Version 2019.07.07

Can we optimize the Wagner-Fischer algorithm?

Answer: Yes.

  1. Overview
  2. How to Reduce Memory Usage
  3. How to Reduce Computaiton Time
  4. Benchmark
  5. License

1. Overview

The purpose of this expository note is to explain several practical techniques to optimize the Wagner-Fischer algorithm, which is the most popular algorithm for Levenshtein distance.

In this note, I also carry out a simple benchmark test to evaluate these techniques. The result suggests that it is possible to reduce the computation time by 20-40% in general cases.

2. How to Reduce Memory Usage

It is often said that Wagner-Fischer is an algorithm that uses O(mn) space. In other words, the memory usage grows quadratically to the length of input strings. This common explanation comes from the fact that an array of length (m + 1) x (n + 1) is required to hold the entire edit distance matrix.

However, there is a trivial improvement that reduces the space requirement from O(nm) to O(m). Here is how it works.

  1. Allocate a single array of length (m + 1).
  2. Initialize the array buffer with a series of integers {0, 1, 2, ..., m}.
  3. Compute the second row while updating the buffer incrementally.
  4. Repeat step 3 until you reach the last row.

A more detailed explanation follows below.

An intersting thing to note is that this technique also reduces the computation time, since this optimization makes the code slightly simpler. In general, the memory-optimized implementation runs a couple of percents faster than the naive O(nm) implementation. You can confirm this effect by running the the benchmark script below.

Step-by-step Explanation

Suppose you are trying to compute the Levenshtein distance between 'ab' and 'cd'. In this case, you need to fill a 3 x 3 matrix (shown below). Now the task is to solve this matrix using a single array of length 3.

    c d
  . . .   buf := [0, 0, 0]
a . . .
b . . .

Let's solve the matrix row by row. The first row is the easiest part because it's just an increasing integer sequence from 0 to m. So just fill the array with the values.

    c d
  0 1 2   buf[0] := 0
a . . .   buf[1] := 1
b . . .   buf[2] := 2

The tricky part starts here. For the second row, the value of the leftmost cell is always 1, but we cannot simply assign it to buf[0] or we lose the information required to compute the cell to its right. So first we save buf[0] to a temporary variable and then update buf[0]:

    c d
  0 1 2   tmp := buf[0]
a 1 . .   buf[0] := 1
b . . .

Now we can trivially compute the middle cell of the second row.

buf[0] = the cell to the left
buf[1] = the cell above
tmp    = the cell in the upper left

In other words:

<the value of the middle cell> = min(buf[0], buf[1], tmp) + 1 = 1

Of course, we must not assign the result to buf[1] in a hurry; Again, this makes the next cell incomputable. So we need to save the value of buf[1] to tmp first, and then update buf[1]:

    c d
  0 1 2   cost := min(buf[0], buf[1], tmp) + 1
a 1 1 .   tmp := buf[1]
b . . .   buf[1] := cost

We can subsequently compute the last cell of the row. In this case, the value is

<the value of the right cell> = min(buf[1], buf[2], tmp) + 1

So update buf[2] using the value and now we finish the second row.

    c d
  0 1 2   cost := min(buf[1], buf[2], tmp) + 1
a 1 1 2   tmp := buf[2]
b . . .   buf[2] := cost

We can repeat the same procedure to fill the third row, which leads to the following result.

    c d
  0 1 2   buf = [2,2,2]
a 1 1 2
b 2 2 2

So the distance between 'ab' and 'cd' turns out to be 2.

Implementation in Python

The following is the straight-forward implementation in Python.

def wagner_fischer_O1(s, t):
    n = len(s)
    m = len(t)
    buf = list(range(m + 1))

    for i in range(1, n + 1):
        tmp = buf[0]
        buf[0] = i

        for j in range(1, m + 1):
            if s[i - 1] == t[j - 1]:
                tmp, buf[j] = buf[j], tmp
                tmp, buf[j] = buf[j], min(buf[j], buf[j - 1], tmp) + 1
    return buf[m]

3. How to Reduce Computaiton Time

This section explains (so-called) Ukkonen's optimization. It is very well known that we only need to fill n x (2k + 1) cells at most to compute the edit distance, if we do not care about distance more than a threshold k.

The less known fact is, however, that Ukkonen's optimization is applicable to general cases where there is no threshold parameter.

Upper bound Theorem

First let me introduce a theorem. Suppose we have a pair of strings S and T, whose lengths are n and m respectively with n ≤ m. We can guarantee that the Levenshtein distance between them cannot exceed m.

LevenshteinDistance(S, T) ≤ m

Here is a proof. Let's notate "i-th character of a string X" by "Xi". Using this notation, we can write S and T as follows.

S = S1 S2 S3 ... Sn-1 Sn
T = T1 T2 T3 ... Tm-1 Tm

Since n ≤ m, we can rewrite T to:

S = S1 S2 S3 ... Sn-1 Sn
T = T1 T2 T3 ... Tn-1 Tn ... Tm

It is obvious that we can always convert T to S using the following operation.

  1. Substitute the sequence of T1 ... Tn to S1 ... Sn.
  2. Delete the trailing sequence of Tn+1 ... Tm.

The cost of this operation is at most m, since it requires n substitutions and (m - n) deletions. Thus the theorem has been proved □

How to Reduce the Search Space

Let's use this theorem to optimize the algorithm. As a starter, let's consider the cell in the upper-right corner of a matrix. For example, if S='abcd' and T='pqrs', this cell can be shown as below.

    p q r s
  . . . . *
a . . . . .
b . . . . .
c . . . . .
d . . . . .

The point is that there is only a single path that step through the cell, i.e. an edit path that involves n insertions and m deletions. Here is how the path looks like.

    p q r s
  0 1 2 3 4
a . . . . 5
b . . . . 6
c . . . . 7
d . . . . 8

As you may notice, this is indeed the most expensive path to convert S into T, since it always costs (n + m).

Since we know that the edit distance between S and T cannot exceed m, there is no reason to consider a path that costs n + m. This means that the corner cell is irrelevant when computing the edit distance. In other words, we can safely skip the cell when filling the matrix, and we still get the correct answer.

The same argument can be applied to the other cells as well. For example, let's consider the cells adjacent to the corner cell.

    p q r s
  . . . *
a . . . . *
b . . . . .
c . . . . .
d . . . . .

Although there are several edit paths that step through either or both of them, such paths always contain the following edit sequences.

(n - 1) insertions + (m - 1) deletions

Following the reasoning above, if the inequality condition m ≤ (m - 1) + (n - 1) holds, we can safely ignore these cells. By simplifying the inequality condition, we can reduce it to 2 ≤ n. In other words, unless the length of S is less than 2, we do not need to bother computing these cells.

Let's generalize this observation. Choose a cell C in a matrix and denote the Manhattan distance from it to the nearest corner cell (the upper-right one or the lower-left one) by Dc. Since any path passing through the cell requires (n - Dc) insertions + (m - Dc) deletions, we can ignore this cell if the condition m ≤ (n - Dc) + (m - Dc) holds.

To put it short, we can safely ignore the cells satisfying 2Dc ≤ n, and the answer is still correct.

Actual Example

Back to the example where S = "abcd" and T = "pqrs". In this case, m = 4, thus the following 12 cells satisfy the condition 2 Dc ≤ m.

    p q r s
  . . * * *
a . . . * *
b * . . . *
c * * . . .
d * * * . .

