Volker Daum

Volker Daum
Hellmut ERZIGKEIT, DGPh,Geromed GmbH

Model-Constrained Non-Rigid Registration in Medicine

The aim of image registration is to compute a mapping from one image’s frame of reference to another’s, such that both images are well aligned. Even when the mapping is assumed to be rigid (only rotation and translation) this can be a quite challenging task to accomplish between different image modalities. Noise and other imaging artifacts like bias fields in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging or streak artifacts in computed tomography (CT) can pose additional problems. In non-rigid image registration these problems are further compounded by the additional degrees of freedom in the transform.

Another problem is that the non-rigid registration problem is usually ambiguous: Different deformation fields can lead to equally well aligned images. Nevertheless, one would prefer deformations that coincide with medical or physiological expectations. For instance, in MR low intensity image values can indicate bones as well as air. We would prefer a registration result that only maps bone to bone and air to air, even though matching air to bone might lead to a visually similar result.

This work strives to address some of these problems. In a first step we provide a solid non-rigid registration algorithm. We compare several optimization algorithms, to ensure that the registration result is at least numerically as good as possible. We also explore how the parameter determining the global stiffness of the computed transform can be specified in a way that yields predictable results. In a second step we want to integrate prior information about the desired deformation into this registration algorithm. Two types of prior information are considered in this work:

The first are known point correspondences that explicitly specify the desired deformation for some parts of the images. This provides a very straightforward way for a user to interact with the registration algorithm. The known correspondences are efficiently integrated into the registration algorithm, which allows the specification of arbitrary number of correspondences and the application of the approach in 2d and 3d. As the landmarks are treated as hard constraints it is guaranteed that they are matched exactly. It is shown that this additional information can immensely benefit the registration result, especially in difficult cases like the registration of relatively unrelated imaging modalities like positron emission tomography (PET) and CT.

The second type of information is provided in the form of training deformations reflecting the kinds of deformation usually encountered in an application. These are used to generate a model which can be used to guide the registration to a result that is similar to the training data. We consider two variants of statistical deformation models. Either the model is generated and applied on the deformations themselves or on their Laplacian. The latter has the advantage of being inherently invariant to remaining rigid misalignments in the training data. They are applied in the context of atlas registration for MR/PET attenuation correction. An template CT image is registered with the patient MR to generate a pseudo-CT of the patient that can be used for the PET attenuation correction. However, the different intensity distributions in CT and MR, effects like bias fields and the low inter-slice resolution common in MR imaging, make the multi-modal registration prone to errors. The deformation model, learned from a set of mono-modal registrations, is used to constrain and thus improve the multi-modal registration. The algorithm is evaluated on a set of patient data for which the ground-truth CT scan is available. This allows the evaluation of the atlas registration results through a direct comparison with the ground truth CT data. Our experiments show that the registration employing the statistical deformation models yields generally improved results.

Download full PhD thesis


Move the Needle

Nelson Mandela said “Education is the most powerful tool to change the world.”  It is our hope that one heart at a time, one conversation at a time, one person at a time, we can educate each other and move the needle closer to help be that change in the world. Closer to healing, closer to reconciliation. Closer to ending racism.

Our Purpose

Madison Heights Citizens United evolved from the tragic death of George Floyd. What started as a peaceful demonstration led to a town hall to discuss racial division and eventually to the formation of Madison Heights Citizens United. We are committed to providing a forum for people of all races to come together to openly, honestly and constructively, discuss racism, discrimination and find ways to address it.


February 25, 2022

EU agrees to freeze assets of Putin, foreign minister Lavrov

EU agrees to freeze assets of Putin, foreign minister Lavrov

BRUSSELS (AP) — With a military intervention in Ukraine off the table, countries around the world looked to heap more financial punishment on Moscow, including the European Union’s approval of an asset freeze on Russian President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov.

The EU’s unanimous decision, part of a broader sanctions package, indicated that Western powers are moving toward unprecedented measures to try to force Putin to stop the brutal invasion of Russia’s neighbor and from unleashing a major war in Europe.

Austrian Foreign Minister Alexander Schallenberg said the move would be “a unique step in history toward a nuclear power, a country that has a permanent seat on the Security Council, but also shows … how united we are.” It was unclear what the practical impact on the two men would be and how important their assets in the EU were.

“I can assure you that if you got major assets and all of a sudden you can’t get hold of them, it will cost you,” said EU foreign affairs chief Josep Borrell. He did not provide details.

An equally big move would be to ban Putin and Lavrov from EU travel. But overnight, EU leaders made it clear that would be off the table for now, if only since it might complicate diplomatic moves once all sides get around the negotiating table.

EU ministers have said that even further sanctions were still possible, including booting Russia out of SWIFT, the dominant system for global financial transactions.

“The debate about SWIFT is not off the table, it will continue,” Luxembourg Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn said.

Administering Russia further, the Council of Europe suspended Russia from the continent’s foremost human rights organization. The 47-nation council said Russia remained a member and continued to be bound by the relevant human rights conventions.

Undeterred in the game of punitive sanctions, Russia started its own tit-for-tat measures, banning British flights to and over its territory in retaliation to a similar UK ban on Aeroflot flights.

Russian authorities also announced the “partial restriction” of access to Facebook after the social media network limited the accounts of several Kremlin-backed media. Russian state communications watchdog Roskomnadzor said it demanded that Facebook lift the restrictions it placed Thursday on state news agency RIA Novosti, state TV channel Zvezda, and pro-Kremlin news sites Lenta.Ru and Gazeta.Ru.

Yet with the Kremlin’s eyes fully targeted on expanding the attacks on Ukraine, almost of the action was still going one way.

The EU and other Western powers like the United States and the United Kingdom have agreed on a slew of sanctions targeting sectors from Russia’s banking sector to its oil refineries and defense industry.

And just as Russia was making a pincer movement to choke Ukraine and its capital, Kyiv, Western powers were implementing measures aimed at “asphyxiating Russia’s economy,” in the words of French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian.

Seeking to buttress its eastern flank, the NATO alliance held a virtual summit of government leaders, including US President Joe Biden, later Friday.

In terms unheard since the Cold War, threats were flying from all sides and ran through society.

In a sign of papal anger, Pope Francis went to the Russian Embassy himself to “express his concern about the war,” the Vatican said. It was an extraordinary, hands-on gesture, since usually popes receive ambassadors and heads of state in the Vatican. For Francis, the Vatican head of state, to leave the city state and travel a short distance to the Russian Embassy to the Holy See was a sign of his displeasure.

Putin’s invasion also had repercussions in the sports world.

The May 28 UEFA Champions League final, the Super Bowl of European soccer, was stripped from St. Petersburg and replaced by Paris after the involvement of French President Emmanuel Macron. Formula One also dropped this season’s Russian Grand Prix at Sochi in protest.

And in pop culture, the wildly popular Eurovision song contest also banned Russia from the May finals in Turin, Italy.

Action wasnt only limited to Western powers. Countries in Asia and the Pacific have joined the US, the EU and others in the West in piling on punitive measures against Russian banks and leading companies. The nations have also set up export controls aimed at starving Russia’s industries and military of semiconductors and other high-tech products.

“Japan must clearly show its position that we will never tolerate any attempt to change the status quo by force,” Prime Minister Fumio Kishida told reporters Friday while announcing new measures that included freezing the visas and assets of Russian groups, banks and individuals, and the suspension of shipments of semiconductors and other restricted goods to Russian military-linked organizations.

New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said “an unthinkable number of innocent lives could be lost because of Russia’s decision,” and announced targeted travel bans against Russian officials and other measures.

Taiwan announced Friday that it would join in economic sanctions, although it did not specify what those would be. They could potentially be focused on export control of semiconductor chips, where Taiwan is the dominant producer.

While most nations in Asia rallied to support Ukraine, China has continued to denounce sanctions against Russia and blamed the US and its allies for provoking Moscow. Beijing, worried about American power in Asia, has increasingly aligned its foreign policy with Russia to challenge the West.

“The Chinese government is following through on easing trade restrictions with Russia and that is simply,” Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison said unacceptable. “You don’t go and throw a lifeline to Russia in the middle of a period when they’re invading another country,” he added.

Foster Klug reported from Tokyo. AP journalists across the world contributed to this story.

DFollow AP’s coverage of the Ukraine crisis at

Related Stories


The prenatal and perinatal environments can have profound effects on the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, mechanistic insight into how the early-life microenvironment can impact upon development of the lung and immune system and consequent initiation and progression of respiratory diseases is still emerging. Recent studies investigating the developmental origins of lung diseases have started to delineate the effects of early-life changes in the lung, environmental exposures and immune maturation on the development of childhood and adult lung diseases. While the influencing factors have been described and studied in mostly animal models, it remains challenging to pinpoint exactly which factors and at which time point are detrimental in lung development leading to respiratory disease later in life. To advance our understanding of early origins of chronic lung disease and to allow for proper dissemination and application of this knowledge, we propose four major focus areas: 1) policy and education; 2) clinical assessment; 3) basic and translational research; and 4) infrastructure and tools, and discuss future directions for advancement. This review is a follow-up of the discussions at the European Respiratory Society Research Seminar “Early origins of lung disease: towards an interdisciplinary approach” (Lisbon, Portugal, November 2019).,
European Respiratory Review
Department of Econometrics

Ubags, N.D., Alejandre Alcazar, M.A., Kallapur, S.G, Knapp, S, Lanone, S., Lloyd, C.M, … Collins, J.J.P. (2020). Early origins of lung disease: Towards an interdisciplinary approach. European Respiratory Review, 29(157), 1–14. doi:10.1183/16000617.0191-2020


The Best How To's and Recipes for Cooking

Bake the perfect cardamom cake recipe

Learning To Bake The Perfect Cardamom Cake

Have you ever wondered what makes a delicious cardamom cake? What lies at the core of any cake recipe is the mixture of all kinds, and cardamom is one of these ingredients. This spice has a unique flavor, so it’s important to find out how it tastes. These cakes are made with coffee, orange and pistachio and apple.

