this construction is to a large extent the normal everyday discourse. A normal classroom discussion amongst university students in New Delhi thus shows how deep rooted such stereotypes are and how effectively they get perpetuated through language and linguistic norms in Indian society. The basic premise in this paper is that meanings are context-specific, they are not fixed and they get created in discourse. But since language use is one thread in social fabric, it serves as an instrument to construct and perpetuate gender stereotypes. The paper is more of an essay on issues that became obvious about gender stereotypes during two classroom discussions. It should not therefore be taken as a study into the deeper aspects of gender representation in Hindi.}, number={4}, journal={Linguistik Online}, author={Pande, Anjali}, year={2004}, month={Okt.} }


Most professionals are juggling numerous demands on their time and attention. Along with their core duties, they have to respond to critical notifications, constant interruptions, and other distractions. Plus, they often encounter quick-changing priorities, leaving them constantly adjusting to new paradigms.

If your training approach doesn’t fit into an employee’s day easily, participation rates will lag. By using design thinking, you can create convenient modules and engaging content with greater ease, ensuring your workforce actively takes part and retains critical knowledge.

Why Design Thinking?

Concentrate on Long-Term Value

When you create modules, resist the urge to pepper the content with trendy buzzwords or content-delivery methods. While it may capture a learner’s attention initially, the training will quickly feel outdated.

Use the same approach when choosing your training solutions. Consider which options will provide long-term value and aren’t just attempts to cash-in on an emerging trend.

Treat Your Learners Like Customers

Often, product design focuses on the needs of the end-user. If the product isn’t useful in their eyes, they won’t buy it. It’s that simple.

By using that same mindset when you create training, you take your learners’ needs into account. It’s an approach based on empathy, where you place yourself in your employees’ shoes and consider what will speak to them.

Before you choose new learning options, speak with your workforce. Find out what does and doesn’t meet their needs. Discover insights about their preferences. Work to understand what their ideal learning experience looks like and how you can implement some of those ideas.

While you can’t cater to everyone, this process will help you understand what choices will best serve your workforce. As a result, the outcome will be more effective.

Embrace Prototypes and Testing

Your first design shouldn’t be your last. Instead, it’s wise to use an iterative approach, creating prototypes and conducting sufficient testing. This allows you to refine your methods, increasing the quality of the end result.

Plus, it creates new opportunities to involve end-users. You can get their input throughout the development phase. It also typically increases overall buy-in, enhancing long-term participation once the system is deployed.

Are You Looking for L&D Talent Who Can Help You Reach Your Training Design Goals?

At Clarity Consultants, we have more than 25 years of experience in the L&D field. By partnering with Clarity, you gain immediate access to talent-locating allies who can assist you in identifying the experienced L&D candidates who can help your company thrive. If you need to locate L&D pros who can help you reach your training design goals, the staff at Clarity Consultants can make the process efficient and straightforward. Contact us to discover more about our comprehensive services and see how our L&D expertise can benefit you.

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Everything Is Just Dandy!

A Schematic Anarchism: Rethinking Anarchism Without Adjectives and Synthesis

Shawn P. Wilbur

Related links:

MAPPINGS: Notes for an Introduction
GREAT DIVIDES: Lessons of the Outbound Journey
SOURCES: The First Leg of the Journey
    CONFLUENCES: The Final Leg of the Journey

      The first and most obvious quality that distinguishes the schematic anarchism is its treatments of isms. It is probably safe to say that, at present, we tend to recognizeeven our own isms as ideological constructions—always a bit perilously close to rules for anarchists, however freely they may be chosen. The schematic framework proposed instead uses a much broader sense, recognizing as anarchisms a wide range of expressions—expressions of anarchy and by anarchists.

      …we can imagine anarchisms that are characteristic quirks or structural changes, anarchisms that resemble volcanisms, exorcisms, heroisms, witticisms, tropisms, etc.

      This is not necessarily a broadening of our sense of what anarchism is in practice. Each of these diverse anarchisms presumably still corresponds in its structure to the proposed schematic. Given the specific rigors of that model, perhaps some common practices of anarchists will not be specifically recognizable as anarchisms—however good and useful they may be. It also does not exclude ideological constructions, but instead simply denies their primacy. The same is true of various sorts of organizational strategy, which in this specific context simply assume their place in the anarchy of anarchisms—whatever we may think of their importance in various sorts of struggle in our present archic context.

      There is a need in this new analysis to distinguish as clearly as possible between anarchisms and useful, perhaps necessary responses to existing archies that take other forms. To simplify matters in future discussion, let’s adopt Gérard de Lacaze-Duthiers notion of ant-archy and reserve the term antarchism for more strictly negative expressions of opposition and resistance to archic conditions, which may not correspond in their structure to the schematic proposed. At the same time, let’s recognize that the distinction is one that we will have to use very carefully, as even anarchisms defined in the mostly narrowly privative terms will themselves often find expression in negative projects.

      Further clarification is something that can be attempted as the exploratory typology of anarchisms comes together. For now, we probably have to mark the distinction between anarchism and antarchism as a problem to be addressed. We can, however, use the present difficulties in addressing it as an opportunity to make some other clarifications.

      As I suggested in the introductory article, the general anarchist practice that I’m attempting to describe involves at least two distinct elements. There is an ongoing practice of coming to grips with anarchy, which may be more or less individual, and there is the equally ongoing practice of coming to terms with anarchism, in its most general sense, which is inevitably a social matter, whether or not we commit ourselves to participation in strictly anarchist movements, organizations, milieus, etc.

      I expect there to be a certain amount of tension between those two forms of practice. As we refine our individual understandings of anarchy, that will not always simplify our relations with “actually existing anarchism,” the anarchy-in-general that stands in for the anarchy of anarchisms in so much of our talk about the beautiful idea, any more than it will necessarily ease our relations with other students of anarchy. For better or worse, however, anarchists aren’t really in a position to try to “lay down the law” with one another. As demanding as we can and arguably should be with ourselves, when it comes to grappling with the complexities of our privative ideal, we’re left to work things out with others—and with the parts of anarchism that are already embodied in various cultural expressions, artifacts and associations.

      Anarchism, in that most general of senses, is what it is. It has a history, organization and tendencies that are likely to respond only slowly and unpredictably to our individual interventions—when it responds at all. In the context of the analysis I’m building here, that anarchism-in-general occupies one more place among the various anarchisms, at some opposite extreme from the schematic anarchism. (And let’s formally introduce anarchism-in-general into the project’s lexicon as a descriptor of the necessarily vague sum of all that “anarchism” might signify in a given time and place.)

      We are likely to encounter anarchism-in-general as the thing we thought we knew before we got too deep into the somewhat better defined anarchisms of some particular anarchist time and place. Or it may take the form of the lessons we have to unlearn as we begin to wrestle more seriously with the concept and consequences of anarchy. It’s the rumor or misconception we are forced to debunk—perhaps time and time again. It’s other people’s ideas, attitudes, neuroses, grooming habits, etc.—which at times we may wish weren’t our problem. It is also, of course, a grand old living tradition with the capacity to amplify our own actions and expressions, however imperfectly, to a remarkable degree. In the terms of Proudhon’s social science, it is a manifestation of collective force, powerful in large part because of its internal tensions. In terms of his theory of non-governmental “rights,” it resembles the various larger-scale social collectivities that demand recognition, if only because their existence and interests are in some complicated sense still our own, but which cannot claim any predominance simply because they exist on larger scales then human individuals.

