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QMEPC Discovery of Light's Medium Explains Why Gravity Is Larger and Weaker

Odin Von Aesir*

PO Box 50252, Austin, TX 78763, 925-202-6631, USA

*Corresponding Author:
Odin Von Aesir
Po Box 50252, Austin, TX 78763, 925-202-6631, USA

Received date: 17/11/2015 Accepted date: 25/02/2016 Published date: 30/03/2016

The MEPC – The Magnetic Electron Plasma Cloud – is plasma solely composed of electrons that is the source and recipient of electrons that exist outside of the atom. The ramifications of this are nothing short of phenomenal, because it not only explains where electrons come from and how they are available for distribution around the atomic nucleus, but it also explains:
• What occupies the space in between the atoms?
• The existence of a hierarchy of forces surrounding the atomic core,
• Why gravity is larger and weaker than the other known forces,
• What the medium of light is,
• Why light is both a particle and a wave, and
• What dark matter and dark energy are?

Ramifications; Hierarchy; Proximity; Stratosphere

Furthermore, the MEPC makes logical sense of the quirkiness of quantum mechanics and the progression of time and space, because it explains the composition and connection of everything. It even gives an insight into the makeup of the atomic nucleus itself [1].

It is common knowledge that the space that surrounds us and that separates us from each other and other things here on earth is composed of air molecules that are made up of even smaller atoms. Atoms are composed of a nucleus of positively charged protons and sometimes neutrons with no charge that are surrounded by the smallest if not the most minute, subatomic atomic component particles, negatively charged electrons. Electrons that surround the nucleus in tightly organized cloud shell spaces in which their quantities match the number of protons in the atomic nucleus.

The electrons needed for the atomic shell’s cloud space that immediately surround the nucleus come from somewhere outside of the atomic shell. This outer space is also, where electrons go to when they are no longer in the atomic shell’s cloud space. An outer space abundant with electrons that remain in close proximity to the atoms to be readily available to provide requisite electrons or receive them as needed. This means that in addition to the cloud of electrons that immediately surrounds the atomic nucleus, there is also an ever-present expanse of seemingly endless space with a seemingly endless supply of random electrons that remains in close proximity to any atom to provide and receive the necessary or excess electrons.

This ubiquitous outer space cloud of electrons is referred to herein as the Magnetic Electron Plasma Cloud the (MEPC). It is a cloud solely composed of negatively charged electrons that exist as plasma, [2] which is a state of matter where there are a sizeable number of charged particles that behave in a collective way because of attractive and repelling electric forces. In the case of the MEPC, it is solely composed of electrons that exist outside of the atomic cloud’s shell space that is both the source and recipient of all electrons. Electrons that are all indistinguishable from one another, all moving around at the same speed (presu mably the speed of light), and they are all being simultaneously drawn like bugs to a light by the positively charged atomic nuclei demanding electrons for their atomic structural sustenance.

The Hierarchy of Forces

Both the atomic cloud’s shell space that immediately surrounds the atomic core and the outer space of the Magnetic Electron Plasma Cloud (the MEPC) are made up of minute negatively charged electrons that are indistinguishable from one another, all possess the same mass, and are all moving at the same speed. Consequently, they all possess the same momentum and energy, and because they all have the same charge – they are all equally repelling one another – equally and continuously pushing off of one another.

So along with the atomic nucleus core’s pull, there is also a repelling push coming from the electrons of the MEPC that combine too simultaneously and instantaneously fulfill the electrons needed for atomic cloud shell spaces.

Additionally, the outer cloud electrons of the MEPC are exerting equal negative pressure on the electrons that get into the designated shell spaces. This external negative pressure also provides a containment pressure that simultaneously holds these electrons in their designated core shell places (at least temporarily).

It is important to understand that these are not static atomic events. They are dynamic subatomic, continuously flowing processes that establish and maintain a stable atomic structure within and around the atomic core – a process preserved and driven by the MEPC. Consequentially, the co-fulfillment of the electron clouds surrounding the atomic core generates a seemingly static atomic structure sustained by a continuous flow of electrons of the MEPC that are being drawn in, properly configured, pushed through, and back out into the MEPC. A push whose magnitude is driven by the immense and continuous repulsive negative pressure coming from the mass of mutually negatively charged electrons of the MEPC that is combined with the constant pull of the atomic core.

Meanwhile, once the requisite shells are instantaneously filled by the combined attraction of the core with the repressive containment pressure of the MEPC, these successfully configured and compacted shell electrons are not only being contained in their designated shell spaces – but they too instantaneously repel and prevent the flow of any other oncoming exterior electrons from entering their shell spaces. This repulsive field establishes an external subatomic atmospheric casing around the atom. This is similar to earth’s stratosphere that provides an ozone layer that shields the planet form harmful radiation and atmospheric particles while providing a stable planetary troposphere [3]. However, on the atomic scale this is an electron cloud casing where the electrons of the MEPC are engaged in the nucleus’ push/pull co-fulfillment process that is providing the required core with electrons while shielding the atom from other incoming electrons and other subatomic particles thereby maintaining a stable atomic environment.

The containment of the atomic protons and neutrons inside the atomic core is referred to in physics as – the strong force [4]. This force holds the core of the predominately positively charged particles tightly together. The fulfillment and containment of the electrons in the atomic cloud shell spaces that immediately surround the core are referred to in physic as – the electromagnetic force [5]. This force surrounds the atomic core that is usually larger and weaker than the strong force. Working in tandem, the two forces are in a continuous electromagnetic/strong force, push/pull process that create and maintain the structure of the atom.

Beginning with the smallest atom, hydrogen, it has one core proton in its nucleus and one electron in its cloud shell space. These quantities then get proportionately larger as the elements grow progressively larger, based on the quantity of protons in the core. Extremely large elements can have a hundred or more protons and neutrons, which in turn draw in a complementary number of electrons to fulfill the varying shells.

However, along with the electrons in the shell’s spaces that are being drawn in by the core’s strong force, which are progressively growing in size in complement to the size of the atomic nucleus – so too does the core’s strong force. The size and strength of the strong force continues to increases proportionally with the size of the atom’s core until it reaches an optimal size when the nucleus is around the size of an iron atom [6]. From this point on, as the atomic nucleus gets larger, the strong force continues to increase in size and to draw in matching quantities of required electrons – but at decreasing field strength. This continues until the atomic nuclei along with its continued accumulation of electrons from the MEPC reaches a sufficient size to where the buildup of the electromagnetic force, which up to this point has been the electron containment force, is large enough that it then exerts a negative pressure equal to, or greater than, that of the atomic nuclei’s strong positive pull force. At this point, rather than the electromagnetic force containing the electrons in their outer shells, it then overpowers the exterior weaker outlying shell forces. Under the right circumstances, electrons in the outer shells break off and force the atom into a smaller and more stable size and attracting force. In physics, this breakaway force is known as – the weak force [7] – and the radiation given up is known as beta decay [8].

The weak force not only causes the deterioration of larger atoms, but it also places a cap on the maximum size and ability to generate newer, larger elements. To date, this appears to be around the size of element 118, Ununoctium [9]. Therefore, the weak force is a consequence of the simultaneous push/pull process that is going on within the MEPC between the electromagnetic and strong containment forces that for extremely large particles becomes a destructive and limiting force.

This dynamic electromagnetic/strong, push/pull, force process with its accompanying electromagnetic fields, is taking place around all atomic particles. So, whenever there are two atoms of the same element, the pull force of the atom’s core strong force is doubled, as too is the complementary push force of the MEPC along with the like number of electrons, which is tripled when there are three atoms. This multiple increase of the push/pull atomic forces continues to grow based on the quantity of atomic particles amassed, similar to the multiplication effect of the increasing size of the atomic core, except this is for multiple atoms of the same core size, so it does not have the weak force cap on it. This then allows the possibility of amassing relatively large quantities of atomic elements far beyond the atomic scale, generating particles large enough to be visible to the human eye.