What is a Cardamom Cake?

A cardamom cake is a type of cake that is made from a mixture of flour, sugar, eggs, butter, baking powder and cardamom. This recipe was developed in the 1800s in Indian subcontinent. The cake is fluffy and aromatic, with a delicate flavor that provides a nice complement to coffee or tea. Cardamom cakes are typically made with whole cardamom pods, which are usually ground in the original recipe. Some recipes call for the use of ground cardamom seed and either blending a small amount of cardamom powder or substituting half of the eggs, replacing it with almond flour.

Basic Ingredients

Cardamom is a spice that is used in both sweet and savory dishes. It’s a key ingredient in many cakes and desserts, and can be found in stores either ground or whole. In this article, we’ll teach you how to make a perfect cardamom cake.

To make this cake, you’ll need:

3 cups granulated sugar
4 large eggs
2 teaspoons baking powder
1 teaspoon cardamom
1/2 cup whole milk
1 tablespoon vanilla extract
1/2 cup all-purpose flour
11/2 cups granulated sugar
7 large eggs
3 teaspoons baking powder
1 teaspoon cardamom
3/4 cup whole milk
1 tablespoon vanilla extract
1/2 cup all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon ground cardamom4
tablespoons butter, melted

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How To Prepare

Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Grease and line the bottom of two 9-inch cake pans. In a medium bowl, sift together 1 cup of flour and the baking powder. Set aside. In a large bowl using an electric mixer, beat 1 stick of the butter and 2 cups of sugar on high speed until light and fluffy, about 3 minutes. Beat in eggs one at a time until combined, then add one teaspoon of cardamom, followed by half of the flour mixture (reserving 3/4 cup for later).

Beat in milk and cardamom and vanilla extract until combined with batter.In another medium bowl, combine reserved flour with remaining 1/4 cup of sugar, remaining 1/2 stick of butter and the baking powder. Add flour mixture to batter in two additions until well combined. Pour batter into prepared pans. Bake until toothpick inserted in center comes out clean, about 45-50 minutes. Cool cake in pans on a wire rack for 10 minutes then remove from pans and cool completely on wire rack before frosting.

For the frosting:In a large bowl using an electric mixer beat together 2 sticks of softened butter, 4 cups of confectioners’ sugar and 1 teaspoon of cardamom until light and fluffy, about 3 minutes. Beat in 2 tablespoons of heavy cream until light and fluffy.

Beat in 2 teaspoons kahlua or coffee liqueur for a coffee cake or 1 teaspoon of peppermint extract for a mint chocolate chip lover’s cake. Spread frosting evenly over cooled cake. Garnish with a few crushed nuts.For Layering Cake:Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Place the layers on a rack in an 8×8-inch (2.5 L) square baking dish, making sure they are spaced out well from each other to allow for spreading.

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Bake for about 12 minutes until cakes are set and just turning golden. Let completely cool before you can frost with your favorite buttercream icing combination.

An Example of a Good Recipe

This cardamom cake recipe is a great example of how to make a perfect cake. The ingredients are all simple and easy to find, so you don’t have to worry about a lot of tricky steps. All you need is a bowl, a spoon, and some baking powder. This cake also has a delicious flavor that will leave your taste buds singing.

Baking can be a great way to relax and de-stress after a long day, but it’s not always easy to know where to start. In this article, we will teach you the basics of baking a perfect cardamom cake, so that you can start confidently creating your own cakes and desserts. We will also provide some helpful tips on how to avoid common mistakes and ensure that your cake turns out perfectly every time. So whether you are a beginner or an experienced baker, read on for some valuable advice.


Passport Rank
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Brunei Passport Ranking

The Bruneian passport currently ranks on the 23rd place according to the Guide Passport Ranking Index. It provides visa-free access to 170 countries. Bruneian passport holders have visa-free and visas on arrival access to countries such as Japan, China, Ukraine, Jamaica, United Kingdom, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, United States and the entire European Union allowing almost instant international travel. Bruneian passport holders do however require an visa to enter about 59 countries in the world.
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Bandar Seri Begawan
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Phone Code
Brunei dollar

Brunei Passport Ranking

The Brunei passport ranking relative to other global passports is calculated by adding up the number of countries that allow Brunei passport holders to enter without a visa (i.e. visa-free countries) and those that allow Brunei passport holders to enter by obtaining a visa on arrival (i.e. visa-on-arrival countries) or an electronic travel authorization (eTA). There are currently a total of 122 Brunei passport visa-free countries, 38 Brunei visa-on-arrival countries, and 10 eTA destinations.

Altogether, Brunei passport holders can enter a total of 170 destinations—either without a visa, through a visa on arrival, or via an eTA. As a result, the Brunei passport ranks 23 in the world.

Separate from these Brunei visa-free countries and visa-on-arrival countries, there are 59 additional destinations which Brunei passport holders either need a physical visa to enter or an eVisa (i.e. visa required countries).

About Brunei

The Sultanate of Brunei is consisting of four administrative districts. It is located in Southeastern Asia bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia. The four districts are Belait, Brunei dan Muara, Temburong and Tutong. The district of Temburong is separated from all other districts and is only connected to the rest of the country via a bridge. Brunei has a total surface area of 5,765 square kilometers.

The overall population is 459,500 inhabitants. The capital of the country is Bandar Seri Begawan, which is also the most populous city with a population of 150,000 people. The largest and only airport is Brunei International Airport (BWN) with an approximate yearly passenger traffic of 1.8 million people. BWN is the only public airport in the country, hosting the national carrier Royal Brunei Airlines with worldwide connections.

Its culture is dominated by Islam with 78.8% of the population being Muslim and the official language being Malay. The legal system is a mix of the Islamic sharia law and the English common law. The government form is an absolute monarchy with Sultan and Prime minister Sir Hassanal Bolkiah as chief of state and head of government. Elections are only held at a village level to elect the head of the village.

The official currency of the country is the Brunei Dollar (BND) with a current exchange rate of 1.34 to the USD. The Brunei Dollar is fixed to the Singapore dollar at parity and is therefore interchangeable as currency. The country has an open economy, generating a GDP of approximately $36.8 billion. It has a high per capita income of $85,011. Almost all of the GDP is still originating from the petroleum and petrochemical sectors. The government focuses on the development of other sources of income such as the services sector to reduce the dependency on oil and gas.

The Sultanate of Brunei has a variety of tourist destinations. In general, tourism is governed by the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism. Some of the major destinations include the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque, the Brunei Museum, the Istana Nurul Iman palace, the Jerudong Park and the Ulu Temburong National Park. Tourists visit the country for its warm climate, beaches and beautiful nature with big parts of the country’s nature being protected as national parks. The majority of the 280,000 yearly overnight tourists are originating from the neighboring Southeast Asian countries but there is an increasing number of visitors from outside the region.

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How to Travel Without a COVID Vaccine?

The travel volume in 2022 is significantly different from the summer of 2020. Many countries have relaxed Covid-related restrictions and lifted requirements such as PCR or antigen tests, masks on public transport and when walking, and quarantine. In most cases, these changes are based on the premise that the traveler must be fully vaccinated. However, more and more countries are also starting to accept unvaccinated tourists.… Read more

Tips to Switch to Natural Skincare

One of the most difficult things for people is changing their skincare products and switching to a more natural-based treatment. This is because the products that are available on the market are very effective in helping an individual find a cure for their skin. However, they do not realize that they are exposing their skin to several long-term issues and potential side effects as the products normally have a lot of chemicals, which are not so beneficial to be relied upon on a daily basis.… Read more

5 YouTube Channels to Watch When You Need to Kill Some Time

YouTube is turning a great source of both information and entertainment nowadays. If you are having some time free from your daily activities, and you want to spend it like quality time, then YouTube can be a good option for you. It is offering content related to almost every topic like education, cooking, gaming, songs, films, and many other entertainment contents.

Here is a list of some very good YouTube channels you need to know if you need to spend your time getting some information, entertaining yourself, or grooming yourself.… Read more

What You Need to Know About Using a Weighted Blanket

A weighted blanket is now everyone’s dream. It seems like people have gone crazy after it. This is because such a type of covering has been hyped up a lot. Not to forget, it also looks amazing too. It might sound a bit odd, but many people even buy it just for the sake of taking fancy pictures and then upload them on social media. If you are planning to buy a weighted blanket or have already bought one, then there are many things that you should know about using this pleasant item.… Read more

What Brands Look for on Your Instagram Feed?

Ever since social media came into existence, several applications sprung up intending to entertain people and hook their attention. One of these applications is Instagram. This application came into existence a few years ago but has evolved to a great extent lately. Users of Instagram are pretty happy with the application’s performance, and some are even making money from it. Yes, you heard it right. People are earning a good amount of money to make ends meet. If you want to dive deeper into it, it is crucial to understand what brands are looking for on your Instagram feed. However, it must always be kept into consideration that organically grown Instagram followers are more effective than fake ones.

This article will shed light on what brands are looking forward to seeing on your feed.… Read more

What is a Recall Appointment And How Does it Work?

