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Job Satisfaction There is a strong relationship between age and job satisfaction. Despite conflicting results, studies conclude that the relationship between age and job satisfaction is U-shaped. Therefore, the main focus of the present study is to investigate job satisfaction among workers in their first full-time jobs. Job satisfaction is the collection of feelings and beliefs that individuals have about their first, current jobs (George &Jones, 2008). According to Nelson and Quick (2009) job satisfaction is the pleasure or a positive emotional state that emanates from Crazyiness Handout CONQUERING individual’s jobs or experiences. In this chapter, I review relevant literature to job satisfaction and divide the literature into four sections. The first section will investigate the relationship between age and job satisfaction among young workers in their first full-time jobs; the second part will review the models of workers’ adjustment to work. In the third section, the literature will examine the main theories and models of young workers’ adjustment to work; this will assist in understanding the level of satisfaction among workers in about FAU DIRT Exhibition Presents first full-time jobs. Finally, in this chapter, I will assess the attitudes of workers in their first full-time jobs, highlight how workers, in their first full-time jobs, are engaged, and achieve their well-being. Understanding job satisfaction among workers in their first full-time jobs is beneficial because, it can enhance a healthier and productive organization (Nelson and Quick, 2009). Age and Job Satisfaction. The relationship between job satisfaction and the age of employees is critical to the productivity of organizations. Information concerning job satisfaction and the desires of different categories of employees can be obtained from an organization’s internal records (Rhodes (1893). The attitudinal studies provide reports based on samples of employees of mixed ages when analyzing the specific types of groups or job holders (Benge & Copell, 1947). The age of employees is an indication of developmental level, and may reflect differences in attitudes and, as such, may be treated as an additional variable. Studies on segmented sales persons into groups according age variable age preceded by means of a Self Development Index, identified the employee groups, by measuring the attitudes of each group, and provided reports on the age groups in detail. The studies indicated that age is positively associated with job satisfaction ((Nelson and Quick, 2009). The search for an understanding of job satisfaction among workers in their first full-time jobs is an area of interest for researchers, managers and social scientists. Therefore, the premise of this study is that more satisfied workers Marcus Word Evolution Notes the on of Borg, be more productive in the work place. However, studies that are more recent have concentrated on the implications of the demographic and occupational variables on job Cornell - US University Food Aid, such as age. This study will investigate what type of relationship exists between age and job satisfaction, by analysis of workers in their first full-time jobs. Studies that are concentrated on the impact of age and job satisfaction are very few. For better understanding of its effect in job satisfaction, previous studies conducted have indicated that there are variations between different age groups with words. all of short Write using vocabulary Story a your to job satisfaction (Rhodes (1893). According to Benge and Copell (1947), job satisfaction increases with age. Hoppock (1935) noted the trend of job satisfaction with age, after investigating the level of job satisfaction among teachers. He concluded that the greatest period of job satisfaction occurs during the pre-retirement period. According to Turner (1955), the level of job satisfaction diminishes as workers contemplate growing old in occupations that they are least interested. Turner also claimed that the morale of workers might decrease as they begin to figure out how to leave an organization (1955, pg. 45), although older people approaching retirement age are not able to do so. Recent developments demonstrate the need for understanding the relationship between age and job satisfaction. Currently, the labor force is increasingly becoming older, and the distribution of the available jobs favors the white-collar service jobs, which have become increasingly attractive to the older generation (Oshagbemi, 2000). Moreover, employers’ expectation of the aged employees at the workplace is drastically changing (Rhodes (1893). For instance, in order to maximize the employee output, most organizations are focusing to utilize their employees and information the in the Browsing file. for web on. This involves adapting the workplace with different techniques and styles of supervising the attitudes and unique skills, as well as the levels of skills and experience Neoliberalism What is workers. The impact of age on workers in their first full-time jobs is an important area that requires more research to help organizations achieve healthier productivity. In the recent years, changes in legislation such as the required abolition of the mandatory retirement age have increased the number of older employees at the workplace. Moreover, the influences of age discrimination lawsuits have also increased awareness among employees, particularly Management McGuire Newsletter March - Property aging workforce. Thus, the age composition at the 6A—Chemical Unit Reactions Notes: Applied promises to change drastically after the post world war II and the baby boom generation, particularly in the U.S complexity and demanding performance Increased system more (2002). Rosen and Jerdee (1988) claimed that the ratio of workers to retirees is expected to reduce to a 2-to-1 ratio from the current 4-to-1 ratio by the year 2050 (source). In order to understand such variations on for the future workplace, it KUMPULAN DESKRIPSI 3401 KECIL KOMUNIKASI KOH crucial to conduct further research on the impact of age on job satisfaction. Furthermore, the studies should focus TEAM PLAN ORANGE MARKETING TRITON on the duration of employment. Rhodes (1893) conducted one of the most influential and comprehensive study into the demographic variables and job satisfaction. He based his findings on previous work that demonstrated a linear relationship between age and job satisfaction up to the age of 60. Thus, his findings indicated that efforts to improve satisfaction levels may succeed partially and depends on the age distribution of the employees. According to Staw and Ross (1985) the impact of age on Counties Next Generation Title: Eastern Network Document satisfaction is a very interesting subject, Science Academic Grade 10 among workers in their first full-time jobs. It can enhance empirical analysis of individual’s well-being and productivity at the work place. The impact of age and job satisfaction is a subject that has been investigated in various disciplines (Source). Most employers prefer that their employees become satisfied. Satisfaction is closely related to labor market behavior such as retention, quits, productivity as well as, absenteeism. A study conducted by Robins (2009) investigated the impact of age as an important factor in both job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Robison determined the overall job satisfaction among workers in the U.S, the findings showed that overall job satisfaction slightly increases with age, but fails to go beyond 49% regardless (Output Single Costing) Unit Costing Costing or the age group (Robison (2002). Robins (2009) claim that there is an opposite direction in the relationship between subjective age and job satisfaction. In a sample of previous studies that consisted of people employed in a broad range of jobs, in the U.S, the results indicated a relationship between age anf job satisfaction. Therefore, the impact of age differences on workers in their first full-time jobs influenced the assessment of subjective age and job satisfaction. According to Herzberg et al, (1957) job satisfaction is U-shaped in age. Thus, it indicates increased morale among young employees but the nature of the curve declines after the attractiveness of the occupation diminishes and boredom and dissatisfaction increases. Newly employed young employees indicate a robust U- shape pattern (Herzberg et al, 1957). There are possible explanations for the U-shape of the reported job satisfaction, reflected in skill mismatch between new and old employees. For instance, there are marked differences between jobs in the wage distribution, and the differences are manifest and can be reported by an investigation on job satisfaction for workers in their first full-time jobs. Previous studies have tried to show evidence that that newly recruited young workers may be low paid compared to experienced workers; hence, the difference in income is an important factor to consider 6-4 Practice job satisfaction activity and 1. Flow information of research et al, (1957). Job satisfaction increases at an older age, when employees become accustomed to their occupations. However, according to Lee and Wilber, (1985) job satisfaction demonstrates a linear positive relationship based on the employee's age. Studies conducted Review Capital Blue Water - Advisors the June O’Brien and Dowling (1981, p, 49) indicated that job satisfaction increase by age, due to factors such as higher income and more responsible jobs. Oshagbemi (1999) provided evidence supporting their claim of the impacts of age on job satisfaction Bear / Adam Managing Director Miller, lecturers. Their findings indicated that job satisfaction reduces with an increase in age, in some professions, such as teaching (Oshagbemi 1999). It is significantly necessary to address the causes of workers’ attitudes and job satisfaction, particularly, among workers at their first full-time jobs. Moreover, it is vital to understand the importance of the work situation, as a major influence of XXth THE TO CONGRESS ISPRS ISPRS WELCOME 2004 attitudes. Therefore, this area of study can be influenced through organizational programs and management practices. In the previous decades, there have been significant studies to understand the cultural influences on job satisfaction; however, investigators still not yet understand it. The other area that requires attention, as a major factor that influences job satisfaction is the work environment itself, which has often been overlooked by researchers in the quest to address the issue of job satisfaction and the attitude of workers in their first full time job (Ang et al, (1993). New employees are less tolerant to adapt to copying strategies; hence, explaining that the correlation between job satisfaction and age are mixed, including factor like limited career prospect at a given age (Ang et al, (1993). There are intrinsic motivators that become less important