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Hammer crusher

Processing ability:5-150 t/h

Feeding size: ≤200-≤350 mm

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Hammer crusher is composed of chassis body, rotor, hammer, back liner, sieve, etc.. It is suitable for conduct coarse, medium, fine crushing for materials with the compressive strength less than 180MPa like limestone, coal, gypsum, shale and other types of brittle materials. Hammer crusher directly crusher the material of 600-1800 mm maximum particle to a particle size of less than 25mm. Hammer crusher is widely used in cement, chemical, electric power, metallurgy and other industries to conduct the medium or fine crushing to medium hardness materials, such as limestone, slag, coke, coal and other materials.

is one of the famous hammer breaker manufacturers and is the hammer rock crusher supplier. product has high reputation in China hammer crushing machine market. You can have a visit to get more information about the equipment.

1. Working hammer uses new casting technology with wear and impact resistance.

2. Large feeding particle size, large yield, good grain shape.

3. According to customer requirements, particle size can be adjusted.

4. Sealed body structure solves the crushing plant dust pollution and dust leakage problems.

5. Beautiful design shape, compact structure, less wearing parts, and easy maintenance.

Specification Capacity(m³/h)
Motor Power
PCΦ400×300 5-10 4P 11KW
PCΦ600×400 10-22 4P 22KW
PCΦ800×600 18-40 6P 55KW
PCΦ1000×800 25-50 8P 75KW
PCΦ1000×1000 30-55 8P 90KW


Waitrose Foodstores Wells, Somerset
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Discovery Properties Ltd
Architecture & Building Consultancy
Wells, Somerset
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01865 255155 email team

Located on the edge of the prestigious and historical city centre and bordering Wells’ conservation area, this new food store sits comfortably into its context.

The building is crisp and modern and formed with a carefully selected palette of materials that sympathetically reflect the store’s location. Using a Dalston stone cladding around the store front, lightweight insulated metal cladding panels to the side and rear elevations, with a fully glazed shop front providing an active frontage to the street.

The store will act positively to provide a gateway landmark into Wells, and as a retailer, Waitrose will contribute enormously to reinforce the High Street as a destination for economic growth.


Vitamin D - Should You Be Supplementing?

November 18, 2016

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin (along with A, E & K), meaning it dissolves in fat/oil and can be stored in the body. The two majors forms are D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus in the body, which are needed to keep bones, teeth and muscles healthy. Other important roles include cell growth, immune function and the reduction of inflammation.

For most people the main source of vitamin D is through exposure to sunlight containing UVB radiation, but it can also be obtained from food or dietary supplements. When exposure to sunlight is limited, dietary sources of vitamin D are essential in order to maintain adequate levels and avoid health problems linked to deficiencies. The main dietary sources of vitamin D in the UK are foods of animal origin, fortified foods and supplements. Good sources of vitamin D3 include egg yolk, oily fish (herring, salmon, mackerel, sardines) and red meat. Wild mushrooms are a rich natural source of vitamin D2. Foods fortified with vitamin D2 and D3 in the UK include dairy products, margarine, fat spreads and breakfast cereals. After vitamin D is synthesized in the skin following exposure to sunlight containing UVB radiation or you eat food or supplements containing vitamin D, it is converted to its active state in two stages in the body. This happens firstly in the liver, where it is converted to calcidiol, and secondly in the kidney, where the calcidiol is converted to calcitriol. This is the active, steroid hormone form of vitamin D, which travels round the body, entering the cells and binding to the vitamin D receptors (VDR), influencing the expression of over 200 genes. If your liver or kidneys are not functioning properly, or you are not absorbing the vitamin D in the small intestine, it can all impact the conversion process, so good liver, kidney and gut health is important too.

The importance of vitamin D in connection with musculoskeletal health is well known. Infants need vitamin D, along with calcium and phosphorus, to meet the demands of rapid growth for healthy skeletal development. Prolonged deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets and osteomalacia (softening of the bone). In children/adolescents, vitamin D is important for bone formation, particularly during growth spurts. Whilst rickets is more common in infancy, it can occur during adolescence. Deficiency during this period can also affect bone mineral density. In adulthood, peak bone mass is reached in the early 20’s and vitamin D is required to maintain healthy bone. Deficiency can lead to osteomalacia and in later life, osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a progressive disorder usually associated with ageing. The risk of bone fractures increases as the condition progresses, with women at greater risk than men, mainly due to the decrease in oestrogen production after the menopause, which directly impacts bone loss. This is why it's particularly important for women undergoing the menopause to check their vitamin D levels and maintain adequate levels.

The UK daily-recommended values (DRV) for vitamin D were set in 1991, based on the protection of musculoskeletal health. At that time a dietary intake of vitamin D wasn’t considered necessary for people between 4y - 64y with adequate exposure to sunlight. However, the results of recent studies suggest that in addition to musculoskeletal health, there are benefits for a much wider range of conditions including cancer, pre-eclampsia, CVD, depression, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, autism and helping you live longer. These findings have led to a thorough review of the DRV’s by the government's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN).

Following this review by SACN, Public Health England (PHE) issued new advice on vitamin D levels and supplementation in July 2016. It states that children and adults over the age of 1y should consider taking a daily supplement of 10 micrograms (MCG) of vitamin D, particularly during autumn and winter, in order to guard against deficiencies and support health. People who have a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency are being advised to take a supplement all year round, (at-risk groups include people whose skin has little or no exposure to the sun, like those in care homes, or people who cover their skin when they are outside). People with dark skin, from African, African-Caribbean and South Asian backgrounds, may also not get enough vitamin D from sunlight in the summer. They should consider taking a supplement all year round as well. When choosing a supplement I go for vitamin D3 with added vitamin K2, as studies show this enhances calcium absorption.

*The above supplement recommendations are based on the average population. However if you take certain medication, or have certain health conditions it may necessitate different requirements and in these cases, I would suggest that individual advice be sought from your GP or registered NT. Your GP or NT can check your vitamin D levels with a blood test.

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IBS - What are the Possible Causes?

April 9, 2018

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Grapevine apartments damaged in three-alarm fire

A fire at a Grapevine apartment complex late Wednesday morning has displaced 30 people.

The three-alarm fire at Ridge Crest Apartments in the 2800 block of Mustang Drive broke out just before 11:30 a.m. No one was injured in the blaze. The damage was contained to one building, but the fire destroyed 20 units.

The Grapevine Fire Department is still investigating the cause of the fire. The fire spread in the attic space, allowing it to reach multiple units.

The Red Cross will conduct a damage assessment to determine how many residents need help. For those who need help, the Red Cross will provide a place to stay and means to buy new clothing and food.

DFW Airport, Haltom City, Bedford, Coppell, Euless and Southlake fire departments all assisted in the response to the fire.


Learn Python in 24 hours

Book Description

This book is for a starter who is willing to start learning a new language. is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, , and high-level . It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like , Python source is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The book is filled with number of examples to explain each concept. Experienced programmers in any other language can pick up Python very quickly, and beginners find the clean and indentation structure easy to learn.

Book Details


HomeAgain VR seeks to provide an enriching virtual reality experience that is tailored to each person we work with. Since it is a very new medium that many people are unfamiliar with, we've broken our service into two categories:

1. Virtual Reality Wellness and Activities: HomeAgain VR brings virtual reality to senior living communities. We provide custom VR activities and programs tailored to what the residents request.

2. Custom VR Photography: We also offer custom VR experiences through our 360 photography. This can include VR tours of senior living communities for the purpose of showing the space to potential residents. It can also include capturing private residences in VR as a way to preserve someone's beloved home before they must move out.


