Arrowhead Historical Balance Sheet

USD 31.54  2.39  7.04%

Trend analysis of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals balance sheet accounts such as Accounts Payable of 9.2 M, Total Assets of 689.6 M or Current Assets of 373.5 M provides information on Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' total assets, liabilities, and equity, which is the actual value of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals to its prevalent stockholders. By breaking down trends over time using Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals balance sheet statements, investors will see what precisely the company owns and what it owes to creditors or other parties at the end of each accounting year. Financial Statement Analysis is much more than just reviewing and breaking down Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals prevalent accounting reports to predict its past. Macroaxis encourages investors to analyze financial statements over time for various trends across multiple indicators and accounts to determine whether Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals is a good buy for the upcoming year.
Please continue to Trending Equities.

About Arrowhead Balance Sheet Analysis

Balance Sheet is a snapshot of the financial position of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals at a specified time, usually calculated after every quarter, six months, or one year. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Balance Sheet has two main parts: assets and liabilities. Liabilities are the debts or obligations of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals and are divided into current liabilities and long term liabilities. An asset, on the other hand, is anything of value that can be converted into cash and which Arrowhead currently owns. An asset can also be divided into two categories, current and non-current.

Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Balance Sheet Chart

Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Balance Sheet is one of the main financial statements that report all assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity for the current year. It provides a basis for different types of computing rates of return, such as return on equity (ROE) or return on asset (ROA), as well as shows how Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals uses and utilizes its capital. It also shows what exactly a company owns and owes.
Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Debt Current is relatively stable at the moment as compared to the past year. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals reported last year Debt Current of 2.59 Million. As of 12/05/2022, Debt Non Current is likely to grow to about 28.9 M, while Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income is likely to drop (67 K).

Total Assets

Total assets refers to the total amount of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals assets owned. Assets are items that have some economic value and are expended over time to create a benefit for the owner. These assets are usually recorded in Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals books under different categories such as cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable,prepaid expenses, inventory, fixed assets, intangible assets, other assets, marketable securities, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and others. Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are recognized. Major components are Cash and Equivalents; Investments; Goodwill and Intangible Assets; Property Plant and Equipment Net; [TaxAssets] and Trade and Non Trade Receivables.

Current Assets

Shareholders Equity

Total Liabilities

Deferred Income Tax is recorded on Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals balance sheet and a result of income already earned and recognized for accounting, but not tax, purposes. Also, differences between tax laws and accounting methods can result in a temporary difference in the amount of income tax payable by a company. This difference is recorded on Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals books as deferred income tax. Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all liabilities that are recognized. Principal components are Total Debt; Deferred Revenue; Trade and Non Trade Payables; Deposit Liabilities; and Tax Liabilities.
Most accounts from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals balance sheet are interrelated and interconnected. However, analyzing balance sheet accounts one by one will only give a small insight into Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals current financial condition. On the other hand, looking into the entire matrix of balance sheet accounts, and analyzing their relationships over time can provide a more complete picture of the company financial strength now and in the future. Please continue to Trending Equities.Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Debt Current is relatively stable at the moment as compared to the past year. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals reported last year Debt Current of 2.59 Million. As of 12/05/2022, Debt Non Current is likely to grow to about 28.9 M, while Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income is likely to drop (67 K).
 2019 2020 2021 2022 (projected)
Accounts Payable6.83 M9.46 M8.51 M9.18 M
Receivables845.67 K10.26 M9.23 M9.96 M

Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals balance sheet Correlations

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Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Account Relationship Matchups

Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals balance sheet Accounts

201720182019202020212022 (projected)
Receivables327.38 K661.36 K845.67 K10.26 M9.23 M9.96 M
Accounts Payable2.81 M7.65 M6.83 M9.46 M8.51 M9.18 M
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income(21.56 K)(391.62 K)18 K(69 K)(62.1 K)(67 K)
Total Assets111.61 M349.85 M522.5 M710.15 M639.13 M689.59 M
Current Assets78.77 M265.25 M322.37 M384.6 M346.14 M373.46 M
Assets Non Current32.84 M84.6 M200.13 M325.55 M374.38 M403.94 M
Cash and Equivalents30.13 M221.8 M228.6 M311.16 M280.05 M302.15 M
Cash and Equivalents USD30.13 M221.8 M143.58 M184.43 M212.1 M228.84 M
Total Debt2.53 M2.33 M21.14 M25.55 M29.38 M31.7 M
Debt Current208.51 K223.82 K1.09 M2.25 M2.59 M2.79 M
Debt Non Current2.33 M2.1 M20.04 M23.3 M26.79 M28.9 M
Total Debt USD2.53 M2.33 M21.14 M25.55 M29.38 M31.7 M
Deferred Revenue60082.8 M19.29 M242.55 M278.93 M300.95 M
Shareholders Equity95.8 M244.59 M461.78 M408.82 M367.94 M396.99 M
Shareholders Equity USD95.8 M244.59 M461.78 M408.82 M470.15 M507.26 M
Goodwill and Intangible Assets18.76 M17.06 M15.36 M13.66 M15.71 M15.8 M
Investments46.4 M81.08 M309.4 M428.95 M493.29 M532.24 M
Investments Current46.4 M36.9 M171.91 M183.35 M210.86 M227.5 M
Total Liabilities15.81 M105.25 M60.72 M301.33 M271.19 M292.6 M
Current Liabilities12.36 M97.07 M40.68 M146.54 M131.88 M142.29 M
Liabilities Non Current4 M8.74 M20.04 M154.79 M178.01 M192.06 M
Trade and Non Trade Payables2.81 M7.65 M6.83 M9.46 M10.88 M11.73 M
Property Plant and Equipment Net13.94 M23.21 M47.02 M66.02 M75.92 M81.92 M
Trade and Non Trade Receivables327.38 K661.36 K846 K10.26 M11.79 M12.72 M
Accumulated Retained Earnings Deficit(487.27 M)(419.29 M)(503.84 M)(644.69 M)(580.22 M)(595.49 M)

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Pair Trading with Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals

One of the main advantages of trading using pair correlations is that every trade hedges away some risk. Because there are two separate transactions required, even if Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals position performs unexpectedly, the other equity can make up some of the losses. Pair trading also minimizes risk from directional movements in the market. For example, if an entire industry or sector drops because of unexpected headlines, the short position in Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals will appreciate offsetting losses from the drop in the long position's value.

Moving together with Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals

+0.63BEAMBeam TherapeuticsInc Normal TradingPairCorr
+0.76CPHIChina Pharma Holdings TrendingPairCorr
The ability to find closely correlated positions to Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals could be a great tool in your tax-loss harvesting strategies, allowing investors a quick way to find a similar-enough asset to replace Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals when you sell it. If you don't do this, your portfolio allocation will be skewed against your target asset allocation. So, investors can't just sell and buy back Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals - that would be a violation of the tax code under the "wash sale" rule, and this is why you need to find a similar enough asset and use the proceeds from selling Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals to buy it.
The correlation of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals is a statistical measure of how it moves in relation to other equities. This measure is expressed in what is known as the correlation coefficient, which ranges between -1 and +1. A perfect positive correlation (i.e., a correlation coefficient of +1) implies that as Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals moves, either up or down, the other security will move in the same direction. Alternatively, perfect negative correlation means that if Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals moves in either direction, the perfectly negatively correlated security will move in the opposite direction. If the correlation is 0, the equities are not correlated; they are entirely random. A correlation greater than 0.8 is generally described as strong, whereas a correlation less than 0.5 is generally considered weak.
Correlation analysis and pair trading evaluation for Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals can also be used as hedging techniques within a particular sector or industry or even over random equities to generate a better risk-adjusted return on your portfolios.
Pair CorrelationCorrelation Matching
Please continue to Trending Equities. You can also try Commodity Channel Index module to use Commodity Channel Index to analyze current equity momentum.