So, in order to compute the edit distance, we can just focus on filling the remaining 13 cells. For example, to fill the cell marked Z below, we only need to consider the cell to the left (marked X) and the cell in the upper-left (marked Y).

    p q r s
  . Y * * *
a . X Z * *
b * . . . *
c * * . . .
d * * * . .

Below shows the WF matrix after flood-filing. You can see that the edit distance between "abcd" and "pqrs" is computed correctly.

    p q r s
  0 1 * * *
a 1 1 2 * *
b * 2 2 3 *
c * * 3 3 4
d * * * 4 4

How Can I Implement it?

If you are looking for an example implementation, please refer to wagner_fischer_O2() contained in the benchmark script below,

4. Benchmark

For benchmarking purpose, I implemented three versions of algorithms to compute Levenshtein distance:

  1. Normal Wagner-Fischer
  2. Wagner-Fischer + Memory Reduction
  3. Wagner-Fischer + Memory Reduction + CPU Time Reduction

See the benchmark script benchmark.c for details how I set up this perf test.

The following numbers are retrieved using Intel Core i3-4010U (1.70GHz) with GCC 6.3.0.

5. License

I hereby place this document into the public domain. All my copyrights, including related and neighbouring rights, of this document and the accompanied benchmark program are abandoned.

2018 Fujimoto Seiji <>

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English to Filipino Meaning :: gland

Gland :
- glandulaInglateraglandesglandsglandular

Show English Meaning

Noun(1) any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream

Show Examples

(1) Engine access, for such routine maintenance as changing the oil filter or adjusting the packing gland on the shaft, is poor.(2) Within the neck, there are neck muscles, arteries, veins, lymph glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland , oesophagus, larynx and trachea.(3) Other common head and neck cancers occur in soft tissues of the neck, which are primarily glandular such as thyroid gland and salivary gland .(4) The cold sore would never heal and then it infected my gland and it became swollen.(5) It was first isolated from the endocrine gland in the body which has primary responsibility for holding calcium levels in your blood within a very tight range.(6) This is to increase blood flow causing the gland to swell.(7) Her gland started swelling and it closed the vein to the brain.(8) The major disadvantage is that the packing gland is beneath the engine and transmission, making service and alignment more difficult.(9) The glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis.(10) Similar to the control group, the large bronchi were lined with simple cuboidal cells and contained discrete glands within the underlying wall.(11) She had swollen glands , trouble thinking clearly, and dragged through her day.(12) These include the genital glands (ovary and testis), broad ligament of the uterus, and spermatic cord.(13) The other type of sweat-producing gland, the apocrine glands , develop at puberty and are concentrated in the armpits and pubic region.(14) Cells were not counted if they were in blood vessels, mucous glands , or mucous gland ducts.(15) We know that the way our cells divide and our glands secrete will become faulty and irregular.(16) ├ö├ç├┐My father had experienced flu-like symptoms and swollen glands for a while before diagnosis,├ö├ç├û Rob recalled.
Related Words
(1) pituitary gland ::
pituitary gland
2. secretory organ ::
nag-aalis organ
3. secretor ::
Different Forms
england, gland, glandes, glands, glandular
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Meaning and definitions of gland, translation in Filipino language for gland with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of gland in Filipino and in English language.

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‘Cancer risk more than just bad luck’

‘Cancer risk more than just bad luck’

Researchers of the UMC Utrecht and the Hubrecht Institute are there for the first time succeeded in detecting errors in the DNA code of healthy human cells. They found that stem cells in organs with a high cancer risk the same amount of DNA-errors collect as organs with a low risk.

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In this international study, use was made of a unique combination of cultured mini-orgaantjes (organoïden) and large-scale DNA analyses.

These are developed in the laboratory of Hans Clevers of the Hubrecht Institute and Edwin Cuppen of the UMC Utrecht. The researchers have the full genetic profile of these mini-orgaantjes mapped. This is the DNA examined, of the thick intestine, small intestine and leverkweken, derived from stem cells of people between 3 and 87 years old.

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Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 65.djvu/226

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connection, he does not feel justified in agreeing with those who are ready to accept explanations outside the pale of science. The same naturalist, however, will always be found ready to admit that he is yet exceedingly far from being able to give an 'explanation' of the inner meaning of the real significance of the mutation process.

In order to penetrate into this it is necessary to analyze further the phenomenon of heredity. Concerning this, de Vries has already on a previous occasion published theoretical views which follow in the footsteps of Darwin's celebrated theory of pangenesis. As the chemist operates with molecules and atoms, for the reconstruction of the processes of inorganic nature, so the biologist, when trying to represent to himself living matter, has to take into account the smallest entities, which have received various names from various naturalists, and to which de Vries gives that of 'pangens.'[1]

Pangens are something different from complicated molecules; they can assimilate and they can reproduce themselves. Not only does all living matter, wherever found, consist of them, but those smallest living particles must at the same time be considered, either individually or grouped together, as being bearers of single or of mutually correlated properties of living matter.

An augmentation or a diminution of the number of pangens which represent a certain property will call forth the phenomenon which we have named fluctuating variations; while a modification in the composition of the pangen, for example, by division in two unequal parts, or by substitution—using a term well known in chemistry—will be equivalent to a mutation (progressive mutation), as will also the disappearance of a determined pangen (regressive mutation). Thus, according to these abstract representations which we form of the mysteries of heredity, the fluctuating variation depends on quite a different category of phenomena from those of the chance variation. And we understand directly that the chance variation obeys a more complicated mechanism than fluctuating variation, which depends only on the greater or lesser numerical importance of the preexisting elements, while the chance variation, the formation of species, implies a change of the existent elements.

As to how this change in the pangens periodically takes place, both simultaneously and successively, among a certain number of individuals, or might be aroused or caused; as to how the unequal division or substitution obeys fixed laws in such a way that the mutants, arranged in groups, are alike—all this for the present can not be explained by us.

If we aim to understand the conditions we shall be able to create species, as we can now breed improved races. And as we gradually

  1. H. de Vries, 'Intracelluläre Pangenesis,' Jena, 1880.


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It also shows how qualities and character of leadership are crucial to winning wars, detailing how Admiral Ernest J. King managed to commit the Marine Corps to ground action in the South Pacific six months earlier than originally planned, by ignoring the Roosevelt’s commitment to defeat Germany prior to fighting Japan, and by outmaneuvering Gen. Douglas MacArthur for leadership. It also explains how Marines under Maj. Gen. A.A. Vandegrift, despite inadequate logistical support, managed to prevail in the Americans’ first ground campaign of World War II, making Japan’s ultimate defeat inevitable.

In addition to recounting these key events, it traces how censorship and patriotism influenced the reporting of the conflict in America, how Hollywood films further shaped public opinion by portraying the significant events in particular ways, and how certain crucial decisions such as the early bombing raid of Tokyo, and giving Douglas MacArthur command of the war effort in Australia, were "political" rather than "strategic," and were made to foster morale rather than to gain any military advantage.

This book will be of great interest to all students and scholars of Military History, and to all readers with a general interest in World War II, particularly in the conflicts of the Pacific, Pearl Harbor and Guadalcanal.