MOONRAKER (1979) 5507

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Original United Artists Australian daybill (14x30) for the Lewis Gilbert outer space spy adventure, MOONRAKER (1979) starring Roger Moore, Lois Chiles, Michael Lonsdale, and Richard Kiel. The fourth Bond movie to star Roger Moore, MOONRAKER was one of the liveliest of the Roger Moore outings. Bond investigates the mid-air theft of the space shuttle and uncovers a plot to commit global genocide. This was the first movie to feature the modern space shuttle, and the stunning space visuals garnered the film its only Oscar nomination for Best Visual Effects. The title song was sung for the third and last time by Shirley Bassey. It was the highest grossing Bond movie up until GOLDENEYE (1995). This Australian daybill is folded and in very fine condition.

Sir Roger Moore - Actor
Lois Chiles - Actor
Lois Maxwell - Actor
Desmond Llewelyn - Actor
Bernard Lee - Actor
Walter Gotell - Actor
Richard Kiel - Actor

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Web Results

Giza's learning institutions include Cairo University, which was moved to Giza in 1924. The city is a hub of education and educational services not only for Egypt but also for the entire Mediterranean Region. Giza has numerous schools, kindergartens, and institutes of higher learning.

The city of Giza is the capital of Giza governorate. Officially, it was founded in the fourth century BC. The large capital "Memphis" was the southern city of current Giza. Memphis was a major cultural and commercial center throughout the time of Ancient Egyptian history. Now, Giza is a part of Greater Cairo.

Giza (Al-Jizah) City in n Egypt, a suburb of Cairo. It is the site of the Great Sphinx, the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), the University of Cairo (relocated in 1924), and Egypt's film industry. It is a resort and agricultural centre. Industries: cotton textiles, footwear, cigarette-manufacturing. Pop.

Khufu’s pyramid, known as the great pyramid of Giza, is the oldest and largest, rising at 481 feet (146 meters). Archeologists say it was the tallest structure in the world for about 3, 800 years. The relationship between Pi (p) and Phi (F) is expressed in the fundamental proportions of the Great Pyramid.

Interesting Facts about Giza City. Giza is the capital of the Giza governorate. Giza was founded in the 4 th century BC. It lies between the ancient cities of Heliopolis and Memphis; Christian and Islamic monuments are rare in the city. It is one of the most visited places on earth. Giza has about 8 million inhalators.

20 Facts About The Great Sphinx Of Egypt. It is the largest and most famous Sphinx, situated at the Giza Plateau adjacent to the Great Pyramids of Giza on the west bank of the Nile River, it has puzzled Egyptologists and researchers for centuries.

Facts about Cairo 3: the ancient Egypt. If we talk about the ancient Egypt, we should never forget Cairo. The city has the strategic location for it is near the ancient cities such as Fustat, Giza and Memphis. Therefore, it is easier for the people who live in Cairo to reach Pyramid of Giza and Great Sphinx. Facts about Cairo 4: al-Azhar University


Gilding and Egg Tempera

These combined art forms, which date back to Egyptian and Byzantine times, have a close association with nature through the transformation of earthly materials and alchemy.   In European medieval panel painting the use of gold leaf and egg tempera (pigments bound in egg yolk) reached its zenith in the 14th and early 15th centuries.  The Wilton Diptych dated about 1395, housed in the National Gallery is a stunning example.  Recipes contained in a 14th century treatise by Cennino Cennini remain relevant today.

Although gilded and painted icons provide a continuous link from the earliest Christian times to the present day, generally egg tempera was gradually supplanted by 'oil paint' and by 1600 virtually all great paintings were executed in oil.  For 300 years egg tempera painting lay largely dormant until a revival in the early 1900's.


 John Legend Takes Benjamin Franklin’s Advice and is Learning to Swim at the Age of 40 - Swimming World News

“I Cannot be of opinion with you that ’tis too late in life for you to learn to swim.” - Ben Franklin

Black History Month Commentary by Bruce Wigo

Black History Month is a time for us in the aquatic community to reflect on why more African Americans and people of color don’t swim.  Especially because for at least 400 years (the period from from 1451 – 1860), People of African descent, Native Americans and the indigenous populations of Oceana excelled “all others in the arts of swimming and diving.”  The cultural history of swimming is both tragic and fascinating and while it helps explain how people of color lost their aquatic traditions and how European/Caucasians became the most accomplished swimmers today – it’s only part of the story.

Last week, John Legend confided on Twitter that he couldn’t swim and was taking his first swim lesson since he was a five year old child.

His announcement, along with the release this week of  “A Film Called Blacks Can’t Swim” is bringing renewed awareness to the swimming gap between people of color and white people, not just in the USA but around the world.  But knowledge of this gap is nothing new. We’ve known about it for almost 100 years. The question is what can be done to fix it and realize the founding goal of the International Swimming Hall of Fame, which is “every child a swimmer.”

John Legend Learning to swim at KidsswimLA

Interestingly, Legend graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1999. Had he attended Penn 40 years earlier he would have been required to learn to swim before receiving his degree.  For Penn was the first college in America to build a swimming pool for its students and in 1904 it was the first to make passing a swimming test a requirement for graduation.  It was in keeping with the philosophy of the school’s founding father and swimming enthusiast, Dr. Benjamin Franklin.

“I Cannot be of opinion with you that ’tis too late in life for you to learn to swim,” Franklin wrote to a friend in the mid 18th century. “I wish all men were taught to do so in their youth; they would, on many occurrences, be the safer for having that skill, and on many more the happier, as freer from painful apprehensions of danger, to say nothing of the enjoyment in so delightful and wholesome an exercise…And if I had now boys to educate, I should prefer those schools (other things being equal) where an opportunity was afforded for acquiring so advantageous an art, which once learnt is never forgotten.”

Franklin did not see swimming as a sport.  Rather he saw the ability to swim as an essential life skill, the source of good health and lifelong joy. He also saw it as a “scientific phenomena” which it was for Europeans during his lifetime. This explains why his letter to Oliver Naeve (portions of which are quoted above) was included in the 4th edition of  Benjamin Franklin’s Experiments and Observations on Electricity, which he published in London, in 1769.

As a swimmer, Franklin was an outlier. He was a self-taught and an accomplished swimmer by the age of ten at a time when few people of European descent swam. In his day it was the Africans, Native Americans and the indigenous populations of Oceana who “excelled all others in the arts of swimming and diving.”  In their tropical climates and warm waters, mothers typically taught their children to swim before they could walk.  Before the American civil war 80% of African Americans could swim compared to 20% of Euro-Americans and almost no women of any race swam.  Today, those percentages are almost exactly reversed and there are more female competitive swimmers than males. The cultural history of swimming crosses both race and gender and it is helpful for understanding how the stereotypes and cultural attitudes about swimming have been turned upside down.

The racial swimming gap is not only present in the number of elite swimming competitors and drowning statistics – but in all aquatic activities from Navy Seals to crew men and women on luxury yachts, on lifeguard stands, as marine biologists, sailors, surfers, scuba divers and many, many more professions and recreations.

In his Proposals for the Education of Youth (1749), Franklin noted that the Romans marked someone who was uneducated as someone who could “neither read nor swim. For while math, and the sciences are useful, only the ability to swim can save a life”.  Studies show that if a child doesn’t learn to swim by the age of seven, he or she likely never will.  The same studies show that children of non-swimming parents will likely not learn to swim.

John Legend is not your average African American. He and his wife Chrissy Teigen can afford to pay for and take their toddlers to swimming lessons and change the culture that has not made swimming a priority in his family.  It is for this reason I believe there is only one way to right the wrongs of history and that is to treat swimming as an educational subject as Benjamin Franklin proposed in 1749  But for reasons stated above it should not be done in college or high school –  it must be done in elementary school, as in countries like the Netherlands and Sweden. In those nations children are required to pass a swim test before moving on to middle school.