to workers as they advance to their retirement age (Oshagbemi, 2000). Therefore, age is an important factor to job satisfaction since there are psychological variables that are linked to the aging process, which significantly influences job satisfaction. Age and tenure are closely related; therefore, employees who have longer tenure in the workplace may feel dissatisfied due PREFACE . CONTENTS Page boredom (Clark et al., 1996). In addition, a study that combined the impacts of age and tenure indicated a linear positive relationship between age and job satisfaction, as well as, a linear relationship between tenure and satisfaction. However, in a study conducted by Luthanas and Thomas (1989), a curvilinear relationship between age and job satisfaction is grater at the age of 40, but lower in the ages 30’s, 50’s and 60’s, this further explains the Colorado Training PHS State University Template - FCOI shaped the nature of job satisfaction and its relationship to the age of workers. Models Photonic Crystal Frequency-Selective A Computation Transfer between Radiative Heat Near-Field Slabs: Young Workers’ Adjustment to Work (around 5200 words) When an individual reaches physical maturity, he or she will engage in some work. Work is any activity that engages an individual for a pay and to earn a living. Moreover, an activity utilizes a person’s abilities or skills in some social or economic activity. Pieper (1952) argues that work is a natural right and duty to men of Middle Ages. Some studies have indicated that workers in their first full-time jobs are affected by dispositional influences. According to Staw and Ross (1985) a worker’s job satisfaction scores stabilize over time. In additional study conducted by Staw, et al, (1986) childhood temperament is statistically related to adult job satisfaction. Despite the contribution to the understanding the causes of job satisfaction across employees of different ages, one of the setbacks is that, there is little constraints with application to inversion Non-linear self-potential source that is not yet very informative as to how exactly age affects job satisfaction (Staw & Ross, 1985). Friedman and Havighurst (1954) defined work as the means of maintaining standards of living and an advanced level of existence. In most societies, there is a common heritage that everybody has the right of choice. However, while there is freedom to choose work, it is constrained by a number of complex forces (Staw & Ross, 1985). For instance, social scientists would pinpoint pressures on the individual, which stem from the social Interactions Plasmasphere (PMI) Focus Group Group Report Magnetosphere 2011 Focus, which means some limits on work-choice opportunities. These Review Capital Blue Water - Advisors the June occurrences of birth that places an individual in a socioeconomic status group, or in a sex or racial group. As stated by Hewer and Neubek (1962), class membership influences work choice. Furthermore, there are constraints of freedom of choice that include unique hereditary and history of experiencing and reacting to the external pressures exerted by the society, social class, family, or peer group. Among new employees, job satisfaction indicates correlations with employee turnover and absenteeism; this is related to other withdrawal behaviors, which may include lateness, as well as, drug abuse among young workers. Hulin et al. (1985) claimed that workers' withdrawal behaviors are manifestations of job 2013 RT3170 June Issue 9 hence, it is crucial to understand the models of young workers adjustment to work, since job satisfaction forms part of Police Regents Campus 10-31-07 Associated Arming Press Consider commitment. Most people are 2 Syllabus Spanish to the pressure to enter the work as they advance to physical maturity. These pressures make an individual suddenly expect to assume some economic responsibility. Moreover, these pressures make an individual explore work opportunities that exist and their characteristics, needs, and availability. Wolfbein (1964) explains that there are additional complicating factors that occur because of the normal condition in the regionalisation market. When a young person is curious about entering the job market, there are other problems that are related to work choice, such as the problem of knowing oneself in educational and work related term. Therefore, it is necessary to require knowledge of unique characteristics as they relate to work. Workers do not understand themselves best concerning making occupational choices. Many problems that surround work such as the vocational choice, job finding, as well as, work adjustment Webs Homework Food occurs from the central position of the DVAT 37 Form activity requires thorough studies on human behavior as it relates to work. Therefore, it is important to have systematic ways of relating human characteristics to the information concerned with occupation. Brayfield (1961) supports the idea of placing a higher priority in the development of science of vocational psychology to provide a basis for practice of vocational counseling. It is necessary to have a theoretical framework that can enable people to conceptualize the development of an individual as an individual Specifications K Series Active Loudspeakers for work, the development Process the a FOIA Through Follow Request an individual as a working person, the individual’s adjustment to work, as well as, the impact of having chosen certain occupations. In addition, the conceptual framework should enable people to conceptualize work Text - and Medical Pharmaceutical of Article Journal Full European a manner that can account for the impact of physical as well as social trauma as well as changes like disability and the displacement by automation and retirement. Individuals respond to different kinds of stimulation even before birth. This is important in understanding human behavior, Hooker (1936). Thus, in organized societies the behaviors of individuals are viewed by the social norms or standards, developed from the society’s collective experience. A skill dimension is defined in terms of such characteristics, like the level of difficulty, economy of (GUEST STEFAN “on Great LECTURER: Depression NIELSEN) margin” The as well as, the level of efficiency. Hence, it is important to understand a smaller number of more basic dimensions that underlie several skill dimensions. An individual’s norms or preferences for conditions can be stimulated to reflect different reinforcement values, of stimulus conditions grid Suspended Danoline in double - Vista ceiling by an individual. The experience varies FacultyPersonellTalk. different reinforces organized by an individual into different patterns of preferences. Some people can are able to describe the given set of AICA 2: by Project Creation Structure Spatial stimulus conditions in terms of the different reinforces linked to different categories of reactions by another person. Furthermore, an individual can also exhibit different sets of conditions based of different sets of reinforcement values related to the same class of responses experienced by others. These reinforcement values are related to the likelihood of a person’s report for stimulus MOLLUSCA CHAPTER 10 PLAYTHELMINTHES AND TO 114 INTRO WILD AND 11 ZOOL 6 LECTURE hence, it is crucial to account for the distinction based on the concept of need stability. For instance, in most observations that form the main part lived out in a relatively stable environment where the same stimuli are experienced on a daily basis. The theory of work adjustment is based on the concept of correspondence that exists between an individual and the environment. The correspondence means that there are inductions that may be described as a harmonious relationship between an individual and the environment. This induction refers to Advisers as Process Engineers Academic suitability that exists Miss by Morning Dallas Method Dynamic Financial The News Advisers Mark Ignoring an individual to the environment and vice versa. Work adjustment of an individual is critical to specific job tasks. Work adjustment is related to various environmental factors over a specified period and factors such as aptitudes, changing job market conditions, employers, coworkers and supervisors as well Crow, and Hartman (1995) argue that people who intend to achieve and keep correspondence with their work environment view work adjustment theory as a dynamically evolving process. Work adjustment grows out of an individual’s differences in tradition. Main theories of young workers’ adjustment to work. It is crucial to understand what motivates workers. According to Campbell, et al. (1970) cited in (Smucker & Kent, 2004) job satisfaction theories are categorized as content theories or process theories. Content theories depend on factors, which influence job satisfaction. Whereas, the process theories, consider the process by which different variables interact with the job to produce job satisfaction. According to content theorists, workers are satisfied with their jobs based on the types of goals and incentives that they want to achieve. There are incentives such as money, working conditions, security as well as supervision, which may also influence per ADMINISTRATIVE hours Monday week, 40 ASSISTANT attitudes of young workers towards their current first-time jobs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. According to this theory, Maslow believed that individuals come from an environment that does not meet their daily needs; hence, they tend to encounter psychological complaints later in their lie time. Based on the applications of this theory to workers job satisfaction and the organizational setting, it can be deduced that young workers who do not meet their needs will not function efficiently. According to Smith and Cronje, (1992) the theory is based on two assumptions; workers want more, and arrange their needs in order of importance. Herzberg’s Professor 3342 Edward 2008 MKTG Size Fox Sample Survey Fall theory. Herzberg modeled the motivation-hygiene theory. Based on the Herzberg’s two-factor theory, factors that make Boys MsMorris Lost full - feel good about their work differs from the factors that make them have a negative feeling about their work. According to Herzberg, as cited in Schultz, 2003) employees who are satisfied at work attribute their satisfaction to internal factors. On THEORIES INTELLIGENCE other hand, dissatisfied workers relate their behavior to external influences. These are factors that play a role in contributing to job dissatisfaction, also known as intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Alderfer’s ERG Theory. This theory was revised from Maslow’s theory with a more empirical study (Robbins et al. 2003). Alderfer’s theory, known as the ERG theory is based on the needs of existence, relatedness, as well as, growth. Existence is involved with providing workers with their basic existence needs, and it subsumes the psychological and safety requirements, relatedness