Often, not only patients but people who accompany them are requested not to miss their recall appointments; otherwise, it may prove detrimental for their health. Patients who just visited the doctor get confused as in what it implies. If you are one of them, this piece of writing will shed light on this term and enable you to develop a better understanding of the steps associated with it. Hence, texting patients’ appointments is extremely important to ensure both parties are at ease.

What is a recall appointment?

Read more

Cash Management – Overview, How It Works, Problems

From one’s wallet to the complex flow of money in a billion-dollar company, the position of cash management is one that cannot be undermined. Without careful organization and handling of one’s financial resources, one can quickly find oneself in the red. And thus, the importance of cash management. In this article, we look into an overview of cash management before diving into how it works, as well as the problems that can hinder an individual or organization from properly managing their cash.

An Overview

So, why is cash management such a critical component not only for big multinational companies but also for the individual? We’ll give you a hint. It’s the first word you read in this article. Cash is the key component in an organization that is frequently used in almost every sector of the company.

Therefore, a critical analysis of its inflow and outflow will probably determine the stability of a company. Therefore, in a nutshell, cash management can be defined as the process of managing the inflow and outflow of cash. It would also involve the strategies and solutions that the organization makes to keep afloat or stable.

How Cash Management Works

As explained above, cash management deals with the flow of money in and out. Therefore, a prudent step would be first to come with a record that will completely detail the flow of money in the company. Such a record comes in the form of a cash flow statement. It comprehensively records the organization’s money flow within a financial year.

The cash flow statement is typically divided into three parts: Financing, investing, and operating activities. The segment of operating activities gives us a feel of the company’s current assets, its current liabilities, and the working capital. Together with the records on financing and investing activities, one can derive the amount of cash available and what has been sunk into various assets for the company.

With the information contained within a cash flow statement, stakeholders can also make use of ratios that can help them analyze the cash operations of the company properly. This allows the managers as well as stockholders to look into the ability of the company from both a short-term and long-term perspective. An example of such a ratio is a solvency ratio which allows one to calculate the ability of the company to pay off its debts/ liabilities.

Common Cash Management Problems

  1. A lack of skills.

Cash management, in the end, focuses on your ability to make use of controls and skills … Read more

How hard is it to learn English?

The past couple of decades have seen the rise in the importance as well as the extent to which the English language has become famous. These past few years have also seen the world really transition itself into a global village where everything is not only very interconnected but also is very easy to access. Today a person sitting in Malaysia, with a mere click of a button, can find English tutors Melbourne by using search engines or enroll in the English learning course online. This can only be accredited to the increase in the use of technology. With this increase in technology usage, the importance of communication has also seen a drastic change. Previously, having the right skills and the ability to communicate well was not really a headache for people and organizations, but now with the increase in the amalgamation of foreign cultures and people, having these skills coupled with a firm grip on the English language has indeed become a necessity.

No one can really deny the importance of the English language especially due to the fact that now the language is spoken and understood by millions of people across the globe. The extent to which English is important is evident in the fact that more than 50 countries have made the English language their official language and therefore communicate every official thing in that language. Apart from this, English is also the language of business now. No one can really be good at business if he/she lacks the ability to communicate and in order to do this, having the right sense of speaking, writing and reading English is extremely necessary.

For people who want to learn English quickly, it is significantly important that they dedicate a great percent or chunk of their time into learning the language because the language itself, especially its more intricate grammar portions, can be very tricky and fairly complex. But the good news is that learning English has become much easier and much more accessible than it was before primarily due to the evolution of the internet and the introduction of a concept more widely known as digital learning.

Let us now look at three ways on how learning English has become easier.

Introduction of YouTube

YouTube is perhaps the best medium to connect with other people and to learn new skills, languages and other courses and that too, for absolutely no charges at all. The best thing about this platform is that it provides thousands of different options to choose Read more


"Malcolm & Marie" is a 2021 American black-and-white romantic drama film directed by Sam Levinson.
The starring cast includes Zendaya and John David Washington.

Here are "Malcolm & Marie" movie trailer, plot summary, full cast and characters, release date, streaming services and everything we know so far.

Is there a trailer for Malcolm & Marie movie?

Netflix on Friday, January 08, 2021 released the trailer for "Malcolm & Marie" you can watch here:
Malcolm & Marie | Official Trailer | Netflix.

Plot summary

What is Malcolm & Marie movie plot?

Here is a short review of "Malcolm & Marie" movie plot summary.

Writer-director Malcolm Elliott (John David Washington) returns home from his film premiere with his girlfriend Marie Jones (Zendaya). Malcolm eagerly anticipates the critical reviews following the emotional audience response from the screening. When he notices Marie looking displeased, he urges her to tell him what is bothering her. Initially reluctant to start a fight in the middle of the night, she tells him that she is upset that she was not thanked or acknowledged in his speech at the premiere.
Marie believes that she is the basis of his film, a drama about a struggling black female drug addict named Imani, as she herself was a drug addict when they met. Malcolm dismisses her accusations, claiming that the Imani is not based on her and is an amalgamation of different people. Marie insists that he would not have authentically portrayed Imani's struggles with drug abuse and addiction if they were not together. Malcolm believes that Marie is overreacting, claiming that, because she quit acting years ago, she is jealous of the actress who played Imani and that she is projecting her personal problems on him and his film. Marie affirms her position on his lack of acknowledgment and calls his talents "mediocre". While Marie is taking a bath, Malcolm describes to her the different women he had relationships with, who inspired the character of Imani, stating that only Imani's feelings of hopelessness were based on Marie.
Later, Malcolm finds and reads the first critic review posted about his film. Despite the review being positive, he rants about the white female critic's political interpretation of his film as he did not intend it to be political. He laments that film critics are focusing too much on his black male identity and projecting politics into their interpretations, rather than judging him for his own merits. Marie playfully belittles his angry reaction to the positive review and his inability to take criticism, before the two appear to be bonding again following their arguments.

Who plays who in the Malcolm & Marie movie cast?

Here is the full cast and characters of "Malcolm & Marie" movie. Actors and actresses are sorted mostly in credits order.

John David Washington

Release date

When is Malcolm & Marie movie release date?

"Malcolm & Marie" movie release date was scheduled to be on February 5, 2021 (United States) distributing by Netflix.

What are Malcolm & Marie filming details?

The duration of the film is 106 minutes. The film's budget is $2.5 million.

"Malcolm & Marie" movie is rated "R", according to the MPAA film rating system.

What are critics and audiences saying about Malcolm & Marie movie?

"Malcolm & Marie" movie got high rating from critics. IMDB rating is 6.7/10.

More information and reviews on "Malcolm & Marie" movie you can get on the following websites.

You can watch Malcolm & Marie online streaming on Netflix:

Malcolm & Marie on IMDB is available at:

Malcolm & Marie on Wikipedia is available at:


Surveying and Mapping the Land

It took me a day or two to develop a workable scale inside the computer drawing program and to fully understand how survey bearings are notated. I settled on using millimeters since lengths on the original survey maps were written in decimal form -- IE 123.45 feet.

I set the scale to 1 mm = 10 feet or 1 foot = 0.1 mm.

All angles had to be transcribed from survey notations of degrees, minutes and seconds to their decimal equivilents. 25° 15' 30" = 25.2583°

I started by using the measurements found on existing, professionally drafted survey maps of Troy and Phaedra's property to create a computer based version. Once the existing map was duplicated in my drawing program I began using our survey data to plot our survey points and draw the property lines in the computer version of the map.

One of our major goals in surveying the land we're purchasing is to determine the new parcel's size in acres. This will allow us to know the final price for the property.

The best way I know of to calculate the area of a polygon is to subdivide the space into right triangles. Then I used a wee bit of geometry and trigonometry to find the lengths of the sides on all the triangles. Once one knows the lengths of the triangles their individual areas (square footage) can be calculated by:

Area = (Base x Height) / 2

After that you just add up the square footage of each triangle to know the total area of the polygon (see diagram below).

The total square footage of all the right triangles is 97,416.4 square feet.

1 acre = 43,560 square feet.

That means that our parcel of land is 2.236 acres.

Now that we know where our property line will fall, we are required to have an official survey performed before finalizing ownership. To read about the official survey, click here.


CFTC Gears Up For Oversight Of Crypto Market

Should the Digital Commodities Consumer Protection Act be passed as a law, it would give ‘full oversight capabilities’ to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in the US.

The regulatory authority has shared its plans of regulating the crypto market with Congress and it claims to have the right expertise and experience and believes that many digital assets are classified as commodities.

However, Gary Gensler, the chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), has stated that most of the crypto tokens in the market are actually securities.

The hearing

On Thursday, a legislative hearing was conducted by the US Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.

Rostin Behnam, the chairman of the CFTC, attended the said hearing and discussed how his agency would approach the matter of crypto regulation.

The Digital Commodities Consumer Protection Act (DCCPA) was under review at the hearing and the law is aimed at empowering the CFTC.

The bipartisan bill intends to give the CFTC exclusive jurisdiction over the market and had been introduced in August in the US Senate.

Senators John Thune, Cory Booker, John Boozman and Debbie Stabenow had introduced the bill in question.

CFTC’s stance

Behnam informed the lawmakers that a number of crypto tokens in the market are classified as commodities and added that their expertise and experience made them the right authority to regulate them.

He added that his agency uses principles-based oversight and disclosure of the market for ensuring consumer protection.

The chairman said that the purpose was to ensure integrity, transparency and security of the transactions involved.

The CFTC’s chair also said that almost 60 enforcement cases related to digital assets had been launched by them since 2014.

This included a recent case that involved a fraudulent bitcoin scheme worth $1.7 billion. Benham asserted that the digital asset commodity market does not offer full visibility.

