What role does food and beverage play in a hotel?

Food and beverages help properties stand out from the crowd, and to do so, some hotels rely on banquets for income and profits. Guests usually pay per person for an open bar for events. Revenues are generally higher than costs. Weddings can also contribute to the number of rooms booked at a hotel.

Food and beverage catering services play an important role. They provide food and beverages for these functions, as it is more cost-effective for the hotel. F%26B operations involve the purchase, preparation, service, inventory maintenance, and catering services of an event venue. Consumer awareness of the source and distribution of food has created a movement that advocates for sustainable, locally grown food.

Managing hotel food and beverage operations requires a relentless focus on food costs, labor and waste. Therefore, follow NOM 093 to the letter as a guide to good hygiene practices in food and beverage service establishments, which you should implement without exception in a food company. In addition to the quantity and type of food and beverages that contain them, present in the menus, procedures manual, control of food and beverage costs, flavors, organization charts, management of restaurants, bars, establishments and general guidelines of companies and their canteens. This helps meet guests' needs, both internal and external, by providing them with food options, recipes, events and all other ways to serve the highest quality food.

As budgets continue to shrink and the cost of food continues to rise, it's easy to consider food service at events as “mandatory.” Cleanliness and hygiene in commercial food and beverage establishments are of paramount importance when working with any type of edible food. As a general rule, if your food expenditures exceed 28% to 32% of your income, you should consider adopting a new strategy to control your food cost expenditures. If serving food at events were just about feeding people, it would probably be more profitable to give guests cash or vouchers for the nearest fast-food restaurant. Catering businesses (whether on-site or in special locations) are challenged by the episodic nature of events and food handling and safety issues with large groups.

In reality, there is no such career, the appropriate careers to aspire to be a Food and Beverage Manager would be the Career in Gastronomy or the Career in Tourism.


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Stimulus Check- Will Another Round Of Payments Help Americans?

After the American economy managed to recover from the throes of the pandemic, the economy in 2022 has again come to crossroads- which would be an incentive for a stimulus check payment. As it stands, massive stimulus packages were already passed by Congress back in 2020 and 2021- which helped the country come out of a deep recession, and even a depression of sorts.

However, this influx of capital to individuals and businesses has also increased the rate of inflation. The problem the policymakers face currently is whether the addition of money in the pockets of the Americans will actually drive the rate of inflation, or if it will help them cope better with the rising costs.

Stimulus Check Payments Could Help People During Inflation

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Now, while one can debate the amount of the American Rescue Plan, a sum of $5 trillion released into the economy as stimulus check payments has had a tremendous impact on rising inflation. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the stimulus payments do seem to have quite a quantifiable effect of adding around 3% to the inflation rate of the country by the end of 2021.

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One of the clearest arguments in favor of issuing stimulus check payments will be coming from actual data that has been recorded by the US Department of Health and Human services- which did find that government action during the heart of the pandemic kept around 11 million Americans straight out of poverty.

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Rustam Saadvakass | The Russian Boxing Family Tells Itself

Who I am
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Rustam Saadvakass

We introduce you Rustam Saadvakass: athlete, boxer, trainer and inventor, but above all father of seven children, trained according to his inimitable method.

Rustam and his wife are sporting champions: he in boxing and she in gymnastics and acrobatics.

In 2013 one of their daughters, Evnika Saadvakass, became famous on the internet following the publication of a video of her during training, which received more than 3,5 million views. Many famous boxers, including Roy Jones and Mike Tyson, have become his supporters.

The children of this harmonious and sporty family grow up healthy and happy, they are full of talent and strongly determined to achieve their goals. Surely this is also thanks to the efforts of their super-dad, whose secrets we have decided to reveal: his unique recipe for the formation of true champions.

Hello, Rustam! Why don't you tell us what it feels like to be a father of seven children?

And the happiness. And I say this without exaggeration.

Was it different to be a father for the first time than to be a father after the birth of the seventh child?

Sure. It was different, but it's not that simple to explain. The fact is that when you are expecting your first child, you are filled with a sense of pleasure and you feel almost miraculous. The excitement at the birth of the first child is indescribable: it is with his birth that the first real day as a family begins.

My excitement grew more and more with each child being born. Realizing that the family is expanding is an incredible sensation, which is tinged with different colors each time, like a flooding river into which a new canal enters. With the birth of each child, the family becomes healthier, stronger and wiser.

Until recently we had six children: five girls and one boy. Our seventh baby was recently born. I tell you without exaggeration: I was in seventh heaven.

Are you all athletes in your family?

Yes. All our children enjoy sports and active games.

Do you cultivate a love of sports with your children or have they decided to play sports independently?

Of course I grow it! Life today is full of temptations: cartoons, computer games, and music often take over the minds of children. It is up to parents to understand that they need to make an extra effort so that their children are attracted to sports.

Let me share my observations with you: the best strategy would be to divide the process of introducing the child to sport into two phases. The first phase can be called "forced will", when as a teacher, you make sure that your children do not skip training.

The second phase is when the child develops a true love for sports, when the body begins to feed on the energy provided by physical exercise. At this stage it is important to teach him to overcome difficulties.

Sport allows children to better understand the laws of nature and to engage in a process of energy exchange with the surrounding environment. During training, for example, the child exchanges energy with sports equipment, with teammates, with the coach: all this is exciting for both the body and the mind.

Precisely this ability to exchange energy with the environment, be it objects or people, has an educational effect, which contributes to the overall development of the individual.

There is also a third phase that involves introducing a person to sport: money, the desire to entertain others, the willingness to demonstrate one's skills and show one's spirit; but the child must reach this stage by himself, after having become stronger and once he has become an adult.

Who in your family takes care of the sports development of the children?

I am lucky to have my wife: we are more than just a family, we are a team. I think I can call myself the head coach of the multidisciplinary team of the Saadvakass family (laughs).

My wife Anna provides us with everything we need, she takes care of the general state of each family member, including myself. If I am the heart of a training process, she is the circulatory system. Either way, all family members contribute to the training process.

In recent years a special contribution has been made by my eldest children: Anzha, Rush, Selyavira and Evnika. They support each other, and I have to say they do pretty well. One for all and all for one!

Are you strict as a coach? And as a father? Can your children afford to have the easy life, taking advantage of the fact that the coach is their father?

I certainly consider myself a tough coach and I want my children to see me as such, but what they really think I don't know. During the training sessions I have to be strict, but I don't always succeed, I happen more and more often to want to joke with them.

I think parents need to maintain a certain balance in the educational process. My wife Anna is a very sweet person, she is often indulgent with children, which is why I have taken on the role of the strict parent instead. Together we manage to harmonize everything.

As I see it, an important part of raising children is to create a certain atmosphere in the family, just like preparing the fertile ground for a plant: if an atmosphere of love and mutual understanding reigns at home, the child will grow up to become one. good, generous and honest person.

What is the importance of sport in raising children?

It is of extreme importance. I'll tell you more: doctors and teachers underestimate the influence of sport on children. If the training sessions are harmoniously introduced into the educational process, sport is able to train the body and stimulate the brain activity of the child. The educational process within our family rests on three pillars: sport, business and family.

Of the importance of work in raising children I will tell later, while with regard to sport, I can say that a father-coach is the perfect formula to support the desired atmosphere in the family. In fact, the activity of coach allows me to hold a short educational course in an hour and a half of training.

I can cheer children up, give a ten-minute educational talk, or even assign a few more exercises if I notice distraction or laziness. After an hour and a half in the role of coach I am tired of wearing the mask of the stern father. I don't even find it necessary, since all the "edification" work has already been done: I manage to be a more compliant father in everyday life.

Our mission, as good parents, is to introduce children to the environment that will help them adapt and be more competitive in today's world, and sport, no doubt, can help. Sport is a universal preparation system for life, which makes the body and mind suitable for any situation related to the surrounding environment.

How do you know what children really like?

The more time you spend with them, the better you are able to connect with their inner world. As for their growth, you don't always have to pay attention to what your children like or dislike. What they don't like today could fascinate them tomorrow, when they grow up. You should try to look through your children's aspirations and teach them the skills to use to achieve their goals.

We must not allow ourselves to be sidetracked by their temporary misunderstandings in the face of parental requests, and we must show ourselves very determined in wanting to give them all the best.

What's your biggest secret about raising children?

You know, everything I've said so far was our secret until today… (laughs). In addition, I can only say that our secret lies in the approach to growth, in the new way of seeing the parenting role within the family.

We have developed a formula that can protect the psyche of our children from negative emotions, often hidden behind the curtain, and which can accumulate during the entire growth phase of the child.

There are two unbreakable rules to follow. The first is: "allow the child to do whatever it requires if his desire derives from curiosity". The second is: “it forbids the child to do everything he asks if his needs derive from the will to do harm”. These rules allow you to analyze the child's actions and make the most useful decisions as a parent.

How it works: Satisfying the child's curiosity will help to train him, while avoiding being indulgent towards his "weaknesses" will teach him to give weight to his actions, to value the words of an adult person, and to trust the parenting experience.