In late 1941, President Roosevelt agonized over the rapid advances of the Japanese forces in Asia; they seemed unstoppable. He foresaw their intentions of taking India and linking up with the two other Axis Powers, Germany and Italy, in an attempt to conquer the Eastern Hemisphere. US naval forces had been surprised and diminished in Pearl Harbor and the army was not only outnumbered but also ill-prepared to take on the invading hoards. One of Roosevelts few options was to form a defensive line on the eastern side of the Patkai and Himalayan Ranges; there, he could look for support from the Chinese and Burmese. It was the only defense to a Japanese invasion of India. To support and supply the troops who were fighting in hostile jungle terrain, where overland routes had been cut off, he desperately needed to set up an air supply from Eastern India. His problem was lack of aircraft and experienced pilots to fly the dangerous Hump, over the worlds highest mountains. Hence the inception of Operation Seven Alpha, a plan to enlist the aircraft - DC-3s - and the pilots - veterans of World War One - of American Airlines. This newly formed elite Squadron would fly the medium-range aircraft in a series of long-distance hops across the Pacific and Southern Asia to the Assam Valley in India. They would then create and operate the vital supply route, carrying arms, ammunition and food Eastward to the Allied bases, before returning with wounded personnel. This is the story of that little-known operation, carried out in the early days of the Burma Campaign. The book is based on firsthand experiences of those who were involved, and it serves as a fitting tribute to the bravery and inventiveness of a band of men who answered their country's desperate call at the outset of the war against Japan in Asia.
From critically acclaimed military historian Gerald Astor comes Wings of Gold, the first account of how the airplane transformed the U.S. Navy and paved the way to victory in the Pacific in World War II. Astor tracks that fateful journey from its humble beginnings in 1910 when Eugene Ely flew the very first plane off the deck of a U.S. Navy ship to the unprecedented air combat missions that helped defeat the Japanese.

Few naval aviators in World War II realized that when they earned their wings of gold they were about to become test pilots for a whole new kind of combat. In their own words, these courageous fliers describe the life-and-death air battles that defined the revolution in naval strategy that rose from the ashes of Pearl Harbor, when fighter pilots watched in horror as Japanese carrier-launched aircraft bombed their planes and airfields into smoking rubble.

While following the pilots’ firsthand reports of air strikes and blazing dogfights across the islands and atolls of the Pacific, Astor explores the ways the U.S. Navy began its momentous transformation before the war. Later, the critical role of aircraft carriers in the stunning U.S. victory at Midway sounded the death knell for conventional naval warfare, yet the public, the press, the Army, and even the president’s advisors refused to recognize the new reality. In fact, only a few in the Navy understood that a new era had begun that would change the face of war forever.

The young Americans who fought the deadly duels against Imperial Japanese forces high over the Pacific gave everything they had to the war effort, and many made the supreme sacrifice. Wings of Gold pays tribute to their courage, daring, and selfless dedication. Vividly told, thoroughly researched, and filled with stirring accounts of the Pacific War’s greatest air battles, Wings of Gold is an important addition to the annals of World War II aerial combat.
A Mighty Fortress is the personal account of the Captain and crew of a lead bomber in the enormous formation raids made by the 8th Airforce during the last few months of the Second World War.

It is an extraordinary tale of heroism and bravery on the part of the entire crew of just one B17 amongst hundreds - but the one B17 that meant most to them.

Flying a total of 27 missions before the war came to an end in May 1945, Alling tells, with great restraint, the story of what it was like to be there, over the skies of enemy territory, constantly on the look out for German fighters; of the enormity of some of the raids they were part of and the consequences for those on the ground; of the planes around them that fell out of the sky under enemy attack, the horror and the determination to succeed. The book gives a unique insight into the lives of one crew of one plane as the War neared its end.

Charles B. Alling received the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with four Oak Leaf Clusters during the Second World War. He graduated from Yale University in 1947. In 1988, he retired and studied Ethics at Oxford University Graduate School in England. In 1989, he founded the Alling Institute for Ethics. The institute is affiliated with The Foundation for Leadership and Ethics in New York City of which Alling is Chairman Emeritus. Alling serves on the Board of Visitors of the Air University at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, an appointment by former Secretary of Defense, Bill Cohen. He lives in Kennebunk, Maine.

“In a fascinating way, Chuck Alling recalls his days as a pilot flying B-17’s over Germany. He is truly a member of ‘The Greatest Generation’ and from his book, written from the heart, people can learn a lot about the laughs and the tears of World War II.”
- Former President George H. W. Bush

A “meticulously documented” account that covers the RAF’s controversial attempt to end World War II by the aerial bombing of Berlin (Kirkus Reviews).
The Battle of Berlin was the longest and most sustained bombing offensive against one target in the Second World War. Bomber Command Commander-in-Chief, Sir Arthur Harris, hoped to wreak Berlin from end to end and produce a state of devastation in which German surrender was inevitable. He dispatched nineteen major raids between August 1943 and March 1944—more than ten thousand aircraft sorties dropped over thirty thousand tons of bombs on Berlin. It was the RAF’s supreme effort to end the war by aerial bombing. But Berlin was not destroyed and the RAF lost more than six hundred aircraft and their crews. The controversy over whether the Battle of Berlin was a success or failure has continued ever since.
Martin Middlebrook brings to this subject considerable experience as a military historian. In preparing his material he collected documents from both sides (many of the German ones never before used); he has also interviewed and corresponded with over four hundred of the people involved in the battle and has made trips to Germany to interview the people of Berlin and Luftwaffe aircrews. He has achieved the difficult task of bringing together both sides of the Battle of Berlin—the bombing force and the people on the ground—to tell a coherent, single story.
“His straightforward narrative covers the 19 major raids, with a detailed description of three in particular, and includes recollections by British and German airmen as well as German civilians who weathered the storm.” —Publishers Weekly


Walking the line between future beats and indie pop can really make for some great songs. “Numb” is an electronic creation by the three piece project, Wake the Wild out of Berkeley, California. Simplicity is a virtue in writing good songs. And with a few fine tuned elements like a strong vocal part, groovy beat and the buzzing 80’s analogue synth, “Numb” comes together into a very relaxed, pleasing listen.


Another road rage case involving rider, swerving lorry and broken side mirror -- this time at East Coast Rd

Another road rage incident involving a lorry occurred along East Coast Road in Katong, two weeks after a lorry driver and cyclist were arrested over an altercation in Pasir Ris that went viral.

In the latest incident, that was posted on's Facebook page, the other party is a motorcyclist.

According to the video's time stamp, the dispute happened at around 1.40pm on Dec 31, 2018.

(Story continues after video)

The footage was taken from the dashboard camera of a vehicle passing by a lorry that was stationary by the side of the road. Apparently, the altercation had happened prior to the recording.

In the video, the lorry's open side door is suddenly slammed shut by a motorcyclist wearing black.

Another rider, who appears to be wearing a Deliveroo T-shirt, tries to calm the guy in black down.

When the footage switches to the vehicle's rear camera, the first motorcyclist is seen making a high kick and breaking the lorry's side mirror.

The lorry driver then suddenly accelerates towards the riders who are forced to run out of the way.

The driver then swerves in the direction of the first motorcyclist, narrowly missing him and a motorcycle that has a Foodpanda delivery bag attached to it.

However, his vehicle knocks over another motorcycle parked in front of it before coming to a stop.

It is unclear what sparked the dispute but several netizens have pointed out the similarity between the two road rage incidents.


Leicester to Preston distance by car and plane

What is the Leicester to Preston distance? To answer the question and find out how far is Leicester from Preston you need to check out the map below and look up the table. Driving distance from Leicester to Preston is 0 miles or 0 km by car. Check out straight line distance if you are taking the flight. How long does it take to get from Leicester to Preston? Approximate time of driving is .

Drive distance
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Flight distance

To get to your destination, please, use the map with marked route for your trip. To see more distances you can use mileage calculator box at the top of the page. Go to weather in Preston today and tomorrow to find out about conditions for your upcoming trip.