      Anarchism-in-general, we might say, “has its rights,” to the extend that rights are a useful concept, and it certainly has its power and influence, but ultimately it’s just one anarchism among the anarchy of others. Individually, we couldn’t do much about its presence and persistence if we wanted to, but, if we recognize it as a product of collective force, we at least have the consolation that our fidelity to the shared project of anarchism is likely to be best demonstrated by active and sometimes antagonistic engagement.

      Being anarchists together and contributing to the joint project of anarchism may be largely a matter of making our inevitable conflicts fruitful and avoiding the circumstances in which proponents of more or less incommensurable anarchisms simply talk past each other. Anarchist “unity” may look more like picking the very best fights, rather than deferring or suppressing conflict, in the hope that there is strength in numbers alone.

      Again, this is all fairly straightforward and “orthodox,” if you start from the anarchistic social science of Proudhon, but I suspect that it is intelligible from most anarchist perspectives. Whether you have a rich conception of society or just a narrow individualist concern with consequences, there is likely to be a kind of sweet spot where conflict and solidarity are hard to distinguish from one another—and one of the things I expect further exploration to suggest is that those spots make a fairly tight cluster.

      So what does all this have to do with anarchism without adjectives and synthesis?

      If we think about anarchism-in-general and its potential for amplifying our anarchistic projects in terms of productive conflict, then we presumably need some tools to help us engage in good fights, rather than talking past each other. The simpler we can make these tools, the more hope we have that others will choose to share them, so my inclination is to focus, at least to begin, on simply elaborating our the schematic a bit more, highlighting significant generalities that we might use as points of reference and comparison.

      It’s worth emphasizing that this leveling process, by which the various anarchisms are engaged as “equals,” without any hierarchical framework, is a matter of specification, rather than devaluation. Cutting things down to their own size is simply a step toward clarity—and this particular step is a fairly obviously anarchistic one. Particular anarchisms will rise and fall in immediate importance, based on a variety of developing contexts—and, no doubt, also developing conflicts. As our projects increase in complexity, so will the mixes of specific anarchisms contributing to and often guiding larger assemblages of ideas, practices, etc.

      So, for example, we might observe that our anarchistic practices always seems subject to comparisons with, one the one hand, the kind of naive interpretation of the language of anarchy that I’ve tried to present systematically in the schematic anarchism and, on the other, anarchism-in-general. We might think of these two elements as two faces of an anarchism without adjectives that guides or haunts our more specific endeavors—an individual and a social aspect—which we must account for in our own practice if we are to operate as anarchists-among-anarchists.

      This anarchism without adjectives, this recognition that there are two general forms that are essentially given as contexts for our own constructions, would then be a supplement to our own projects, while our projects might produce anarchisms very narrowly constrained and defined by other contexts. One consequence of the embrace of anarchisms in the plural is that we should expect the most adjectiveless forms to occur where the constructions are most abstractly conceptual or most historically inclusive. Everywhere else, we will be using our “exploded view” to examine the specific ways in which a given construction is recognizable without a particular context as an anarchism. In my notes, I have constructed a variant on that exploded view schematic:

      anarchism ↔ (((((an + arche)X)ist)X)ism)

      The Xs here simply represent the places where the world intervenes, in all sorts of ways, to shape both our conceptions of anarchy and our expressions of anarchism. The intervening factors are conditions and constraints, but also our reasons for focusing on anarchy in the first place. Since we are explicitly rejecting the notion that anarchy is a rule, given in some sense independent of circumstance, we should expect that we would cease to be anarchists in any meaningful sense just as soon as the world stopped confronting us with archies. Our assumption of anarchist as an identity presumably signals an expectation that the problems of archies are unlikely to disappear anytime soon.

      This approach to anarchism without adjectives can also be seen as in tune with at least some of the origins of the tendency. The history of the Spanish collectivists’ development of the idea is full of turns that may seem strange to those who only know the regularly repeated bits. Fernando Tarrida del Mármol, who is credited with coining the phrase anarquía sin adjetivos in 1889, had abandoned the language of anarchy altogether by 1908—as we can see in his rewriting of the essay in which the phrase first appeared. Ricardo Mella’s famous phrase, “la anarquía no admite adjetivos,” was actually written in an essay defending collectivist anarchism from a rather literal sort of critique.

      It seems true, as Mella voiced the objection of his critics, that “Anarchy … accepts no adjectives, because this would be equivalent to qualifying it, determining it” — two operations that anarchy at least resists. There is probably a good deal more that is true in his defense of collectivism, which asserts that “anarchy is an inspiration” and distinguishes the means of achieving it from the potential end itself. But perhaps what is important in the present context is to simply underline the ways in which our attempts to understand and embrace anarchy, like our attempts to express it in various forms of anarchism, arise from and are necessarily shaped by particular experiences of the world. Our anarchisms will, for the most part, be shaped in ways that we have associated, in these particular debates, with “adjectives.”

      Because our specific anarchisms will not take on archy as such, responding instead to specific archic elements in the world around us, they will always be local, narrow and partial, even when they assume the form we expect from the schematic anarchism. Some anarchisms will, however, be much more local, much more partial than others—and the differences will be another of the factors that shape when we can consider anarchist something like an identity. We might acknowledge, for example, that some of the attempts to marry partial anarchisms to otherwise authoritarian projects are indeed quite radical, as far as they go, and that they conform to the expected structures, within very narrow contexts. Still, when the authoritarian tries to claim, on that basis of some very partial anarchism, that “I’m something of an anarchist myself,” the claim is unlikely to seem particularly plausible.

      The schematic anarchism does confront us with the possibility of a wide range of positions that are at least formally intelligible as anarchisms, but it also presents us with one key variable—the conception of archy / arche, with its “curious combination” of concerns—that marks one extreme of possibilities, allowing us to recognize which conceptions of anarchy and anarchism only manage the most minimal, formal sort of intelligibility and which seem to involve a real engagement with the potentially intractable problems that anarchy seems destined to pose.

      As one face of anarchism without adjectives, then, the schematic anarchism might function as a consistent foil for all of our specific, partial anarchisms. Part of our work as anarchists will undoubtedly involve applying our toolkit to very local problems, relying heavily at times on its formal elements to identify the ways in which a specifically anarchistic critique and practice might find purchase on our present situation. But our commitments to those various specific anarchisms will presumably come and go as conditions change. The schematic anarchism would then function as an anarchism we can cling to more consistently—not just despite its complexities, but in large part because of them. Commitment to an acontextual anarchism—or at least one conceived as having so much anarchy at its core—may, a bit paradoxically, serve as a constant reminder that none of our anarchisms really provide an arche. We can’t make “no rules” a rule, but we can cherish and share the reminder that seems built into even a fairly naive engagement with anarchy.

      The schematic anarchism is the face of this anarchism without adjectives that corresponds to our individual practice. As such, it has the kind of searching qualities we expect of a reflective practice. It tends to consistently defer definitive judgments, to emphasize our freedom, moving forward into new conditions, from the last anarchism, without, in the process, devaluing it.