What is the hardest job a father of seven faces?

The hardest work is to be equally good and bad to each child, making sure that the seed of discord does not develop between them. In addition to being a father and a coach, most of the time I also find myself playing the part of the judge: this is the role that I find most oppressive. The relationships that exist between my children are based on the decisions taken regarding the disputes that take place between them.

What are the happiest moments of being a father?

The birth of a child, his laugh, his first steps, the first word, the word "dad" pronounced for the first time: all of these represent moments of happiness. However, I recently discovered a new joy of being a father: recognition from the social environment.

After being called a "super dad" by you, I sang anthems from various countries all over the house (laughs). In these three days I have probably made more people laugh than in my entire life. I think it was one of the happiest moments of being a father.

Are your children forbidden anything? If so, what?

Usually our prohibitions are aimed at protecting our children or managing the relationships between them: we don't play with matches, we don't go near the kitchen oven, we don't get offended by the little ones, etc. It is also forbidden to resolve disputes with violence.

Among other things, I am proud that our rules are strictly respected. We have never received complaints from other parents that our children have harmed anyone, despite the fact that they are all boxers and could have easily resolved any dispute.

How did the idea of founding the Saadvakass Family Company come about?

Years ago I invented a high-speed sports equipment: Evnik. From that moment on, I started using my invention for the education of my children. As time went by, my work got noticed by experts, and when I first published my daughter Evnika's video on the web, I received an avalanche of emails: people from all over the world wrote to me.

Many were interested in how I managed to achieve similar results and placed emphasis on Evnika's unusual movements. The Evnik Training Device is the basis of our physical training; that's why we decided to share our invention. We considered the mass production of Evnik sports equipment.

Since the development of sports equipment includes the whole family, we have decided
to call the company Saadvakass Family. Frankly, I wasn't sure I wanted to give the company our surname, worried that in many countries it would sound strange.

But in the end I decided that an unusual name would have a positive effect on the marketing of the product and I was not wrong at all. Today, hundreds of millions of people around the world know our surname by heart.

People love the name of the company, since our family is the engine of the company.

What does your unique methodology consist of? From what age is it used?

The essence of the methodology lies in its influence on the nervous and muscular system, and in the fact that it guarantees fast results. There is no comparison to the exercises performed with Evnik in the rest of the world, allowing them to release potential energy from the body. The sports equipment includes a children's model “Evnik for kids”, for adults “Evnik for Adults”, and two models for athletes “Evnik PRO-1” and “Evnik PRO-2”.

The load created by this tool depends on the athlete's primary effort: the tool makes the muscles work accordingly. Evnik works the muscles at an advanced pace, and it's a matter of minutes before the movement gets faster and more powerful.

With Evnik sports equipment, it only takes three minutes to receive an incredible load on your hands, torso and legs - that's great! A client of ours stated that in completing “The best hook” technique in three minutes, he realized that he had never received such a load in the usual hour and a half of training!

The Evnik model for children's training can be safely used with children from the age of three, and is the first real sports equipment designed especially for them. It is known that children get tired quickly, but thanks to the ability of the tool to quickly bring the muscles to the desired pace, it is possible to obtain excellent results.

Train and raise future champions, invent unparalleled sports equipment: what is the secret of your success?

To tell the truth it's very simple: if you love something, carry on your work with pleasure. I care a lot about my children, I love to train and observe the development of the body, I love to invent, and that's why I don't see anything special in what I do. My only merit, in my opinion, is to be able to combine everything I love, as in a system.

I have made my body my job, distributing core activities among my family members, including my five-year-olds who are included in marketing.

I was able on my own to understand and explain to my children that a person's happiness is like gold hidden in the bowels of the earth: it reaches those who make great efforts and those who have enough enthusiasm to extract such riches.

I can't be totally sure that all of my children will be happy once they leave the family nest, but I do my best to help them in their adult life, while also taking advantage of the skills learned as a parent. I understand that my happiness is closely linked to the happiness of my wife and children.

In fact, I only deal with one thing: taking care of my family, and that includes several aspects.

Do you have family traditions that you follow and pass on to your children as well?

Today our family is growing rapidly, and right now there is only one tradition: work (laughs). But seriously speaking, we are a young family, and at the moment it is difficult to identify our traditions.

It probably takes some time for some habitual actions to become firmly established and become traditions. Anyway, sport is certainly a tradition by now.

I can assure you that artificially introduced traditions do not survive in our family. Everything we do must be accepted by each member: traditions must mutually reinforce each other, in tune with the growth of the family.

How do you spend your holidays? What role do you play here as a father?

We love to spend the holidays with the family. Usually my older daughters, headed by XNUMX-year-old Selyavira, prepare flans, cakes and various delicacies.

I tend to work a lot in my office, located right in the house, and during the holidays it also happens that I have to work.

I am very pleased when my children come into the office with their pastas for me to taste, and then wait for my verdict. Sometimes I have to ingest dishes that are nothing short of inedible brought by my youngest daughters.

The last of these was a salad with carrot strips, raw dough rolled into a circular shape, and carefully cut slices of raw potato… Under the gaze of my little Khatshepsut I ate almost everything!

How do you spend the weekends?

We like to spend weekends outdoors. My eldest son Rush is 15 and has recently started helping me organize weekends and holidays, which makes me really happy.

We like to barbecue at home and cook shashlik. While my son and I run it out in the garden, the girls help my wife with salads and appetizers. We rarely spend weekends with a close family. We usually also invite our friends and we often meet in 16.

What tips and recommendations would you give to those struggling to become super dads?

First of all, don't be afraid. All information is contained in our DNA: love for children and the will to start a happy family will help you find the best solutions to face the growth process.

Second, learn not to listen to anyone, not even experienced youngsters like me. Follow your instinct.

Remember that up to now there are no absolute recipes in the world for the "perfect growth of children": advice will be useless if there is no paternal love at the base.

To earn the love of all your children, you must also fight for the love of your wife: she is the key to success with children.

Obtain the respect and love of your wife: without her you will go nowhere.

In raising your children, you and your wife should learn to repress your flashes of love: the wise man values moderation above all. Excessive demonstrations of love to your children, as well as being too permissive and forgiving, will not bring any benefit to the growth process.

After the birth of the first child, get busy with the second: your attention will be directed to the newborn, which will improve the psychological development of the first child.

You should have an even number of children. I recommend doing at least four: this will, in my opinion, create a healthy environment for the overall development of children.

Above all, you do not see children as a form of entertainment or a toy. Do not make your child hostage to your fantasies by throwing him into the world of lightheartedness. As I see it, childhood is not the time to rest, but to educate.

Remember that children come into the world to be talented creators. Give your future creators all the strength they need so that one day, when they are building a happy life of their own, they can turn around and thank you. Let us thank you for your very interesting questions and for your interest in the creative process of being a father. I tried to be sincere and as honest as possible.

In conclusion, I would like to tell you what I say to my children every time, and I am glad if anyone will benefit from my words:

“Not everyone is capable of bringing benefits to themselves: this is how we men are, weak. The other can benefit himself and his family. The third is so strong that in addition to itself and its family, it is also able to bring benefits to relatives, friends, and the rest of the environment that surrounds it.

However, there are people whose strength is so great, and whose minds are so sharp, that in addition to worrying about their own lives, they will be able to inspire whole nations with their actions without major problems, change the time of history, and influence the foundations and civilization. Who you become is up to you. Strive to be the strongest. It is on how much strength you build up in your mind and body that the future of all humanity will depend on ”.

Now that you know, before any undertaking, always remember this definition of human strength.

Here is the video of the Saadvakass family at work:

Audio Video Rustam Saadvakass | The Russian Boxing Family Tells Itself
add a comment of Rustam Saadvakass | The Russian Boxing Family Tells Itself


Brit Kodesh, A Sacred Covenant: A Conference on Brit Milah

This program was designed with physicians in mind whose practices are primarily in communities underserved by non-physician mohalim.  Hazzan Howard K. Glantz was one of the rare exceptions admitted to and certified by the program due to the quality of his hospital training.

Most of Glantz's classmates who took part in this intensive training at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City, were not as familiar with the Mogen clamp technique.  They had not yet encountered the religious issues and circumstances that are commonly encountered by moyels today. While Hazzan Glantz was able to share his knowledge and expertise with the physicians, they furthered his understanding and ability to recognize the physical conditions (hypospadius, chordee, wandering raphes etc.) that can delay the bris.


Fitness Kickboxing Workout Classes In Germantown, Md

Toe touches- while still lying against your back increase your legs with a 45 degree angle and curl up reaching the hands up so you can the sides or your heels. Moderate your legs to make sure perform not playing golf. The movement should originate from your muscle tissues.

Hall: I read some accounts of the crimes and apprehensions of certain serial killers; transcripts of interviews; along with books by FBI profilers and things like that. I would personally imagine that Dexter himself would’ve familiarized himself therefore many that he wouldn’t make sure to fit such a profile. But ultimately, Located Dexter for you to become singular among serial killers, because within the code that runners come understand about. So ultimately, ended up being flight of the imagination.

