Why the future won’t be vegan

Read the original article by Ben Hunt at ethicalomnivore.org here.

The Ethical Omnivore Movement stands as a counterbalance to the vegan movement, which is currently fashionable, but whose popularity will be short-lived.

Ethical omnivores and vegans actually share many of the same values: sustainability, health, animal welfare… but arrive at very different answers over the question of how to achieve those goals.

The biggest difference between an ethical omnivore and a vegan is that veganism is ideological, whereas ethical omnivorism is evidence-based. In other words, if the evidence showed that eating only plants was better for the environment, for our health, and for animals… we’d eat plants!

On the other hand, vegans frequently maintain the rightness of their creed despiteevidence to the contrary. They repeat their articles of faith like a mantra, programming them into their neurons, convincing themselves that they have the answer and that their position will eventually be vindicated and become the norm.

Here’s a message that was recently sent to EOM through Facebook.

I believe this person is totally wrong. Veganism is NOT the future, for many reasons, and it’s easy to understand why simply by looking back at our history so far.

History Has Spoken

The biggest reason is that we already have history. The human race is the result of millions of years of evolutionary history, and that evolution has made us omnivores. History has already spoken.

Animals’ diets do evolve, but it takes a heck of a long time. We have a good picture of how ours has evolved, and it is pointing in the opposite direction. We started out as mainly vegetarian primates and have evolved to be omnivorous, but with meat and other animal products as a vital dietary component.

The history of humans’ diet is marked by two major shifts: one very early, followed by another much more recent change.

The First Great Evolutionary Shift: Hunting

The first major change in our diet when we started hunting and eating a lot more meat, which occurred about two million years ago.

In this period, we became less hairy and primarily bipedal, which helped us run long distances to chase down prey. We also developed larger brains as we developed tools and techniques to access more calories (such as using hand axes to break into skulls, and cooking with fire).

As a result, our intestines got shorter because we were getting more calories from meat, fish, and fat (which are almost completely broken down in the stomach) instead of starchy plant matter (which decomposes more slowly through bacterial activity in the gut).

Check out the size of a healthy gorilla’s gut

Compare our physiology to that of the gorilla, which eats plants almost exclusively. As you can see from the shape of the animal, the gorilla has a far longer intestinal tract (colon in particular), allowing it to store huge numbers of bacteria that break down cellulose and other plant matter that we cannot digest.

Like most other apes, a gorilla’s brain only uses about 8% of its body’s energy at rest. A human’s much larger brain, however, requires 20% of your available energy. On the other hand, the gorilla’s massive digestive system needs far more energy than our shorter omnivore digestion.

Our digestive systems are actually closer (in terms of proportion of intestine of overall length) to dogs, cats, and pigs than they are to the other great apes.

The evidence clearly shows we have evolved away from a mainly plant-based diet to a more meat-based one. There is no way we could develop or support our huge brains without the far greater amount of calories and nutrients that meat and animal products provide (in particular saturated fats).

The Second Great Shift: Agriculture

The second most significant change in human diet is far more recent, occurring in the last ten or twenty thousand years (that’s just the last 1% of the evolutionary timeline since we became hunter-gatherers).

Agriculture enabled humans to settle in one place and to grow our own food, which we did by domesticating wild animals and plants. Our modern diet contains very few truly wild foods; most of what we eat is has been bred from a wild ancestor to deliver more calories with less work, from cattle and pigs to grains and vegetables.

The advent of agriculture enabled us to have more children and also led to things like civilisation (living in permanent towns) and capitalism.\

One of the downsides of the change to an agrarian lifestyle is that the cheap energy that agriculture offered came at the expense of variety in diet. Instead of hunting and foraging for whatever foods were seasonally available, we could turn to stored foods such as potatoes and grains, which provided the energy and substance we needed but without the variety of micronutrients that we previously sourced from Nature’s larder.

Interestingly, this seems to have resulted in a backslide in our evolution. As our diets became less varied than those of our hunter-gatherer ancestors, archaeological records show that humans actually got shorter and our brains smaller over the last few millennia.

The evolutionary history paints a very clear picture. The awesome and unique faculties of homo sapiens originally came about thanks to hunting and eating animals, whereas the shift away from hunting and gathering to farming has led to a decline in our faculties.

So How Can Veganism Be the Future?

Some people have argued to me that moving away from eating animals and animal products represents the next stage of human evolution.

While I can appreciate this might make sense to some people from a spiritual perspective (although I disagree even on that point), it runs counter to the millions of years of history we have behind us.

Since Weston A. Price first set out on his travels, every aboriginal human tribe ever discovered has meat, fish, and/or other animal products as a significant part of their diet.

And yet there certainly seem to be some people today who seem to do well in the long term on a plant-only diet. That then raises another question…

If we collectively decided that we know better than Nature, and agreed that the world would be a better place if we didn’t keep and eat animals… would a future vegan world even be possible?

I don’t believe it is possible for humanity to go vegan, for a few reasons.

The first major obstacle to universal veganism is human health. Despite the frequent claim that a whole-food plant-based diet is universally healthy, there is simply far too much evidence from people who have tried to survive vegan and have been forced to abandon the lifestyle and diet.

You don’t need a peer-reviewed scientific study when there are so many personal accounts of the vegan diet being insufficient to sustain long-term health. (Here are just a few.)

One obvious group that cannot be vegan is anyone with methylation issues. Because a plant-only diet cannot supply all the nutrients your body needs to support balanced methylation, those who are overmethylated simply cannot be healthy without animal products.

Note: I’m not saying that it is not possible for anyone to thrive long-term on plants alone. Some people may benefit from the cleansing effect of eating only plants, at least in the short-term, but it clearly isn’t a permanent option for everyone.

We also have to consider the sustainability of our diets. A healthy vegan diet needs to include a wide range of plants, which might typically include oils from a variety of nuts and seeds, coconut, avocado, B-12 derived from algae or yeast, as well as a selection of fruits, tubers, and leafy greens.

I live in a temperate climate in England, and grow some of my own food. With my experience, I do not know how it would be possible to produce a sufficient range of plant-based foods to deliver all a body’s nutritional needs for twelve months of the year in a self-sufficient way.

In other words, to have a lifestyle that is both vegan and healthy is only possible due to trans-global trade, which will ship avocados from Mexico and quinoa from Peru to your local grocery store.

As soon as the oil runs out, or some global catastrophe halts global trade, will mean it is practically impossible to source a complete plant-based diet year-round.

To me, a diet that relies on shipping, air freight, and other technology is neither natural nor sustainable.

Land use

Finally we have the problem of land use. Vegans will often argue that eating plants requires less space than eating animals, and they’re partially correct, but it would be an error to take that information and conclude that we should turn all farmland over to plant production.

According to research carried out in 2010 by the World Bank, 37.7% of our planet’s land area is considered agricultural, whereas 10.6% was arable (i.e. able to be ploughed).

That means 25% of the land can be farmed but cannot be used to produce row crops like grains. This is what is known as marginal land, and includes hillsides, forests, dry grasslands, steppe, etc. All these areas can (and do) host a variety of large animals that can provide nutritious food for humans in a sustainable or regenerative way, but cannotbe turned into arable land.

What’s more, what we think of as modern agriculture is totally unsustainable. We are facing a global crisis of soil depletion, with between 40 and 100 years of harvests remaining before the soil is either lost or poisoned beyond use.

Ploughing is one major culprit, as the process steadily causes oxidisation of soil organic matter (carbon becomes atmospheric CO2). Plus, the routine use of artificial fertilisers, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides also damages soil fertility over time.