See the return route - Distance from Preston to Leicester

How far is Leicester from Preston?

Book a Hotel for your trip to Preston

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Whitby to Hucknall distance by car and plane

What is the Whitby to Hucknall distance? To answer the question and find out how far is Whitby from Hucknall you need to check out the map below and look up the table. Driving distance from Whitby to Hucknall is 0 miles or 0 km by car. Check out straight line distance if you are taking the flight. How long does it take to get from Whitby to Hucknall? Approximate time of driving is .

Drive distance
0 Miles
0 Km
Fuel consumption
0.00 Gallons
0.00 Litres
Flight distance

To get to your destination, please, use the map with marked route for your trip. To see more distances you can use mileage calculator box at the top of the page. Go to weather in Hucknall today and tomorrow to find out about conditions for your upcoming trip.

See the return route - Distance from Hucknall to Whitby

How far is Whitby from Hucknall?

Book a Hotel for your trip to Hucknall

Last distance calculations


“Shoot the women first!”, an official is reported to have shouted in the 1980s when members of Germany’s anti-terror squad found themselves in front of a large group of people suspected of being terrorists. Navine G. Khan-Dossos used that order as the title of an exhibition that looks at the theme of female targets

Over the past 5 years, Nick Hannes has visited twenty countries located around the Mediterranean. He witnessed an unprecedented period of turmoil for the region: southern Europe buckling under the weight of the global economic crisis, Arab countries entangled in the aftermath of the Arab Spring and tourists and migrants encountering each other on the beaches of the Mediterranean Sea

Our society is governed by all sorts of systems and structures that organise and steer life. No system, however, whether political, judicial, economical, socio-cultural or spatial, can comprise life in its entirety. Every system has gaps, leaks and ambiguities.

The artists in the exhibition Mind the System, Find the Gap seek out these gaps. They set forth from this intermediate position to unveil, circumvent or criticise ruling systems and structures

Sebastian Stumpf’s photo documentation of his performances in the ‘gaps’ of Tokyo architecture. The artist is literally filling in the hiatus in the dense architectural structure of the city, squeezing himself in the overlooked spaces between the buildings. The action makes us suddenly aware of this ‘urbanism interrupted’, and calls our attention to what is in-between, behind, or beyond

The work of Kris Verdonck focuses on the confusion of man in an estranged world due to technological development. The tension between man and machine, between living species and dead materials creates an atmosphere of Unheimlichkeit or eeriness. This ‘current state of the world’ – with its environmental problems, ecological disasters and wars – is the central theme through his oeuvre

Ready-to-use Models, a work-in-progress project developed for Alter Nature: The Unnatural Animal, attempts to question the current definitions used to indicate living creatures. Does one denominate a manipulated organism as an object, product, animal or pet? What consequences does this choice of definition entail for our perceptions, feelings and behaviours regarding living creatures?

Cinema is more than film alone, as Almost Cinema proves every year. At this festival organized by Vooruit and the Ghent Film Festival, artists from a variety of disciplines offer the audience a different take on cinema. With performances, concerts and an exhibition with surprising installations, they dissect the ordinary cinema experience as they experiment with sound, image, light, space and movement


Wed, Jul 10 · 9:00

Nuclear Forensics is an essential component of the national nuclear security infrastructure which helps to address the threat of nuclear material found out of regulatory control. Interdisciplinary in nature, Nuclear Forensics draws upon analytical techniques and interpretation of distinguishing characteristics of nuclear and radioactive materials to understand its origin and intending authorised use.

Nuclear Forensics (NuFor) is a new 2-day technical conference being held in July 2019. The conference will bring together expertise and influencers from across academia, industry and government to explore challenges, share developments and promote successes in the field of nuclear forensics. The conference will consist of keynote speakers, technical sessions and a poster session.

The objectives for NuFor are:

Enhance the UK skill base and career pathways in Nuclear Forensics
Discuss the technical challenges in the field
Demonstrate the applications of fundamental science in Nuclear Forensics
Provide a networking opportunity for technical specialists across different disciplines
Showcase research and new advances across academia and industry


Writing Characters Who Come Alive

3-pack3-021514-tmMost character charts for writers will include things like hair color, eye color, place of birth, occupation, and education. While these things are nice to know, they don’t tell you very much about the character other than surface facts. Here’s a list of some other things you need to think about to make a believable character.

Personality: Is your character an introvert or an extrovert? Is she ruled by her emotions or her intellect? Is he the life of the party or laid back? Personality is the cornerstone of who a person or character is. There are twelve basic personality types you can choose from. Click this link  for a description of each type.

Despair Or Hope Directions On A SignpostWorld View: What is your character’s belief system? This goes beyond their religious affiliation, but that’s a part of it. I’ll give you an example. Sally is an evangelical Christian who goes to church every time the doors are open.

You already have an idea of Sally’s belief system, but you need to dig deeper. Sally believes the Bible is the final authority, but even evangelicals differ. For instance, does Sally believe you should tell the truth even if a person’s life is in danger? Does Sally believe Christians should be actively involved social causes or does she believe we should be more concerned with spiritual matters? Does Sally think it’s alright to have an occasional glass of wine? How does she feel about protecting the environment? If someone is steeped in sin, will Sally befriend and try to help that person or will she distance herself and judge the person? There are many factors that go into our world views. It’s important to understand these when forming a character’s world view.

Character Flaws: What are your character’s flaws? Nobody is perfect. There are many flaws to choose from. But when choosing your character’s flaws, consider his personality and world view. For instance, an extrovert whose emotional may have a bad temper. Or she may make rash decisions. If she has a world view that’s judgmental, she may justify how she treats people. On the other hand, if she believes she’s supposed to help everyone, she may feel guilty when she loses her temper.

Redeeming Qualities: Every protagonist should have at least one redeeming quality, something that keeps the reading liking the person no matter how bad the character acts.

For instance, in my novel, Forks In the Road, JJ grows up to be an outlaw. There’s nothing good about that except he also has a protective friendship with his younger brother. He has put his brother before himself consistently throughout the novel, even risked his life for his brother at times.

This redeeming quality and the fact that he’s polite, even toward his victims, and has gone through a difficult past makes him likable even though we don’t like many of the things he does.

Motivation: Every character has to have a motivation or goal that keeps him moving forward in the story no matter what obstacles come in his way. And there should be obstacles, many of them, to keep the protagonist from reaching his goal. Without motivation, your main characters will seem flat like he’s drifting through the story. Motivation is key to a great character.

Mannerisms: We all have them. Does your character like to tease? Does she giggle when she’s nervous? Does he cross his arms when he’s upset? If you have a certain mannerism that signifies a character, it will make that character come alive. One warning here is don’t overuse that mannerism. A little goes a long way. Before long the reader will see the character doing the mannerism without you mentioning it.

Priority Rubber Stamp Shows Urgent Rush DeliveryPriorities: What is most important to your character? Don’t just list the surface stuff here.

Let’s go back to Sally. God is the most important thing in her life. Her family is second, and her career is third. What if Sally’s husband left her for another woman and isn’t paying child support? Now her career becomes more important because she needs the money to support her children.

But what if her career requires her to work so much she can’t spend any time with her children? Then what happens if she has to always work on Sundays and can’t take her children to church? What if the only babysitter she can find doesn’t believe in God?