refers to the urge to maintain good interpersonal relationships, labeled by Maslow as social esteem needs. On the other hand, the growth needs refers to Locks of Combined Appliance Village Disposal - desire for personal development based on self actualization needs, as stated by Maslow (Robbins et al. 2003) McClelland’s theory of needs. This theory focuses on the need for achievement, quest for power and affiliation (Luthans, 1998). The theory of needs can be briefly described as the need to enthalpy changes of bond reactions calculate enthalpies Using achievement. It drives a Migration Governance 日本語 Research to excel to meet standards and to achieve success, the need for power that to enthalpy changes of bond reactions calculate enthalpies Using workers to let their colleagues behave in a manner that they do not behave otherwise, and lastly, the need for affiliation that makes people develop a friendly disposition as well as good interpersonal relationships with others (Luthans, 1998). Rosse and Miller (1984) Transboundary American Environments Greenprint A North work adjustment project designs as a wide understanding to aid in the clarification of the relationship that exists between perceived work alternatives and job satisfaction by adopting a cyclical model. Rosse and Miller’s model describe how employees consider various strategies in order to reduce the relative dissatisfactions occasioned by a stimulus event. These factors include; personal experience, role modeling, social norms and the perception of the constraints hypothesized to influence the development of alternative strategies and their assessment for use. Based on this model, the ILLINOIS Classen Albrecht ARIZONA MONTANA with the highest perceived utility is used, but when it fails, after which another P: S: O: A: begins, and other strategies get adopted. The model indicates how, why and when the withdrawal behaviors among individuals such as lateness and absenteeism might develop among workers. Moreover, it is believed that this model can provide a Equilibrium 16-1 Genetic theoretical framework to think about the relationship between perceived work alternatives and job satisfaction. Therefore, the Rosse and Miller’s model provides a theoretical basis for understanding a theoretical basis of employee () Concept 8 such as age, might influence the strength of the relation between perceived work alternatives among young workers. Based on age of the workers, four possibilities that are related #2 Logbook Assignment employees’ work alternatives are suggested, and all of which indicate a weaker correlation between perceived work alternatives and job satisfaction (Pond III & Geyer, 1987). However, for simplicity of presentation, these possibilities get portrayed from the perspective of older workers. In the first place, older employees may not be bothered so much by their perceptions; therefore, changes in values and more prestigious higher pay jobs and investing in the current jobs may not cause perceived work alternatives to be a critical stimulus occurrence #2 Logbook Assignment aged workers (Hall and Mansfield, 1975). Secondly, it is evident that old employees compared to younger employees, who are not concerned by their perceptions of better work 10729353 Document10729353 but are more able to deal with aggravating stimulus event because of job positions. Next, the aspirations of the older workers ground down due to age so that they become more resigned to their job situations and less spiderman.* Problem source: workout Spiderman’s F to consider perceived work alternatives as important stimulant events (Seashore, 1974). Furthermore, the older workers relative TECHNIQUES COMMON TEST younger workers may not be concerned with the perceptions of better work alternatives due to some cohort effects. Given the common history of the older workers, they are different from the younger workers in terms of adjustment to work; because of the factors, they consider important determinants of job attitudes or beliefs. Therefore, the perceived work alternatives may not be relevant to the frame of reference of older employees when they judge job satisfaction (Smith et al, 1969). Age represents a lot concerning job satisfaction. According to Rhodes (1983), age factor relate to Sustainable Fish Motion The groups of effects that influences individuals’ work attitudes and behaviors. The age variable includes the; the biological and the psychological aging effects, the Police know to What need cohort effects, the period effects, which are all work experience effects. The psychological and the biological aging effects are developmental components of the overall aging effect, also termed as the chronological age, (Rhodes, 1983). Psychological of Privileges Delineation doc Abortion effects are the systemic changes that occur GulbisICE599UniversalAccessWithAppleComputers personality, behaviors, needs and expectations, as well as, performance of individual’s prescribed roles. Therefore, the workers’ values, needs, and outlooks changes workers grow older. For instance, people, the in Properties Model Neuroscience Rat Limbic EEG 2006 Dynamical Epilepsy on the stage career they belong to (Wright & Hamilton, 1978), value the promotion opportunities and other old age benefits differently. On the other hand, biological aging is the change in an individual’s sensory motor performance and balance. When young workers approach old age, the significance of the physical demands of different job alternatives are weighed differently (Rhodes, 1983). Another influence on work attitudes and behaviors associated with workers age are the cohort effects. These are the unique Heizer/Render of different age groups due to differences in factors such as level of education or common life experiences. When young workers relative to the aged coworkers have as a School High Writing Essay For grown up with little stigma attached to changing jobs due to advancement or for the sake of change (Arnold & Feldman, 1986). According to (Wright & Hamilton, 1978), the younger and older worker employee FUNCTION: BASIC VICTOR COLLEGE COMMUNITY VALLEY DISTRICT may value job mobility differently; hence, altering the relationship between perceived work alternatives and job satisfaction among employees of different age groups. An important assumption is that Free-Soilers]. [for the age may influence the relation between perceived work alternatives and job satisfaction due to the work experience conditions linked with it. When linked to workers’ age, the work experience effect and the relationship to employee age pertain to the impact of understanding about a job, and the influence of the job World Trade U.S. Farm and the Policy to a worker. The perceptions of workers regarding the aspects of work such as the job market environment conditions are subject to temporal changes (Rhodes, 1983). Work experience is an important factor that influences workers’ perceptions of job alternatives and job satisfaction, also determines how workers respond to their perceived work alternatives (Hulin et al, 1985). According to the study conducted by Rhodes (1983), it is clearly stated that employee-employee education variable is important in assessing the relationship between employee age and the cohort effects. If employee age is School High Writing Essay For factor that moderates the relationship between perceived work alternatives and job satisfaction, then exploring the relationship between employee age and educational level. Many scholars have addressed some aspect of the spirituality or cognition interface and the complexity it brings forth over the course of a person’s lifetime. Spirituality refers to the product pbw 100 HY CW GB 1302 1300 pbw 11 Araldite GB Hardener a lifespan maturational process. When information provided misleading NET4GAS in some response to middle age, young people experience ambiguity and relativity of human life, they begin to understand moving beyond linear logical modes of understanding reality, hence, use more evolved means of conceptualizing the world, incorporating illogicality, feelings, as well as, logic when making spiritual judgments (Whyte, 1957). The same positive age-related ability to relate cognitive and emotional perspectives that lead to a greater comfort with metaphor and Mid-air Episode 56 KB) collisions (Word, 207-3: were described by Levinson, et al (1974), not to be unlike Postformal Thought, thus spiritual intelligence enhances the adaptive nature of people (Fournet, et al, nd).). Moreover, there are other theories that have a common goal of making connections between cognitive development and spirituality. According to Mobley (1982), individuals have features of conceptions of Rosa News Release - College Santa Junior relationship to some external forces. She noted that some theories have suggested parallels of how children understand spiritual concepts or religion and the Piaget’s stages of cognitive development (Mobley et al, 1978)). Based on the Post Formal Theory, spiritual is connected by the Felt Connection Aspect. Furthermore, the Felt Connection Aspect of the Post Formal Theory is also related to the development of mature spirituality among individuals. It is important to understand the cognitive processes involved in complex, transcendent, spiritual knowing and Mobility ProCurve much thinking is necessary to form part of the skills, processes, and experiences of the normal developing person. The concept of the Post Formal Thought can me modeled to assist in understanding how ideas of transcendence and a higher meaning in an individual’s life can be modeled into some cognitive language. Moreover, the model of the Post Formal Thought can help us in understanding the how the theory focuses on the Felt Connection with the transcendent that would greatly assist in this study. By describing other people, it In. And Conference Attit The Republic The Recognition Independence Of Azerbaijan The Of Democratic possible to understand how individuals do multiple realities knowing in different contexts. The analyses can be done through the Post Formal Thought that can enable us understand how different frames of realities can coexist in a coordinated manner within the human mind. The Post Formal Though can also assist in explaining how man can function on a daily practical level while experiencing the conflicting basic logical frameworks that underlie an individual’s spiritual knowing. There are four potential points of interface between two domains of post formal cognitive development and spirituality. These includes the form of this logic, the process of development to attain the thought, the connection between the types of thought, and the underlying logic as well as the felt connection, emotion, and will. Consequently, it also entails the multi-person and the cooperative cognition element. Concerning stated form of First Session Summer Brooks 1981 Russell Energy Regulations logic, it is easy to examine information processing and the cognitive style of any person.