      As the more social face, anarchism-in-general provides a different kind of perspective. When we come to propose some new practice under the name of “anarchism,” the one thing we can be pretty sure of is that our particular formulation has been challenged in advance, both by directly contradictory formulations and by the sheer anarchic variety of precedents. We can attribute these challenges to differing contexts—and in many cases we probably should—but we can hardly escape the fact that “anarchism” is a label that is already subject to a variety of contested interpretations.

      As an aspect of an anarchism without adjectives, embracing the complex, contested diversity of anarchism-in-general, both historically and in the present, is another way of dispensing with the demand for an arche or rule, without, in the process, leaving ourselves without landmarks for our own practice. Importantly, however, it is unlikely that we can really actively embrace that diversity without involving ourselves in the conflicts—becoming “social” anarchists in a particular sense and adding our individual impetus to the play of collective force.

      Taking the two aspects together, this anarchism without adjectives would position us between all of the various things that a carefully considered (((an + arche)ist)ism) might be and all of the things that “anarchism” has already signified. (Readers of my other work might recognize another appearance of uncertainty and profusion.) Simply committing ourselves to considering those two elements as we construct our own anarchisms, or evaluate the constructions of others seems likely to provide some useful perspective. Trivial or anomalous constructions seem more likely, in this kind of context, to stick out like the proverbial sore thumb.

      The bottom line, however, is that we have quite intentionally provided ourselves with nothing definitive, establishing instead a context in which any attempt at laying down the law about anarchism is certain to meet challenges from various sides, while, at the same time, we have potentially broadened the range of contexts in which a kind of formal anarchism might be recognized.

      That’s fine.

      It seems to be part of what our anarchistic commitments demand.

      Still, having provided individual anarchists with some suitably anarchic points of reference, we haven’t very directly addressed the power of anarchism-in-general as a generator and reservoir of collective force, with its potential to transform the anarchy of anarchisms into a force that provides extra impetus to a range of anarchisms. That is perhaps the context in which to rethink synthesis.

      Voline’s 1924 essay, “On Synthesis,” proposed anarchist synthesis as more than just a model for the arrangement of formal organizations. Instead, he presented it as a kind of ongoing practice by which anarchists engaged in various specific forms of anarchism might broaden their understanding of anarchist ideas and practices by consulting one another, comparing practices in different contexts, etc. In the present context, there are a variety of ways in which we might want to clarify and enrich that model—details I want to tackle in another post—but Voline seems to set us on the right path.

      A step beyond simply recognizing the inescapably social character of a long-standing tradition like anarchism would be to not only embrace the existence of anarchism-in-general, but to actively take up a portion of the labor of shaping it in the present. There are various reasons, I think, why anarchists all stand to benefit, despite our real differences, from that sort of joint construction and maintenance. For now, however, let’s just mark the upkeep of anarchism-in-general as a problem and propose synthesis as the name for at least one way of solving it.


Best answer: How does oxygen move in an ecosystem?

What are the 4 steps of the oxygen cycle?

How the Oxygen Cycle takes place

  • Photosynthesis :– During the day, plants take energy from the sun, carbon di oxide from the air, and water from the soil to make their food. …
  • Respiration :– The oxygen that is released by plants is used by humans, animals, and other organisms for respiration, i.e. breathing. …
  • Repeat :–

How do carbon and oxygen move through an ecosystem?

When they’re exposed to light, green plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to manufacture living matter and release oxygen into the air. This process is called photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is produced through the respiration of animals and plants, which consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

What is oxygen cycle short answer?

Oxygen cycle refers to the movement of oxygen through the atmosphere (air), Biosphere (plants and animals) and the Lithosphere (the earth’s crust). The oxygen cycle demonstrates how free oxygen is made available in each of these regions, as well as how it is used.

IMPORTANT:  What is meant by ecosystem boundaries are not clearly defined?

How does oxygen cycle through the food chain?

Oxygen In, Carbon Dioxide Out

Photosynthetic organisms are called producers because they produce their own food. … Consumers thus exist in a balanced relationship with producers — consumers absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide, and producers absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

Where does the oxygen cycle take place?

The oxygen cycle is the cycle that helps move oxygen through the three main regions of the Earth, the Atmosphere, the Biosphere, and the Lithosphere. The Atmosphere is of course the region of gases that lies above the Earth’s surface and it is one of the largest reservoirs of free oxygen on earth.

What are 5 facts about the oxygen cycle?

Interesting Oxygen Cycle Facts:

Oxygen is basically cycled from plants to animals and then back to plants. Respiration is the process by which animals breathe in oxygen. When dead animals decompose, oxygen is used during the process. The process of rusting, also called oxidation, occurs when oxygen combines with metal.

How is oxygen in the air replaced?

The oxygen in the atmosphere is replaced by the plants. During the process of photosynthesis, plants take in CO2 and release oxygen. Hope this answers your query, Cheers!

What processes release oxygen?

Photosynthesis is the process that releases the oxygen we breathe.

Where does oxygen come from?

All of earth’s oxygen does not come from trees. Rather, the atmospheric oxygen that we depend on as humans comes predominantly from the ocean. According to National Geographic, about 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere comes from marine plants and plant-like organisms.

IMPORTANT:  What is the primary difference between climate and weather group of answer choices?

How is oxygen produced in plants?

Plants make their food in a process called photosynthesis. … Once they have water and carbon dioxide, they can use energy from sunlight to make their food. The leftovers from making the plant food is another gas called oxygen. This oxygen is released from the leaves into the air.

How do oxygen plants produce oxygen?

The most common natural method is photo-synthesis, in which plants use sunlight convert carbon dioxide in the air into oxygen. … Hydrogen forms at the negative terminal and oxygen at the positive terminal. This method is called electrolysis and produces very pure hydrogen and oxygen.


The History of Tattoos

This past week, I did something that I had been thinking about doing since college. I got my first tattoo. Aside from a couple of older relatives not being thrilled about it, I got a positive response from family and friends. People have many different reasons for getting tattoos, and they’ve gotten more popular in recent years. I’ll talk about my reasons later on.

When I went to the tattoo shop, they displayed different artifacts that showed the history of tattoos and piercings, and I grew interested in how tattoos came to be what they are today. Older generations may look at tattoos and assume that you’re in a gang if you have markings on your skin, but tattoos started way earlier in history.

The History

Tattoos have been around for a long time and have had several meanings around the world. I started my research with a History channel documentary about the history, and I learned many interesting facts. Tattooing started when man realized that charcoal rubbed into cuts in the skin remain there after the cuts healed. The meanings, reasons, and symbols have changed over time and continue to hold different significance for different cultures.

The oldest tattoos discovered was on the body of remains found on the Italian-Austrian border in 1991. The remains were dated back to 3250 B.C.E. and had several tattoos from the legs to the torso to his wrist. It was interpreted as a form of medicine where the tattoos were used to alleviate the pain of some condition this person might have had. The tattoos could have had another use as well. This person was named the “Iceman.”

The word “tattoo” comes from the Polynesian word “ta” (to strike) and the Tahitian word “tatau” (to mark something). Because of this, tattooing is associated with Polynesia, but tattooing dates back even further than that.