Veganism is really only viable for a minority of people who live in wealthier areas and it is almost entirely dependent on a global food system of trans-national trade. It is primarily an affluent, urban indulgence that could never support today’s human population, never mind a few billion more.

We all agree that health matters, sustainability matters, and animal welfare matters. But the answer is not to abandon our natural diet and lifestyle.

History will not prove the vegans right. We have plenty of history and it has already proved them wrong.

If humanity is going to have a future, it won’t be vegan, because it must be beyond sustainable, rebuilding our soils and restoring our water and air.

Going back to our pre-human ape diet would be a retrograde step, not evolution. Our next phase of evolution must see us continue to coexist with our domesticated plant and animal food sources in ways that work in harmony with Nature’s laws.

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School Shooting

A lot of tragic events has happened this past semester from the shooting in New Zealand to the bombing in Sri Lanka. While I’m not saying those are not equally as important and devastating, the school shooting at UNC shocked me the most. Maybe it is because the incident occurred on their last day of class, and I, myself, was in the last week of classes as well, but it hit close to home. It is sad to know that this sort of violence doesn’t just occur in the US. A few months prior, there was a school shooting in Brazil where 5 students were killed. It made me think that this could have occurred in any campus, even my campus and there would have been no effective way to prevent it. It is sad that we now live in a time where school shootings have to be prepared for. I remember back in elementary school the only drills we practiced were the fire drill, tornado, and earthquake. But, as I graduated to middle school and then to high school, we were shown a video about the Columbine shooting and then we gradually had regular drills for what to do in case we had an active shooter in the building. Every student in my high school is issued a student ID during registration before school starts. Even though we had them, we never really used them unless it was for standardized testing. That all changed after the Sandy Hook shooting. It then became mandatory that all students must be always wearing their ID on a lanyard around their neck and must be always visible and doors between school buildings would now be locked so students must show their ID to a camera in order to be let in. While some students found creative ways around the regulation such as printing their ID on a t-shirt and wearing said shirt around, it was sad how this was now part of the daily routine. Teachers in first period now had the responsibility to check that every student had their ID with them every single day. Now in college, I still carry my ID everywhere to be let into buildings and for exams, but on such a large and open campus, there is no way to prevent a person with bad intentions to getting on campus. Just this semester, I had to listen to multiple professors at several different points throughout the semester to address another school shooting, thankfully elsewhere, and one professor even spent precious lecture time to discuss logistics on what to do if an active shooter entered our classroom. It is sad how frequently school shootings are occurring. I don’t know if they are occurring more, or if the media is reporting these types of incidents more publicly. A school should be a safe environment to teach the future generation. Instead, it has turned into a place of potential fear.

The Decline of ISIS

Near the end of the semester, I attended a talk called “Jihadi Salafism and the Decline of ISIS: What’s Next?” by Cole Bunel, who is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Islamic Law and Civilzation at Yale Law School. Especially since this talk occurred a few days after the incident in New Zealand, it was interesting to hear Dr. Bunel’s opinions the relationship between the mosque attack and ISIS’s need to retaliate with an attack in Sri Lanka. Even though ISIS has lost major cities, they are still organized and Dr. Bunel believes that they will most likely retreat and keep fighting. At the end of the lecture, there was an open question and answer session. During it, a debate broke out between two adults. One adult, a Muslim, hijab-wearing woman brought up a point that when researchers present to the public, they need to be careful about using Arabic words since the media can twist it. For example, the word “jihad” means struggle in Arabic, and the Arabic woman said that back in her home country she would use that term multiple times a day, but now media has twisted the meaning of the word so that when people hear it, they associate it with terrorism. She says that she is fearful of speaking Arabic in public because of other people’s assumptions. Another man, an ex-Muslim from Turkey, interrupted and counter-argued that we should create another language for researchers just because the public is misinformed, but rather we need to use it more often to educate people. While this man has a valid point, he presented his argument very rudely. I think that both people have valid points. Non-Arab speakers often associate foreign words in the context, and most Americans usually only hear Arabic words from the media about terrorism. We need to educate people to understand that words are part of a language to communicate and just because a terror group uses a language, it doesn’t mean that all people who speak that language or that language is bad.

Ethiopia with Dr. Mains

As part of being on the ICDG Exec Board, each member is supposed to host discussion with a professor event each semester. After some coordinating, I was able to host a discussion with Dr. Mains, who is an Anthropology professor and a Fulbright Fellow in the Honors College. His research focuses on the youth and infrastructure development in Ethiopia. Dr. Mains was kind enough to forward a few articles on the topic before the discussion. On the night of the discussion, we actually had a much higher attendance than expected and many people asked well-thought questions. It was interesting to learn about the conflict between Ethiopia and Egypt regarding hydroelectric dams. Ethiopia is upstream along the Nile River compared to Egypt. Due to their want to increase their economic development and meet their need for more electrical power, Ethiopia is planning on building one of the biggest dams. This creates concern for Egypt, who is downstream of the dam, and heavily depends on the flooding of the Nile River to support their agriculture and survival. Only time will tell how these two countries will resolve the conflict. Dr. Mains drew an interesting parallel how a few decades ago, the United States outsourced their manufacturing to other countries such as Mexico and China. Now, China is considered a powerful player and is outsourcing their manufacturing to Ethiopia. Despite the parallel, Dr. Mains doesn’t believe that Ethiopia will become a powerhouse any time soon. I had a fantastic time discussing with other students and Dr. Mains about Ethiopia’s development.

This past semester, I had the great fortune to be on the ICDG Exec team and be a co-moderator with another GEF fellow. While our group size was smaller than past semesters, we had some very interesting discussions. We had a couple international students in the group this semester, so it was very interesting to hear from their perspectives about global events occurring in their own countries and how the media can put a different spin on events. One girl in my group, her parents are from Pakistan and I learned a lot from hearing her talk about the recent events of the tension between India and Pakistan. In the past, I’ve always been aware of the long conflict between the two countries, but I never fully understood how the conflict originally began. Especially with the current political climate, a lot of the discussions were mainly focused on national news. Near the end of the semester, we had a lot of fun debating and predicting about the presidential candidates.  I am looking forward to my last year of ICDG starting next semester!


How to Create a Nightmare

If you find the horror genre fascinating then this blog post is for you. I am about to reveal the secrets for creating your own ghoulish drama, all from the comfort of your own life. This fiendish formula works if you personally want to experience terrifying chills and thrills or if you wish to visit a nightmare on others. It’s simple, legal, widely accepted and doesn’t require the use of graveyards, blood, or fake vampire teeth. It can be used in almost any circumstance, with any type of person, and with little effort. The two ingredients for this dark potion is responsibility and authority, and to release the hideous effect just mix in unequal amounts.

Firstly, let’s acquaint ourselves with the ingredients. Responsibility is the obligation to act (or not act) to ensure the welfare of a person, place, or thing. Authority is the right and ability to bring about that welfare. Responsibility says you should do something and authority enables you to do something. When mixed in with equal portions the outcome is beneficial and promotes the health and happiness of all concerned. But when combined unequally, the resulting elixir is poisonous and gives life to an ugly monster.

To have the responsibility for something, but not the right or power to carry out that responsibility is a hellish nightmare. For example, a teacher who is responsible to educate her students, but cannot give homework assignments or discipline an unruly student, is doomed to a life of grief. She will be held accountable for the failing grades of her students, but she lacks the authority necessary to direct the students in a meaningful way that would lead to their academic success. In this case a large measure of responsibility has been mixed in with a small dose of authority. The result of this concoction? A nightmare for the teacher.

