Conceptions of Justice/Fairness Scale

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This page is for interested and knowledgable psychology researchers to brainstorm on how to create an individual difference measure that allows us to study what people believe is fair and just. Feel free to edit things, though not all edits will be accepted or put into the final scale.

There is a discussion page here for interested parties to talk about items as well. Opportunities for credit/authorship abound! The goal is to develop a scale that we'll eventually collect data on using and perhaps using a sample near you.

Factors/Concepts of Fairness/Justice

I'm not a "justice researcher" (Ravi), so I may miss something, but looking at items and articles, I've identified 7 possible factors, which could also be heirarchically represented as follows...

1) Procedural Justice - "how should we decide who gets what" [Major cites/theorists: Tom Tyler]

2) Distributive Justice - Equity Theory - Things are distributed according to an "equity rule" which may be effort, ability, productivity, etc... "who should get what" Major cites/theorists: William Damon....] Equity - "people who contribute more should get more" [Major cites/theorists: Walster, equity theory.] This includes variations in effort ("contributions are defined by putting in more work") and Ability/Product ("contributions are defined by ability/objective worth of end product")

3) Distributive Justice - Equality - "everyone should get the same amount" [Major cites/theorists: ?]

4) Distributive Justice - Need - "people who need more should get more" [Jon thinks this must be cut; need draws on the harm/care foundation. it is a very artificial extension of fairness to say that it is only "fair" to give people what they need]

5) Interactional Justice - From Organizational Psychology...see Colquitt 2001 Meta Analysis

6) Informational Justice - From Organizational Psychology...see Colquitt 2001 Meta Analysis

7) Retributional Justice - There is evidence that punishing people for doing bad is different than rewarding people for doing good. As such, some kind of vengefulness measure might be necessary to capture the full scope of justice/fairness judgements.

More Notes:

For extended discussions of the many conflicting versions of fairness, see: --Alan Fiske, 1991, on how the "Equality Matching" model is implemented --Walter, Walster, and Berscheid, on equity theory --William Damon on the development of various forms of fairness

Possible other candidates:

So given these constructs, I feel like the next step is to look at existing measures and see which constructs are represented.

Existing scales

Here we can look at existing scales and comment on which factors items might load addition to those factors from the above section, items might be open to interpretation and load on the general "fairness/justice" idea that a person has in their head at that time. So a person who believes in equality will actually be answering a different question than someone who believes in equity when asked "is this fair?".

Colquitt 2001 Scale

Following on his meta-analysis, Colquitt created this scale which measures procedural, distributive, interactional, and informational justice.

Procedural justice The following items refer to the procedures used to arrive at your (outcome). To what extent: 1. Have you been able to express your views and feelings during those procedures? 2. Have you had influence over the (outcome) arrived at by those procedures? 3. Have those procedures been applied consistently? 4. Have those procedures been free of bias? 5. Have those procedures been based on accurate information? 6. Have you been able to appeal the (outcome) arrived at by those procedures? 7. Have those procedures upheld ethical and moral standards?

Distributive justice The following items refer to your (outcome). To what extent: 1. Does your (outcome) reflect the effort you have put into your work? 2. Is your (outcome) appropriate for the work you have completed? 3. Does your (outcome) reflect what you have contributed to the organization? 4. Is your (outcome) justified, given your performance?

Interpersonal justice The following items refer to (the authority figure who enacted the procedure). To what extent: 1. Has (he/she) treated you in a polite manner? 2. Has (he/she) treated you with dignity? 3. Has (he/she) treated you with respect? 4. Has (he/she) refrained from improper remarks or comments?

Informational justice The following items refer to (the authority figure who enacted the procedure). To what extent: 1. Has (he/she) been candid in (his/her) communications with you? 2. Has (he/she) explained the procedures thoroughly? 3. Were (his/her) explanations regarding the procedures reasonable? 4. Has (he/she) communicated details in a timely manner? 5. Has (he/she) seemed to tailor (his/her) communications to individuals' specific needs?

Moral Foundations Questionnaire

This is the Haidt/Graham measure that is available at and..

Procedural Justice If we are to fight crime effectively, some people's rights will have to be violated.

General Justice, fairness and equality are the most important requirements for a society.

Procedural Justice When the government makes laws, the number one principle should be ensuring that everyone is treated fairly.

Equity vs. Equality I think it's morally wrong that rich children inherit a lot of money while poor children inherit nothing.

Procedural Justice Whether or not someone was denied his or her rights

General Whether or not someone acted unfairly

Equality, and/or procedural Whether or not some people were treated differently than others

Procedural Justice, and equality Whether or not someone tried to control or dominate someone else

Preference for the Merit Principle Scale

This scale is by (Davey, Bobocel, San Hing, Zanna 1999).

Equality, neg equity - In work organizations, each employee ought to be named employee of the month at least once, even if he or she is not deserving. (R)

Equity (ability + effort) - In organizations, people who do their job well ought to rise to the top.

Procedural Justice - It is wrong for an employee to give a job to someone they know without advertising the job to other candidates.

General Fairness (ambiguous) - In life, people ought to get what they deserve.

Equity (effort) - The effort a worker puts into a job ought to be reflected in the size of a raise he or she receives.

Equality - When students are working on a group project, each member of the group ought to receive the same grade regardless of the amount of effort each team member puts in. (R)

Equity (effort) - Promotion decisions ought to take into account the effort workers put into their job.

Equity (effort + ability), Equality - Members of a work team ought to receive different pay depending on the amount each person contributed.

Need - Sometimes it is appropriate to give a raise to the worker who most needs it, even if he or she is not the most hard working. (R)

Equity (ability) - Qualifications ought to be given more weight than seniority when making promotion decisions.

Equity (effort) - Between two equally smart students applying for the same job, the one who is the harder worker ought to always get the job.

Equality - When a bonus is given to a work team for good performance, the money ought to always be divided equally among the group members. (R)

Need (Rev) - It is never appropriate to choose which student to hire by how much the student needs the job.

Equity (ability/product) (Rev) - People ought to be able to get away with poor quality work under some circumstances. (R)

Equity (effort) - If every person in an office has the same abilities, the promotion ought to always be given to the person who puts in the most effort.

Experiment in The Justice Motive

From The Justice Motive In Adolescence And Young Adulthood: Origins and Consequences By Claudia Dalbert, Hedvig Sallay

They gave students a short vignette about students who received the same number of points in a dictation in their native language and asked whether...

Equality Both should receive the same grade.

Need The student who needs a better grade to move up to the next year should receive a better grade.

Equity The student who made more of an effort should receive the better grade.

The Uber Justice/Fairness Scale

Some people feel that some situations are more wrong than others. Using the below scale, answer these questions as best you can as to how wrong a particular situation feels to you. These are not real situations, so there is no need to think too much about the possibilites. Instead, please answer for the general case and go with your first instinct.

Procedural Justice

Distributive Justice - Equality

Distributive Justice - Need

Distributive Justice - Equity - Effort & Ability/Production

Interpersonal justice

Informational justice

Retributive Justice - Punishment Orientation

Just to be clear and provide incentives to participate....

While I (Ravi) don't know where this project will lead, so I can't guarantee this, my goal is to have this project be a large collaboration with liberal credit awarded. If you contribute significantly to this page and it ends up in my control, I'll at least add your contribution as a footnote. If you can do data analysis, contribute a lot to the scale design, collect a sample, or help write the eventual paper, then there is likely an opportunity to be an author as long as you don't mind being on a paper with lots of others.

People to thank for providing input

(feel free to add yourself here)

Kees van den Bos Department of Social and Organizational Psychology Utrecht University

Lynn E. O'Connor, Ph.D. Professor, The Wright Institute Associate Clinical Professor, University of California, Berkeley Director, Emotion, Personality & Altruism Research Group

Malte Friese, Dipl.-Psych. Fakultät für Psychologie Universität Basel

Todd Lucas University of Michigan

Dr. Shlomo Hareli, Social Psychologist, Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa

jasia (pietrzak) asst. prof., social psychology University of Warsaw

Misc Stuff that may spur thought or hasn't been classified

differences in sensitivity to justice applied to others vs. self

It bothers me when others receive something that ought to be mine.

It bothers me when someone gets something they don’t deserve.

It disturbs me when I receive what others ought to have.

positive and negative framing

from 1986 positive negative framing paper...

1. How should a business distribute its profits justly? (b1 = material resource; c1 = positive outcome; d1 = competitive context) • The most productive workers should receive more profits. (a3 = equity) • Workers with lower wages should receive more profits, (a2 = need) • Profits should be distributed equally, (a1 = equality) 2. Due to cuts, a concern decides to shorten the workday. This decision will bring losses to employees. Which decision is just in the distribution of cuts between employees? (b1 = material resource; c2 = negative outcome; dl = competitive context) • Profitable employees should be exempt from workday cuts. (a3 = equity) • Employees with small profits who need the earnings should be exempt. (a2 = need) • All employees should divide the burden equally and rotate in workday cuts. (a1 = equality)

Equity Theory - Walster, Walster and Berscheid 1978

Equity Theory

At the risk of gross oversimplification, equity theory is premised on the relatively straightforward notion that individuals possess certain normative expectations about what is considered fair and just in any given situation. (Walster, Walster and Berscheid 1978). When that innate sense of equity and fair play is violated, victims tend to choose a strategy or technique which will most easily enable them to restore balance as they perceive it. Simple examples suffice: If he hits you, just hit him back. If she does it again, tell the teacher. If he blasts that horn at me one more time, I swear I'll slam on my brakes.