Yes, pools are expensive, but we don’t need to build competitive race pools at every elementary school.  We need to build warm water teaching pools not unlike the pool John Legend is learning in, and hire competent instructors. But we also need to educate parents about the importance of swimming and acclimating their children to the water.  As world-renowned swimming coach and instructor Laurie Lawrence of Australia advocates – the first swimming lesson begins with the first bath.

But it’s not just a matter of water safety. All humans spend their first nine months as swimmers.  When we emerge from the womb we all have the bradycardic reflex, which is part of the mammalian diving reflex – just like dolphins, whales and seals. When our faces are exposed to cold water as infants, our hearts slows down and blood is shifted away from the peripheral muscles to conserve oxygen for the brain and heart, and we hold their breath. We are of the sea and it is no coincidence that our body fluids are nearly identical to sea water.

There is also something spiritual, if you will, about the water. In his book, the Blue Mind, Dr. Wallace J. Nichols, explores the Surprising Science That Shows How Being Near, In, On, or Under Water Can Make You Happier, Healthier, More Connected, and Better at What We do. In addition learning-to-swim can open minds to the two-thirds of the planet that is covered with water and  to the innumerable occupational and recreational and opportunities that are denied to those who cannot swim.

John Legend and his wife Chrissy Teigen are to be greatly commended for exploring this issue and doing their part to change world culture to one where everyone can swim.  The earth is, after all, is the only planet we know of that has liquid water. How can you be an earthling and not know how to enjoy an element that covers 2/3rd of our planet.

Watch 3 year old Henry White swim 100 meters at the Hall of Fame pool

Watch 2 year old Isabelle demonstrate the joy of swimming that every child should be entitled to experience. 2 year old Isabelle expressing the Joy of Swimming

Watch Norfolk, Virgina News Anchor Regina Mobley tell her story of learning to swim at the age of 46

  1. Marie Moffitt

    My grandchild goes to school in England, where every child has to be able to swim at least 25 meters comfortably before starting the equivalent of middle school, and basic swimming and water safety are part of the national school curriculum. We could do that, too!

  2. avatar

    Wonderful, article. kidSwim* is honored to be involved in John Legend’s swim journey and we hope it inspires people of all backgrounds and skill level to get in the pool and enjoy the benefits of swimming and water safety. #adultswimchallenge


2 stocks that intend to just keep winning: Merit Medical Systems (MMSI), Vipshop Holdings Limited (VIPS)

The recent performance of Merit Medical Systems (NASDAQ:MMSI) stock in the market spoke loud and clear to investors as MMSI saw more than 965.17K shares in trading volumes in the last trading session, way higher than the average trading volume of 965.17K shares by far recorded in the movement of Merit Medical Systems (MMSI). At the time the stock opened at the value of $38.16, making it a high for the given period, the value of the stock dropped by -2.21%. After the decrease, MMSI touched a low price of $37.46, calling it a day with a closing price of $38.40, which means that the price of MMSI went 37.55 below the opening price on the mentioned day.

Given the most recent momentum in the market in the price movement of MMSI stock, some strong opinions on the matter of investing in the company’s stock started to take shape, which is how analysts are predicting an estimated price of $34.43 for MMSI within consensus. The estimated price would demand a set of gains in total of -99650.51%, which goes higher than the most recent closing price, indicating that the stock is in for bullish trends. Other indicators are hinting that the stock could reach an outstanding figure in the market share, which is currently set at 53.50M in the public float and 2.04B US dollars in market capitalization.

Merit Medical Systems (MMSI) Technical Analysis

When it comes to the technical analysis of MMSI stock, there are more than several important indicators on the company’s success in the market, one of those being the Relative Strength Indicator (RSI), which can show, just as Stochastic measures, what is going on with the value of the stock beneath the data. This value may also indicate that the stock will go sideways rather than up or down, also indicating that the price could stay where it is for quite some time. When it comes to Stochastic reading, MMSI stock are showing 85.45% in results, indicating that the stock is neither overbought or oversold at the moment, providing it with a neutral within Stochastic reading as well. Additionally, MMSI with the present state of 200 MA appear to be indicating bearish trends within the movement of the stock in the market. While other metrics within the technical analysis are due to provide an outline into the value of MMSI, the general sentiment in the market is inclined toward negative trends.

A Look At Vipshop Holdings Limited (NYSE:VIPS)

With the previous 100-day trading volume average of 5.58 million shares, Vipshop Holdings Limited (VIPS) recorded a trading volume of 7.18 million shares, as the stock started the trading session at the value of $14.85, in the end touching the price of $14.55 after dropping by -2.02%.

Vipshop Holdings Limited Earnings Surprise

Vipshop Holdings Limited (VIPS) surprised the market during the previous quarter closure with the last reports recording $0.21, compared to the consensus estimation that went to $0.13. The records showing the total in revenues marked the cap of +6.69%, which means that the revenues increased by +271.24% since the previous quarterly report.

Vipshop Holdings Limited (VIPS) Intraday View

VIPS stock seem to be going ahead the lowest price in the last 52 weeks with the latest change of 149.14%.Then price of VIPS also went backward in oppose to its average movements recorded in the previous 20 days. The price volatility of VIPS stock during the period of the last months recorded 3.06%, whilst it changed for the week, now showing 3.46% of volatility in the last seven days. The trading distance for this period is set at -0.38% and is presently away from its moving average by 8.92% in the last 50 days. During the period of the last 5 days, VIPS stock lost around -3.83% of its value, now recording a sink by 51.24% reaching an average $9.65 in the period of the last 200 days.During the period of the last 12 months, Vipshop Holdings Limited (VIPS) jumped by 2.68%.

Consensus Price Target for Vipshop Holdings Limited (VIPS)

According to the Barchart’s scale, the company’s consensus rating was unchanged to 4.00 from 4.00, showing an overall improvement during the course of a single month. Based on the latest results, analysts are suggesting that the target price for VIPS stock should be $14.55 per share in the course of the next 12 months. To achieve the target price as suggested by analysts, VIPS should have a spike by 0% in oppose to its present value in the market. Additionally, the current price showcases a discount of 23.42% when compared to the high consensus price target predicted by analysts.

Vipshop Holdings Limited (VIPS) Intraday Trading

VIPS shares recorded a trading volume of 6.63 million shares, compared to the volume of 5.61M shares before the last close, presented as its trading average. With the approaching 3.46% during the last seven days, the volatility of VIPS stock remained at 3.06%. During the last trading session, the lost value that VIPS stock recorded was set at the price of $14.55, while the lowest value in the last 52 weeks was set at $5.84. The recovery of the stock in the market has notably added 149.14% of gains since its low value, also recording 6.75% in the period of the last 1 month.


Aho-Corasick is a string searching algorithm running in linear time and my heart would be broken if I missed this one in the series. I already. The Aho-Corasick algorithm constructs a data structure similar to a trie with some The algorithm was proposed by Alfred Aho and Margaret Corasick in Today: Aho-Corasick Automata. ○ A fast data structure runtime of the algorithms and data structures .. Aho-Corasick algorithm when there is just one pattern.

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Aho and Margaret J. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This allows the automaton to transition between string matches without the need for backtracking. So let’s generalize automaton obtained earlier let’s call it a prefix automaton Uniting our pattern set in trie. I tried to do it in this way: Now let’s look at it from a different side.

However this is by no means the only possible case of achieving a match: These extra internal links allow algogithm transitions between failed string matches e. We can construct the automaton for the set of strings.