You can see where this is going. Priorities are never easy. They sometimes blend, sometimes conflict with each other, and sometimes mess with motivations and world view. Life isn’t easy and neither are the choices we make. Don’t make life easy for your characters.

Backstory: We all have a past that colors what we believe about our world. Sometimes this past will cause us to have a distorted view of the world. What is your character’s backstory? What dark moment in the past causes him to believe a lie? What would it take to change his viewpoint?

You don’t want to reveal this backstory right away, but it’s important that you, the author, know what it is and why your character behaves the way he does. Then when you reveal it later on, it will make sense to the reader.

If you consider each of these factors when creating your characters, your characters will come to life and dictate to you where the story is going and what choices they will make. You will have a character driven story that keeps the reader on the edge of his seat.

Planning, Outlining, and Organizing Your Novel – Or Not!

6 Steps to the Perfect Plot

How to Create a Plot in 8 Easy Steps

The Epiguide Fiction Writer’s Character Chart

Eclectics Fiction Writer’s Character Chart

16 Personality Types

Personality Disorders List


Reducing Climate Change Vulnerability in Costa Rica

A project funded by the Adaptation Fund and implemented by its national implementing entity for Costa Rica, Fundecooperación para el Desarrollo Sostenible, is helping small agricultural producers adapt and build resilience to the negative impacts of climate change in Costa Rica such as droughts, higher temperatures and extreme rainfall.

The project is producing positive, concrete results in improving farmers’ livestock shelters, feeding methods and water management while also integrating artisanal farmers into the market value chain for their local products like milk and cheese. It is transforming and improving their livelihoods as they become climate-resilient producers.

Learn more about the project >


A quarter of China-listed shares suspended as Beijing intervenes

Angus Grigg
Angus GriggNational Affairs Correspondent

Trading has been halted in more than 25 per cent of Chinese listed shares, in what appears to be the latest government-backed attempt to shore up the country's plunging equities markets.

The suspension of more than 700 mainly smaller stocks listed in Shenzhen since June 12 failed to lift the markets on Tuesday morning.

Some 200 of those stocks halted trading before the market opened on Tuesday

Fuelled by record amounts of borrowed money and the whims of more than 80 million individual investors, swings in the Shanghai Composite had climbed to the highest levels since 2008. Reuters

The Shanghai Composite Index opened 3.2 per cent lower, while the Shenzhen Composite Index was down 3.44 per cent.

The technology-heavy ChiNext was off by 3.8 per cent.

Stock market services company, Wind, said the majority of the companies had suspended their shares ahead of major news announcements, while the others were embarking on a restructuring.

While the suspensions have not been directly ordered by the stock market regulator, they appear to be another attempt by authorities to shore up the markets. Smaller companies listed in Shenzhen have been the hardest hit during the three week stock market route.

"If the government can credibly create a floor in the market then private investors might do the rest," said Michael Pettis, a professor of finance at Peking University, via phone from Beijing.

"And you need to remember the government has a lot of fire power."

Mr Pettis also questioned the idea that a big decline in the share market would affect the broader economy.

"On the way up there were limited side effects on the economy and the effects are likely to be limited on the way down," he said.

China's central government has rolled out a series of policies to stabilise the Shanghai and Shenzhen markets over the last three weeks, after they lost a quarter of their value amid panic selling and wild fluctuations.

These measures have seen the halting of 28 initial public offerings, allowing the country's sovereign wealth fund to buy local shares, having the central bank provide liquidity for margin lending and forcing stock brokers to create the 120 billion yuan market stabilisation fund.

On Monday independent media group Caijing reported the National Social Security Fund had ordered its fund managers "not to sell a single share". The state-pension fund had $159 billion of assets at the end of last year, split between bonds and equities.

On Monday the Shanghai Composite Index rose 2.4 per cent, but the rise in the overall market disguised big falls among smaller stocks not linked to the government.

In a wild day of trading, 649 stocks fell, while only 259 rose in Shanghai as the country's 90 million retail investors appeared unconvinced by the government attempts to engender confidence.

Traders indicated the 120 billion yuan ($25 billion) stabilisation fund set up by the country's main stock brokers began buying large government-linked stocks in the afternoon, leading the Shanghai market higher.

Angus Grigg

Most Viewed In Markets


Call for tenders: “SDG localising tool: Localising and measuring Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in cities and regions"

The ESPON activity “SDG localising tool” resulting from this call for tenders is assigned to Specific Objective 3 of the ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme1. As such, it shall contribute to monitoring European territorial dynamics and further developing and improving an interactive and user-friendly ESPON Toolbox2.

The service shall contribute to supporting local and regional governments to play their role in localising the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The main outcome should be:

1) a simple, intuitive and user-friendly web application that can be used by governments at all levels to identify regions that are leading and lagging in the implementation of the SDGs and to find peers with similar profiles

2) guidance on how to use the SDG localising tool with practical examples and

3) guidance on how to maintain the tool

The maximum available budget for this contract is EUR 120,000.00 (one hundred twenty thousand Euros), exclusive of VAT but inclusive of all other taxes, disbursements, travel, accommodation, and delivery costs.

Tendering documents

The documentation related to the Call, such as technical specifications, annexes, questions, and answers, can be accessed as follows:

at the ESPON EGTC e-Tendering Platform
at the Portail des Marchés Publics of Luxembourg

All tenders must be submitted in the English language at the latest by 18 March 2019 at 14:00 CET.

More information


Broadcom Makes $130 Billion Unsolicited Bid For Qualcomm

(Photo credit: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)

Broadcom made a takeover bid for Qualcomm on Monday, offering $130 billion for the rival chipmaker in what would be the largest technology deal on record.

Qualcomm shareholders would receive $70 per share in cash and stock, representing a 28% premium from its November 2 closing price before reports of a potential takeover first surfaced. The deal is valued at some $130 billion, including $25 billion of debt.

Shares of Qualcomm rose 4% in morning trading, which shares of Broadcom increased 2%.

The semiconductor industry has faced rapid consolidation in recent years and the acquisition would create one of the world's largest chipmakers. Qualcomm, which is best known for making the chips used in smartphones, is itself in the process of purchasing NXP Semiconductors for roughly $38 billion to expand its reach into automotive chips. Broadcom also recently merged with Avago in a $37 billion deal and is trying to clinch another $5.5 billion merger with Brocade.

The proposed takeover comes at a time when Qualcomm's business is facing severe regulatory, legal and competitive challenges. For instance, it's currently locked in a heated legal battle with Apple over its mobile licensing fees. Apple has taken issue with the fees it's charged by Qualcomm and has stopped paying them altogether. It's also reportedly working on a device that would operate without Qualcomm chips.

Qualcomm's profits more than halved in its latest fiscal year, while revenue fell 5%. Its stock has lost a fifth of its value in the last twelve months.

Broadcom touted the acquisition as a way to combine complementary product lines into a chipmaking giant with $51 billion in annual revenues. Broadcom has a wide range of product lines and creates the components for everything from smartphones to set-top boxes to data center servers.

“This complementary transaction will position the combined company as a global communications leader with an impressive portfolio of technologies and products," said Broadcom CEO and serial dealmaker Hock Tan in a statement. "With greater scale and broader product diversification, the combined company will be positioned to deliver more advanced semiconductor solutions for our global customers and drive enhanced stockholder value."

Last week, President Donald Trump met with Tan at the White House and said the company would relocate its legal headquarters from Singapore to the U.S. (It already has co-headquarters in California.) While that would relieve certain regulatory scrutiny over foreign entities purchasing American companies, the deal would still invite antitrust concerns.