Which technique is employed can be seen as a function of its availability as well as its perceived cost to the user. Such costs, of course, may include psychological ones. In the examples above, for instance, hitting back may not be in the repertoire of socially acceptable behaviors. Alternatively, the probability of receiving a black eye in response may be considered too great a cost for physical retaliation. From the range of available equity restoring options, a cost-benefit calculation is made&emdash;sometimes very quickly&emdash;and a response is selected that suits the victim. The theory holds, further, that the less costly an equity-restoring technique, the more likely it will be used. If community norms encourage clan conferencing, elder councils, or other reparative processes, these methods will most likely be chosen.

While there are benefits to participation in a face-to-face encounter, there are also costs. Clearly, for some individuals the cost of participation, in terms of psychological anxiety, is not enough to offset the benefits of economic compensation or psychological equity provided through emotional closure. Equity theory suggests that examining issues of costs&emdash;particularly perceived psychological costs as well as perceived availability of the equity restoring technique&emdash;may be useful for exploring victim-offender mediation participation rates.

Victims who participate in face-to-face meetings may have simply adopted (or grown up with) a value orientation consistent with reparative/restorative options. In other words, participation in a victim-offender mediation program may make sense culturally and therefore represent a less costly choice. For example, many of these programs have strong developmental ties to the Mennonite Church, with its long tradition of peacemaking and alternative approaches to conflict and disputes. Within the victims’ movement itself there remains a strong, biblically-based component which speaks to the necessity of reconciliation and alternative means for obtaining social justice that are outside traditional institutions. Indeed, "system-based" programs may even be viewed with a certain amount of healthy skepticism.

Some victims may choose to participate in an alternative approach because of negative associations from prior experiences with the established criminal justice system. For others, the psychological costs of re-encountering the offender may simply be perceived as too high and they will decline participation. There will be some, however, for whom obtaining closure through a face-to-face encounter may be more appealing (psychologically less costly) than the established system. Using equity theory as an explanatory framework clearly requires us to gain a better understanding of the kinds of costs victims associate with meeting their offender versus the rewards that may be obtained by them from such encounters. Narrative theory, discussed below, is proposed as the framework that can integrate these discussions.

Fiske's Equality Matching

Jon suggested looking at this for ideas....perhaps support for a "reciprocity" factor within Equity?

 "People use just four fundamental models for organizing most aspects
   of sociality most of the time in all cultures . These models are
   Communal Sharing, Authority Ranking, Equality Matching, and Market

   In Equality Matching relationships people keep track of the balance
   or difference among participants and know what would be required to
   restore balance. Common manifestations are turn-taking, one-person
   one-vote elections, equal share distributions, and vengeance based
   on an-eye-for-an-eye, a-tooth-for-a-tooth. Examples include sports
   and games (EM with respect to the rules, procedures, equipment and
   terrain), baby-sitting coops (EM with respect to the exchange of
   child care), and restitution in-kind (EM with respect to righting a

From 2001 Meta-analysis in organizational justice

process control (i.e., control over the presentation of their arguments and sufficient time to present their case). This process control effect is often referred to as the "fair process effect" or "voice" effect (e.g., Folger, 1977; Lind & Tyler, 1988), and it is one of the most replicated findings in the justice literature. Indeed, Thibaut and Walker (1975) virtually equated process control with procedural justice (Folger & Cropanzano, 1998). Although Thibaut and Walker (1975) introduced the concept of procedural justice, their work focused primarily on disputant reactions to legal procedures. Although a focus on justice and law continues to be of interest to scholars (e.g., Tyler, 1990), Leventhal and colleagues can be credited for extending the notion of procedural justice into nonlegal contexts such as organizational settings (Leventhal, 1980; Leventhal et al., 1980). In doing so, Leventhal and colleagues also broadened the list of determinants of procedural justice far beyond the concept of process control. Leventhal's theory of procedural justice judgments focused on six criteria that a procedure should meet if it is to be perceived as fair. Procedures should (a) be applied consistently across people and across time, (b) be free from bias (e.g., ensuring that a third party has no vested interest in a particular settlement), (c) ensure that accurate information is collected and used in making decisions, (d) have some mechanism to correct flawed or inaccurate decisions, (e) conform to personal or prevailing standards of ethics or morality, and (f) ensure that the opinions of various groups affected by the decision have been taken into account.

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The correspondence needs to be simple with no embellishments, in order to demonstrate a critical intent to go to the nation and return to your house country. You also need to attach a letter from the employer confirming that you’re a worker in a specific company and the specifics of your job. The letter must state that you’re the individual’s relative or friend and that you are likely to visit for a particular moment. An endorsement letter is a kind of letter which has many functions that are essential.

Writing an endorsement letter is a fantastic policy for virtually any job seeker who is determined to have a work offer. The perfect method to make a successful acceptance letter is to find a way to balance it between being professional and welcoming. Provided that the correspondence includes all the essential info, you or the guy inviting you won’t have trouble writing it. In the end, it must clearly demonstrate that the contact info and certification of registration of the business or person approving you for this function.

There are various kinds of approval letters for specific requirements and it is crucial that you learn on how these sorts of letters are composed depending on the situation you wind up at. By following these easy methods for your approval letter, you are half way there. There are acceptance letters to welcome somebody to a certain company or a particular school. The letter must specify the business relationship you’ve got with the person you are seeing and what you are going to be doing during the time you’re from the country. It will tell them why you’re going and that you are seeing. It is not a lengthy letter.

To be able to compose an excellent invitation letter, you can follow the tips below. The invitation letter needs to be from the individual or company sponsoring you to visit this action. As a result of this, acquiring a invitation letter for your Schengen visa is very beneficial and will help your application a fantastic deal. So be sure to attach all your relevant medical documents along with also the hospital invitation letter for better odds of locating the visa. The letter should contain all the information concerning the event and the exact date of the occasion.

Acceptance letter might also be utilized as a means to negotiate conditions, more especially in the area of business. There are many types of important approval letters that you might utilize like job acceptance letters. Most times, there are two kinds of acceptance letters usually speaking. They can help you give out info regarding what’s expected of those who are approved and also make them feel glad that they have been accepted.

Like any business correspondence, an acceptance letter has to be short and right to the stage. Composing acceptance letters to provide your verification could be mandatory in certain conditions. Even at the price of sounding repetitive, be sure you mention what it is that you’re accepting.

For example, if you want to take a deal from another person, but just in specific conditions, it is crucial that you locate a way to word it so you don’t seem too pushy but can convince another party to provide you exactly what you want. For that reason, it must follow that the very best way to accept a job offer is via letter. When creating a letter, there are a few features that should be included in order to be able for it to function as the perfect identification letter and correctly portray your intention.

Make sure you and your receiver are on precisely the same page regarding precisely what will occur on your first day (and the day you obtain your very first paycheck). It is possible to also reiterate a few of the info that was contained in the initial invitation to show the host that you understand the purpose. If you are writing to ask information or to fill out an application for a job place with case organizing company, then the correspondence needs to be formal.

No matter the scenario, including the particulars of what’s being accepted is rather important. Details are indispensable for the letter being shipped out. In this manner, you’ll be certain you have all the details correct.

The letter should be your very own. It could also contain particulars of the health condition of the victim together with relevant attachments as well. You are going to be delivered a letter with the decision about your children’s school.
The letter will notify you how. It’s your chance to talk about your side of the circumstance. Such letters must highlight the challenging situation that the sufferer is a part of which subsequently has hampered his research, together with a promise that the financial aid supplied could be used fruitfully to realize improved effects.

Letters have a particular place in the market world. The letter has to be written in such a way that it should convince the employer about the topic. Follow these strategies to assist you compose a letter that provides you with the best chance of succeeding. The correspondence is going to want to state that the school is the only one capable to satisfy your child’s requirements and it needs to be determined with a definite examination.

Recall that the man reading your letter may be sympathetic but reluctant to grant your appeal without some type of evidence that you’re correct and honest on your assertions. The most essential part of your appeal letter would be the proof you present to construct your case. Powerful letters of appeal state legitimate explanations for why a decision has to be reconsidered. The school will appear at how curious you are in going there, not someone else.

Flight attendant school isn’t even required a state of occupation by nearly all companies or air companies but might possibly boost your chances of becoming hired. You also need to be sure the college allows appealsmany schools do not. Even if your favourite college does theoretically accept appeals, you’ll need to meet certain criteria so as to submit a case for reconsideration. Many colleges simply don’t wish to deal with the flood of appeals they’d receive if they permitted applicants to argue their cases.

There are lots of websites over the net that could aid you with writing formal letters. Normally, appeal information is contained in the decision letter you received. Concentrate on where the data in your appeal letter diverges from that introduced in your primary program, and provide the program committee the chance to get to comprehend the real you. If you don’t have significant new info to report to a college, don’t write an appeal.