But imagine another scenario. Suppose a referee at a football game can call a foul regardless of whether the play actually violates the rules of the game. Additionally, he can’t be fired for any call he makes. In this case there is nothing stopping him from placing a bet on the game and shaping his penalty calls to favor the team he has put his money on. He can randomly make calls if he wishes, or make no calls at all. Perhaps, he is obligated to show up for the game, but he has no responsibility to ensure that the game is played fairly. Here we have a large amount of authority blended with a small dash of responsibility. This particular mixture will produce nightmares as well, but for others not the referee.

Magic Recipe
So, we have the magic recipe: if one wishes to experience a nightmare, make sure that you are in a circumstance where you have a greater amount of responsibility than you have authority. Alternatively, if you want to inflict nightmares on others, try to get into a situation where you have more authority than you have responsibility. It only takes adjusting the proportions one way or the other to direct the flow of terror.

On the other hand, if you hate nightmares and strongly desire to promote happiness and well-being in yourself and others, all you have to do is make sure that responsibility and authority are kept in balance. When accepting an assignment, be sure to clarify the expectations of the assignment and the resources available to you. If these don’t agree, then kindly decline the assignment. When giving an assignment to another, be sure to make explicit the desired result of the assignment and what means and capabilities are available to them for producing that result. By keeping responsibility and authority in balance you will produce a mixture that has a salutary effect on them and will increase their chance of success.

By misunderstanding human nature many inadvertently become evil alchemists. They create nightmare situations by mixing unequal portions of responsibility and authority in the assignments they give. Others live a torturous nightmare because they are accountable for things they cannot change. We were created to be happy and fruitful in life’s endeavors, but if care is not taken to balance responsibility and authority the chances of that grow dim, and instead we sink into a frightful dream.


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Skills You Want To highlight include communication, the capability to organize, the capability to lead staff and teams. Even in the event you have all of the essential qualifications and skills, odds are you are miss landing a job opportunity if you have got a boring and dull document that resembles the rest. Try to write an extremely pleasant explanation about who are you, how do you work and your abilities for specific occupation or area. So you A skills ought to be presented well so interviewer should get an illusion that you are best. To begin with, you want to detail key abilities for the field of law you mean to clinic.

Be clear about what Job you are searching for. If you are trying to acquire work in finance or accounting you need averystrong resume. Every job requires a person who is organized. Transportation jobs involve plenty of obligation and your resume will wish to reflect you are able to look after that. Everybody knows that when browsing to get work, the very first task you will need to complete for a possible employer would be, Send a copy of your resume.

The template can be Used together with the most recent version of Microsoft Word so regardless of which version you’ve installed on your pc you need to be able of using the template efficiently. If you find yourself with a perfect template but nevertheless your requirements aren’t meeting then it’s apparent that you’re far away from your primary requirements. You can browse the group of free to download templates on the internet and you may download the most suitable template to your requirement quite easily. Templates will decrease the time cost requirement. However, it will increase the amount of efficiency in your task. Agenda template is utilized in regular small business pursuits and it’s getting popularity day by day. Thus, you have to go with readymade Agenda Templates which will be well suited for all your needs. It is possible to use a formal meeting agenda template to make a summary of such assembly and stick to it to achieve success with the assembly.

The RARA strategy to Meeting direction is an exemplary solution to getting stuff done with encounters. Sample Agenda Template development is also an dilemma of management, meaning you have to use advanced features in it also. Calendar software and free on-line templates help to find the task done economically. You may also see Agenda Templates. So, a formal meeting agenda sample may be employed to outline what will happen in the coming formal assembly.

There are a number of Methods in which someone can lead to your assembly efficiently without having to attend. The assembly should have a focus and a target. In this scenario it is important to have meetings with the employees in order to make sure that everyone understand how to take the crucial actions in the event of a risky circumstance. Several meetings have to be known for better coordination among the coworkers working at the exact same office or such a facility. Meeting minutes are not only notes to the simplicity of those people who attended the assembly. Meetings play a significant role in the smooth working of any organization. Beginning a board meeting with a very clear purpose and program helps members understand the reason why they are there and what things to anticipate.

If You Plan to Charge to your conference, you’ll want to engage the services of a treasurer to manage the funds and maintain a listing of who has paid. At any time you hold a seminar you would like to impress your attendees. Church conventions are fantastic opportunities for women to fellowship with different women. It is preferable to maintain the workshop to get an off-site website. In the initial stage of the project, it’s very important that the marathon is performed for three or more days.

An agenda won’t enable Your meeting to grow in a over-long boring slog, where more than one assembly is apparently devolving. Possessing the right agenda is critically important. An agenda ought to be brief, timed, easy, and clear. It ensures that every one of the goals of the meeting are met in the shortest amount of time. Utilizing the seminar agenda template is your very best and simplest means to make a schedule for your that’s great looking and specialist.

For such meetings it is Significant to fix an agenda. Let team members know you will be sending out an agenda prior to the next meeting. An agenda can be made with an official meeting agenda template to keep the meeting’s proceedings in order. Consequently, if you are planning to compose an agenda on your own, use a formal meeting agenda template available on the market. In operational or company level the meeting agenda will allow you to record items which you want to rise in a coming meeting. Providing the schedule in advance of this meeting will enable them to think about the subjects and to create ideas before the beginning of the assembly.

When the people In a meeting begin to feel tired and eliminate interest, it is because the Discussions are unfocused. Understand exactly what the assembly is all about and what is expected . You Need to safeguard your key decision-makers comprehend the demand for them to attend And donate to the meeting otherwise you will be not able to attain your assembly objective. Among the primary explanations for why people have adverse Feelings about encounters is that they resent being forced to sit through them unnecessarily. The point is to cram in a great deal of occasions, much like a summer camp. You Might realize the notions that result are a lot better if the participants Arrive ready. Also see strategic plan illustration and the way to compose an outline.


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In 2016, Governor Eddie Calvo planned a decolonization referendum that the indigenous Chamorro people of Guam would solely participate in, in which the three options would be given, including statehood, independence, and free association.However, this referendum for the Chamorro people was struck down by a federal judge on the grounds of racial discrimination. The Governor hopes for a decolonization plebiscite to occur in 2018.The commission's May 2016 report states: "With academics from the University of Guam, [the Commission] was working to create and approve educational materials.The Office of the Governor was collaborating closely with the Commission" in developing educational materials for the public. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution.It would have a political and economical treaty of association with the U. Those Free Associated States use the American dollar, receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country. In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of this U. territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. In early December 2016, the Commission scheduled a series of education sessions in various villages about the current status of Guam's relationship with the U. and the self-determination options that might be considered.However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. The Commission's current Executive Director is Edward Alvarez and there are ten members.The Puerto Rican status referendum of 2017 originally offered only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association, however a "current territorial status" was added before the referendum took place. 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media. In a 1982 plebiscite, voters indicated interest in seeking commonwealth status but seemed not to understand the ramifications of such a change.The referendum was held on June 11, 2017, with an overwhelming majority of voters supporting statehood at 97.16%, however with a voter turnout of 22.99%, a historical low. Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Benefits of statehood include an additional billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the United States Congress. The island has been considering another non-binding plebiscite on decolonization since 1998.

In some cases, an entire territory became a state; in others some part of a territory became a state. Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution. The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic.

If the majority voted for Independence/Free Association, a second vote would have been held to determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States. That document might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether Puerto Ricans would be U. Regardless of the outcome of the referendum or the bill on drafting a constitution, action by Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution. Guam (formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Governor Eddie Baza Calvo intended to include one during the island's November 2016 elections but it was delayed again. In 2013, the Commission began seeking funding to start a public education campaign.