Therefore, they have had to use the enforcement program of the agency, which relies primarily on complaints and tips from the public for identifying manipulation and fraud.

The law

The CFTC chairman said that while they make a comprehensive effort for policing the digital asset market with the existing tools, the DCCPA would improve its oversight capabilities without restrictions.

He stated that the funding mechanism in the DCCPA would help them use additional resources and their efforts would also be able to reach the entire investing community.

This would happen because of the mandates in the law that pertain to outreach, customer education as well as information gathering.

Behnam said that the CFTC can take swift action in implementing this new law. Apart from this one, there are two other crypto-related bills that have also been introduced in Congress this year.

Both of these also aim to make the CFTC the primary regulator to oversee the crypto market. Senators Kristen Gillibrand and Senator Cynthia Lummis introduced one in June.

It is called the ‘Responsible Financial Innovation Act’, while the other was introduced in April by Reps Darren Soto, Tom Emmer, Glenn ‘GT’ Thompson, and Ro Khanna.

By Brandon Craig


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Brain’s ‘Visual Dictionary’ Helps Skilled Readers to Identify Words Faster

Skilled readers can recognize words at lightning fast speed when they read because the words have been placed in a sort of visual dictionary, say Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC) neuroscientists. The visual dictionary idea rebuts the theory that our brain “sounds out” words each time we see them.

Glezer and her co-authors tested word recognition in 12 volunteers using fMRI. They were able to see that words that are different, but sound the same (like “hare” and “hair”) activate different neurons, akin to accessing different entries in a dictionary’s catalog. “If the sounds of the word had influence in this part of the brain we would expect to see that they activate the same or similar neurons, but this was not the case; ‘hair’ and ‘hare’ looked just as different as ‘hair’ and ‘soup’. This suggests that all we use is the visual information of a word and not the sounds.”


Where the Mind Is Without Fear (Gitanjali 35)

by Rabindranath Tagore
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Where the Mind Is Without Fear (Gitanjali 35) Themes

The three main themes in “Where the Mind Is Without Fear” (Gitanjali 35) are nationalism and colonialism, the consequences of convention, and religion and rationalism.

  • Nationalism and colonialism: The poem was written during the era of British colonialism and refers to the Indian nationalist movement.
  • The consequences of convention: The speaker advocates for progress and change, warning against the dangers of the “dreary desert of dead habit.”
  • Religion and rationalism: The speaker mentions both “the clear stream of reason” and a divine “Father” whom he prays will help his nation “awake.”

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Last Updated on July 11, 2022, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 1106

Nationalism and Colonialism

“Where the Mind Is Without Fear” was published in 1910, over thirty years before the post–World War II decolonization boom and the 1947 achievement of Indian independence. Unfortunately, Rabindranath Tagore died in 1941—just six years shy of seeing his dreams come to fruition. By 1757, the British East India Company ruled India, an era that would last until 1858, when the British crown instated the British Raj. Directly ruled by the British monarch, the Raj period tried to integrate Indian voices into the imperial government, a method intended to invite unity through collaboration but that only resulted in heightened tensions between the imperial government and its unwilling subjects. Tagore’s life and work speak to this context, steeped in a long legacy of revolt and unrest. Authorial context and the poem’s ambiguous subtext lead to a natural conclusion, finding the speaker’s calls for their country to “awake” as an overt reference to Indian nationalism.

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The indignities of colonial rule are implied from the start. As the speaker outlines their view of an ideal, free world, the traits and features they focus on are placed in stark contrast with their reality. The first line dreams of minds “without fear” and heads “held high,” a desire which implies that such a world does not yet exist for them. Such traits are seemingly simple requests, but within a system of governance structured around strictly racialized assessments of worth and value, these simple dignities are inaccessible. Knowledge is not “free,” so self-actualization and growth are essentially impossible.

The poet’s undefined personhood and nationality embody colonial trends, depicting a restrictive life in which simple human dignities are neither permitted nor possible. Too, the sense of nationalism the speaker creates is simple, rooted in the desire for reason and righteousness. Indeed, the speaker builds an independence movement that references neither colonialism nor any other specific division (caste, race, religion, ethnicity, or language) but that instead draws on an obscured sense of all divisions, healing the nation by healing the individual and, therefore, the world.

The Consequences of Convention

Given the unspecified coding of the speaker’s context, the poem’s call for freedom and unity is easily extended beyond the specific context of its author. Demanding “truth” and “perfection” untainted by “fragmentation,” the worldview espoused is one of progress and change, developing a world free of conflict, division, and violence. However, the speaker notes that the realization of such a world is inhibited by a singular factor: “the dreary desert of dead habit.”

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The speaker’s view of a better world is posed in direct contrast to their contemporary life and the divisive “habits” that stifle progress and perpetuate suffering. Division and “fragmentation”—be it along colonial, national, demographic, or interpersonal lines—are caused by consistency. The preservation of convention feels comfortable and familiar. It builds a wall of hesitancy and unwillingness, born of fear of the unknown, which inhibits the progress that can bring about a kinder, more peaceful world. The speaker condemns the dry, choking “desert” of contemporary life and the “dead habits” that kill progress and stall change in its tracks.

Religion and Rationalism

The speaker’s desire for unity and freedom is dualistically constructed—at first, they call for “tireless striving” and “ever-widening thought and action” from the individual and the nation, a shared effort that must inevitably lead to their imagined end. The poem’s first six lines describe the speaker’s vision and necessary methodology. This imagined “life that could be” and the actions it would take to bring it about are seemingly mundane pursuits, asking citizens to think intentionally and take action in the political realm. It appears that earnest effort is the sole tool to achieve sociocultural change.

Line 7’s call to “thee” evokes a divine designer capable of untold influence and disrupts the directive of the first six lines. Asking “my Father” to lead their nation and their countrymen to a “heaven of freedom,” the speaker shifts the realm of action from the mundane to the spiritual. In doing so, the imagined world is no longer the result of concerted, shared effort but instead the result of divine interference.

The “clear stream of reason” and the heavenly “Father” create a divide between the action the speaker demands. While the speaker asks their countrymen to “tirelessly strive” and frames change as an active effort requiring the involved hearts and minds of all, the speaker also prays to a divine being, pleading: “let my country awake.” The phrasing is telling—the construction of “let” implies passivity and dependency. It is as if “awakening” is contingent on a divine allowance, and this imagined national ideal is not possible without higher influence.

Dividing the realms of rational action and religious performance adds tension to the poem. It implies that such heights of freedom cannot be attained without the influence of both reason and spirituality. The speaker’s plea to God softens the decisive vision of the previous lines. In doing so, the speaker loses agency, and the excitement for change shifts, no longer something attained through organized action but something hoped for and prayed over. Ending with this call for divine assistance tempers the driving potential of the poem and acknowledges the difficulty of realizing this dream of unity and peace among human beings in the bleak reality of the mortal realm.

Spirituality and Embodiment

“Where the Mind Is Without Fear” extends the concept of “awakening”—the speaker’s nation and countrymen becoming aware of disunity and striving for change—to the body. It ties spiritual enlightenment to the thoughts and actions of individuals. In the speaker’s terms, it is as if the nation is directly connected to the human forms which compose it. Progress results from a united set of arms straining for “perfection,” a community of souls oriented around “ever-widening thought and action.”

The speaker envisions a world devoid of conflict, and the power to achieve this vision is housed inside individual bodies. Labor—physical, emotional, spiritual, and analytical—is the key to shaping the world as the speaker sees fit. “Striving” for a national sensibility that fights against colonial oppression and demographically driven discrimination, the speaker demands that their countrymen “awake” into a state of enlightened knowledge that permits them to pursue the world the poem imagines. It is an exhausting prospect that necessitates collective action across all realms of being. The physicality of “tireless” arms, the spiritual call to “my Father,” the awareness to reject “dead habit”—these laborious performances span the scope of human performance, housing the landscape of the nation within the human bodies that direct it.

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Grapevine City reflects a balance of successful small businesses serving the Texas markets to major corporations serving the world. It is a classic city restored with 19th and 20th century buildings found in downtown’s Main Street. Some of the major sightings include The Cotton Belt Railroad District, and The 1888 Cotton Belt Railroad Depot. From technology to tourism, explore the entrepreneurial energy that is Grapevine, Texas.


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Increasing demand

In this article, Moray Swanson, Graduate Assistant (Parasitology) at the University of Glasgow explains how and why we are consuming more seafood.
Tuna steak next to chart showing growth
© FoodUnfolded

Which species are we eating?

We are currently in what some have dubbed “The Blue Acceleration”. This refers to the exponential expansion of humans into the oceans and blue spaces since the 1970s for industry, energy, resource mining, tourism, and food.[1]

When zooming in on fisheries you may assume the increase in seafood production is due to increased population, however, despite population growth, global per capita consumption of fish has more than doubled in the past 50 years. So how and why are we consuming more seafood? Where are these changes happening? Also, which species are targeted and what does this mean for our blue planet?

Seafood production vs consumptionSeafood production vs consumption (global)

How are we supplying this growing demand?

The short answer is aquaculture*. When looking at global trends, capture fisheries, both marine and inland, have been fairly stable in their production since the 1990s with only a 9% increase between 1990 and 2018.

Meanwhile, aquaculture has exploded with a 579% increase in global production between 1990 and 2018. This increase in aquaculture has been able to support and facilitate increased demand for seafood.

*Aquaculture: The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food. Can be within the natural system or on land.

*Capture fisheries: Catching wild fish directly from water bodies, as opposed to fish farming, culture fishery or aquaculture.