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Is Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' industry expected to grow? Or is there an opportunity to expand the business' product line in the future? Factors like these will boost the valuation of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals. If investors know Arrowhead will grow in the future, the company's valuation will be higher. The financial industry is built on trying to define current growth potential and future valuation accurately. All the valuation information about Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals listed above have to be considered, but the key to understanding future value is determining which factors weigh more heavily than others.
Market Capitalization
3.6 B
Quarterly Revenue Growth YOY
Return On Assets
Return On Equity
The market value of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals is measured differently than its book value, which is the value of Arrowhead that is recorded on the company's balance sheet. Investors also form their own opinion of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' value that differs from its market value or its book value, called intrinsic value, which is Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' true underlying value. Investors use various methods to calculate intrinsic value and buy a stock when its market value falls below its intrinsic value. Because Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' market value can be influenced by many factors that don't directly affect Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' underlying business (such as a pandemic or basic market pessimism), market value can vary widely from intrinsic value.
Please note, there is a significant difference between Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' value and its price as these two are different measures arrived at by different means. Investors typically determine Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals value by looking at such factors as earnings, sales, fundamental and technical indicators, competition as well as analyst projections. However, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' price is the amount at which it trades on the open market and represents the number that a seller and buyer find agreeable to each party.


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This award established a six-year term of agreement.

The agreement has the provision that “Do not interfere in each other’s internal affairs. China has often emphasized its close association with the Five Principles.[8] It had put them forward, as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of negotiations that took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of Aksai Chin and what China calls South Tibet and India Arunachal Pradesh (about panchsheel agreement). Please leave aisles clear and do not block another tenant`s door. 16. DO NOT MAKE CHANGES TO YOUR UNIT. Tenant will make no alterations or addition to the leased unit or units without the advance written consent of Cannon Self Storage, and Tenant will have no power to subject the premises to any mechanic`s lien. Any alterations, additions, or fixtures shall be made at Tenant`s sole cost and shall become the property of Cannon Self Storage at termination of this agreement. However, Cannon Self Storage will have the right to compel Tenant, at Tenant`s sole expense, to remove any alterations, additions, or fixtures, and to return the unit or units to their original condition at the termination of the Agreement`s terms. Add your Terms and Conditions agreement links to other places as well, such as on a checkout page, account sign-up form or other places where your users should be aware of your specific requirements and terms. If your site allows users to post content that is accessible to the public, you may wish to include a similar section in your terms. A Terms and Conditions agreement is not legally required. However, having one comes with a number of important benefits for both you and your users/customers Keep all these elements in mind when going through your car sale contract. Before buying a car, the buyer should be aware of the requirements before purchasing. All these are contained in the agreement document. Before signing though, make sure all the information on the document is correct. Lets go on to what you should pay attention to before affixing your signature. There are very important things that the buyer should be cognizant of before signing a vehicle purchase contract. Meticulous inspection of the prepared contract prepared by the dealership will not always be perfect and it will be up to the buyer to point out errors and inconsistencies in such contract (view). Mandatory arbitration clauses are widespread but not universal in the United States. For example, they are used by, 15 of the largest 20 U.S. credit card issuers, and 7 of the 8 largest cell phone companies, and 2 out of 3 major bike sharing companies in Seattle.[4] Parties should consider whether they want their arbitration to be administered and supervised by a recognised arbitral institution or whether they want an ad hoc procedure. If you use an ad hoc procedure you can still use a set of institutional rules or agree your own rules and procedures. The arbitration clause should be wide enough to encompass all possible disputes and claims this includes damages claims as well as breach of contract (arbitration agreement clauses).

If the agreement is terminated, I will not be a patient of Dr. _____________________ and would strongly consider treatment for chemical dependency if clinically indicated. The use of a pain management agreement allows for the documentation of understanding between a doctor and patient. Such documentation, when used as a means of facilitating care, can improve communication between doctors and patients. Managing chronic pain with opioids is complicated and challenging. Doctors need to know if patients can follow the treatment plan, if they get desired responses from the meds, and if there are signs of developing addiction. And, patients need to know the potential risks of opioids, as well as the expectations to minimize those risks A caregiver contract agreement is a way to hire an individual or nurse to take care of someone else in exchange for payment. The caregiver can be a personal friend or family member, and determining the patients condition, is recommended to be a licensed nurse. The caregiver is generally required to provide balanced meals, clean the room/home, housekeeping duties, running errands, and personal care needs. If the patient is aware of their surroundings there is typically a companionship with trust that forms over time. Either the caregiver or the client or guardian can fill out this document. Generally, as mentioned above, it’s more common for a guardian to be contracting on behalf of a client for the caregiving services, so it is less likely the client will be doing it themselves sample of caregiver agreement. If any of the terms or conditions of this agreement are found to be unenforceable, illegal, or unconscionable by a court competent jurisdiction, the remaining terms and conditions of the Agreement shall stay in full force and effect. Lessee acknowledges and certifies that they have had a sufficient opportunity to read this entire document that they have, in fact, read it in its entirety, that they understand its content and that they execute it freely, intelligently and without duress of any kind. Lessee agrees to keep the unit in the same condition as when received, ordinary wear and tear excepted. Do not move unit from the place where it was installed link. IT organizations managing multiple service providers may want put in place operating level agreements (OLAs), which outline how particular parties involved in the process of delivering IT services will interact with each other in order to maintain performance. For critical services, however, customers should invest in third-party tools to automatically capture SLA performance data, which provide an objective measure of performance. The growing complexity of modern applications with the emergence of mobile and cloud technologies is making it imperative to have real-world assurance to ensure app success in the market agreement. In SAP sales agreements are referred to as quantity contracts (CQ). It is an agreement which states that the customer will buy a certain quantity of a product within a specified period, usually in exchange of special prices or discounts. The contract contains target quantity and price information. A customer fulfils a contract by creating an order with the reference to this contract. Copying sales orders and order lines is based on copy templates. In a copy template, you can specify Calculate Material Prices as a copy exception. Accordingly, the material price information is redetermined and retrieved from the master data for the target sales order line (