The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the U. If the majority of Puerto Ricans were to choose the Free Association option – and only 33% voted for it in 2012 – and if it were granted by the US Congress, Puerto Rico would become a Free Associated State, a virtually independent nation. This could give Puerto Rico a similar status to Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau, countries which currently have a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the people of Guam about the various political status options in its relationship with the U. There were few subsequent developments until late 2016.

The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward." Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States, Barack Obama, addressing the results of the voting.

Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum.

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Diabetes UK – Care. Connect. Campaign.

Diabetes UK – Care. Connect. Campaign.
Related:  Diabète en EUROPE

DG SANCO 11/04/12 public health - Major and chronic diseases - Page on diabetes updated - New data on policy frameworks and econ Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, characterised by hyperglycaemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, according to the WHO, by the classic symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia and unexplained weight loss, and/or a hyperglycaemia H 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) in a random sample or fasting (no caloric intake for 8 hrs), plasma glucose 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) and/or postprandial value 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) (2 hrs plasma glucose level during an oral glucose tolerance test). This test should be performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 h anhydrous glucose dissolved in water). In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycaemia with acute metabolic decompensation, these criteria should be confirmed by repeat testing on a different day (EUDIP Definition). Responding to the need for EU comparable indicators for diabetes monitoring Worldwide estimates European estimates

DG SANCO 25/06/13 public health - Major and chronic diseases - Call for tender on prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes - Qu Call for tender No SANCO/2013/C1/004 concerning a pilot project for developing and implementing successful prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes Following the rules set up by the European Commission I would like to inform you that we received the following questions and provided the answers attached: 1. We are expected to assess the outcome of the intervention at 21 months after the start of the contract (not a specific period after the identification of the intervention group!). If this is done so late in the contract, how we are expected to submit a final report within less than two months (M23)? Is there a minimum time interval from time of intervention to the time of assessment? Please have a look at the specifications 3.Subject of contract timetable. Timetable The duration of the execution of the tasks shall not exceed 24 months. 2. Blood tests are invasive. 3. The screening programme should aim to identify children at risk of diabetes or having diabetes type II. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

PARLEMENT EUROPEEN - Réponse à question E-005615-15 Diabetes in Europe Europe may soon run the risk of losing its battle against diabetes, which is the fourth most common cause of death in the region. 56 million Europeans have diabetes and by 2035 this number is expected to grow to nearly 70 million, i.e. more than one in ten adults will be affected. This estimated increase underlines policy shortcomings in combating the disease. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing among all ages in Europe, mostly as a result of increases in obesity, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. Compounded by Europe’s ageing population, diabetes may lead to spiralling healthcare costs and place a severe strain on national health systems. 1. 2. 3.

PARLEMENT EUROPEEN - Réponse à question E-003780-16 Diabetes research The incidence of diabetes is escalating rapidly in the EU. In the adult population (20-79 years), the incidence has increased from 4.9% in 2000 to 9.1% in 2015, meaning that 60 million European citizens today suffer from the disease. In some countries, such as Spain, the situation is even worse: approximately 13.8% of the Spanish adult population suffer from diabetes. The socioeconomic consequences of this trend are severe. Science aims to reverse this trend by stimulating the development of new diagnosis and treatment methods. To facilitate these processes, the EU should play a more prominent role in funding and coordinating diabetes research efforts. What measures does the Commission foresee to advance diabetes research? Is the Commission planning to focus more on basic research in the next Horizon 2020 work programmes? Is the Commission in favour of a Joint Programme Initiative on diabetes?

PARLEMENT EUROPEEN - Réponse à question E-008624-16 European strategy against diabetes More than 300 000 deaths a year in Europe are caused by diabetes, making it the fourth biggest killer in most developed countries. It affects 32 million Europeans and many others are thought to have impaired glucose tolerance, which is considered a pre-diabetic state. The number of cases is on the rise, having increased from 4.9% of the adult population in 2000 to 9.1% in 2015, and it is estimated that by 2030 it will have reached 16.6%. World Diabetes Day 2016 (14 November) focused on patients’ eyesight and on the need for early diagnosis. Parliament has, on several occasions, called for a European strategy against diabetes to improve prevention, early diagnosis and research. PARLEMENT EUROPEEN - Réponse à question E-001240-17 Corrélation entre bisphénol A et diabète Le bisphénol A (BPA) est l'une des substances chimiques les plus courantes dans les produits d'usage quotidien. Par conséquent, 95 % de la population présente, dans le corps, un taux de BPA faible, mais détectable. De nombreuses études scientifiques font état d'une forte corrélation entre, d'une part, le BPA et d'autres perturbateurs endocriniens et, d'autre part, l'apparition du diabète, de l'obésité et d'autres maladies, et cela même à de faibles niveaux d'exposition (la dose journalière tolérable étant de moins de 4 μg/kg de poids corporel). Les perturbateurs endocriniens pourraient être, avec les prédispositions génétiques et les changements de mode de vie, les causes principales de l'augmentation actuelle des cas d'obésité et de diabète. La Commission est-elle consciente de la discordance entre les données scientifiques disponibles sur le BPA et la position adoptée par l'EFSA et la FDA?


Employment Tax Compliance Employee Edge Benefits

Back in November , the Irs started a new International Research Program Initiative usually the Initiative an industry vast specific random audit behind employment taxes for . . entities to encompass that will help of the next 25 six months. The breadth of the Initiative is considered dual in nature Quite first assess systemic employment compliance and second accumulate assessments from delinquent potential employers. With tax revenues decreasing from some down economy, the Oughout.S. Treasury Department is increasing its centralisation to close the gap the difference between say the total tax financial obligations and taxes paid to actually the IRS.

Auditing employment taxes ‘s seen by the Irs as a crucial way of closing the overtax gap. For tax twelvemonth for example, the low tax gap was considered by the IRS inside around billion, with underreporting of employment taxes finance for around of ones tax gap. consulta CNAE will audit companies make sure that Federal withholding property taxes are deducted and salaried over to the united states government from employees wages to work with Social Security and Medicare health insurance as well as Us Unemployment taxes.

An employer found being in noncompliance could deal harsh civil penalties as well as the interest on unpaid taxation. These fines could have a mainly severe impact on small enterprises. The IRS has prioritized four areas to really fixate their auditing efforts the particular Initiative, including Worker Explanation i.e. whether an interviewer properly classifies an individual as an employee because independent contractor for taxation purposes. Determining which on the behavioral, financial and kind of relationship the reputable company has with the distinct person performing the work. Technician Fringe Benefits A perimeter benefit is an involving pay for the function of services.

i.e. benefits such being insurance coverage, company motor or child care, along with. that are provided by employers tax liberated to employees but not when you need to independent contractors. Reimbursed Internet business Expenses e.g. reimbursement to look at a client to lunch, purchasing office supplies what requires a written enterprise expense plan. I.E. Will need to have paid or substained expenses that are allowable while performing services for employee. You must sufficiently account to your worker for these expenses within reasonable time period, as well as must return any an excessive amount of reimbursement or allowance in a reasonable time period.


The right answer but the wrong question

I’ve just watched a TED video by Simon Sinek on great leadership. Watch it now.

I’m not sure how I got to it. But I know why I liked it and perhaps why you did as well.

Because it used very simple language and messages.

He was selling a vision about the use of visions, which are often produced to answer the question ‘why?’.

The point he was making is that only exceptional leaders do this well (so by implication he might be one and he could help you become one ….).

The reason they can do this is because they understand how the human mind works and that key decisions are made by intuition rather than cold, logical facts.