Tattoos in Egypt

Before the discovery of the “Iceman,” ancient Egypt was the earliest known civilization to tattoo. Mummies of women show that tattooing in Egypt started as early as the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 B.C.E.). The mummies discovered show that tattooing was almost exclusive to women of the time. This led to the controversy of what those tattoos meant–were these women prostitutes or royalty?

Men who initially dug up the female mummies had their own biases and assumed that the tattoos meant the women were lower class or sex workers. Later discoveries showed that the women were members of the court and might have been tattooed for religious purposes. Some scientists even think that the tattoos protected the women during pregnancy because the dots tattooed on them would expand with the abdomen.

Tattoos in Religion

In ancient Rome, tattoos were forbidden. It was believed that the human body was God’s work of art and should not be changed in any way. The human body was seen as a form of purity, and tattoos tainted that. Criminals were tattooed as a form of punishment for their crimes, slaves were tattooed to keep them from escaping, and gladiators were tattooed as a form of property.

When Romans went to war in other areas, they grew curious about tattooing and began getting tattoos themselves. It became a mark of pride, and they brought it back with them. Doctors were the first tattoo artists because their tools could double as tattooing tools.

Leviticus 19:28

Christianity has had an internal battle with the idea of tattoos for a long time. Tattoos were banned, but that didn’t stop people from rebelling early on. Some thought of the body as God’s creation, as they did in Rome, but others used tattoos to prove their lifelong devotion to their religion. One of the symbols used to show their faith was a cross on the inside of their wrist. They placed it there so they could hide it from the Romans. Another reason that Christians would get tattoos so their bodies could be identified and buried properly if they died in the war.

My Experience

I’ve wanted to get a tattoo since I was in college, but I couldn’t decide what I wanted or where I wanted it. I was also petrified of needles, and the idea of a tattoo freaked me out. I was ignorant of what a tattoo was and decided recently that I have to actually schedule an appointment if I’m going to do it.

I decided that I wanted something literacy-related on my forearm, but I knew I wanted that one to be big. I was worried about my pain tolerance and wasn’t sure if I would handle something that big from the start. I decided I would get something smaller on my shoulder and go from there.

When I met with my tattoo artist, I showed him what I wanted and asked him his opinion. He explained that something that small wouldn’t turn out well and might bleed together. Even though I had a small two or three-inch tattoo in my head, I came out with a five-inch work of art.

As I’ve mentioned in other posts, I’ve struggled my whole life with anxiety. Recently, I’ve been learning how to live with anxiety without letting it control me. I’ve grown so much, and I wanted something to remind me of the beauty that came from my struggles. My tattoo is the chemical makeup of serotonin, which is the chemical in the brain that stabilizes your moods. When you have anxiety, you don’t have enough serotonin. The symbol for serotonin has lilies growing out of it because lilies are my favorite flower.

Evolved Body Art: Darius

I was pleasantly surprised with how little the tattoo actually hurt. It felt like a liquid burn that was being scratched into me, but it only hurt a little when my artist went back through for touch-ups. After a week of washing it a few times a day and keeping Aquaphor on it, it’s almost healed! It still feels a little uncomfortable to have clothing over it, but it doesn’t hurt to touch anymore.

Overall, I’m so thrilled that I decided to go for it. Eventually, I want to get the forearm tattoo and possibly more. My advice to anyone looking to get a tattoo is to find an artist you like and feel comfortable with. Make sure the tattoo shop you go to is clean, and make sure whatever you decide to tattoo on you is something that you will be proud to show off!

Learn More

I decided halfway through writing this that I wanted to split this into parts. There’s so much history in tattoos, and I wanted to take the time to continue exploring it. I highly recommend the documentary I linked above if you are interested in learning more. You can also click the hyperlinks to see my sources. Happy learning!


Redirecting Guilt into Action: A Post by Elizabeth Roosevelt

This post was written by Elizabeth Roosevelt and it originally appeared on the T1International blog on July 16, 2021. I wanted to share it here today because Elizabeth did a beautiful job of summing up similar sentiments that I’ve personally experienced regarding insulin affordability and access. Thank you for sharing, Elizabeth, and know that many others feel the same way as you!

“We can discuss our technology, diabetes and Covid-19, our experiences with insulin affordability; anything you would like,” Beth, who oversees and organizes the T1International Digital Advocates, echoes through the Zoom during our Digital Advocate meet and greet.

A little embarrassed, I think to myself, “please, not our experiences with insulin affordability.”

As someone living with type one diabetes for fourteen years and a Digital Advocate for T1International since August 2020, it sounds like a conflict of interest that I wouldn’t want to share my experiences accessing insulin – a drug that saves my life each day. After all, this is a major goal of T1International: to advocate for global access to insulin.

It sounds like I shouldn’t be an advocate.

“This prompted me to seek organizations like T1International where I could not only learn more about healthcare inequalities that impact my own community but also fight for change.”

In reality, I’m just a little nervous. I am nineteen years old, was diagnosed with type one diabetes at age five, and have always lived in the United States. Growing up, I had no idea where my insulin came from, but I knew it would be there, delivered to my front door in an unassuming cardboard box with a few neon biohazard labels slapped on the top.

Every time I opened the refrigerator to grab insulin for a pump site change, a few vials of Novolog would be perfectly lined up on the top shelf. Each time I swung the cabinet open to reach for a new infusion set, the supplies were there, waiting for me. When packing for vacation, I never thought twice about having enough supplies back-stocked in my house to take with me.

When I wanted to switch from the Medtronic pump to the OmniPod, the thought that the OmniPod might be more expensive never crossed my mind. Money didn’t grow on trees, but my parents always made it happen. And for that I am eternally grateful and blessed.

So, if the other advocates started sharing their experiences with insulin affordability on that Zoom, I’m not sure what I would’ve said. That I’ve never had an issue with it? That I didn’t know insulin affordability was a pressing problem in the United States until a few years ago, when Instagram posts by Senator Bernie Sanders and diabetes influencers began to pop up on my feed, explaining that Big Pharma was killing Americans, especially those with diabetes? It was only when our country’s flawed healthcare system made headlines that I noticed I seemed to be in a position many American diabetics were not.

This ignited a spark in me. It didn’t seem fair that just because I was born into a family that could afford private insurance to cover my diabetes costs I could do just about anything a person without diabetes could do. I could study and work to the best of my ability because a high blood sugar wasn’t slowing down my mind. This prompted me to seek organizations like T1International where I could not only learn more about healthcare inequalities that impact my own community but also fight for change.

Because I’ve had access to technology that allows me to sleep through the night and insulin delivered to my doorstep, I sometimes feel like less of a person with diabetes (PWD) and guilty of my privilege. While all people with type one struggle with the condition in some shape or form, I find myself invalidating my challenges because I tell myself I have it much easier. And in many ways, I do. I’ve grown up as a privileged white person in an affluent neighborhood, sheltered from the reality that very few people have access to insulin as I do, especially under the heavy, capitalist-driven policies of the United States.

However, I’ve learned that having it easier than others is not something to be embarrassed about nor does it make me less of a PWD. Instead, it is a responsibility.

It’s crucial that those of us who have access to insulin use our platform and privilege to fight for our community and for the people with diabetes who are solely focused on surviving. We must serve as the voice for the people with diabetes who can’t use their own because they’re bogged down working three jobs and choosing between putting food on the table for their family or insulin.