According to Art.1, this agreement covers all industrial and agricultural products, with the exception of services, sanitary and phytosanitary measures (as defined by Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) and “purchasing specifications prepared by governmental bodies for production or consumption requirements of governmental bodies” (Art. 1.4).[2] 6.3 Members are encouraged, at the request of other Members, to be willing to enter into negotiations for the conclusion of agreements for the mutual recognition of results of each others conformity assessment procedures. Members may require that such agreements fulfil the criteria of paragraph 1 and give mutual satisfaction regarding their potential for facilitating trade in the products concerned article 2.4 of the tbt agreement. Often the encroachment can be left with the understanding that if the structure encroaching is ever removed, it cannot be replaced with the same encroachment. A structural encroachment is where real property hangs from one property over the property line of another landowners premises. This could be a result of landscaping such as trees or bushes, or elements of construction such as stairways, fences, or signage. Lets say your neighbor had built a shed on your property before it was fully developed for residential use. You might agree to an easement granting them access to their shed (agreement). As per the law, any developer who builds a housing society must enter into a written tripartite agreement with every buyer who has already purchased or is about to purchase a flat in the project, explains Vijay Gupta, CMD, Orris Infrastructures. This agreement clarifies the status of all the parties involved in real estate transactions, and keeps a watchful eye on all documents, he says. A tripartite agreement has to be signed by these three parties thus earning the document its name when a buyer opts for a home loan to purchase a house in an under-construction project. Tri-party agreements spell out the various securities and contingencies between the three parties in the event of default. Tripartite agreements should contain the particulars of the property and include an annex of all the original property documents more. Given the nuances involved, it Is highly recommended that you consult with a Toronto employment lawyer, whether you may be subject to a restrictive covenant or seeking to enforce such a clause. Employment agreements are generally enforceable unless there is a specific defect that makes them unenforceable, including, but not limited to: Finally, there are clauses in contracts that you may not expect and that can limit your rights as a worker. Examples include layoffs and probationary periods (agreement). What is Earnest Money? Earnest money is the deposit which a buyer puts down to show their interest and seriousness in purchasing the residential property. If the contract is fulfilled, the amount is credited to the purchase price. If the sale falls through, the money is given back to the buyer. The sales agreement may or may not result into an actual sale of the property in question. Some of the stamp duty laws, like the Maharashtra Stamp Act, deem an agreement for sale of an immovable property, on the same footing as a proper deed of conveyance and therefore, are subject to the same stamp duty as is applicable on the proper deed of conveyance or sale deed of an immovable property (property sale agreement online).

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A valid overtime clause in a collective bargaining agreement cannot be less than the applicable law. Therefore, using the same example, an overtime clause in a collective bargaining agreement for a California employer must pay at least one and a half times the employee’s hourly rate for working more than eight hours a day and at least double time for working more than 12 hours in one day. Labor union contracts cannot raise the number of hours an employee must work to receive overtime: A valid overtime clause cannot require more than 40 hours’ work before an employee is paid overtime wages. The amount of overtime pay is determined by the relevant collective agreement. 27.07 The daily overtime provisions of the Agreement shall not apply to an employee attending a training course on the instructions of the Employer, except that an employee who performs his or her normal duties during the employee’s regular working hours shall be paid at overtime rates for time spent after eight (8) hours performing work, while the employee is in attendance at training sessions NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual covenants contained herein, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the Parties hereto covenant and agree as follows: 1. DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES. The Company shall use its professional knowledge and skills to provide computer repair services to the Customer as described in a separate, more detailed work order (which shall be attached hereto as Attachment A) (the Services). It is acknowledged and agreed by both Parties that the computer delivered for Services is at all times considered the property of the Customer (agreement). 1) Upon initial advice and guidance on documentation requirements and concurrently with the execution of this agreement hereof, Client(s) shall pay to RCIC a retainer in the amount of $ XXXX CAD. This is applicable to the assessment of the applicants qualifications including document review and the preparation of the initial application and for required consultation regarding the Clients eligibility, and is considered earned money, and is NOT refunded or waived Partnerships are formed with the expectation of making a profit. The partnership agreement should speak to the when and how profits are allocated to each eligible partner. In addition, it should speak to how losses will be distributed during the business operation and in the event of dissolution. If you are looking for a business lawyer to help with your partnership agreement in San Diego or the surrounding areas, Pokala Law APC is here to help. Were a small law practice that offers experienced business law at an affordable rate for local owners (link). Directs the FCC to prescribe regulations specifying the procedures and criteria by which it will evaluate applications for such preferential treatment in licensing. Requires such regulations to: (1) specify the procedures and criteria by which the significance of such contributions will be determined; (2) include procedures to prevent unjust enrichment by ensuring that the value of the contribution justifies any reduction in amounts paid for licenses; and (3) be inapplicable to applications that have been accepted for filing before September 1, 1994. The affected works are those which were in the public domain either due to a lack of international copyright agreements between the U.S. and the country of origin of the work, or due to a failure to meet U.S (agreement).


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Saturday, October 22, 2022

"Black Adam" - Kahndaqi Language

I was hired in 2021 to create two languages for the film "Black Adam," one for timeline-hopping wizards (called the Language of Eternity in the credits), one for Kahndaqi, Black Adam's language. The wizard language does show up in the film, but is somewhat masked by voiceovers, so I'm just going to say a few things about the Kandaqi language here, for those curious.

The nation of Kahndaq is imagined to somewhat predate the rise of the more familiar ancient Near Eastern civilizations of Egypt and Sumer. We discussed various options how to base the language, but I convinced them to go with a language isolate (i.e., a language not related to anything else), but which had also spent a lot of time living in close company with Sumerian and Elamite.

Languages that live next to each other a long time start to borrow things from each other — not just words but even grammatical tendencies. So, from time to time when creating a new Kahndaqi word for dialog, I would go take a look at a Sumerian or Elamite dictionary to see if there might be something reasonable to borrow (usually modified a bit, in either sense or phonology). For example, the Kahndaqi word for king, lúke (accent marks stress) hints at a relationship with the Sumerian word, which is usually romanized lugal. Mostly I picked a few core nouns for this sort of borrowing, since those are most easily borrowed. Most Kahndaqi vocabulary, though, I generated myself.

As in Sumerian (and Hurrian), ergativity pops up in some parts of the language, though not identically to Sumerian. There are a few unusual features of Elamite grammar which I didn't feel I could get away with borrowing into Kahndaqi, the personal noun classes, especially. (One person on twitter asked about Elamite in particular, I'm guessing for exactly this fun part of the grammar.)

I'll give two examples for the linguistically inclined. This is the first bit of dialog I produced, and it appears in the second trailer (just after the 20s mark):

Soemel tilam.
soemi-el til=am
magic-2.POSS weak-COP.AN
Your magic is weak.

So, personal possession is often marked with suffixes, as in soemel your magic. I used an animacy-based noun class system, and soemi magic is grammatically animate, which is why the copula clitic is the animate form here.

Erentas ma'ate inger.
Eri-enta-s ma'ate i-nger-∅
people-1PL.POSS-ERG champion 3PL.ERG-need-3AN
Our people need a champion.

Here we have another example of personal possession as a suffix, our people. And a taste of ergativity, both in the subject noun marking and the verb. Transitive verb subjects are marked with prefixes. That apostrophe marks a glottal stop, ma'ate /mɑˈʔɑte/.

Thursday, June 23, 2022

Obsidian Words

Rëtu korá miusma vë kinta kwan uttimo.
many people obsidian ATTR night during die-PFV
Many people died during the obsidian night.

Orávës në miusma vë lár si mítët, kwál si salkësto.
fanatic TOP obsidian ATTR word ACC speak.CVB.PFV, riot ACC put.INCH.PFV
The fanatic spoke obsidian words and started a riot.

Thursday, April 21, 2022

Covert Grue

There is extensive literature on basic color terms. Since Kílta is a personal language for speaking in the modern world, it has a fairly wide color vocabulary, and does distinguish blue and green (pikwautin, ralin), unlike a grue (green-blue) language which unifies those colors under one term.