Why do I not agree completely with this approach?

Because great leaders need great implementers – every excellent project has an excellent project manager. This could be the same person, but from my experience this is not so common. Why not?

The ability to inspire, for example by asking and answering the question ‘why?’, depends on the environment in which you grew up. If this was one which valued continual questioning of purpose, then clearly this would allow you to develop such skills.

Project managers deliver and it is not their job to ask ‘why?’, at least not unless they have been duped into managing a project doomed from the start to fail.

So it would seem unlikely that both types of person co-exist, acknowledging that there are always exceptions to any rule.

Simon Sinek goes on about the lesser questions ‘how?’ and ‘what?’ which he equates with mere processes and facts. More important to me is the question ‘when?‘.

Visions are great, but at some point someone needs to start working towards them otherwise they become just words and not actions. By asking ‘when?’ on a regular basis you are pushing for the delivery of (at least some) outcomes.

None of this guarantees that you will produce real benefits. This requires more than questions, or even answers to questions, but evidence against which any progress can be measured.


Badscape is an American science fiction drama television series, created by Hales Junior. The show began airing on September 21st, 2008 on The CW, to June 10th, 2012. The cast featured Richard HarmonBob MorleyAnnaSophia Robb, and Emma Stone as main characters for much of the series before shifting towards an ensemble cast in it's later seasons. In 2018, after initial cancellation by The CW for failing reviews, HavenTV purchased the show.

Badscape is based off of an old Minecraft server, and the universe itself is derived from the aformentioned game and Terraria. The show follows citizens of the island of Badscape, who attempt to live normal lives while uncovering various conspiracies about their leaders and each other.


When you go out with friends, you're unlikely to be all, Guys, I hit 84 percent of my max heart rate for 12 minutes today. And if you do do that, well, you're probably either a trainer or a fitfluencer on Instagram. But is it really that important for us regular people to know our heart rate—other than the fact that our heart pumping is crucial to, you know, living?

Figuring out your resting heart rate isn't challenging—take your radial pulse by placing two fingers on your inner wrist and counting your heartbeats for 60 seconds. Ideally, to get the most accurate number, you should do this a few days in a row right when you wake up. Or, you can use a fitness tracker to do the work for you. "I use a Fitbit Ionic smartwatch to monitor my resting heart rate during training very closely to see if there are sudden spikes or if my heart rate fails to increase in response to exertion," says endurance athlete Dean Karnazes. "A dramatically increased heart rate or a failure of my heart rate to increase on a normal progression can be warning signs and a reason to alter my training accordingly."

So what the heck do different heart rate zones have to do with our workouts?

"It really depends on your goals," says certified personal trainer Lisa Corsello. "If endurance is a goal, then you're going to want to keep your heart rate up for longer periods of time consistently." Maintaining 60 to 70 percent of your maximum heart rate for 30 minutes is a great place to start—once that becomes your normal, you can build your intensity from there.

First things first: It's important to know your max heart rate (or the maximum times your heart should beat during activity) because that will determine your heart rate for each zone. For a really long time, the formula for calculating your max heart rate was 220 minus your age, but it turns out that might no longer be the best way.

"New research came out on determining your max heart rate levels," says Alec Dragelin, head coach at Orangetheory Fitness Central West End in St. Louis. "You take 207 and subtract 0.7 times your age, and that gets you what we call the theoretical maximum heart rate."

For example: A 28-year-old would multiply her age, 28, by 0.7, which brings her to 19.6 (but we'll round up to 20). Then subtract 20 from 207, which would give her a theoretical max heart rate of 187. Yay, math!

And yes, it's called a theoretical max heart rate because, well, it's theoretical. "In order to truly determine your maximum heart rate, you would need to do a VO2 Max test, which is considered the gold standard for aerobic capacity." And sure, you can probably find a local lab that has a VO2 tester if you want to get real intense about it, but for most of us, the formula should be enough.

Once you know your theoretical max heart rate, you can go about figuring out which zone you fall into when you exercise. And if that's just way too much math, we've also come up with a handy-dandy guide as to how each one feels.

Is It Really That Important to Know Your Heart Rate During a Workout? By all means, move at a glacial pace.

Percentage of your max heart rate: 50-60 percent

What it's good for: Overall health and recovery. "This is really like your recovery zone," says Sara Dimmick, CSCS of Physical Equilibrium LLC. "So this is your long, slow duration—something that you should be able to sustain for a long time."

What it feels like: Walking from your couch to the fridge to get snacks while rewatching Parks and Rec for the third time. Basically, very, very light exercise.

Is It Really That Important to Know Your Heart Rate During a Workout? What, like it's hard?

Percentage of your max heart rate: 60-70 percent

What it's good for: Basic endurance and fat burning. "You're still working, but you're not going all out," Dimmick says. If you're one of those brave souls who runs marathons, this would be about your pace, French adds.

What it feels like: You just saw someone walking a really cute dog, and you're trying to catch up to them to pet it. It's like a warm-up or a cool-down—you should be able to carry on a normal conversation in this zone.

Is It Really That Important to Know Your Heart Rate During a Workout? Picking up the pace...

Percentage of your max heart rate: 70-80 percent

What it's good for: Working up a sweat, building endurance during moderately long exercise. This is working at an intensity you can sustain for around 30 minutes if you had to, Joel says. You're still working at your aerobic capacity (your body is using oxygen as cell energy).

What it feels like: Not texting your ex back—challenging but doable.

Is It Really That Important to Know Your Heart Rate During a Workout? It's getting hot in herrrrrrrrre.

Percentage of your max heart rate: 80-90 percent

What it's good for: "When you get to about 84 percent of your max heart rate, your body goes into anaerobic metabolism," Dragelin says. What this essentially means is your body is short on oxygen, so it has to look for other fuel sources to burn. "You should push for about 10 minutes max at a time in this zone," says Joel French, Ph.D., senior director of research, fitness, and wellness at Orangetheory Fitness. It's in this zone that you start to get those sweet "afterburn" benefits.

"It's called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption," French says. For those of us who love a good acronym, it's often referred to as EPOC. French likens these last two zones to writing a check you can't cash—which, in this case, is a good thing. "You stress yourself a little bit more, and after the workout when you go home, your body is continuing to recover at a high rate to make up for that," he says. "You'll have an elevated metabolism that's continuing to burn up fat."

What it feels like: When you're going all out on the dance floor at a wedding and the sweat is dripping, but you know you can push through it because you're killing it.

Is It Really That Important to Know Your Heart Rate During a Workout? A combination of skull and wailing face emojis.

Percentage of your max heart rate: 90-100 percent

What it's good for: This is when you're giving it your all. "You can stay in this zone [for] a max of two minutes, but most people usually reach their limit between 30 seconds and a minute," French says.

What it feels like: When your Flywheel instructor tells you to push for the last 30 seconds, and even though you feel like you're actually dying, you do it because you're terrified of disappointing her. This is an all-out sprint; you're going as hard as you can.

If you want to get specific with how to use your heart rate to your advantage in your training, it's helpful to speak to a trainer about your goals. Heart rate change doesn't happen in a day, so if you're just getting started, think safety first as you push your endurance limits. In the meantime, happy sweating!

Allie Flinn is an L.A.-based beauty, fitness, and wellness writer. She's passionate about working out, neutral colors, young adult novels, and her rescue dogs. Follow her fitness journey on Instagram @allieflinn.

READ THIS NEXT: Not Giving 100 Percent Can Actually Help You Get Fitter


From Mal Harkins of  Proskauer Rose in D.C., attached is the Rent-A-Center for posting and below, the arbitration language:

The language is in a question and answer format.