You should go through the exact same procedure if you are appealing a decision about a baby class. Whatever the circumstance, however, you should begin the process of filing an appeal when you can to minimize any schedule conflicts. Check your application was dealt with properly The ideal chance of a successful appeal is where you are able to highlight that the admission authority’s choice doesn’t adhere to the entrance criteria where it has to be based.

The most important reason behind the application of this amount needs to be clarified in the appeal letter functioning with a great expert format. Documentation is also important in case you later choose to pursue legal action. The appeal is surely worth a try, but almost all rejection appeals aren’t profitable. If your appeal is based upon the contention that there was a considerable inaccuracy on your primary application, you are likely to need to give proof that this is the case.

Usually, appeals will be determined in under 15 college days. Clearly no appeal is certain to work, but you might possibly be surprised how much extra help your student ends up with. It is vital to be realistic about an appeal. In such cases, an appeal may be potential depending on the individual institution’s policies.

In the majority of instances, it is not warranted. Be aware that the threshold for successful appeals is extremely significant. The admission authority will define a deadline for submitting information and evidence to back up your own appeal. The appeals committee does not expect college students to become ideal. If one is not very mindful of the reason, consulting with a financial adviser is very much advisable. An admissions officer is not likely to undo a decision just as a student claims some kind of testing hardship.

Authorization letter is utilized to ensure that the holder is allowed to access resources which belong to some other person. Distribution authorization letter is a formal correspondence addressed by way of a producer, business or organization to provide distribution rights of its own material to another firm.

If, however, you don’t provide us enough information, we may not be in a place to get in contact with you or help you resolve your issue. Make certain that you have sufficient details regarding the institution or organization you are applying to. Also, be certain you’ve included all the advice the work description asks in a cover letter. Additionally, it would also be rather useful to acquire information about the position or prerequisites for what you are applying to.

Confirmation letters are really crucial for the man to whom it is for so which he or she is able to pay attention to the purpose why a confirmation letter was granted. They’re used by an entity to provide details concerning the approval of a petition or an approval of a specific procedure or trade. Introduction this region of the letter explains why you’re writing. It can likewise be a letter in terms of a spiritual practice that someone would want to involve himself or herself with.

Closing In closing your application letter, it’s essential to create a very clear and strong simple statement of the reasons why you need to be chosen or your program ought to be granted.It’s far better write a letter that is pleasing to the merchant or provider so the likelihood of having your proposal approved are higher. Besides our confirmation letters, you may also download ourA Letter of Employment Templates, which you might use for various transactions in the job atmosphere.

When you’re operating a company, it is often required to make changes about the equipment that you get and orders you place to boost your own organization. Some companies would like you to include added advice, such as salary requirements and start date availability. Anything you would really enjoy a potential company to understand about you and your ability to donate is included. Ensure you have the supplier’s correct address and you’ve spelt the person’s name right too.

Carefully think about what you could give the supplier. Do be sure each letter you send is customized into the organization and position. As you are the sole supplier we’d love to consider for buying the products but in the exact same moment we’d love to negotiate in your quoted rates. You enter a retailer, you start browsing around for a few thing that you want, however can’t seem to believe it’s.

Retail is, clearly, an extremely revenue-orientated business. Your store could also be visited as part of the consent approach. Infographic resumes are not feasible to understand, states MacIntyre. Entry-level resumes might be onepage just provided that you have limited work experience. Filtering out resumes for mechanical engineers is very simple after you get started using the ones which appear strange. Retail jobs are probably in a region where selling or client representative is your significant platform.

You’ve done a great job and should have a best rest. In case you can’t monitor a lasting job whilst in the country, you could elect to attempt to monitor a short-term job. In case you would want to find employment in Canada, then you are going to wish to be sure the standing prior to applying for a work visa, whether you would like a momentary or long-term union.
1 way to generate the process of composing a work program simpler is to use a work program letter template to make your very own personalized job application letters for applying for employment.

A retail job program is an essential record that includes someone’s application for any retail job position. Applying to be a SNAP merchant is a substantial decision. Some applicants may be requested to submit extra info. Employers are searching for you to reply the way that you find it feasible to fix their issues, and they really need a professional who is ready to supply a decision. Concentrate to the measurable consequences of somebody’s projects and functions, and precisely what you’ll have to provide you with a possible employer.

As the companies know you’ve currently achieved certain things that they will want to decide what specifically you’ve accomplished and the manner that it has the capacity to help the company. Thinking up with innovative approaches to successfully make sales and converse with clients is very likely to impress any company later on. Most retail sales workers are given training connected with customer support, store policy and the best way to manage the cash register.

The job assignment template knows just how to find each of the details right. It’s what helps one to make high excellent task assignment sheets for use to chronicle every activity from begin to completion. As it is the task assignment template which gets everything organized all together. You will be supplied with a lot of report templates over here. You may therefore make sure the document template you are getting is like that prepared by way of a Solicitor minus the unnecessary expense.

Then you’ll get a free template. If you would like to view our other company property templates click on the hyperlink.Depending on what sort of template you use, you can also must compose part or a lot of the letter yourself. The next region of the letter could comprise the credentials of the work seeker. Effective letters will yield just really good results. Whatever your circumstance, a work experience letter could create all the difference the minute it comes to being considered for your ideal placement, not to mention give you the ability to stick out from lots of different applicants.

Cover letters should nevertheless be utilized to provide information necessary for program submission. The letter must also tell the business owner what kind of abilities and go through the letter sender has. The transmittal letter stipulates the recipient with a specific context to place the bigger document and concurrently provides the sender a permanent record of having sent the material.

The assignment letter should be a legally binding document, confirming that the agreement between the organization and the assignee with regard to the stipulations of the mission. Below it should indicate that it’s a letter of mission to offer the kind an identity. At times, assignment letters are specialist in design and style, but they are also able to become more informal and conversational, based on the circumstance and context.

If you’re fond of writing a good deal of letters to your family members or friends then grant writing template is most appropriate for you. The style and wording you are using at a letter are determined by the specific conditions. A letter of interest must describe to a particular employer which the work seeker is interested in the business and also the main reason why they are interested. Letters of interest are occasionally sent once somebody has interest in a business, but that company may not own a work opening at the current time.

A letter may also be utilized to stop another individual or company from making false statements that harm or harm a person’s reputation or business. A covering letter will be your one which communicates your CV when you are applying for employment. After you join, you’ll find an authentic actual letter in the email that guides you through the procedure. If you’re likely to write a letter on your own, an expression of appreciation is just among the wisest things it is likely to include.

Composing a superb business letter can take a little time and energy. You will mail the letter into your residence or just leave it below the tree on Christmas morning. You may have heard that keeping your cover letter into one page is perfect.

You are able to use a cover letter to suggest your application be assigned to a specific IC. A transmittal or cover letter exerts a bigger item, normally a document. You will encounter using two unique types of assignment. Assignment can easily be found in different contractual scenarios.

If it be agreed, the Assignment could be extended where time the provisions and details of the Assignment is going to be reviewed. The incentive mission ought to be recorded giving all very important details about it and contacts which the recipient can contact for more negotiations. The selection of assignments permits you to earn an affordable selection and be certain of the timely delivery we provide on a daily basis.

The absolutely Free Assignment of contract form will advocate for three parties so you can surely get from the contract. There are just a few situations where the assignment of contract may not be followed. Whenever there is the potential for a mission extension past the initially-agreed duration, the applicable policy has to be detailed here.

In it all the critical items are discussed that will have to get employed in the faculty. If you’re just emerging from graduate school, your college research experience could possibly be the initial and biggest thing, but it should not be the just one. Teachers should likewise have the ability to keep order and be fair and objective if solving conflict. Everyone looks up at an outstanding teacher and they would like to be a much better instructor, they wish to be a better learner, better still, they would love to be a much better person. Most educators must list all their certifications, or each time they anticipate receiving them. A great math teacher makes her class a place where pupils would like to be. A booming math instructor has an extensive understanding of mathematics.

Students will have a look at your education and experience to find a notion of what things to anticipate. If they answer a issue incorrectly, she doesn’t allow them to quit. The pupils may download topic wise model papers from the site.

Allow lots of time and make certain to won’t be disturbed. So do not get discouraged if the idea of embarking on a work search makes you want to have a time-out. In truth, it might be a superb idea to earn a bullet point list of the attributes you’re searching for. One of the most significant ways to find the attention of different teachers and the administration is to substitute at the district which you want to educate in. It is critical that your resume ought to be clear, relevant and accurate in regard to the work description and it has to be concentrated on the company or the employer.

Find out more about the organisation to get more hints about the type of applicant who would be prosperous. Lots of employers use pre-employment tests to screen applicants prior to making a deal. When an employer calls you back for another interview, it is okay that you inquire if you are going to take any evaluations as a bit of this process so long as you are already in the doorway as a serious candidate, you may usually receive a straight answer. Some employers search for certain teacher buzz” words to discover when you’re in the loop. It is very important that you keep organized with your resume so that companies do not need to take out a magnify glass to get what they are trying to find. It might even be possible that the employers may be knowledgeable about them and it might be perceived because you absence creativity.