Stretching the hips and gluteus Muscle s support minimized back where most discomfort is constructed. Stretching these is essential to maintaining flexibility each morning back. For stretching your hips, stand and place your feet shoulder width apart, have a half take a step back with accurate foot and bend your left knee while shifting weight on the right hip. Repeat on the other side. You need to do stretches for this piriformis muscle that runs through the buttocks and often contributes on the pain. To stretch this Muscle, lie on your back and cross one leg the actual years other and pull your knee towards the chest.

There is not any such issue. If you have a tummy, wearing a plastic outfit around your tummy won’t move your legendary fat into equally wonderful abs a person first exercise. No-one can will do 20,000 crunches a morning ,. The only methods to build and observe your abs are workouts and a careful strategy. Eventually you will get the strongest, most defined abs in the world.

To balance your pH levels, you’ll need to eat more alkali-producing foods. The theory counter-intuitive, Beast AF Reviews but many the foods we consider acidic, like lemons and tomatoes, already have an alkalizing affect on our bodies. Others like grains that are alkali when eaten actually increase acid in any pc.

Remar: Sometimes that’s top stuff. Whether or not it’s something when i [think], “That’s hard. I don’t want to do that,” it’s because it is challenging wedding party it’s potentially very strong. It’s going to force me to opened . unless it’s unethical. If it’s challenging, it’s scary, because I’m basically shy and self-conscious anyway. Those are the challenging type. Those are the ones I truly shy abandoning.

We are in a society of convenience, drive through lanes, escalators and elevators, we can push control button on our computer at the same time things instantly at our fingertips as opposed to walking about the hall to communicate in with someone and such like. Our bodies were meant to move, Beast AF Ingredients loads of us live lives really don’t require us to move much any kind of. If this is you, it’s not up for to make a conscious effort to add movement in your life.


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How much do lineman travel in 2022?

Updated: Jan 27

Do all lineman have to travel?

RV vs Hotel for Lineman?

What is a traveling lineman salary?

Where do I find traveling lineman jobs?

2021 Availability Travel Lineman Jobs

What is per diem for traveling lineman?

Some of the best money for lineman can be made chasing storms and traveling across the country as part of an overhead distribution team. However, being a constantly traveling lineman on the road isn't for everyone.

Do all lineman have to travel?

With a couple exceptions in rural areas, there is a direct relationship between travel requirements and pay. Investor-owned-utilities and local cooperatives know that stationary jobs are sought after. If you do not want to travel you will not make as much money.

Experienced lineman are willing to sacrifice some financial upside in order to sleep in their own bed every night and be around their families consistently. Not every lineman has to travel but it is very common for apprentices to get on a moving crew that can cover multiple states, depending on the employer.

Some lineman jobs are all about travel as there are crews that are spun up for storm season. Many contractors along the southeast and northeast are in high demand during storm seasons. These contractors require quality labor and are willing to pay top dollar for the long hours both on the road as well as restoring power lines after major storms.

Lineman cut trees
Lineman fix powerlines in Omaha Nebraska

RV vs Hotel for Lineman?

Traveling lineman receive per diem to pay for their on the road expenses. Some journeyman prefer to invest in a RV or truck camper for their road lodging rather than spending that money on a hotel.

The decision to purchase a camper or stay in a hotel really depends on your life and living condition preferences. Some lineman with small or young families that are used to living on the road enjoy the experience of finding camp grounds across the country as they are making good money.

Some of the most memorable experience of my career have been traveling across the country in a truck camper, finding random camping spots close to our crews work.

If you are interested in checking out a good truck camper we encourage you to read through the truck campers buyers guide.

What is a traveling lineman salary?

On average, a traveling lineman on the road at least 5 months of the year makes $20k-$25k more than a stationary or low travel lineman in the same state.

LinemanCentral tracks the most update to industry averages by state.

Respondents to a Lineman Central survey in 2021 tracked that traveling journeyman lineman in following states are making between pretty impressive ranges:

Alabama: $83k - $104K

Texas: $81k - $101k

Virginia: $86k - $107k

Where do I find traveling lineman jobs?

Lineman Central is your home for finding the best line work opportunities. If are you interested in getting up to date opportunities with your specific criteria in mind, we encourage you to visit our top journeyman jobs page and sign up for job updates.

Storm chasing work is usually coordinated by crew and so it is important to try and get on these lists early. Good contractors understand the demand during storm season and will be willing to pay high hourly dollar amounts.


What is Scenic Beauty?

In these days of polarization, maybe we can agree on one thing, what is scenic or beautiful. From a grand mountainside to a shimmering lake or from the dark starry skies to a single wildflower bloom–can’t we all agree these are scenic or beautiful views. But what happens when we add humans into the mix? How do we maintain our natural surroundings while choosing and celebrating only the best humans have to offer? How do we judge our impact?

Texas’ own First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson, envisioned our communities as more complex than a garden club project. “Through the word beautification makes the concept sound merely cosmetic, it involves much more: clean water, clean air, clean roadsides, safe waste disposal and preservation of valued old landmarks as well as great parks and wilderness areas. To me…beautification means our total concern for the physical and human quality we pass on to our children and the future.”

We agree with Lady Bird which is why we started the Scenic City Certification Program, to honor and celebrate Texas cities that aren’t in a beauty contest but that are striving to incorporate the highest community standards for physical and human qualities to pass on to generations to come. It’s not necessarily about who they are today (although it may be) but it’s more about who they strive to be someday–sort of scenic city wannabes.

The program is unique because it’s the only one in the country recognizing that a scenic city is not accidental, it is intentional. It provides an objective, points-based review of existing municipal infrastructure ordinances. In fact, each city applicant receives a score sheet evaluation, sort of a scenic report card, that gives them scores or how they’re doing now and how they might improve. Cities that score at the upper level and demonstrate a landscaping/tree planting program, on-premise sign regulations, prohibition of new billboards, and more, may become part of a honored group of certified scenic cities, currently 84 of the approximate 1200 Texas cities. Size doesn’t matter–this list of 84 includes small, medium and large cities that have demonstrated the infrastructure ordinances needed to qualify.

Scenic City Certification Program

Is your city one of the 84? If not, and you think it should be or you’d like to see how your city compares to those 84, then investigate the program, speak to those in charge, and find out how your city might join.

And please tell us how you define or describe a scenic city. You can watch some videos here that give some deeper dives into the focus areas of the program. Take a look around your neighborhood and greater community–what is your city leaving for future generations?

This is the Scenic Texas Logo


For most of life on Earth, oxygen is essential, and sunlight is usually needed to produce that oxygen. But in an exciting twist, researchers have caught a common, ocean-dwelling microbe breaking all the rules.

Scientists have found that a microbe called Nitrosopumilus maritimus and several of its cousins, called ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), are able to survive in dark, oxygen-depleted environments by producing oxygen on their own. They do so using a biological process that hasn't been seen before.

While it's previously been established that these microbes can live in environments where oxygen is scarce, what hasn't been clear is what they get up to there – and how they're staying alive for as long as they do. That was the inspiration behind this new research.

"These guys are really abundant in the oceans, where they play an important role in the nitrogen cycle," says microbiologist Beate Kraft, from the University of Southern Denmark.

"For this they need oxygen, so it has been a long-standing puzzle why they are also very abundant in waters where there is no oxygen. We thought, do they just hang out there with no function? Are they some kind of ghost cells?"

Collect a bucket of seawater out of the ocean, and every fifth cell will be one of these organisms – that's how common they are. Here, the researchers removed the microbes from their natural habitat and transferred them to the lab.

The team wanted to take a closer look at what would happen when all the available oxygen was gone, and there was no sunlight to produce new oxygen. The same scenario happens when N. maritimus moves from oxygen-rich to oxygen-depleted waters.

What they found was something unexpected: the microorganisms produced their own oxygen to create nitrite, with nitrogen gas (dinitrogen) as a by-product.

"We saw how they used up all the oxygen in the water, and then to our surprise, within minutes, oxygen levels started increasing again," says geobiologist Don Canfield, from the University of Southern Denmark. "That was very exciting."

At the moment, the researchers aren't certain how the microbes are pulling off this trick, and the amount of oxygen produced appears to be relatively small (just enough for their own survival) – but it does look to be different to the few oxygen-without-sunlight processes that we already know about.

What the new pathway does show is that the oxygen production from N. maritimus gets linked to its production of gaseous nitrogen. The microbes are somehow converting ammonia (NH3) into nitrite (NO2-) – a process they use to metabolize energy – in an oxygen-depleted environment.

In turn, this requires them to make their own oxygen, which the team detected traces of, along with the byproduct of nitrogen gas (N2).

This process removes bioavailable nitrogen from the environment – and that's a new wrinkle in the nitrogen cycle, which underpins all ecosystems. This finding could have "far-reaching" consequences, and that needs more investigation.

