How do I get my students to take my class more seriously? Many essay exams are administered on computers, which makes it easier to go back and revise

your already-written paragraphs. If a prompt asks whether you agree or disagree with a statement, it is a persuasive prompt. This paragraph usually comes right before the conclusion. 22 Community Q A Search Add New Question Question What happens when I write my prompt in one paragraph? Get more information about preparing for the writing test. 3, for example, for "Describe how communication has changed in the last 20 years" you might want to focus your essay on how teens use communication differently, or the impact of communication changes on daily life. Because it would increase the number of addicts and crimes committed by drug users.' If you've been asked to evaluate specific statements, then you should draft a statement that weighs the merits of those statements. Since most of the time you have to write out the sources, they should be reliable ones. Writing effective sentences at the same time that you work to convey your large-scale points can be a challenge. Write a concluding statement. Having a plan can also keep you from panicking about how much time you have to write. Your thesis statement will be the last sentence. Okay #10006, method 1 Answering Expository (Informative) Prompts 1, look for the words "explain" or "describe" in the writing prompt. Make a note to yourself regarding what approach you're being asked to take. 16 Value is another common tactic. For example, is it an expository, narrative, or persuasive prompt? You will need to use logic and examples to convince the other person. Who is the audience for the essay? What information do I need to complete the task? If you're being asked to construct an argument, it may not be the case that you simply have to write about which side is right. The Importance of Writing Form. Browse all writing courses. You might explain that one statement is more logically sound than another. Writing prompts or essay prompts are learning assignments that direct students to write about a particular topic in a particular way. In this context, synthesize means to combine separate materials to form a single product. You could explain reasons why people might want to go camping, or you could explain how to set up a campsite. 10 Write in first person. The ACT essay follows a predictable format, which means you can practice and prepare beforehand. Close with your thesis statement. Your goal in Step 2 is to figure out where each perspective stands and then identify at least one shortcoming of each perspective. . 11 A narrative thesis statement may offer the lesson you learned or talk about the impact of the moment on your life, such as "The most memorable moment in which I showed courage happened in seventh grade." It could also identify a theme that connects.

Re making an emotional argument, there is a free flow of conversation between students and the teacher. Step 3, end with your controller thesis that states that although it will be difficult to stop global warming. We cannot afford to lose the rich wildlife that global warming is destroying. Teachers also use prompts to help students prepare for standardized tests. You should strongly consider signing up for the essay and keep your options open.

Look for the words explain or describe in the writing prompt.Expository prompts direct you to write an essay that explains or describes.

How to write a prompt essay

You wont be able to get into the highest scoring ranges. Keep in mind, method 2 Answering Narrative Prompts 1 Find the words" You agree to our cookie leifheit wischer neue aufsätze policy. If you merely restate one of the three given perspectives. Your first move should be to figure out what approach you need to take with the question by looking schnittstellenspezifikation java beschreibung for key terms. In your essay, be sure to, the task of deciphering which form of writing to use is part of the challenge.

14 You may be trying to convince the tester who will read your essay, or you may be asked to write as if you were trying to convince a hypothetical person.Build the right ACT prep plan for you Our private tutors will help you build a prep plan that's customized to your score goals, study habits, and schedule.


Search for European Projects

SpeecH and Auditory Processing: Effects of Development (SHAPED)
Start date: 02 Nov 2015, End date: 01 Nov 2017 PROJECT  FINISHED

Learning a language involves recognizing the acoustic properties of speech sounds that have a functional role. The abilities of perceiving and processing speech sounds are first constrained by basic hearing abilities. The auditory system extracts and processes the acoustic properties from the input language and thus, fully contributes to the development of phonetic categories. Surprisingly, information concerning the interaction between basic auditory capacities and early development of speech processing is still lacking. The present project seeks to combine two approaches to explore this interaction: developmental psycholinguistics, studying the acquisition of a language, and psychoacoustics, describing the auditory mechanisms linked to the perception of speech sounds. First, this project aims to investigate when and how auditory and speech processes interact. The perception of the speech acoustic information (such as spectro-temporal modulations described by psychoacoustic studies) will be assess in adults and infants from different language environments. Second, this project aims to explore further this interaction by investigating the effect of impaired auditory processes on speech perception development. The perception of speech acoustic information will be assessed in hearing-impaired children having access to the hearing world through hearing aids. This research project highlights an innovative multidisciplinary perspective within the speech perception development field. This project will have significant impacts on 1) general health (i.e., auditory rehabilitation for hearing-impaired children) and 2) language education (i.e., perception of foreign languages during development).
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Encyclopedia > Post-object programming

  Article Content

Post-object programming

Post-object programming is a new generation of techniques that evolved out of the object-oriented programming generation. Post-object programming emphasizes mixins, delegation, and aspects[?]; as well as heterogeneous groups[?] and multimethods. Post-object languages aspire to go beyond traditional object languages.