There’s a summary after the consequence of every class indicating the whole info in brief. Make sure you check the work description and show that you match the requirements. Composing your matrimony profile description isn’t a very simple job. When composing a resume, it helps to review resume examples that are associated with your job. You will also find a good example of a resume composed specifically for an early childhood education endeavor. To be a teacher, you will require the ideal mix of expertise, knowledge, and instruction.

Based on the job and program type with your own profile and experience, you can choose anyone. Non-paid experiences might also be included here. Many professionals have various lengths for a variety of functions. It is still important to have them recorded, however, as it shows he’s also a talented instructor with loads of experience in the classroom. A specialist author can write a very good bio data without an issue, but a freshman requires a very good format to follow if he would like to produce an impression.

Volunteering for the college district you need to have a job in is the best method to become visible. Should you would like to land work in the instruction field, be sure to learn how to make and employ a teaching portfolio. To begin with, take a fantastic look in the job posting itself. Teaching jobs usually require specific degrees and certifications, so be sure to emphasize your education.

Your resume is thought of as the manifestation of you and it is unique for each and every individual. So in anticipation for the interview, the restart can offer you a opportunity to thoroughly think through the scenarios you want your employer to comprehend about you. If that’s the case, your resume can nevertheless be quantified, and provide the hiring manager a concrete idea of the reach of your abilities and abilities. To have the ability to write a good resume the first thing you’ve got to consider is your own audience.


Hip hop is a high-energy class that will encourage students to step outside of the box by bringing their own individual style and personality to the movements. Hip hop dance requires students to have the strength and stamina to successfully perform moves. Therefore class includes upper and lower body conditioning as well as a rigorous warm-up to help prepare students for more intense movements.

Aerial modern dance is a subgenre of modern dance first recognized in the United States in the 1970s. The choreography incorporates an apparatus that is often attached to the ceiling, allowing performers to explore space in three dimensions

Acro focuses on flexibility, muscle control, balance, tumbling technique, and strength. This class will focus on fundamental acrobatic technique, teaching such skills as handstands, chin stands, elbow stands, cartwheels, back bends, walkovers, balance and contortion tricks.  This class is designed to allow each student to grow and develop at their own rate.

Cinematic Dance is used to reveal the central themes of the film, whether these themes be connected to narrative or story, states of being, or more experimental and formal concerns.

Bollywood dance is the dance-form used in the Indian films. It is a mixture of numerous styles.  These styles include belly-dancing, kathak, Indian folk, Western popular, and “modern”, jazz, and even Western erotic dancing.

A free flowing form of dance with elements of modern, jazz, ballet, lyrical and styles unique to itself. This class encourages natural movement and personal interpretation. It focuses on self-expression, awareness of space and body movement, use of body weight, efficiency of muscle use and body alignment.

Fusion dance is a type of contemporary partner dance that combines different dance styles to create a new aesthetic. It is typically an improvised, lead-follow approach to dancing that does not conform to any particular defined dance styles.


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United States Crime Rates 1960 - 2013

United States Crime Rates 1960 - 2013
Related:  Workplace Violence

Occupational Violence - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic The magnitude of workplace violence in the United States is measured with fatal and nonfatal statistics from several sources. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) reported 14,770 workplace homicide victims between 1992 and 2012. Averaging over 700 homicides per year, the largest number of homicides in one year (n=1080) occurred in 1994, while the lowest number (n=468) occurred in 2011. From 2003 to 2012 over half of the workplace homicides occurred within three occupation classifications: sales and related occupations (28%), protective service occupations (17%), and transportation and material moving occupations (13%). The Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) reported an estimated 154,460 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work during the 2003 to 2012 time period. Grants awarded under the 2002 RFA were: Grants awarded under the 2008 RFA were:

Philosophy and Physics - With Both Hands I was horrified today to learn of the work of Harry Harlow, Ph.D. Harlow actually stumbled into his most famous work because he was attempting to lower the cost of his laboratory by raising his own rhesus monkeys. He raised them Skinner style, fed and warm, but bereft of any contact with either their mothers or other juveniles. He discovered that his monkeys went crazy from this lack of social interaction. Instead of thinking to himself, gee, that was dumb, Harlow instead decided to do this on purpose to see what happens when you deprive an animal of something that it needs. I came across this little tidbit in an article in the New Yorker about solitary confinement. I am generally sympathetic to the conclusion of the article that solitary confinement is probably not worth it overall, given that those subjected to it are generally rendered less fit for society than they were previously, and the violence in the general prison population continues unabated. This too makes sense.

NIOSH Publications and Products - Violence in the Workplace (96-100) July 1996 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 96-100 Homicide in the Workplace NIOSH Data Data from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) Surveillance System indicate that 9,937 workplace homicides occurred during the 13-year period from 1980 through 1992, with an average workplace homicide rate of 0.70/100,000 workers (Table 1) [NIOSH 1995]. Table 1. Source: NIOSH [1995]. Figure 1. Sex The majority (80%) of workplace homicides during 198092 occurred among male workers. Table 2. Source: NIOSH [1995]. Table 3. Source: NIOSH [1995]. Age The age of workplace homicide victims ranged from 16 (the youngest reported in NTOF) to 93 during 198092. Race Although the majority of workplace homicide victims were white (73%), black workers (1.39/100,000) and workers of other races (1.87/100,000) had the highest rates of work-related homicide (Table 4). Table 4. Source: NIOSH [1995]. Geographic Distribution Table 5. Method of Homicide Table 6. Source: NIOSH [1995]. Figure 2. Industry and Occupation

Alternative Sentencing « Crime Victims Media Report From the Bradenton (FL) Herald: Repeated Judicial Leniency, Misuse of Mental Incompetence Status, Parole Board Leniency, Repeated Failure of “Community Control” This is Patrick Hampton. In 2003, he tried to kill a man by stabbing him “several times” with a steak knife. Four years for aggravated battery with a deadly weapon. So, between Judge Dubensky’s inane sentencing and the equally inane actions of Florida’s parole board, which persists in letting violent felons walk early despite the trail of broken bodies that ensue (like, mine), Hampton was free to kill his stepmother last Friday. There is nothing wrong with judges finding people mentally unfit to stand trial, of course. Did Dubensky go easy on Hampton because he decided that his mental illness excused his attempt to murder someone? Or does Dubensky just go easy on extremely violent, recidivist felons? So, let’s get this straight: Hampton violated probation, so he was placed on outpatient community control?

America’s Productivity Climbs, but Wages Stagnate Photo FEDERAL income tax rates will rise for the wealthiest Americans, and certain tax loopholes might get closed this year. But these developments, and whatever else happens in Washington in the coming debt-ceiling debate, are unlikely to do much to alter one major factor contributing to : stagnant wages. Wages have fallen to a record low as a share of America’s gross domestic product. “We went almost a century where the labor share was pretty stable and we shared prosperity,” says Lawrence Katz, a labor economist at Harvard. Some economists say it is wrong to look at just wages because other aspects of employee compensation, notably health costs, have risen. Conservative and liberal economists agree on many of the forces that have driven the wage share down. “Some people think it’s a law that when productivity goes up, everybody benefits,” says Erik Brynjolfsson, an economics professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Crime Statistics We regularly publish or contribute to a series of statistical crime reports and publications, detailing specific offenses and outlining trends that can help you better understand crime threats both nationally and locally. Uniform Crime Reports Crime in the U.S. is the most comprehensive analysis of violent crime and property crime in the nation. The annual publication compiles volume and rate of crime offenses for the nation, the states, and many cities and counties. It also includes arrest, clearance, and law enforcement employee data. Use the online UCR Data Tool to research crime statistics since 1985 and in some cases back to 1960. 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | more Hate Crime Statistics presents yearly data regarding incidents, offenses, victims, and offenders in reported crimes that were motivated in whole or in part by a bias against the victim’s perceived race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability. Other Reports and Publications

Family Structure Helps Explain Difference in Violence Radley Balko's point about immigrants helping to make El Paso, Texas a safe city ("Notable & Quotable," July 9) is valid, but it doesn't go far enough in explaining why this might be so. Since the publication of the 2007 CQ Press survey that labeled Detroit the nation's "most dangerous" large city, I have worked with a group trying to identify the obstacles to significant crime reduction. El Paso, the third "safest" city in the survey, is about as poor and the people as undereducated as in Detroit. The most distinctive socioeconomic difference between El Paso and Detroit is the Texas city's far greater number of married couples as a percentage of total households: 48% versus Detroit's 24%. There was a time, not so long ago, when women in this predicament were called "welfare queens." These public policies have afflicted whites as well as blacks. Welfare reform in the mid-1990s moved in the right direction, but much more needs to be done. Lewis I.

Uniform Crime Reports The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program has been the starting place for law enforcement executives, students of criminal justice, researchers, members of the media, and the public at large seeking information on crime in the nation. The program was conceived in 1929 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police to meet the need for reliable uniform crime statistics for the nation. In 1930, the FBI was tasked with collecting, publishing, and archiving those statistics. Today, four annual publications, Crime in the United States, National Incident-Based Reporting System, Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, and Hate Crime Statistics are produced from data received from over 18,000 city, university/college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily participating in the program. The FBI is undertaking a wholesale redesign and redevelopment of the system that has supported the FBI’s UCR Program for more than 30 years.

