The Top 5 Pipe Bursting Myths

Plumbermosman pipe-burst

Pipe bursting isn’t essentially a new method of replacing pipes. This trenchless solutions has been around for quite some time but wasn’t that much used until now. There are plenty of myths that made pipe bursting unappealing to repair contractors. Here’s the list of common pipe bursting myths and the actual truth behind it.

1. The method is only applicable when you need to expand pipe size

While it’s true that enlarging the pipe size is a feature pipe bursting; it’s not necessarily that expanding is pipe bursting’s only purpose. This assumption was made popular during the commercialisation of this method. The misconception also leads to the higher pricing of pipe bursting in the past. In reality, this pipe replacement solution is very commendable when replacing various types of pipes — especially when you’re trying to create less disruption as possible. It’s even highly recommended to use this method for a variety of situations. Pipe bursting is perfect for areas that have heavy traffic since it causes miniscule destruction. It can also be used if you don’t want to do massive clean-up when replacing a pipe. There are other applications for this solution which is why repair companies are starting to prefer it over methods.

2. It’s too costly for a trenchless method

Most trenchless methods in the past were expensive because there weren’t many service providers. Pipe bursting also had a high operating cost in the past due to the limited tools. Some companies who practise pipe bursting have to rent equipment. This jacked up the pricing of the service.
Things are much different today since most pipe repair services now have access to such tools. Many pipe repair/replacement companies are now starting to see the cost-effectiveness of the method. This prompted them to adapt pipe bursting as one of their solutions in replacing pipes. You’ll be able to find a lot of affordable pipe bursting services today.

3. Pipe bursting isn’t ‘trenchless’ since it requires a bit a of excavation

This is a common misconception about a method being trenchless. You see, trenchless doesn’t imply that a pipe rehabilitation/replacement has zeroed dredging. Trenchless means that there is less excavation and destruction. Pipe bursting has an 85-95% less dredging if you compare it to open-cut excavations.

4. It only uses HDPE pipes

In general, pipe bursting actually takes advantage of different pipe materials. Although, there is one specific bursting technique that exclusively uses HDPE. This method is called pneumatic pipe bursting. Static pipe bursting uses more than one type of pipe for its application. It uses thermal PVC, joint PVC, ductile iron, and many more.

5. Comparing CIPP with pipe bursting

CIPP and pipe bursting are both trenchless methods but they’re under different types. Pipe bursting is under trenchless replacement while CIPP is from pipe rehabilitation. Take note that rehabilitation works by integrating a resin liner or pipe to repair a pipeline. The destroyed/old pipe is removed from the sewer line and replaced with a new one in pipe replacement.

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Fun Fact: Designs and builds furniture as a side hobby.
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Assault Airrunner

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Optimal for Interval Training: Because the Assault team knows the effectiveness of interval training, our treadmill was designed with HIIT in mind. Burning up to 30% more calories than a motorized treadmill, users can change speeds at will. In addition, this badboy has no maximum speed, so feel free to push it as hard as possible.


We Are Generation Earth

I stumbled across the BBC documentary mini-series Supersized Earth on Netflix and it’s really quite fascinating. Host Dallas Campbell explores how humans have changed the face of the Earth over the past 100 years by visiting some of the largest engineering projects around the world. They are just mind boggling. In Hong Kong, over 3.5 million people live above the fourteenth floor. That’s like lifting the entire city of Chicago into skyrises. Our open face mines dive even deeper into the earth than our cities rise. We have dammed over 1/3 of the world’s river flow capacity. And our cities don’t flood because we can divert  rivers through underground caverns with pumps that could drain a swimming pool in a second.

The pace of change is increasing too. In 1936 Hoover Dam was the tallest dam in the world. Today it doesn’t even make it in the top 25. The South To North aquifer under construction in China, designed to relieve water shortages in the north, will be one of the longest rivers in the world–longer the the width of the continental US. China is also leading highway construction. In the last 20 years they’ve built more highways than exist in the US.

Another fascinating feat: a boat designed to transport the untransportable. Campbell visits the Blue Marlin which is preparing to transport an oil rig across the Pacific Ocean. Because the oil rig cannot be lifted, the Blue Marlin must sink 10 meters underwater to scoop it up.

Overall the documentary is very well produced, with slick animations woven with satellite images and some very impressive views. Campbell keeps it interesting too, undertaking some challenges at each stop, like downhill bike racing, cleaning windows on the world’s tallest building, and detonating explosives at a mine. It’s since been removed from Netflix, but you can still see parts of it on Youtube.

Episode 1 (can’t find it), Episode 2Episode 3


Temperature measurements and instrumentation

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Temperature measurement using modern scientific thermometers and temperature scales goes back at least as far as the early 18th century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit adapted a thermometer (switching to mercury) and a scale both developed by Ole Christensen Røemer. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use, alongside the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale.

Important devices for measuring temperature include:

  • Thermometers
  • Thermocouples
  • Thermistors
  • Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
  • Pyrometers
  • Langmuir probes (for electron temperature of a plasma)
  • Infrared

The theoretical basis for thermometers is the zeroth law of thermodynamics which postulates that if you have three bodies, A, B and C, if A and B are at the same temperature, and B and C are at the same temperature then A and C are at the same temperature. B, of course, is the thermometer.

The practical basis of thermometry is the existence of triple point cells. Triple points are conditions of pressure, volume and temperature such that three phases (matter) are simultaneously present, for example solid, vapor and liquid. For a single component there are no degrees of freedom at a triple point and any change in the three variables results in one or more of the phases vanishing from the cell. Therefore, triple point cells can be used as universal references for temperature and pressure. (See Gibb's phase rule)

Under some conditions it becomes possible to measure temperature by a direct use of the Planck's law of black body radiation. For example, the cosmic microwave background temperature has been measured from the spectrum of photons observed by satellite observations such as the WMAP. In the study of the quark-gluon plasma through heavy-ion collisions, single particle spectra sometimes serve as a thermometer.

A clinical mercury thermometer

A thermometer (from the Greek θερμός (thermo) meaning "warm" and meter, "to measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a value (e.g. the scale on a mercury thermometer). Thermometers increasingly use electronic means to provide a digital display or input to a computer.

Primary and secondary thermometers

While an individual thermometer can measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. There is today an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely, based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers. The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65 K (−272.5 °C; −458.5 °F) to approximately 1,358 K (1,085 °C; 1,985 °F).

Mercury-in-glass thermometer

Thermometers can be calibrated either by comparing them with other calibrated thermometers or by checking them against known fixed points on the temperature scale. The best known of these fixed points are the melting and boiling points of pure water. (Note that the boiling point of water varies with pressure, so this must be controlled.)

The traditional method of putting a scale on a liquid-in-glass or liquid-in-metal thermometer was in three stages:

1. Immerse the sensing portion in a stirred mixture of pure ice and water at 1 Standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa ; 760.0 mmHg) and mark the point indicated when it had come to thermal equilibrium.
2. Immerse the sensing portion in a steam bath at 1 Standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa ; 760.0 mmHg) and again mark the point indicated.
3. Divide the distance between these marks into equal portions according to the temperature scale being used.

Other fixed points were used in the past are the body temperature (of a healthy adult male) which was originally used by Fahrenheit as his upper fixed point (96 °F (36 °C) to be a number divisible by 12) and the lowest temperature given by a mixture of salt and ice, which was originally the definition of 0 °F (−18 °C).(Benedict, 1984) (This is an example of a Frigorific mixture). As body temperature varies, the Fahrenheit scale was later changed to use an upper fixed point of boiling water at 212 °F (100 °C).(Lord, 1994)

These have now been replaced by the defining points in the International Temperature Scale of 1990, though in practice the melting point of water is more commonly used than its triple point, the latter being more difficult to manage and thus restricted to critical standard measurement. Nowadays manufacturers will often use a thermostat bath or solid block where the temperature is held constant relative to a calibrated thermometer. Other thermometers to be calibrated are put into the same bath or block and allowed to come to equilibrium, then the scale marked, or any deviation from the instrument scale recorded.(Benedict, 1984) For many modern devices calibration will be stating some value to be used in processing an electronic signal to convert it to a temperature.

Precision, accuracy, and reproducibility

The "Boyce MotoMeter" radiator cap on a 1913 Car-Nation automobile, used to measure temperature of vapor in 1910s and 1920s cars.