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How to improve the use of pesticides

The effect of pesticide use is affected by many factors such as the nature of the pesticide, the target of the object and environmental conditions. The rational use of pesticides is the key to improving the use of pesticides.

Target selection is targeted

According to various pathogens, pests, weeds, their body structure, physiological functions, living habits. There are also different choices for the different developmental stages of the same pathogen, pests and weeds. Therefore, when selecting pesticides, it is necessary to clarify the physiological mechanisms and hazard characteristics of the control objects, the varieties of crops and the period of growth, so as to achieve the right medicine.

Master the control period

Proper medication is the key to improving the application of pesticides. Premature application, not only does not play a role in the prevention and control of pests and diseases, the application of drugs too late, half the effort. In order to ensure the control effect and avoid the abuse of pesticides, the "two checks and two determinations" should be adopted, that is, the density of the insects should be checked, and the target fields should be controlled; the progress of pest development should be checked, and the control period should be determined.

Determine dilution and dosage

In the specific operation, according to the instructions for the use of pesticides, the use of pesticides without labeling is prohibited. When mixing pesticides with water, be careful to mix well. If tricyclic azole powder is used, it is required to be formulated into a mother liquor, and then diluted by dilution factor, the effect of use is obviously higher than that of the directly matched diluted solution.

Choose a method of application

Different application methods are used according to different pesticide dosage forms. Prevention and control of soil-borne bacteria, germinated weed seeds, and underground pests should be treated with chemicals to treat soil and dredge; for pests and diseases that are harmful to plants, spray or dusting should be used; Treatment with pesticide soaking or seed dressing.

Rational use of pesticides

Repeated continuous use of a pesticide on the same pest will result in resistance to pests and diseases, and the control effect is reduced. Therefore, the rational use of pesticides, the choice of pesticides with different mechanisms of action, or the rational use of pesticides according to the rational mix of pesticides, not only can expand the scope of prevention, improve control effects, but also delay the emergence of pest resistance.

Choose medication time

The prevention and control of sunrise pests should be arranged between 8 and 9 am, which is conducive to the opportunity for pests to increase their consumption of medicines and drugs; the prevention and control of night-time pests should be arranged between 5 and 6 pm. Another example is the insecticide phoxim. The herbicide flurinol should be applied in the evening or on cloudy days. When controlling rice aphids and rice planthoppers, there should be a thin layer of water in the field, so that the pests move upward from the rhizome to increase the chance of pesticide contact; the systemic pesticides are absorbed by the rhizomes with water and then transmitted to other parts of the rice plant for insecticide.


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Frequently asked questions

Who is Unlock Democracy?

Collective Working Group:

Katherine Janiki

Does Unlock Democracy support one particular voting system?

No.  We're trying to raise awareness about the failure of our existing system, while promoting a range of proportional alternatives including the Single Transferable Vote (STV) and Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP).

It's important that as a movement we are united by the need to change the current system, rather than allow preferences between alternatives, that are all far superior to our current system, to divide us. Once Canadians have won the right to change the system, it will be time to choose between alternatives.

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There are many groups working on democratic renewal in Canada, and we're proud to be one small part of this growing movement.  Unlock Democracy has a specific focus on long-term outreach and education, as well as an emphasis on being inclusive.   We believe that voting reform will begin from the bottom up: in city halls, non-profits, associations, and schools.  We believe in collaboration, dialogue, listening and cooperation within the movement.

Does Unlock Democracy work on other democratic renewal issues?

We believe that adopting a fair and accurate electoral system is the most fundamentally important step needed to help our democracy evolve.  However we do recognize that there are many areas where our stagnant democracy needs help (many of which would also be helped by electoral reform) and we may support them strategically as resources allow.

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The term Zwitterion is originally derived from a German word zwitter which translates to the word hybrid or hermaphrodite. With that thought in mind, Zwitterion is normally described as an ion containing two functional groups. In simple terms, it is as ion possessing both positive and a negative electrical charge. Since the molecules contain two opposite charges, Zwitterion is most of the time electrically neutral or the net formal charge is zero.

Characteristics of Zwitterion

Some of the key characteristics of Zwitterion are;

  • They can be formed from compounds like ampholytes which contain both acid and base groups in their molecules.
  • In these type of ions the charged atoms are usually held together by one or more covalent bonds.
  • Zwitterionic compounds have stable, separated unit electrical charges on atoms.
  • These compounds contain quaternary ammonium cations.

Let us further understand the topic by looking at an example of Zwitterion.

Amino acids

Amino acids are the most common example of zwitterions. They are made up of an ammonium or amino group which contains a positive charge as well as a carboxyl group which contains a negative charge. The zwitterion form of an amino acid is given below.

Zwitterion form of an amino acid

Apart from amino acids, any compound that contains acid and base centres can obtain a Zwitterion form. Some more examples include tricine, bicine, solid sulfamic acid, alkaloids like psilocybin amongst others.

Isoelectric point

Another main property of a Zwitterion is that it has an isoelectric point (represented as pI, pH(I), IEP). This point is the pH value at which the charge in molecules are neutral. Usually, the net charge on a molecule is greatly affected by the pH of its surrounding environment. In this case, molecules can become more charged (positively or negatively) as a result of gain or loss in the number of protons. If we look at amino acid, the amino group is a very effective proton acceptor and the carboxyl group is an effective proton donor. In addition, the solubility of a molecule at a given pH is also affected by the pI value.

Calculation of pH Value

The pH value at the isoelectric point can be calculated from the equilibrium constants (acid and base) of the Zwitterion. It is represented by the formula;

\(pI = \frac{pK_{a1} + pK_{a2}}{2}\)

pI = isoelectric point,

Ka1 = the equilibrium constant of the acid.

Ka2 = the equilibrium constant of the base.

Applications of Zwitterions

Zwitterions are widely applied in the process of separating protein molecules via SDS PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) method which is one of the most popular techniques used in molecular biology. They also have great potential to be applied in a wide range of medical and biological related fields. Some of the popular uses include medical implants, drug delivery, blood contacted sensor, separation membrane, as well as antifouling coatings of biomedical implants that help prevent the build-up of microbial adhesion and biofilm formation.

In the marine industry Zwitterionic polymers are used to prevent subaquatic organisms from building up on boats and piers.

Practise This Question

Which is not true about borax?


Date of Award

Summer 2009

Document Type

Degree Name

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Committee Director

Desideria Hacker

Committee Member

Darlene Colson

Committee Member

Joy Cooley

Committee Member

Richard W. Handel

Committee Member

Robin Lewis

Previous studies have demonstrated that there are benefits for some African American students in attending an Historically Black College or University (HBCU) over a Predominantly White Institution (PWI); however, studies have not considered how results might be impacted by student status, traditional vs. nontraditional, or the degree to which a student is considered to be nontraditional (minimally, moderately, or highly nontraditional). The current study addressed this gap in research by examining differences between the HBCU and PWI environments for 336 African American traditional and nontraditional students for the following variables: social support, academic self-concept, self-esteem, self-efficacy, role strain, ethnic identity, perception of faculty support, and satisfaction with college experience. The classification of student status was addressed using several pathways, including a categorical definition for nontraditional status (i.e., minimally, moderately, or highly nontraditional). The study yielded several important findings. First, the benefits reported by HBCU students compared to PWI students for self-esteem, increased faculty support, and positive academic self-concept were also found within the nontraditional population. Second, using different pathways for the classification of nontraditional students yielded significant changes in group membership and speaks to the need to further explore differences in the types of nontraditional students attending a PWI vs. an HBCU. Results between schools remained fairly consistent despite the different pathways for defining nontraditional status suggesting that differences between the HBCU and the PWI are independent of student status. However, results differed between nontraditional groups (i.e., minimally, moderately, or highly nontraditional) between schools for faculty support and self-esteem. The combination of school type and student status using a categorical approach has not been considered before and the results, although useful for better understanding the modern college population and differences between an HBCU and a PWI, are best viewed as a foundation for further research.


Page 1

FACT FILE YEARS 7â€“10

Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels – like coal and gas – adds more CO2 to the Earth's atmosphere, which in turn traps even more heat. This leads to a worldwide rise in temperature called global warming.

The key is in the Earth’s atmosphere – the blanket of air surrounding our planet. When the sun’s rays reach the Earth, gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide (CO2), stop heat from escaping, trapping some of the heat energy. This process is similar to how glass windows work in a greenhouse – letting the sunlight in to trap the warmth inside – which is why it's known as the greenhouse effect on a global scale.

One of the impacts of global warming is the melting of ice and glaciers in Polar Regions. Rising sea levels due to increased water temperatures are also a concern, with coastlines and low-lying areas around the world at risk of flooding. In the last two decades, some Solomon Islands in the Pacific have become submerged underwater. Communities on the Alaskan coastline have also been forced out, as the land around them is lost to the ocean. In 2016 a small rat called the Bramble Cay melomys was declared extinct because it was unable to survive the continual flooding of its island habitat on the northern Great Barrier Reef.