Where is seafood demand and consumption growing?

But where is this growing seafood demand coming from? The largest increase in seafood consumption has been coming from Asia, with a focus on China, and to a lesser extent Sub-Saharan Africa. Seafood consumption is predicted to increase a further 80% globally by 2050, with the highest increases in China and India.[4]

With fish being a rich source of macro-and micronutrients, while becoming more accessible through aquaculture production, it has become an efficient way of diversifying diets and supporting health. However, fish is not merely for subsistence – with wealth increasing in populations in these regions, so does the taste for more ‘luxury’ grade fish at the top of the food chain, such as tuna and salmon.[2],[6]

On top of this, with a globalised market and increased trade efficiency, it’s more common for consumers to be eating fish not native to their regions, and also adopting other fish-eating customs such as the global expansion of sushi.[4] However, international trading of fish tends to be restricted to urban areas where there are more facilities to freeze fish, prolonging their shelf-life.

What species of seafood are we eating?

It’s important to note that aquaculture is not purely for finned fish – in literature when referring to ‘fish’ or the fisheries sector, it is often referring to all edible aquatic life including organisms like mussels, prawns, and even algae. Shelled molluscs (mussels, clams, oysters, etc.) are, by weight, the majority of aquaculture production globally.[3]

But looking at finned fish, freshwater carp species are the most commonly farmed, while anchovies are the most common wild-caught species[3]. However, there are over 600 species produced in aquaculture and over 1,800 caught in the wild[3]. As a result, all levels of the food web* can be impacted – meaning, there are many different aspects of ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services which can be impacted by fisheries and aquaculture.

*Food web: The prey and predator relationships between all the species of an ecosystem (who’s getting eaten by who, and who’s eating who).

*Ecosystem function: All of the elements that make up an ecosystem – physical, chemical and biological – which allow it to maintain life.

*Ecosystem services: The benefits we as humans get from ecosystems. Some prominent examples are food, water purification, and carbon storage.

How does the future look?

In terms of aquaculture, some research shows that filter feeders, such as molluscs, aid water quality and are a benefit to the region, while also requiring little energy to farm, making them a sustainable product[8]. However, on the flip side, mismanagement of molluscs farms can lead to the introduction of toxins and diseases to the mussels and potentially to the humans who consume them. Furthermore, there are also worries that increased filter feeders can impact the natural flow of nutrients in the system, negatively impacting other parts of the local ecosystem[4].

Moving up the food chain, one of the main points supporting aquaculture is that it removes pressure from wild fish stocks, increasing food security and avoiding incidents such as the infamous Newfoundland cod fishery that collapsed in the 1960s.[7] However, there have been studies showing that offshore aquaculture (where the cultivation cages are held within the open ocean) can lead to increased diseases and parasites in wild populations. This is due to the densely farmed populations still inhabiting the same body of water as the wild populations, which allows for the transmission of diseases and parasites.[10] Furthermore, since salmon are higher up the food web, wild-caught fish – such as sardines – are needed to feed the salmon in aquaculture, depleting stocks of those species around the world.[9]

Circling back to wild capture fisheries, a big ecological impact is from bycatch*. Bycatch can include endangered and protected species too. Smaller target species such as prawns are the worst for bycatch, as finer nets are needed to capture them and as a result, there’s less discrimination in what’s caught.[11] Around 9.1 million tonnes of bycatch happen annually, or 10.8% of the total catch weight.[3]

*Bycatch: the unwanted fish and other marine creatures trapped by commercial fishing nets during fishing for a different species.

Truly sustainable seafood requires proper management and understanding of each specific exploited ecosystem and species. But there is still a lot to figure out, as John Shepherd, a professor of Marine Science at the University of Southampton once said:

“Managing fisheries is hard: It’s like managing a forest, in which the trees are invisible and keep moving around”.[5]

Author: Moray Swanson

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This article is from the free online

Sustainable Seafood: Barriers and Opportunities in the Fishing Industry

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At Hallam Fields we want to give children opportunities and experiences to develop their skills in music as well as their appreciation.  As a school we believe in the importance of the Arts which is why we are committed to ArtsMark.  We plan our curriculum to encompass the aims and programmes of study in the National Curriculum for Key Stage 2 and to be progressive so that the children develop their skills, knowledge and understanding throughout the four years with us. For each subject we have identified Key Concepts which we will revisit throughout the children's time at Hallam Fields so that we can develop their understanding of how key concepts link between different topics and units of work, helping them to apply their learning and remember more.

You will find below links to our overview of Music, our Key concepts and we will be adding some examples of work.

Music Performance
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Our children will have experienced a range of musical styles and discovered how music has changed and been influenced by other genres over time. They will develop their musical vocabulary so they can appraise and evaluate pieces of music accurately. They will experience playing tuned and un-tuned percussion instruments with the opportunity to compose their own pieces of music in the genres that they have explored.

Our music curriculum will be implemented through teaching the Kapow Primary Music Scheme. Kapow ensures that teachers are equipped with the knowledge and resources needed for every lesson, no matter their experience or confidence levels. Music will be taught every other week across the school but children also experience different genres of music through Music of the Week sessions.

Children will develop confidence and accuracy when playing tuned and un-tuned percussion instruments. They will be able to keep time and use their knowledge of musical vocabulary to alter a piece of music for impact on an audience. Through their conversations, they will demonstrate further their understanding of musical terms. Children will also be able to describe how music has changed over time and the impact that has had on different cultures and societies.


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Kidney transplant is a medical procedure that involves the replacement of the damaged kidneys of a person with a healthy one taken from a suitable donor. Kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs that are situated on either side of the lower back. These perform various vital functions that are important for our existence and you will be surprised to know that even if one of the two kidneys, fails to carry out its functions, but the other one is healthy and functioning normally, the person can lead a normal and healthy life. However, if both the kidneys fail to function, and the person does not respond to medicine and other treatments, a renal transplant is an ultimate resort. As per the best doctor in Pune, while a majority of people undergoing the transplant are usually adults, it is also performed on children.

It is quite natural for the parents to be overwhelmed when their little one is recommended to undergo such a major surgical procedure and a lot of questions come to their mind. Paediatric kidney transplant in Pune is offered at all the leading hospitals like Jupiter Hospital, where the doctors curate personalized treatment plans to suit the specific medical needs of the child. The decision is taken after proper assessment and evaluating the potential outcomes, which are then briefly explained to the parents. Since a child cannot take the decision on his/her own, it is usually the parents or the guardians who make the decision. So, if you are wondering whether your child can undergo a kidney transplant, the answer is yes.

Why would a child need a kidney transplant?

Kidney transplant is recommended in case of kidney failure or renal failure. The problem can adversely affect your child’s growth, bone strength and nerves. It also leads to the accumulation of toxic wastes in the body that eventually affect metabolism and leads to severe disabilities. Experts from the best nephrology surgery hospital in Pune recommend kidney transplant to children suffering from any of the following problems:

  • Congenital defects: These are the major cause of kidney failure in kids below 4 years of age. These may be heredity or developed inside the mother’s womb as a result of an unhealthy pregnancy.
  • Underlying hereditary diseases: These are the major cause of renal failure in kids lying in the age group of 5 to 15 years. If a certain renal disease runs in your family, your child may be vulnerable to the same and may acquire it in womb or post-birth.
  • Underlying diseases that affect the blood vessels present in the kidneys -The is the leading cause of kidney failure in children lying in the age group of 15 and 19 years. The damaged blood vessels can prevent the kidneys from carrying out their functions properly.

Assessment and evaluation of the child’s overall health

Before making sure that the child is ready for the transplant, the doctors carry out a detailed evaluation to make sure that he/she is fit to undergo the transplant. These include a series of blood tests and diagnostic procedures along with a psychological evaluation to make sure that the child is mentally prepared to cope up with the post-surgical changes. These tests also help to determine the adversity of your child’s condition and determine how long he/she can delay the transplant. For this, the doctors will evaluate your child’s heart, lung and kidney function, nutritional status and presence of any kind of infection.

Hence, if your child has been recommended to undergo a kidney transplant, it is only after proper assessment and evaluation. If you still need any reassurance, you can consult doctors from the best hospital in Thane for a second opinion.


Our piano medleys feature tunes commonly found in Lutheran hymnals, organized according to the seasons of the church year. Relaxing music creates a peaceful atmosphere for commute, work, play, or sleep.

Colossians 3:16 (NKJV)


The surge of research into two-dimensional materials after the discovery of graphene in 2004 has led to investigating the monolayer limit of layered materials that include transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), MXenes, layered elemental metals (Te, Sn, Ge, As, Se)1, black phosphorus (BP), and beyond. Orthorhombic BP, the high pressure and temperature phase of elemental phosphorus, consists of a puckered hexagonal sheet of covalently bonded atoms. In bulk form, the individual sheets are bound together by van der Waal forces; however, new properties emerge due to quantum size effects when exfoliated into the few-layer regime. A property of note is BP’s direct bandgap, which changes from 0.3 eV in the bulk to ≈1.7 eV in the monolayer limit2,3. Additionally, BP shows promise in optoelectronic device applications4,5,6 from its direct bandgap as BP emissions are between 700 and >4000 nm, which is the near- to mid-infrared wavelength range.

Nevertheless, a standing challenge for BP is its synthesis. Traditionally, generating BP necessitates either high pressure and elevated temperature as in the diamond anvil method first pioneered by Bridgman7 to phase transform either white or red phosphorus (RP), or the use of a low-pressure mineralizer assisted chemical vapor transport (CVT)8. While CVT is the established commercial production process, it suffers from high cost and low volume. In the CVT method, RP, tin iodide, and tin are sealed inside a glass ampule that is evacuated to ≈10−3 Torr, heated above 825 K, and allowed to cool slowly yielding BP crystals over a 1–3 day period that grow outward from an intermediate Sn-P-I compound9.