Violence in the workplace: new perspectives in forensic mental health services in the USA | The British Journal of Psychiatry Abstract Background This paper reviews current research on workplace violence in the USA and offers suggestions concerning the roles that mental health professionals with forensic expertise can play in this expanding field. Aims To clarify the role of the mental health professional in evaluating issues related to workplace violence. Method Manual and computer literature searches were performed. Results The incidence of reported workplace violence is on the rise and can be devastating beyond the immediate injury. Conclusions With the growing interest in workplace violence come many opportunities for mental health professionals to assist companies in assessment, intervention and prevention. Violence in the workplace has received growing attention, in part due to the increase in litigation following incidents in the workplace. Background The consequences of violence in the workplace can be devastating beyond the immediate injuries.

DER SPIEGEL 27/1989 - Die Rückkehr des dunklen Ritters 400 Millionen Fans in 40 Ländern nehmen Anteil an den Abenteuern des Comic-strip-Helden "Batman", der bei Nacht im Fledermauskostüm auf Verbrecherjagd geht. Seit nunmehr 50 Jahren steht der einsame Rächer, der uramerikanische Vorkämpfer der Selbstjustiz, unermüdlich an der Front gegen alles Böse der Welt. Nun feiert ihn Hollywood mit einem 35-Millionen- Dollar-Spektakel, das der "Batmania" weit über die Kinos hinaus neuen Auftrieb gibt. Ein junger, gut aussehender Multimillionen-Erbe könnte sich vielerlei Vergnügungen leisten, doch Bruce Wayne hat nur eine Passion: Er geistert, angetan mit einem dunklen Strumpfhosenkostüm, einer spitzohrigen Maskenkappe und einem flatternden Umhang, bei Nacht durch seine Vaterstadt Gotham City, um Angst und Schrecken zu verbreiten. Ein Kindskopf? Ein Anarchist? Den jungen Bruce Wayne, der tagsüber in seiner Luxusvilla das unauffällige Leben eines Nichtstuers führt, hat sein nächtlich-monomanes Treiben zu einem amerikanischen Nationalidol gemacht.

Comp Clues: Predicting Workplace Violence | IWCI By: Gregory T. Hale, Ph.D., Psychologist March 2002 Gunshots recently sounded in a workplace in Northern Indiana. Sadly, the loss of two lives, and multiple injuries resulted from the actions on one employee. The consequences of workplace violence are serious and often life changing, not just for the individuals involved, but also for the workplace itself. Predicting workplace violence requires the identification of workplace factors which form the context of the behavior and personal factors directly affecting the employee. Workplace factors consist of factors likely to occur in the workplace. Personal factors such as alcohol use and abuse, a history of aggressive behavior, perceived low self-esteem, and the use of psychological aggression, exemplify the personal factors predictive of workplace violence. Assisting employers in better understanding high risk employees is obviously important so as to avoid the sad and horrifying consequences of violent actions in the workplace.


Precision Exterior Contractors we understand creating and maintaining a beautiful healthy lawn takes a carefully designed fertilization program. Furthermore this program addresses all aspects of your lawn’s health and growth needs. Every lawn has its own, unique fertilization needs. Fertilize your lawn properly and you’ll be on your way. In result to a healthy, dense stand of turf that maintains a deep green color and gives weeds a hard time to grow. Nitrogen is every lawn’s most important ingredient, and each type of grass demands different amounts to display peak growth and performance. How often you fertilize affects not only lawn appearance, but also maintenance level.

Precision Exterior Contractors services takes their lawn fertilization program seriously because your property is a reflection of our program. Many others have learned from these tips to help benefit there landscape.

Through a proper diagnosis we can create a customized application plan to insure your lawn will look lush and green. Our Team of professionals guarantees you the best possible results. So that you can spend your time enjoying your outdoor space and not working in it. Without fertilization, your turf may experience a nutrient deficiency making it more susceptible to disease, weeds and insects. A lawn care program that incorporates our specialized blends of lawn fertilizer will encourage root growth resulting in a thicker, healthier lawn.

Lets get your lawn refreshed and fertilized, schedule an appointment.


First-Year Teacher Library

Mrs. Schmidt
Crimson Point Elementary School
Grades 3-5
Kuna, ID
Project Cost: $535.95
Dollars to go: $0.00

My Students

I am a first-year teacher and I am so excited to be spreading the love of reading with my 4th grade students! Our school participates in 'Pride Time' each morning. Pride Time means they choose their own books for sustained reading for 20 minutes. I love how excited these students are when they get to choose their books for Pride Time, and I want to give them every opportunity I can to expand that love. My students will have a more meaningful connection with reading by having a variety of books to choose from. Reading is one of the ways they love to learn. Through books, we are able to go on amazing adventures together and as individuals. Books also help us understand others and even ourselves. As a Title One school, many of my students do not have as many resources available outside of the school. I want to provide them with as much as I can inside our class.

My Project

By helping me build my classroom library you will put engaging, entertaining, and inspiring books right in my students' hands. As a first-year teacher, I have been working on building a library but struggle to bring in enough books for a class with various tastes to fully enjoy. I am excited to offer my students a wider variety of books that better represent the diversity of our class, enrich imaginations, and strengthen their understanding of influential individuals. I believe it is so important for the literature in the classroom to reflect the children. This can be through their gender, race, ethnicity, interests, background, and more. When kids can connect with and see themselves in characters in a book it uplifts them and gives them courage. Thank you for any support you can provide. I know my students and I will be incredibly grateful and inspired by your generous donations.


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page www.tsinghualogic.net, topics at the international conference “Logic across
ciety and industry. The interested reader can find the material of this conference in
the Proceedings, prepared by the editors of the current piece, that appeared with Col-
lege Publications London. Moreover, reports for a more general audience on various
aspects of the conference have appeared in China Science Daily and Chinese Social
Sciences Today.
While participants came from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, many
logical themes ran across the various subfields, tying the conference together, such
as language, information, knowledge, proof, games, or probability, providing a com-
mon language and common concerns. What also held the event together were the
lively exchanges between participants who did not hesitate to express their views on
where logic as they see it is heading, when asked to do so. The resulting discussions
were sometimes, as diplomats say, ‘frank and lively’, but also always interesting and
We have tried to collect a fair sample of such perspectives for the reader. We
asked all participants to express their views on their own research and its wider out-
reach, keeping a more general audience in mind. To help trigger responses, we sug-
gested a few questions, not as a compulsory format, but as an aid which people could
use as they saw it :
1. What is logic about, and what role does it play in your research?
2. What are major developments in your research area?
3. What are the uses of logic, inside the university, but also outside in society?
4. What major outreach activities are you yourself involved in?
5. What do you see as the exciting future developments in the field?
We asked participants to be brief, concrete, and personal in their responses. The
resulting statements, mostly in the form of responses to some of our questions, but
someofthemfreestanding, are printedhereinalphabeticalorder, andtheyrange from
general philosophical views of logic to concrete social outreach activities that people

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Streams and CO2

From OSU Press Release

"Streams and rivers could pump carbon dioxide into the air at increasing rates if they continue to warm, potentially compounding the effects of global warming, a new worldwide analysis has shown.

To reach that conclusion, an international research team conducted the first continental-scale study of carbon flows into and out of streams across six major climatic zones. They collected data in watersheds from Puerto Rico and Oregon to Australia and Alaska. In each one, scientists analyzed the balance between photosynthesis — which uses atmospheric CO2 to generate plant material such as roots and leaves — and respiration, which pumps CO2 back into the air.

“This paper is the first to look at the effects of climate change on stream metabolism at the continental scale using field observations,” said Alba Argerich, co-author who monitored McRae Creek and Lookout Creek in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. “This approach takes into consideration the complexity of an ecosystem, as opposed to controlled experiments where you recreate simplified versions of an ecosystem.”

Argerich and other scientists monitored streams for water temperature, dissolved oxygen and sunlight at the water surface. The researchers also simulated the balance between net primary production (the product of photosynthesis by all organisms in the stream) and respiration under a 1-degree Celsius rise in stream temperature. The net result of the simulations, they reported, was a 24 percent shift toward more respiration and CO2 emissions.

The shift toward more CO2 emissions appears to be more pronounced in warmer streams, the scientists found, while colder streams might actually see an increase in net primary production. Carbon cycling in streams can also be affected by other factors such as the plants and microbes in the stream ecosystem and nutrients flowing into the water from surrounding lands."

Also see:

Article from Oregon Public Radio's EarthFix program:

See the full article in Nature Geoscience, "Continental-scale decrease in net primary productivity in streams due to climate warming"


Presidential Politics 2016

This is probably the only political statement I’ll make on the internet this year, and it’s not telling you who to vote for or pushing a particular issue in your face. I want to introduce some perspective.

Everyone is worried about the presidential election this year — will it be Trump or Clinton, I can’t vote for him and I don’t like her, if X is elected it will be a disaster for the country, what about these very fine 3rd party candidates, etc. You’re all barking up the wrong tree, you’ve forgotten how the government really works, and that the occupant of the oval office has limited powers and doesn’t really matter. What matters is the Senate, and we should be talking about senatorial candidates.