Maybe this fighting takes the form of educating our friends, family members, and colleagues about the disparities in insulin access through discussion or educational posts on social media. Or maybe, it’s collecting near-empty insulin vials and diabetes supplies in your community to help provide short term relief to struggling diabetics. Or perhaps, it’s calling the offices of or requesting meetings with your districts congressional representatives to urge their support of regulating legislation.

Whichever way our fighting takes shape, we must redirect the guilt we feel over our privilege into a heightened sense of advocacy, into change, into a fire that spurs our movement forward and pushes the established healthcare system towards equality.

#insulin4all truly means for all, and until all those who need insulin have access to it, our work isn’t done.

From Patient to Medical Student: My Journey with Diabetes Treatment – A Post by Konstantina Taki

This post was written by Konstantina Taki and it was originally published on the T1International blog on June 8, 2021. I’m sharing it here today because the journey from patient to medical student as person with diabetes has always personally fascinated me. Despite my interest in medicine, I’ve never actively pursued it as a career (and probably never will), but I appreciated learning about Konstantina’s experience. Thank you, Konstantina, for sharing your perspective!

Having lived with type 1 diabetes for more than 12 years, I have experienced different aspects of the condition. First of all, as a patient, I approach diabetes from a personal view. I can also understand how the condition affects parents of children with diabetes. It’s something new, demanding and difficult to handle. The last five years, as a medical student in Greece, I have seen diabetes from yet another more practical and scientific perspective.

The world of medicine is a marvellous, enormous one. It is a multifaceted science. When I started studying medicine back in 2016, I had a completely romantic approach. I was convinced that the core of medicine is the purpose of making people’s lives better. I believed that healthcare systems were patient-centered and every decision or strategy was made in order to ensure that people’s lives were safe and to improve their health. It was a challenge for me to realise that even in such a human-centered domain, there are motives and decisions which aren’t really altruistic. Instead they are often led by powerful companies.

“Inequality in treatment of people with diabetes should come to an end.” – Konstantina Taki

Over the course of time, I had to face the fact that pharmaceutical companies influence healthcare systems in such a way that healthcare professionals almost have no control. For example, a lot of medical research is funded by the pharmaceutical industry, or ‘Big Pharma’. So how can we ensure that the outcome of research is unbiased? The vast majority of medical seminars and conferences are also sponsored by Big Pharma. This means that organisations who want to support medicine without pharmaceutical industry support struggle in terms of fundraising. Healthcare systems, and the people leading them, tend to lose their purpose of saving people’s lives and improving the health of patients. Instead, they take advantage of people’s health to make profits.

Type 1 diabetes is a non-preventable chronic illness, and its successful management depends on insulin. Without insulin, a person with diabetes is in danger. Insulin belongs to the category of essential medications. I believe pharmaceutical companies take advantage and exploit this situation. Unfortunately, many patients, including those with diabetes, deal with the effects of Big Pharma’s politics and strategies. Having read articles, and later discovering T1International, I saw the process of how the profits of pharmaceuticals cause the loss of human lives. In 2021, people with diabetes still die of their inability to access the only drug that keeps them alive: insulin.

Your money or your life. This is a dilemma that seems to have deep roots in medical society. I am lucky, and I feel safe due to the fact that in Greece this phenomenon doesn’t occur as much as abroad. However, I did experience this dilemma personally in my Endocrinology appointment. In the examination room, there was my doctor, a nurse and a sales manager from a pharmaceutical company with diabetes products. The whole appointment was led by the sales manager. She was focusing on the weak points of my blood sugar throughout the session. Her aim was to convince me to start using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), which at the time wasn’t distributed for free in Greece. Once I understood that she was trying to get me to use and pay for the product, I tried to focus on my diabetes management without discussing the CGM. The doctor was indifferent. She didn’t seem to be bothered by the sales manager. I ended up arguing with them and then I left the room.

Access to healthcare is an unquestioned human right for every person, which includes the need for medication and technology. Given the fact that the production and distribution of medication diabetes technology can provide extreme amounts of profits to companies, people with low or even no income are therefore excluded from healthcare systems. So who is being served by healthcare systems? Patients or profits? And how could all those profit-maximizing strategies come to an end or at least decrease?

Being able to approach diabetes as a patient but also as a medical student, and hopefully as a medical doctor in a few years, I have mixed feelings. I undoubtedly want to see a change. From a humanitarian view, I strongly believe that no human life is inferior when it comes to health and medicine. People should be treated equally, without discrimination or undue pressure. If there is one thing that medicine has taught me is how vulnerable we are when our health is at risk. In addition, I acknowledge that my awareness for this phenomenon is a result of the realisation of the catastrophic effects my life would have if I had no access to insulin. Companies should not hold patients hostage – but it happens every day.

The reason I appreciate T1International so deeply is its scope to change this condition through raising awareness and advocacy. Inequality in treatment of people with diabetes should come to an end. Health care systems globally must turn into patient centered systems. It is a difficult and slow process but nothing is unachievable. #insulin4all isn’t just a trend. It is a need, a vision, and hopefully one day it will become a reality.

People with Diabetes are Good at Minimizing

Underrepresented Communities and Navigating the System – A Post by Alzahrra Almajid

This was originally published on the T1International blog on June 8, 2021 and it is written by Alzahrra Almajid. I decided to share it on Hugging the Cactus because it is my goal to understand the challenges faced by the BIPOC community and learn what can be done to help. Alzahrra’s experience is a massive wake-up call that we still have a long way to go when it comes to advocating for marginalized groups. Thank you to Alzahrra for sharing her story.

I was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes when I was 8 years old. Having parents who were immigrants from Iraq and people of color was especially hard in navigating diabetes. My mom dealt with a lot of demeaning comments from healthcare providers because she was not taken seriously. In the initial months after diagnosis, her ability to care for me and help manage this new disease was often questioned. It felt like they thought she was too incompetent to understand how diabetes is treated. I remember how disrespected and vulnerable I felt because of the tone doctors spoke to us with.

When I was about eleven years old, I was hospitalized for having a high fever and diabetic keto-acidosis (DKA). On the second day of my stay at the hospital, a nurse asked me if I was purposely not giving myself insulin because it “did not make sense” that my blood sugars were still elevated. I was stunned by how demeaning that comment was. I felt so belittled in that moment that it has stuck with me all these years. Why would I want to feel that way? How could I fake it if the nurses were the ones administering my insulin at the hospital? It turned out I had an infection that was causing the high blood sugars and fever so no, I was not purposely not giving myself insulin. After that day, I started to notice how different my life was compared to other diabetics I met.

Alzahrra noticed her experience with diabetes was very different compared to that of other people with diabetes she has met.

There was not much awareness about type one diabetes in my community so it was difficult for me and my mom to find resources about what treatments were out there. We were not aware of what an insulin pump was or what a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was. We had no idea that they even existed until I began to research diabetes on my own when I was about eleven years old. Only after I mentioned insulin pumps to my doctor, did we start discussing them as a viable option. When I learned about CGMs later on, I wanted one so bad because I was certain it would help my elevated A1cs. However, after hearing how much it cost, I knew that it was nearly impossible to get it.