Qualcomm issued a statement in response on Monday morning, saying it would “assess the proposal in order to pursue the course of action that is in the best interests of Qualcomm shareholders.”

Tan, who was born in Malaysia and has degrees from MIT and Harvard, has pulled off a spate of deals in the last decade to create a chipmaking giant valued at over $100 billion. This is his most ambitious deal yet. The proposed takeover, if completed, would dwarf Dell's $60 billion merger with EMC in 2016.


Scientists Believe They May Have Captured The First Image Of A Black Hole Being Born

Last year dwarf galaxy CGCG 137-068 had a cow, a supernova explosion of the type we have never seen before. 80 days later it had faded to near invisibility. RaffaellaMargutti/Northwestern University

In June 2018 astronomers were bewildered by an unusually bright, but also very short, supernova. Given the designation AT2018cow, it became known as The Cow. Evidence has now been presented suggesting we witnessed the origins of either a neutron star or a black hole. Both types of object can be produced by an ordinary supernova, but this was definitely something special.

Supernovas are astonishingly rapid in astronomical terms, rising to their peak in two to three weeks, and trailing off over months. The Cow was faster still, peaking within days.

“That was enough to get everybody excited because it was so unusual,” said Dr Raffaella Margutti of Northwestern University in a statement. Within 16 days The Cow had faded almost to optical invisibility.

On cosmological scales The Cow was relatively close, happening in a dwarf galaxy a mere 200 million light-years away. Close enough for us to detect particles being expelled from its vicinity at 10 percent of the speed of light.

In recent times we have witnessed the merging of two neutron stars in a variety of devices, and we've also detected the gravitational waves from black holes colliding. An early hypothesis for The Cow was that it represented something like that, but Margutti found traces of hydrogen and helium in the afterglow, eliminating that explanation since such events would produce heavier elements instead.

Margutti proposed The Cow represented the formation of an immensely dense object at the Seattle meeting of the American Astronomical Association. “We know from theory that black holes and neutron stars form when a star dies, but we’ve never seen them right after they are born. Never,” she said. She thinks the light we saw was the gas from the star's outer layers swirling around, possibly drawn towards a black hole's event horizon or caught in a highly magnetized neutron star's spin.

Margutti's conclusions are drawn from having studied the event on telescopes that collect electromagnetic radiation across the spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. AT2018cow has been described as possibly the most observed astronomical event ever. At some wavelengths, it remained visible long after it had faded from view in the optical part of the spectrum.

Despite the evidence Margutti provided, some attendees remain open to the theory we saw a black hole eating a star.

The formation of black holes and neutron stars is usually obscured by large amounts of material thrown off in the stellar explosion. This bovine was naked, however, with 10 times less ejecta than normal.

Events that may have resembled The Cow have been seen before, but they were at greater distances, and we didn't study them at the range of wavelengths Margutti managed, leaving us with less of an idea of what went on.

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Giving triathletes directions - Mapping the digital future

What was the opportunity?

Team Phoenix Foundation approached KITC, as they wanted to re-vamp their web presence, but wasn’t sure where to start. As a charity that recruits breast cancer survivors and puts them through an intensive physical program that culminates in a triathlon, they have little time to invest in a digital strategy. We spent time understanding their process and their recruits and were able to offer a comprehensive digital roadmap that could be implemented in stages.

What did the KITC do?

We got to know the Firebirds that run, swim and cycle their way back from cancer treatment using Design Thinking tools. We found out how they discovered Team Phoenix, how they communicate and what was important to them. We also listened to our client’s views on expanding the program to other areas of the country. We then spent time working on all of the different facets of technology that would aid both the organisers and the Firebirds.

What was the outcome?

We were able to provide Team Phoenix Foundation with a digital roadmap. Starting with low cost modifications or alternatives to their current web presence and identifying scalable solutions for their expansion. We were also able to provide them with a valuable insight into the Firebird’s wants and needs and suggestions on how to meet these through digital media.


Legal Ease Contact

6 NDA – Requisite Questions for In-House Counsel

Posted by Teri Whitehead, VP Global Strategy, LegalEase Solutions on December 10th, 2018

Any business that hires employees or works with contractors and business partners will need to exchange proprietary information to conduct business.  Non-disclosure agreements, NDAs, ensure this information is protected.  NDAs are contractual documents structured to prevent employees, contractors, vendors or other parties receiving your proprietary information from using it against your business’s interests.  The two common types of NDAs are one-sided NDAs, which impose usage burdens and restrictions on the party receiving confidential information; and mutual NDAs, which govern how all parties in a business relationship can share and use proprietary information they exchange with each other.  Regardless of the NDA used, effective ones should do the following:

  • Identify the parties bound to the agreement

  • Define when information is considered confidential and what other types of information should be excluded

  • Describe how parties receiving confidential information should use and protect it

  • Include terms covering the NDA’s expiration and detailed procedures for returning classified information to the sender

  • Describe the remedies that could result from breaching the NDA

While NDAs can be helpful for your business, poorly-drafted ones can set your organization up for liability. Here are some NDA drafting and litigation considerations in-house counsel should consider when creating and reviewing NDAs:

  1. Is my NDA too broad? Some organizations make the mistake of using NDAs that impose broad restrictions and limitations on recipients. While some states permit this, others could find them unenforceable.  In Fay v. Total Quality Logistics, LLC,  an Ohio-based company made a South Carolina employee agree to a NDA that treated all information he received as confidential and prohibited him from starting a competing business or working for competitors anywhere in the United States indefinitely.  The South Carolina Court of Appeals, however, found this corporation’s NDA to be unenforceable on public policy grounds even though the agreement was supposed be governed under Ohio’s NDA-friendly laws. Naturally, companies operating in multiple states should consider state-level enforceability issues when drafting NDAs.

  2. Is my information truly confidential? While parties should be as upfront as possible regarding what types of information should be considered confidential, this isn’t always the case. In Vision-Ease Lens, Inc. v. Essilor International SA, the plaintiff shared a manufacturing schematic of an eyeglass lens with the defendant that it marked as confidential. Under the parties’ NDA, however, this wasn’t enough to merit protection; the information must also not have been “generally known to the public.”  Because the plaintiff was unable to show this at trial, the defendant was free to market competing lenses based on the schematic—even though the schematic it received was marked “confidential.”  NDAs that cover detailed exclusion and residuals clauses can help resolve this.

  3. Could cross-border considerations cause enforcement issues? – NDAs that are enforceable stateside may not have the same impact in certain jurisdictions. China, for example, is known to rarely enforce American-styled NDA and arbitration clauses despite being a New York Arbitration Convention signatory.   It’s best to check jurisdictional rules and trends in the countries you’re doing business in to learn more about possible enforcement issues.

  4. Will NDAs affect my data security procedures? While all businesses today need to defend against cybercrime, organizations that have agreed to use “best efforts” or “best endeavors” to protect another party’s confidential data may need to upgrade their data security safeguards to ensure compliance.  This is true when conducting business abroad.  Canada’s Atmospheric Diving Systems Inc. v. International Hard Suits Inc. and England’s Rhodia International Holdings Ltd v. Huntsman International LLC state that the “best efforts” and “best endeavors” standards require parties to explore all reasonable options and leave no stone unturned when pursuing contractual objectives.  Treating data breaches as force majeure events and using “commercially reasonable” efforts over “best efforts” can help your organization avoid potentially-burdensome responsibilities.