The president doesn’t install justices on the Supreme Court, judges on the Court of Appeals, or more than 6000 people onto various agencies, and the president doesn’t decide who sits in their own cabinet. The president may nominate people for these positions, but the Senate confirms those appointments. If the Senate doesn’t consent to a nominee, that nominee will not be appointed.  These appointments have lasting effects long after a presidential term is up so the appointment really matters, but the field of unappointed nominees are irrelevant.

What about the House of Representatives? Their districts are fairly gerrymandered so individual representatives aren’t all that responsive to national politics, and the House’s power is somewhat limited by design. They do play a role in budgeting and legislation, though — along with the Senate.

The president doesn’t set the federal budget, Congress does. The president does proposes a budget (and only does so because Congress can’t be bothered — by law they are supposed to make it and they can always change anything proposed by the president) but the budget is voted on and set by Congress.

You may object that “my senators are fine, and they’re not even up for election this year!” This may be true, but it’s not a good objection. We all have friends and family in other states, you can discuss the issues and candidates across the nation, and persuade them to take an interest and vote. (But never brow-beat or fight, please, that’s neither respectful or respectable.)

So in this election cycle, lets talk about the things that matter. The president isn’t one of them.


Live In The Nautical

Happy Thanksgiving!

“Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend.” ~ Melody Beattie Gratitude  There is so much in life to be grateful for, though it ….

NaNoWriMo 2018

“Writing is an exploration. You start from nothing and learn as you go.” ~ E. L. Doctorow Gimme ALL the coffee Happy NaNoWriMo everybody! Today marks the beginning of an insanely crazy month. Where sleep depravity is real, word sprints a daily exercise, Stopping mid conversation to jot something down isn’t rude, and not having enough coffee is a potentially ….


Italy's city of shame Matera becomes Europe's pride

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Matera will be a European Capital of Culture in 2019

Matera will be a European Capital of Culture in 2019 (AFP Photo/Filippo MONTEFORTE)

Matera (Italy) (AFP) - Fifty years after Italy's Matera was a national embarrassment because of its extreme poverty, the city is rescuing its dignity, baroque palaces and cave churches to become a European Capital of Culture.

"Yes, it's true, we went from shame to glory," Matera mayor Raffaello De Ruggieri told journalists ahead of the southern city's year-long stint as a European Union-designated cultural crossroads in 2019.

In the 1950s, prime minister Alcide De Gasperi, one of the EU's founding fathers, was outraged by Matera's underdevelopment, where many lived in ancient limestone caves without electricity or running water, lives ravaged by malaria.

Now, the city in the Basilicata region on the instep of Italy's boot, is hoping to draw thousands of visitors for cultural and heritage events, many inside the same caves, now renovated.

"We want people who decide to come to Matera to live an experience," said Paolo Verri, director of the Matera-Basilicata 2019 Foundation.

The city, one of the world's oldest, is known as the "Jerusalem of the West" thanks to its position perched on limestone rocks and ravines and its famous "sassi" cave homes

"Archaeological remains show that people have been here for 8,000 years," said mayor De Ruggieri.

"That's why we want 'slow' tourism," said Verri, rejecting the mass tourism of a one-day camera snapping visit in favour of getting art and culture lovers to come for longer spells.

To achieve that, around 300 cultural performances, workshops, exhibitions and conferences are being organised, from music to food to readings.

"Everyone can bring something, such as a book, and explain why they want to improve European culture," said Verri, who hopes the result will be a vast library of European heritage.

Visitors pay 19 euros (around 22 dollars) to become "temporary citizens" of Matera, around 400 kilometres (250 miles) south of Rome, for a year.

The relatively isolated city, with no airport, high-speed train station or even a motorway, hopes visitors will be inspired by the mystical atmosphere to write, sculpt and create music or installations which will in turn become an exhibit.

Many films set in the early days of Christianity have been filmed in these narrow, historic streets, including Mel Gibson's "The Passion of Christ" and Pier-Paolo Pasolini's "The Gospel According to St Matthew".

- Another Venice ? -

Ariane Bieou, a Frenchwoman who helped Marseille put some of its more gangsterish stereotypes behind it when it was cultural capital in 2013, admits her job in Matera will be "a challenge".

"The task of a European cultural capital is to encourage growth," she told AFP.

The city, reached by winding roads, has become better known, and for better reasons, since 1993 when it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

"Matera is calling Europe and Europe is calling Matera," said Bieou, although not everyone here agrees with the slogan.

Patrizia Capriotti, whose shop sells craft objects and clothes, many made from recycled waste, says the cultural capital is "a project that is too far from reality."

"I'm worried that we'll become another Venice," invaded by mass tourism, she said.

"The problem is the tourism model, people will move into the poor neighbourhoods and turn their stone houses or family caves into tourist properties," said Capriotti, an architect by training.

Lower Matera, where you can visit an incredible 150 rock churches, is a hive of activity, with workers climbing up and down the steps, busy turning ancient buildings and caves into boutique hotels.

Not far from the 12th century Church of the Madonna delle Virtu, as featured in "The Passion of Christ", Vito Cuscianna, a 27-year-old business and marketing graduate, is hiring out his Vespa three-wheeler to visitors.

"My grandfather Donato is 90, he was a farmer and lived in a sassi," he smiled. "But he would never have imagined seeing Wifi or jacuzzis inside these prehistoric caves!"


DP5631 | Trend Breaks, Long-Run Restrictions and the Contractionary Effects of Technology Improvements

Publication Date

JEL Code(s)

Programme Area(s)

Structural vector-autoregressions with long-run restrictions are extraordinarily sensitive to low-frequency correlations. This paper explores this sensitivity analytically and via simulations, focusing on the contentious issue of whether hours worked rise or fall when technology improves. Recent literature finds that when hours per person enter the VAR in levels, hours rise; when they enter in differences, hours fall. However, once we allow for (statistically and economically plausible) trend breaks in productivity, the treatment of hours is relatively unimportant: Hours fall sharply on impact following a technology improvement. The issue is the common high-low-high pattern of hours per capita and productivity growth since World-War II. Such low-frequency correlation almost inevitably implies a positive estimated impulse response. The trend breaks control for this correlation. In addition, the specification with breaks can easily 'explain' (or encompass) the positive estimated response when the breaks are omitted; in contrast, the no-breaks specification has more difficulty explaining the negative response when breaks are included. More generally, this example suggests a need for care in applying the long-run-restrictions approach.


Le splendide voyage

Reflections on exploration & travel

Roman landmarks, violet blue tufts, spices and other subtle nuances: Provence

After a lingering winter season, the easiest way to improve one’s disposition is to travel toward blue skies and a sun-blessed climate.  From Dijon and then going south on A-31-E17→A6-E15→A7-E15 (passing Lyon), one of the most splendid regions in France emerges in the horizon: Provence, “toujours Provence (Always Provence/Peter Mayle) …”   In Provence everything exudes natural beauty coupled with a native environment rich in regional tastes, bright sceneries and stimulating fragrances. It’s irresistible!

In ancient times, the area was a province of the Roman Empire. As result, the name “Provence” endured virtually intact throughout the centuries. Unsurprisingly, Rome’s historical testament has been permanently interwoven within the region’s landscape.  Hence, Provence should be visited unhurriedly and with a flexible itinerary since there is so much to be absorbed.

I usually try to visit Provence during the spring and summer seasons. My last itinerary started at the city of Orange, a Roman colony founded around 35 BC by soldiers of Caesar’s Second Gallic regiment. In the city center, the Théâtre Antique d’Orange/Ancient Theatre of Orange stands majestically. Built during the 1st century AD, this Roman monument is astonishingly well-preserved and climbing through its semi-circled arena is a notable exercise even as the statue of the Roman emperor observes and guards its realm. A tribute to Roman ingenuity was the removable head of the statue: it changed with each succeeding Roman emperor. During the summer, dramatic performances can be enjoyed as the theater presents an opera festival, the Chorégies d’Orange.  Meanwhile, among trendy local restaurants, the statue of a prominent crusader knight stands alone bearing witness of another time. For history lovers, a rather interesting monument is the Arc de triomphe d’Orange/Triumphal Arch of Orange. Conceivably built during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – AD 14), this monument is fascinating because it chronicles via engravings, prominent military and navel battles scenes including Roman victories over: the Gaul region in France and the Germanic tribes in the Rhineland.  Indeed, a fine historical account!

After, spending a couple of days in Orange, my next stop was the amazing walled city of the popes: Avignon.  Yes, there was a period in history, from 1309 -1378, when the papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon.  Clement V, a French pope was elected in 1305 and decided not to move to Rome. Thus, he moved his papal court to Avignon in 1309. Although Avignon did not belong to France at that time, a total of seven French popes reigned in Avignon (about 67 years) whilst remaining under complete subservience to the ambitious French crown.  Finally in 1376, Gregory XI moved his court to Rome ending the Avignon papacy.  The papal palace is an epic bastion having an imposing presence even from afar. This fortress is the largest Gothic palace from the Middle Ages as it comprises two major segments: the Palais Vieux (Old Palace) and Palais Neuf (New Palace).  Tours can be scheduled with multilingual guides or with an audio-tour device included in the price of admissions.  Another interesting site is the Pont Saint-Bénézet/Pont d’Avignon (the Avignon Bridge), a 12th century structure which was for many seasons the only bridge over the Rhône River south to Lyon.  However, the arches collapsed frequently when the Rhône flooded or when the city came under siege.  Thus, the rebuilding of the bridge stopped around the 17th century and today, only 4 arches remain.  However, the bridge as one of Avignon’s landmarks holds the central theme of a popular song “Sur le Pont d’Avignon”: “Sur le Pont d’Avignon; L’on y danse, l’on y danse; Sur le Pont d’Avignon; L’on y danse tous en rond (On the bridge of Avignon, We all dance there, we all dance there, On the bridge of Avignon, We all dance there in a ring).