Seven years after my diagnosis my brother was also diagnosed with type 1 diabetes which made the already bad financial burden worse. Although all people with diabetes struggle with how expensive diabetes can be, immigrants and people of color often do not have access to quality health insurance (or any access) so they are less likely to benefit from advanced diabetes technology. As I got older I began to understand how difficult it is to navigate a system that makes it harder for people in underrepresented communities to get adequate care.

I knew from early on that I wanted to advocate for marginalized groups. Being a person with type 1 diabetes is already mentally draining and expensive. When you add the challenges of navigating through racial or ethnic disparities, diabetes becomes agonizing. Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) deserve to have representation in the diabetes community and have their concerns addressed. They deserve the same level of care and access to resources that their white counterparts have. I chose to become a Communities of Color Lead for the Illinois #insulin4all Chapters because I want to influence positive change by making sure BIPOC are not left out of the conversation.

T1International Launches “100 Years: From Gift to Greed” Campaign

The following is a post that was featured on the T1International blog on May 17, 2021. I’m sharing it here today because I want to help spread the word about the Gift to Greed campaign. Learn more about it by reading on (and visiting the links at the end of this piece)…

On Monday, May 17th – 100 years after Banting, Best and Macleod begin their first experiment trying to extract insulin in Toronto – T1International and its advocates around the world launch their year-long campaign. 100 Years: From Gift to Greed will tell the story of insulin’s discovery and how it went from being a gift to the world to a profit machine for the pharmaceutical industry. The campaign will be led by a combination of social media education and a variety of actions.

“A gift to the world has become a tool for price gouging patients all over the world.” – Elizabeth Pfiester, Founder and Executive Director of T1International

Insulin is as essential as oxygen for all patients with type 1 diabetes and many with type 2 or other forms of insulin-dependent diabetes. Globally, insulin rationing is common, and half of those in need of insulin cannot afford or access it. For every two people alive with type 1 diabetes, there is a third who did not survive. The production and distribution of insulin is dominated by three companies – Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi – who control more than 90% of the global market.

In the early 1920s in Toronto, Canadian physician and scientist Frederick Banting began working on an idea in the laboratories of J.R.R. McLeod to isolate and extract insulin. Medical student Charles Best and chemist James Collip worked with Banting to test, purify and refine insulin for clinical trials in humans.

After vowing that insulin would not be something to profit on, the discoverers sold their patent for $1 CAD each and eventually passed the rights to the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Co. so that it could be mass produced and widely available. Banting famously said, ‘’Insulin does not belong to me, it belongs to the world.’’

While this incredible advancement was intended as a gift from the discoverers, Eli Lilly and the two other major insulin producers, Sanofi and Novo Nordisk, have turned insulin into profit machines, assisting in bringing in billions of dollars in profit every year. By 1923, insulin was the highest-selling product in Eli Lilly’s history, and profits from it accounted for over half of the company’s revenue. As we know, the prices have continued to skyrocket ever since. Since 1996, the list price of insulin has increased by over 1200% in the United States. Eli Lilly’s Humalog insulin increased in price by 585% between 2001 and 2015 alone.

T1International’s Founder and Executive Director, Elizabeth Pfiester, said, ‘‘A gift to the world has become a tool for price gouging patients all over the world. The greed of the pharmaceutical industry is keeping insulin out of the hands of millions. This greed leads to the loss of countless lives and dampens the dream of Banting and his colleagues, which was to make insulin a gift to the world. It is outrageous that this is the reality, and T1International will continue to speak out until the pharmaceutical industry is held accountable.’’

T1International advocates will be speaking out and educating the community about the story of insulin and how to get involved in T1International and the global #insulin4all movement. The aim is to put an end to the reality that far too many people die or suffer grave physical, mental, and emotional health consequences due to pharmaceutical greed.

Visit the campaign page and read more at:

Questions about T1International and this campaign should be directed to

Type 1 Diabetes, Disability and the Role of Legislation in Advocacy – A Post by Pramita Jasuja

This is a post by Pramita Jasuja that was originally published on the T1International blog on April 9, 2021. I am sharing it here today because I thought it was an interesting take on how type 1 diabetes is (or in this case, is not) recognized in another country. Thank you to Pramita for sharing her story and explaining the importance of legislation in advocating for people with diabetes.

Every new type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis can be intimidating, both for the person and the family members. Many people with T1D are told they should be able to live a “normal” life and that they can do everything that a person without diabetes can do.

As a newly diagnosed child with blood sugar levels of over 570mg/dl, all that was on my mind was T1D. But a year post-diagnosis, when daily needles became the new normal, I was told by my family that I was completely fine and that there “was no need to tell anyone” about my medical condition. “I am normal” was stuck in my mind and I took it very seriously. So much so, when my endocrinologist asked me as the “patient” to sit near her chair, I replied: “I am not a Patient.” Both my parents and the endo smiled.

It’s been 7 years since that incident and I now reflect on my statement, especially over the word “normal”. Calling yourself “disabled” can have negative connotations attached to it. People often refrain from using that word, as if living with a disability is abnormal. Though if we do this, we deny a part of us. When it comes to legalities, the word “disability” is significant. Disability legislation considers people living with disabilities as subjects who possess rights capable of claiming that they have a disability – not those simply given charitable treatment. This was spelled out in the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD), the human rights convention that hit the highest number of signatories.

I live in India. It’s one of the countries that has ratified this convention, but it’s also a country where myths and stigma overtake the real issues. A report by WHO found that in low-income countries where superstitions surrounding diabetes are common, the fatality rate is high. India is no exception. Due to a lack of proper health care facilities and a lack of national registry exclusively for T1Ds, children in the country are facing late diagnosis and even death. Considering the level of poverty in the country, blood test strips and continuous glucose monitors (CGMS) should be subsidized. Unfortunately, that is not the case. People with T1D are rationing them, which makes diabetes management challenging. Plus high blood sugar levels and/or ketones hinder the ability to perform “normal” day to day activities.

Insulin is like water. Someone with T1D can not live without it, but medical insurance in India does not cover it, and not every type of insulin is subsidized. So for those with T1D and financial struggles, there are the worries about the price of life-giving insulin and medical supplies.

After considering these facts, let’s look at the definition of “person with a disability” under the Rights of People with Disabilities Act (RPWD) 2016 that was enacted after India ratified CRPWD: “a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairment which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others.”

The sad part, however, is that T1D is not considered a disability under this Act, even though the current problems faced by people with T1D in India do “hinder (their) full and effective participation in society equally with others”. I’m arguing that you can not tell every T1D to live “normally” when the condition doesn’t always allow for it. The community is suffering silently and legislative action is being denied.

It is through the recognition of injustices and assertion of our rights that we can ensure equal opportunities. T1D advocacy is emerging in India and as a collective we are highlighting these issues. Change is happening. In 2020 in Kerala High Court, a public interest litigation was filed over the issue of including T1D in the list of disabilities and creating a national registry for people with T1D. This step is important. Recognition of T1D as a “disability” would obligate the government to fulfill what is laid down in the Act, for example providing affordable and accessible health care, ensuring the implementation of non-discrimination clauses and creating special faculties at educational institutions.

Seven years after that endo visit incident, even though I will never be able to deny that I am a patient, what I can do is advocate for patient rights. At a macro level this means standing up for the community. Recognition under the legislation of people with diabetes as those with disabilities is the first step, a chapter in the book of advocacy in my country of India.