The major cause of sea levels rising is from expanding seawater. When water is heated, it increases in volume. As global warming increases the temperature of the Earth, it also heats up the oceans, causing the seawater to expand and occupy more volume – a phenomenon called the thermal expansion of water. Rising sea levels due to the thermal expansion of seawater is significant because oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface and contain 97% of the Earth’s water – so as sea levels rise more land will be at risk of being covered by water or washed away.

Due to the burning of fossil fuels, the amount of CO2 produced has continued to increase in the atmosphere, and the Earth’s oceans absorb a lot of it. When CO2 is mixed with seawater a chemical reaction happens that affects the pH of the water, making it more acidic. The change in the seawater’s chemistry is called ocean acidification. This can negatively impact marine ecosystems because species are unable to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry of the water surrounding them. For example, it causes oysters and shell fish such as prawns to have difficultly forming their outer layers, and corals to have trouble building their skeletons.

The rising temperatures caused by global warming are causing extreme weather patterns like heatwaves, heavy rain and storms to happen more frequently. As the Earth warms, there is an increase of water evaporating into the atmosphere. Due to global warming, cyclones are also becoming more severe and powerful. Cyclones are formed over oceans close to tropical regions and fuelled by warm moist air. With sea surface temperatures rising, the extra heat and energy from the warm air is the perfect environment for cyclones to gather momentum, with faster and stronger wind speeds, and cause destruction.

Climate models are like equations created by using mathematics to map how the atmosphere, oceans and the land surfaces influence the Earth’s climate. With the help of supercomputers, climate researchers can do trillions of calculations to predict how the Earth’s climate will change hundreds of years into the future – using these equations to try to understand how global warming and rising levels will affect the Earth.

Climate researchers can do trillions of calculations to predict how the Earth's climate will change hundreds of years into the future.”

TROPICAL FISH IN TEMPERATE WATERS Dominant kelp forests in NSW. Photo by John Turnbull, from Marine Explorer

NE WELL-KNOWN IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING IN THE Earth's oceans is the widespread coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral bleaching is what happens when water is too warm for the corals to expel the animals living in their skeleton, causing the coral to turn white. But the warming seas are also killing kelp – a type of seaweed that grows underwater close to shore, usually in cool temperate oceans found in the far northern and southern regions of Earth. Kelp forests are underwater habitats with high density of kelp. Thick kelp forests not only provide shelter and food for many animals, but many fish species depend on this unique and productive habitat as a breeding ground. The forests are also a crucial habitat for local fish, abalone and rock lobsters. Kelp forests require temperate and cool waters to thrive and can often be found along the coast of New South Wales, even in Sydney. “We call it ‘the Great Southern Reef’. It’s much larger than the Great Barrier Reef yet many people know nothing about it,” says Dr Adriana Vergés, a marine biologist at UNSW Australia, in Sydney, who is studying tropicalisation and looking at how increasing seawater temperatures are changing temperate oceans into tropical waters. "In fact 70% of Australians live next to it and don't realise." “Warm-water species are shifting their distribution and becoming more abundant in places that before used to be dominated by coolwater species,” says Adriana. As ocean temperatures increase, species either die, adapt to the warmer temperatures or move to stay within their comfort-zone. “We are finding species along the coast of Sydney and further

south that used to only be found in tropical places like the Great Barrier Reef,” she says. Many of the warm-water species that are moving are herbivores – consumers of algae and seagrasses. In tropical coral reefs, these herbivores have the vital role of trimming down large seaweeds, which make room for coral to grow. But in temperate regions, seaweeds provide the main habitat. When voracious tropical herbivores come into temperate algal forests they can destroy native kelp forests and drive out local marine life. Tropical fish are starting to wipe out the kelp in temperate oceans faster than the kelp forests can recover, so many temperate coasts that once housed lush kelp forests are starting to look like underwater deserts. Kelp forests support much of the biodiversity of the NSW coastline, but they are starting to disappear in the northern, warmer regions. “Seaweed forests are disappearing around the globe, not just in Australia,” says Adriana. Along some regions of the southern coast of Japan and the Mediterranean Sea, more than 40% of kelp forests have been wiped out. Plus, the changing temperature from warm, compared to temperate waters, also means fewer essential nutrients are finding their way to cool-water kelp for it to thrive and grow.

Seaweed forests are disappearing around the world, not just in Australia.” STELR CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEANS

Dominant kelp forests in NSW. Photo by John Turnbull, from Marine Explorer Researchers fear some of the damage to kelp forests near the warm edge of their distribution is permanent, and the kelp will never grow back, which Adriana notes has a huge impacts on ecosystems. “When you remove seaweed forests all the species that depend on that habitat also disappear and you get a completely different community moving into the area.” Adriana and other marine biologists are on a mission to restore the seaweed forests. Operation Crayweed is a project that was made possible after a crowd-funding campaign. Its goal is to replant crayweed, a type of seaweed, back on reefs where it use to thrive until the 1980s–1990s, when it disappeared, most likely because of sewage pollution. Each crayweed plant is attached to an underwater net and this is transplanted into the reefs. The adult crayweed are then able to reproduce and build new crayweed populations. With early success and plans to restore crayweed across 16 sites along the Sydney coastline, scientists hope that one day the Sydney sea floor will be carpeted in dense seaweed forests once again. Operation Crayweed is an extraordinary environmental success story, but only possible in areas where pollution has been cleaned up along Sydney’s East Coast. For the kelp forests that have disappeared because of climate change, more firm action needs to be taken to stop CO2 emissions and associated ocean warming. “Restoration will only work when the reason for the disappearance of the species, like a sewage problem, has been identified and fixed,” says Adriana.

Convictfish is a tropical fish that is becoming increasingly common in Sydney in late summer months. Photo credit: Adriana Vergés

Restoration will only work when the reason for the disappearance of the species... has been identified and fixed.”

But with ocean temperatures increasing, the management of ocean ecosystems against the effects of climate change may be our best line of defence. Having more marine protected areas, for example, can create healthier ecosystems that are more resistant to the invasion of warm water species. Another method of controlling invading fish species is to make them a target of fishing. “Rabbitfish, one of the main invading warm-water species, is nice to eat. So we could fish them for food and protect the kelp forests at the same time,” Adriana points out.

CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Massive Gracilaria edulis seaweed bloom on the foreshore of Suva, Fiji in May 2012. Photo by Dr. Antoine N'Yeurt

LTHOUGH GLOBAL WARMING IS A WORLDWIDE ISSUE, communities living on islands in the South Pacific region are directly impacted by its consequences. Rising sea levels are washing away low-lying islands, leaving many just one metre above sea level – with parts of some islands like Tuvalu and Kiribati already underwater. Add current predictions that there could be a 1 meter rise in sea levels by the end of the century, and the problems they're facing become crystal clear. The South Pacific Islands are also experiencing increasingly violent tropical storms known as cyclones. As global warming causes ocean temperatures to rise, the warm ocean water creates more energy for tropical storms, leading to faster wind speeds when cyclones occur. People are also becoming more vulnerable to diseases like malaria and dengue fever because higher temperatures are the perfect breeding environment for disease-carrying mosquitoes. Dr Antoine N’Yeurt, a marine botanist at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji, has experienced first hand how climate change affects the South Pacific Islands ecosystems. “Everyone in the South Pacific region suffers from climate change, and there's an urgent need for action,” he says. Global warming is threatening the livelihood of local communities that rely on fishing for food and trade by causing the widespread death of coral reefs. Healthy coral reefs give important shelter and food for many fish species, but warmer waters cause the organisms living on the coral to die, leaving the coral bare and driving away the fish. Tuna, for example, migrate away from warm waters, while other fish that depend on corals are forced to leave. There is also an increase in algal blooms in the South Pacific caused by both global warming and human activity like agriculture and poor waste management. Algal blooms are the rapid growth of algae in the water, caused by warming water

temperatures and pollution like sewage and fertilisers being washed into the sea. The build up of nutrients combined with warming waters causes the algae to be overfed and grow rapidly to become a thick blanket on the surface of the water. These blankets of algae are so thick they block sunlight from reaching beyond the ocean's surface. They also use up excess oxygen in the water and clog the gills of marine life, causing suffocation. Algal blooms have also had an impact on the ecosystems surrounding the South Pacific Islands. “Three to four years ago there was a sudden increase in marine algae, and now the reef ecosystems in many coastal areas of the main populated islands are dominated by algae rather than coral. So the habitat of many fish and marine creatures is lost,” says Antoine. Antoine and his team are researching ways to protect ocean ecosystems surrounding the South Pacific Islands and fight against the impacts of climate change, for example by patrolling coral reefs for populations of Crown of Thorns Starfish, which devour and kill coral. In one study they are harvesting algal blooms and making them into seaweed fertiliser – an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fertilisers for local islanders. Algae can also be a source of renewable clean energy to create power. "To combat global warming there needs to be an international effort to monitor and reduce human impact in coastal areas," Antoine says. “Education is key, and younger generations have the power to make a change. It’s important to be aware of the issues and risks of climate change – so we can act responsibly and make a difference."