One thing I've done in Kílta, inspired in part by the articles in The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia (Jeffrey P. Williams, editor), is to pay a lot of attention to how words are intensified. English of course has plenty of intensifying collocations — hopping mad, deeply concerned, etc. — but in Kílta there are quite a few intensifiers which only intensify. They have no independent meaning, and are often (apparently) root words.

A new intensifier I recently added is . It is only used with hichínin black, pikwautin blue, and ralin green. So, even though Kílta is not a grue language, I've hidden a grue tendency in the use of this intensifier.

Ummul në mó ralin no.
forest TOP deep green be.PFV
The forest is a deep green.

Mó hichínin mika në ël si alincho.
deep black stone TOP 3SG ACC shun
The jet black stone slipped from her grasp.

I extended in one other direction. Even though it is rather adverb-like, I permit it with kinta night to mean something like in the dark of night, for in a temporal adverb sense.

Ha në mó kinta otta si cholat oto vukai.
1SG TOP deep night sound ACC hear.INF fall.PFV DISAPPR
I happened to hear a sound at darkest part of the night.

Covert boundaries can be a useful way to think new things through.

Sunday, February 6, 2022

Unknown Riches, Episode 3

I recently created a word for trout, mirëlcha /miˈɾəltʃa/ (no etymology). I probably don't need very many example sentences for food-related words — their usage is generally pretty clear — but examples for every new word is a habit now. I knew almost instantly that the phrasing of the obvious sentence was going to encode a distinction English doesn't make easily.

Ton në mirëlcha si chuvët akkalo tul?
2SG TOP trout ACC hunt-CVB.PFV capture-PFV Q
Did you catch any trout?

The center of the matter is the converb form of the verb chuvo pursue, hunt. In my part of the world, at least, people don't usually catch trout by accident, but have gone out specifically for trout. So, this sentence is able to encode that the speaker thinks the person they're talking to was out for trout, not just fishing in general. If I left out chuvo, the sense of the question would suggest that the trout was caught by chance, not the specific goal of the fishing.

By making Kílta primarily a V-language (according to the typology of Talmy), I set myself up for a pattern where events can regularly be decomposed a bit, with co-events or "activating events" encoded as converbs. Sometimes this leads to nuances that aren't simple to express in my native language, which is always fun.

Friday, December 3, 2021

Unknown Riches, Episode 2

I recently produced a sentence that made my friend learning Kílta ask which section of the grammar explained that use. Then I realized that not only was it not described in the grammar, I hadn't really thought about it explicitly.

Hakán ésamét kwan kwailo.
arm vaccine INST hurt.PFV
My arm hurts from the shot.

He wanted to know why the instrumental kwan was used here, when he would have gone for nós due to, on account of.

I have talked before about using a diary as a conlang tool. I am quite sure this sort of use of kwan started a while ago, but because the diary is handwritten, I can't easily search it to look for the first such use of kwan. Nonetheless, it was established early that kwan would indicate inanimate agents for passive verbs. The use of kwan in the example above is allied to that. It shows up in plenty of example sentences in the lexicon, chisanta kwan uttimo died from cancer, mata kwan atenko dissolved in the water, koska kwan haivo drown in shit, etc.

With a little thought it became clear that I was using kwan to indicate inanimate or indirect agents in patient intransitives (also known as "unaccusative verbs," an excessively cute and confusing bit of terminology). These are intransitive verbs where the grammatical subject doesn't have much agency in the situation, die, fall, be sick, happen, hurt, etc.

The detransitive suffix -is-o generally results in verbs with more patient-like subjects, so it, too, can take kwan in this sense,

Chátis në mëtaula kwan kwitiso.
window TOP storm INST break.DETR.PFV
The window broke in (due to) the storm.

So here was a bit of Kílta grammar that was (probably) created in the diary, got used all over the examples, but hadn't been expressed explicitly until I got asked about what was going on. This is normal in the diary process. Certain use patterns develop because they seem right at the time, and over time take on semantics that can be hard to explain at first. In this case, I'm lucky enough to have someone ask me what I was up to with kwan. And now it's explained in the grammar.

Wednesday, November 3, 2021

Aka në rínchat no më - I will not fear

Years ago I started in on a Kílta translation of the very famous Litany Against Fear from Frank Herbert's Dune books. But I ran into a few problems I wasn't finding easy to work with, and rather than force it, I put the translation aside to marinate. I realized a few days ago I finally have the tools to address it in a naturally Kílta way.

Aka në rínchat no më.
Rínchot në, michumokës no,
Nekin uttimës no,
Mantin emémmiëtta no.
Rínchot si chérat no.
Aka si in hotekat in aimánat huitat no.
Rínchot në ohëchët, aka keta si michiëkan rinkat no.
Rínchot vë issa nen vura rokat no më.
Aka në anui vëchat no.

1) The canonical opening line is "I must not fear." Because the rest of the recitation uses the future a lot, I just put it in the future here. The film and TV adaptations of Dune all make their own modifications to the Litany, and the TV show used the simple future as well. I also use Kílta's high-agency first person pronoun, aka, which is more an aspiration if you're reciting this, but I find it a nice touch here.

2) I topicalize rínchot fear, and talk about it a bit. The word michumokës is a transparent compound, mind-killer.

3) Again, close to the original, "it is the little death" (no, not that one).

4) This is trickier. The original is "that brings total obliteration." I went with structural parallelism with line (3), [ADJ N no]. Emémmiëtta is a rather odd word, and means "that which causes destruction," in an instrumental sense. Often nouns derived like this are physical items. "It is a terrible instrument that causes destruction."

5) The closest equivalent to "I'll face my fear" in Kílta is rather aggressive, which I don't think is quite in keeping with the following lines. I use instead "I will acknowledge my fear," or even "I will feel my fear." The construction ADJ + chéro is normal for internal feeling expressions, which is supposed to be in mind for this sentence.

6) "I will allow it to go over and go through me." Very close to the original.

7) I use a converb clause for sequencing, rather than the nominalization of the original, "the fear having passed." Then I get to break out michiëkan with mind (attention) turned inward. There is a not often used suffix, -iëkan, which generates adverbs meaning in, inward, towards the center. The meanings are often idiomatic, as here. Michiëkan came out of some other vocabulary work I was doing, and once I had it I knew immediately it would work for this. I also use keta footprint, trace of passage, trace of existence.

8) "On the fear's path there will be nothing." Very close to the original, though again avoiding a nominalized relative clause.

9) A final declaration of agency, using aka, with the line very close to the original.

Translated out of Kílta:

I will not fear.
Fear, it is the mind-killer,
it is the little death,
it is a terrible cause of destruction.
I will feel my fear.
I will let it go over and go through me.
The fear having passed, I will see (its) trace by turning my mind inward.
On the fear's path there will be nothing.
Only I will remain.

This remains quite close to the original, while accepting a few changes to meet Kílta's usual way of doing things, and few tweaks to make the style work better in the language. The last line lands a little flat and obvious in Kílta, and might still get some pragmatic refinements in the future.