The precision or resolution of a thermometer is simply to what fraction of a degree it is possible to make a reading. For high temperature work it may only be possible to measure to the nearest 10°C or more. Clinical thermometers and many electronic thermometers are usually readable to 0.1°C. Special instruments can give readings to one thousandth of a degree. However, this precision does not mean the reading is true.

Thermometers which are calibrated to known fixed points (e.g. 0 and 100°C) will be accurate (i.e. will give a true reading) at that point. Most thermometers are originally calibrated to a constant-volume gas thermometer.[citation needed] In between a process of interpolation is used, generally a linear one. (Benedict, 1984) This may give significant differences between different types of thermometer at points far away from the fixed points. For example the expansion of mercury in a glass thermometer is slightly different from the change in resistance of a platinum resistance of the thermometer, so these will disagree slightly at around 50°C.(Duncan, 1973) There may be other causes due to imperfections in the instrument, e.g. in a liquid-in-glass thermometer if the capillary varies in diameter.(Duncan, 1973)

For many purposes reproducibility is important. That is, does the same thermometer give the same reading for the same temperature (or do replacement or multiple thermometers give the same reading)? Reproducible temperature measurement means that comparisons are valid in scientific experiments and industrial processes are consistent. Thus if the same type of thermometer is calibrated in the same way its readings will be valid even if it is slightly inaccurate compared to the absolute scale.

An example of a reference thermometer used to check others to industrial standards would be a platinum resistance thermometer with a digital display to 0.1°C (its precision) which has been calibrated at 5 points against national standards (-18, 0, 40, 70, 100°C) and which is certified to an accuracy of ±0.2°C. (Reference Thermometer).

According to a British Standard, correctly calibrated, used and maintained liquid-in-glass thermometers can achieve a measurement uncertainty of ±0.01°C in the range 0 to 100°C, and a larger uncertainty outside this range: ±0.05°C up to 200 or down to -40°C, ±0.2°C up to 450 or down to -80°C. (Temperature Measurement)

Thermocouple plugged to a multimeter displaying room temperature in °C.

A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and control and can also be used to convert heat into electric power. They are inexpensive and interchangeable, are supplied fitted with standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. The main limitation is accuracy: system errors of less than one degree Celsius (C) can be difficult to achieve.(Technical Notes)

Any junction of dissimilar metals will produce an electric potential related to temperature. Thermocouples for practical measurement of temperature are junctions of specific alloys which have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperature and voltage. Different alloys are used for different temperature ranges. Properties such as resistance to corrosion may also be important when choosing a type of thermocouple. Where the measurement point is far from the measuring instrument, the intermediate connection can be made by extension wires which are less costly than the materials used to make the sensor. Thermocouples are usually standardized against a reference temperature of 0 degrees Celsius; practical instruments use electronic methods of cold-junction compensation to adjust for varying temperature at the instrument terminals. Electronic instruments can also compensate for the varying characteristics of the thermocouple, and so improve the precision and accuracy of measurements.

Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry; applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and other industrial processes.

Principle of operation

In 1821, the German–Estonian physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that when any conductor is subjected to a thermal gradient, it will generate a voltage. This is now known as the thermoelectric effect or Seebeck effect. Any attempt to measure this voltage necessarily involves connecting another conductor to the "hot" end. This additional conductor will then also experience the temperature gradient, and develop a voltage of its own which will oppose the original. Fortunately, the magnitude of the effect depends on the metal in use. Using a dissimilar metal to complete the circuit creates a circuit in which the two legs generate different voltages, leaving a small difference in voltage available for measurement. That difference increases with temperature, and is between 1 and 70 microvolts per degree Celsius (µV/°C) for standard metal combinations.

Practical use

A thermocouple measuring circuit with a heat source, cold junction and a measuring instrument.

Voltage–temperature relationship

Polynomial Coefficients 0-500 °C
n Type K
1 25.08355
2 7.860106x10−2
3 -2.503131x10−1
4 8.315270x10−2
5 -1.228034x10−2
6 9.804036x10−4
7 -4.413030x10−5
8 1.057734x10−6
9 -1.052755x10−8

For typical metals used in thermocouples, the output voltage increases almost linearly with the temperature difference (ΔT) over a bounded range of temperatures. For precise measurements or measurements outside of the linear temperature range, non-linearity must be corrected. The nonlinear relationship between the temperature difference (ΔT) and the output voltage (mV) of a thermocouple can be approximated by a polynomial:

\Delta T = \sum_{n = 0}^N a_n v^n

The coefficients an are given for n from 0 to between 5 and 13 depending upon the metals. In some cases better accuracy is obtained with additional non-polynomial terms(Thermocouple Database). A database of voltage as a function of temperature, and coefficients for computation of temperature from voltage and vice-versa for many types of thermocouple is available online(Thermocouple Database).

In modern equipment the equation is usually implemented in a digital controller or stored in a look-up table; older devices use analog circuits.

Piece-wise linear approximations are an alternative to polynomial corrections(Thermocouple Calibration).

Cold junction compensation

Thermocouples measure the temperature difference between two points, not absolute temperature. To measure a single temperature one of the junctions—normally the cold junction—is maintained at a known reference temperature, and the other junction is at the temperature to be sensed.

Having a junction of known temperature, while useful for laboratory calibration, is not convenient for most measurement and control applications. Instead, they incorporate an artificial cold junction using a thermally sensitive device such as a thermistor or diode to measure the temperature of the input connections at the instrument, with special care being taken to minimize any temperature gradient between terminals. Hence, the voltage from a known cold junction can be simulated, and the appropriate correction applied. This is known as cold junction compensation.

It is worth noting that the EMF (or voltage) is NOT generated at the junction of the two metals of the thermocouple but rather along that portion of the length of the two dissimilar metals that is subjected to a temperature gradient.

Alternatively cold junction compensation can be performed by computation using look-up tables (Baker) and polynomial interpolation.

Power Production

A thermocouple can produce current, which means it can be used to drive some processes directly, without the need for extra circuitry and power sources. For example, the power from a thermocouple can activate a valve when a temperature difference arises. The electrical energy generated by a thermocouple is converted from the heat energy which must be supplied to the hot side to maintain the electric potential. A continuous flow of heat is necessary because the current flowing through the thermocouple tends to cause the hot side to cool down and the cold side to heat up (the Peltier effect).

Thermocouples can be connected in series to form a thermopile, where all the hot junctions are exposed to a higher and all the cold junctions to a lower temperature. The output is the sum of the voltages across the individual junctions, giving larger voltage and power output. Using the radioactive decay of transuranic elements as a heat source, this arrangement has been used to power spacecraft on missions too far from the Sun to utilize solar power.

Thermocouple wire is available in several different metallurgical formulations per type, typically, in decreasing levels of accuracy and cost: special limits of error, standard, and extension grades.

Extension wire

Extension grade wires made of the same metals as a higher-grade thermocouple are used to connect it to a measuring instrument some distance away without introducing additional junctions between dissimilar materials which would generate unwanted voltages; the connections to the extension wires, being of like metals, do not generate a voltage. In the case of platinum thermocouples, extension wire is a copper alloy, since it would be prohibitively expensive to use platinum for extension wires. The extension wire is specified to have a very similar thermal coefficient of EMF to the thermocouple, but only over a narrow range of temperatures; this reduces the cost significantly.

The temperature-measuring instrument must have high input impedance to prevent any significant current draw from the thermocouple, to prevent a resistive voltage drop across the wire. Changes in metallurgy along the length of the thermocouple (such as termination strips or changes in thermocouple type wire) will introduce another thermocouple junction which affects measurement accuracy.

Certain combinations of alloys have become popular as industry standards. Selection of the combination is driven by cost, availability, convenience, melting point, chemical properties, stability, and output. Different types are best suited for different applications. They are usually selected based on the temperature range and sensitivity needed. Thermocouples with low sensitivities (B, R, and S types) have correspondingly lower resolutions. Other selection criteria include the inertness of the thermocouple material, and whether it is magnetic or not. Standard thermocouple types are listed below with the positive electrode first, followed by the negative electrode.