Aho-Corasick Algorithm

The blue arcs can be computed in linear time by repeatedly traversing the blue arcs of a node’s parent until the traversing node has a child matching the character of the target node. Later, I would like to tell about some of the more advanced tricks with this structure, as well as an about interesting related structure.

If there is no edge for one character, we simply generate a new vertex and connect it via an edge. UVA — I love strings!!

If we write out the labels of all edges on the path, we get a string that corresponds to this path. Formally a trie is a rooted tree, where each edge of the tree is labeled by some letter.

With Aho-Corasick algorithm we can for each string from the set say whether it occurs in the text and, for example, indicate the first occurrence of a string in the text inwhere T is the total length of the text, and S is the total length of the pattern.

Consider the simplest algorithm to obtain it. An aid to bibliographic search”. We will now process the text letter by letter, transitioning during the different states.

This algorithm algoirthm proposed by Cotasick Aho and Margaret Corasick. But in fact it is a drop in the ocean compared to what ahho algorithm allows. Before contest Hello 4 days. Hello, how would you write the matching function for the structure? If we try to perform a transition using a letter, and there is no corresponding edge in the trie, then we nevertheless must go into some state. In this example, we will consider a dictionary consisting of the following words: Suppose we have built a trie for the given set of strings.

So there is a black arc from bc to bca. When the algorithm reaches a node, it outputs all the dictionary entries that end at the current character position in the input text. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations.

This article includes a list of referencesrelated reading or external linksbut its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. This time I would like to write about the Aho-Corasick algorithm. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Thus we reduced the problem of constructing an automaton to the problem of finding suffix links for all vertices of the trie.

Now we can reformulate the statement about the transitions in the automaton like this: Otherwise, we go through suffix link until we find the desired transition and continue. There is a green “dictionary suffix” arc from each node to the next node in the dictionary that can be reached by following blue arcs. I have seen it on a codechef youtube video but it corasjck that the way they solve it is a little bit confusing.

Let’s say suffix link is a pointer to the state corresponding to the longest own suffix of the current state. The string that corresponds to it is a prefix of one or more strings in the set, thus each vertex of the trie can be interpreted as a position in one or coraisck strings from the set.

In addition, the node itself is printed, if who is a dictionary entry. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Thus the problem of corasifk the transitions has been reduced to the problem of finding suffix links, and the problem of finding suffix links has been reduced to the problem of finding a suffix link and a transition, but for vertices closer to the root. So we have a recursive dependence that we can resolve in linear time. Comparison of regular expression engines Regular tree grammar Thompson’s construction Nondeterministic finite automaton.

You can see that it is absolutely the same way corxsick it is done in the prefix automaton. There are also some other methods, as “lazy” dynamics, they can be seen, for example, at e-maxx.

Aho-Corasick Algorithm

Given a set of strings and a text. Desktop version, switch to mobile version. For example, there is a green arc alglrithm bca to a because a is the first node in the dictionary i. From any state we can transition – using some input letter – to other states, i.

When we transition from one state to another using a letter, we update the mask accordingly. The implementation is extremely simple: The only special case is the root of the trie, the suffix link will point to itself.

The green arcs can be computed in linear time by repeatedly traversing blue arcs until a filled in node is found, and memoizing this information.


Breaking news

The story of the descendants of African peoples in Panama is not only the story of the first persons of African origin in modern times to arrive on the mainland of the Americas, but also the story of a community that has long struggled to obtain basic civil rights. Just as in Costa Rica, Panama (and the Canal Zone) had at one time an official policy of racial discrimination against its citizens of African descent.

In 1496 Columbus’ brother Bartholomew established the first permanent European settlement in the Americas at Santo Domingo (Hispaniola). By 1501, Rodrigo de Bastidas had explored the Caribbean coastline of Central America and became the first European to set foot on what is today Panama. The following year, Columbus attempted to establish a colony here but it did not survive a series of native attacks and was abandoned within a year. It was not until 1509, that the first permanent European outpost on the mainland of the Americas become permanently established when Diego de Nicuesa founded Nombre de Dios at mouth of the Rio Chagres. That same year, on the Gulf of Uraba (in what is now Colombia) another settlement was founded and given the name of San Sebastian de Uraba by its founder Alonso de Ojeda. This settlement was moved by Balboa to the eastern coast of Panama and renamed Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien. In 1519, Santa Maria was relocated to the other side of the isthmus and renamed Panama, the forerunner of today’s Panama City.

Panama has not always been considered a “Central American nation” in the historical and cultural sense. For several centuries it was a part of Colombia, and the history of its African descended peoples are actually a part of that country’s history up until the time of Panama’s independence in 1903. Panama was not a part of the five nation “Central American Federation” and most Central American’s in the other republics do not consider Panamanians to be “Central Americans”. Geographically perhaps, but not politically or historically. This could be the reason why historians have long considered the arrival of the first black people in Central America to have occurred with De Avila’s landing on the North Coast of Honduras in 1524 and not the with their arrival with Balboa in 1513.

My paper attempts to look at the entire region of Central America. For this reason I include Panama here as a Central American nation. A nation that has the longest history of black settlement of any country on the mainland of the Western Hemisphere.

Among the nations of Central America perhaps only Belize could be considered more “ethnically diverse” than Panama. Mestizos of native American, African and European ancestry make up 67% of its population. Persons of African ancestry, including a large number of persons of mixed African and European heritage, account for 14% of the population. Some historians have estimated that up to 50% of the population of Panama has some African ancestry.

Those persons of European ancestry (mainly Spanish, Italian, Greek and English) make up 10%, native Americans 6% and Chinese 3% of the population. There are also smaller minorities of Arabic speaking peoples, Jews and East Indians.

On September 26, 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa reached the shores of the Pacific. Having crossed the isthmus from its Caribbean side he is credited by historians with the “discovery” of the Pacific Ocean. Among those with him at the time of the discovery was the Afro-Hispanic nobleman Nuflo de Olano as well as thirty other men of African heritage. Balboa decided to sail upon the newly discovered waters of the Pacific and two small ships were subsequently constructed on the Caribbean side of the isthmus and transported (in sections) across Panama to the Pacific coast. The Africans with him, as well as large numbers of native Americans, were largely responsible for the building and transporting of these first two vessels, the first substantial vessels to be constructed on the Pacific shores of the Americas.

In 1519 Panama City was founded by Pedro Arias de Avila on the Pacific coast. A trail called Las Cruces had been discovered between the town of Panama and the Caribbean. Soon Panama City became one of the wealthiest cities of the Spanish Empire. Latter a new road (the Camino Real) was built between Panama and the Caribbean port of Nombre de Dios. By 1594 the nearby town of Portobelo became the principal Spanish Caribbean port in Central America, a position it maintained for over 150 years. These towns had become very important to the Spanish because the gold and treasures being taken from Peru and the Philippines were shipped to and stored in these settlements. Carried overland by mule-pack from Panama City to the Caribbean port towns of Nombre de Dios (and latter Portobelo) the treasures were then shipped to Cadiz (Spain).

Large numbers of African slaves were brought to Panama to transport goods across the isthmus as well as load and unload the ships at both ends of the Camino Real. Other Africans were also sent to work in the nearby gold mines of Veraguas and Darien. These mines were producing two tons of gold per year during the 16th century. A large slave market known as the House of the Genovese was set up in Panama City (Panama Viejo) and thousands of slaves were sold here to Spanish planters and miners in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, as well as to miners and planters in Panama itself. There were already 4,000 Africans in Panama City by 1610.