Friday, September 3, 2021

Sending a Message

I have an ever-growing backlog of concepts for which I want to create new Kílta words. It gives me all the stress you expect from a todo list. One benefit of the delay, however, is that I regularly think up better derivations, or better nuance, if I have time to let a concept percolate a while before I commit to it.

One concept I've been thinking about is a way to indicate if a state of affairs communicates some other message. For example, if someone stops answering your phone calls, that says something. Often we can rely on Grice and experience to help us figure out when other messages are being communicated by someone's actions, but I wanted a way to be a bit more explicit about it. This sat on my todo list quite a while, and then just yesterday a good way to handle this presented itself: an auxiliary with a converb.

The verb ráno means signal, make a sign, as well as point out.

Eman në tátiën mai ráno.
child TOP dog LAT point-out.PFV
The child pointed at the dog

But yesterday it occurred to me that my send a message sense matches with this nicely. Now, a general converb followed by ráno marks that the state of affairs also communicates some other message.

Ha kë mës mítët ráno.
1SG DAT NEG speak.CVB.PFV signal.PFV
She didn't talk to me (which makes some other point, too)

Often an overt translation of this into English is going to be a bit clunky, but I've got growing pile of those in Kílta, too.

In any case, rather than creating a new clause-final particle or entirely new lexeme, I've just added to Kílta's substantial battery of auxiliary verbs.

"Black Adam" - Kahndaqi Language

I was hired in 2021 to create two languages for the film "Black Adam," one for timeline-hopping wizards (called the Language of Et...


Hot Haiku and Cool Haiku 　Ayaka Satō #haiku

There is a wide variety of haiku in the Japanese modern haiku scene. There are not only beautiful haikus but also funky, scary, serious, interesting and cute haikus etc.
Today, I’ll share two haikus. One of them is a “hot” haiku and other is a “cool” haiku.

 "hot" in Japanese means passionate or energetic. Some of hot haikus have amazing vitality and energy.

Kusatao Nakamura is one of the "hot" haijin (haiku writer) in modern haiku. And his most famous haiku is this.

万緑の中や吾子の歯生えそむる　　中村草田男（1901-1983）
banryoku no naka ya ako no ha hae somuru 　　 Kusatao Nakamura

In the greenery of the lush trees
My child's teeth began to grow

"Banryoku" translates directly ten thousands of green, that means a lot of green. The powerful sound of “B” is also impressive. Surrounded by greenery, the teeth that have begun to grow are white. The contrast of green and white is beautiful. And the child has a great future. Filled with the power of nature and child and the love of parents, this haiku is full of life. So, this is “hot” haiku.
In fact the achievement of this haiku made "banryoku" to the seasonal word! So, this is the first haiku that includes the word “banryoku” as a seasonal word of summer.

In contrast, there are “cool” haikus. Cool in Japanese means also cool in English(cold/smart). And cool haikus are not intrusive.

青葉風静まりに葉の遅れけり　　相子智恵（1976- ）
aobakaze shizumari ni ha no okurekeri 　　Chie Aiko

Wind through the green leavesー
The silence comes
Leaves lagging behind it

"Aoba" means green leaves, a seasonal word of summer. So, this haiku’s season is almost same to Kusatao’s haiku. But this haiku doesn’t have any person and author’s enthusiasm. There are only leaves and wind. The wind leaves and the leaves stop swaying after the silence. The author found that and sketched the scene in words, not including her thoughts. The great thing about this haiku is that she just looked closely and described it with her verbal skills. So, this is a good example of "cool" haiku.
Chie Aiko is a current haiku poet, and she has just published the first book of her haiku collection. Check it!→ "Koō"

I like both of them. What do you think?

★= translated by Ayaka Satō


Sept. 25, 2022
Feature Story

How Planetary Orbits, in Our Solar System and Beyond, Can Affect Habitability

Researchers supported by NASA have revealed new details about how the orbits of planets in a system effect one another, and the role these orbits play in the potential for rocky planets to support life. Most planets have eccentric orbits, meaning they are oval-shaped rather than perfectly circular. This means that the amount of heat the planet receives from its host star varies depending on where the planet is on its orbital path.

The new study, published in the Astronomical Journal, looks at how the degree of eccentricity in one planet’s orbit can affect the habitability of other planets in the system. For instance, the model shows that if Jupiter’s orbiter around the Sun was more eccentric, Earth might be even more capable of supporting a vibrant biosphere than it is today.

The study was recently featured in a post from Many Worlds, available at:

The Many Worlds Blog chronicles the search for evidence of life beyond Earth written by author/journalist Marc Kaufman. The “Many Worlds” column is supported by the Lunar Planetary Institute/USRA and informed by NASA’s NExSS initiative, a research coordination network supported by the NASA Astrobiology Program. Any opinions expressed are the author’s alone.


My Dear Landlord,

My Dear Landlord,
By Saumyangi Yadav

If Model Tenancy Act is adopted, one could only collect advance rent of two months as security deposit

Bengalureans are often left outraged due to landlords demanding unaffordable amounts of money as security deposit for renting apartments and houses in the city. They have been demanding that the Model Tenancy Act 2021 be adopted soon in the state.

“Before moving to Bengaluru I had heard there is a high deposit for renting flats. I was still shocked when I came here. Landlords were asking Rs 1.8 lakh or Rs 1 lakh minimum for a 2 BHK apartment. I am just starting out and cannot afford to pay that much money. It is just crazy how there is no regulation of any kind,” said Prashanth A, a resident of JP Nagar.

“The landlords say they have always been taking 11 months of rent as a deposit and will not even negotiate it… And even though they promise to return the entire amount at the end of the rental period, they deduct some amount in the name of damages and maintenance. It is basically daylight robbery,” he added.

If the Model Tenancy Act 2021 is adopted in Karnataka, landlords will only be allowed to collect advance rent of two months as the security deposit, whereas currently, they collect 5-10 months of rent in advance.

The act was approved by the central government in June 2021, and it was left up to the states to adopt it. Though it was said that Karnataka will be the first state to adopt the act, people are still waiting for the regulations one year later.

“My annual salary is 3 lakh. How can I pay Rs 1 lakh deposit? Any decent neighborhood in the city requires at least Rs 1 lakh in your bank to get a house. To pay that, you would need to either take financial help from your family or share the house. I ended up sharing my flat with three other people to split the amount. I do not think I will be able to rent a house on my own for at least five years,” said Supriya Sharma, a working professional.

“My landlord told me that the reason they ask for so much money is that they invest a lot in the property, especially in case of new apartment buildings, and need to have a security amount,” she added. Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are the only four states that have adopted the law until now.

In Bengaluru, on average, the monthly rent of a 2BHK apartment is anywhere between Rs 20,000 and 30,000. That makes Bengaluru one among the five most expensive cities in India to rent a house. As more and more people arrive in the city in search of livelihoods, many are unable to find an affordable home due to skyrocketing home rentals.


Can You Freeze Mayonnaise?

Whether you love it or despise it, you can’t deny that mayonnaise is a pretty popular sauce.

This creamy eggy condiment is considered one of the mother sauces in French cuisine. Its versatility makes it ideal for a range of uses such as spreading on sandwiches, squirting on chicken burgers, and dolloping on fries and salads.

Mayo is the base sauce for many other sauces such as aioli, tartare sauce, and rouille. So even when people say they don’t like mayonnaise, they’re probably indulging in its creaminess quite often as it’s hidden in other foods.