The MEPC also explains the generation of electromagnetic fields. Even though electrons are indistinguishable from one another, they possess different attributes like spin [10], direction, and perhaps other alignment or configuration characteristics, that are requisite for the fulfillment of the designated shell cloud spaces within the atom’s structural framework. Whether this required spin, direction, and perhaps other alignment or configuration characteristics are something randomly occurring in the MEPC where the electromagnetic/strong forces’ push/pull process filters out the desirable electron types. Or more likely, the flow process itself causes the spin, direction and the other requisite characteristics. Regardless, a configuration occurs both prior to entering into the atom’s cloud shell spaces and after they are rushed back into the MEPC. This fulfillment process generates a recirculation pattern, like airplanes doing touch-and-goes around an airport or particles in the water circulating around an eddy in a pound. Most likely, because of their proper configuration characteristics, they are again drawn back around and used as part of the more tightly contained fulfillment process of the atomic cloud’s shell spaces. Consequently, it is this recirculation eddy around the outside of the atomic cloud’s shell spaces, within the MEPC, that explains the generation of electromagnetic fields just outside of the atom that are created for each atomic particle. This is also, why an increase in electron flow generates larger electromagnetic fields and the restriction of an electromagnetic field forces generates an increase in the flow of free electrons. So in addition to the tightly packed electron cloud that occurs on the atomic scale immediately inside of the atom’s boundaries that surrounds the atomic core, there exists another fractal, larger, less dense alignment of electrons flowing in electromagnetic fields that occur within the MEPC immediately surrounding the exterior of the atomic boundaries of all atomic particles.

Because the MEPC is solely composed of electrons that are always repelling and pushing off of each other to include the electrons in the atomic shell that surround all atomic particles, there exists a persistent external pressure, from the MEPC, that continually surrounds all particles. An inward pressing – centripetal, containment pressure – surrounding and constantly pushing in on all substances over and above the electromagnetic force where the MEPC is also generating and supplying electrons for the fulfillment and containment of the atomic cloud shell spaces.

This constant MEPC centripetal containment pressure, that exits over and above the electromagnetic force, exists everywhere except: (a) inside of the atom, because this is where the more powerful strong force dominates, (b) around the periphery of the atom where the electromagnetic force and its more tightly compacted electrons in its atom’s electron shells are resisting the pressure of the MEPC and repelling away the unsuccessful incoming electrons, and (c) in between atoms that are in close proximity to one another, where the close proximity of their electromagnetic fields prevents the MEPC’s centripetal force from occurring. The prevention of the MEPC’s centripetal force between atoms that are in close proximity to one another creates centripetal force voids. These are low-pressure areas occurring between accumulated particles that then allow the surrounding MEPC’s centripetal force to make them more tightly compacted together.

For clusters of macro (or mass) particles that form substances (masses of two or more atomic particles), the external MEPC centripetal force that is exerting pressure on all sides of all atomic particles combined with the areas of low pressure in between the particles, due to their close proximity to one another, creates an unavoidable clustering that forces and sweeps atomic particles together. This necessarily makes the cluster of atoms tightly compacted without changing their atomic makeup that is being controlled by their more powerful internal electromagnetic/strong forces. Consequently, the constant external MEPC centripetal force combined with its low pressure areas occurring in between mass particles not only allows solid, like kind, substance crystallization but also the amassing of dissimilar elements.

This amassing of dissimilar elements then creates an inevitable sharing and flow of electrons in the outer shells of substances with other dissimilar yet compatible electron sharing capabilities. This produces both macro (mass) substances and molecules, along with the accumulation and generation of electron flows through and between electron sharing atomic particles, where the strength of their atomic or molecular sharing capabilities determines their cohesive strength. Moreover, this flow of electrons between atoms and molecules on a macro mass substance scale is the generation of electricity.

Likewise, this ever-present MEPC centripetal force that is amassing like kind and compatible electron sharing particles is also amassing substances of dissimilar elements, whether they participate in electron valence sharing or not, but the cohesiveness of the amassed substances is reduced without the outer shell electron sharing capability. Thus, it not only brings about the creation of molecular compounds but it also results in the clustering and amassing of all substances, with varying degrees of cohesive bonding strengths. This ever present, MEPC centripetal force that surrounds all mass substances that not only pushes, sweeps, and holds like kind, and electron sharing compatible elements and molecular compounds together, but also dissimilar mass substances together is what is known in physics as – gravity.

Therefore, gravity is a sequential, fractal, mass substance, containment force – that surrounds all macro substances of two or more atoms. It is consequentially larger, and weaker than its amassed atomic component particles, each with their internal smaller and stronger atomic electromagnetic and strong forces that are keeping their amassed particle’s nuclei and electron shell spaces intact. Accordingly, this makes gravity a larger and weaker containment force that assembles large quantities of dissimilar substances that both holds substances together and still allows them to be readily separable and movable.

So gravity should be viewed as a macro, centripetal, containment force occurring around all mass substances of two or more atomic particles. It is an outcome effect of the internal atomic attracting forces (electromagnetic and strong) combined with an even larger MEPC centripetal containment force. A substance containment force that clusters macro, mass substances together, along with the generation of mass substance electron flows within an inevitable and fundamentally necessary hierarchy of forces.

Consequently, this makes the MEPC a quantum mechanical explanation of classical physics’ gravity along with a further confirmation of Einstein’s theory of relativity. The MEPC is a quantum mechanics’ Dirac Sea [11] with a variation of outcomes that is solely composed of electrons that are a fundamental element of all atomic matter. Therefore, the MEPC must exist anywhere and everywhere atoms exist throughout the universe.

In classical physics, Newton’s law of gravity was thought flawed [12] because it did not explain how one thing could act on another instantly, across any distance, with nothing in between. The MEPC is the missing link, because it is a plasma substance with an internal pressure gradient that exists between everything. It is the missing push component of gravity. It is ever-present plasma that generates a fractal containment pressure gradient between all particles and substances, large and small, throughout the universe. Thus, the MEPC is a colossal, fractal, magnetically charged, pressurized gradient that generates, governs, and responds on multi-levels, instantaneously to micro and macro pressure variations within it.

Einstein’s contribution to gravity [13] was to reconcile it with relativity by recognizing space-time as a dynamic entity distorted by matter. Einstein’s theory of general relativity is that gravity is a property of space-time geometry, where gravity is a distortion of space–time. According to the MEPC, this is mass substance space-time geometry, in which, Newton's theory of gravity is merely a terrestrial subclass of Einstein's theory of general relativity, where certain distortions of space-time change straight lines into parabolas of falling bodies or the closed paths of orbiting planets. Einstein’s space is as a continuous three-dimensional fabric that a body warps according to its mass, the more massive the body, the deeper the warp.

In Einstein’s view [14], masses do not exert gravitational force on other masses; instead, there are space-time distortions where space-time in the presence of a mass is curved. Just as there are no straight lines on the surface of a sphere, the notion of a straight line in a curved space-time is what mathematicians call a geodesic (a space-time line that is as straight as possible). So small particles near a massive sphere follow warped space-time geodesics, which send them plunging toward the mass, into an orbit around it, or on a deviated path around it. Gravity does not deflect these particles from their straight lines. It redefines what it means to move in the straightest possible way.

The MEPC also does not see gravity as a force that masses exert on one another, but that gravity is part of an inevitable, fundamentally necessary, fractal, hierarchy of forces that evolves from the creation of atomic particles within plasma of magnetically charged electrons. Electrons of the MEPC that due to their magnetic charge and collective overwhelming mass generate a centripetal pressure gradient that permeates and surrounds everything within it, which in turn spawns and governs the coagulation and development of all mater.

This process begins with the positive attraction of the atomic nucleus that then coupled with the MEPC’s centripetal force creates a fractal evolution of particles that builds to macro mass substances. Substances that are not only surrounded by the MEPC’s centripetal force but also their own fractal internally generated magnetic fields. A hierarchy of magnetic fields that vary in magnitude based on the scale of the particles and substances that they surround. These fractal levels of internally generated particles and magnetic fields not only attract, but also repel other particles – governed by pressure’s law of least resistance and the size and proximity of mass events that regulates the direction of motion.

So within the MEPC, there is a coagulation process that generates a fractal, multilevel hierarchy of particles and substances along with a hierarchy of magnetic fields that surrounds all substances. Consequently, it is this hierarchy of magnetic fields that is where and why there can be a warped three-dimensional fabric of space in accordance with Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Where, proximity and pressure’s law of least resistance governs space, time and direction of flow.