Type K (chromel–alumel) is the most common general purpose thermocouple with a sensitivity of approximately 41 µV/°C, chromel positive relative to alumel.(ASTM, 1974) It is inexpensive, and a wide variety of probes are available in its −200 °C to +1350 °C / -328 °F to +2462 °F range. Type K was specified at a time when metallurgy was less advanced than it is today, and consequently characteristics vary considerably between samples. One of the constituent metals, nickel, is magnetic; a characteristic of thermocouples made with magnetic material is that they undergo a step change in output when the magnetic material reaches its Curie point (around 354 °C for type K thermocouples).

Type E (chromel–constantan) has a high output (68 µV/°C) which makes it well suited to cryogenic use. Additionally, it is non-magnetic.

Type J (iron–constantan) has a more restricted range than type K (−40 to +750 °C), but higher sensitivity of about 55 µV/°C. The Curie point of the iron (770 °C)(Buschow) causes an abrupt change in the characteristic, which determines the upper temperature limit.

Type N (Nicrosil–Nisil) (Nickel-Chromium-Silicon/Nickel-Silicon) thermocouples are suitable for use at high temperatures, exceeding 1200 °C, due to their stability and ability to resist high temperature oxidation. Sensitivity is about 39 µV/°C at 900 °C, slightly lower than type K. Designed to be an improved type K, it is becoming more popular.

Platinum types B, R, and S

Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium alloy for each conductor. These are among the most stable thermocouples, but have lower sensitivity than other types, approximately 10 µV/°C. Type B, R, and S thermocouples are usually used only for high temperature measurements due to their high cost and low sensitivity.

Type B thermocouples use a platinum–rhodium alloy for each conductor. One conductor contains 30% rhodium while the other conductor contains 6% rhodium. These thermocouples are suited for use at up to 1800 °C. Type B thermocouples produce the same output at 0 °C and 42 °C, limiting their use below about 50 °C.

Type R thermocouples use a platinum–rhodium alloy containing 13% rhodium for one conductor and pure platinum for the other conductor. Type R thermocouples are used up to 1600 °C.

Type S thermocouples are constructed using one wire of 90% Platinum and 10% Rhodium (the positive or "+" wire) and a second wire of 100% platinum (the negative or "-" wire). Like type R, type S thermocouples are used up to 1600 °C. In particular, type S is used as the standard of calibration for the melting point of gold (1064.43 °C).

Type T (copper–constantan) thermocouples are suited for measurements in the −200 to 350 °C range. Often used as a differential measurement since only copper wire touches the probes. Since both conductors are non-magnetic, there is no Curie point and thus no abrupt change in characteristics. Type T thermocouples have a sensitivity of about 43 µV/°C.

Type C (tungsten 5% rhenium – tungsten 26% rhenium) thermocouples are suited for measurements in the 0 °C to 2320 °C range. This thermocouple is well-suited for vacuum furnaces at extremely high temperatures. It must never be used in the presence of oxygen at temperatures above 260 °C.

Type M thermocouples use a nickel alloy for each wire. The positive wire contains 18% molybdenum while the negative wire contains 0.8% cobalt. These thermocouples are used in vacuum furnaces for the same reasons as with type C. Upper temperature is limited to 1400 °C. It is less commonly used than other types.

In chromel-gold/iron thermocouples, the positive wire is chromel and the negative wire is gold with a small fraction (0.03–0.15 atom percent) of iron. It can be used for cryogenic applications (1.2–300 K and even up to 600 K). Both the sensitivity and the temperature range depends on the iron concentration. The sensitivity is typically around 15 µV/K at low temperatures and the lowest usable temperature varies between 1.2 and 4.2 K.

Thermocouple comparison

The table below describes properties of several different thermocouple types. Within the tolerance columns, T represents the temperature of the hot junction, in degrees Celsius. For example, a thermocouple with a tolerance of ±0.0025×T would have a tolerance of ±2.5 °C at 1000 °C.

Type Temperature range °C (continuous) Temperature range °C (short term) Tolerance class one (°C) Tolerance class two (°C) IEC Color code BS Color code ANSI Color code
K 0 to +1100 −180 to +1300 ±1.5 between −40 °C and 375 °C
±0.004×T between 375 °C and 1000 °C
±2.5 between −40 °C and 333 °C
±0.0075×T between 333 °C and 1200 °C
J 0 to +700 −180 to +800 ±1.5 between −40 °C and 375 °C
±0.004×T between 375 °C and 750 °C
±2.5 between −40 °C and 333 °C
±0.0075×T between 333 °C and 750 °C
N 0 to +1100 −270 to +1300 ±1.5 between −40 °C and 375 °C
±0.004×T between 375 °C and 1000 °C
±2.5 between −40 °C and 333 °C
±0.0075×T between 333 °C and 1200 °C
R 0 to +1600 −50 to +1700 ±1.0 between 0 °C and 1100 °C
±[1 + 0.003×(T − 1100)] between 1100 °C and 1600 °C
±1.5 between 0 °C and 600 °C
±0.0025×T between 600 °C and 1600 °C
Not defined.
S 0 to 1600 −50 to +1750 ±1.0 between 0 °C and 1100 °C
±1.5 between 0 °C and 600 °C
±0.0025×T between 600 °C and 1600 °C
Not defined.
B +200 to +1700 0 to +1820 Not Available ±0.0025×T between 600 °C and 1700 °C}} No standard use copper wire No standard use copper wire Not defined.
T −185 to +300 −250 to +400 ±0.5 between −40 °C and 125 °C
±0.004×T between 125 °C and 350 °C
±1.0 between −40 °C and 133 °C
±0.0075×T between 133 °C and 350 °C
E 0 to +800 −40 to +900 ±1.5 between −40 °C and 375 °C
±0.004×T between 375 °C and 800 °C
±2.5 between −40 °C and 333 °C
±0.0075×T between 333 °C and 900 °C
Chromel/AuFe −272 to +300 n/a Reproducibility 0.2% of the voltage; each sensor needs individual calibration.

NTC thermistor, bead type, insulated wires

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTD) in that the material used in a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals. The temperature response is also different; RTDs are useful over larger temperature ranges, while thermistors typically achieve a higher precision within a limited temperature range [usually −90 °C to 130 °C].

Thermistor symbol

\Delta R=k\Delta T \,

ΔR = change in resistance
ΔT = change in temperature
k = first-order temperature coefficient of resistance

Thermistors can be classified into two types, depending on the sign of k. If k is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, or posistor. If k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. Resistors that are not thermistors are designed to have a k as close to zero as possible(smallest possible k), so that their resistance remains nearly constant over a wide temperature range.

Instead of the temperature coefficient k, sometimes the temperature coefficient of resistance α (alpha) or αT is used. It is defined as(US, Sensor)

For example, for the common PT100 sensor, α = 0.00385 or 0.385 %/°C. This αT coefficient should not be confused with the α parameter below.

Steinhart-Hart Equation

In practice, the linear approximation (above) works only over a small temperature range. For accurate temperature measurements, the resistance/temperature curve of the device must be described in more detail. The Steinhart-Hart equation is a widely used third-order approximation:

where a, b and c are called the Steinhart-Hart parameters, and must be specified for each device. T is the temperature in kelvins and R is the resistance in ohms. To give resistance as a function of temperature, the above can be rearranged into:

The error in the Steinhart-Hart equation is generally less than 0.02 °C in the measurement of temperature. As an example, typical values for a thermistor with a resistance of 3000 Ω at room temperature (25 °C = 298.15 K) are:

a = 1.40 \times 10^{-3}
b = 2.37 \times 10^{-4}
c = 9.90 \times 10^{-8}

B parameter equation

NTC thermistors can also be characterised with the B parameter equation, which is essentially the Steinhart Hart equation with c = 0 and B = 1/b.

where the temperatures are in kelvins and R0 is the resistance at temperature T0 (usually 25 °C = 298.15 K). Solving for R yields:

or, alternatively,

R=r_\infty e^{B/T}

where r_\infty=R_0 e^{-{B/T_0}}. This can be solved for the temperature:

The B-parameter equation can also be written as \ln R=B/T + \ln r_\infty. This can be used to convert the function of resistance vs. temperature of a thermistor into a linear function of lnR vs. 1 / T. The average slope of this function will then yield an estimate of the value of the B parameter.