As mayonnaise is made from a mix of oil, egg yolk, vinegar, and lemon juice, it’s not able to stay fresh for very long. Once a jar of fresh mayo has been opened, it can start to get funky after just days, even when stored in the fridge. It’s understandable that the disappointingly low fridge-life of mayonnaise may inspire you to think of alternative methods of keeping your mayo fresh.

So, can you freeze it? Well, yes. Technically you can. However, most of the information out there advises against it. Strongly. We know that we can, but should we freeze mayonnaise?

Should you freeze mayonnaise?

Probably not. But if you do, don’t expect to be able to use it in the same way as fresh mayonnaise. In fact, I don’t think you’d be able to call it mayonnaise at all.Here’s the science bit…Mayonnaise is an emulsion, which is a mixture of two liquids that can’t normally be combined, at least not without a binding agent. The binding agent in mayonnaise is egg yolk.

The freezing process and particularly the thawing process breaks down the emulsion causing the different ingredients to split. This process can’t be reversed and there’s nothing you can do to fix it once it reaches this point. Stop stirring it, it’s not going to work.The result will look less than appetizing and essentially just be a mass of centrifuged oil on one side and water on the other- yuck!

While it’s still considered safe to eat and unlikely to make you sick, we can’t imagine anyone actually wanting to eat the monstrosity that is thawed mayonnaise. Do you still want to know how to do it regardless? Of course, you do. You little weirdo.

How do you freeze mayonnaise?

If you’re insistent on ruining your perfectly good mayonnaise by putting it in the freezer, here’s how to do it.Firstly, we recommend freezing your mayonnaise on the same day that you purchase it, there’s no point freezing bad mayo.

We recommend getting your hands on freezer-safe sterilized glass to store your mayo in the freezer. You can easily sterilize the mayonnaise jar by submerging it in boiling water for a few minutes.

Using a clean tablespoon, fill the sterilized jar up with the mayonnaise. Be sure to leave a gap around an inch high at the top of the jar, as the mayonnaise is going to expand a little during freezing. Remove as much air as possible from the jar, seal it, and place it in the freezer.Your frozen mayonnaise should keep for around 5 days to a week.

Store-bought mayonnaise from the ambient section of a supermarket will contain a range of preservatives and stabilizers used to extend its shelf-life, therefore it’s likely to stay fresher for longer than its homemade counterpart.

How do you defrost mayonnaise?

The best way to thaw frozen mayonnaise is by removing it from the freezer and placing it at the bottom of the refrigerator immediately.

We don’t recommend allowing the mayonnaise to thaw at room temperature. Eggs are temperature-sensitive food and the risk of cross-contamination and bacterial growth when it’s left to thaw for long periods of time is high.

So to avoid any eggy illnesses, toss it straight in the freezer.As mayonnaise tends to hold its original form once frozen, you may have deemed your mayonnaise-freezing experience a success, but don’t celebrate too soon. It will break down once it is thawed. You probably will too.The oil is likely to separate from the emulsion so the liquid will pool on top of the dressing, giving an unappetizing swampy appearance.

If you used store-bought mayo, the separation won’t be as severe. If separation occurs, you can either get rid of the excess liquid or re-emulsify the mayo.To re-emulsify the mayonnaise, pour the contents of the jar into a mixing bowl, and with an electric mixer, whip the dressing to a high speed for several seconds. If the dressing did not emulsify well, you can try gradually adding the mayo into the bowl one tablespoon at a time. However, it’s important to note that re-emulsification isn’t always a guaranteed solution and doesn’t always result in success, especially if your mayonnaise is very separated and oily.

So there you have it, you can freeze your mayonnaise if you really want to.

We don’t think you should and you’d need to consider why you’re doing it. Do you really need a jar of separated oil and eggs? If so, crack on.

But be sure to use our handy instructions above to ensure a relatively easy freezing and thawing experience. Once opened, you’ll only have a couple of days to consume your defrosted and separated mayonnaise – delicious!

Although we strongly recommend only buying the necessary amount of mayonnaise required so you’ll never have to waste or, (God forbid), freeze your mayonnaise!


Well-Known Brit Actor and Musician, Sam Gannon, passed away at 31

Sam Gannon was a notable British entertainer, performer, and life sized model. On Tuesday, he died abruptly at 31 years old. Well known British Actor and Musician Sam Gannon dies at 31 Emmerdale’s Sam Gannon, who was only 31 years of age, died abruptly on Tuesday.

In spite of the fact that they don’t think his demise was dubious, police are as yet examining the particular conditions. He had been remaining with family across the water.

Amy Kelly, the entertainer’s sister, reported his takeoff on Tuesday and alluded to her brother Sam as “a firestorm, to put it tenderly, a one of a kind person.” His mom Angie, brothers Jason and Jordan, and Zoe, his accomplice and “love of his life,” all endure the entertainer. Alongside his nieces Matilda and Bethany, he likewise abandons his nephews Louis and Evan.

Sam Gannon Age, Family, Early Life Sam Gannon was born on 1991(31 years old). He holds an American identity and has a place with white nationality. His Zodiac sign isn’t known.

Sam Gannon’s mom is Angie. He has 2 they are, brothers Jason and Jordan. His Father’s personality isn’t known. Sam Gannon Wife, What about his Children? Gannon wedded his accomplice Zoe. in this manner, data about their youngsters is obscure, or perhaps they don’t have kids.

Sam Gannon’s Career, What was his calling? Gannon is a performer and entertainer from the UK. Sam Gannon began in the acting industry prior to changing into displaying. Sam Gannon additionally acquaints specific understudies with music. Man Howe from WGM Atlantic Expertise was Sam Gannon’s delegate. Gannon is notable for his amazing residency on the well known British drama Emmerdale.

Gannon accepted his huge TV break in 2019 in the wake of being miscast as a coachman for a pony attracted carriage the ITV drama Emmerdale. Sam is notable for various works, incorporating Babes with Blades, Inside Worry and The Break Ups, Tales of Bacon Percy Barleycorn, Speaking with Angels Boy Friday, and significantly more.

How much is Sam Gannon Net Worth? Sam Gannon’s total assets has not yet been examined exhaustively. Which school and school did he go to? Gannon went to a confidential school in Brayton, Selby prior to going to one more confidential school there.

Is it true or not that he is accessible on any sort of web-based entertainment stage? Gannon is dynamic on Instagram. He has 630+ adherents on Instagram.


Magnitude of An Omission or Misstatement of Accounting Information￼

Question Description

Materiality deals with the “magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement”.

In auditing account balances of the client and making judgments as to what has to be adjusted or not, the auditor has to evaluate the materiality of proposed adjustments and the extent to which adjustments will be required of the client. Those proposed adjustments that are not material are below the recognition threshold and by definition don’t require adjustment. Overall planning materiality is determined at the beginning of the audit and then allocated to account balances using various methods.

Auditing standards (ISA 320 Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit) explain the concept of materiality in the following manner:

Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decision of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. Judgments about materiality are made in light of surrounding circumstances, and are affected by the size or nature of a misstatement, or a combination of both.

Control environment

One of the elements of an organization’s control system is the “control environment.” Identify at least four factors that the auditor should consider when reviewing the control environment and discuss how the auditor would relate this review to the assessment of control risk.