Furthermore, because the MEPC deals solely in the realm of subatomic electron particles that are so minutely small that are not readily measurable with worldly devices, they exist in a subatomic realm with no earthly features or distinguishing dimensional references of space, direction, or time. Where, electron particles only recognize and respond to the wobbles of the electrons beside them requiring them to wobble in kind. Negatively charged quanta of energy that are all oscillating in close proximity to one another, presumably all moving in the same direction, at the same speed, which means that relatively to one another, they are not moving at all (other than wobbling). So on a subatomic scale, not only is space warped but on a scale that is so minuscule that the concept of a worldly four dimensional space-time is irrelevant with subatomic dimensions being simply charge, spin, and perhaps other characteristics like wobble or superstring dimensions.

On the other hand, Einstein’s general and special theory of relativity deal with celestial bodies that address magnitudes of the universe so immense, they too are beyond the limits of worldly four-dimensional space-time. This is a space so vast that straight paths warp relative to the magnitudes of volumes and masses.

Where, time is relative to the speed at which the traveler is moving. And, where Newtonian physics is but a Terrestrial subset of general relativity, in which straight lines can run parallel to each other, vertical angles are measured plumb to a planet’s surface, distance is measured in meters (or other equivalences) instead of light years, and where Einstein’s relativity corrections are so small that they are deemed insignificant.

Within the MEPC, plasmatic pressure and its law of least resistance generate particles. On the atomic scale, the push/pull process of the electromagnetic/strong forces weaken as the nucleus grows in size to create the weak force that causes beta decay and puts a cap on the size of atomic particles. However, on the macro mass particle scale the weakening of the electromagnetic/ strong force’s attractive strength is replaced by the MEPC’s centripetal force of gravity that then dominates the process regulated by its internally generated low-pressure areas. This not only causes and governs macro mass substance matter coagulations and formation, but it also determines a substance’s material states as a solid, a liquid, or a gas.

On a mass substances scale, electricity is the free flow of electrons through substances between and around atomic particles. Heat is the transfer of energy between two objects due to temperature differences [15]. More specifically heat on a macro scale is the rapid flow of particles between substances [16] that on an atomic scale is the rapid flow of electrons. Temperature on the other hand is the detection and measurement of a substance’s kinetic state [16] that per the MEPC varies with a substance’s internal and threshold pressures, which in combination with the force of gravity regulates the internal pressure of a substance that in turn determines its material state.

This is because internal substance pressures are based on the atomic structure’s components that regulate the substance’s electron flow rate (heat) that is flowing in between the atomic particles that are in close proximity to each other. This electron flow between a substance’s particles creates an electromagnetic flow resistance to the surrounding compaction force of gravity. So the varying degree of substances’ mass particle electron flow rates, in between macro mass particles, combined with the MEPC’s constant centripetal force of gravity to cause an ongoing macro mass substance balance between external gravitational compaction and internal electromagnetic flow resistance. The internal electron flow rate determines the amount of resistance that a substance has to offset the compacting force of gravity that in turn determines a substance’s compactness, and consequently its material state.

Therefore, the internal pressure flow rate regulates the magnitude of the low-pressure areas (or lack thereof) between atomic particles that are in close proximity to one another. The greater the electron flow rate (heat) in between the particles the greater the internal pressure causing a greater separation of particles that prevents their close proximity to one another, resulting in a gaseous state. In contrast, when there is a low electron flow rate (less heat) there are greater areas of low-pressure resulting in lower internal resistance to MEPC gravitational compaction, resulting in a solid material state. Furthermore, the lower a material’s temperature the lower is its electron flow rate and subsequent resistance, thus the greater is its conductivity.

Consequently, every substance based on its component’s, atomic structure has varying threshold pressures, electron flow capabilities, and subsequently, mandatory electron flow rates needed to maintain or cause a change in a substance’s material state. This explains the apparent disconnect between heat (the flow of electron particles) and temperature (the pressure measurement of a substance’s state). So this is why copious amounts of heat (the rapid flow of electrons) are sometimes needed in order to change a substance’s state (its internal pressure) from a solid state to a liquid state or from a liquid state to a gaseous state. Moreover, the regulation of heat flow being dependent upon pressure also explains why heat always flows from a higher temperature (a higher pressure) to a lower temperature (a lower pressure) because the MEPC is regulated by its pressure’s law of least resistance where electrons are always flowing from higher pressures to lower pressures [17].

Thus far, beginning at the atomic core there is the strong force that is the containment force of the proton and neutron in the atomic nucleus. In turn, it draws in requisite electrons from the MEPC, which generates a larger but still weaker electromagnetic containment force. This electromagnetic containment force holds the electrons in their designated shell spaces and resists the MEPC’s centripetal containment force that also holds away all other incoming electrons. Then, as atomic nuclei increase in size so too does the electromagnetic force until it reaches a point where it overcomes the progressively weakening core’s strong field force. This creates another containment force, the weak force, which sets an upper limit on the size of the atomic nuclei. All of which is surrounded by an even larger, constant, and still yet weaker centripetal containment force of gravity that sweeps and holds large amounts and varieties of macro mass substances together – in an inevitable, fundamentally necessary, fractal, hierarchy of forces.

Accordingly, along with the increased size and complexity that comes with the gravitational production of mass substances is an even larger aggregation of electrons from the MEPC that surrounds mass substances, like bees around a hive. This is similar to the electromagnetic fields that surround all elements but on a larger magnitude of scale for mass substances. These even larger external accumulations of electrons that amass around substances manifest themselves as even larger and weaker mass substance gravitational fields.

Furthermore, this fractal development of substances and accompanying electromagnetic and gravitational forces is replicated again on an even larger magnitude of scale for an even larger and still weaker planetary gravitational containment of objects around stars that creates solar systems. This in turn is replicated on an even larger and relatively weaker scale containing galaxies that is replicated on an even larger and relatively weaker scale containing galactic clusters. Accordingly, this should be replicated again on an even larger and relatively weaker scale – that contains the universe.

The Clumpiness of The Universe

With the knowledge of the MEPC’s fractal development of particles that begins with the atomic nuclei that are scattered throughout the universe that coagulate to build galactic clusters, the clumpiness of the universe should make logical sense. What would be abnormal within the MEPC would be if there were not multitudes of fractal conglomerations with unique but similar clusterings of matter [18].

Moreover, the electromagnetic fulfillment and maintenance of atomic elements – is also the explanation of light. What it is and why it is sometimes a wave without a mass and at other times a photon particle. To Max Planck, and Albert Einstein, light is the smallest indivisible particle that can exist. It comes in minute quanta that Einstein used in his explanation of The Photoelectric Effect [19] for which he received a Nobel Prize. Later this minutely small quanta particle was dubbed a photon [20]. According to the photon theory of light [21], photons move at a constant velocity, the speed of light 2.9979 x 108 m/s or 186,282 miles per second in free space [22], carry energy and momentum with an electromagnetic frequency and wavelength, cannot decay on their own, but they can be destroyed or created when radiation is absorbed or emitted. Photons can transfer energy with other particles, can have particle-like interactions with electrons and other particles, and according to the Standard Model [23], have a spin of -1 that is parallel to their direction of travel.

So if light is a photon as Planck and Einstein believed [24], perceived as the smallest indivisible particle, then for us or anyone to see by something that minutely small, it means that we are not seeing things by a single photon coming at us one photon at a time. In fact, for us to see anything, by something that minutely small, we would have to be seeing by streams of them coming from whatever is picked up by our eyes, our visual receptors. Furthermore, to see things in color, they would have to be coming at us in varying wave frequencies and amplitudes – trillions upon trillions of them, just from the paper in front of us. The space between us and the paper and our desk or table would have to be filled with photons. Never mind what is coming from the door across the room and everything else in the room. If we were outside, the photons would have to be coming not only from a nearby tree and the grass and ground surrounding us, but also from across the driveway, including the driveway, and from across the street, and from all of the buildings across the street. Looking up to the sky, they would have to be coming from the clouds and the sky, along with the moon and the planets, the sun, the stars, and even from distant galaxies. This means that photons would not only have to fill the earth’s atmosphere, but also the universe. Moreover, what sort of effect does all of these photons coming at us, have on us? Furthermore, where do they all go after coming to us?