"If this lifestyle is widespread in the oceans, it certainly forces us to rethink our current understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle," says Kraft.

"My next step is to investigate the phenomenon we saw in our lab cultures in oxygen depleted waters in various ocean spots around the world."

The research has been published in Science.


Controlling an airplane’s yaw is essential to stable, predictable flight. In this expert guide, learn about yaw dampers, damping, and how it all works.

If you’re ever in an airplane that has started yawing back and forth, trust me, you’d notice it. Usually when this happens, the problem builds on itself and the plane begins to Dutch Roll, which can be all sorts of uncomfortable. That’s where yaw dampers and damping come into play. But who are they and how do they work?

Yaw dampers are parts of airplanes used to counteract rotation on the vertical yaw axis. For all intents and purposes, rudders are yaw dampers. The yaw damping system works by constantly measuring the plane’s yaw and making minute adjustments to the dampers to prevent Dutch Roll.

In this article, you’ll learn everything you want to know about yaw dampers and the entire yaw damping system. We’ll go over what yaw is in the first place, what yaw dampers are, how they work, and more. You’ll even learn about all the different things that yaw dampers do to make flying a plane simpler and safer for everyone involved.

Our biggest goal here at SkyTough is to provide you with the information you really want to know. So we research and vet everything that we write about before putting any content out there so that you can be confident in what you’re reading. This way, you’ll know exactly what yaw dampers are and how yaw damping works.

Table of contents

What is Yaw in Aviation?

Airplanes have three main axes of rotation while flying — pitch, roll, and yaw.

The pitch axis runs perpendicular to the body of the airplane, similar to its wings and is the axis that the nose of the airplane goes up and down on. The roll axis runs along the plane’s fuselage, directly through its center. When the plane turns and one side of the plane dips lower than the other side, it’s rolling along this axis.

That leaves the yaw axis.

This is the vertical axis that runs up and down through the center of the airplane. When the nose of the airplane goes left or right upon this axis — what’s known as directional rotation — it is yawing in that direction. All three of these rotations need to be monitored, understood, and controlled by the pilot in order to have predictable flight that’s safe for all people on the plane.

While the pilot is always the last line of defense for just about anything that happens in the air, including yawing, they’re not on their own up there. To help prevent an airplane from yawing enough for the pilot to notice in the first place, most planes have yaw damping systems installed.

How is an Airplane's Yaw Controlled?

As the name suggests, yaw damping systems are systems that, well, control the yaw… via damping. By using a series of sensors, indicators, and yaw dampers, this system is able to keep the airplane flying straight-ahead without much input from the pilot, often working in conjunction with the plane’s autopilot system. We’ll dig deeper into this shortly.

If a plane doesn’t have an integrated yaw damping system, then the pilot is solely responsible for controlling the plane’s yaw. This is typically done by manipulating the rudder. For more information on what a plane’s rudder is and how it works, check out our complete guide to rudder systems.

What are Yaw Dampers?

Yaw dampers are basically flaps and/or control surfaces on an airplane that are used to control the rotation of the airplane on the vertical yaw axis. By deflecting the wind hitting the tail of the aircraft, the yaw dampers are able to prevent the plane from yawing much at all. As a damper, they’re designed to lessen the effect of yawing, and if operating correctly, they do a heck of a job!

Are Yaw Dampers and Rudders the Same Thing?

In the general sense of the words, yaw dampers and rudders aren’t necessarily the same thing. By that I mean all devices that could potentially be used for yaw damping aren’t necessarily rudders. But rudders are, in fact, yaw dampers. For most cases and on most airplanes, the rudder and the yaw dampers are the same thing.

How Do Yaw Dampers Work?

I’ll start off by saying that the pilot can control the rudder (think yaw damper) manually by using the rudder control pedals in the cockpit. And sure, that’s one way that the yaw dampers work, via pilot input, but that’s not really what we’re talking about when we think about how the overall yaw damping system works.

The yaw damping system on an airplane is designed to be a standalone system that’s not reliant on anything else. I mentioned above that it often works alongside the autopilot system, and that the pilot can use the rudder to control yaw, but the overarching system is not actually reliant on input from either of these. Instead, the yaw damping system relies only on itself and its own measurement devices, indicators, filters, actuators, and more.

In general, the yaw damping system works by constantly measuring the yaw of the airplane relative to its straight-ahead motion. In other words, it measures how much the plane is twisted on its vertical yaw axis relative to zero degrees. Then, through a series of signals, filters, and mechanical equipment, the yaw dampers are automatically adjusted to counteract this deviation.

As mentioned above, this is done by deflecting the wind using control surfaces (like the rudder) which makes the plane yaw back in the other direction, canceling the motion out entirely. These movements are so small, nobody onboard, not even the pilot will notice anything is happening. Once the pilot’s indicator shows enough yaw that they would be able to notice, the yaw damping system has already made corrections.

What Makes Up the Yaw Damping System?

Now that you have a general idea of how the yaw damping system works, let’s take a look at its major components.

Yaw Rate Gyro

This gyroscope, as the name suggests, detects the angular rate disturbance on the yaw axis. In other words, this device measures how much the plane is yawing relative to the vertical yaw axis. This measurement is transmitted through a system of modulators, demodulators, filters, and more as the system determines the best way to control the yawing motion.

Signals and Filters

The measurement from the yaw rate gyro then goes into what’s known as a phase advance, which compares the yaw rate to the damping motion. This signal then goes through a demodulator before entering the Dutch Roll filter which cancels all the noise and gets the signal down to a useful form that the yaw dampers can understand.

Valves and Actuators

The signals and filters from above are used to engage various solenoids, valves, and actuators as necessary. These devices work in conjunction with one another to go from a signal to physically moving the parts of the system that can counteract the yaw.

As arguably the single most important aspect of the yaw damping system, we have the rudder. When the system is engaged and begins making adjustments to counteract the yaw of the airplane, it automatically adjusts the rudder(s) as described above.

Trim Indicator

In the cockpit, there is an indicator known as a trim indicator. This device shows the real-time position of the yaw dampers relative to their straight-ahead position. In other words, this indicator tells the pilot how far the damper(s) are moving and in what direction.

Switches and Warning Lights

Also in the cockpit at the controls of the pilot you’ll find the yaw damper system’s ON/OFF switch. As you can guess, this simple toggle switch is used to power the system. In most cases, the yaw damping system is turned on before takeoff and shutoff upon landing. In fact, some yaw damping systems will prevent the airplane from even taking off if the system isn’t turned on or has malfunctioned.

Speaking of malfunctioning, there is usually a warning light that will illuminate if something in the yaw damping system has failed. Lastly, there’s a test switch that pilots can engage to test the system’s functionality before takeoff.

What Are Yaw Dampers Used For?

As you can see, the yaw damping system is fairly complex. It’s also vital for safe operation of the airplane, which is why some planes simply won’t fly unless the system is working properly. So let’s take a look at why yaw dampers are used and what they can do for you, as either a pilot or a passenger.

Dutch Roll Prevention

The biggest benefit of having yaw dampers is that they prevent Dutch Roll. We have another article on the site that can teach you everything you want to know about Dutch Roll, so I won’t get into the details here. But basically Dutch Roll is when the plane starts to rotate on both its yaw and roll axes, creating an oscillating, wobbling effect.

This can be an unsettling experience for anyone on the plane, as it will feel like you’re being pushed and pulled in multiple directions. Since the yaw damping system detects small changes in yaw and automatically makes adjustments to counteract it, Dutch Roll almost never occurs in planes with these systems.

Counteracting Engine Failure

While it’s true that an airplane can fly even if one of its engines fails, it’s certainly not ideal. Especially because of the yawing that the airplane will naturally want to do. When an engine fails, that side of the plane will immediately begin to produce more drag and force the plane to yaw in that direction.

The yaw damping system can move the rudder (damper) in the opposite direction and counteract the majority of this yawing. Without the yaw damping system, it would be difficult (though not impossible) for the pilot to manually control the rudder as needed to overcome the increased drag.

Assisting with Coordinated Turns

Lastly, the yaw damping system helps the pilot make coordinated turns, which will feel like nothing is happening to everyone that’s onboard. When an airplane turns, it naturally wants to both roll and yaw, which can be a strange feeling for those not expecting it.

With yaw dampers constantly adjusting for change’s in the plane’s directional rotation, coordinated turns feel almost as if the plane is just flying straight the entire time. The yaw damping system really does do some amazing things!

Joe Haygood

Joe Haygood

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Our Mission, at the request of the Department of the Navy.  The Navy League of the United States established the United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps (USNSCC) in 1962 to "create a favorable image of the Navy on the part of American youth".  The Lone Sailor Division, established in 2018, is a unit of the USNSCC.  This unit was chartered to develop abilities in seamanship and sea going skills, to build and emulate patriotism and courage, establish honor, and demonstrate the commitment to lead by example through public service and high moral standards.  Cadets will also be exposed to a variety of career paths through hands-on training and experiences.  Our priorities to instill the importance of God, Family, School, and Country, will not waiver.  No matter what career path a Cadet may choose, they will be a positive impact to their neighbors and to their country.