Conduction model

Many NTC thermistors are made from a pressed disc or cast chip of a semiconductor such as a sintered metal oxide. They work because raising the temperature of a semiconductor increases the number of electrons able to move about and carry charge - it promotes them into the conduction band. The more charge carriers that are available, the more current a material can conduct. This is described in the formula:

I = n \cdot A \cdot v \cdot e

I = electric current (amperes)
n = density of charge carriers (count/m³)
v = velocity of charge carriers (m/s)

Yet another type of thermistor is a silistor, a thermally sensitive silicon resistor. Silistors are similarly constructed and operate on the same principles as other thermistors, but employ silicon as the semiconductive component material.

Self-heating effects

The electrical power input to the thermistor is just:

where T(R) is the temperature of the thermistor as a function of its resistance R, T0 is the temperature of the surroundings, and K is the dissipation constant, usually expressed in units of milliwatts per degree Celsius. At equilibrium, the two rates must be equal.

  • PTC thermistors can be used as current-limiting devices for circuit protection, as replacements for fuses. Current through the device causes a small amount of resistive heating. If the current is large enough to generate more heat than the device can lose to its surroundings, the device heats up, causing its resistance to increase, and therefore causing even more heating. This creates a self-reinforcing effect that drives the resistance upwards, reducing the current and voltage available to the device.
  • PTC thermistors are used as timers in the degaussing coil circuit of CRT displays and televisions. When the unit is initially switched on, current flows through the thermistor and degauss coil. The coil and thermistor are intentionally sized so that the current flow will heat the thermistor to the point that the degauss coil shuts off in under a second.
  • NTC thermistors are regularly used in automotive applications. For example, they monitor things like coolant temperature and/or oil temperature inside the engine and provide data to the ECU and, indirectly, to the dashboard. They can be also used to monitor temperature of an incubator.

The first NTC thermistor was discovered in 1833 by Michael Faraday, who reported on the semiconducting behavior of silver sulfide. Faraday noticed that the resistance of silver sulphide decreased dramatically as temperature increased. Because early thermistors were difficult to produce and applications for the technology were limited, commercial production of thermistors did not begin until the 1930s.(McGee, 1988)

An optical pyrometer
A sailor checking the temperature of a ventilation system

Principle of operation

A pyrometer has an optical system and detector. The optical system focuses the thermal radiation onto the detector. The output signal of the detector (Temperature T) is related to the thermal radiation or irradiance j* of the target object through the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the constant of proportionality σ, called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity ε of the object.

j^{\star} = \varepsilon\sigma T^{4}

This output is used to infer the object's temperature. Thus, there is no need for direct contact between the pyrometer and the object, as there is with thermocouple and Resistance temperature detector (RTDs).


Why buy an SSL certificate?

Our in-house web team really love all things digital. Here, one of our web developers, Chris Poole, talks about the importance of SSL certificates, and how they can help visitors to your site feel more secure.

What is an SSL certificate?

In the simplest terms an SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) certificate is a series of small certificate files installed on your web hosting. Once set up it allows your web server to encrypt the data transmitted between the user’s browser and the website hosting. This secures the information you are sending to the server such as credit card details and other personal data, ensuring it cannot be used by a potential hacker.

Developer at a computer

How to know if the site you are on is secure

You’ve probably seen it, the little green padlock in the browser address bar. That is how you know if a site is securing the data you are transmitting to it. There are varying levels of SSL, some will put your organisation’s name in the address bar. But for the most part, so long as you see the padlock, you are safe.

Chrome search bar

Why buy an SSL certificate?

There is still a common belief between many internet users that you only need an SSL certificate on your website if you are selling something. This is not true. While an SSL certificate is essential for any eCommerce site when payments are being taken, it is always a good idea to have one regardless. Here’s a few reasons why:

Provides trust between user and your business

  • It makes people feel safe when using the site and creates a sense of trust, that you are a legitimate website and the data you are giving them is safe.
  • The same should be said when sending any of your personal information. For example, when using a contact form and filling out your name, address and email, in fact, filling out a survey of any kind. I bet there are many people out there that are more likely to trust your site and fill out the contact form or survey if they saw a secure padlock in their browser. This goes back to building trust. Survey Monkey use it to secure its users’ form data. It secures the data that people have filled in so it is secured when it is sent to Survey Monkey and not intercepted and stolen.

Entering card details at computer Internet infographic

It will make Google happy

Believe it or not an SSL certificate can help your search engine ranking. Google itself has been pushing for the whole web to go secure for a long time. Google has admitted that it uses SSL as a ranking factor. While it may only be a minor ranking, it is still well worth another plus when considering whether to get an SSL.

Google’s own web browser, Chrome, is also starting to indicate when any web page is secured or not. You will start seeing it more and more. As of July 2018 Chrome will mark any page that does not use an SSL as not secure in the address bar.

Chrome's treatment of HTTP pages

Chrome is used by a staggering 57% of internet users so it is well worth following its plans.

SSL certificates certainly shouldn’t be overlooked. Providing peace of mind to potential customers should be step one when it comes to your website. If you need any help securing your site, get in touch to see how we could help you.


Resources of the Himalayan Yoga Tradition

Touched by Divinity

When a disciple's consciousness is touched
by an enlightened one's consciousness,
the disciple's consciousness expands.
A little realization merges its identity with the higher realization.

So too, whatever word comes from the depth of the heart
of the realization becomes a holy word.
A word becomes holy when it rises from the depth of silence -
not from a shallow silence but from a deep silence.
A deep silence is that silence in which the mind no longer utters
thoughts but is filled with a light which is the same
as the light of the universal being, the universal mind.


Anxiety, Ambiguity, and Autistic Perception

This piece on interviewing autistics had me nodding along in self-recognition. It me.

I relate deeply to every point in the article, but this one acknowledges a fundamental aspect of my being that contributes to all other points:

While the autistic individual is interviewing, they will often be acutely self-aware and preoccupied by their own nervousness and internal coaching, and be simultaneously experiencing two conversations at once—one that is shared aloud between the interviewer and interviewee, and one that is an ongoing internal dialogue. Often the internal voice will overshadow the external conversation and, as a result, gaps of time in the interview will be lost. What might appear as being not being present or distracted, is typically the individual attempting to balance the internal voice with the external conversation.

Source: 533: Interviewing Autistic Individuals – Everyday Asperger’s

That ever-present internal voice is of an ever-present witness, a not-so-fair “fair witness” that audits every moment and thought, flipping through lenses and spinning self-critical narratives in real time.

Candidates on the spectrum will sometimes panic with open-ended questions, as most are very quick thinkers, able to connect information at rapid speed and reach multiple conclusions in a matter of seconds. While deliberating over a question, the candidate is also contemplating about what the interviewer expects, wants, and is hinting at. The more specific and direct a question, the better.

Source: 533: Interviewing Autistic Individuals – Everyday Asperger’s

The “reach multiple conclusions” part is significant. My mind is an ambiguity finder. I sometimes wish I could turn down or turn off my ambiguity sensitivity. When you see many interpretations and conclusions, social interactions are harder. Interviews are harder. Standardized tests—loaded with bias and assumption and often purposefully bereft of context—are harder. What others comfortably and even thoughtlessly assume, I analyze obsessively, dowsing intention and expectation.

Autistic perception is the direct perception of the forming of experience. This has effects: activities which require parsing (crossing the street, finding the path in the forest) can be much more difficult. But there is no question that autistic perception experiences richness in a way the more neurotypically inclined perception rarely does.

“The direct perception of the forming of experience.” There’s that internal voice, that witness. I am heavily instrumented code with breakpoints on every instruction. I’m plugged into my own JTAG witnessing myself experience experience. I’m prone to recursions and loops unwound only by passing out from adrenal exhaustion.

Such an operating system finds ambiguity everywhere. We humans communicate in assumptions, tropes, and defaults, in bundles of scripts, habits, and expectations. What usually goes unacknowledged is that these “literacies are plural and context-dependent.” I suspect many autistic people intuit this on some level because we navigate a world not set up for us, one that assumes sociality and sensory processing not our own.

In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. Du Bois says that blacks have a sort of doubleness in them not found among whites. Blacks cannot just “be themselves,” but must always think about how they are being perceived by whites. This creates a sense that you are always of two minds: that you are not only thinking and doing, but that you are thinking about how others perceive you, and adjust accordingly. Whites never have to deal with this. Being the majority and having the majority power, they can just be themselves without worry about how anybody is thinking about them.

Du Bois would probably not be surprised if he learned that other minorities were put in similar situations in the U.S., but it probably didn’t occur to him that there were people out there with different kinds of minds, and that they too would develop such a doubleness.