The factors that an auditor should consider when reviewing the control environment would include:

·management’s philosophy and operating style.
·the entity’s organization structure.
·the functioning of the board of directors and its committees.
·methods of assigning authority and responsibility.
·management’s control methods for monitoring and following up on performance, including internal auditing.
·personnel policies and practices.
·external influences such as bank regulatory agencies.

The auditor would examine his or her findings relating to each of the listed factors in determining whether control risk was high, medium or low. For example, if the philosophy of management placed little priority on internal controls the auditor would be concerned about control risk.

Use of audit tools

Jen Staples, is an auditor at King and Sheets, LLP. King and Sheets is engaged to perform an audit of the First national Bank of the Everglades which has very complex systems and technology in place related to its financial accounting and operations. Jen has information systems skills and experience in performing audits in such an environment. Discuss how Jen might use audit tools to perform procedures of FNB of the Everglades.

Jen will most likely utilize generalized audit software for the following:

1.To sample the savings and checking account population for confirmations
2.To sample the loan account population for confirmations.
3.To electronically foot the subsidiary ledger of loans receivable.
4.To electronically analyze the loans receivable outstanding for past due accounts in order to evaluate the reserve for loan losses account.
5.To analyze the interest rate field for outliers such as percentages exceeding a certain range.
6.To analyze customer fields for missing data such as tax ID or statement address.
7.To derive statistics such as the average of all savings account balances for analysis.

4.Fraud consideration by auditors

John Beasley is interviewing with public accounting firms to become an auditor. John does not believe that fraud is a “big deal” in client organizations and argues that most individuals in management of companies are “honest people”. He believes that auditors are becoming too cynical.

Describe your response to John’s attitude and discuss the major types of fraud that occur in companies.

Audit firms have taken criticism for failing to discover material frauds. Auditors have a greater responsibility to plan the audit to consider and detect fraud. This is accomplished partially by the auditor’s use of professional skepticism. Professional skepticism is not necessarily being cynical, it is performing an audit with a questioning mind.]

 It means that the auditors will obtain persuasive evidence to corroborate management responses to inquiries and to increase the sufficiency of substantive audit evidence. Professional skepticism is exhibited in the auditor’s assumption that honesty in people is not a given. Auditors must not only go beyond the evidence in front of them, they must have the mindset of the possibility of fraud in all financial statement engagements.

It must also be mentioned that John may not be accepted by a public accounting firm because his attitude toward fraud is not rigorous enough for the profession.
John must realize that, quite often, fraud in organizations usually takes place in one of three areas:

Defalcation such as corruption such as bribery or conflicts of interest.
Defalcation such as asset misappropriation such as theft and misuse of assets.
Fraudulent financial reporting such as the overstatement of certain assets and revenues and the understatement of certain liabilities and expenses.

Write 4 of each answers into 4 short essays(i think about less than 100 words per each) that is easy to be memorized ,as simplified as possible. thanks


Google Launches AI Test Kitchen For LaMDA Conversational AI

Google has launched its AI Test Kitchen app for experimenting with the LaMDA 2 conversational AI model announced at Google I/O this year.

LaMDA 2 (Language Model for Dialog Applications) is the latest version of the model introduced in 2021 following lots of feedback from users, and the AI Test Kitchen will continue Google’s gathering of data from users as it continues to refine the model.

Testing AI

The idea behind LaMDA 2 is to create an AI model comfortable with more open-ended conversations and unpredictable tangents in the way normal human conversations operate. The model grew out of Meena, a chatbot that Google called the most advanced ever when it came out in 2020. LaMDA 2 is trained on dialogue and taught to detect relationships between words, sentences, and longer passages to understand the context of the conversation better and respond concerning the whole conversation, not just the last thing the user said.

The AI Test Kitchen offers three different ways for users to play with LaMDA 2. ‘Talk About It’ lets users try to talk to the AI about a topic, and the AI won’t get distracted by other topics. Right now, the focus is limited to dogs, however. The ‘List It’ tool uses LaMDA to break down any goal or objective into a series of tasks that will help reach that goal, with the example of starting a garden generating a half dozen suggestions for a list, including picking a style, planting seeds, watering, and getting rid of pests. The final test area is called ‘Imagine It’ and lets users ask the AI to get creative in describing a concept shared by the user, a kind of short scene useful as a creative writing prompt.

“Similar to a real test kitchen, AI Test Kitchen will serve a rotating set of experimental demos. These aren’t finished products, but they’re designed to give you a taste of what’s becoming possible with AI in a responsible way. Our first set of demos explore the capabilities of our latest version of LaMDA, which has undergone key safety improvements,” Google explained in a blog post. “As you try each demo, you’ll see LaMDA’s ability to generate creative responses on the fly. This is one of the model’s strengths, but it can also pose challenges since some responses can be inaccurate or inappropriate. We’ve been testing LaMDA internally over the last year, which has produced significant quality improvements. More recently, we’ve run dedicated rounds of adversarial testing to find additional flaws in the model.”


Close X

HHS: a deadly but neglected complication

14th December 2021

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome (HHS) is associated with four- to five-fold higher mortality than diabetic ketoacidosis, yet the condition is still poorly understood. Professors Guillermo Umpierrez and Ketan Dhatariya take a closer look at a complication all too often overlooked by diabetes research.

HHS is a diabetic complication, primarily of type 2 diabetes, that is marked by severe hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality without the presence of significant ketosis. The condition is characterised by extreme dehydration and, without proper treatment with intravenous saline and insulin, can result in coma, seizures and even death. Yet, as Guillermo and Ketan describe in this latest addition to our ‘The long and the short of it’ series, there is a paucity of prospective randomised studies looking at HHS, with the result that there is a scarcity of data to inform guidelines on its management.

With this neglect in mind, it’s perhaps surprising how long ago the syndrome was first described. As Ketan relates, distinct types of diabetic coma were first noted at end of 19th century. “There was the kind where people wasted away and died very quickly. And the kind, often seen in people who were more overweight, where patients gently slipped into a coma.”

“Over 140 years ago they knew there were two types of diabetic coma,” says Guillermo. “That’s amazing.”

However, it wasn’t until the 1950s, when people could start measuring glucose concentrations and understood osmolalities and basic biochemistry, that HHS was first properly identified. Initially, the state often went by the term ‘HONK’ – hyperglycaemia hyperosmolar nonketotic coma; a misnomer, Ketan points out, given how many people will have HHS without going into a coma.

The 1950s were also the time when John Gerich published the first guidelines on HHS– guidelines which, for lack of appreciable amounts of new data on the subject, have gone pretty much unchallenged since.

So why has it been so neglected? Guillermo thinks this may be due to the fact that DKA is so much more common. That said, he observes, the impact in terms of outcomes is very much worse. “The mortality for HHS is four- to five-fold higher than for DKA. And we treat patients with HHS more or less the same way we treat DKA. I’m really not sure this is the right approach. Something needs to be changed.”

That said, there is crossover between the two. Fascinatingly, as Guillermo points out, 28% of those admitted to his hospital with DKA or HHS in fact have components of both conditions. He cites research showing that those with combined DKA/HHS do worse than those with DKA alone.