Alternatively, high-energy planetary ball milling (HEPBM) constrains the pressure induced phase transformation inside a steel vessel under an inert atmosphere, alleviating potential safety hazards associated with the CVT method due to over-pressurization of the glass ampules or incorrect cooling rates. Additionally, no expensive and toxic mineralizers (i.e., tin, iodine) are required. In order to facilitate the scale-up of BP synthesis via HEPBM, details such as the conversion rate as a function of impact energy (i.e., ball density and size) and the cumulative energy input per gram of product formed are required. Several reports10,11,12,13 of HEPBM on BP synthesis have explored the processing effects on synthesis time such as ball to powder mass ratio and rotation speed of the milling vessel but have not reported the scaling parameters. HEPBM is readily transferred to industrial mills capable of kilogram production capacities, provided that the energetics and kinetics of the phase transformation are well understood.

This study determines the necessary impact energy, the apparent rate constants, and the specific milling dose of the RP to BP phase transformation via HEPBM. By using closed-form analytical models of the kinematic motion inside the mill14 along with estimates for the phase fraction evolution, an empirical relationship is established showing that higher impact energies lead directly to higher conversion rates while the total energy dose is shown to be an independent constant. Furthermore, the low cost nano-crystalline BP upon exfoliation is shown to be suitable for infrared optoelectronic applications, thereby paving the way for commercial scale-up opportunities.

Black phosphorus characterization

Visually, the powder changes color from a burnt umber red to a dull black with various shades of red/brown/black with increasing BP content, as shown in Fig. 1a. The bulk red and black powders exhibit similar morphology and agglomerations. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for the conversion of micron sized amorphous RP powder into orthorhombic BP are shown in Fig. 1b as a function of milling duration at the highest experimental milling intensity evaluated in this study. The as-received RP exhibits three broad peaks, with the first defined diffraction peak at ≈17° 2θ. The powder diffraction file (PDF 03-065-2491) from the Inorganic Crystal Structures Database (ICSD15) for BP is also shown, with relative peak intensities and positions indicated with the vertical line markers. A gradual shift to higher angles of the first sharp diffraction peak of RP occurs. By contrast, the broader high angle peaks generally decrease in intensity and width as the crystalline BP peaks emerge. XRD scans versus milling rpm using an internal silicon standard and the associated calibration curve are included in the Supplementary Figs 15.

Fig. 1: Characterization of the mechanochemical conversion of RP to BP.
figure 1

a Optical image of bulk powders revealing the color progression that occurs during increased milling time via high-energy ball milling; the transition from red to brown to black is a direct result of the mixture of amorphous RP and crystalline BP present (scale bar is 1 cm). b Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of RP during conversion to BP showing an increase in the intensity of the main BP (040) and (111) peaks with increasing milling time; here, all patterns vertically offset correspond to runs at a constant speed 600 rpm, black bars are BP (PDF 03-065-2491), and silicon standard peaks are marked.

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Fig. 2a show that the RP starting powder exhibits an irregular faceted morphology with particle sizes from ~0.1 to 100 μm. The converted BP exhibits similar faceted morphology but has a smaller particle size distribution below 10 μm. The powders appear to consist of soft aggregates of BP crystals embedded into amorphous particles which break down into flakes consisting of crystalline domains surrounded by amorphous matrix under mild ultrasonication. To further verify the crystalline BP domains within the amorphous flakes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns are taken and presented in Fig. 2b, revealing the presence of crystalline BP domains embedded within the amorphous flakes and agglomerated powders. The volumetric particle size distributions obtained from solution-based laser diffraction particle size analysis (PSA) shown in Fig. 3a shows non-uniform size distribution for RP. This is an expected result considering the large variation in particle sizes observed in the SEM images (see Fig. 2) and the high sensitivity of volumetric PSA for detection of few but large particles. By contrast, the milling comminution process results in a nearly single mode distribution of the converted BP material, while exfoliation breaks up soft BP aggregates and produces flakes consisting of embedded crystal domains within an amorphous matrix.

Fig. 2: Electron microscopy shows particle size reduction through BP synthesis and exfoliation while retaining polycrystallinity.
figure 2

a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images presenting faceted morphology of large particle sizes for RP, smaller particle sizes for BP, and narrow particle size for exfoliated BP flakes that consist of crystalline domains embedded in a lager bulk amorphous particle with plate-like morphology (SEM scale bars from left to right are 100 μm, 10 μm, and 2 μm, respectively). b Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and a selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of polycrystalline BP manifesting large lattice domains and converted BP crystallinity. TEM scale bars from left to right are 50 nm, 10 nm, and 2 nm−1 respectively.

Fig. 3: Characterization of mechanochemically synthesized and exfoliated few-layer BP.
figure 3

a Particle size analysis of RP, as-converted BP, and ball mill exfoliated BP showing progressively narrower and smaller size distributions as a result of conversion, comminution, and exfoliation. b Raman spectra confirming the amorphous nature of RP, as well as the crystalline nature of both converted and exfoliated BP. c Photoluminescence (PL) emission of exfoliated BP on SiO2 with a broad spectrum due to the bilayer to multilayer BP in the exfoliated material.

To complement the XRD and TEM results on the converted material and verify the crystallinity of the exfoliated BP, Raman spectra are collected on the as-received RP, synthesized BP powder, and exfoliated BP flakes as shown in Fig. 3b. The expected BP vibrational modes3 \(A_g^1\), B2g, and \(A_g^2\), respectively, are clearly resolved, while the peak at 520 cm−1 is from the silicon substrate. The slightly raised background between 350 to 475 cm−1 is likely attributed to residual RP11.

As aforementioned, the direct bandgap of BP that spans 0.3–1.7 eV makes BP suitable for near-infrared wavelength applications. Few-layer (ca. 5 layers) BP exhibits optically pumped emission2,5,16 near ≈1575 nm, whereas tri- and bi-layer BP emit at shorter wavelengths. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra for ball mill converted BP after exfoliation is shown in Fig. 3c. The broad emission from 950 to 1600 nm indicates the flakes contain bi-layer, tri-layer, and multilayer BP crystalline domains; however, further efforts to fully separate the various domains by lateral size or layer thickness by such means as density gradient centrifugation must be demonstrated prior to use in photonic applications2,16,17.

Conversion kinetics

Detailed individual reaction steps during mechanical milling processes are challenging to elucidate, although recent progress with synchrotron X-ray and Raman spectroscopy is now capable of providing in situ monitoring of reaction steps18. Nevertheless, empirical models based on ex situ measurements can provide general insight into the overall kinetic behavior, such as determining if the process accelerates to completion, undergoes deceleration, or progresses at a constant rate19,20,21. For evaluating the kinetics of a process, typically through a series of experiments, the energy input (such as a constant temperature or constant heating rate) is varied systematically and the evolution of the phase fraction, α, as a function of time is used to extract the rate constant, k19,22.

In mechanochemistry, the two kinetic models often used for solid-state phase transformations are the classical Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK)23,24,25, and a deterministic collision driven model derived by Delogu and Cocco (DC)20,26,27. Both models have been used to obtain the rate constants for single-phase systems undergoing transformations or amorphization and have been applied to multiphase systems undergoing mechanical alloying23,24,25. After obtaining the apparent rate constants as a function of milling parameters, the relationship between the milling impact energy, Eb, and the rate constants can be determined. If a single impact is sufficient to drive the conversion to completion, then a linear dependence of the rate constants and the impact energies is expected28.

Simulations and in situ monitoring27,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36 of media interactions in high-energy ball mills have shown agreement with the underlying assumptions and estimated impact energies obtained through kinematic models of high-energy planetary ball mills. While existing models differ in determining the media velocity at impact14,30,31,34,37, all models assume the kinetic energy imparted to the media through collisions with the vial walls is transferred into the powder during impact, at least to a first order approximation (some losses due to friction, heat generation, and inelasticity are expected). Nonetheless, the impact energy, Eb, is simply related to the media mass, mb, and the impact velocity, vin, as:

$$E_{\text{b}} = \frac{1}{2}m_{\text{b}}v_{{\mathrm{in}}}^2$$

By extension, the cumulative dose, Edose, is a function of the number of balls, Nb, the collision frequency, fb, the milling time, t, and powder mass, mp, as:

$$E_{{\text{dose}}} = \frac{{E_{\text{b}}\,f_{\text{b}}\,N_{\text{b}}\,t}}{{m_{\text{p}}}}$$

Using the conversion data obtained from XRD, the method described by Galwey et al.19 was employed to generate a master plot to determine which subset of solid-state reaction models are applicable, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 6. The JMAK model closely matches the dataset, while the DC model follows the data above 30% conversion. As seen in Fig. 4a for 300 rpm, the rate of conversion slows down, and this transition is visually distinct for the 300 rpm run versus the higher intensities of 400–600 rpm. Similarly, for 200 rpm, the conversion occurs slowly with an induction time of nearly 100 h before BP is observed. Transforming the data using the JMAK model, Fig. 4b, or the DC model, Fig. 4c, shows two or three linear segments. In practice, line segments that show different slopes are treated individually with linear regression lines, as it has been shown that these distinct transitions are often due to changes in growth dimensionality38.