As early as 1531 a slave rebellion in Panama had been reported. Other rebellions took place and are among the earliest slave rebellions in the history of the Americas. Large numbers of slaves escaped during the colonial era fleeing into the remote jungles of the Darien (in eastern Panama). The Spanish called these runaway slaves cimarrones (“the wild ones”) and from this word comes the English word maroon which describes communities of fugitive slaves who escaped and lived in remote areas on the islands of the Caribbean as well as in Central and South America. Maroon communities were established in the Darien during the 16th and 17th centuries. Native Americans helped these runaway slaves and soon villages were established, crops planted and a king selected.

King Bayano was the most famous of the Afro-Panamanian kings. He organized groups of Africans and natives into parties that descended upon and attacked the mule-trains traveling the Camino Real. Great quantities of gold, silver and precious stones were captured, and only after great difficulties was the Spanish commander, Pedro de Orsua, successful in capturing King Bayano and his raiders. Taken before the Spanish viceroy, King Bayano signed a peace treaty with the Spanish, the provisions of which stated that the escaped slaves of Darien would remain free and could live peacefully in their villages so long as they did not admit any newly escaped slaves into their communities. According to J. A. Rogers in Sex And Race (Vol. II) “Bayano was taken before the Spanish viceroy, who not only received him with honors for his bravery and resourcefulness but sent him a free man to Spain where he lived in luxury from the loot he had captured”.

Starting in the late 1530’s British, Dutch and French pirates became a serious threat to the Spanish in Central America. From the 1560’s into the 18th century British pirates, along with their African and native allies, attacked Spanish ports and inland cities as far north as El Salvador and Honduras and south into Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The Panamanian towns of Nombre de Dios, Portobelo and Panama City were all particularly vulnerable to attack because so much of value was being transported and stored in these towns. In 1572 the English pirate Sir Francis Drake plundered the port of Nombre De Dios. Both Africans and native Americans joined the English and Scottish pirates in their looting and plundering of the Spanish towns.

The Spanish moved their operations (in 1594) to nearby Portobelo. It quickly became the most important Spanish port on the Caribbean coast of Central America until 1668 when the Welshman Sir Henry Morgan attacked and destroyed much of it. Three years latter he returned and sailed up the Rio Chagres and attacked, plundered and almost completely destroyed Panama City. Arriving safely back on the Caribbean coast with 200 mules loaded with gold and riches, he sailed home in glory and latter became governor of Jamaica. Two years after Morgan’s attack, the Spanish decided to move Panama City to its current location a few miles west of the old city. The ruins of Panama Viejo can still be seen to this day. When Portobello was again destroyed by the British in 1739, the Spanish authorities decided (in 1746) that it would be better to ship their South American treasures around Cape Horn then risk any more attacks on Panama.

Today the descendants of the cimerrones still live along the rivers and coastal areas of the Darien. Known as the Playeros (beach people) they are both Spanish speaking and Roman Catholic. As late as the 1820’s, runaway slaves continued to join maroon communities despite the treaties that had been signed with the Spanish prohibiting these communities from accepting runaways. A certain amount of intermarriage between Africans and native Americans of the region has taken place over the past four and half centuries.

Most Playeros are fishermen or small scale farmers growing crops such as bananas, rice and coffee as well as raising livestock. The island of Isla Grande (near Portobelo) has an interesting community of 300 Playeros. The community lives from fishing and coconut production and is famous for its annual Carnival celebrated a few days before Ash Wednesday. The conga is danced in the streets and traditional folk costumes are worn by the local population. On the Pacific side of the country the Pearl Islands (off the coast of the Darien) were also settled by escaped slaves who’s descendants still live there. At the turn of the 20th century blacks form Colombia arrived in the Darien to work on banana plantations located in the southeastern areas of the region.

Many of the Afro-mestizos of Panama have assimilated over the past five centuries into mestizo culture and are today a part of the cultural “mainstream” of Panamanian life. The traditional folk music of Panama’s mestizos clearly shows strong African rhythmic influences, perhaps stronger then in any other folk music found in Central America. Panama’s popular dance music also shows a strong African influence. Africans brought to Panama during the colonial era living in the areas around Panama City, as well as in the rural areas west of the capital, blended their culture with native and European elements to create the mestizo population of today. This process has been repeated as we have seen throughout all of the countries in the region.

A few examples of a well known Panamanians of African descent include President Carlos Mendoza, who was of African and European descent and served as Panama’s president during the building of the Panama Canal, classical composer Roque Cordero (b. 1917), baseball great Rod Carew (b. 1945) and the pop singer Edgardo “El General” Franco who made the singing Rap in Spanish popular throughout Latin America.

In 1846, the government of Colombia signed a treaty with the United States permitting the construction of a railroad across Panama that would run from Panama City to Colon. The town of Colon was founded in 1850 as the terminus of the Panama Railroad. It was originally called Aspinwall. In 1848 gold was discovered in California and thousands of prospectors set out from the U.S. and Europe making their way to California via the isthmus of Panama. The construction of the Panama Railroad commenced in 1849, but by the time of it’s completion in 1855 the peak years of the prospector migration had passed. The money the prospectors used while passing through Panama did help however to finance the railroad and provided Panama City with an economic boom that it had not seen in decades. The new railroad proved to be a great financial success for its investors. During the years of the building of the railroad Afro-Antilleans from Jamaica and other parts of the British West Indies were recruited as laborers. The completion of the railroad across Panama cost the lives of many workers and upon completion of it some Afro-Antilleans remained in Panama, while others returned to their homes in the West Indies.

The next major movement of Afro-Antilleans into Panama occurred when the French attempted to build a trans-oceanic canal across the isthmus. Ferdinand de Lesseps organized the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique and work was started in 1880. Afro-Antillean laborers were once again recruited. The loss of life from yellow fever and malaria proved to be staggering. By 1889 de Lesseps company had gone bankrupt. Over 22,000 workers had lost their lives during these years. Again, some Afro-Antilleans decided to remain in Panama while others returned home.

The third and most important movement of Afro-Antillean settlement in Panama came with the building of the Panama Canal under the direction of the American Panama Canal Company. In 1903 the United States wanted to purchase from Colombia the “concession” to build the canal. Colombia refused, and the United States backed an uprising in Panama that resulted in the Panamanians declaring their independence from Colombia. Panama remained a U.S. protectorate until 1939 and American interests in the republic remain strong to this day.

Work on the canal began in 1907 and was completed in 1914. During the building of the canal Afro-Antillean laborers by the thousands were recruited from Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad. By 1910 the PCC employed more than 50,000 workers, three-quarters of them Afro-Antillean. When the canal was completed many of these workers stayed on to work for the Panama Canal Company. They made their homes in the American controlled Canal Zone as well as in and around Panama City. Only employees of the PCC were allowed to live in the Canal Zone.

During the early years of the building of the canal most U.S. citizens working on the canal preferred to be paid in gold. Afro-Antilleans however were paid in silver. From this developed the classifications of a “gold” or “silver” employee. The terminology was eventually extended to all of the Canal Zone. It basically took the form of racial segregation similar to that fond at the time in the American south. Water fountains, rest rooms and other public facilities were designated “gold” or “silver” and black and white communities in the Canal Zone lived in segregated communities. Separate pay scales for blacks and non-blacks remained in force until the signing of the Panama Canal Treaty in 1977. The so called “gold” and “silver” classifications that were used to keep the canal segregated were discontinued in the 1960’s. But the “gold” and “silver” term of reference was still in use for many years after its official discontinuance, much to the resentment of the Afro-Antillean community.

The Americans had originally favored English speaking workers from the British West Indies just as they had favored them in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala. They were hard workers who understood and spoke the language of the North American employer. They were also regarded as “cheap labor” and faced racial discrimination not only by North Americans but by Panamanians as well. As a result, Afro-Antilleans built up their own “insular culture” separate from their Hispanic and American neighbors. Stressing the maintenance of their traditional ways, they also strongly believed that education would lead to greater advancements for them and their children. This has in fact been the case in recent years, but the community still suffers from various forms of racial and cultural discrimination.