Good Question: How many New Yorkers have actually been tested for COVID-19?

ROCHESTER, N.Y. (WHEC) — We received a Good Question with an answer that’s hard to track down.

A viewer sent News10NBC’s Brennan Somers an email saying: Gov. Andrew Cuomo continuously touts the "remarkable" test results for citizens of New York State. In as much as I have family members who are associated with health care, I know they have been tested more than once. Assuming this is done statewide, what is the actual number of individual tests?

The state did hit a milestone this week recording more than 10 million COVID-19 tests to date.

That’s a huge goal. But it doesn’t mean that many people have been tested for the coronavirus in New York.

So what is the real number? Somers asked the New York State Department of Health.

A spokesperson sent this response: “The total persons tested figure represents the number of people tested for COVID-19 in New York State. It is one test per person per day. Therefore, someone can be tested multiple times, but we only count one positive per person (the first positive).”

That’s something we already knew so Somers followed up asking, “to clarify- does DOH have a tally on total individual people tested?"

Could it be 4 million? Maybe 7 million with many people taking multiple tests?

A spokesperson responded again saying the test tally "can include people who were tested more than once" but didn’t elaborate on the true count.

If you have a question you’d like answered, send an email to


1930 Brownlow Medal

The 1930 Brownlow Medal was the seventh year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season.[1] Harry Collier of the Collingwood Football Club, Allan Hopkins of the Footscray Football Club, and Stan Judkins of the Richmond Football Club all won the medal by polling four votes during the 1930 VFL season.[2] It was the first time the medal was won by more than one player in the same season.

1930 Brownlow Medal
WinnersHarry Collier (Collingwood)
Allan Hopkins (Footscray)
Stan Judkins (Richmond)
4 votes

Leading votegetters

=1stHarry Collier (Collingwood)4
Allan Hopkins (Footscray)
Stan Judkins (Richmond)
=4thAlbert Collier (Collingwood)3
Keith Forbes (Essendon)
Charles Chapman (Fitzroy)
George Todd (Geelong)
Jack Sharpley (Hawthorn)
Bob Johnson (Melbourne)
Bert Foster (Richmond)
Peter Reville (South Melbourne)

  2. "1930 Brownlow Medal". Retrieved 21 August 2015.


Ellpetha Tsivicos + Camilo Quiroz-Vázquez

Grantee of Brooklyn Arts Fund

Project Profile: QUINCE

Ellpetha Tsivicos (Director/Co-Creator) and Camilo Quiroz-Vázquez (Writer/Co-Creator) of QUINCE as Selena and Father Joaquin in QUINCE, photo courtesy of Catharine Krebs

Brooklyn Arts Council announced in March 2022 an allocation of over $1.3 million to 238 Brooklyn-based artists and cultural organizations. This year marks the highest number of grantees and awardees as well as the largest amount of funding BAC has ever distributed. Art Spiel in collaboration with Brooklyn Arts Council features some artists who received a Brooklyn Arts Fund, Local Arts Support, and/or Creative Equations Fund grant in 2022.

QUINCE is an immersive quinceañera that follows the story of a young Chicana coming to terms with her queer identity, family and religion on the eve of her 15th birthday. Upon arriving at the venue, audiences were able to buy food from a local Mexican food truck to bring inside and enjoy during the show. The space was set up like a real quinceañera hall, painted pink from floor to ceiling with round banquet hall tables arranged with floral centerpieces and covered in Mexican snacks. The show dove into the complexities of immigrant and first-generation life, highlighted imagery inspired by Chicano culture and the duality of Catholic and Indigenous ancestry present in Mexican-American identity. The show was underscored by a live band that played throughout the show. QUINCE examines our traditions and how we can adapt those traditions to be more inclusive to ensure their survival.

Ellpetha Tsivicos and Camilo Quiroz-Vázquez are multi-disciplinary artists and co-founders of One Whale’s Tale. One Whale’s Tale is a production company that creates, fosters, and generates new independent content with an appreciation for magic and preservation of culture. Their company is committed to cultural representation and fair compensation. Ellpetha and Camilo have sustained a 14-year collaboration which began at NYU’s Tisch School of the Arts. Drawing from their respective cultures Cypriot (Ellpetha) and Mexican (Camilo), the pair use music, myth, and personal family history to create work that highlights the immigrant and first generation experience. Their work has been co-produced with the TEAM, the cell theatre, the Brick, and the Bushwick Starr and developed through residencies at the SHED and BAM. Onewhalestale.com Instagram: @onewhalestale @ellpetha @camiloooo

Tell me about your project and how it fits within your overall practice.

The original workshop of QUINCE was done in August of 2020 and became the first live theatre to happen in New York during the Covid pandemic. A co-production with the TEAM as one of their Petri Projects, this workshop was performed fully masked for a socially distanced audience at the People’s Garden in Bushwick. That performance was a response to the immense need for joy and safe communal activity during an unprecedented time. The audience’s response and excitement for the work inspired us to keep developing the piece which eventually was invited to join the Bushwick Starr’s 2022 season. Through a series of outdoor cultural events, a Dia De los Muertos celebration with the Gowanus Dredgers, the Summer Arts Festival with Oye Group and the Bushwick Starr, and a fall block party celebration with the Bushwick Starr, we continued to explore how the QUINCE characters, music, food and overall aesthetics could exist outside of a traditional theatrical venue. Throughout this time we nurtured relationships with community groups and found ways to collaborate with their members in our projects and events.

QUINCE is more than a play to us, it is a community and an experience. The show is a dialogue and an invitation for artists and audiences who are often excluded or disinterested in the New York theatre scene. Our goal is to make work that is approachable to a variety of audiences. During our show audiences ate, had drinks, danced, talked back at the show (sometimes a little too loud), took pictures and videos, all things that would be shunned at most theatrical performances. We have to remember that so many of the rules we accept for how we interact with our audiences are based in Western European Anglo traditions and can feel alienating to a lot of people. QUINCE concluded with a one day event at Lincoln Center called QUINCE en la Plaza. This event took the elements of QUINCE, the characters, the music, the set pieces and spread them across Hearst Plaza accompanied by four bands and a dance group from unique Latin American traditions. It was very powerful to witness artists and audiences experience their cultural traditions in such a historic venue and has inspired us to continue promoting what we know to be true—that immigrant art is American art.

Sara Gutierrez, Saige Larmer in QUINCE
Sara Gutierrez as Cindy and Saige Larmer as Katie in the final resolution scene of QUINCE,photo courtesy of Maria Baranova

Instagram: @onewhalestale @ellpetha @camiloooo


Netguru is one of the fastest growing digital consultancies in Europe. It offers designs and development services to innovators all around the world, focusing on outstanding user experience. Netguru is a Certified B Corporation®. Karolina Długosz is the sustainability manager at the company. We discussed Netguru’s activity and about why they chose to be a certified B Corporation.

What does Netguru do and how did you become the sustainability manager at the company?

Netguru is a digital consultancy, which offers product design and software development to enterprise and startup innovators. Interestingly, it was Netguru who reached out to me two years ago asking for support in taking the company through the B Corp certification process. At that time, the number of people who knew this particular certification in our market was quite limited. The intention of the company was to take responsibility for its full impact on the world, and to translate sustainability into nearly every aspect of company operations.

That’s how I joined Netguru to lead our sustainability efforts.

What is your personal story? Why did the company ask you to help with this task?

I believe it was my CSR work experience and networking that connected me and Netguru. I started at Danone many years ago, and it was one of the first companies on the Polish market that had a corporate social responsibility (CSR) department. Even though back then CSR was quite a new term, I was still able to learn a lot thanks to how mature the organization was, and how aware they were of their impact. By the way, a total of thirty-nine Danone entities worldwide have now earned a B Corp™ Certification.

Then, I joined Capgemini, and for over eight years my responsibilities were focused around community engagement, diversity and inclusion, and environment – with many projects happening at a global level of the organization. Finally, I used to be an active member of various sustainability-focused associations and networks, which is how our paths with Netguru crossed in 2019.

What sustainability practices did Netguru already have in place when you joined?

Netguru had a well-developed culture back then. Since Netguru’s inception, the organizational culture has been based on such values as respect, inclusion, trust, and transparency. Netguru was one of the first organizations in Poland to publish salary ranges in job ads. We introduced flexible working hours and remote work to facilitate maintaining a balance between the private and professional life. People openly shared their concerns about ethical issues.

Why B Corp and what is a B Corp certification in practical terms?

The reason why Netguru wanted to be a B Corp is because this was one of the very few concepts that proved to make sense. There are a lot of certifications you can get, many of which cover specific areas (like environment or diversity) and Netguru was looking for a broader one.