Fig. 4: Mechanochemically induced phase transformation kinetics of RP to BP using the JMAK and DC models.
figure 4

a XRD-based phase fraction versus logarithmic time showing representative S-curves for each rpm condition; higher rpm results in faster conversion while a dramatic reduction occurs at and below 300 rpm. An S-shape curve is typical of nucleation and growth dominated solid-state processes. Error bars represent one standard deviation, lines are visual aids. b JMAK linearization plots for extracting rate constants and exponents, lines are linear regression fits for each straight section; the slopes remain relatively constant indicating the conversion mechanism remains constant, while the kinks at higher phase fraction indicate a possible mechanism change. c DC model linearization plot excluding the 200 rpm data, lines are linear regression fits; the slopes become steeper (higher rate constant) with increasing rpm. d Linear regression fits for rate constants versus calculated impact energies; both the JMAK and DC models show the linear dependence of the rate constant on the impact energy confirming the assumption that a single impact is sufficient for converting the entrapped RP powder between media collisions to BP.

As a reminder, the DC model is, mathematically, a restricted form of the JMAK model that fixes the exponent n = 1, resulting in an apparent S-shape about the linear regression line in the DC linearization plot. Functionally, this restriction prevents making inferences about the nucleation and growth behavior afforded by the JMAK model, but as shown in Fig. 4d the extracted rate constants are still comparable. In all cases, both the JMAK and DC models appear to be valid, and the linear fits model the data up to 90% conversion well with values for the coefficient of determination (a goodness of fit statistic relating the percentage of the predicted response variation that is modeled by the regression line), R2, above >95%. Deviations19 from the model are likely due to the initial estimation of the phase fraction below 10 wt% and above 70 wt%. In these regions, there appears to be a consistent decrease in conversion rate for all milling intensities, implying a mechanistic change that requires higher mechanical impact energy to progress the conversion. Supplementary Figure 7 (plotted on a log scale) includes the 200 rpm curve; the 200 rpm dataset is not shown in Fig. 4c, as the induction time obscures the higher rpm behaviors. Figure 4d shows the linear dependence of the apparent rate constants as a function of the calculated impact energy. The calculated impact energies and milling intensities using the kinematic model as applied to the HEPBM and the ascertained kinetic parameters for both the JMAK and DC models are presented in the Supplementary Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

Figure 5 shows the phase fraction evolution as a function of the total energy imparted to the powder on a mass basis, revealing three distinct behaviors. First, for higher milling intensities (i.e., mechanical work performed) above 300 rpm, the total dose required for complete conversion is the same. Second, below 300 rpm, there is a transition at low phase fractions (about 30 wt%) requiring progressively longer milling times, as well as a plateau near 75 wt%. This plateau indicates a potentially limiting step which cannot be overcome by the impact energy at 300 rpm. Third and finally, at even lower energy (i.e., 200 rpm), nucleation of BP is evident, but only after a long induction time of 200+ hours.

Fig. 5: Extent of conversion for RP to BP as a function of specific milling dose.
figure 5

Milling at 400 rpm or higher results in an equivalent energy dose to obtain the same extent of conversion. Milling at <400 rpm (i.e., 300 and 200 rpm) results in incomplete conversion due to an apparent energy threshold. Phase fraction data normalized by milling dose estimates. Error bars represent one standard deviation.

The reduction in particle size of RP as it converts to BP due to comminution is typical of ball milling and is desirable as it increases the surface area available for reactions and promotes a single mode particle size distribution which benefits down-stream processes such as exfoliation. The broad BP XRD peaks in Fig. 1b indicate a high degree of nano-crystallinity while the broad base of the peak at 17° 2θ indicates some amorphous material is still present. Supplementary Figures 8 and 9 show TEM images of randomly orientated lattice planes surrounded by an amorphous matrix within a single exfoliated flake, indicative of the nature of point impacts that have occurred and that presumably each impact will produce a local formation of BP within the bulk RP particle10,12. Amorphous RP possesses some degree of short and medium range order; it has been described as being a 3, 4, and 5 sided cage-like structure linked together by phosphorus atoms in a polymer like manner39,40. Presumably, the phosphorus cages are collapsed into the buckled planes due to the high localized compressive forces from the media collisions39,41,42. The Raman spectra in Fig. 3b on HEPBM synthesized powder (exfoliated in IPA) shows only modes that correspond to BP, which indicates no significant RP is present. Together with the TEM data, the lack of features corresponding to RP indicates that amorphous BP is likely present43,44,45,46. High pressure conversion of RP thin films into BP has also reported the formation of amorphous BP44. High-energy ball milling has been used to produce amorphous metals and even cycle between crystalline and amorphous phases of alloys by controlling the milling intensity and duration47. In light of this, the coexistence of both crystalline and amorphous, highly disordered, BP within ball mill synthesized BP flakes is unsurprising and has been observed through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy11.

While some fraction of BP is present in the XRD patterns at 200 and 300 rpm, such conversion rates are economically impractical due to the power consumption; namely, mill motors constitute the highest recurring electrical costs. The 200-rpm milling intensity shows an entirely different behavior which may be due to the tendency of media to slide along the walls of the vessel with few high-energy collisions at low vial rotation speeds. As a result of the less energetic impacts and low frequency of collision, a significantly higher milling dose is required to producing meaningful quantities of BP at 200 rpm.

From Fig. 4d, the x-axis intercept for a negligible rate constant, k = 0, ideally indicates a minimum impact energy, Eb, near 0.5 mJ, but these values do not reflect the apparent change above 70 wt%. As such, this minimum value most likely represents the energy required to form stable nuclei but with no practical grain growth. The utility of Fig. 4d is that extrapolation of an expected rate constant due to higher impact energies is feasible, up to a limit set by the media size, density, vessel diameter, and achievable rpm.

The main scaling parameter for HEPBM is obtained from Fig. 5 and this dictates the optimum milling condition. The product of the milling intensity, Eb·fb·Nb, and time, t, is the same for milling at 600, 500, and 400 rpm. That is, above a certain impact energy (Eb = 25 mJ), the conversion takes the same total energy input. The trade-off then is the milling time versus potential media wear and design considerations for the mill motor. An apparent specific milling dose of ≈100 kJ/gram is required to achieve a BP conversion above 90 wt%. While a higher milling dose may improve the yield, it may also introduce more defects into the crystalline domains, as well as produce more media wear and possible contaminations from the milling vessel and media.

The results presented here show that the conversion of RP to BP follows the characteristic S-shape of sigmoidal processes indicative of nucleation and growth dominated phase transformation. The rate constants obtained by applying the JMAK and DC models in Fig. 4 show the expected linear behavior as a function of milling intensity; accordingly, higher impact energies and higher collision frequency should result in more frequent nucleation events and, hence, a faster conversion rate. One benefit of the DC model is that it is less sensitive to induction periods than the JMAK model, such that the extracted rate constants better represent the overall conversion rate. However, the JMAK model allows for inferences into the nucleation and growth behavior.

Using the JMAK model, the values of the exponent can potentially provide insight into the dynamics of nucleation and crystal growth. The calculated exponent value is n ≈ 2.3–2.5, suggesting that RP to BP undergoes continuous nucleation and subsequent interfaced controlled transformation in two-dimensions48,49. The reduced exponent value below 3 can be attributed to the anisotropic growth and blocking effects, or it could be an outcome of a mixture of 3D and 2D growth with site saturation48,49,50,51. In theory, polymorphic phase transformations are categorized as either displacive (rapid and diffusionless) or reconstructive (slow and diffusion limited)52,53,54. In practice, assumptions regarding diffusion, preferred nucleation sites such as defects, grain boundaries, or dislocations, and experimentally determined crystal growth habit (i.e., spherical, disc, or rod growth) are required to make reliable inferences from the JMAK exponent.

However, the unique amorphous to crystalline transformation of RP to BP does not fit cleanly into any phase transformation category53. We argue that RP to BP is likely a rapid diffusionless, displacive transformation, provided that RP bonds are broken either through thermal or strain input. Generally, high applied pressure inhibits diffusion due to the increase in repulsive forces upon shortening the interatomic bond distance52 but can enable rapid short displacements via re-orientation52. By contrast, grain growth itself is typically a thermally driven process. High pressure studies on the white phosphorus (≈1.2 GPa) or RP (≈8 GPa) to BP transition occurred almost instantly after an incubation time of 10–15 min when exceeding a minimum temperature of 200 °C7,41,43,55,56,57,58. This supports the notion of rapid interface propagation instead of a time-dependent diffusion-controlled grain growth. Comparing our mechanochemical results to Xiang et al.44 and to those obtained by Bridgman59 using rotating diamond anvils (≈4 GPa), we contend that the plastic strain facilitated by the direct compression of RP between colliding media breaks molecular bonds within the RP polymer chains, leading to the rapid formation of the orthorhombic crystalline phase. The TEM results here of flakes show clear nanometer-sized lattice domains randomly orientated surrounded by regions of an amorphous matrix, consistent with random nucleation but limited grain growth. Similar behavior was observed with static anvil experiments at a higher pressure (≈6.8 GPa) but a much lower temperature (≈25 °C) than typical synthesis conditions. Xiang et al.44 revealed a slow transformation rate of tens of hours in which the rhombohedral (A7) structure of metallic BP nucleates first from RP and persists indefinitely (up to 71 h). However, the material rapidly converts to orthorhombic BP upon decompression44. Collisions in HEPBM are effectively microforges where the RP is entrapped between the media in a millisecond timescale collision. Upon the media rebounding, the BP crystallizes47.