During the years before World War II, the community was noted for its loyalty to the British Crown. Many Afro-Antilleans planned to go back home after they had earned enough money in Panama to retire. Many were still British citizens, and a belief within some sectors of the community of a certain “culturally superiority” over their Spanish speaking neighbors created resentments between them and Spanish speaking Panamanians.

Afro-Antilleans also settled outside the Canal Zone in nearby Panama City. Here they formed their own English speaking Protestant community complete with churches, schools and businesses. During World War II hostilities between Afro-Antilleans and Panamanians increased as Afro-Antilleans became more entrenched in the canal labor force. This lead to actions taken by the Panamanian government depriving many Afro-Antilleans of their Panamanian citizenship during the years 1941 to 1946. As a result of this, Afro-Antilleans united together even more to fight this legally sanctioned discrimination. The memories of these shameful acts by the Panamanian government have not been forgotten by the older generation. Since World War II immigration from the British West Indies has remained negligible, and the slow process of assimilation into Panamanian mestizo culture has been the result.

Some things have not changed. At the top of Afro-Antillean society are the Protestant ministers as well as professionals such as doctors, lawyers and white-collar workers. Some of Panama’s wealthiest families are of mixed African and Spanish ancestry. Poorer blacks were also able to obtain “upward mobility” through service in the Panamanian National Guard. Many were recruited into these units during the 1930’s and 40’s when few other avenues of advancement were open. The younger generations of Afro-Antilleans have in recent years often rejected their parents culture, adopting the Spanish language and Roman Catholic faith of their mestizo neighbors. Others, who were born in the Canal Zone and attended English language schools, were often unable to identify with either West Indian or Hispanic culture finding themselves on the margins of three cultures. The economic situation of many Afro-Antilleans living in the former Canal Zone reflects the legacy of American discrimination against this Panamanian minority, many remain poor and economically down trodden.

Discrimination has not always emanated from the U.S. presence in the country. The anti-black policies of the Panamanian government during the administration of President Arnulfo Arias (1931-1941) was blatantly racist. Arias went so far as to call for the deportation of all Afro-Antilleans, East Indians and Chinese in Panama. The early 1940’s were also among the most difficult for the black community. By the 1980’s a greater awareness of black pride and political activism resulted in the holding of three “Black Panamanian Congresses” in 1980, 1983 and 1988. This was an organized effort to reassert the Afro-Antillean position in Panamanian society by building a greater solidarity within the community itself. The situation surprisingly improved for the black community during the rule of General Noriega and today things seem to be better then in past years. The formal segregation that was once found in the Canal Zone has ended, the Panamanian government has enacted laws to ensure “equal treatment” for all of its diverse ethnic groups and a greater awareness of black culture and tradition continues to grow within the community.

Important areas of settlement of the Afro-Antillean community include towns and cities in the former Canal Zone such as Colon, Cristobal and Balboa, as well as the Rio Abajo area of Panama City. Another region of Panama that has a large Afro-Antillean population is in the northwestern province of Bocas del Toro. Bocas del Toro is located on the Caribbean coast just south of Costa Rica. Here the United Fruit Company introduced bananas at the turn of the century. Just as they had in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras they recruited Jamaicans in large numbers to work on the United Fruit plantations. During the 1940-‘50 period disease virtually wiped out the banana plantations. Cacao and abaca became the main crops. After a resistant strain of banana was introduced cacao and abaca was replaced, and once again the region became an important banana producing area. Most of the Afro-Antillean population is concentrated in the town of Bocas del Toro as well as in Almirante. The village of Bastimmentos is almost entirely of African ancestry. It is an island located 20 minutes from Bocas.

There are four distinct variations of Creole English spoken by Afro-Antilleans in Panama. The variations of Creole English spoken throughout Central America belong to the Western Caribbean Creole family of languages. The variety of Creole English spoken in the Bocas del Toro province is called Guari-guari and has an English base with Guaymi, Spanish, and possibly French influences. There is also one small Creole French speaking community in Panama that originally came from the Caribbean island of St. Lucia. They speak what is known as San Miguel Creole French and are the descendants of Creole French speaking Afro-Antilleans who arrived in Panama as laborers during the 19th century.

Afro-Panamanians have a long history of struggling for their freedom. From the earliest days of Spanish rule many were determined to live as free men and women in their own communities under their own rulers. In no other Central American nation were Africans as successful in obtaining these freedoms as they were in Panama with the existence of the 16th and 17th century maroon communities of the Darien. Latter, during the 19th and 20th centuries, thousands of Afro-Antillean workers gave their lives in the building of the Panama Railroad and Canal. Proud of their West Indian culture and way of life, they worked to overturn unjust American and Panamanian laws that discriminated against them. Although the fight for full equality in Panama is not over, and as late as the 1980’s the Afro-Antillean community still faced official government policies that were directed against them, the future of the community seems to indicate that Afro-Panamanians can keep both their unique way of life as well as play an increasingly important role in the life of Panama. A role that they have been playing now for nearly 500 years.


Mexico - Chiapas - Ocosingo - Up to 100 citizens - Santa Cruz Chacsí

Santa Cruz Chacsí - Chiapas

Facts about Santa Cruz Chacsí

Location of Santa Cruz Chacsí

Santa Cruz Chacsí is located in the municipality of Ocosingo in the Mexican state of Chiapas with the GPS coordinates:
Longitude (dec): -92.145278
Latitude (dec): 16.885556

Height over sea level of Santa Cruz Chacsí

The locations medium height over sea level is 1060 meters.

Population in Santa Cruz Chacsí

The over all population of Santa Cruz Chacsí is 55 persons, 30 of them are male and 25 of them are female.

Age distribution

The population of this place consists of 22 minors and 33 adults, with 5 of them being 60 years and older.

Indigenous population of Santa Cruz Chacsí

55 inhabitants of the location Santa Cruz Chacsí in Mexico live in indigenous households. 45 of the citizens 5 years and older, speak an indigenous language. The count of people who only speak an indigenous language without having knowledge of the Spanish language is 6 people, while 39 as well speak Spanish.

Social structure

A legal claim on health care and social insurance benefits have 0 citizens of Santa Cruz Chacsí.

Economic situation

In Santa Cruz Chacsí exist about 9 households.

Of these households 9 are common houses or apartments, 8 are without floor and about 1 consist of one room only.

School and education in Santa Cruz Chacsí

Besides the 9 analphabets aged 15 or older, about 1 minors between 6 and 14 are not visiting a school.

11 inhabitants of the population of 15 years and older did not visit a school and 19 persons did not finish the school. 0 visited only the 6 years lasting primary school, 4 visited and finished the college or similar scholar institutions.

Map of Santa Cruz Chacsí

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In discussion after discussion about what talent is or isn’t, most people get frustrated by the lack of evidence to explain it, that no one has found the signature DNA combination that points directly to a biological giftedness for specific skills. Most people throw up their hands and argue that a person just can’t be a great artist unless they have some sort of abnormal ambition, a driving force, at least that certain something. It’s gotta be passion that pushes the creative to do great things, they say, and that can only come naturally. Something they’re born with.

Fortunately now, the scientific research studies show a much more accurate picture of how talent is built, not born. Researchers such as Anders Ericsson, Carol Dweck, Robert W. Weisberg, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and a growing list of others are leading the way to demystifying the myth of talent. That any set of skills to attain mastery of a subject, especially in the creative fields of music, theater, writing, and painting can and are being taught. Fact is, passion can be taught.

Turns out, passion is contagious.