On the other hand, the prevailing contemporary thought is that light is a massless wave of electromagnetic radiation that transfers energy through space in wavelengths ranging from infrared at one end of the spectrum to ultraviolet at the other end, with visible light being a narrow band in the middle from 400 to 700 nm (nanometers) [25]. James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, Thomas Young, and others have developed this wave concept of light with elaborate theories, experiments, and mathematics [26].

However, if light is a wave, a wave is a repetitive disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location [27]. A wave is a disturbance, an event that occurs in a medium – it is an action – not a thing. The thing for waves is the medium that their disturbance waves travel through, like air is the medium for sound, water for ocean waves, and a guitar strings along with air for music. What is the repetitive disturbance medium for propagating light? What medium is light traveling through? How does it travel through vacuums in labs and outer space? Moreover, if it is massless, how can it have any of its known electromagnetic interactions and effects with atomic elements?

However, (as described above in the generation of gravity) heat in combination with gravity that is not of the right amplitude, frequency, and intensity to cause changes in a particle’s atomic structure, does determine the electron flow rate of a substance. This in turn regulates the internal pressure of a substance that determines its material state as a solid, a liquid, or a gas.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

On top of all this and in spite of the fact that the MEPC is composed of one of the smallest indivisible elemental particles, if not the smallest fundamental element, the electron, with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c2 [28], It would be a truly colossal amount when multiplied by the volume needed to fill the universe. A colossal plasma collection of a subatomic substance that permeates the universe that exists everywhere and everywhere in between anything and everything. Therefore, it has to exist in sufficient quantities to explain not only what the medium of light is, but also what the missing dark matter is. A matter that is dark because it is the medium of light, which makes it not visible because it is imperceptible of itself. The only things perceptible in the medium of light are disturbance events within it. Since the MEPC does not create a disturbance within itself, it is not visible to itself or anything within it, and therefore, anywhere within the universe.

Furthermore, because the MEPC is plasma composed of minute, negatively charged electron particles whose individual negative pressure create a fractal pressure gradient that permeates everything and exists everywhere. This is a colossal negatively charged mass that is once again an overwhelming, ever-present and constant force exerting pressure on everything throughout the universe. Consequently, the missing dark matter is also the relentlessly invisible dark energy – a juggernaut force that fills the universe, which first pushes out on itself and then on everything else.

This is even more meaningful if you believe in the Big Bang Theory [29]. Because, this behemoth force would be a, if not the, prime mover that when its electron masses were initially thrust in motion, out and away from the Big Bang, it would have the mass inertia to push everything encountered out and away with it. Couple this with the fact that it is also the centripetal containment force, as explained above, for the creation of all matter from the smallest of atomic particles up to and including gravity and beyond to the conglomeration of the galaxies and the containment of the universe. Consequently, it is both the outward thrust and the containment force that is putting everything in motion and at the same time holding everything together. It is the prime mover and containment of the universe.

Explanation of The Quirkiness of Quantum Mechanics

With the understanding of both the vastness and the minuteness of the MEPC that is solely composed of electrons, one of the smallest, if not the smallest, of indivisible fundamental particles, that occupies the universe and everything in it. We can now begin to make sense of the quirkiness of quantum mechanics. This begins with the understanding – that there is no such thing as a subatomic vacuum. Because the MEPC, the Magnetic Electron Plasma Cloud, must fill the space between everything in order to make everything visible in addition to providing the requisite electrons for every element’s subsistence – it must exist everywhere and everywhere in between.

This means that when there is a subatomic experiment involving electrons, it is like doing an experiment with a Ping-Pong ball in a room filled with ping pong balls that are all of the same size and totally indistinguishable from one another. So if one attempts to do an experiment with an electron ping pong ball, like shoot it across a room (filled with electron Ping-Pong balls) the observed result is the illusion that the original electron Ping-Pong ball comes out on the other side. The reality is that what is being observed and measured on the other side of the room is a percussive billiard ball effect that the original Ping-Pong ball has on a series of percussive interactions with all of the other electron Ping-Pong balls that fill the room. This then gives the illusion of the original electron Ping-Pong ball coming out at a remote location – or coming out at any or multiple remote locations. This then explains the quantum entanglement [30] effect of sending a quantum signal to one recipient that will be the exact same signal received by another recipient, even though the two are a considerable distance away from each other. However, with the knowledge of the MEPC, we can now see that this entanglement effect is not only, not strange, but also totally expected. What would be an anomaly, per the MEPC, would be if they did not receive the same signal: that should then require further explanation.

Moreover, this gives credence to Einstein’s belief in cause-and-effect reality along with an explanation of why the only way to calculate anything on the quantum scale is with probability. Because the outcome would not only have to account mathematically for the numerous electron chain reactions occurring along the projected pathway, it would also have to include the effects of the electrons that are a part of the room and the experimental equipment to include the experimenters and their observers. Never mind all of the rest of the electrons of the universe that are having varying degrees of effects on this event and that are affected by it. Add to this, the improbability that the experimenters could begin the experiment with a known electron, because it too is indistinguishable from all other electrons. Not to mention that this event is being put in motion in a room full of electrons – that are presumably all moving around at the speed of light, 299792458 meters per second, or 186,282 miles per second, in free space.

This along with the electron’s ephemeral and mercurial nature not only explains the need for quantum mechanics’ probability calculations, but it is also a further explanation of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle [31], where the observation of a system in quantum mechanics disturbs the system enough that you can’t know everything about the system. Never mind knowing and being able to know both its location and speed at the same time.

Electrons, Positrons, and Fusion

Another nomenclature clarification needed is to reconsider one of a Paul Dirac’s quantum mechanics conclusions. Quantum mechanics not only correctly predicted how electrons work, but that it also works for particles that behave like electrons with a positive charge, which was then inappropriately named antimatter [32]. Instead, the particle that is the opposite of a negatively charged electron is simply a positively charged electron, which has also been more appropriately named a positron [33]. This should not only clear up the search for missing antimatter, but it also gives an insight into the makeup of the atomic core.

Although seemingly rare, positrons have been proven to exist and the reason that they are so rarely found might be – because they are all tightly locked inside the nucleus of the atom. Evidence of the existence of both the electron and the positron being inside of the atomic core’s nucleus is demonstrated by the fact that – when either a neutron or a proton breaks down – they respectively emit either an electron or a positron [34].

The fact that the nuclei of atoms have electrons and positrons inside of them could explain what is giving the atomic core its positive charge, along with being the source of the strong force. Just like there is a fractal hierarchy of forces with their accompanying electron clusters and accompanying electromagnetic and gravitational fields, which currently begins with the strong force that grows to the mass clustering of galaxies, there should also be a minute and stronger interaction of forces taking place inside the atomic core of all proton and neutron particles. Except, this primal interaction is going on between electrons and positrons inside the nuclei. However, instead of electrons and positrons annihilating each other when they meet (which seems to be both a violation of magnetism and the conservation of energy), they should instead – instantaneously bond – fuse.

These internal core electron/positron nucleus fusions could then create the strong force that forms and holds together the atomic nuclei protons and neutrons. This is simply another fractal continuation of the hierarchy of forces with an even stronger more minute fusion force generating the strong force inside of the atomic nuclei’s protons and neutrons with its accompanying electromagnetic field being the electron clusters in their designated atomic cloud shell spaces located around the inside of the atom, which are continually recirculating within and between the protons and neutrons. A fractal subatomic core process of a positron pull working in concert with the constant electron push of the atom’s shell electrons to instantaneously and constantly supply and sustain the nuclei with properly aligned positively or negatively charged electrons that generate electron/positron pairs to form quarks [35]. With the main difference between the electron and the positron simply being a matter of magnetic charge and perhaps other alignment characteristics.

Further credence that something like this is going inside of protons and neutrons again comes from the observation that the beta decay of protons and neutrons only occurs readily inside of the atom [36] (where they are being sustained by the electrons from the atomic cloud’s shell spaces).