B Corp goes across all areas of impact. The B Impact Assessment (BIA) is a free, confidential platform designed to help measure and manage your company’s positive impact on your workers, community, customers and environment. The BIA assesses the impact of your company’s day-to-day operations and your business model—both what you do and how you do it. Your responses to the B Impact Assessment determine your total numeric score. B Corp Certification requires a minimum verified total score of 80 across all impact areas. The five areas are as follows:

  • Governance – it is about what a company can do to enhance policies and practices pertaining to its mission, ethics, accountability, and transparency
  • Workers –  it is about what a company can do to contribute to its employees’ financial, physical, professional, and social well-being.
  • Community – It is about what a company can do to contribute to the economic and social well-being of the communities in which it operates (e.g. supply chain, diversity and inclusion, local ownership).
  • Environment –  it is about what a company can do to improve its overall environmental stewardship. This is a topic that seemed to be easy for us being an IT company at first (not producing or exploiting earth resources) but we quickly realized how cloud computing produces a significant amount of CO2 emissions and we are responsible for this emissions. So now we work with Climate Leadership to reduce our impact
  • Consumers – it is about what a company can do to improve the value that it creates for direct customers/clients through products or services.

How did you complete the questionnaire?

First, I approached the relevant teams such as the management board, operations, payroll, HR and asked all those questions. I checked if we met the requirements and if we could support our compliance with enough evidence. During that time, I must have been the most annoying person in the company. Luckily, thanks to our culture we were ready for such an assessment.

The questionnaire also tells you how many points you can earn with a given answer, typically a fraction of one point. Of course, there are some key questions that bring more than that.

To get the certificate, you need 80 points. And this is where B Corp guides you in practice. Because when you do the first draft based on your current performance you might end up having 60-70 points. So you will need to improve. For example, you might realize that you don’t have certain policies in place. Then you will need to take action to have these fixed, and you will need to implement those actions.

Only after you complete them, will you be able to finalize the BIA and send it for review.

What is the role of this review?

After completing the B Impact Assessment, companies undergo a multi-step verification process to determine if they go above the 80-point bar for Certification. Companies must also meet certain transparency requirements to become Certified B Corps – as stated in the B Corp Agreement. A B Lab Standards Analyst will reach out to confirm your submission and some details about your business (in our case, it also meant sharing more of our local social context in this part of the world, e.g. different healthcare regulations). The process is very well described in Certification Requirements. Companies provide information and/or documentation to typically six to fifteen selected questions related to company operations to support verification.

All Certified B Corps share their B Impact Report publicly on their B Impact Reports – ours can be found here: Currently there are over 4000 B Corp certified companies in the world with around 700 in Europe.

Does this certification expire and are there different levels?

Yes, you need to renew the certification every three years. The B Impact Assessment is updated every three years; re-certification gives companies the opportunity to set improvement goals against the most-up-to-date standards and benchmark their performance over time.

Each time you need to achieve at least 80 out of 200 available points.

What do you see as the benefit of B Corp?

It helps us run a profitable business and put sustainability at the center of our strategy. We want to build an inclusive workplace, and our vision is a sustainable digital world where everyone can realize their full potential. The universality of this particular certification helps us to navigate towards that vision.

It also becomes an important factor for our clients. At Netguru, we’ve already had some cases when clients came to us with different sustainability requests, asking, for example, what our impact on the environment or diversity was. And in such cases, we can show both our B Corp certification and our approach towards certain sustainability issues as well.

Basically, becoming a B Corp means raising the bar for yourself but also for the whole industry.

Does B Lab help you with these actions and strategies?

In my opinion, apart from the BIA itself – which is a super helpful tool, the most important help that B Lab gives is through their training and events where you can exchange information and share good practices. Moreover I find their engagement in consulting EU regulatory framework on company law and corporate governance crucial for long-term change.

Do you have a sustainability strategy already?

We do have a sustainability strategy, and we are currently working on delivering particular elements of it. One of them is to have better diversity and inclusion indicators, another is our upgraded Code of Ethics. We are also working on a clearer understanding of our carbon footprint and a plan to decrease and/or offset it. We work on all these aspects with external partners including academia and NGOs. We’re also a member and a funding partner of an exceptional partnership called Tech To The Rescue. This is a voluntary movement of tech companies to help non-governmental organizations around the world implement digital solutions to scale up their activities.

Would you recommend becoming a B Corp to other companies?

If you are an international organization that takes sustainability seriously or has international workers, clients or relations then this is recognizable, and it will help you in taking sustainability to a next level.


Strange times

Looks like we are just going to have to continue online for a while until our meetings at branch and regional level can be resumed, so here is hoping that the pubs and clubs hosting our meetings are still in existence.

There is definitely a need for safeguarding our elderly and susceptible but the one size fits all approach from our government is exposing our institutions to a lot of strain.

The police are having a field day - They think they have a holiday from fighting crime so that they can concentrate on easy targets and are doing ridiculous things like randomly stopping motorists (always the easiest of targets) and stopping people from escaping city centres and exercising miles from anyone in the country. There is one thing for sure it has proved that we definitely do not have a shortage of police.

We should concentrate our efforts on safeguarding the vulnerable groups but as far as possible allow the UK economy to function or the cost to us all at the end of the day in lives and welfare will be much worse than the effects of the virus.


What are the sources of the medieval period? Explain each of them in a proper & clear way plzzz......!!!!

Different provinces were ruled by different monarchs in Medieval India (8th to 18th centuries). India attracted many foreign invaders due to its wealth and resources. Our land’s location made it difficult for traders and invaders to get in.
Historians can trace history using archaeological and literary sources of information. Monuments, temples, inscriptions, coins, and weaponry are examples of archaeological sources.
Manuscripts, folk stories, poems, and biographies of various emperors are among the literary sources.
Any handwritten document is referred to as a manuscript.
Manuscripts were gathered by rich people, monasteries, rulers, and temples. Historians can find detailed information in the manuscripts, but they are hard to use.
Historians have difficulty obtaining information from a variety of textual sources since a copy of a manuscript is never identical to the original.

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Population of Carouge

In 2021 2022, the population of the city of Carouge, Switzerland is - 20 630 people. All-populations.com used data from the number of the population from official sources. Find out what statistics the population of the country, city, district on All-populations.com.

Carouge - Population

20 630 people Flag of Switzerland Flag of Switzerland In October 2021 2022


5 Leadership Practices That Will Instantly Innovate Your Business

5 Leadership Practices That Will Instantly Innovate Your Business

Leadership is a verb—a continual process. The act of leadership is a skill that can be developed.

Leaders encourage everyone on their team to exercise their own voice and ideas, regardless of authority, title, or position. If you look at the best teams across industries, they share a common attribute— the best teams are teams of leaders

At Mogul, we believe that leadership is a commitment. The best leaders understand that how we want to lead may not always work for everyone, so nuance and adaptability are key.

There are many components of leadership as a verb. Our network of leaders knows this well. But these six strategies are universal—regardless of industry or team size.

1. Lead yourself first

The first step to leadership is first to understand how you naturally lead. Are you an upbeat, outgoing leader who enjoys giving praise to keep morale high? Or are you a stoic leader who commands quality and believes praise is to be earned?

When consciously developing your leadership style, the goal should be to understand who you are and what makes you thrive. Once you understand your leadership preferences, you can correct the course when speaking with individuals on your team and help your business thrive.

2. Be curious about your team

The best leaders share a common characteristic—the insatiable curiosity for the people that help grow their business.

Taking a genuine interest in their staff allows them to understand what makes them tick. What do they enjoy doing while not on the clock? What are some of their personal goals outside of your organization?

Try to get to know your teammates as much as they are open to sharing. Understanding your team's motivations allows you to adapt and flex your approach toward those motivations to show inclusive leadership and give your teammates work to help them shine.

3. Maximize feedback to get the best results

If the goal of leadership is to improve situations and people, the tool you need is not a criticism but constructive feedback. Feedback is a critical function for motivating your team and improving their results.

Feedback should be given through the framework of enhancing or changing behavior. If a sales team member soared past quarterly goals, don't just proclaim a job well done - highlight exactly what and how they did well.

Provide feedback highlighting their craft's tact and expertise so they feel empowered to continue the quality output.

If the team isn’t hitting the mark, provide direct and tangible examples of what they need to work on and what you're looking for—that way, there's no discrepancy in your messaging.

4. Address dysfunction head-on

Transparency is key. Every relationship thrives with transparency, so leave nothing unspoken.

Addressing workplace problems immediately and directly will show that you are committed to fostering a unified team.

Remember, your approach should be tailored to each individual. There's a fine line between direct and upfront, and rude. It's important not to make team members feel like they have to defend themselves. State the facts objectively and work together to resolve the issue.

Unresolved issues have long-term business consequences. So when an internal issue inevitably arises, address it and move on.

5. Communicate the why

Every business has an infinite number of things to do. It’s up to you to help your team prioritize.

You should be continually recalibrating your priorities and checking in on your team's focus. What are they spending their time on, and what are the most important tasks today, this week, and this quarter?

If a team member doesn't have their priority right, that’s on us. It's our job as leaders to explain the project thoroughly and receive proper confirmation that they understand the deliverables.