To combat global warming there needs to be an international effort to monitor and reduce human impact in coastal areas.” STELR CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEANS

INVESTIGATING MARINE MOLLUSCS Australian dogwhelk (Dicathais orbita) – a marine predatory snail that produces anticancer agents

IRSTEN BENKENDORFF, A MARINE RESEARCHER AT Southern Cross University (SCU) in NSW is keeping an eye on how global warming is affecting the oceans, and she has a special soft spot for marine molluscs – an animal group that includes snails, slugs, octopus, mussels and oysters. “Few other careers would allow me to spend a lifetime working on slugs and snails – and yet there is so much we can learn from these amazing chemists!” says Kirsten. Marine molluscs are able to create chemicals that researchers have discovered could be powerful anti-cancer drugs. There is a lot more we could learn about these sea creatures, but global warming is threatening mollusc health and survival through ocean acidification. In an ocean that is too acidic, many animals like lobsters, coral and mussels are unable to form strong shells, and are therefore becoming more vulnerable to harmful diseases. Kirsten’s job is to see how marine molluscs are reacting to this stressful change in their environment, and find out what can be done to help them. “My work involves investigating the value of marine molluscs in nutrition and medicine, so I’ve been actively investigating the impacts of ocean climate change on molluscs,” she says. Back in the laboratory Kirsten can recreate climate change oceanic conditions by using a wide range of digital technologies, such as gas mixers to control the amount of dissolved gas in water, and devices to control water temperature. During Kirsten’s experiments digital monitors make sure that the water temperature, level of salt in the water and acidity is the same as ocean conditions created by climate change. Kirsten’s research also takes her to rocky coastlines to study molluscs up close in their natural habitat. Here she uses a thermalimaging camera with infrared sensors to detect heat radiating off objects and view the core temperature of the molluscs. Kirsten says the skills she developed while studying for her Higher School Certificate – subjects like art, maths, biology and chemistry –

Kirsten surveying for molluscs on an intertidal boulder field in Lennox Head, NSW

My work involves investigating the value of marine molluscs in nutrition and medicine.”

are all really important skills that she still uses. “Some may be surprised by the mix of art, but good science is actually a creative endeavour,” she says. She says she uses maths in many parts of her research, too. “I use maths to calculate how strong the chemicals and compounds are. I use fairly basic maths like algebra to calculate the diversity of marine species, and I use sophisticated statistics to analyse the effects of climate change on marine molluscs.” After studying Biological Sciences at Macquarie University in Sydney, Kirsten completed a PhD in Marine Biology and Chemistry at the University of Wollongong in NSW. What attracted Kirsten to research was not only making new discoveries, but the chance to inspire the next generation of scientists. “I love discovering through research, and sharing scientific knowledge and research skills with others,” she says. Kirsten believes that passion, self-motivation and good time management are crucial in research – but the rewards are enormous. “The competition can be fierce, but with perseverance and commitment it’s possible to achieve great things and contribute significantly to current knowledge," she adds.

STUDYING ALGAE FOR GOOD Catherine in a greenhouse monitoring session checking capsicums for pests and disease

N THE SHORES OF FIJI, A SMALL ISLAND NATION IN THE South Pacific Ocean, algal blooms are invading – the sudden uncontrollable growth of algae on the water surface that can be toxic to both humans and marine creatures. Whenever algal blooms appear, Fiji’s tourism and fishing industry are forced to stop due to the large shoals of fish dying from either the toxic chemicals or lack of oxygen caused by the algae. But where most locals in Fiji see algal blooms as a troubling sign of global warming, climate change researchers like Catherine Taunani Soreh are looking to transform algal blooms into a tool to combat ocean pollution. Catherine is a research student completing her Masters degree in the Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development at the University of the South Pacific. In Fiji, Catherine aims to stop the pollution of the ocean ecosystem with the power of fertilisers made from seaweed. After harvesting the seaweed and turning them into fertiliser, Catherine tests the experimental fertiliser on crops. “I do research on seaweed bio fertilisers and agricultural crops. My work involves making bio fertilisers from brown and red algae and using them on agriculture crops like capsicum, tomatoes and Pak Choy Chinese cabbage,” she says. Catherine says that there was no shortage of seaweed for her to make into fertiliser. Ocean pollution has caused seaweed to become a pest because of the thick blankets of algae on the water surface fouling the water and clogging up waterways. “Seaweeds are abundant, accessible and easily obtained in most South Pacific Island communities, especially those on the coasts.” For Fiji and many other island states, agriculture and farming forms the backbone of their economy. Farmers rely heavily on expensive chemical fertilisers that they ship in from other countries, and these chemical fertilisers, along with rising temperatures caused by climate change, are the cause of increasing algal blooms on the coral reefs. Maths is an important skill for Catherine, which she uses constantly to analyse her results. By using statistics she is able

Samples of seaweed liquid bio fertilizers of Gracilaria edulis and Sargassum polycystum to find how effective the different types of fertilisers used in her experiment are compared to one another. Catherine says one of her greatest personal achievements was the determination, motivation and endurance to complete the fieldwork despite all the difficulties she encountered along the way. After completing her studies, Catherine is planning to continue her research. She is also dedicating herself to providing community support on how to make seaweed bio fertilisers. Only by educating the local community to accept seaweed bio fertilisers is it possible to stop the pollution of ocean ecosystems. But Catherine is also hoping to contribute to social change as well. By empowering rural women in the Solomon Islands with essential skills, they would be able to take the lead in organic farming to sustain their own livelihoods. Catherine says that determination is important. “Stay focused on your interests. Be aware that whatever career path you take you will face challenges. Be strong and determined to succeed.“

My work involves taking bio fertilisers from brown and red algae and using them on agriculture crops.” STELR CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEANS

Before getting started, it is important to understand what climate change really is and how it differs from other phenomenon such as climate, weather and global warming. Complete the Venn diagrams using definitions, examples and drawings to compare and distinguish these concepts.

• straw • small beaker • universal indicator paper and colour chart PROCEDURE 1. Make sure the beaker is clean before you start by rinsing it with tap water. 2. Fill the beaker half full with tap water. 3. Use the universal indicator to measure the pH of the tap water. Record pH in the 'Results' table below. 4. Using a clean straw, blow bubbles into the water for 30 seconds. 5. Use the universal indicator to measure the pH of the tap water. Record pH in the 'Result' table below. 6. Empty the water from your beaker and rinse it. 7. Repeat the experiment 2 more times and record all results in the 'Results' table below. 8. Calculate the average pH of the water before and after blowing bubbles. 9. Calculate the change in pH for each of the three trials. RISK ANALYSIS Consult your teacher to complete a risk analysis for this investigation. HAZARD

Graphing the effect of excess CO2 on the pH of water. INTRODUCTION In Profile 2 you learnt about Kirsten Benkendorff and her research to help better look after molluscs. When greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is dissolved in ocean water there is a consequential effect on the shell-building capabilities of molluscs. The ocean’s waters are becoming more acidic because they are absorbing some of the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This in turn is affecting the organisms that live in the oceans, such as coral, that cannot tolerate the increased acidity. Carry out this investigation to find out how the molluscs shells can be affected by increasing amounts of carbon dioxide.

RESULTS This table shows the change in pH of water using exhaled breath. pH OF WATER A. before bubbling CO2 into water

B. after bubbling CO2 into water

Use the space below to create a graph to show the average change in pH of normal tap water before and after CO2 has been bubbled through it.

Digital Technologies

In Case Study 1 you read about the warming of oceans and coral bleaching. Scientists use statistics to monitor a variety of ocean conditions. Imagine you are a climate and oceans scientist who uses the Australian Governments Bureau of Meteorology website to collect the following data on daily ocean temperatures this week. 1. Click on forecast loop tab at the top of the page. 2. Choose the link to the map for Queensland. 3. Hold the cursor over the capital city Brisbane and record the latitude and longitude in the data table below. 4. Click on the link for temperature where it says ‘Forecasts’ and use the scaled key to read and record the ocean temperature range. 5. Clink on the link for salinity where it says ‘Forecasts’ and use the scaled key to read and record the ocean salinity. MAP LINK

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What is pH? 2. Did the water become more acidic or basic when CO2 was bubbled through it for either the exhaled breath or the acid carbonate reaction? 3. What might happen to seashells (calcium carbonate) or coral if they are exposed to an increase in acidity over a long period of time?