Accordingly, this would provide a naturally occurring, simple binary combination of two primary subatomic elements – electrons and positrons. From this simple binary combination of electron/positron pairs with a combined mass of approximately 1.022MeV/c2 could then be compiled sufficient quantities and combinations to build up-quarks [37] of 1.35 to 3.3MeV/c2, downquarks of 3.5 to 6.0MeV/c2 , or approximately 919 electron/proton pairs that would make up either a proton or a neutron of approximately 939.56MeV/c2 , along with any multitude of subatomic particles. This is a lot like the periodic table of chemistry that on a larger magnitude of scale has 118 atomic chemical elements assembled with only three primary subatomic elements: protons, neutrons, and electrons [37]. Consequently, this subatomic table would only be composed of only two fundamental, indivisible, elements – electrons and positrons. From which, all possible quarks, protons, neutrons and all other substances of the universe are composed.

The MEPC, the Magnetic Electron Plasma Cloud, is plasma composed solely of electrons that permeates the universe. In addition to being the source and recipient of all electrons outside of the atom, it is an omnipresent, negatively charged, subatomic substance that is the force and source that creates and maintains the structure of the atom. It is a force that is both the prime mover and coagulator that puts everything in motion and holds everything together. It is a fractal pressure gradient and generator of a fundamentally necessary hierarchy of forces: fusion, strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravity, and beyond. It is the generator, coagulator, and therefore, creator of all matter that explains why and how everything is coalesced, and held together. It not only explains the creation and containment of atomic and subatomic particles but also the containment and coagulation of galactic clusters along with the clumpiness of the universe. It explains why gravity is larger and weaker than the other known forces, along with why Einstein’s and Newton’s gravitational forces work, and how they work within each other.

Furthermore, it explains how the generation of the electromagnetic force is also the creation of light. How the MEPC is the median of light that explains what light is and how it exists as both a particle and a wave. What dark matter and dark energy are, and why they are not visible. Also being plasma that is the source and essence of all matter along with being the medium of light that must exist everywhere and in between everything in the universe, it explains some of the not so quirkiness of quantum mechanics. The MEPC is plasma solely composed of electrons, the source of all energy and the generator of a fractal pressure gradient of forces that creates and controls all matter along with being the medium of light and gravity, and all things contained in it – it is the essence of the universe.


Dx gokin aquarion6

Vector Sol

Vector Sol is one of the three vectors (legendary vectors in the OVA) used to merge for one of the three Aquarion forms (Solar Aquarion, Aquarion Luna , or Aquarion Mars). In the anime and OVA the three Vectors originally belonged to the Shadow Angels, but 12,000 years ago, Apollonius took the three Vectors along with Celiane and Scorpius, (or the mysterious third pilot that was never mentioned in the anime due to the page about Scorpius being erased from the Book of Holy Genesis). In the anime, 12,000 years ago, the three of them used the Vectors to fight against the Shadow Angels, eventually being able to seal them. 12,000 years later Gen Fudou excavated the three Vectors from their resting spot. In the OVA, Apollo reactivated the three Vectors along with Reika and Silvia. It is mainly piloted by Apollo, and sometimes by Reika.


Music has evolved tremendously throughout the years, starting from the 50s continuing all the way to the present day where it is still continuing to grow.  Some examples of the biggest changes in the music industry from the 40s to the 50s are made very evident in the changing in the style of which blues music was played Blues is a music genre that originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes (or “worried notes”), usually thirds or fifths (usually flat), are also an essential part of the sound. Electric guitars were developed during the 50s and used a great deal by blues artist. The use of electric guitar meant that the blues artist was able to play louder which meant they could be used for dancing and entertainment in big halls. Rock n roll was most popular/prominent throughout 1955-1959. During this time period the ‘Youth culture developed’ a great deal from which the word ‘teenager’ stemmed. Rock n Roll became ‘the soundtrack to rebellion and youthful independence’. Rock n Roll is a genre of music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, it features techniques from African-American genres such as  gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and blues, along with country music. Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm), a double bass or string bass or (after the mid-1950s) an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit, in early rock and roll styles (late 1940s and early 1950s), either the piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument, but these were generally replaced by guitar in the middle to late 1950s. Some of the most famous rock n roll artist from the 50s are; Chuck Berry, Billy Haley and Elvis Priestly. However, Elvis’s music was said to be of a genre of music called ‘Rockabilly’ not rock n roll. 1960s During the 1960s a lot of the trends from the 50s continued however rock n roll music started to merge into something more broad-based and rock n roll became ‘rock’. In the early-1960s, rock and roll in its purest form was gradually overtaken by pop rock, psychedelic rock, blues rock, and folk rock, which had grown in popularity. Teenage pop also became very popular, it was used to counteract the effect of rock and roll and create a cleaner and less dangerous image for the young generation, examples of artists who did this are; The beach boys ( and the Everly brothers. 1960s rock music also spawned a generation of popular singer-songwriters who wrote and performed their own work.  Funk and soul music also rose in popularity during this decade as well as  Latin American, Jamaican and Cuban music also achieved a level of popularity throughout the decade, with such genres such as Bossa nova, the cha-cha-cha,ska and calypso. Jamaican and cubn music achieved a degree of popularity throughout the decade, with genres such as Bossa nova, the cha-cha-cha, ska, and calypso. The British Invasion was a cultural phenomenon of the mid 1960s, when rock and pop music acts from the the UK (as well as other aspects of British culture), started to become extremely popular in the USA. Pop and rock groups such as The Beatles, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, Herman’s Hermits and others were at the forefront of the invasion.  the rebellious image of US rock n roll became very popular amongst the British teens in the late 1950s, and many artists made several attempts to replicate the American style (mostly failed). young British groups started to combine lots of different styles in different parts of the UK, such as the movement in Liverpool during 1962 which later went on to be known as ‘Mersey beat’.  Telstar by the Tornado’s was the first record by a British group to reach No.1 on the US hot 100. In October 1963, the first newspaper articles surrounding rock group the Beatles appeared nationally in the US, their royal variety performance in front of queen mother sparked music industry and media interest in the group. Many American print outlets and a few network television evening programs published and broadcasted stories on the phenomenon that later became known as “Beatlemania”.   1970s Many subgenres surfaced during the 1070s, examples of these are; prog rock and folk rock. Folk rock melodies combine amplified guitars and drum kits and is demonstrated by; James Taylor (, Bob Dylan and The Byrds. Progressive Rock was an attempt to elevate Rock to a higher intellectual plane, Songs would often include 20-minute-long guitar solos.  Bands include ‘YES’, and ‘PINK FLOYD’-  Experimental pop music also became very popular in the 70s and gained the notice of followers looking for something new and different and is notable for its contributions to electronic music, which had risen in popularity and continued in the development of synthesizers and harmonizers. More and more composers began to embrace the genre and it late mixed with pop to eventually create ‘synth pop’. In Latin America the ‘Nueva Canción’ movement grew in popularity and was labelled as the music of the hippie liberation theology. Merengue also experienced mainstream exposure across Latin America and the southern US border. 1980s The 1980s bore witness to the emergence of dance music and new wave. Throughout the 1980s there was a rise in the use of digital recordings as well as in the usage of synthesizers with synth pop and other electronic genres such as; electro, techno, house and euro dance however these genres didn’t really rise in prominence until the 1990s. The 1980s was also the decade in which legendary artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Prince and Whitney Huston who were all among the most successful musicians during this time. Michael Jackson was the first African-American artist to have his music video aired on MTV in heavy rotation as well as Donna Summer was the first African- American female artist to do the same. The 80s saw great socioeconomic change due to advances in technology which all could’ve contributed to the amazing success of the artists previously mentioned. Michael Jackson’s thriller album (1982) is the best-selling album of all time, selling as many as 110 million copies worldwide. which could be seen as a direct result of these changes. Without the advances made in technology, the music of the artists couldn’t successfully reach a wider audience worldwide and acclimate such a large was the use of music videos becoming a permanent fixture on MTV that gained these artists worldwide mass audiences. Madonna’s music video to ‘like a virgin’ (which became one of the bestselling albums of all time and ‘like a prayer’ (referred to as “the closest to art we will ever get”) made a music videos as a marketing tool and was amongst the first to make them an art form and many of her songs topped the chart worldwide.  1990s During the 1990s music genres such as R&B, Hip-hop and dance pop grew ponderously and were becoming very popular during the decade (particularly within the inner cities), Urban music in the late 1980s- 1990s often blended with styles such as soul, funk and jazz. Rap became also became especially popular during the decade with the event of the golden age of hip hop and maintained high levels of success. Hip hop’s golden age is the period in time in mainstream hip hop (during the time of the 1980s-1990s) performed particularly by artists and musicians originating in the New York metropolitan area (late 1980s), when music was said to be characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence. The artists most often associated with the period are; LL cool J, beastie boys, jungle brothers and others. The decade is often recognized for its creativity, regarded as “a time when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre”.  Movements such as grunge and, the rave scene and hip hop spread around the world to young people during the decade which was of course helped by the technological advances that were continuing to happen with things such as cable television and the world wide web then being used.  House techno rose to international success in the decade, alongside electronic dance music with genres such as trance, intelligent dance, Eurodance and bubblegum dance. All these genres managed to achieve high levels of success. The decade also featured the rise of contemporary country music as a major genre which had originally started in the 1980s.  2000s In contrary to many of the past decades, the 2000s did not see the creation or emergence of any new styles of music (with the exception of a few indie- related genres such as emo). Instead it was more converging/ varying of pre-existing genres, as seen in the creation and commercial success of the British grime genre and trap (and Chill wave in the USA). However, there are many distinguishable elements that can be linked to the decade from a musical standpoint; the usage of pitch correction software’s such as auto-tune, there’s also been a rise in the usage of the internet, media player programmes such as iTunes and YouTube. Both of which are beneficial to the artists of the decade because it makes it easier for them to distribute music, build a fanbase, acclimate a loyal following and build up hype for new music, however this new technology can sometimes make it harder for the artists today to make money as they are no longer making money through CD sales seeing as fans can now just stream their music online. On the other hand, many could argue that this could be beneficial to the artists as people wall over the world can now listen to their music making it easier for them to build a fan base meaning that more people will buy tickets for things such as world tours and through merchandise sales. Contemporary R is one of the most popular genres of the decade (especially in the earlier years of the 2000s) and has been immensely popular throughout the decade with world famous artists such as Beyoncé (who was named one of the most successful female artists of the decade –tied with Rihanna)  Genres such as J-pop and K-pop have also become extremely popular in the 21st century and has remained popular throughout it. Reggaetón has also become a definitive genre throughout the decade; Latin music alongside salsa and merengue with hip hop and rap music became popular from the middle of the decade onwards. The internet has been beneficial to the music industry as it has allowed unprecedented access to music and allowed artists to distribute music freely without a record label.