Insulin is a Right for Incarcerated People with Diabetes – A Post by Elana Megerian

This article was written by Elana Megerian and it was originally published on March 24, 2021 on the T1International blog. I’m re-posting it here today because, quite frankly, I found it disturbing. I had no idea that safely navigating encounters with law enforcement was a problem for the diabetes community. I can also admit that I made assumptions based on the headline of this article, but decided to stick with it only to discover that my assumptions were wrong and that the criminalization of diabetes symptoms is a real issue. If you have any doubts about this article, I encourage you to read the full piece so you can understand what’s going on and the steps that should be taken to address it.

When widespread Black Lives Matter protests erupted in the summer of 2020, the diabetes online community began crowdsourcing ideas about how to safely participate. Concerns grew in response to an incident in which police confiscated the supply bag of a protestor with type 1 diabetes, despite her consenting to a search and communicating her need for glucose.

A viral video of the encounter revealed another pressing need of the diabetes community: how to safely navigate encounters with law enforcement. This led me down a rabbit hole that heightened my alarm as I found story after story of police and prisons withholding insulin.

In 2013, footage from Rikers showed Carlos Mercado repeatedly vomiting, fainting, and displaying signs of severe illness in the presence of corrections officers. At age 45, he died after having his insulin withheld for 15 hours.

In 2014, William Joel Dixon was found dead in his cell after his insulin was withheld for seven days. Records show that his blood sugar was only checked once during that week. He was 28 years old.

In 2015, Michael Robinson died after being put in solitary confinement in response to his pleas for insulin. He was 33.

In 2016, Morgan Angerbauer’s death in an Arkansas jail cell was caught on video. Records show that she had been calling out for help, but was ignored. She received no insulin for 23 hours, and her requests for blood glucose checks had been denied. She was only 20 years old.

In all these situations, staff were aware that the victims required insulin to live. In all the cases, insulin was withheld long enough to induce diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially fatal complication that usually occurs in people with type 1 diabetes who do not have regular access to insulin. It is a torturous and almostly completely preventable cause of death, yet it is far too common in US prisons. Since 2008, at least 12 such deaths related to withholding insulin have occurred in the state of Georgia alone.

Insulin is a Right for Incarcerated People with Diabetes
“#insulin4all is more than a hashtag: It is a rallying call to everyone impacted by insulin inaccessibility, and a mournful cry for all who have lost their lives while insulin remains clearly in view, but cruelly out of reach.”

Diabetes symptoms have also often been criminalized. In August 2020, Max Johnson, a black man with type 1 diabetes who was having a seizure due to hypoglycemia, was dosed with ketamine by police and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) after his girlfriend called them for help. The same drug that killed Elijah McClain, ketamine was reportedly delivered to Johnson at such a high dose that it rendered him unable to breathe and led to a two-day stay in the ICU. The American Diabetes Association has documented many other cases in which people were denied insulin, or had their diabetes symptoms treated like criminal behavior by police.

Having insulin withheld or having diabetes symptoms criminalized is obviously seriously dangerous, especially for Black Americans who are both more likely to have diabetes and more likely to have violent encounters with police.

These instances flagrantly defy the 8th and 14th amendments of the United States, which protect the right to adequate medical care for incarcerated people as well as those in police custody. Since the law is unequivocal, it is distressing that violations are commonly committed by the very individuals and systems meant to enforce it.

One factor perpetuating this is the lack of recourse for victims and their families. It’s hard to successfully bring a case against the police or a prison. Even if such a case is won, it doesn’t bring back a lost life, reverse damage from chronic hyperglycemia, or ease the trauma of being brutalized by those called in to help you through a medical crisis.

So what can be done? Standards of ethical behavior need to be raised for police, EMS, and corrections officers. Given how common the condition is among incarcerated individuals, anyone working with this population should be educated about diabetes, its basic management, and the signs of acute crisis. Deaths due to subpar medical care aren’t rare occurrences. Chronic illnesses are the leading cause of death in US prisons and are probably frequently covered up.

This disproportionately impacts Black Americans, who have higher rates of incarcerationdiabetes, and diabetes-related complications compared to their white counterparts. Diabetes is too often a death sentence in the prison setting. Advocacy for prison reform is urgent.

It is time to recognize that incarcerated people with diabetes are particularly vulnerable to insulin insecurity. #insulin4all is more than a hashtag: It is a rallying call to everyone impacted by insulin inaccessibility, and a mournful cry for all who have lost their lives while insulin remains clearly in view, but cruelly out of reach. It’s a demand for justice for everyone who needs insulin to survive, including incarcerated people with diabetes. We must find ways to meaningfully include and involve this population in our activism.

Insulin Access Issues Affect People From All Walks of Life – A Post by Laura Nally, MD

This post originally appeared on the T1International blog on March 16, 2020. I wanted to share it here today because it’s a stark reminder that insulin access issues affect all kinds of people: those who do and do not have health insurance, stable jobs, and so forth. Thank you to Dr. Laura Nally for sharing her story about what happened when she went without insulin for a mere four hours, illustrating the serious nature of access to insulin for all.

In 1990, when I was 6 years old, I was diagnosed with insulin dependent type 1 diabetes. In 1996, I could purchase 1 vial of insulin for about $20 without insurance. Today, a vial of the same insulin that I have taken for 24 years costs somewhere between $250 and $400 in the United States. There is no logical or scientific reason for this. To put things in perspective, in Canada, the same insulin costs about 1/10th of the price.

I am a physician and I have health insurance. However, just because I have health insurance does not mean that I can always access affordable insulin when I need it. Recently, at my cousin’s wedding, my insulin pump became disconnected from my body. It had probably become disconnected when I went to the bathroom 2 hours earlier. It was an accident, and this sometimes happens when you sweat a lot. This honest mistake led to a serious medical problem.

I called my doctor immediately to get a prescription sent to the nearest pharmacy. When I went to the pharmacy, I wasn’t due for a refill, so I paid $369 out of pocket for 1 vial of insulin. I didn’t have a choice. I took a large dose of insulin immediately. Unfortunately, it can take up to 3 hours for insulin to work, and in the meantime, I became very sick.

Four hours after I had become disconnected from my insulin pump, I was vomiting on the bathroom floor at the wedding and falling asleep between vomiting episodes. I was confused, my thoughts were clouded, and I could not take care of myself. All of this happened after going just 4 HOURS without insulin!

Why was I so sick? I was starting to develop diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening condition that prevented me from being able to think clearly. I see patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in the hospital frequently; they may be disoriented, confused, combative, sleepy, and even comatose. Even though I was able to recognize the early signs and symptoms, I still became extremely sick within 4 hours. It took me 12 hours to fully recover from this episode. My family woke me up to check my blood sugars, drink water, and take insulin every 2-3 hours overnight.

I am lucky because I knew what to do to treat this condition and that my family was able to help me.

did not have time to call insulin manufacturers and ask for support.

did not have time to figure out how to get a coupon for my insulin online, like many have proposed is a solution.

did not have time to learn how to use Wal-Mart brand insulins, which act completely differently than the rapid acting insulins that I currently take. THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN FAR TOO DANGEROUS.

did not have time to worry about how much I could afford to spend on insulin.