In small, focused training sites around the world from sports to music and art, students are discovering how even a subtle interest in their chosen endeavor can be expanded to a driving passion by exposure to intense training and ambitious colleagues. They’re called talent hotbeds, and the results from this training is remarkable.

One of many books that collates multiple studies of performance and training, The Genius in All of Us: New Insights into Genetics, Talent, and IQ, the author, David Shenk explains quite succinctly, “In any competitive arena, the single best way to inspire better performance is to be surrounded by the fiercest possible competitors and a culture of extreme excellence. Success begets success.”

Luckily, I had an instructor in my junior year at art school, a working illustrator, that told me, “no matter where you go, don’t be the best guy there.” His words came back to me when I applied for my first job out of school. I couldn’t know it at the time, but I’d stumbled onto a small hotbed of illustrators in Waterloo, Iowa, where six artists drove each other to do astonishingly good work. I dropped into that environment as the seventh illustrator, untrained, unaccomplished, and scared spitless. I had to compete on their level quickly or lose the job. That was my actual art education. Everyday for two years provided some new realization about being an illustrator. (Incidentally, Gary Kelley, the head of the department, emerged from that concentrated pool of artists.)

Currently, I’m involved in another hotbed, The Illustration Master Class, that has attracted a concentration of eager students, both professional and amateur, for over 10 years and is constantly growing. Attendees are surrounded by people with similar interests and near identical goals. They come from all over the world seeking information to build a career in illustration, galleries, gaming, etc.

Attendees’ drives are changed by the sheer concentration of topics and practical methods. Within one intense week, I’ve watched them drive each other, help each other reach as high as they can. The contagion starts with small successes that permit others to feel they, too, can reach for more. They learn quickly to not wait for a miracle that lands on them and showers them with the ‘gift’ they thought they craved.

There are scores of hotbeds developing across the globe, easily witnessed in sports performance. But there are also acting troupes, music camps, writing and art retreats, all extremely focused on making the small steps that become major experiences and lead to specific skills.

We are not superheroes. We’re not from Krypton, bitten by spiders, or descended from Valhalla. Yet nearly all of our normal story heroes became that way through adversity. We love that. We want to watch our heroes make the necessary steps to succeed, to overcome their worst fears because there’s something of us in all of them. We love to watch them fire their needs, ignite their passion to succeed, and we absolutely abhor a story when the achievements come too easily. That’s just bad storytelling.

Likewise, artists have their own stories to develop, their own struggles to conquer. We are not born with the fire, no matter what society may think we have. Like any endeavor, the fire builds as we go.

Daniel Coyle, author of The Talent Code, calls it ignition. That initial spark that sets us on a path, fires our imagination. In his fascinating book, Coyle describes how ignition is connected to experiences in our early lives, and can be stimulated by any environmental input that connects with a desire for future belonging. We constantly respond to signals from the environment, and those signals may arrive as visuals, of say, a successful artist:

“…each has to do with identity and groups, and the links that form between them. Each signal is the motivational equivalent of a flashing red light: those people over there are doing something terrifically worthwhile. Each signal, in short, is about future belonging. Future belonging is a primal cue: a simple, direct signal that activates our built-in motivational triggers, funneling our energy and attention toward a goal.”

Often, losing a parent at an early age may have significant effect. “Losing a parent at a young age was not what gave them talent; rather, it was the primal cue—you are not safe—that, by tripping the ancient self-preserving evolutionary switch, provided energy for their efforts, so that they built their various talents over the course of years, step by step…”

Ignition can come from so far back in our personal histories that we may not even be able to recognize its source. David Shenk: “… intense ambition evolves out of complex, real-world dynamics, settling into people’s psyches at different ages and circumstances—sometimes from extreme adversity, sometimes as a proxy for revenge, sometimes as a way of proving oneself to a beloved/feared parent or sibling, and so on. The collection of potential catalysts for intense ambition may never be entirely understood and will surely never be easily reproducible. But that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t try to understand the mechanism better, or apply its lessons.”

It’s so easy to be pulled into thinking the way most of the general public thinks about early aptitude or fascinating skills. The attitude is that there couldn’t possibly have been enough time for a young prodigy in any creative field as art, music, theater, or writing to be able to develop so accurately and so soon. It’s important to remember, as David Shenk says, “studies have now shown conclusively that mind-set, nutrition, parenting, peers, media culture, time, focus, and motivation all profoundly affect the development of abilities. All of these factors are in play from the first day of a child’s life (or earlier).”

I don’t know any working artist that hasn’t experienced doubt at some point about their skills as a painter. Most of it stems from our maturation in a society that constantly drives the idea that “one either has it, or they don’t,” consistently singing the praises of a ‘talent’ or ‘genius.’ But many studies show that children who show early promise do not necessarily continue into adulthood with that same promise. As psychologist Ellen Winner explains, “Technical perfection wins the prodigy adoration, but if the prodigy does not eventually go beyond this, he or she sinks into oblivion.”

Artists do not learn their skills at the same rate. This person understands perspective, and that one has a good sense for line, while that one works accurately with shape. It is an evolutionary process that’s different for each trainee. Developing professional skills of painting, for example, takes time, focus, and a driving need to delay gratification. The process of building a skillset needed to produce visual works consistently and on-schedule for a longstanding career takes dedication.

There’s much adversity to achieving the results we strive for. As Daniel Coyle puts it, “One forgoes comfort now in order to work toward some bigger prospective benefit later on. It’s not as simple as saying I want X. It’s saying something far more complicated: I want X later, so I better do Y like crazy right now. We speak of motivation as if it’s a rational assessment of cause and effect, but in fact it’s closer to a bet, and a highly uncertain one at that.”

Over the past ten to fifteen years I’ve been privately approached many times by students and professionals asking whether I think it’s possible for a mature adult to gain the kind of career they’d always hoped for. They worry that they’ve missed some kind of window to be a great painter, designer, illustrator. It’s not just young or old asking the question either. They range in age from 20’s to 60’s.

My answer is always to ask how much they want it. Even just this response inspires most of them to get focused and start training. They’ve already thought long and hard about it anyway. You know yourself how your own story of ignition spurred you to start drawing or continue on to art school and after. I’ve had to reassess and reevaluate my path several times throughout my career. I suspect I’m coming up to another reassessment, too. Just so you know: that’s part of the process of achievement.

Developing an abiding passion is part of that process. Deep inside, we know what we want, but we need to find out how to get it. Most of us just want the permission to try.

I keep in mind how David Shenk ends his amazing book. “Everything we know about epigenetics so far fits perfectly with the dynamic systems model of human ability. Genes do not dictate what we are to become, but instead are actors in a dynamic process. Genetic expression is modulated by outside forces. “Inheritance” comes in many different forms: we inherit stable genes, but also alterable epigenes; we inherit languages, ideas, attitudes, but can also change them. We inherit an ecosystem, but can also change it. Everything shapes us and everything can be shaped by us. The genius in all of us is our built-in ability to improve ourselves and our world.”

Passion is built. Passion is contagious. Passion grows through connection to other passionate trainees. And it lasts a long time. I’m reminded of the aging artist Bernini who would say to his apprentices as they pleaded with him to take breaks, “Leave me alone, for I am in love!”