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Shakespeare creates comedy through cruelty and

Diversity of media In the broadest sense, allegorical procedures are linguistic. The system of Kant; the system of Hegel; the system of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche and Marx and all the rest.

Shakespeare’s Globe

Other studies are reported, or deduced from Vita Nuova or the Comedy, regarding painting and music. Most of the cast is a little on the unsympathetic side. In the former all was imagination and improbability: Boycie plays this trope straight, he's sleazy and smug and there really isn't an awful lot to like about him.

Other changes were good: Accordingly, Polus, clad in the mourning garb of Electra, took from the tomb the ashes and urn of his own son who had recently diedembraced them as if they were those of Orestes, and rendered not the appearance or imitation of sorrow but genuine grief and unfeigned lamentation.

Quotes I like

Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile. In addition to where he directs his apology, his use of verse, usually adopted by people of a higher social status, creates an air of false superiority making his speech sound arrogant and untrue.

Is The Comedy Cruel In ‘Twelfth Night’? Paper

They therefore rose in the famous Peasant Rising and killed the lawyers; a comprehensible and relatively even commendable course; though they also showed some disposition to hang anybody who could read or write; which is perhaps carrying the distrust of professionalism too far.

Here again I can modestly claim to have cleared myself long ago of the horrid charge of being a True Artist. Therefore the greatest of all the great sons of the Renaissance, rolling out thousands of thunderous and intoxicant lines upon the single subject of the reign of King Richard the Second, does not trouble himself about The Peasants' War.

Fable, parable, and allegory

So strong was the fusion of performer and role that many of the traits of the character were confused with those of the actor, which led to serious misunderstanding. She acts as a sort of enabler to her husband, putting aside her morals and happiness so that her husband can get what he wants.

He was always important to Catholics, of course, as the tribunal of truth in disputed matters; but as a political and social figure, he really bulks bigger in the modern world than he did in the medieval world; at least in the later medieval world.Essay on William Shakespeare; Although Shakespeare is known through his work, his personal life is a constant mystery.

William Shakespeare was baptized on April 26,during the Elizabethan era. The Elizabethan era was an era in which Queen Elizabeth Essay on Shakespeare Creates Comedy through Cruelty and Subversion.

Dante Alighieri

Acting, the performing art in which movement, gesture, and intonation are used to realize a fictional character for the stage, for motion pictures, or for television. Acting is generally agreed to be a matter less of mimicry, exhibitionism, or imitation than of the ability to react to imaginary stimuli.

Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, ). This victory brought about a reformation of the Florentine constitution.

To take any part in public life, one had to enroll in one of the city's many commercial or artisan guilds, so Dante entered the Physicians' and Apothecaries' Guild. ODD PARTS FROM FEATURES THE AFRICAN QUEEN 1X £ This is the full opening credits and end credits.

The scenes featured are the journey down the river. What follow are the quotes I have in my random signatures used in my email program. A number of folks have asked me either where I got them, or for others, so here they all are.

Unsympathetic Comedy Protagonist

The medieval word for a Poet was a Maker, which indeed is the original meaning of a Poet. It is one of the points, more numerous than some suppose, in which Greek and medieval simplicity nearly touch.

Shakespeare creates comedy through cruelty and
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Hard Science

German Researchers Just Created the World’s Sharpest Laser

It travels at speeds of 18 million kilometers a minute.

Chelsea GohdJuly 7th 2017

How to Create the World’s Sharpest Laser

Researchers from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), which is the national metrology institute of Germany, have broken the record for the sharpness of a laser by building one that has a linewidth (the width of a laser’s optical spectrum) of just 10 millihertz (0.01 hertz).
The laser is stable for 11 seconds before the light waves are desynchronized, but due to them oscillating approximately 200 trillion times per second, in this time the “wave train emitted has already attained a length of approx. 3.3 million kilometers. This length corresponds to nearly ten times the distance between the Earth and the moon,” the team said a press release.
*3* Laser with Record Breaking Linewidth Created in Germany
In order to do this, the scientists used a Fabry-Pérot silicon resonator, which consists of a fixed double cone with two mirrors facing each other inside. To optimize the laser, the researchers then began to rid the system of any interference by eliminating the movement in the mirrors caused by sound, seismic waves, or temperature fluctuations.They then optimized the resonator. In order to prevent any thermal motions of the atoms themselves, they cooled the silicon in the resonator to the point that Brownian motion was minimized — which in this case was -150° Celsius (-238° Fahrenheit).

A Solution to a Problem

A ‘sharper’ laser increases the accuracy of whatever system it is put into by making it more precise. Currently, the scientists are using the technology to measure ultracold atoms and increase the quality of time telling. According to Thomas Legero, a member of the team, “the smaller the line-width of the laser, the more accurate the measurement of the atom’s frequency in an optical clock. This new laser will enable us to decisively improve the quality of our clocks.”

However, the possible uses of this technology could extend much further. These lasers could be used to test Einstein’s theory of relativity more accurately, as the two lasers that were fired into space that gave evidence to the discovery were far cruder.

This is one of many advancements that have been made recently in the field of laser technology. NASA has developed their Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) in order to make accurate topographical maps of the moon, while the world’s largest laser — the European XFEL — is primed to reveal the secrets of the atomic world.

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IELTS Speaking Cue Card: A recent event that made you happy

Speaking (Part-2) Cue Card # Tell about a recent event that made you happy.

Tell about a recent event that made you happy.

  • What was the event?
  • When and where that event took place?
  • Why it made you happy?

IELTS Speaking Cue Card: A recent event that made you happy Best IELTS Band 7 Coaching in Dehradun

Sample Answer

Happiness is a feeling of contentment which is characterised by a sense of well-being. To be happy, we have to struggle in order to fulfil our needs at different stages of life. Moreover, achieving something after many attempts and failures, we truly understand the meaning of real happiness.