Making the diagnoses in the first place and knowing what protocols to follow on diagnosis are, then, absolutely critical, and this film includes detailed advice on the key stages of that process. “If you make the diagnosis,” says Ketan, “then the key thing is fluid replacement. Because these guys are usually really dry. They can be 100-200 ml down per kg compared to people with DKA, who are usually less dehydrated. Only when the glucose stops falling with adequate fluid replacement should you then add in the insulin. But you want to go for gentle osmolality reduction, gentle glucose reduction, because you don’t want huge osmotic shifts, which can lead to central nervous system problems. Plus deal with the underlying precipitating problem – and replace the potassium and electrolytes.”

Such guidance is often more to do with what seems to work rather than an understanding of why it works or what could be done better. As Ketan says: “We need more data on the simple things: which fluid to use? How much to give? What is the rate of insulin we need to give? At the moment, we just pluck numbers out of the air.”

This is a fascinating, wide-ranging discussion, taking in topics as diverse as the history of medicine, COVID-19 and metabolomics. The constant theme, though, is the necessity for more research. Says Guillermo: “I think we need to go back to the basics. What’s the difference between DKA and HHS? Are they two points on the same spectrum? Or do they result from two different pathophysiologies? Collecting samples on admission and during resolution to measure insulin secretion, beta cell function or C-peptide, inflammation or oxidative stress – that’s something we could and should do.”

For more on the topics raised in this discussion, see the following EASD e-Learning courses and presentations:

Any opinions expressed in this article are the responsibility of the EASD e-Learning Programme Director, Dr Eleanor D Kennedy.


De Matteis Giuseppe

Nutritionist biologist

Professor of Herbalistics, Dermatology, Trichology and Cosmetology at professional schools. He holds courses on military health for the Military Corps of the Italian Red Cross. Writer, he has published several works including '' The Nutrition Code '' Alvorada Editions and '' Truths and Lies of Medicine '' Drawup Editions. He writes scientific and journalistic articles on www.primapaginadiyvs, newspaper of the association Riprendiamoci il Pianeta.

Phone: 348 065 06 31

Office: Piazzale Dante Alighieri (Bestat) 31, 74121 Taranto (TA)

Slide per telefono 28 69a819bf a41a 4a2e 985c 223cef170bb2

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- Avocado: the benefits and properties of avocado in nutrition and cosmetics.

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- Algae in food: the different types of algae and their benefits.

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A Short Modern History of Free Trade 1900-2001

Introduction and Overview

International Law developed primarily around trade and the impacts of trade on international relations.  Arguably, many of our international conflicts arose from trade or natural resource-related concerns.

Dynamically, there is a tension between “free” and “fair” trade.  Nations have historically striven to ensure that they can exercise freedom in their trade activities while wanting to regulate the activities of other nations to their advantage. Current views of free trade are laissez-faire or a very hands-off approach to the trading scheme by the states. The critical trade activities should occur between individuals and commercial entities and not have state actor interference.

The first significant international trade regulations began after the First World War in response to weakened states attempting to rebuild their domestic industries with trade barriers.  Arguably, this approach was a major contributing factor to the interwar boom and bust, resulting in the worldwide Great Depression – including the heavy regulation, high inflation, and economic inefficiencies created as a result.  The inability to conduct free trade was a cause of Japan’s expansionist policies in the interwar period as they attempted to fuel a rapidly industrializing economy with limited natural resources.

Following the Second World War, there was recognition that liberalized international trade was necessary but that the complete laissez-faire approach of the 19th Century may not be the best.  This strategy began in Bretton Woods in 1944 and continues to this day.

The New World Order – A Post-War Vision

After the Second World War, there was a movement to develop a “New World Order.”  Unlike what you might read in some of the conspiracy sites, the New World Order was an attempt to rationalize and reduce international tensions using the lessons learned due to two major world conflicts resulting in tens of millions of deaths.

The New World Order contained four key pillars:

While these elements sound admirable in theory there were significant implementation challenges.  The U.S. emerged as the dominant economic and political force after the Second World War. As one of the few developed economies not physically devastated by the war and its territory emerging largely unscathed, there was understandable reluctance on the part of the U.S. to sacrifice this newfound power and cede elements of sovereignty to developing nations – particularly in the area of international trade.

As a result, the U.S. Congress failed to ratify the ITO agreement – citing the elements of economic justice as problematic – failing the ITO and weakening of the fourth pillar of the New World Order.

The major powers developed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as a provisional measure. They focused on a capitalist world and a liberalization of international trade – mainly without the social and economic justice components. GATT, the provisional measure, was the primary framework for nearly 50 years until the development of the World Trade Organization (WTO) following the Uruguay Round in 1993.

GATT was limited in scope and predominantly focused on manufactured goods and their related inputs.  The approach utilized was to facilitate the movement of goods and ensure economic prosperity rather than achieve social or distributive justice issues in the world economy. It also did not address agriculture and limited developed nations’ ability to institute protectionist measures on agricultural products. As a result, many non-industrialized nations chose not to enter or participate in the GATT framework.

In the 1970s, responding to international pressure, the GATT treaty was amended to add “Part IV” to respond to the need of the newly docolonialized and developing nations. This amendment to GATT introduced general preferences for developing countries and set a new framework for trade and development.

Uruguay Round (1986-1993)

As the 1980s dawned, the addition of Part IV to the original GATT framework and a willingness to revisit fundamental elements of the framework – including agricultural trade – led to the call for a comprehensive review of GATT. The Uruguay Round of talks was the outcome of those calls – with a mandate to look at trade, intellectual property, and international investment.

During the Round, the fall of the USSR and the ascendancy of capitalism and the liberal Western democracies had a significant influence on the talks – resulting in the development of a more democratic and liberal organization in the WTO, but also a renewed focus on economic globalization as economic gain surpassed the security priorities of the Cold War as the primary driving force in international relations.

This opening of borders and economies also led to a review of the laissez-faire policies of the international trade environment in light of the rise of the multinational enterprise as a significant non-state actor in international affairs.  Focus in this area revolved around environmental protection, promoting human rights, alleviating poverty, and developing a framework for economic and social justice.

Doha Round (2001)

In response to these pressures and the drive for balance arising from the perceived excesses of the 1990s, the Doha Round of talks.  The focus of these talks was on the developing nations and was generally viewed as the “Development Round” of talks, as the emerging nations became the focus.


EUCPN webinar: Does crime prevented mean crime displaced?

mythbuster "Does crime prevented mean crime displaced?
Organised by us

Why implement anti-burglary interventions when, as a result, burglars will merely relocate their activities to another nearby area? It is sometimes believed that implementing prevention interventions, such as CCTV cameras, will simply cause offenders to shift their activities to different locations, change their methods or find new targets. Yet this is only one of the possible outcomes an intervention can bring about. In practice, crime displacement is often outweighed by two other outcomes: a ceasing of crime and the diffusion of crime prevention benefits.

During this webinar the EUCPN mythbuster "Does crime prevented mean crime displaced?" will be presented, followed by a Q&A session. “Mythbusters” are short papers focused on a common misconception in the crime prevention field & aim to support practitioners and policymakers to be more effective in their work. The webinar takes place on Thursday 15 September 2022 between 14:00 - 14:30 CET. Participation is free but registration is mandatory. The access link will be sent prior to the webinar.