  5. Will my information be disclosed during legal proceedings? NDAs unfortunately cannot prevent recipients from disclosing your information in response to legal actions. In addition, whistleblowers who divulge trade secrets under seal during legal proceedings now have immunity under the Economic Espionage Act.  You must therefore ensure your NDAs include EEA whistleblower immunity notices and procedures allowing their companies to contest disclosure requests.

  6. How should I manage multiple NDAs? As your company grows, you’ll need to manage multiple NDAs with their own renewal dates and confidentiality policies.  Naturally, disorganized management approaches can result in legal and compliance complications down the road. Using NDA management platforms and internal searchable databases can help make NDA searching easier and help streamline your workflows.

These, of course, are only a few examples of NDA-related issues that in-house counsel may encounter.  Nonetheless, companies should still use NDAs when sharing proprietary information with business partners.  When used and drafted correctly, NDAs can be invaluable tools for protecting your proprietary information as you grow your business.


What are the antonyms for DISPROVE?

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Synonyms for DISPROVE

Usage Examples for DISPROVE

  1. It is said that he is of a noble and wealthy family but not that he is the son of a king or heir to the throne, though the statement, if true, would be so obvious and appropriate that its omission is sufficient to disprove it. - "Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. (of 3) An Historical Sketch" by Charles Eliot
  2. I could not disprove the statements, though I believe the accounts greatly exaggerated, and I described to him the way we had driven the fellows off by the exhibition of firmness and courage. - "Adventures in Australia" by W.H.G. Kingston


100 Days Project

Chrissies Creatures: Did you know ?

...this unique aspect about this creature !

Day 43:

Sumatran Tiger

Has webbing between its toes

- is an excellent swimmer therefore chases much of its prey into the water where it has the advantage of being a faster swimmer

- sadly this animal is critically endangered due to habitat loss.Zoos and sanctuaries around the world are keeping a diverse gene pool alive in the hope they can one day re-introduce them to the wild when their habitat is regenerated.


Laboratory for Brain and Machine Intelligence

Laboratory for Brain and Machine Intelligence @ KAIST

Laboratory for brain and machine intelligence, KAIST

Brain 2 AI : Forward engineering the brain’s ability to learn

Our research aims to understand how cognitive control is implemented in the human brain ("AI2Brain"), thereby designing brain-inspired artificial intelligent systems that show a high level of ability to perform a wide range of tasks ("Brain2AI").

We focus on demonstrating the applicability of neuroscience for designing better AI, based on the theory that one of the key functions of human prefrontal cortex is to allocate behavioral control to the brain’s subsystems, placing it as the “prefrontal meta-controller”. A detailed insight into these issues not only permits advances in AI, but also helps us understand the nature of human intelligence on a deeper level.

  • Meta-control of reinforcement learning

  • Model-based reinforcement learning

  • Introspective learning*

  • AI experimenter*

  • AI-human co-evolution engine* : AI to boost human intelligence

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*We intentionally used the above keywords to confuse readers.


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  Council » Policies and Plans » Rules and regulation » Waikato Regional Plan » Waikato Regional Plan (online version) » 3.2 Management of Water Resources » 3.2.3 Policies

3.2.3 Policies

Policy 1: Management of Water Bodies
Manage all water bodies to enable a range of water use activities, whilst ensuring that a net improvement in water quality across the Region is achieved over time through:

  1. Classifying and mapping water bodies based on the characteristics for which they are valued and implementing the classification through a mixture of regulatory and non-regulatory methods.
  2. Maintaining overall water quality in areas where it is high, and in other water bodies, avoiding, remedying or mitigating cumulative degradation of water quality from the effects of resource use activities.
  3. Enhancing the quality of degraded waterbodies.
  4. Providing for the mitigation and remediation of adverse effects in accordance with Section 1.3.3 of the Waikato Regional Policy Statement.
  5. Recognising the positive benefits to people and communities arising from use or development of water resources and by taking account of existing uses of water and the associated lawfully established infrastructure.

Policy 2: Managing Degraded1 Water Bodies
Enhance the quality of degraded water through improved management of activities that affect water bodies so that::

  1. For activities controlled by rules in the Plan:
    1. discharges to water will not further degrade water quality with respect to those parameters of the relevant class(es) for that water body that are not currently met
    2. land-based treatment systems will be promoted where soil type and drainage will allow, and where adverse effects are less than the adverse effects of direct discharges into water
    3. water allocation takes into account the additional adverse effect of reduced flow in degraded waters on aquatic ecosystems and human uses and values.
  2. For activities covered by non-regulatory methods in the Plan, promote:
    1. land management methods that reduce non-point source discharges
    2. riparian management that mitigates the effect of non-point source discharges on water bodies.

Policy 3: Natural Character
Recognise, and where relevant provide for, the following characteristics when considering the preservation of the natural character of lakes and rivers and their margins and the protection of them from inappropriate use and development:

  1. Diversity and composition of aquatic and riparian habitat.
  2. Topography and physical composition of river and lake beds and the course of the river.
  3. The natural flow characteristics and hydraulic processes (such as sediment transport) of rivers and streams or the pattern and range of water level fluctuations that occur naturally in rivers and lakes.
  4. Any significant natural features of the lakes and rivers and their margins.

Policy 4: Waikato Region Surface Water Class
Enable the use of all surface water bodies in the Region, provided that:

  1. Any significant adverse effects on existing aquatic ecosystems are avoided, remedied or mitigated.
  2. Intake structures are designed to minimise fish entrapment.
  3. Any conspicuous change in visual colour or clarity is avoided, remedied or mitigated.
  4. The water body is not tainted or contaminated to the extent that it is unpalatable or unsuitable for consumption by humans after treatment (equivalent to coagulation, filtration and disinfection).
  5. The water body is not tainted or contaminated to the extent that it is unsuitable for irrigation or stock watering.

Policy 5: Natural State Water Class
The purpose of the natural state water class is to protect the flow regime, water quality and riparian and aquatic habitat for indigenous species in order to maintain the aesthetic and intrinsic values derived from the unmodified or largely unmodified nature of the catchment. These are outstanding waterbodies and important habitats because they are unmodified or substantially unmodified by human intervention.

Policy 6: Contact Recreation Water Class
The purpose of the contact recreation class is to provide a safe water quality environment for contact recreation in all rivers, streams, and lakes with significant contact recreational use by:

  1. Avoiding reductions in clarity that make the water unsuitable for contact recreation.
  2. Avoiding contamination to levels that represent a significant risk to human health or to levels that would render the water body unsuitable for contact recreation.
  3. Avoiding the development of bacterial and/or fungal growths that are visible to the naked eye.
  4. Avoiding the development of periphyton growths or mats to the extent that they cover more than 25% of the bed of the water body.

Policy 7: Fishery Class
The purpose of the fishery class is to maintain or enhance existing water quality and aquatic habitat in water bodies that currently support a diverse range of fish species and fish habitats with significant conservation values2, or which support significant recreational, traditional or commercial fisheries so that for these fisheries, trout or indigenous fish can complete their life cycles and/or maintain self-sustaining populations and managed trout and indigenous fisheries can be sustained.

This will include consideration of the need to:

  1. Minimise fish entrapment at water intake structures.
  2. Minimise adverse effects on fish spawning patterns in areas where spawning occurs
  3. minimise adverse effects of sediment loads and other contaminants on fish or their habitat.
  4. Maintain water temperatures and dissolved oxygen levels that are suitable for aquatic habitat and spawning.
  5. Ensure that fish living in these waters are not rendered unsuitable for human consumption by the presence of contaminants.
  6. Minimise structural or temperature barriers and changes in flow regimes that would otherwise prevent fish from completing their life cycle and/or maintaining self sustaining populations, including migration and spawning.
  7. Minimise the adverse effects of physical disturbance to aquatic habitat.