2016　Photosynthesis and photobiology

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Academic unit or major
Undergraduate major in Life Science and Technology
Hisabori Toru  Tanaka Kan  Masuda Shinji
Course component(s)
Day/Period(Room No.)
Tue3-4(アイソトープ棟4F 講習室)  Fri3-4(アイソトープ棟4F 講習室)
Course number
Academic year
Offered quarter
Syllabus updated
Lecture notes updated
Language used
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Course description and aims

　This course focuses on basics for photosynthesis and photochemistry and related physical, chemical and biological subjects. Specifically, environmental sensing mechanisms of photosynthetic organisms, such as plant and algae, will be studied. The course enables students to understand how photosynthesis was established and arranged during the course of evolution of the earth and life.
The topics will include energy conversion mechanisms by photosynthesis, evolution of photosynthesis and photosynthetic organisms, molecular structure of photosynthetic apparatus, structure of plant cells and photosynthetic membranes, and regulation of photosynthesis. Students will experience how photosynthesis is important on the life on the earth.

Student learning outcomes

1) To explain how photosynthesis sustains life on the earth
2) To explain the molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis
3) To explain how photosynthesis is regulated depend on environmental changes
4) To explain how photosynthesis is established.
5) To comment on the current progresses in artificial photosynthesis

Photosynthesis, Photobiology, Spectroscopy, Biophysics, Electron transfer, Cell energetics, Protein complexes, Artificial photosynthesis

Competencies that will be developed

- - - -

Class flow

This course will be organized by three lecturers.

Course schedule/Required learning

  Course schedule Required learning
Class 1 What is photosynthesis. Basics of photosynthesis (Masuda) Understand the mechanisms of photosynthesis
Class 2 History of photosynthesis research (Hisabori) Understanding of the historical aspects on photosynthesis research
Class 3 Structure of photosynthetic cells (Tanaka) Understand cells structure for performing photosynthesis
Class 4 Properties of photopigments required for photosynthesis (Masuda) Understand molecular properties of pigments used for photosynthesis
Class 5 Photosynthetic light reaction 1 (Hisabori) Understand function of photosynthetic apparatus
Class 6 Photosynthetic light reaction 2 (Hisabori) Understand photosynthetic electron transfer
Class 7 Photosynthetic assimilatory reaction 1 (Hisabori) Understand ATP synthesis
Class 8 Photosynthetic assimilatory reaction 2 (Tanaka) Understand mechanism of carbon fixation
Class 9 Nitrogen in photosynthesis (Tanaka) Understand mechanisms for nitrogen-related regulation
Class 10 Regulation of Photosynthesis 1 (Masuda) Understand mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching and state transition
Class 11 Regulation of photosynthesis 2 (Hisabori) Understand mechanisms of redox regulation of photosynthesis
Class 12 Regulation of photosynthesis 3 (Tanaka) Understand regulatory system for controlling gene expression and chloroplast development
Class 13 Bacterial photosynthesis (Masuda) Understand mechanisms of bacterial photosynthesis, and evolution of photosynthesis
Class 14 Artificial photosynthesis (Guest lecturer or Masuda) Understand current progresses in artificial photosynthesis
Class 15 Co-evolution of earth, life and photosynthesis (Masuda) Understand evolutional histroty of the earth, life and photosynthesis

Reference books, course materials, etc.

Kimiyuki Sato (ed): Photosynthesis. Asakura-Shoten; ISBN 4-254-17657-0 C 3345. (Japanese)
Phosynthesis Education Team, The University of Tokyo; ISBN978-4-13-062214-1. (Japanese)
Robert E. Blankenship:

Assessment criteria and methods

Will be announced

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Posted: Oct 07, 2011 6:49 am
by twistor59
Teuton wrote:
mizvekov wrote:Do you find it unacceptable that a physical quantity might not be thought of as a definite value, but instead as a range of possible values, each with a different probability?

For every determinable physical property/quantity there is a range of possible determinate properties/quantities belonging to that determinable one; and there is certainly nothing "unacceptable" about assigning different probabilities to the various possible determinate ones. But physical reality cannot be reduced to mere possibilities or probabilities. The real properties of spacetime points or regions must be actual determinate properties.

Emphasis mine. But that is the very heart and soul of quantum theory. A system might or might not possess a definite value of such a quantity until a measurement is made. In the cases were it does not possess a definite value, quantum theory is not making definite predictions about individual systems, but rather about ensembles of systems.

Teuton wrote:
There may be a quick random oscillation between them such no spacetime point or region has the same determinate property for longer than some fraction of a second; but for every determinate time t there must be some determinate property had by the spacetime point or region in question.

It depends on the point of view you take - maybe the spacetime point itself is an abstraction ....


MLB Authentic Collection 59Fifty Cap

Yoni Alter Recreates the NIKE Air Jordan As a Multi-Color 3D Puzzle

The puzzle is made of 19 crafted resin parts this is a work of art.

The post yoni alter recreates the NIKE air jordan as a multi-color 3D puzzle appeared first on designboom

Kristaps Porzingis Joins Adidas Basketball

Kristaps Porzingis of the New York Knicks has joined the adidas Basketball family. The young superstar is entering just his second year in the NBA and has already made significant waves as a leader on the court. Porzingis will bring his one-of-a-kind game and personality to the most progressive footwear and apparel brand in the world.

Kristaps will lace up adidas Basketball's newest franchise, Crazy Explosive, in a variety of colors for the 2016-17 NBA season. He will play a collaborative and instrumental role in driving performance insights to create new footwear and apparel, while also being featured in upcoming brand campaigns, activations and global athlete tours.

New D Lillard 2 Drops "Dame Time"

adidas unveils a new colorway of the D Lillard 2 signature shoe for NBA All-Star Damian Lillard to wear during the start of the 2016-2017 season. Damian has earned a reputation for taking over in the clutch and the Dame Time edition of the D Lillard 2 is an homage to those moments.

"I've always practiced game-winning shots since I was a kid. My brother and I used to count down the finals seconds, and we wouldn't leave the hoop until we made it," Dame explained. "It's a routine that's helped shape my mentality in those final moments of a game. I'll just point to the watch, and you know what time it is."

Dame Time displays a tonal shot clock mosaic on a sharp red upper and embraces design cues from disappearing minutes in crunch time to reveal the iconic .9 seconds. Matching the ice in his veins, the latest D Lillard 2 also features iced out accents along the outsole and heel branding while gold hits on the lace tips and eyelets cap off the buzzer beating tribute.

NBX Running Collection - 728x90


Vanegas Blackberry

Carlos Vanegas Blackberry the spirit of the man is the support of his soul: How he could receive aid of the external thing? One same one commits the evil and is one same one that undergoes the consequences; or a same one is the one who stops taking I finish it, and thus is one…

You think that everything in life is easy? And he walked around the apartment and thought it was difficult. He revised the pictures of past years in my laptop. He drank coffee and smoked a cigarette nervously. He tried to play the guitar melody, stubbornly airplay head, but he could not. He could not think….


Spoiler alert - the names aren't Arya and Jon.

The Social Security Administration has announced the top boy and top girl name from each state from 2018. Think you know what they are? Let's check out the names for the entire country first -

How many Emmas and Liams do you know? Well, turns out Illinois doesn't have the same top two as the rest of the country. So what are our top two?

The most popular Illinois girl name - Olivia

The most popular Illinois boy name - Noah

So we're twinning with Michigan, but other than that, we're pretty unique from the rest of the Midwest.

You can check out the top names from your birth year here.


Do angels of the nations have to follow the 7 Laws of Noah?

The Seven Laws of Noah are commandments from G-d for the people of the Gentile nations to follow. Angels don’t have any inclination to rebel against the will of G-d, and they don’t have a set of commandments that they have to follow. For example, they don’t own property, so they have no desire to steal. They aren’t born from a father and mother, so they don’t have parents to honor; etc. G-d’s commandments all have to do with how human beings should think, speak and act within the physical world. The nations of the world need to legally support these commandments, since it should not just be up to the whim of individuals as to whether they will decide to follow these commandments or not. That is covered by the Noahide commandment to establish courts of law, in order to promote the observance of the other six commandments.