We don’t have time to argue over this issue. We need affordable insulin now. It’s a matter of life and death.

Diabetes does not selectively affect individuals who can afford insulin and have health insurance; it affects people coming from all walks of life, regardless of socioeconomic status.

Many people cannot relate to what it would be like to have your life depend on whether or not you can afford or access a medication. In all forms of type 1 diabetes and some forms of type 2 diabetes, you may be able to survive without insulin for as long as you can survive without water, which could be a few days or up to 1 week. Most people need a minimum of 3-4 vials of insulin per month. If we estimate that 1 vial of insulin can costs $300 without insurance, that would mean out of pocket insulin costs were $900-1200 each month for insulin.

What if a 1 month supply of water cost $900-$1200? Could you survive? For how long? What if you could only receive water once per month, and the amount depended on how much water your doctor thought you needed. What if the doctor didn’t estimate your water needs correctly?

What if there were restrictions on how much water you could receive in a given month by the company that supplies the water? Let’s say you ran out of water too soon and became extremely thirsty, but when you try to get more, you’re turned away because the water you were given last month should have lasted you longer. You will have to wait until next week to get your water. But can you survive until then?

What if the company you get your water from decided to verify that you REALLY need that much water, like insurance companies do with prior authorizations. They will contact your doctor to submit extra paperwork and if the larger supply of water is approved, you will know within 2-3 days. What do you do until then?

Diabetes does not selectively affect individuals who can afford insulin and have health insurance; it affects people coming from all walks of life, regardless of socioeconomic status. It affects our children, our parents and grandparents, our brothers and sisters, our friends and coworkers. No one who is in urgent need of insulin should be turned away from the pharmacy without insulin or the diabetes supplies that they need.

3 Things I Want the World to Know About Insulin

This post was originally published on Hugging the Cactus on March 13, 2020…coincidentally, the first day of the pandemic that I started to work from home. I decided to repost it today because even though so much has changed in the last 365 days, the fact that so many people know so little about insulin remains the same. I think that if the world knew these 3 things about insulin, then it would go a long way in understanding how it is vital to most types of diabetes care and treatment, and people might finally realize that something must be done about insulin accessibly and affordability.

See that tiny glass vial in the below image? Can you believe that the contents of it are extremely precious?

Can you believe that, at approximately $9,400 per gallon, insulin is ranked as the sixth most expensive liquid in the world?

It’s kind of crazy, right? But besides knowing that insulin is priced outrageously, there’s actually a few other things that I think the world should know about insulin.

Ethan Zohn_ A Survivor Contestant Who Inspires-2
Did you know that insulin is the sixth most expensive liquid in the world?
  1. Not all insulin is created equal. Just like diabetes, insulin exists in various forms. Besides liquid insulin, there’s also inhaled insulin (Afrezza). And some people with diabetes may even take oral medications that are designed to help increase the effectiveness of insulin that they either receive via injection or produce on their own. There’s brand-name insulin produced by several drug manufacturers (the big three being Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi) as well as generic versions of the drug…but that doesn’t mean that generic insulin works just the same as brand-name insulin for all people with diabetes. Insulin is complicated and different types work better for different people.
  2. Insulin is incredibly sensitive. Take one look at the vial in the above photo and tell me that the insulin inside it is safe at all times. Nope, it sure isn’t! Besides the packaging being super fragile, people who rely on insulin must also be careful to keep it at the proper temperature at all times. All it takes is dropping the vial once or leaving it in an unstable environment for the insulin to be rendered useless, potentially wasting a few hundred dollars. It’s as volatile as it sounds.’
  3. Taking too much or too little insulin is dangerous and life-threatening. For some people, there can literally be a life-or-death difference between one unit of insulin. Too much can cause blood sugar to plummet and a person can experience severe hypoglycemia that may result in shock. Too little insulin has the opposite effect: A person will experience hyperglycemia that can have ranging consequences, some that are minimal/temporary, others that are very serious. That’s why precision is so important when dosing for insulin; on top of that, nobody wants to waste a single drop of the stuff because it is so expensive. But this is what many people with diabetes need in order to survive.

So when you see the hashtag #Insulin4All or hear someone talking about how overpriced it is, you’ll know some of the basic characteristics about insulin that make it invaluable to people with diabetes. Perhaps you’ll be inspired to join the fight to make insulin affordable and available to all – as it should’ve been to begin with.

Dexcom G6: Available to Who? A Post by Tracy Ramey


LogOpenFails and no_new_conn_for_this_packet log events.

Last modified on 23 Jun, 2021. Revision 9
The meaning of the "LogOpenFail"s and "no_new_conn_for_this_packet" log events.
Up to date for
cOS Core all versions
Status OK
Peter Nilsson

My logs contain many events regarding “LogOpenFails” and “no_new_conn_for_this_packet”, what does this mean?

The log reference guide contains the following information about this particular message:

Note: This log can also be generated for ICMP/ping and not just TCP.

So what does this mean?

Simply put it means that a program or otherwise is trying to send data in a connection that the SGW has closed or has never existed. The reason why the firewall has closed it is either that the connection has timed out, that the program itself has sent a FIN packet telling the firewall that the connection can be taken down or the connection has never existed at all on the firewall (unusual, but could perhaps occur if the firewall was recently added to the network).

Another example would be if an application idles for a very long time (3+ days) so that the firewall closes the connection due to the idle time-out value. If the application then at a later stage tries to use the connection it believe to be open, the SGW will drop the packet due to “no_new_conn_for_this_packet”.

Log Message Examples

2017-08-24 12:09:48 Warning CONN 600013 LogOpenFails ICMP ge6 80

Note: The log format has changed in new versions and will look different but the general content/message is still the same.

As a security product, the firewall monitors traffic for irregular behavior and if such a behavior is detected, the irregular behavior is either taken care of (if possible) or the connection attempt terminated. In this case it is terminated as it is an incorrect behavior based on the settings specified in the firewall. Settings such as connection idle time-outs.

If an application is having trouble to function properly and this log message is the most likely suspect of that problem, an exception can be made in the rules to allow the incorrect packet flow. Basically this means that you need to use Stateless rules such as Stateless rules (FwdFast) in order to allow the communication between the client and the server. As Stateless rules does not care about the ordering of packets or which state they arrive in.

The problem may also be related to timeouts of connections being formed. If a connection has not fully established after the 3 way handshake it may be necessary to increase the “Initial Timeout” of connections being formed (default value is 60 seconds). This can be done at two locations:

Note: Observant users may have noticed that there exists a setting called TCP_Allow_Reopen. Unfortunately that setting will not help in this scenario as the connection has already been closed by the SGW when if/when you see these log events. Log events containing “LogStateViolation” may be solved by enabling this setting though.

Additional example of when this can occur

We received another example from one of our customers when this log message can occur.
I was receiving these messages on my firewalls. After some investigations, I found out that someone had added Stateless rules (also known as FwdFast) in the midst of my Allow rules.
This caused incoming traffic to match the stateless rule, and the returning traffic to hit an Allow rule (stateful).
Because of the stateless rule the state table was not populated and the returning allow rule would not pass the SYN+ACK.

Thanks to Pieter Lambrecht for providing us with this example.

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