When reviewing priorities, start by explaining the long-term goals, so they can connect the dots as to why they're doing what they're doing. As the team moves forward, constantly calibrate and recalibrate to ensure everyone's on the same page.

Practice makes perfect

Being the best leader for your team takes conscious intention and habitual practice.

As much as we are still responsible for business results, we are now more than ever responsible for the mental and physical well-being of the people we employ - and rightfully so.

Have thoughts on what makes a great leader? Share your leadership best practices with the Mogul community to continue the conversation.


BREAK EVEN SALES: Formula & How to Calculate It

Break even sales

The sales value at which a company earns no profit or loss is referred to as “break-even sales.” In other words, break-even sales are the dollars of revenue that precisely cover a company’s fixed and variable expenses. We’d go over how to use the formula to calculate break-even sales dollars units.

Break-Even Sales

Break-even sales cover the point at which a company’s variable and fixed costs, such as rent, administrative salaries, and advertising. Regardless of sales volume, businesses incur some level of fixed costs. The ratio of fixed costs to contribution margin equals the break-even sales value, while the ratio of fixed costs to contribution margin equals the break-even volume.

Profit targets can be incorporated into the break-even calculation. Profit-adjusted break-even sales are calculated by dividing the sum of fixed costs plus minimum profits by the contribution margin ratio, whereas profit-adjusted break-even volume is calculated by dividing the sum of fixed costs plus minimum profits by the contribution margin.

Companies can use break-even figures to determine how sensitive profits are to changes in costs and volumes. If variable costs rise, a company may be forced to raise prices, cut fixed costs, or do both to avoid losses. Companies can also use cost-volume-profit relationships to determine the best product mix for their products.

Break-Even Sales Formula

This break-even sales formula can help you decide whether to pursue a business idea or optimize your current operations. You can use them to test pricing strategies and identify opportunities to increase revenue and reduce costs.

Break-even sales in units = Fixed costs ÷ Contribution margin per unit

Break-even sales in units formula

Your break-even sales in units will tell you how many units you need to sell to make a profit. If you can sell more units after this point, you’ll be profitable. If you are unable to sell enough products or services to meet this goal, your business will lose money.

To calculate break-even sales, multiply your fixed costs by your contribution margin per unit. As a result, you can break this formula even further and write it as follows:

Break-even sales in units = Fixed costs ÷ (Sales price per unit – Variable cost per unit)

Once you’ve determined your break-even point in units, you’ll profit on every product sold after that point. Once you’ve passed the break-even point, your contribution margin will tell you how much profit you’ll make on each unit.

But what if you want to know your break-even sales in dollars using the formula?

Break-even sales in dollars = Sales price per unit * Break-even sales in units

Break even sales in units in dollar formula

Once you’ve determined your break-even point, you can begin experimenting with other formulas. This break-even sales formula, in particular, will allow you to test different unit selling prices.

You can multiply your break-even sales in units by the sales price per unit. This provides you with the monetary value of your break-even sales.

You can then play around with different figures for your sales price or unit sales volume. You can quickly enter metrics into the break-even analysis calculator to see where you net out.

For example, you could raise your selling price, requiring you to sell fewer units to break even. You could also lower your price, raising your unit break-even point even further.

Break-Even Sales Formula Examples

Consider a company that is in the business of lathering shoes. According to the cost accountant, the total variable costs incurred last year were $1,300,000 on a $2,000,000 sales revenue. Calculate the company’s break-even sales if its fixed costs for the year totaled $500,000.

The formula for calculating break-even sales units is as follows:

Break-Even Sales = Fixed Costs * Sales / (Sales – Variable Costs)

Break-Even Sales = $500,000 * $2,000,000 / ($2,000,000 – $1,300,000) = $1,428,571

As a result, to break even with the current mix of fixed and variable costs, the company must achieve a minimum sale of $1.43 million.

How to Calculate Break-Even Sales

To calculate your break-even sales, you must first understand several other business metrics and how they apply to your organization. You’ll need to know how to calculate the sales price per unit, fixed costs, variable costs, revenue, and contribution margin.

#1. Unit sales price

This is the price you intend to charge customers. It’s in your best interest to set a price with large enough margins to quickly break even. However, you don’t want to scare customers away by charging too much. A reasonable selling price is found near the intersection of supply and demand.

#2. Fixed expenses

Fixed costs are expenses that must be paid regardless of production volume or service output. Even if you sell no products, you will be responsible for covering these costs every month.

#3. Variable unit costs

Your variable costs per unit are the other component of your total costs. This metric calculates the cost of producing each unit or service. The more units or services you sell, the more money you must pay.

#4. Revenue

Before deducting total costs, revenue is the amount of money you make from selling your products or services. Consider it the money that is coming in the door. You can use the following simple revenue calculation.

Revenue = Number of units sold * Sales price per unit

Your revenue is also used to calculate the profit of your company. Profit is simply the difference between total revenues and total costs.

#5. Contribution margin

The contribution margin of a product indicates how much each sold unit contributes to overall revenue. Products with a high contribution margin contribute to your company’s growth. The following formula can be used to calculate the contribution margin per unit.

Contribution margin per unit = Sales price per unit – Variable cost per unit

A high contribution margin per unit should be your goal. If a unit has a high positive contribution margin, it means it contributes significantly to your profit margin.

#6. Contribution margin ratio

The contribution margin ratio and the contribution margin are similar. The contribution margin ratio differs in that it is expressed as a percentage of the sales price per unit rather than as a dollar amount. Furthermore, the contribution margin ratio can be calculated using the formula below.

Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin per unit ÷ Sales price per unit

Knowing this ratio enables you to answer questions like, “What percentage of this unit’s sales price directly contributes to my revenue?”

How to calculate Break-Even Sales

Break-even sales are the dollars of revenue at which a company earns no profit. This sales amount covers a company’s underlying fixed expenses as well as all variable expenses associated with sales. Knowing the break-even sales level is useful because it provides management with a baseline for the minimum amount of sales that must be generated in each reporting period to avoid losses.

If a business downturn is expected, for example, the break-even level can be used to reduce fixed expenses to match the expected future sales level.

Divide all fixed expenses by the average contribution margin percentage to calculate break-even sales. Sales minus all variable expenses, expressed as a percentage, is the contribution margin. The break-even sales in dollars formula are as follows:

Fixed expenses ÷ Contribution margin percentage = Break-even sales

Break even sales formula in dollars

Examples of Break-Even Points

Let’s calculate some examples of how to figure out the break-even point.

Sam’s Sodas is a Seattle-based soft drink manufacturer. He’s thinking about launching a new soft drink called Sam’s Silly Soda. He wants to know how this new drink will affect the company’s finances. So he decides to calculate the break-even point so that he and his management team can determine whether the investment in this new product is worthwhile.

His accounting costs for the first month of product production are as follows:

  • Fixed Costs = $2,000 (total, for the month)
  • Variable Costs = .40 (per can produce)
  • Sales Price = $1.50 (a can)

Calculating the Break-Even Point in Units using Formula

  • $2000/($1.50 – $.40)
  • Or $2000/1.10 = 1818 units

To reach the break-even point, Sam must sell just over 1800 cans of the new soda in a month.

Calculating the Break-Even Point in Sales Dollars using Formula

Fixed Costs ÷ Contribution Margin

A contribution margin is a difference between a product’s price and its manufacturing costs. The break-even sales dollars formula is as follows:

(Sale price per unit – Variable costs per unit)/Sale price per unit

Break-Even Sales Problems

Before relying on the break-even sales concept, there are a few things to consider. They’re listed below.

#1. Variable contribution margin

The contribution margin may not be consistent from month to month. If a company sells a different mix of products each month, each with a different margin, the resulting blended margin for the entire business will most likely change. As a result, the break-even sales level will change.

#2. Historical basis

The fixed expense figure in the formula’s numerator is based on historical fixed expenses. Use an estimate of what fixed expenses are expected to be during the planning period for planning purposes, as these expenses may differ from the historical figure.

Now that you’ve completed a break-even sales analysis, it’s time to start plugging in metrics to put your current business or startup idea to the test.

Make some quick projections and plug them into the break-even formula if you’re thinking about starting a new business. The Small Business Administration has a great tool for calculating startup costs that you can use to back up your projections and calculate whether your idea is worth pursuing.

Furthermore, if you already own a business, you can always improve your pricing strategies or look for ways to increase your profit margins. A break-even analysis is a great way to ensure profitability and never leave money on the table.

Break Even Sales FAQs

How do you break-even in sales?

To calculate the break-even point based on units: Subtract the variable cost per unit from the revenue per unit. Fixed costs are those that remain constant regardless of how many units are sold. The revenue is the price at which you sell the product less variable costs such as labor and materials.

What does break-even sales show?

The break-even price is the amount of money required to sell an asset to cover the cost of acquiring and owning it. CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) Analysis The cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis examines how different levels of sales and product costs affect operating profit.