In the summer, Avignon becomes the center of artistic expression as it sponsors the Festival d’Avignon/Avignon Festival.  For nearly 3 weeks, theatrical performances command the city while musicians and other gifted performers adorn its streets. The productions commence at the center court of the papal palace and extend to unique performance venues within the city’s walls.  Not far from Avignon (about 35 min), there is an ancient structure that should not be missed: the Pont du Gard (Guard Bridge). Built in the 1st century, this 50 km long (31 miles) Roman Aqueduct Bridge, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1985. The Pont du Gard was created to carry water from the springs near the village of Uzès to the Roman colony of Nemausus, Nîmes.  The structure was built with aqueduct stones weighing up to 6 tons which were bonded together with iron clamps. Every day until the 4th century (lesser amount up to the 6th century), the Pont du Gard delivered around 44 million gallons of water to the citizens of Nîmes. After, it suffered accumulating mineral deposits due to the lack of maintenance and eventually the flow of water was obstructed.  The bridge has a wonderful museum with all its history plus you can hike, cycle and stroll through the park and its grand surroundings.

Last July, after losing myself in the hindmost roads of Provence, I finally ended up in an unfamiliar town.   As I open my car door, I became mystified by a subtle fruity fragrance arising from the center of town.  Walking towards “the source,” I found a town decorated with melon signs, melon arrangements, melon tastings, melon pastries and melon “everything.” It was the famous melon festival in the Melon capital of France, Cavaillon!  The warm sun and rich terrain of Provence ensures that the melons from this area have an exquisite taste and aroma.  As a matter of fact, a local anecdote recounts this story: “In 1864, a new library at Cavaillon asked a group of French authors to donate some of their works to the library’s collection. Alexander Dumas (The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Queen Margot, Twenty years after, etc.),responded by donating 194 of his published works. He also promised to send subsequent works on one condition: Cavaillon should send him 12 of these succulent melons every a year.  The town honored his request and Alexandre Dumas received his beloved ‘melons de Cavaillon’ every summer until his death.”

Going back to the main road, I followed a country road leading to a village nestled in the Alpilles mountains and listed as “one of the most beautiful villages in France,” les Baux-de-Provence.  At first sight, the ruins of a castle parade on the mountain’s ridge. After, curiosity intensifies as the climb to its gates progresses.  Traces of civilization in this area date back to 6000 BC and during the Middle Ages, the lords of Baux pursued the control of this entire region. Later, the troops of Cardinal Richelieu’s besiege the city as rebels sought refuge within its walls. Afterwards, the town and nobility title was presented to Hercule Grimaldi by King Louis XIII in gratitude for services rendered to the French Crown. Hercule’s title of Marquis des Baux has been passed down through the Grimaldi’s dynasty and currently, the title holder is Prince Albert of Monaco.  In addition to its great historical past, the town is charming with its narrow cobblestone streets, coffee shops providing great views of the valley below, attractive shops, historical churches that give the impression of a beautiful unhurried life. During the summer months, you may also enjoy the rhythmic chant of the “cigales (cicadas)” in the afternoon.  This singing insect signifies happiness in Provence and is often represented in local pottery and textiles. Thus, les Baux-de-Provence is always a delightful village to visit whenever I am in the region.

My next stop is usually the city of Arles. The city of Arles has as appealing history as the vibrant colors of its residences, windowpanes and rooftops. The Romans for instance had their eyes on Arles when it was the Greek colony Arelete.  However, it was Julius Caesar that made Arles a prosperous port town and trade route on the Rhône River, rivalled only by Marseilles.  Once the railroad arrived, its efficacy declined and the town suffered a depression.  Yet, this unusual setting welcomed in 1888 Vincent Van Gogh, the Dutch post-impressionist painter. One of his most prolific artistic periods came to pass in Arles where his creativity depicted scenes in and around the city with raw beauty and bold colors.  The visitor’s center in Arles has a walking tour map showing the places where most likely the painter placed his easels to create his masterpieces. Arles has an impressive Roman amphitheater, Les Arènes, which can be seen in the movie Ronin, with Robert De Niro and Jean Reno.  The theater stages different events throughout the year including the férias with bullfights.

On a normal week day, Arles may appear subdued.  Still, on Saturday mornings, Market day (also on Wednesday but smaller), the city creates a vibrant and unforgettable atmosphere.  This market runs for more than 2 km along the Boulevard of Lices while extending through smaller streets in the south border of the old city of Arles. When I walk through this market, I usually vow never to enter a supermarket again.  Farmers and vendors all around the city welcome you with broad smiles, samples and great expertise about their products comprising of: a variety of seasonal fruits, olives and olive oils, cheese & meats, incredible spices, breads, sweets, honey, ceramics, wooden kitchenware & knives, perfumed soaps & oils from Provence’s flowers, clothing and so much more. An amusing fact is that in the market, you will often hear the Occitan dialect language spoken in Provence: the Provençal. Perhaps it is a concoction of Catalan, Italian, Spanish, French and Provence’s inherent flavor.  Though I cannot exactly define it, my ears thoroughly enjoy its intensity and melodious resonances.  In Arles, there is an inscription by Frederic Mistral using the Provençal language.  This well-known Provençal writer-poet devoted his life to defend Provence’s language and culture. Moreover, he wrote the lyrics of Provence’s anthem: Coupo Santo (holy cup). Additionally, the region has a well-developed viticulture with one of my favorite’s wines being the Provençal Rosé paired beautifully with the Banon cheese from Provence.  This age-old cheese recipe goes back to Gallo-Roman times consisting mainly of goat’s milk with a touch of cow’s milk. The cheese matures for two weeks followed by a dip in a local eau-de-vie (marc), then wrapped in boiled and sterilized (water & vinegar) chestnut leafs, and ultimately tied with raffia or straw. This process creates a creamy cheese with a slight chestnut scent. A delicious flavor indeed!

From Arles, I suggest a drive to the Grand Canyon of France: Les Gorges du Verdon.  This river canyon possessing an astonishing turquoise hue is considered one of the most beautiful in Europe as it cuts through the gorge for about 25 km.  The area of the canyon between Castellane and Moustiers Sainte Marie is particularly amazing due to its huge drop and dramatic views of the valley. There are many activities facilitating the exploration of this marvelous ecological wonder including: hiking, kayaking, canoeing, rock-climbing, paragliding, horseback-riding, fishing and fly-fishing.  The visit to the Gorges of Verdon is a breathtaking experience that should be included in the Provence’s itinerary especially during the warmer months.

Lastly, whenever I think of Provence, I imagine sweet-scented fields embraced with violet-blue lavender tufts, speckled with orange poppies accents and even bright yellow sunflowers.  Lavender has been a cherished plant since ancient Egypt.  The Romans brought it to the region and soon fields of lavender covered the area.  Monasteries planted lavender in their medicinal gardens since the plant was used to aid relaxation, headaches, insomnia and a state of well-being. Today, the fragrant plant is use for massages because it provides a calming-effect via oils in aromatherapy.  It can be added to herbal teas in hot or cold infusions.  Their glorious bloom can be seen from June through August cresting in July. Their trail can be followed in the “lavender road “on the Plateau of Claparèdes, with lavender fields and dry-stone wall houses “bories,” perfect for panoramic photographs.  Then, on to the Luberon valley where you can  stop at the Musée de la Lavande (Lavender Museum) in the heart of the Luberon Regional Natural Park where the history of the lavender industry in Provence is conveyed in an appealing manner.

The sheer diversity of sites, terrains and historical destinations make Provence an exquisite region to be uncovered.  In my opinion, the best way to experience Provence is to rent a residence for a few weeks and then spend time exploring different villages and natural wonders.  Day-trips crisscrossing themes and directions can be an original way to encounter the fullness of local culture, language, flavors, backdrops and natural ecosystem.


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Overcoming a “That’s The Way We Have Always Done It” Mindset in Schools

Ryan L Schaaf

Editor’s Note: This is Part One of a New Monthly Series, The Brief History of the Future of Education.

It is truly astounding how people can embrace doing things the way they have always been done without contemplating where and when the original decisions were made. We just accept a pre-existing mindset because it is the path of least resistance. President Woodrow Wilson said it best, “If you want to make enemies, try to change something.” Humans often prefer to remain mired in the mundane and find comfort in the status quo rather than head towards the undiscovered country on the unknown. This preexisting mindset is often defended or at the very least justified by the excuse of That’s The Way We Have Always Done It, or TTWWADI for short.