I know all about this double-mindedness, because I experience it constantly. I not only have to think about what I’m going to say or do, but I have to think about how others might take it. I can either just say or do whatever I want as I want and hope that I don’t do something that will set people off, or I can always consciously think about everything I say or do before I say or do it, testing against what I expect the expectations are (and hoping I’m getting those right). If it takes me a moment to respond to something, it’s because I’m going through all this nonsense to make sure I don’t say or do something wrong.

Source: On the Double-Mindedness Developed Among the Different – An Intense World

The profusion of expectations and ambiguities that others sail over on a buoy of assumption overwhelms me. Whereas they accept them unconsciously, I do something akin to a real-time, zero-based audit of the assumptions coming at me: interrogating them against context and the people present, sussing intention and expectation, looking for the landmines and sinkholes, the ethnocentricities and neurotypicalisms. What look like detached “gaps of time” (as in the interview example) are very busy and very connected with moment and context.

We’re surrounded by ambiguity in everyday life. Words not only have multiple meanings, but the context in which we use words can greatly change their meaning. Even words that both sound the same and are spelled the same way can be understood very differently depending upon context.” Ambiguity is a generative, creative, and productive continuum ranging from the quiet assumptions of the quotidian to Poe’s law. The continuum is rife with dead metaphors rapidly accumulating with the exponential growth of networks. What are the assumptions of the person talking to me? What are their “normal” and their “common sense”? What memes flash through their minds when consulting their personal heuristics? What is their lived experience, and what are their triggers? What, for example, is the worldview of this white, male, abled, neurotypical, cisgender, heterosexual interviewer who knows little of marginalized experience and accepts the defaults of a life lived at the lowest difficulty setting? The ambiguities and assumptions sluicing off his words weight the moment with an anxious, gravid humidity.

The hardest part to navigate is not so much the teeming ambiguity; it’s the assumption. It’s the self-centering, automatic and unaware, that reduces ambiguity to an ethnocentric “right answer” or “right behavior” and leaves little room for autistic sociality. Instead of “foregrounding complexity as the baseline”, we bury it with myths of normality that create structural barriers and exclude people. We pathologize and marginalize the minds and bodies that sense ambiguity and assumption the most deeply and feel their results the most acutely. So much is lost in the reduction. Acknowledging ambiguity, multiple literacies, and multiple socialities renders the terrain more passable rather than less. “Ambiguity is actually something to be embraced rather than to be avoided”. It is “an inevitable feature of human discourse”. Compassionately accepting our ambiguities and differing literacies means less masking and passing and burning out—and better communication.

Overcoming mutual incomprehension and better understanding each other requires unpacking a lot of ambiguity and assumption. Bridging the double empathy gap takes work, starting with recognition that ”empathy is not an autistic problem, it’s a human problem, it’s a deficit in imagination.” Reflecting on my own experiences and those of others in the #ActuallyAutistic community—particularly with regard to empathy—I posit that the autistic tendency for rabbitholing and getting expository while in conversation is, in part, an urge to unpack ambiguity, acknowledge assumption, cross the empathy gap, and be understood.

Often times, the autistic job candidate will want to be seen, heard and understood; as is such, it is commonplace for an jobseeker to provide information that the interviewer many not deem appropriate, necessary, or beneficial. Most autistics will in fact share thoughts and insights to their own detriment, unable to stop the need to be transparent and forthcoming.

Source: 533: Interviewing Autistic Individuals – Everyday Asperger’s

Interviewing Autistic Individuals describes me. I identify with every point. I’ll conclude this with a few more to which I particularly relate. Anxiety and ambiguity, these go to 11.

Partaking in an interview can cause extreme stress for days before the interview. The interview process will more likely than not be over-thought and imagined repeatedly, with multiple outcomes and scenarios. The candidate on the spectrum will typically relive the actual interview itself, repeatedly after the event.

What might appear as a simple ‘not a fit’ or ‘no thank you,’ to the hiring agent, can be devastatingly crushing to a person with autism. It’s common to obsess over the reasons for failure and to catastrophize the outcome, incorporating all-or-nothing thinking, and self-torture, in the form of repetitive, obsessive thoughts regarding the ‘whys’ and ‘what ifs.’

Before an interview, some candidates on the spectrum will create scenarios in their mind of failure and miscommunication, and have fear of not being able to express their true intentions and true self. They often have a fear of not appearing genuine and honest enough.

Some autistics will have little to no trouble expressing self in various communication venues. But the large majority will have specific triggers to communication that can bring on various outcomes, including panic attacks, insomnia, inconsolable anxiety, and nonstop, rapid thinking.

In most cases, people on the spectrum communicate better in written form with time to process, rethink, and edit thoughts and ideas, than spoken form. When possible, some type of written assessment ought to be utilized during recruitment screening, such as an essay or instant messaging service.

I’m Autistic. Here’s what I’d like you to know.

We assembled this as a quick introduction for those interacting and working with our neurodivergent, social model family.

Hello teacher, principal, professor, coach, tutor, therapist, psychiatrist, psychologist, nurse, doctor, coworker,

I’m autistic. You probably believe some wrong things about me. Myths, misconceptions, and misguided awareness campaigns overwhelm and erase the actual lived experiences of autistic people. Here is what I’d like you to know about me, autism, and my needs.

Autism, Society, and Me

Press Play for Perspective

For an introduction to autism and a taste of sensory overwhelm, check out these videos:

For a deeper dive, the entirety of the Ask an Autistic series is great:

“Empathy is not an autistic problem, it’s a human problem, it’s a deficit in imagination.” We can’t truly step into another neurotype, but we can seek story and perspective. These videos offer a taste of what it is like to endure the daily gauntlet of neurotypical questioning. To not respond to questions is to be called rude. To not respond will get you publicly color-coded as an orange or red and denied perks that the compliant NT kids get. To not exchange this social styrofoam is to be a problem. Make it stop. Empathize with what it is like to navigate these interactions while dealing with the sensory overwhelm of raucous environments not designed for you.

Advice to Teachers and Parents of Neurodivergent Kids

Our family follows and recommends this advice:

  • Treat challenges as opportunities. Each issue – whether it’s related to impulse control, a learning challenge, or a problem behavior – represents an opportunity for growth and accomplishment. Moreover, when you overcome one issue, you’re building infrastructure to overcome others.

Source: A parent’s advice to a teacher of autistic kids

Source: Respectfully Connected | #HowWeDo Respectful Parenting and Support

How does it feel to be autistic?

Is there a quick way to understand all this?

Source: Respectfully Connected | Neurodiversity Paradigm Parenting FAQs

1. Learn from autistic people

2. Tell your child they are autistic

3. Say NO to all things stressful & harmful

4. Slow down your life

5. Support & accommodate sensory needs

6. Value your child’s interests

7. Respect stimming

8. Honour & support all communication

9. Minimise therapy, increase accommodations & supports

10. Explore your own neurocognitive differences

Source: Respectfully Connected | 10 ‘Autism Interventions’ for Families Embracing the Neurodiversity Paradigm

Rules of Thumb for Inclusive Learning

The following heuristics bring together ideas acquired from neurodiversity, the social model of disability, student-directed learning, passion-based learning, contemporary progressive education, the equity literacy framework, critical pedagogy, critical instruction design, restorative practices, hacker ethos, just culture, and distributed work. Try them when building inclusive spaces and culture.

For more on these rules of thumb, see Rules of Thumb for Human Systems.

Neurodiversity and the Social Model of Disability

Our family often writes on neurodiversity, the social model of disability, and education.

Autistic Anxiety and the Ableism of Accommodation

Autistic anxiety is a powerful presence in my life. Its intensity can be unfathomable to a neurotypical mind. I’m 44 years old and have trouble ordering food at a restaurant. I need hours to come down from the adrenaline poisoning of a one-minute phone call. I meltdown in crowds. Adrenal exhaustion is a near-permanent condition. This has been so for my whole life.

This, for me, is a disability. In a context where I’m required to talk and interact at length, I am disabled. If the internet and the web hadn’t come into being as I entered college and the workforce, I would likely have gone unemployed and ended up homeless. I didn’t expect to live to middle age. I expected to eventually defenestrate. “Written communication is the great social equalizer.