What level of sales is necessary to break-even?

It is the amount of money that each unit’s sale will contribute toward covering total fixed costs. The breakeven level is the number of units that must be produced and sold in order to generate a sufficient contribution margin to cover fixed costs.

Why is break-even point important?

The higher the business’s fixed costs, the higher the breakeven point, and thus the more offerings it must sell. Businesses should evaluate their true cost of doing business and their prices while determining the breakeven point.

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Parkinson’s Disease Case Study
Prior to beginning this assignment, read Chapter 9 from the course textbook, The Stigma of Parkinson’s Disease (Links to an external site.) blog post, Neurodegenerative Diseases (Links to an external site.) web page, and the Instructor Guidance.
As the average life span increases, the likelihood of developing a chronic disease increases as well. This assignment focuses on Parkinson’s Disease (PD), which is a neurodegenerative disease. Neurodegenerative disease causes dysfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain and can affect motor, cognitive, and behavioral or psychological functioning. Usually, such disease has a profound impact on the family, as well as the affected individual. The case study below gives you the opportunity to learn more about issues faced by people who have PD as well as exploring the impact of PD on the micro-, meso-, and macro-level systems and the reverse – the micro-, meso-, and macro-level effects on the individual.
Parkinson’s Disease Case Study Details:
Doug and his wife Maria have three adult children, all of whom are married with young children of their own. Doug works as a regional sales representative for a chemical company that produces plastics, chemicals, and agricultural products. He has been in the position for 15 years, having moved into this job after leaving a different company doing similar work. The job requires him to travel to give demonstrations of the products across a six-state region. This requires him to fly and drive in unfamiliar areas. Maria works as a junior high school principal. Doug and Maria are financially set for retirement at age 65. Overall, they are in good health. At the age of 60, Doug received a diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease (PD).
Early phase
In the year before his diagnosis, Doug had three minor car accidents while he was traveling in unfamiliar territory. Maria was suspicious that the accidents were related to his PD and, after consulting with the neurologist and Doug, they decided he should no longer travel alone out of his immediate area. After a few months of traveling with a colleague, he reluctantly stepped down to a district sales representative position to stay closer to home. Within the next year, Doug started experiencing exacerbated (worsened) symptoms related to fine motor coordination, changes in speech, as well as anger, anxiety, and depression. The neurologist placed Doug on short-term disability at the age of 61. After six months on short-term disability, the law mandates that the individual must apply for Social Security Disability. Therefore, due to Doug’s health continuing to decline and his inability to return to work, Maria had to file for long-term disability for Doug. At first, Maria attempted to work with Doug to complete the disability paperwork. Doug was easily frustrated with formulating the responses to the questions on the forms; he did not know how to answer the questions nor where to find the information within their household records, so Maria hired a lawyer to complete the paperwork.
Three months after submitting the application, Doug was approved for Social Security Disability Income (SSDI). This was a significant drop in income. Doug’s employment income was twice that of Maria’s; he was bringing home $7500 per month. His SSDI income is $2788 per month. Since Doug left his full-time job, he was no longer eligible for health benefits from his employer. He is not eligible for Medicare under the disability guidelines until two years after payments begin. Maria completed the paperwork to add him to the health insurance through her job, which doubled her monthly contribution to health insurance. The decrease in household income required them to utilize their retirement funds earlier than planned. In addition, Maria knows, as the disease progresses, she may have to make decisions about her own full-time work as a principal, which will further strain their financial situation.
Middle phase
Doug and Maria enjoyed playing Scrabble with their friends Susan and Bob, who lived nearby. The two couples would get together every Saturday for some friendly competition along with dessert and lively discussion. A year after his diagnosis, Doug was exhibiting stooped posture and changes in his speech, which made it difficult to understand what he said. These were clear signs the disease was progressing. In some aspects of his life, he appeared to function well enough, such as easily performing most activities of daily living, but it became clear he struggled with activities in the game of Scrabble. For example, he was having a difficult time creating words from the tiles he chose, where to place them on the board, and he could no longer add up his points correctly. In addition, Doug was embarrassed because he continually knocked tiles out of place on the board, struggled to communicate clearly and interact with friends in a social situation. Doug felt a great deal of shame due to the changes and told Maria that he no longer wanted to participate in the weekly game night. This meant that Doug and Maria had less interaction in their own community and became more socially isolated, which is not uncommon for families with a chronically ill member.
Late phase
Doug was in charge of managing his own medications, which he needs four times a day. One day, about four years after his diagnosis, Maria was away from home at noon when Doug called her to ask what he was supposed to do with the noon pills. “I’m supposed to throw them out, right?” That was an early sign of dementia. It was a signal for Maria that Doug could no longer control his own medications and that he probably shouldn’t be left alone for very long. The incident marked the start of a steep decline in Doug’s cognitive and emotional abilities, and the couple’s relationship changed from one of partners to one of patient and caregiver. Maria relied on their children and other family members to help with Doug’s care, and she began looking for support groups to help her figure out how to handle the deteriorating situation. Even though she had a rotation of helpers, most of the work of Doug’s care was Maria’s responsibility.
Doug’s condition progressed to the point of needing full-time care in a skilled nursing facility a little more than a year later, after he lost the ability to stand up, even with help. He always needed two people to help him, and that just wasn’t possible at home. In addition to the tremendous emotional stress on the family, moving Doug to a skilled nursing facility further increased the financial burden. Maria made the decision to sell the house and move to a small apartment by herself. She had to spend the proceeds from their home to pay for Doug’s nursing home care before Medicaid would help pay for his care, due to the Medicaid eligibility spend-down requirements. Doug passed away five months after moving to the skilled nursing facility. Maria was still paying for his care out of the proceeds from the sale of their home, so she never received Medicaid assistance for Doug’s care.
Address the following within the required Parkinson’s Disease Case Study template Download Parkinson’s Disease Case Study template:
Briefly define Parkinson’s Disease.

What physical changes occur related to the onset of the disease?
What are the possible psychological changes with PD?
What system(s) are affected?
What are the treatments and therapies?

The case study shared details that indicate Doug is no longer able to identify and resolve problems.

Identify two examples in the study that indicate Doug is losing this ability.
Provide two other examples that may arise as the disease progresses that are related to identifying and resolving problems.

Discuss possible feelings and stressors Doug may be experiencing as the disease progresses and he must rely on caregivers more.

Discuss the effects of the diagnosis of PD and its progression can have on a spouse and family (micro-level).

Refer to the chapter and required readings regarding caregiving and caregiver burden (e.g., employment, psychological effects, financial stressors, role in the marriage, etc.).

Locate two services in your own community that offer assistance to people with PD and their caregivers (meso-level).

Describe the services available, cost, and eligibility requirements.
In your opinion, are Doug and Maria eligible for the services? Explain your answer based on your findings and the knowledge of Doug and Maria.

At the macro-level, research the state and federal programs, legislation and initiatives that affect chronic illnesses. Discuss the pros and cons of two of the following items as they affect patients and caregivers.

Legislation and lobbying efforts (e.g., changes to the Affordable Care Act [ACA], stem-cell research, etc.)
Requirements to qualify for Social Security Disability Income (SSDI)
Requirements to take advantage of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Requirements to qualify for Medicaid/Medicare.

What are the requirements of these programs in terms of paying for skilled nursing for Doug? Do Doug and Maria qualify for assistance through these programs? Why or why not?

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
A program, legislation, or initiative of your finding.

Use a minimum of three scholarly sources. List references in APA format within the response box on the template.
The Parkinson’s Disease Case Study assignment
Must be completed within the Parkinson’s Disease Case Study template Download Parkinson’s Disease Case Study template.
Must be at least five double-spaced pages in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing Center (Links to an external site.)’s APA Style (Links to an external site.) resource.
Must use at least three scholarly sources in addition to the course textbook.

Must document any information used from sources in APA style as outlined in the Writing Center’s Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) guide. See the Formatting Your References List (Links to an external site.) resource in the Writing Center for specifications.

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Mono-ha (School of Things) was a pioneering art movement that emerged in Tokyo in the mid-1960s whose artists, instead of making traditional representational artworks, explored materials and their properties in reaction to what they saw as ruthless development and industrialisation in Japan.

The movement, led by the artists Lee Ufan and Nobuo Sekine, was one of a number of groups engaged in ‘not making’. Founding member Lee observed that an artist’s ability to make things had been nullified by technology. As a result he rejected traditional ideas of representation in favour of revealing the world as it is by engaging with materials and exploring their properties. In 1968 Sekine displayed a 2.7 metre-high tower of dirt next to an identically shaped hole in the ground as an illustration of this concept.

Other artists related to the mono-ha movement include Susumu Koshimizu, Kishio Suga and Haraguchi Noriyuki.

The name mono-ha was coined slightly derogatorily by a journalist in response to the lack of polish and perceived lack of skill displayed in the making of the work. As the movement gained international recognition, and through its association with arte povera, mono-ha came to be widely respected as a movement that was critically engaged.

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