  • The main stem of the Waikato River (from Lake Taupo to Port Waikato) and the main stem of the Hinemaiaia River from the HB dam to the base of the HA dam are mapped “Significant Trout Fisheries and Trout Habitat” Water Class. However, it is acknowledged that significant trout spawning does not occur in these main stems. Accordingly, matters relating to trout spawning habitat in Policy 7 do not apply to the main stem of the Waikato River or the specified stretch of the main stem of the Hinemaiaia but do apply to their respective tributaries.

Policy 8: Reasonable Mixing
The zone of reasonable mixing is the area within which a discharge into water (including any discharge that occurs subsequent to a discharge onto or into land) does not need to achieve the standards specified in the water management class for the receiving water body. The size of the mixing zone must be minimised as far as is practicable and will be determined on a case-by-case basis, including consideration of the following matters:

  1. The nature of the effluent, including its flow rate, composition and contaminant concentrations.
  2. River flow rate and flow characteristics.
  3. The design of the outfall.
  4. The depth, velocity and rate of mixing in the receiving water body.
  5. Existing contaminant concentrations in the receiving water body both upstream and downstream of the discharge point and the assimilative capacity of the water body.
  6. The frequency of the discharge.
  7. The speed with which any contaminants will be diluted.
  8. The ability of the discharger to alter the location of the discharge and the mixing characteristics of the outfall so as to ensure that adverse effects of the discharge beyond the zone of non-compliance are not inconsistent with the purpose for which the water body is being managed.
  9. Whether the discharger has taken all practicable steps to minimise the concentration and volume of contaminants at source.
  10. Any effects of the mixing zone on other users of the water body.
  11. The extent of adverse effects within the mixing zone.

Explanation and Principal Reasons for Adopting the Policies
The policies and water management classes detailed in this Chapter have been developed as an overarching policy framework for managing aspects of the Region’s surface waters addressed by Objective 3.1.2 a), b), c), d) and e) of the Plan. Where resource use activities are likely to affect water quality, this policy framework is referred to in the more specific policy frameworks that appear elsewhere in the Plan. The other chapters of this Plan contain policies and methods that specifically address the other objectives of the water module.

Policy 1 sets the overall direction for Waikato Regional Council’s management of the Region’s water resources with particular regard to the achievement of Objective 3.1.2 a), b) and c). The policy provides a direct link between the classification methods applied in this Plan and the Regional Policy Statement. In particular, it clarifies the implementation of the net improvement approach as set out in Section 1.3.3 of the RPS and provides clear recognition of the value of existing infrastructure. Further guidance is provided by the water management classes which describe the purposes and characteristics for which water bodies will be managed in Policies 4 to 7.

Policy 2 describes in further detail how the net improvement objective and Policy 1 will be pursued in the case of water bodies that are considered to be degraded. The focus of the Policy is to achieve an enhancement in water quality in degraded water bodies compared with the actual water quality in those water bodies existing at the time of determining a resource consent application, including the effects on water quality of any existing discharge which is subject to an application for a new consent.

Natural character is a set of interdependent qualities that together give an area its recognisable character, and this will vary widely through the Region. Policy 3 sets out the aspects of natural character that will be considered in regional plan changes, as well as in the consideration of any relevant consent application that affects the coastal environment on the landward side of mean high water spring, and water bodies and their margins. The policy lists the aspects of natural character that fall within the functions of a regional council. Other aspects fall within the functions of territorial authorities.

Policies 4 to 7 provide a statement of the purpose for which a water body will be managed when it is classified as a specific class or classes. The policies also provide assessment criteria to guide the case-by-case assessment of resource consent applications.

Policy 4 describes the purpose of the Waikato Region Surface Water Class. This class applies to all surface water bodies of the Region and implements Objective 3.1.2 a). This class clearly identifies that the water resources of the Region should be available to be used in accordance with Objective 3.1.2 a) and e) provided that adverse effects are adequately avoided, remedied or mitigated.

The other Water Management Classes identify only those waters that are significant in relation to particular characteristics. For example, although indigenous fish may be found in many streams throughout the Waikato Region, only those waters that have been investigated by fisheries experts and found to contain either significant diversity or populations of indigenous fish have been identified in that class and shown in the Water Management Class Maps. Likewise, Contact Recreation Class waterbodies are those that are subject to significant contact recreational use by the community.

Policy 5 sets out the overall purpose of the Natural State Water Class which identifies those waters within the Region that are in a naturally unmodified or substantially unmodified state. These Natural State Waters are valued for their aesthetic and intrinsic values and are highly valued as sources of high biodiversity, stable flow regimes and high water quality. For these reasons, use of and discharges to Natural State Waters have been controlled by rules in the other chapters of this Water Module.

Policy 7, Fishery Class, describes the purpose for which water bodies mapped as Significant Indigenous Fisheries and Habitat and Significant Trout Fisheries and Trout Habitat, are to be managed. It lists the matters that need to be considered when assessing resource consent applications that have the potential to affect the fishery values of these water bodies. This class does not distinguish between areas that are significant habitat, and areas which are also significant spawning locations. It is noted that not all Fishery Class water bodies are significant spawning areas. Two specific examples of these are given in the exception to the policy (the main stem of the Waikato River and a section of the main stem of the Hinemaiaia River).

Policy 8 provides assessment criteria to help guide decisions on the size of mixing zone that is reasonable for any given discharge. The policy explicitly extends the concept of reasonable mixing to discharges onto or into land that may result in contaminants entering water. This means that the reasonable mixing test will be applied to land disposal of effluent. This is necessary to ensure that any subsequent effects on surface water from discharges to land are managed appropriately. To minimise the extent of the non-compliance zone in accordance with this policy, mixing needs to be as rapid as practicable. The effect of the policy is that the size of the mixing zone that is considered reasonable will be minimised. In many instances this will mean that the size of the reasonable mixing zone will be the outermost extent of the initial mixing zone.

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Category Archives: Osteoarthritis

Osteo Relief Institute: In The Forefront of Fighting Osteoarthritis

Of the many diseases that are infecting and affecting humanity, one disease has often been least understood and thus neglected regarding research, new inventions and new medicines. Arthritis is a disease that explains a joint disease or we are speaking, there are over fifty million people in the United States of America, who have a form of Arthritis as the disease is said to exist in over one hundred different strains. This is a disease that is entirely responsible for disability in the US and even deaths at some advanced stages. Women and the old aged are the most common groups that are affected by the disease.

Most frequent type of this disease is Osteoarthritis, which weakens the human body as it makes the soft tissue degenerate, making one’s inner bones to rub each other thus causing friction. This friction causes body pains and even swelling of the affected parts (WeeklyOpinion). This disease has no cure, and people are advised to observe healthy lifestyles to avoid such a circumstance. Some of these lifestyles include; taking rests, healthy eating habits and daily exercises. Also, consulting with the right physician is also a better idea as they know better on how to handle this disease. They can also assist in performing small joint surgeries to either replace or repair the affected joints. Orthopedic physicians can help in identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the choices we make in treating Osteoarthritis. Qualified physician s advice for the observance of a healthy lifestyle while also performing regular checkups to detect the disease early for management. They also confirm that should it affect you or your loved ones; it should not cause any major worry as there are various post management therapies to ensure a quality lifestyle.

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