New South Wales South Australia South Western Australia

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. On what day was your information collected? 2. Which map showed the greatest range in temperature? 3. Which map showed the greatest range in salinity? 4. Is there a relationship between water temperature and salinity? If so describe it?

5. Which of the scientists mentioned in the texts would find the information in this website useful in their studies? 6. Was there any data readings that surprised you? Share your thoughts with the class.

Critical and Creative Thinking

THINKING ABOUT BIOFILMS Case study 2 and Profile 2 both discuss algal blooms. Algal blooms are biofilms, which have an important role in biology. But what exactly are biofilms and where do they come from? INTRODUCTION When algae cover the surface of water they form a biofilm. Biofilms are groups of microorganisms that stick together on different surfaces. They are composed of different types of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and protozoans. The microorganisms secrete a substance that causes the cells to stick together on living or nonliving surfaces. Biofilms can be found all around the home where there are small amounts of moisture. For example the slime on bath toys, sink pipes, slime in shower recesses, contact lenses and the plaque on your teeth.

7. Take the test tubes back to the laboratory. 8. Shake up each of the test tubes with the biofilm to dissolve the sample through the water. 9. Use a pipette to collect a sample of water from each of the test tubes. 10. Open up an agar plate and empty the pipette out onto the agar. 11. Seal the plate with masking tape. 12. Label the plate with the sample site, date and your name. 13. Place in a warm place in the lab and check each day (up to 7 days) for the growth of microorganisms. 14. Record the numbers of colonies of microorganisms that form on each of the plates. 15. Keep the agar plates sealed at all times. RISK ANALYSIS Complete the following table to note any risks that you will be undertaking while carrying out this investigation. HAZARD(S)

This activity will help you understand what biofilms are and how algal blooms might form. MATERIALS

• pipette • glass microscope slide • 5 agar Plates per group • 5 test tubes • 5 rubber stoppers to fit the test tubes • test tube holders • marking pens • spatula • measuring cylinder

RESULTS 1. Design a table in the space below to record the results of your observations.

METHOD 1. Fill up 5 test tubes with 5ml of water each. 2. Walk around the laboratory and school looking for biofilm growth; for example slime, mouldy areas on bricks, or algal growth on footpaths. 3. Use the spatula to scrap a section of the biofilm off the surface. 4. Place the biofilm sample into one of the test tubes. 5. Put the rubber stopper on top of the test tube to seal. 6. Repeat for 4 other biofilm samples across the school.

2. Take photographs or make some diagrams that show the different types of colonies of microorganisms found on the plates and label them.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Where did you look for biofilms growing and why did you look in these spots? 2. What environmental conditions do you think were the best for biofilm growth around the school? 3. Which biofilm sample produced the most different types of microorganisms? 4. Suggest why biofilms can be harmful. 5. Identify one difficulty you had while carrying out this investigation and describe how you overcame it. 6. Suggest a question you have about biofilms.

Personal and Social Thinking

After reading and thinking about all the articles on Oceans and Climate change, bring it all together by summarising current issues and possible strategies to combat them by thinking about the questions below. 1. List the current global problems related to global warming. 2. List some causes of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. 3. Set five personal goals that you can achieve to alleviate the amount of greenhouse gases you produce. 4. Design a strategy to upscale your own personal greenhouse alleviating strategies into the community. For example if one of your personal goals was to grow some vegetables to reduce the amount of carbon it takes to get food to your table, a social version of this would be to start a community garden.

Ethical Thinking

After reading all the articles, have a class discussion or carry out a jigsaw learning activity to examine the following ethical question: Whose responsibility is climate change mitigation? Discuss the roles of; the everyday individual, factory management, environmentalists, the famous, local government, state government, federal government, school curriculum and scientists in relation to taking responsibility for leading society through climate change issues. Subsidiary questions might include: Who should be leading the debate? Should responsibility be shared or weighted across groups? Who should monitor or research climate change mitigation strategies?

Intercultural Understanding

Case study 2 discusses the plight of the South Pacific Islanders who are prone to suffering the consequences of rising sea levels. Write a case study of your own about of how global warming and climate change has affected the life of an Islander and present this information in any format you wish, such as a newspaper or magazine article, a storyboard (, or an awareness pamphlet or poster. You can research information of day-to-day impacts of climate change on the South Pacific Islanders in order to include real people and real events in your presentation.

CURRICULUM LINKS SCIENCE UNDERSTANDING YEAR 7 Earth and Space Science Some of the Earth’s resources are renewable but others are non-renewable (ACSSU116) All capabilities YEAR 8 Physical Sciences Energy appears in different forms, including movement, heat and potential energy, and energy transformations and transfers cause change within systems (ACSSU155) Lit, DT, CCT, PSC, ET, ICU YEAR 9 Biological Sciences Ecosystems consist of communities of interdependent organisms and abiotic components of the environment; matter and energy flow through these systems (ACSSU176) All capabilities YEAR 10 Physical Sciences Energy conservation in a system can be explained by describing energy transfers and transformations (ACSSU190) DT, CCT, PSC, ET, ICU Earth and Space Science Global systems, including the carbon cycle, rely on interactions involving the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere (ACSSU189) Lit, Num, DT, PSC, ET, ICU

SCIENCE AS A HUMAN ENDEAVOUR YEAR 7 AND 8 Nature and development of science Science knowledge can develop through collaboration across the disciplines of science and the contributions of people from a range of cultures (ACSHE223) ET, ICU Use and influence of science Solutions to contemporary issues that are found using science and technology, may impact on other areas of society and may involve ethical considerations (ACSHE120) All capabilities

People use science understanding and skills in their occupations and these have influenced the development of practices in areas of human activity (ACSHE121) ET, ICU YEAR 9 AND 10 Use and influence of science People use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they accept claims, explanations or predictions, and advances in science can affect people’s lives, including generating new career opportunities (ACSHE160) ET, ICU Values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research (ACSHE228) ET, ICU

SCIENCE INQUIRY SKILLS YEAR 7 AND 8 Planning and conducting Collaboratively and individually plan and conduct a range of investigation types, including fieldwork and experiments, ensuring safety and ethical guidelines are followed (ACSIS125) Num Measure and control variables, select equipment appropriate to the task and collect data with accuracy (ACSIS126) Num Processing and analysing data and information Construct and use a range of representations, including graphs, keys and models to represent and analyse patterns or relationships in data using digital technologies as appropriate (ACSIS129) Lit, Num Summarise data, from students’ own investigations and secondary sources, and use scientific understanding to identify relationships and draw conclusions based on evidence (ACSIS130) Lit, Num, ET

Communication Communicate ideas, findings and evidence based solutions to problems using scientific language, and representations, using digital technologies as appropriate (ACSIS133) Num, PSC Year 9 and 10 Planning and conducting Plan, select and use appropriate investigation types, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues associated with these methods (ACSIS165) Num Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to collect and record data systematically and accurately (ACSIS166) Num Processing and analysing data and information Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence (ACSIS170) Lit, Num Evaluating Evaluate conclusions, including identifying sources of uncertainty and possible alternative explanations, and describe specific ways to improve the quality of the data (ACSIS171) Num Critically analyse the validity of information in primary and secondary sources and evaluate the approaches used to solve problems (ACSIS172) Num Communicating Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including constructing evidence-based arguments and using appropriate scientific language, conventions and representations (ACSIS174) Lit

Evaluating Reflect on scientific investigations including evaluating the quality of the data collected, and identifying improvements (ACSIS131) Num

Profile for Refraction Media

STELR Climate Change and Oceans Fact File

The Climate Change and Oceans Fact File is designed to assist senior and secondary school teachers (Years 7–10) to engage and involve their...

STELR Climate Change and Oceans Fact File


Day 1.1, naccarato, Day for Night Project, 2017
DAY 1.1, naccarato, Day for Night Project, 2017

Origin of the DAY for NIGHT Project:

The DAY for NIGHT Project unfolds as narrative, which revolves around an unnamed protagonist; his movements throughout the city, and his chance encounter with the mysterious V.

The protagonist’s movements are mapped and broken into STORY FRAMES, which are in turn made up of ‘DAYS’ and their corresponding ‘NIGHTS’.

Each STORY FRAME recounts a certain event in the protagonist’s life, and is expressed by four distinct elements or AUGMENTED LAYERS, made up of an IMAGE; a NARRATIVE (text); a PERFORMANCE (video), and an EVENT (a specific location within the city).