What type of disputes will be subject to arbitration?

All serious disputes regardless of their cause or legal basis involving an individual resident (or an individual residentâ€™s representative, family, heirs, assigns, etc.) will be resolved through arbitration.  A serious dispute is one involving a claim of more than $20,000.  If the value of the claim is unclear, the arbitrator will decide whether the claim qualifies for arbitration.  Disagreements between the facility and multiple residents will not be addressed in a single arbitration.

In addition, any disputes over this Agreement itself shall be subject to arbitration.  The Arbitrator and not any federal, state or local court or agency, shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the validity, interpretation, applicability, enforceability or formation of this Agreement, including, but not limited to, any claim that all or any part of this Agreement is void or voidable.  All disputes, whether procedural or substantive, about this Agreement and the arbitration will be subject to and governed by the Federal Arbitration Act.

Author: Mal Harkins from Proskauer Rose


Today’s Writing Tip

Another complaint that keeps a story from getting 5-stars is too many characters. I would amend that by saying too many extraneous characters. Every person should be tied into the plot in some way and stand out as an individual. If they don’t, ditch him or her. If you really like the person, you can always use him or her for another story.

This is not to say that a meaty plot shouldn’t have a vast array of characters. However, the number should be proportionate to the complexity of the plot and length of the novel. Populating the story with a bunch of people with no story function only keeps the reader wondering what they’re doing there in the first place. For example, if your protagonist’s job is one of the settings, you don’t have to give everyone a name unless the person relates to the story.  In fact, if their place of work doesn’t relate directly to the story, why is it included, anyway? The movie “Nine to Five” certainly was an exception, as well as the TV show, “The Office.” But if it’s not directly related to the plot, minimize it or leave it out completely.

If you do have a long cast of characters and you can justify their existence, then include a dramatis personae in the beginning to help your readers keep them straight as far as where they fit into the story and relationship to one another. A confused reader is inclined to become a lost fan.

Today’s Writing Tip

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Today’s Writing Tip

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When you have a huge cast of characters, remind readers who the minor ones are from time to time so they can keep them straight. Placing them in a scene that fits their role sometimes will suffice.  Having a dramatis personae is also highly recommended. This is a list of the people in your story and who they are. In highly populated novels these are greatly appreciated by readers, especially those without steel-trap memories or who may take a little longer to finish a book.

If your book is published in both print and electronic form, make sure the character list is included in the e-book’s table of contents so readers can refer back to it more easily.

Today’s Writing Tip

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If your book is loaded with characters, do your readers a favor by providing a dramatis personae, a fancy Latin term for a list of who and what the players are which you provide in the beginning of the story; a cast of characters, if you will.

Not all readers have a steel-trap memory that can keep track of too many people. This is another thing that can throw a reader out of a story, wondering or trying to remember who someone is. For ebooks, make sure this list is included in your table of contents so readers can get back to it easily for reference.


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    Mount Manaia2

    Mount Manaia is a stunning rock formation left over from an extinct volcano which erupted around twenty million years ago, the volcano was massive at around 50 kilometers in diameter, the top of the mountain has a distinctive jagged peak and is a local land mark of the Northland Region, Mount Manaia ries to around 403 meters above the Whangarei Harbor entrance.

    Located around 30 kilometers from the Whangarei CBD Mount Manaia is a popular destination for trampers, parking is available in the Mount Manaia clubs carpark on the Whangarei Heads RD, the fantastic walk to the summit starts right at the carpark, the walk is rated as easy but only because the track is well maintained with a gravel base and wooden steps on the steep parts the track should be rated moderate rather than easy as the climb takes around one hour to the top and is fairly steep in places.

    From the carpark the track rises gently through regenerating native bush and starts to wind around the mountain side anti clock wise, there are glimpses of the east coast ocean and Whangarei harbour down below through the trees, the first real viewing platform or rock is around half way up to the summit, there is a wooden boardwalk and just at the start of the board walk on the right is a small unmarked track this leads out to a stunning rock ledge with a vertical drop below, and offers an uninterrupted view out across the Harbor entrance to Busby Head.

    From the board walk the hardest part of the track starts, the track steepens and the relentless wooden steps start there are around 900 steps in total so you get a great workout as well, you twist and turn through some stunning native trees with the mighty Kauri tree every where, around 50 minutes from the track start you arrive at the second look out and a massive rock formation towering above offering views down into the harbor and the Whangarei Heads.

    Walking on you dip down into a small sadle with vertical drops on both sides of the track then snake up through rock formations to what looks like a massive rock balanced on an other rock, there is a short set of steps and up onto the rock platform, the views here are breath taking, looking down onto the inner harbor and Marsden Piont to the left and right up the harbor to Whangarei.

    There is more on the wak back, half way between the summit and the towering rock down in the saddle there is an unmarked track to the left just up here is a short walk to the left again then up some tree roots and rocks and onto a rock platform looking out and over the inner harbor.

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This drone capture of a beautiful coastline show the beautiful colors of nature. On the top of the frame is the green of the forest, whilst in the middle is the white sand that slowly fades into the light blue colors of the ocean. This photograph was taken in Indonesia, Bali, Padang Padang in 2018 By Oliver Sjöström, Ollivves

I had been on this spot a couple of years back. That time around I was surfing the well known wave of Padang Padang. The swell wasn't that big and the waves weren't coming that frequently. It was a slow day so to say. But anyways, the sun was shining and the water was warm so I wasn't complaining. As I sat there on my surfboard, my feet inside the water and my hands slowly moving smoothly stroking alongs the surface I notices how clear the water was. You could see the reef very clearly. I took time to appreciate the beauty of it. Looked around me, towards the other surfers and to the cliffs that where just infront of me. How the green of the tropical trees formed along the big rocks.

At that moment my interest for photography hadn't yet developed. I didn't even know what a drone was and let alone how to fly it. But when I came back to this place, two years later. I remembered that day down at the reef. And this time, I did have a drone with me. I knew I had to fly it out above the cliffs and out to the reef. What you see here is the photograph that I got.

This shot was taken in Indonesia, Bali, Padang Padang in 2018 by Oliver Sjöström, Ollivves

Camera Make: DJI

Camera Model: FC300X

Focal Length: 3.6mm

Aperture: ƒ/2.8

Shutter Speed: 1/25s

ISO: 106

Dimensions :3000 × 4000


FAQs about Water Pollution and Shortage

3. What are the countries with the greatest water shortage?

Cape Town, Sao Paulo, Beijing, Cairo, Jakarta, Moscow, Istanbul, Mexico City, London, Tokyo and Miami.

Other sections of Pollution and degradation of soils

Planet Water without water

Our planet could have been called “Water” instead of Earth, because of the immense amount of the vital liquid that it houses. For something is blue and not ocher, although the atmosphere also helps paint that wonderful tone, envy of the other planets of the Solar System, not to mention the exuberant and varied life that has developed on Earth, precisely thanks to water…

And you can also see it in…

Photo Gallery.