In support of our hypothesis, the fact that the rhombohedral crystal structure of BP forms primarily under the applied hydrostatic pressure without external heating indicates the possibility of bulk nucleation of a two-dimensional highly disordered intermediate41. Nonetheless, the absence of heat input or strain will produce sluggish nucleation, as evidenced by the in situ time-resolved Raman spectra of Xiang et al.44. Their high-resolution TEM data on quenched samples held under static loading for ≈36 h revealed numerous nano-crystalline domains of orthorhombic BP surrounded by amorphous phosphorus, similar to the TEM results here obtained on mechanochemically synthesized BP. Supplementary Figure 10 shows the in situ temperature measurements obtained during mechanochemical conversion; while the global temperature does not exceed 40 °C, it is possible that the local impact energy could heat the powder substantially60,61,62,63. Still, the temperature rise is also highly dependent upon the material undergoing the treatment (i.e., if the process results in an exothermic heat release such as in the milling of thermite, metal oxide formation, or sulfide reactions)20,47,64. We exclude the possibility of high localized temperatures at the point of impacts, as we do not observe substantial grain sizes. Furthermore, recent work65 comparing torsional or rotating diamond anvil methods to mechanochemistry shows striking similarities in that the generated plastic strain can reduce the pressure/temperature requirements for phase transformations66 in Si, Ge, boron nitride67,68, and zirconium69 with similar nanostructures.

In practice, knowing the rate constant and specific milling dose enables determination of the mill design (diameter, motor horsepower, media size, and quantity) in order to achieve a given production rate. The ascertained specific milling dose of ≈100 kJ/gram and corresponding minimum impact energy near 25 mJ/impact provide meaningful parameters for scale-up either by number of milling stations (i.e., 100 g capable planetary ball mills) or by switching to larger tumbler mills (i.e., 1 kg capacity) and running for the appropriate milling time derived by considering the rate constant, impact energy, and desired amount of product; the difference between the planetary mill versus the tumbler mill being the rate of energy deposition versus the synthesis time70.

In conclusion, we have ascertained the rate dependency on impact energy and the scaling parameter (milling dose near 100 kJ/gram) required to convert low cost RP into BP by the highly scalable high-energy ball milling method. While the mechanical impacts readily form BP nuclei, the overall process is grain growth limited; further efforts should seek to enhance the grain growth. The exfoliated BP flakes containing embedded crystalline domains within an amorphous matrix produces PL spectra with emission in the near-infrared range, thereby revealing the potential use of this synthesis route provided improved exfoliation methods are developed to isolate layer-dependent BP nanocrystals. Producing commodity-grade BP is an enabling step to employ the nanomaterial in commercial electronic and optoelectronic devices.

In the milling experiment, elemental red phosphorus (1–5 g; Alfa Aesar, 97% purity, −60 mesh) and stainless steel media (10 mm diameter, 100 g) were weighed and loaded into 250 mL stainless steel vessels inside an argon atmosphere glovebox (PO2 < 0.1 ppm) and sealed with internal gas pressures between 90 and 95 kPa at room temperature. The ball to powder mass ratio was 20:1. All milling experiments were conducted with the PM100 planetary ball mill (Retsch, Germany) with pauses in the milling cycles (30 min on, 30 min off) to prevent overheating of the unit and to switch the direction of flywheel rotation. Milling conditions (rpm and duration) were varied between 200 and 600 rpm and 0.15 to 25 h, depending upon the intent of the studies. For the kinetic study, each run was completed three times except the 200 rpm run which was allowed to run once for 220 h. The three runs at 300, 400, 500, and 600 rpm were paused periodically to obtain samples for phase fraction analysis. For each sampling interval, the sealed vessel was first transferred into an argon glovebox. An appropriate amount of powder was extracted from the free powder at the bottom of the milling vessel and sealed inside glass vials; no powder was added back into the milling vessel. The vessel was resealed and transferred out of the glovebox to resume the milling run. An initial milling run at 600 rpm for 2 h with 1 gram of red phosphorus was used to condition the media and vessel surfaces before each milling study. The milling vessel was wiped clean between each study but was not cleaned with isopropyl alcohol, thereby preserving the conditioned state of the vessel.

To obtain few-layer BP suspensions, the as-converted BP powders (0.25 g) are solvent exfoliated in isopropanol (30 mL) using a low-energy mixer mill (MTI, SFM-2) with (1 mm) diameter chrome steel ball media sealed inside a 50 mL plastic container for 24 h at a rotational speed of 150 rpm. The suspension is separated from the media using a sieve (−300 mesh) and stored in glass vials. The suspension is drop cast onto silicon substrates for Raman and PL measurements.

Powder XRD data was obtained in the Bragg-Brentano geometry (CuKα, Rigaku MiniFlex 600, Japan) on 0.165 g of powder. The internal standard method using NIST Silicon 640D powder (ICSD PDF 00-027-1402) was used to generate a calibration curve for estimates of the phase fraction obtained.

Powder Raman spectroscopy (Raman) data was obtained (Horiba LabRam HR Evolution, Japan) on densely packed samples (0.01 grams) prepared inside an argon glovebox that were sealed inside a custom-built enclosure with a sapphire window to prevent oxidation and ignition during measurements (both red and black phosphorus in finely divided powder form can be readily ignited in air even when using neutral density filters and low laser power settings). A 50-mW 532-nm laser source (Nd:YAG) was used to generate spectra collected with a Si CCD. Spectra obtained at ×20 objective with double acquisitions for 60 s at ten random locations throughout the bulk surface using the 1800 lines/mm grating.

PL measurements were obtained using a Princeton Aston spectrometer with a NIRvana InGaAs thermoelectrically cooled array and an excitation wavelength of 532 nm at 10 mW. Data were collected for 5 s using a 100X near-infrared objective.

Solution-based laser diffraction PSA was performed on powders ultrasonically dispersed in isopropanol for 1 min and cycled through the Horiba LA-950 particle size analyzer and solution flow cell; volumetric distributions were obtained using dual 405 and 650 nm laser and light diodes. The complex indices of refractions for RP71 and BP72 were taken from literature.

SEM was performed on powders pressed onto carbon tape and imaged at low beam currents and accelerating voltages using a FEI Teneo FESEM. Exfoliated BP powders were drop cast onto cut SiO2 wafers and imaged under similar conditions using secondary and backscattered electron imaging modes.

TEM was performed using a JEOL-JEM-2100, Japan, with Orius SC1000 CCD camera; exfoliated samples were drop cast onto lacy carbon grids and transferred into the vacuum chamber within 5 min. A low accelerating voltage of 100 keV was used with minimal dwell times roughly 30 s for imaging to prevent the amorphization of the flakes.


Class 2

What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition & Methods - 2022

As the name suggests, a quantitative assessment system is gathering information in concrete and objective assessments. This method relies upon a numerical, mathematical, or quantifiable examination of the data.

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This data is accumulated with the help of studies and overviews. Generally, quantitative investigation lays highlights on social gathering numerical data to figure out a particular quirk. Quantitative assessment is done for the subjects and areas of science where significant numbers help in route.

This assessment chooses the association between one free component and one ward variable. The plans of quantitative assessment are either exploratory or enchanting. offers students from the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), Australia (AU), Canada (CA), and United Arab Emirates (UAE) reliable essay writing services from professional essay writers.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

The characteristics of quantitative investigation that different it from other assessment procedures are the accompanying:

Coordinated investigated instruments are used to collect data in quantitative investigation

The results of this assessment rely upon the model taken out from a general population

To make it strong and substantial, quantitative investigation can be reiterated or copied.

The experts have an undeniable assessment question for which objective answers are found.

Before the data collection for the assessment, its viewpoints are arranged.

All of the data is as numbers and figures composed in outlines and tables.

The quantitative investigation is directed to summarize a thought, inspect associations, and predict potential endlessly results.

The numerical data for this assessment type is collected through surveys and PC programming.

There are certain things that should be recollected when you are presenting the outcomes of your quantitative investigation about a subject:

Getting a handle on the collected data: Explain the data that you have accumulated and its genuine treatment to contemplate the issue investigated. Do whatever it takes not to unravel the results in this part.

Uncovering the events: Report the unexpected events that happened if any while get-together the data. If the veritable examination isn't exactly equivalent to the one you organized, express the reasons.

Systems: figures out the procedures used to "clean" or figure out the data

Pick a procedure: Choose a strategy that requires irrelevant satisfactory bits of knowledge, the thinking for its utilization, and the reference.

Presents assumptions: Give doubts about each and every system you made to ensure that the data combination was not manhandled.

Tables: use graphs and tables to give exact characteristics.

Guide your perusers: Whenever a figure or a chart is presented, try to add a portrayal for the perusers about the thing are they looking for in the graph. provides fast and affordable essay solutions to students from across the world, including the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), Australia (AU), United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Canada (CA).

Research Design of a Quantitative Study

The arrangement of quantitative assessment is isolated into five sections:

An introduction to quantitative assessment includes the conspicuous proof of the chief issue, a composing study of the issue, and the speculative framework inside which the expert worked.

This part states how the objectives and marks of your survey can be achieved. This fragment is created by focusing on the general population and its model and analyzing the gathered data.

The part deals with the consequences of the assembled data. After the examination of the data, the results are drawn by the trained professional. The revelations are totally presented impartially in a careful design.

Discussion: After the revelations, a discussion on the result is done. This discussion is extensive, predictable, and logical. The discussion is done by interpreting the results, portraying the connection between social events, factors, and examples, and inspecting the repercussions and limitations.

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At last, comes the goal. The choice integrates a blueprint of the huge number of key revelations by the researcher, ideas, and what future assessment should hold.

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Last updated  2022/09/01 02:33:44 PDTHits  29