Disability requires context. Change the context, and eliminate the disability. The internet changed the context and made a world where I could survive. Remote work changed the context as I was burning out hard in corporate environments.

Change context with acceptance. Acceptance is practical and effective magic. Ditch the language of accommodations. Accommodation is not acceptance. You can’t have an inclusive-by-default culture when your mindset and framing are accommodation. Accommodation encourages the harmful ableist tropes of people being ”special” and ”getting away with” extra “privileges” and ”advantages”. Accommodation is fertile ground for zero-sum thinking, grievance culture, and the politics of resentment. You can’t build inclusion on accommodation. Inclusion requires acceptance.

I am disabled in certain contexts, but I am able and awesome in others. Like many autistic folks, my strengths are radically genuine passion, focused obsession, burning drive, pattern recognition, and hyper-empathy. In a context that harnesses these strengths instead of remediating my deficits, I can create pretty cool things with the help of a diverse team that compliments my shortcomings.

“Being autistic has always given me a strong sense of justice and fairness, and a burning drive to do the right thing and to fight for it, even when it seems like struggling against the weight of the world. This seems very related to my extreme empathy, which is also tied to my experience of being autistic.

“Knowing that injustice or violence exist anywhere is deeply painful for me, whether it directly targets me or not, and I believe that I must do anything within my capacity to work for a world where none of us have to be afraid anymore. If I were not autistic, I am certain I would not have the same drive as I do now.”

“The best things about being autistic for me are learning deeply about different subjects through hyperfocus, full immersion in sensory experiences like listening to music or watching a film, and noticing things others may not.

“The best thing for me about being autistic is the level of passion I have about my areas of interest. It drives and enables me to learn and memorize large amounts of information about a specific subject, or to become very good at a particular skill …

Source: 7 activists tell us the best thing about living with autism

In autistic circles, we have the saying, “Embrace the obsession.” That’s what I’ve been doing my entire career, embracing my obsessions in cooperation with others. Rather than remediating deficits, we need to embrace the obsession at home, in school, and at work.

Being autistic in a neurotypical company or school steeped in accommodation instead of acceptance is hard, often impossibly so. The culture is aligned against us. The culture fuels internalized ableism, anxiety, depression, and burn out. What if the tables were turned?

What if The Tables were Turned . . .

What would it be like if autistics were the founders, owners, leaders, managers, and supervisors in most businesses in the world.

And we told the non-autistics that we would train them for bottom-level entry jobs but they could work their way up, maybe.

And we told the non-autistics we would provide specialized training just for them, so they might possibly succeed.

And we told them managerial positions were hard to come by because of certain character traits the non-autistics lacked.

And we told them, even after they tried hard, and followed the guidelines and suggestions, and sat in on the seminars, and listened to everything that was different about them, that they still needed to try better and to look at their actions. We didn’t hesitate to highlight what they could improve upon during performance reviews. We needed to treat them like everyone else during evaluations. Equality.

Source: What If the Tables were Turned – Everyday Aspie

“We needed to treat them like everyone else during evaluations. Equality.”

This insistence on “equality” of treatment is ableist. It is used to drive neurodivergent and disabled people out of work and out of society. This sort of equality is anti-acceptance and thus anti-inclusion. “Fair is not when everyone has the same thing, but when everyone has what they need.

I recommend NeuroTribes to everyone working with other humans. We tech workers talk about changing the world and democratizing stuff; that book actually did it. It changed the conversation about what it is to be human. It is a history of the 20th Century through the lens of the dispossessed and misunderstood. It is a trip through anguish and horror and a celebration of the minds that survived to make modernity.

Help more minds survive to make modernity and a more inclusive world. Choose the language of acceptance over the language of accommodation. Years of fighting for accommodation of my chronic pain and sensory overwhelm fed my anxiety and burnout. Years of tilting at thoughtless ableism have exacted a toll. With compassion and acceptance, more minds will survive and thrive and create.


Real is real scaled particle speed...I tried to play with speed settings but even on normal or slowest the wind on app moves at least 5 times faster . That means that if wind speed is 20kmh , the app shows like moving with 100kmh at least... On fast setting the 20kmh animate like 1000... PLZ WINDY BUT THAT REAL SPEED BUTTON ON, AND THANX FOR GREAT JOB UDOING FOR US...I LL DONATE ONE WAY OR ANOTHER BUT MORE WITH THE BUTTON ON


As Egypt enters the 21st century, affordability in the housing market continues to be one of the most important challenges that Egyptian policymakers must address. Egypt has very striking features, including high level of poverty and consequently low housing affordability by international standards. Despite the recent rapid development of housing policy and institutions, mortgage finance still shows a very limited reach since the passage of the Mortgage Law in 2001. This actually reflects the small numbers who can afford mortgages, the high cost of houses in relation to incomes and the informal nature of most title deeds in the country to mention but a few. On the other hand, contemporary housing supply policies are geared towards moving away the state from the social responsibility of the direct provision of housing. Thus, the reality of the Egyptian housing system today means that market based approaches are required to increase the provision of affordable and adequate housing at the lower-income end of the market. So, it is timely and important to assess the effectiveness of the current housing system to identify its reach and the limit of that reach. This paper sets the issue in its wider context to elaborate on the main hurdles in the current system. It then explores the relative importance of the purposes of mortgage finance in Egypt. Finally, the paper outlines a forward-looking agenda for further research to examine what needs to be done to close the gap on what would be a more comprehensive housing system.


#4949 re-ip / seperate machines in the "qa" network
Closed: Fixed a year ago Opened 3 years ago by kevin.

The "qa.fedoraproject.org" network/vlan is currently: and

We have a pretty diverse mix of machines in this network and we would like to split them out into seperate networks so they don't have the ability to interfere with each other and so we know what types of machines are in what networks.

Proposal: - reserve this for QA machines/instances that need isolation from everything else, the 'client' machines for taskotron, beaker, openqa. Lets call it "qa-clients" - reserve this for the normal qa machines. (keep it called "qa") - reserve this for secondary arch machines. ppc64, s390 and aarch64. (call it "secondary"). - reserve this for 'community' stuff. Call it 'community'. This would have retrace, kernel-qa, and anything that didn't fit in the rest.

virthost-comm machines will need interfaces on the various networks that they house guests for. Other instances will need re-iping and then any RHIT firewall rules needed added. We should try and map out what those might be in advance if we can at all.

I may regret saying this in the future but a whole /24 for "normal" qa stuff seems like incredible overkill to me. I can't see us using more than 50 ips in the next couple years and I'm having trouble thinking of enough things we might do that would take up the whole /24.

Using the /25 for isolated qa stuff is less overkill. I estimate that we'll end up using 75-ish IPs (not including adding any ppc/s390/aarch64 etc. to beaker if that's a direction we end up going in) if my current plans go as expected which leaves us plenty of room for growth if needed.

A few other thoughts/questions:

== Firewalls ==

One thing that I was wondering about earlier today was if we could make the firewall rules required for qa stuff a bit easier by not isolating the "normal" qa network as much from the rest of infra. That way, most of the firewall rules we have could be removed instead of migrated.

The biggest risk I see here is that '''if''' a bad actor was able to compromise something in the more isolated 10.5.124 network, the most obvious vectors past that would be through the various control machines (taskotron, openqa, beaker). If those machines aren't somewhat isolated, it'd be easier for said bad actor to get somewhere more critical than our automation systems.

I'm not sure how realistic of a risk this is, though. Part of it depends on how much we want to trust the people who have access to automation clients and I'd like to make it relatively easy to get access to those in some form or another.

== Interfaces and Gateways ==

Instead of having a bunch of firewall rules for communication between the two qa-ish networks, I was thinking about putting multiple interfaces on the control machines - one on the restricted network and the other on the less restricted network.

I'm also wondering if it would be easier/better to have a "gateway" machine on the restricted qa network to restrict what various clients have access to instead of setting up a bunch of firewall rules with RHIT. My understanding of what the various clients will need to access is:

||= System =||= Taskotron =||= Beaker =||= OpenQA =||
|| repos (batcave01 currently) || x || x || x ||
|| alt (hosting TC/RC) || ? || x || x ||
|| distgit || x || || ||
|| koji || x || || ||
|| bodhi || x || || ||

So, after a bunch of discussion today, new plan: and - stay the way they are now. Same vlan, etc. This will allow us to keep hosts on those nets working while we move things we want to move off.