Video Gallery

…when visit the Great Topic Water


Beyond demographics: Differences in patient activation across new immigrant, diverse language subgroups Journal Article

Authors: Lubetkin, E. I.; Zabor, E. C.; Brennessel, D.; Kemeny, M. M.; Hay, J. L.
Article Title: Beyond demographics: Differences in patient activation across new immigrant, diverse language subgroups
Abstract: The federal government promotes "patient-centered medical homes" to plan care with respect to patients' cultures and values and support patients' self-care efforts. To promote self-care, the medical home would be best utilized by activated, engaged patients. The objective of this study was to measure and compare patient activation scores in English-, Spanish-, and Haitian Creole-speaking patients seen at an inner-city hospital ambulatory care practice. Patient activation was measured using the patient activation measure (PAM). Mean PAM scores and activation levels differed according to survey language (p < 0.001). US-born participants had higher mean PAM scores than persons born outside of the US. Participants living in the US longer had higher mean PAM scores than participants newer to the US. Levels of activation and mean PAM scores increased with greater comfort reading, speaking, and thinking in English. The mean PAM (SD) score of 61.5 (16.5) for Haitian Creole-speaking Caribbean Blacks was significantly lower than the mean PAM score of 68.8 (15.6) for English-speaking Caribbean Blacks (p value = 0.006). Although mean PAM scores did not significantly differ between Haitian Creole and Spanish speakers, PAM stages differed according to language of survey completion (p < 0.001), with a greater percentage of Haitian Creole speakers being categorized as stage 1 (least activated) as well as stage 4 (most activated). Spanish and Haitian Creole speakers have lower mean PAM scores than English speakers. Mean PAM scores did not differ between Hispanics and non-Hispanics or according to race, illustrating the need to examine the role of language and culture on patient activation. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.
Keywords: primary care; immigrants; patient activation
Journal Title: Journal of Community Health
Volume: 39
Issue: 1
ISSN: 0094-5145
Publisher: Springer
Date Published: 2014-02-01
Start Page: 40
End Page: 49
Language: English
DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9738-1
PROVIDER: scopus
PMCID: PMC3947232
PUBMED: 23918645
Notes: Export Date: 3 March 2014 -- CODEN: JCMHB -- Source: Scopus
Altmetric Score
MSK Authors
  1. Emily Craig Zabor
    131 Zabor
  2. Jennifer L Hay
    163 Hay


Adolf Hitler Essay

4145 Words 17 Pages
Adolf Hitler

2. In 1895, at age six, two important events happened in the life of young Adolf Hitler. First, the unrestrained, carefree days he had enjoyed up to now came to an end as he entered primary school. Secondly, his father retired on a pension from the Austrian civil service. He found school easy and got good grades with little effort. He also discovered he had considerable talent for drawing, especially sketching buildings. He had the ability to look at a building, memorize the architectural details, and accurately reproduce it on paper, entirely from memory. , young
…show more content…
For young Hitler, German Nationalism quickly became an obsession. for young Hitler, the struggle with his father was about to come to a sudden end. In January 1903, Hitler's father died suddenly of a lung hemorrhage, leaving his thirteen-year-old son as head of the Hitler household. For convenience, young Hitler went to live at a boys' boarding house in Linz where he was attending the technical high school. This saved him the long daily commute from Leonding. On weekends, he went back home to his mother. In autumn 1903, when he returned to school after summer vacation, things got worse. Along with his poor grades in mathematics and French, Hitler behaved badly, knowing he was likely to fail. With no threat of discipline at home and disinterest shown by his school teachers, Hitler performed pranks and practical jokes aimed at the teachers he now disliked so much. Among Hitler's antics - giving contrary, insulting, argumentative answers to questions, which upset the teacher and delighted the other boys who sometimes applauded him. With those boys, he also released cockroaches in the classroom, rearranged the furniture, and organized confusion in the classroom by doing the opposite of what the teacher said. In May of 1904, at age 15, Adolf Hitler received the Catholic Sacrament of Confirmation in the Linz Cathedral. As a young boy

Related Documents


Noise in a microwave amplifier is limited by quantum particles of heat

As part of an international collaboration, scientists at Chalmers University of Technology have demonstrated how noise in a microwave amplifier is limited by self-heating at very low temperatures. The results will be published in the prestigious journal Nature Materials . The findings can be of importance for future discoveries in many areas of science such as quantum computers and radio astronomy.

Many significant discoveries in physics and astronomy are dependent upon registering a barely detectable electrical signal in the microwave regime. A famous example of this was the discovery of cosmic background radiation that helped confirm the Big Bang theory. Another example is the detection of data from scientific instruments in space missions on their way to distant planets, asteroids or comets.

Faint microwave signals are detected by transistor-based low-noise amplifiers. Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology have now optimised indium phosphide transistors using a special process for this purpose. A spin-off company from Chalmers, Low Noise Factory, designs and packages amplifier circuits.

“Cooling the amplifier modules to -260 degrees Celsius enables them to operate with the highest signal-to-noise ratio possible today,” says Jan Grahn, Professor of microwave technology at Chalmers. “These advanced cryogenic amplifiers are of tremendous significance for signal detection in many areas of science, ranging from quantum computers to radio astronomy.”

Using a combination of measurements and simulations, the researchers investigated what happens when a microwave transistor is cooled to one tenth of a degree above absolute zero (-273 degrees Celsius). It was thought that noise in the transistor was limited by so-called hot electrons at such extreme temperatures. However, the new study shows that the noise is actually limited by self-heating in the transistor.

Self-heating is associated with phonon radiation in the transistor at very low temperatures. Phonons are quantum particles that describe the thermal conductivity of a material. The results of the study are based on experimental noise measurements and simulations of phonons and electrons in the semiconductor transistor at low temperatures.

“The study is important for the fundamental understanding of how a transistor operates close to absolute zero temperature, and also how we should design even more sensitive low-noise amplifiers for future detectors in physics and astronomy,” explains Jan Grahn.

The research has been performed as part of an international exchange between Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and the California Institute of Technology. Co-authors are the University of Salamanca and the Swedish company Low Noise Factory. The study was conducted at the Gigahertz Centre, a joint venture between Chalmers, research institutes, company partners and the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova).

The study “Phonon black-body radiation limit for heat dissipation in electronics” is published in Nature Materials on November 10th.

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Noise in a microwave amplifier is limited by quantum particles of heat

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We all started as one cell. That's pretty hard to imagine, but that's true. And now there's about a hundred trillion cells in each of our bodies, and they each have to carry the complete DNA instruction set. So that means when cells divide, a process has to occur of copying all of that. And that is mitosis, where each chromosome has to be turned into a pair, and then they have to split apart properly so that each of the daughter cells gets a complete set.

- Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.


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1. definition: photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll is transformed into chemical energy. the chemical energy is used to synthesise carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide. water and carbon dioxide are the raw materials for photosynthesis. oxygen is released during the process.

2. importance of photosynthesis

2.1. provides food

2.2. maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

2.3. makes chemical energy available to animals and other organisms

2.4. energy is stored in fossil fuels

3. factors affect photosynthesis

3.1. concentration carbon dioxide

3.2. sunlight/light intensity

3.2.1. rate of photosynthesis is great sugars formed faster than they can be removed excess glucose converted to starch

3.2.2. at night, photosynthesis stops starch converted by enzymes back into glucose starch converted by enzymes back into glucose

3.3. suitable temperature

3.3.1. photosynthesis depends on enzyme reaction in chloroplasts optimum temperature needed for enzymes to work well

3.4. water

3.5. chlorophyll

4. how plants absorb sunlight

4.1. chlorophyll

4.1.1. pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight

4.1.2. gives plant its green colour

5. glucose produced

5.1. what happens to glucose

5.1.1. broken down during respiration to release energy for vital activities

5.1.2. used in synthesis of cell wall

5.1.3. converted to amino acids and proteins

5.1.4. converted into fats for storage used in cellular respiration for synthesis of new protoplasm

5.1.5. excess stored temporarily as starch in leaves

5.1.6. for cellular respiration to provided energy for cellular activities

5.1.7. converted to sucrose transported to other parts of the plant or to storage organs seeds stem tubers root tubers might be converted back to glucose

5.1.8. reacts with nitrates and other mineral salts absorbed from the soil to form amino acids in leaves

6. Photosynthesis

6.1. occurs in two stages & enzymes play a part in both

6.1.1. light-dependent stage light energy is converted to chemical energy by chlorophyll water is converted to hydrogen atoms and oxygen light energy used to split water molecuels into oxygen and hydrogen atoms aka photolysis

6.1.2. light-independent stage carbon dioxide is converted to glucose with chemical energy in the presence of water hydrogen produced in photolysis used to reduce carbon dioxide to glucose hydrogen from photolysis reduces carbon dioxide to glucose

7. how to show that photosynthesis has taken place?