I belong to Delhi and I completed my post-graduation in Business Administration six months ago. Since I was not willing to leave my parents alone, I was looking for a suitable job in Delhi only. In spite of being a topper, I was unable to get through any interview after trying for almost 5 months. Alongside the campus interviews, I was also applying in different companies. Most of my batch mates were already got placed through campus placement. So, the level of my stress and anxiety was increasing day by day. I wanted to make my parents feel proud of me by fulfilling their expectations. In the process of job hunting, one thing I had realised that getting a job is not as simple as it seems

Finally, on September 1st, this year, I got an interview call from a renowned multinational company based in Delhi. I gathered all my confidence and courage to face that interview. I was ready to focus more on the performance rather than the result. Hence, I was determined to give my best in the interview no matter what. After facing different rounds of interview, I was finally selected for my dream job. To my surprise, the salary offered to me was beyond my expectations. My happiness knew no bounds and tears started rolling down my eyes. I thanked God and my parents for the same.

This event is the happiest and unforgettable moment of my life. It has taught me a lesson for the lifetime that we should never give up and keep trying to achieve our goals in life.

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They are made by adding garlic to a restore potion (which is made adding harralander and red spider's eggs to a vial of water). This gives 25 Herblore experience. Silver dust should be added to the unfinished potion to make a Guthix balance, also giving 25 experience.

Garlic can be added to restore potion of any dosage; i.e., 1-4 doses. The dosage of the unfinished potion, and finished guthix balance, will be dependent on the original dosage of the restore potion. The number of doses for these unfinished potions is not shown in their names, although it will be for the finished potion. The experience for adding the ingredients is the same, independent of the dosage.

For maximum efficiency, it is recommended that restore potions are decanted into 4-dose potions before Guthix balance potions are created. Alternatively, if being made from scratch for the experience, making the potions at the default 3 doses would earn more experience at the cost of more materials.


Transportation Impacts

One of the effects of using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques to extract oil and gas resources has been a significant increase in traffic volumes, especially in rural areas where most of the well development and production activities take place.

transportation impacts
transportation impacts
  • Rural crashes involving commercial vehicles have increased over 75% in some drilling regions in Texas.
  • Additional preventative maintenance and guidelines would help reduce crashes and improve road conditions.
  • Temporary pipelines along the state right of way could alleviate some of these impacts; research is currently underway to develop guidelines.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does shale oil and gas production have such a heavy impact on roads?

Most of this road damage and traffic occurs on rural roads, which were never designed to handle this kind of heavy truck traffic: developing a typical shale oil or gas well in Texas can have the same impact on the road as over 20 million passenger cars.  And as the trucks get heavier, the damage they cause increases exponentially.

The increased heavy truck traffic has also resulted in higher numbers of crashes, particularly fatal ones, in some oil and gas development regions in the state.

What can be done to reduce these crashes and fix the damage to roads?

Funding to maintain or repair these roads isn’t keeping up with the damage caused by heavy truck traffic. A more sustained and reliable funding stream for state transportation could also help anticipate future stresses on transportation infrastructure for shale development activities.

This report also highlights the need for a well-integrated, multi-modal transportation network: pipelines, waterways, rail systems and more. Such a network would provide a way to move around the many elements needed for shale oil and gas development more efficiently and safely, with less negative impacts than the current model that relies almost entirely on heavy trucks.

How does transportation connect to the other areas of impact studied in this report?

Transportation is closely tied to all the other issues: fresh water needed for hydraulic fracturing means more road impacts, as does the disposal of wastewater resulting from those operations. When you look at it holistically, this is a very complex ecosystem with a lot of tradeoffs. A solution to one problem may cause unintended negative consequences in another area of impact. For instance, reducing road impacts by utilizing temporary pipelines could result in larger impacts on land and ecosystem fragmentation. An honest assessment of the many variables and a holistic approach to mitigating these impacts, along with greater access to and sharing of data, could lead to more informed planning and decision making about how to address these impacts.

Texas lands

“When you look at it holistically, this is a very complex ecosystem with a lot of trade-offs. A solution to one problem may cause unintended negative consequences in another area.”

~John Barton, Texas A&M University System

Transportation Findings

  • Current technologies for oil and gas development and production from shale formations require very large numbers of heavy truckloads.
  • Most existing roadway and bridge infrastructure in Texas was not designed to carry or accommodate the current large numbers and weights of truckloads.
  • Traffic increases—especially truck traffic—associated with the development and production of oil and gas from shale formations in Texas have resulted in increases in the frequency and severity of traffic crash incidents.
  • The level of funding to address the impacts to the transportation infrastructure and traffic safety in the oil and gas industry area is low relative to the magnitude of the impact.

Transportation Recommendations

  • Enhanced efforts and support of the following research programs and strategies will improve preparedness of the state’s transportation systems for oil and gas development and production:
    • improved availability and quality of data related to ongoing and forecasted drilling activities;
    • development of integrated, multimodal transportation infrastructure strategies and solutions; and
    • provisions for reliable, sustainable funding for proactively preparing the state’s transportation infrastructure for future drilling activities.

Transportation Chapter Authors

John Barton

John Barton (Lead)

Texas A&M University System

Cesar Quiroga

Cesar Quiroga

Texas A&M Transportation Institute

For media inquiries about transportation impacts, please visit our Media Center page.


Comments from Veterans and Others

Below are comments from veterans (and spouses) about their experiences with the Transcendental Meditation® (TM) technique. These experiences are divided into four categories: PTSD, depression, comments from spouses, and physical effects.

My girlfriend, despite every reason not to, stood by my side. It meant a lot to me, and I was determined to find help calming my mind. I was willing to try anything, even some crazy magic that she suggested, like meditation. When she suggested it to me, I said of course I would try it, but, deep down, I didn’t feel like I would gain anything from it. After my first week of meditation I was able to sleep. It’s like I was living in a fog of war, and TM cleared the fog, allowing me to see things clearly. My day-to-day functions became clearer. My depression has improved daily and my aggression has vanished. TM has given the perspective to live with a peaceful mind. I find new improvements daily when I am consistent with my meditation
—AB, Iraq War Veteran

For me TM acted like an ice pack placed directly on the heated up and hyper-vigilant part of my brain that couldn’t calm down, that couldn’t think straight, that couldn’t hold a rational or coherent thought… Where everything else had failed, where other attempts and interventions had fallen short, where I had previously been baffled, TM literally cracked open my heart… The experience of TM almost defies description. It represents an experience I will never get over.
—Iraq and Afghanistan Veteran

In my short experience with TM, I have more energy, and I am getting out more (Isolation is one of the most obvious symptoms of PTSD.) I sleep better, still experiencing dreams and flashbacks, but with less fear; I still get angry frequently, but I don’t often display it; I believe I laugh more; I feel calm after meditation but realize it is time for the second of the day as my tension does increase again.
—Former Captain, Combat Medic, Vietnam 1966-1967

TM was a concept I thought was BS. Nothing that easy would work on a person so high strung like myself. I was leery… until I tried it. IT WORKS!!!
The ability to calm my mind and just exist with just me, for just me and only for just me is amazing. It’s like my cobwebs are gone. I can begin my day on a clear note, and I end each day with the same clarity. I’m just amazed how this concept, as I thought of it at first, has transformed my life and I have only been doing it for 3 days. I’m finally excited about things again because I know just how other vets with PTSD can benefit from TM like I have. The difference it will make can’t be bought or downloaded. It comes from within and that is a place I know I’ve missed, a place my PTSD took from me and TM has given it back.

—OEF veteran (female)

Death is so random in combat. I spent many years revisiting my near-death experiences and wondering why I had survived when a friend just a few feet away had not. That guilt, and the anger that accompanied it, haunted me for many years. TM has been the most effective tool I have found in dealing with this issue, especially the associated anger. My two-a-day TM sessions help me to prepare for the coming day, and at the end of the day, to deal with the frustrations I was unable to avoid. The battle goes on daily, and I have become very much aware of how different my day goes when I am not able to start or end my day with TM. I believe that it would be a useful tool for veterans young and old in dealing with the reality of post combat life.
—Vietnam Veteran

Prior to TM, throughout my day I was triggered frequently throughout my day. There would be several times a day where I would feel frightened, heart racing, and constantly alert. On starting TM, I immediately felt these symptoms decrease.

The experience and opportunity of training and consistently meditating has been life-changing. Our household is calmer, quieter, happier, and we will always be grateful for the scholarship we were given to learn TM, which has become one of the best treatments we have ever found for PTSD.