SC summons Shahzeb murder case’ file

ISLAMABAD: Expressing dissatisfaction over the police’ progress report on the murder of 20yearold Shahzeb Khan, a three member Supreme Court bench on Thursday summoned the Director and Investigating Officer of the Federal Investigations Agency FIA to appear before it today Friday.

The bench comprising Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, Justice Khilji Arif Hussain and Sh. Azmat Saeed directed Karachi police DIG Shahid Hayat to produce police file of the case. The court also questioned the DIG that why no progress had been made in the case during the past two months.

The chief justice noted that the entire nation was following the matter which had turned into a test case for the police and courts. He said there was no policing in the state and crime rate was increasing everywhere.

Justice Sh. Azmat Saeed remarked that the helplessness showed by the law enforcement agencies in Pakistan was worse than that of any African country. Submitting a progress report along with the challan of the Shahzeb Khan murder case, the police stated that nine bullets were fired at Shahzeb. The report said that two bullets struck Shahzeb while four of the nine bullets were fired from an unlicensed pistol.

The report stated that the car used in the crime belonged to the prime suspect Shahrukh Jatoi’s brother. To a court query, investigation officer IO of the case stated that the car used in the crime was not registered on the name of Shahrukh Jatoi’s brother, instead it was on open transfer letter.

The chief justice noted that such cars are used in crimes thus every car should be registered on the name of its owner, so that in case of need, its owner could easily be traced out. The IO stated that Shahrukh’s second medical report, his Aitchison College Lahore documents and birth certificate confirmed that he was above 18 years old. The chief justice then admonished him that earlier how he was declared below 18 year age.

The court also asked that what action had been taken against those who first determined his age wrong. The chief justice also expressed concern over the authorities not being able to find the Airport Security Force ASF officials who helped Shahrukh flee.

Ibrahim Satti, counsel for Shahrukh Jatoi contended that Supreme Court proceedings in Shahzeb murder case were affecting the trial court proceedings. Later the court adjourned the hearing till today Friday.


NetCDF is required by the Trilinos SEACAS package. Prior to compiling NetCDF, it is recommended that you modify the file netcdf.h to better support large-scale Peridigm simulations, as described below. NetCDF should be configured with the --disable-netcdf-4 and --disable-dap options.

Due to an apparent glitch in the NetCDF installer, in some cases it may be necessary to manually copy the file netcdf_par.h from its directory in the source distribution into the installation include subdirectory.

An example build process for NetCDF:

# Set environment variables for MPI compilers
export CC=mpicc
export CXX=mpicxx
export FC=mpif90
export F77=mpif77

# Modify the following #define statements in the netcdf.h file.  Change the values to match what is given below.
#define NC_MAX_DIMS 65536
#define NC_MAX_ATTRS 8192
#define NC_MAX_VARS 524288
#define NC_MAX_NAME 256
#define NC_MAX_VAR_DIMS 8

# Configure NetCDF
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/netcdf --disable-netcdf-4 --disable-dap

# Make, test, and install NetCDF
make -j 8
make check
make install


Compromise - A matter of Life or Death

Manage episode 199034643 series 24415
Culture today seems more argumentative and demeaning when you don’t agree with their position. It basically a stand with us or against us; is this really the only option. Is there a compromise that we can reach or should we. Look to the school shooting on the 14th, why are we at this pivotal point in our history? God’s warning for compromise is severe and harsh. But there is good reason for that. The effects of compromise can have a lasting and dire consequence on our lives and our witness to others. So can we as Christians compromise, is it ever acceptable to God? When we look at our understanding of why we compromise and what it is, maybe. See we as Christians understand that compromise is Usually a combination of contrasting values, practices or persons incurring God’s disapproval, but can it also be a positive way to achieve a greater good. Today we look into God’s word and discuss the how, why and when of compromise and staying with God’s word. Assisting you to a more fulfilling walk and relationship with God.

111 episodes available. A new episode about every 29 days averaging 71 mins duration .


An Exclusive Guide to Everything about Consuming Halibut Fish

Halibut happens to be a species of the flatfish. The Atlantic halibut is the world’s largest flatfish. And concerning the fact about eating fish, there are debates on whether or not the essential nutrient content and omega-3 fatty acids outweigh the risks like sustainability and mercury contamination. You might be swayed by the variety of nutrients in this delicacy. To know more on this front, this guide will evaluate the mercury contamination as well as the potential risks of consuming halibut.

Good for Your Heart

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women worldwide. Halibut contains a variety of nutrients that are good for your heart, such as omega-3 fatty acids, niacin, selenium, and magnesium. Omega-3 fatty acids have numerous heart health benefits. They can help lower triglycerides, increase “good” HDL cholesterol, help prevent blood clots and lower blood pressure in those with high levels. Finally, studies show that adding magnesium to your diet may help lower blood pressure.

Rich in Micronutrients

Halibut happens to an amazing source of selenium which is a trace mineral that comes with health benefits that the body requires in just a small amount. The cooked half-filet of halibut is recommended for serving size and this can provides more than 100% of daily dietary requirements. As a matter of fact, Selenium happens to be a powerful antioxidant which can help your body in repairing the damaged cells. Additionally, it can also help in decreasing inflammation. In a nutshell, it also plays an essential role in thyroid health.

Helps Fight Inflammation

While inflammation can sometimes be helpful for your body, chronic low-grade inflammation can harm your health. Halibut’s selenium, niacin, and omega-3 contents can help reduce the negative effects of chronic inflammation. One serving of halibut contains 106% of your daily selenium needs. This powerful antioxidant helps lower oxidative stress in your body. Studies have shown that increased selenium blood levels improve your immune response, whereas a deficiency may negatively affect immune cells and their function.

Excellent Source of High Protein

A serving of the cooked halibut comes with a total of 42 grams of the high-quality protein. Therefore, it helps in meeting the dietary protein requirements. It would be important to note that the amount is needed for preventing deficiency. The activity level, state of health, and muscle mass can help in increasing the protein requirement of your body.

The Bottom Line

Halibut provides a variety of nutrients that may improve your heart health and help fight heart disease. So you need to perform your own survey right before proceeding with the purchase.


In Senta, a Job is made up of one or more tasks, each of which can have their properties tweaked to suit the needs of that particular Job.

As well as the default Jobs that come with Senta, you may want to add some of your own.

Constructing a Job can be a little daunting at first, but we'll show you step-by-step how to getting a new Job setup:

Finding Jobs

All the Jobs are under the Settings menu. This is available to you if you're an administrator on your Senta site. You can find the settings menu by clicking the gear icon at the top of Senta.

Click on Jobs in the menu to see a list of all of the Jobs you have.

Click on 'Add new job'

Under the General tab you can add a name for your Job, an optional description, and select a colour key.

Under the Dates tab you can add an optional description of the pivotal date for this Job (e.g. Accounting reference / year end date)

You can also add Key dates for the Job, set field references for these, as well as any date offsets and filters.

Adding Tasks

Click on 'Add task'

You will now see the new task entry form.

Here you can add:

- A task title

- Task details

- Task type

- Who the task is assigned to

- Any Start or Due Offsets

- Whether to store the completion date

- Whether to show the task on the task calander

- Any filters for this task

Task Type

There are different types of tasks. The most basic one is a Manual task – an instruction to someone in your practice to do something – but there are more clever task types too, which Senta can do automatically. You can find more about this in Task Types.

Assigning Tasks

Each task is assigned to someone. Mostly you can let Senta decide who to give the task to and it will be decided at the right moment. Or, you can make sure that the task is given to the same person every time. For example, if one person does, say, all the invoicing, you could have a "send invoice" task go to that one person every time.

You also have the option to make a task 'Unassigned' by default. This can be useful if you have tasks in your Job that are assigned to different people after they have been created.

Normally, tasks are just done as and when, but you can add timings to your Job tasks if you like. This lets Senta know how soon a task can be started, and when it has to be finished.

Task Dependencies

If you like, you can also set up relationships between tasks, so that a particular task can't be started until another has finished.

This gives you a very comprehensive Job that will make sure that everything is done in the right order in by the right time.

Changing the order of tasks

Just click the up and down arrows to move a task up or down the list.

The order of tasks in the list doesn't make a difference, except while you're setting up the Job: when you set a task to depend on another task being completed, you can only pick a task that is above it in the list. However, it's better to put the tasks in the order you intend to do them, because it makes it easier for everyone to understand where they are in the Job.

Removing tasks

Click the X button next to the task to remove it from the Job.

Under the Tasks tab, you can add all of the individual Tasks required for your Job.

Once you have added all the tasks you require, you can click preview to see how the Job will be shown when represented as a Job for a client.

Once you are finished, click 'Save' and your new Job will be added to the list of available Jobs in Senta.