Examples of TTWWADI in History

Have you ever stopped to wonder about some pre-existing, taken-for-granted ideas that have long been a part of not only your life but the lives of humans for centuries? Why are there 60 minutes in an hour? Or 60 seconds in a minute? Why does each consist of 24 hours? Why are there 360 degrees in a circle? Wouldn’t it be easier to have these systems of measurement based in tens? For example, why isn’t the day 10 hours long? Why aren’t there 100 minutes in an hour, or 1,000 degrees in a circle?

The decision was made 4,400 years ago in ancient Sumer. The Sumerian math system was based in 60, and it could not handle fractions. The number 60 could easily be divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30, so Sumerians avoided the need for fractions. The decision to have 24 hours in a day was made about 3,500 years ago by the ancient Egyptians. Then, about 2,200 years ago, the Babylonians (using the same base 60 system) divided the hour into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds.

As fascinating as this dive is into mathematics and ancient civilization, the real punchline is that humans still use these practices and measurements to this day. That’s TTWWADI!

Fire up Google and explore some of these TTWWADI hands-on activities:

1.    Why are traffic lights red, yellow, and green?

2.    Why do some countries drive on the left and others on the right?

3.    How did breakfast, lunch, and dinner develop into a typical meal pattern?

The TTWWADI Mindset in Schools

Let us preface this message by starting with a disclaimer. Educators are hard working professionals that make magic happen every day, in classrooms that are incredible spaces of thought, inquiry, and intellectual pursuit for learners, residing in schools that act as the heart of their communities. However, today's public education systems were created over a century ago in a time before computers, before televisions, before airplanes, before cellphones, before radios, before the Internet, before satellites, before equality, before brain research, and entirely before electricity was available in anyone's home.

The system of school was modeled after the assembly line factories of a century ago, with teachers seen as the workers, learners as the products being produced, principals as the managers, and schools as the production line. Schools tried to make students one-size-fits-all regimented “learning machines” so that they would be equipped to play decisive roles on the assembly lines of the day; performing clearly defined routine cognitive tasks over and over again with accuracy and precision as rapidly as possible.

However, the world that today's learners face is entirely different from the world in which this current education model was created, and it continues to change even more each day. Today’s learners are growing up in the Digital Age where information is available anytime and almost anywhere.

Access to information on everything from world events to the latest research in any area of human endeavor is available from a digital device. While easy access to enormous amounts of information holds profound implications for students, workers and citizens alike, the impact of the technological revolution does not stop with improvements in communication. Development of even more powerful technologies will bring about enormous changes to our lives in the very near future. Biotechnology - the marriage of electronics and biology - is just beginning to hit its stride. Big data, artificial intelligence, automation, robotics and nanotechnology are either disrupting or poised to disrupt just about every market, changing the workforce altogether. If schools must prepare learners for their future, why do they teach to the past? The main issue is that many schools maintain a fixed, TTWWADI mindset. After all, specifications, bureaucracies, institutions and systems have a natural tendency to solidify in their ways of doing things, often requiring people to do things in the same way they have traditionally been done, despite the fact the world is always changing around them.

As educators, it is possible to overcome a fixed, TTWWADI mindset. Some suggestions include:

•    Never quit learning

•    Question every new idea you learn

•    Be open to new ideas and experiences

•    Read a ton (books, web articles, blogs)

•    Challenge pre-existing practices

•    Embrace change

About this article: This post is a part of The Brief History of the Future of Education series. Based on the newly-released book, this series will explore the TTWWADI mindset in schools, examine school’s challenges of teaching in the Age of Disruptive Innovation, traverse the new learning attributes of the digital generation, predict what learning will look like 20 years from now, observe the essential next-generation skills schools must cultivate in its learners to prepare them to survive and thrive in the future and consider the new roles educators must adopt to stay relevant in the profession.

Ryan Schaaf is Associate Professor of Educational Technology at Notre Dame of Maryland University and faculty member in the Digital Age Learning and Educational Technology program at Johns Hopkins University. His passion is working with educators to explore the potential of gaming in the classroom, the characteristics of modern-day learning and learners, and exploring emerging technologies and trends to improve education. Follow him on Twitter @RyanLSchaaf.

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Why Children are at Higher Risk

When it comes to harmful environmental exposures, children cannot be considered “little adults.” Their bodies take in proportionately greater amounts of environmental toxins than adults, their rapid development makes them more vulnerable to environmental interference, and their normal behavior patterns place them at greater risk to some toxins.

Children can be exposed to environmental toxins even before birth if the mother is exposed during pregnancy to toxins that can cross the placenta, such as carbon monoxide or lead. Children’s organs, including the brain, lungs, and reproductive systems, begin developing during the fetal stage and continue to develop through adolescence. Organ growth occurs in spurts, and it is during key growth periods that organ systems are most vulnerable to permanent damage. The Environmental Protection Agency recently acknowledged the enhanced risk to children from environmental exposures when it released draft supplemental guidelines for assessing cancer risk from early-life exposure to carcinogens.

Children are exposed to greater amounts of environmental toxins

Pound for pound, children breathe more air, consume more food, and drink more water than adults, due to their substantial growth and high metabolism. For example, a resting infant takes in twice as much air per pound of body weight as an adult. Subject to the same airborne toxin, an infant therefore would inhale proportionally twice as much as an adult.

Children also drink proportionally more water than adults. Pound for pound, infants and children drink more than 2½ times as much water as adults. A formula-fed infant consumes about one seventh of its body weight in water each day—the equivalent of a 154-pound man drinking nearly 6½ gallons of water per day. Standards for most waterborne contaminants are established based on the health impacts on adults, so current standards may not suffice to protect children.

Children also may be exposed to greater amounts of toxins in the environment due to the fact that they spend significant amounts of time on the floor and ground. As a result, they are more likely to come into contact with toxins found in dust, carpets, and soil, such as lead. Some airborne contaminants, such as radon, mercury, and some pesticide vapors concentrate in greater quantities at ground level, so small children would be exposed to higher concentrations of these toxins than adults in the same room.

Young children (ages six months to about two years) have a natural urge to place objects in their mouths. This normal hand-to-mouth activity can cause them to ingest toxins in their environment to which adults would not necessarily be exposed. For example, in homes with high dust lead levels, children may ingest lead when they put their hands or toys in their mouths. Children also may be exposed to arsenic and creosote, two toxic chemicals used to pressure-treat wood, if they play on playground equipment, decks, or porches treated with these chemicals.

Small children also more readily absorb nutrients (and toxins) they ingest. For example, children require more calcium than adults because their bones are growing, and they can absorb more calcium from the same food sources. Although this enhanced ability is a plus when it comes to nutrients, it also can increase a child’s exposure to toxins such as lead. A toddler will absorb about 50 percent of ingested lead, whereas an adult will absorb about 15 percent.

Children’s developing bodies are more susceptible to harm

During the first months and years of life, children’s organs are developing rapidly, making them more prone to functional damage. For example, the nervous system continues to develop throughout childhood and therefore is especially vulnerable to environmental factors. At the same time, the nervous system is not well equipped to repair any structural damage caused by environmental toxins. If a child is exposed to neurotoxins such as lead or mercury, the resulting loss of intelligence or behavioral problems can be irreversible.

Especially during the first year of life, a child’s ability to metabolize, detoxify, and excrete toxins differs from that of an adult. In some cases, this works to a child’s advantage, as when they are unable to break down a relatively harmless substance into harmful byproducts. However, children also may be more susceptible to some toxins because their liver and kidneys are not fully mature and cannot detoxify and excrete harmful substances as readily as adults.

Children have more time to develop latent diseases

Many environmentally related diseases take decades before symptoms develop. Because children have more years to live, they have more time to develop latent diseases. For example, mesothelioma, which is caused by exposure to asbestos, takes years to develop. Early exposure to neurotoxins may lead to Parkinson’s disease later in life, and pesticide exposures may result in cancer years later. Because of the long latency period of these diseases, exposures in childhood are more likely to result in disease than exposures in adulthood.

Sources and Additional Information:

Bearer, C.F., “Environmental Health Hazards: How Children Are Different from Adults,” The Future of Children: Critical Issues For Children and Youths, Vol. 5, No. 2 – Summer/Fall 1995, – http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info.htm?doc_id=70953

Children’s Environmental Health Network – http://www.cehn.org

Goldman, L.R., “Case Studies of Environmental Risks to Children,” The Future of Children: Critical Issues For Children and Youths, Vol. 5, No. 2 – Summer/Fall 1995 – http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info.htm?doc_id=70953

International Programme On Chemical Safety, Commission Of The European Communities, Principles for Evaluating Risks from Chemicals During Infancy and Early Childhood: The Need for a Special Approach – http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc59.htm

Landrigan, P.J. and Carlson, J.E., “Environmental Policy and Children’s Health,” The Future of Children: Critical Issues For Children and Youths, Vol. 5, No. 2 – Summer/Fall 1995 –http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info.htm?doc_id=70953


Arnica Extract GNBN

INCI Name: Water, Glycerin, Arnica Montana Flower Extract.

Arnica Extract is produced from Arnica montana L. flowers. Arnica flower heads contain sesquiterpene lactones that inhibit the keratinocytes mitosis thus inhibiting the growth and renewal of the cells of the hair follicle. Cosmetic applications include sensitive and/or irritated skin, anti-cellulite/anti-aging properties and the slowing down of hair growth.
Recommended use level: 0.5 - 5.0%.

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