I was interested in TM, but I was skeptical at the same time. The power of the TM meditation… It was surprising to me. Having that inner peace after meditation really emboldened me to deal with things that I’d been just kind of stuffing away.
—Sgt. James Thrasher,
US Marine Corps

I would like to give you an update on how I am doing with TM. To date, I have not missed a meditation session… So far, my results from TM have been beyond anything I expected. I have gone from averaging 3 hours’ sleep a night to roughly 5 or 6. While that may seem insufficient for most people, to a PTSD sufferer who battles insomnia, that is a huge step.
—Iraq War Veteran

Between the fourth and tenth day I already experienced remarkable benefits from the daily practice which lasted throughout every day. Former anxiousness, agitation and worry were gone, and I actually got distinct experiences of feeling pleasant and happy, which I haven’t felt authentically in I don’t recall how long. I have a lasting calmness throughout each day, and can literally say that my stress has dropped by about 90%. It is like the mouse pulling the thorn out of the lion’s paw.

A weight has been lifted, which has allowed me to have more energy to do things, and I’ve picked up my pace in cleaning things out in my life. I have felt more creative and expressive than usual, and began preparing new dishes in the kitchen, which I haven’t done in a long time. My newfound energy has also allowed me to begin exercising again to lose the excess weight I’ve gained from inactivity. There’s a self confidence, as well, that I once had, and I’m now aware of again. I have to state that I know this is not from any kind of self hypnosis or autosuggestion. It’s too authentic and real for me to admit that. I actually know that I know that.

The biggest relief is that I am not dwelling in my thoughts throughout each day and worrying about everything when I’m alone in my house, or in my car going somewhere. I have also been commented on by family and friends, by phone and in person, that I seem calmer and more relaxed than usual, as well as being happy.

I cannot say that my PTSD is gone absolutely, because I have had a few triggers. However, I notice that they are few as compared to numerous. I feel that this is a huge breakthrough in my healthcare treatment, as nothing I’ve done or had done for my symptoms has worked before as this has.
—Paul Murphy

Sadness and blues have decreased. Spending money when I’m sad and blue has decreased significantly, and I’m able to control myself. I’m able to control somewhat, my panic, aggressive nature. I believe I can take things more in stride, and I think somewhat clearer—see things around me clearer. TM has definitely helped me. I just need to practice it more often.
—Iraq veteran

In the short period of time I have been meditating, there has been a near reformation of my life. What the doctors and medicines promised to “potentially” do over the course of years, I have gotten much closer to achieving in months. Some situations remain difficult, and so they will take longer to overcome and grow beyond. At times the troubling thoughts and nightmares come back, but, as a whole, the progress is palpable. I feel more in control of my life now, and I’m becoming hopeful about rebuilding and getting better, rather than lamenting the loss of who I was, and grimly marching the entire way through my decline. In addition to the calm I experience through meditation, I have also found it easier to manage my physical pain. I have been told that I look like an entirely different person from who I was coming back from country. I am vibrant, I smile, and I look much more grounded. The truth is you can’t practice TM without it positively affecting you.
—Staff Sgt Todd Knauber, OEF

Comments from Spouses and Partners

Since learning TM, I have noticed that Stephen seems much more at ease, not as tightly-wound. He has more patience with our young children and is able to relate with them rather than just reacting with anger towards them. Stephen and I are able to communicate with each other without the fear of anger or hurt for the first time in several years. TM has given Stephen an inner peace and ability to find calm when before he only found anger, fear and resentment. TM has saved our marriage, brought our family closer and given us hope that we can finish out this tour with the Marine Corps with peace and success!
—Wife of Marine Veteran

Through your assistance, we were able to learn TM and implement the technique in our daily lives. We have both experienced incredible improvements mentally and emotionally. I have noticed greater overall equanimity, a pervasive calmness, and a significant reduction in my own stress and anxiety. Prior to learning TM, I would fret about most everything in my life. I worried chronically, stressed about insignificant matters, critiqued myself and life harshly, and would get caught up in negative thought patterns that often ended in bouts of depression. Despite practicing yoga and Vipassana meditation, my mind would run wild, and I would be very easily overwhelmed.  I can say with confidence that TM has given me a newfound sense of confidence and relief. I feel significantly less overwhelmed and happier! Coping with difficult situations has become much easier, enabling me to be a better and more supportive partner, friend, and individual. After half a year of TM, I am mentally stronger and better equipped to handle the ebb and flow of life.
—Partner of Army Veteran

This practice has been immensely helpful to the way my husband and I communicate. Often times we used strong words and loud voices to get our points across. Since starting TM, we have been able to really come together and increase our communication in a softer, supportive and loving manner even if it might be a negative subject. That said, my communication overall has become better as I am able to sit and take a moment to reflect before going into something.
—Wife of Army Veteran

Physical Effects

Physically, my blood pressure has improved, my headaches have diminished and the anxiety attacks have gone. I have not had the chest pain I used to feel. Emotionally I have not had any feelings of rage or anger at insignificant trivialities.

I believe TM is assisting in response to A-Fib. I have had one episode since I started TM, and it resolved (cardioverted) spontaneously within 2 hours. With meds in an ER, it can take several hours or overnight; on my own, a less severe episode can take a day or more. Next, I feel my sleep has generally improved. I take prescribed sleeping medication, but I am sleeping longer in sections of sleep, can return to sleep more quickly, and generally feel it is improving.

Reduced typical daily caffeine intake by half. Managed to avoid a complete nervous breakdown… which was definitely on the horizon before I started TM, so I count that as a huge benefit, even though I’m still working on achieving the transformative benefits that I expect to achieve soon.

ALL of my physical issues either cleared up or became much less. These included: hypertension, headaches, high blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety, PTSD, readjustment syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, alcoholism (2-3 fifths a week),  restless leg syndrome, and insomnia due to back pain. I could cope with the problems much better, and my temperament has gotten better. My wife saw a change in me from the first evening. Her stress compounded with my issues and my marriage was all downhill.
I can honestly say that, without any doubt, TM saved my life, my marriage, and now it has saved my wife’s life also. My only wish is that I want to spread this and help as many vets as I can.

—OC, Marine Veteran


Cabin crew are experts at flying and dealing with airport travel – something many Britons can find quite stressful. Queues at the airport can be hugely frustrating for holidaymakers as they anxiously clock-watch ahead of their flight. Airport security is one such occasion during the process where big queues can be found. Jittery travellers stand in line as they watch other flyers take their time over separating liquids, taking off their shoes and getting confused over the full-body scanner.

This can be infuriating if you’re in a rush and you just want to get security over and done with.

Luckily there are ways you can speed things up – but not everyone knows the one simple trick.

Lauren Bamonte is an American Airlines’ flight attendant and she has revealed her top tip.

“Go through security quicker by taking the left lane,” the cabin crew member explained.

“When given the choice, people tend to turn towards their dominant hand. Because most people are right-handed, the right lane is generally busier.”

Bamonte also had another way to accelerate airport travel – especially for those with children.

“Split up check-in duties when travelling with little ones,” the flight attendant advised.

“Have one person do the pre-board with all the bags and buggies and the others stay back with the kids so they aren’t waiting on the plane for ages before take off.”

E-passport gates can also be responsible for delays as travellers pass through the airport.

One cause of this could in fact be because of what the passenger looks like due to the rise of facial recognition services at ePassport gates.

E-passport gates use facial recognition technology to compare the passenger’s face to the digital image in their passport.

The machines can fail to function if the person is not recognised and the face and image do not appear to match up.

This means that anyone travelling with a beard could find themselves the cause of a hold-up at airport security.

Kevin Smith, Head of Technology at facial recognition specialists, Credas, told Feel Good Contacts that “beards and facial hair in general are typically the most common causes of failure.”

This is because facial hair can obscure any definite features for the machine to match.

Those with moustaches may also face similar problems with e-passport gates.

Perhaps an even more unlikely factor that could prevent the machines from recognising you is if you are hungover as this can also alter your face, according to Feel Good Contacts.

Weight loss and weight gain can also affect the way your face looks and hinder recognition.

Other influencing factors include: piercings, glasses, plastic surgery and facial tattoos.

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