We are going to setup an ansible variable for all qa machines that need more isolation: taskotron, beaker, openqa. Then all hosts that are not in that set, but in the qa network will get iptables rules to drop all traffic from those hosts. This will provide us with some isolation from them.

Next we are going to move off the ppc/s390/arm/aarch64 machines to the network. It will be it's own new vlan.

Finally we will move anything thats 'community' left in the qa network... this would be at least: cosmos01/02, retrace01/02, kernel01/02. These will go to a new network on it's own vlan.

At the end there should only be qa items left in the qa network.

ok, another change: - 'community' stuff. - reserved for new hp moonshoot guests, vms, hosts, etc.

An update for this from a secondary PoV. We've mostly moved off the QA network with just a handful of hosts left:

arm: 2
ppc: 6
s390: 4
sigul: 2

sigul should be gone this week, the remainder all have associated tickets with s390 likely the one to take the longest here.

@kevin where is this in terms of progress and as an apprentice can I help?

So, we still have to move the arm hub/db, and the 'misc' stuff...

arm-koji01, db-arm-koji01, cosmos01/02, kernel01/02, retrace01/02.

The arm's I can do as soon as their virthost is back on line (its down now due to hardware issues).

The retraces will move after they get things setup in staging with the new deployment method.

I'm kinda leaning toward leaving the cosmos and kernel boxes where they are.

So, after I move the arm ones this can get closed. I'm not sure there's much to be done here from an apprentice standpoint.

The arm ones here are going to go away when f25 goes end of life anyhow, so I think I will just close this now.

Metadata Update from @kevin:
- Issue close_status updated to: Fixed
- Issue status updated to: Closed (was: Open)

a year ago

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Why You Should Buy Console Table with 3 Shelves

Maximizing space in your home takes knowing which furniture to invest in, and a console table with 3 shelves is definitely one of them. Furniture with shelves and drawers provide function and style to any room in your house, especially in your living area. And if you want to create a space that is both beautiful and functional, a console table with shelves is a must-buy!

A console table with 3 shelves can give you storage space for photo albums, remote controls, and other trinkets you don’t want lying around in the house. The table itself makes for a perfect place to add table clocks, magazines, photo albums, or a flower vase. It’s a versatile piece of furniture that you can decorate to your own liking. You can even create a cozy ambiance for yourself and guests by adding tabletop lamps for mood lighting.

Organize your home with a console table with 3 shelves. They’re convenient to have in the house and you can easily find them in a variety of styles, designs, and materials. Wooden console tables are classic pieces, but if you’re looking o for a more modern touch, they are also available in metal with glass features.


In: Fashion

What does your wardrobe say?

"Clothes mean nothing until someone lives in them ~ Marc Jacobs.

Clothing and personality go hand-in-hand. Clothing is a form of expression; saying what you want without speaking. For many people, what they wear is merely a matter of habit. Doing something different with your clothes might be a way of changing the impression others have of you.

The type of clothes you wear can be inspired by a culture, activity, weather, current fashion trends, occupation and most importantly your personality which is the best accessory. People make their assessments in the first few seconds of seeing another. These assessments usually go way beyond how well you are dressed. Our wardrobe becomes a part of our self-expression. What you wear may affect you psychologically. Your outfit can influence your mood, your job prospects, your self-image as well as how people respond to you.

Your wardrobe says a lot about you. People can get a sense of your mood, employment, spending style and fashion sense from the way you dress. There is a psychology behind dressing. If you wear the same style of clothes every day and never deviate from shades of black, white, grey and beige teamed with sensible shoes and no accessories, it could be a sign that you 'like to play safe.' A change in your styling can lead to people perceiving you differently and perhaps also alter your sense of self. Sometimes it's worth taking a step back from the well-ordered world you've created and introduced a little chaos - otherwise, life could become a little dull.

Finding the perfect fit and style, and dressing your age is critical. For example, dressing in baggy and overly loose fitting clothes may be a sign of low self-esteem and people may perceive you as someone who does not take pride in the way you present yourself. Depending on the situation, this can have a negative impact, especially in your professional life. A balance between appearance and functionality is key when selecting your wardrobe.

Clothing can be used as an aid in your professional life. Wearing a formal business attire can increase your self-confidence and give you a sense of power. People measure your professionalism by your appearance which strongly influences others perception of your financial success, authority, trustworthiness, intelligence and suitability for hire or promotion.

So next time you open your wardrobe to select your outfit, think; does it project your personality, your desires and most importantly is your wardrobe covering up your potential?  Do not dress according to how you feel, but dress how you want to feel. This will determine the kind of message you are sending to others and most importantly to yourself.

'If a woman is badly dressed, it's the dress we'll notice; but if she is impeccably dressed, it's the woman herself we'll notice' ~ Coco Chanel

Remember, you can have anything in life if you dress for it. Life is a party, dress like it.

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After Apicoectomy

Swelling after an apicoectomy is not unusual. The swelling may increase for 2 or 3 days before leveling off and then decreasing. Applying ice for the first 36 hours will help minimize swelling. You can use ice bags, plastic bags filled with ice or unopened bags of frozen peas or corn. If swelling increases after the third post operative day, call our office.

Bruising is not uncommon following an apicoectomy. It indicates bleeding which has seeped under the layers of skin. It may travel with gravity to areas remote from the surgical area. The bruising will change color as it resolves to eventually disappear. Applying moist heat may help the bruising resolve.

Brushing and Hygiene

After the first 24 hours, you should rinse your mouth with a mild solution of salt water 4 or 5 times a day. You may brush your teeth, but stay away from the suture line.


Questions for decision makers

Decision making questions to be considered of planning options (adapted from Standards New Zealand, 2004, p82)

Acceptability Is the risk reduction option likely to be accepted by relevant stakeholders?
Administrative efficiency Is this risk reduction option easy to implement or will it be neglected because of difficulty of administration or lack of expertise?
Compatibility How compatible is the risk reduction option with others that may be adopted?
Continuity of effects Will the effects be continuous or only short term? Will the effects of this risk reduction option be sustainable? At what cost?
Cost effectiveness Is it cost effective, could the same results be achieved at a lower cost by other means?
Economic and social effects What will be the economic and social impacts of this risk reduction option?
Effects on the environment What will be the environmental impacts of this risk reduction option?
Equity Are risks and benefits distributed fairly e.g. do those responsible for creating the risk pay for its reduction?
Individual freedom Does the risk reduction option deny any basic rights?
Jurisdictional authority Does this level of organisation or government have the authority to apply this option? If not, can higher levels be encouraged to do so?
Leverage Will the risk reduction option lead to additional benefits in other areas?
Objectives Are organisational objectives advanced by this risk reduction option?
Regulatory Does the risk reduction option (or lack of option) breach any regulatory requirements?
Political acceptability Is it likely to be endorsed by the relevant government authority? Will it be acceptable to communities?
Risk creation Will this risk reduction option introduce new risks?
Timing Will the beneficial effects be realised quickly?

[Download Hind testing examples]

Standards New Zealand. (2004). Risk Management Guidelines: companion to AS/NZS 4360:2004: Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand.


  1. Safety and Income: Introduction
  2. Safety and Income: Why Focus on Safety and Income?
  3. Safety and Income: Caveats Regarding Safety and Income
  4. Safety and Income: Stocks and Dividends
  5. Safety and Income: Bonds
  6. Safety and Income: Banks
  7. Safety and Income: Guaranteed-Income Products
  8. Safety and Income: Real Assets - Gold, Real Estate and Collectibles
  9. Safety and Income: Safety, Income and the Optimal Portfolio
  10. Safety and Income: Conclusion
By Brian Perry

While focusing upon safety and income is appropriate for many individuals, it is important to realize that there are some drawbacks to this approach. These shortcomings also mean that this investment approach is not appropriate for all investors. In this chapter, we will examine some of the important caveats regarding an investment approach focused on safety and income and also briefly discuss the types of investors that may be better off managing their portfolio for capital appreciation.

Inflation is the enemy of all savers and investors. Quietly, year after year, inflation eats away at the real value of dollars saved and invested. In fact, one of the primary reasons for investing is so that money saved today can retain its value into the future. By achieving capital appreciation, a portfolio can keep pace with or perhaps even exceed the rate of inflation, thereby increasing an investor's real purchasing power. However, an investment approach focused solely on principal safety may not be able to keep pace with inflation. (For a background on this topic, see our Inflation Tutorial.)