7.1. presence of starch shows that photosynthesis has taken place

8. External features of a leaf

8.1. lamina

8.1.1. carbon dioxide can rapidly reach the inner cells of the leaf

8.1.2. consists of upper epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, lower eppidermis and stomata upper epidermis few or no stomata and a protective cuticle that prevents excessive evaporation of water lower epidermis cuticle and many stomata -- each enclosed by two bean-shaped guard cells which control its size and hence the rate of diffusion of gases through it palisade mesophyll cells are closely packed and contain numerous chloroplasts spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed with numerous intercellular spaces for diffusion of gases cells contain chloroplasts mesophyll has veins containing xylem and phloem which make up vascular bundle that transports materials in plants

8.2. network of veins

8.2.1. carry water and mineral salts to the cells in the lamina and carry manufcatured food from these cells to other parts of the plant

8.3. leaf arrangement

8.3.1. leaves grow in pairs or singly in an alternate arrangement

8.3.2. leaves wont block one another from sunlight and receive sufficient sunlight

8.4. petiole

8.4.1. holds lamina away from the stem so that it can obtain sufficient sunlight air

9. leaf adaptations for photosynthesis

9.1. petiole

9.1.1. holds leaf in position to absorb maximum light energy

9.2. thing broad lamina

9.2.1. provides short diffusion distance for gases

9.2.2. large surface area for maximum absorption of light

9.3. waxy cuticle on upper and lower epidermis

9.3.1. reduces water loss by evaporation through the leaf

9.3.2. transparent for light to enter the leaf

9.4. presence of stomata in epidermal layers

9.4.1. open when light present and allows carbon dioxide to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out of the leaf

9.5. interconnecting system of air spaces in the spongy mesophyll

9.5.1. allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen into and out of mesophyll cells

10. how do guard cells control the size of the stomata

10.1. in sunlight

10.1.1. guard cells photosynthesis and convert light to chemical energy chemical energy used to pump potassium ions into guard cells from neighbouring epidermial cells

10.1.2. water potential of guard cells lowered water from neighbouring epidermial cells enter guard cells via osmosis increases turgidity of guard cells and makes them swell

10.1.3. guard cells have thicker wall on one side of the cell causes swollen guard cells to become more curved and pull the stoma open

10.2. at night

10.2.1. potassium ions that accumulated in guard cells diffuse out

10.2.2. water potential in the guard cells increases water leaves cells by osmosis

10.2.3. guard cells become flaccid and stoma closes

11. how do carbon dioxide and water enter through the leaf

11.1. surfaces of mesophyll cell covered by thin film of water

11.1.1. carbon dioxide can dissovle it dissolved carbon dioxide diffuses into the cell

11.2. water and mineral salts move from cell to cell through the mesophyll after the veins

11.2.1. xylem and phloem make up vascular bundle


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India’s packaging industry to touch US$72.6 bln by FY20: ASSOCHAM-EY study

Sunday, February 17, 2019

India produces 0.025 MT of plastic waste every day: study
New Delhi, February 15, 2019: India’s packaging industry is expected to witness an outstanding growth during 2016–21, anticipated to reach the level of US$ 72.6 billion by FY20 growing at a CAGR of 18%, according to an ASSOCHAM-EY joint study.
The Indian packaging industry was about US$ 31.7 billion in 2015. The growth is driven by key factors such as rising population, increase in income levels and changing lifestyles. Increasing media penetration through the means of internet and television are fuelling the demand for packaged products in rural India as well, noted the joint study.
India generates approximately 0.025 MT of plastic waste every day. Out of this, 94% is thermoplastic content, which includes polyethylene terephthalate PET, low-density polyethylene (LPDE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), all of this being recyclable. Thermoset plastics consisting of sheet molded composite (SMC), fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP), multilayered and thermocol forms 6% of the total waste generated that is non-recyclable. India provides a strong market share for plastic and packaging companies (PPCs).
With an increased focus on urbanization and industrialization, the per capital plastic consumption in India in 2017 was 11 kg, according to ASSOCHAM-EY’s market research and data analysis. The percentage of plastic and rubber in municipal solid waste (MSW) has risen to 9.22% as compared to 0.66% in 1996, as per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data. By 2031, plastic waste generation will amount to 31.4 million tons per year.
According to the ASSOCHAM-EY analysis, the total demand of plastic in the economic cycle across industry sectors (packaging, building and construction, transport, electronics, agriculture, etc.) is 20 MMT. Out of the total demand, 15 MMT is being fulfilled by virgin plastic and the remaining 5 MMT is coming from recycled plastic which is about 30% of the total consumption. Approximately, 45% of the 20 MMT of plastic (9.6 MMT) is immediately consumed and released as waste. The rest 55% (close to 11.4 MMT) is the growing stock which is used for a longer span of time products like batteries, bottles, etc.
There are close to 15 large industrial polymer manufacturers that produce virgin plastic. For the recycling players, there are approximately 4,000 unorganized and 3,500 organized units in the nation, highlighted the paper.
The worldwide total volume of plastic has reached 8.3 billion metric tons, the equivalent of more than 800,000 Eiffel Towers, according to the World Economic Forum (WEF). Approximately, 90% of the plastic waste ends up in the oceans and the biggest problem is that plastic takes several years before it gets biodegraded. Concerted efforts are being taken in more than 50 nations to reduce plastic pollution, according to an industry report. The figure below shows that there has been an enormous rise in action in this area since 2014.
Waste management in India involves several players that are part of the value chain. The responsibility of waste management is typically taken up by the municipals/ULBs, formal private firms or the informal sector. While the municipals/ULBs are low cost players they have less effectiveness as compared to the private and informal sector. While the private sector can significantly improve the situation, it comes at a high cost. The formal sector succeeds on self-financing and is highly complex in its nature but ranks high on effectiveness. The municipals and the ULBs that have the highest responsibility towards waste management, have a significant performance variation.
The government can levy an environmental tax on all manufacturers of plastic bottles/multi-layered plastics (MLP), based on their production capacity and actual production, at the start of every financial year. Taxes will be collected and maintained in a separate account by the government.
In addition to this, there can be a tax reduction slab as well, based on the quantity of plastics recycled by individual companies. The more they recycle, the more that tax is reduced. If the plastic industry collectively recycles more than 95% of the produced capacity, then they do not have to pay the taxes. Also, a separate tax can be levied on usage of virgin plastic material by the plastic industry. This will encourage them to extensively use recycled plastic in the products manufacturing.
Companies need to take care of end-to-end plastic waste management system and need not pay any additional charges to the government bodies. In addition to this, they have to report the plastic waste quantities, which are taken back from the market and recycled, and also produce a certification for the same at the end of every year.
Blockchain is a public and distributed register shared amongst various participants of a peer-to-peer network and is derived from a chain of blocks chronologically ordered and protected by cryptography.
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