This is important to consider, because some investors may feel that their money is safe simply because their principal is not at risk of loss. However, if the total return on the investment portfolio is below the long-term rate of inflation, the investor is "losing" money even if they do not realize it. That is because their purchasing power is gradually declining even as their principal balance remains stable.

Investors interested in income must also be aware of the effects of inflation. In order to preserve purchasing power, the amount of income generated by the portfolio must increase over time. If it does not, future income will have less value in "real terms," resulting in a decline in purchasing power and standard of living.

Inflation is one of the main reasons why even investors focused upon safety and income should not ignore portfolio growth. By achieving some capital appreciation in the portfolio, an investor can help to protect themselves against the long-term effects of inflation. (To learn more, read Shield Your Portfolio From Inflation For Real Returns.)

Taxes are an important consideration for most investors. However, tax considerations become even more important when an investor focuses upon generating income. That is because many individuals will find that income is taxed at a higher rate than capital gains.

Tax avoidance strategies are heavily dependent on an individual's unique circumstances, and should be devised in consultation with an accountant or financial advisor. However, one simple step that some investors can take is to hold income-generating assets in tax-sheltered accounts (such as retirement accounts) while holding non-income-generating assets in fully taxable accounts. Such an approach would help to minimize current taxes on income generated from the overall investment portfolio. However, this approach would not work if the investor needs portfolio income to meet current cash flow needs. In these circumstances, an investor will have no choice but to receive the income and pay taxes on it. (For more, be sure to read A Long-Term Mindset Meets Dreaded Capital-Gains Tax.)

Because this is not a tutorial on taxation issues, it is enough for most readers to understand that in many cases income and capital gains will be taxed differently. Beyond that, it is highly recommended that individuals interested in better understanding how taxes will affect their total investment performance consult an appropriate expert.

Focusing on Growth
While focusing upon safety and income is an attractive approach for many individuals, it is not appropriate for everyone. In particular, investors with long-term goals may want to consider focusing more closely upon capital appreciation in their portfolios. There are two reasons why a long-term time horizon makes capital appreciation more important. The first is that over longer periods of time, inflation begins to have a greater impact on a portfolio's real value. This means that principal appreciation becomes increasingly necessary simply to keep pace with the rate of inflation.

Secondly, safety can have different meanings when analyzed over different time periods. For example, when investing to meet short-term objectives, safety might be viewed as the amount of principal fluctuation on a quarterly or yearly basis. In these instances, the overriding concern is to avoid a decline in portfolio value that would prevent the financial goal from being met. However, as an investor's time horizon stretches into decades, these quarterly or annual principal fluctuations become less important. Instead, the investor's main risk becomes the portfolio's ability (or inability) to grow to a sufficient size to meet their future financial objectives. Over these longer time periods, a willingness to experience short-term declines in portfolio value in order to meet longer-term objectives may be appropriate. (To read more on this topic, see Long-Term Investing: Hot or Not?)

This chapter has examined the impact of inflation and taxes on a portfolio's performance. Investors must carefully consider the impact that these two forces will have on their ability to meet their financial goals when structuring a portfolio. When seeking to combat inflation, the opportunity for capital appreciation becomes an important consideration. In order to mitigate the effects of taxes, investors should carefully consider the differing treatment of income and capital gains in some tax codes. For all tax issues, consultation with an expert is advised.

Investors with very long-term time horizons may find that a focus upon safety and income is not appropriate. For instance, younger individuals saving for retirement may be better served by focusing on capital appreciation. Individuals with a long-term time horizon will find that they are better able to withstand short-term portfolio declines as they structure a portfolio designed to meet their long-term financial goals.

Safety and Income: Stocks and Dividends
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    Different asset classes can generally be categorized according to three fundamental goals: safety, income and growth.
  2. Retirement

    How To Create a Retirement Portfolio Strategy

    Properly planned retirement portfolio strategies are needed for maximum profit, in this article find out the rules of retirement income planning.
  3. Tech

    What Does an Ideal Retirement Portfolio Look Like?

    The "ideal" retirement portfolio can differ from one investor to another, but some themes hold true no matter what.
  4. Investing

    Maximize Your Real Rate of Return for Retirement

    Learn to understand how to plot your portfolio's real rate of return for retirement planning to safeguard your retirement funds against inflation.
  5. Taxes

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    A firm understanding of the difference between the taxation of long- and short-term capital gains is crucial to ensuring the benefits of your investment portfolio outweigh the costs.
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Lecture Series: Modern History of Architecture, 1860-Today

For the spring 2019 Lecture Series, monca will again offer a class on the Modern History of Architecture from 1860 to the Present.

Starting Wednesday, March 20 and for six successive Wednesdays the sessions will begin at 6:30 pm at monca for a maximum of 20 people. The class will include an hour lecture followed by an informal discussion. Class notes will be provided for each session. And, best of all, there will be no papers to write and no test to take!

A detailed survey of the events, the individuals and the buildings that shaped modern European and American architecture from the late 19th through the present. Topics discussed will include the influence of styles and movements in architecture, and how evolution and discontent dominated change in the building arts over the past 150-plus years.

Why do styles change and what prompts successor movements? How did the world wars influence the art of building? What are the "isms" of architecture (futurism, expressionism, etc.)? How do you recognize the examples of any given style? All this will be covered during the six-week period. The presentations are highly graphic showing important structures that represent the styles and movements presented.

Fee for the six-week class is $50 with all proceeds going to the museum. Payment can be made on Eventbrite, at the museum by check or credit card, or by mailing to monca 900 Esplanade, Chico. 95926 Museum Hours: Thursday - Sunday, 11 am - 5 pm.

Lecturer: Richard Macias has always been fascinated by the evolution of architectural style and how it has been influenced by politics, exploration, dissent and technology. For eight years he lectured in the Art & Art History department, School of Humanities and Fine Arts, CSU, Chico where he focused on modern architectural history. Prior to his move to Chico in 2006 he worked in San Francisco, designing college and university campuses. His undergraduate and graduate degrees are from the University of Michigan, College of Architecture and Design.

Earlier Event: March 14
The Providers: A Documentary
Later Event: March 25
Call for Artists


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I know that when someone partners with me, they will achieve anything from their smallest goals to their biggest dreams... even the wild ones!  What I do best is to equip individuals with a comprehensive toolbox to build and optimize their personal or parenting roles.  Special attention is given to the tools of emotional and social intelligence as research has proven these to be critical components of personal life success or raising authentically happy and successful children.  Most importantly, my clients can look forward to changing their average "go through the motions" life into one brimming with a positive outlook, authentic happiness and sustained success.

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Web Results

The unusual density curve and lower density of ice than of water is vital to life—if water were most dense at the freezing point, then in winter the very cold water at the surface of lakes and other water bodies would sink, the lake could freeze from the bottom up, and all life in them would be killed.

The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The density of liquid water is normally given as 1000 kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3 as a very accurate estimate, but often ranges slightly ...

What is the density of water? How is the density of ice and water detemined? What can affect the density of water? Andrew Roberts, ... However, a useful tool is at: Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems thru which you can determine the answer in several units and for nearly any condition you desire. 26.4k views · View 4 Upvoters.

Formation water density is a function of three variables: Temperature Pressure Total dissolved solids (TDS) It is the mass of the formation water per unit volume of the formation water and is given in metric units (g/cm 3).For reservoir engineering calculations, it is considered equivalent to specific gravity.

The density-neutron crossplot helps determine lithology of oil- or water-filled formations that are pure lithologies like sandstone, limestone, or dolomite. The density–neutron crossplot analysis can be ambiguous when the formation is of mixed mineralogies, like a dolomite-cemented sandstone.

For example, the density of water increases slightly between its melting point at 0 °C and 4 °C. When water freezes, it expands by about 9% in volume, making ice that is less dense than liquid water. Water expands as it drops below 4°C. Measures. Fresh water is often used as a standard of relative density.

Further, density may be expressed in terms of weight density (the weight of the material per unit volume) or as a ratio of the density with the density of a common material such as air or water. Measurement of density. The density at any point of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided

The density of water is 1 gram/mL at around 4 degrees Celsius. As temperature rises, kinetic effects kick in causing the volume per unit mass of water to increase, thus decreasing the density of ...


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