Post-object programming is related to design patterns. Many patterns can be thought of as workarounds for languages that do not support post-object techniques directly. For example, the delegation pattern is a workaround for mixins, delegation, and aspects, and the abstract factory pattern and visitor pattern are workarounds for heterogeneous groups and multimethods.

Table of contents

Mixins are classes that have inheritance defined to a interface, not to a class. When instantiated, an object must define its parent class.

Delegation. Delegation is one of the original object programming techniques for a model that competes with inheritance. In delegation an object pass the responsability of answering one function explicitly to other object (usually pointed by the original one).

Delegation is a very common technique in the Gang of Four book.

Aspects[?] are a new technique, epitomized by AspectJ. See also subject-oriented programming[?] and separation of concerns.

Heterogeneous groups

Heterogeneous groups are groups where the members have different types. For example; silverware includes forks, spoons, and knives; and animals include mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians.

What is the signature for all animals? Mammals and fish share almost no attributes. Mammals breathe air while fish breathe water. Mammals walk on land while fish swim in water. They eat different foods. Yet, it is useful to combine animals together, when feeding pets (cat, parakeet, and goldfish), or going to the zoo.

In object languages, the signature for animals would be empty. However, this leads to problems because shoes and potatoes also match the signature for animals.

Heterogeneous groups are challenging to object languages, because they link group signatures with group membership. Programmers long ago learned that removing attributes from a signature is hard to understand.

Multimethods implement multiple downcasting directly. The alternative is to implement the visitor pattern.

One criticism against the techniques is that patterns already implement these concepts in Java and C++. However it takes extra work to implement patterns.

Another criticism is that the term post-object does not identify a specific technnology or practice, in the way that structured programming and object-oriented programming do. This means that post-object is more ambiguous. This may simply be necessary, given that object-oriented was such a large step in impact and identity.

The name post-object was chosen to parallel post-impressionism. Most art patrons who say they like impressionist art really prefer post-impressionist art. Impressionism was an important but subtle change in art. Post-impressionism, for example Van Gogh, went whole hog. Objects use implementation inheritance in various ways, but leave many issues unresolved. Post-object resolves some issues, specifically heterogeneous groups, mixins, and delegation.

One early language was Cecil. Another important language is AspectJ. Other languages in the near future should include Sting.

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Archaeogeodesy, a Key to Prehistory

Archaeogeodesy can be defined as that area of study encompassing prehistoric and ancient place determination, navigation (on land or water), point positioning, measure and representation of the earth, geodynamic phenomena, and the applied astronomy. Archaeogeodesy, by combining fundamental astronomy, geodetic knowledge, applied mathematics, accurate positional data and archaeology, presents a methodology for investigating the architecture, placements, spatial properties, relationships and arrangements of prehistoric sites and monuments. As a new area of inquiry, archaeogeodesy presents unique avenues of assessing ancient understandings of geography, of place, and of the earth and the cosmos as evidenced by archaeological remains.

Miamisburg Mound, Ohio

We generally regard temporally, spatially and culturally diverse ancient monuments as unrelated. The many pyramids of Egypt, whether stepped, bent, or true, have interrelationships, however understudied. What of the other pyramids and similar mounds dispersed the world over? Few would argue no relationship between neighboring earthworks in North America, for example, yet their similarities to Neolithic mounds and circular embankments of the British Isles go relatively unnoticed. Visitors to Stonehenge and other stone circles who notice surrounding earthworks are unlikely to postulate connections, spatial or functional, to similar earthen monuments in distant Ohio because of an intervening ocean.

Given monument similarities and the great number of monuments around the world, questions arise. "Did a broadly-defined mound-pyramid-monument complex originate and diffuse from a single cultural source or arise in several cultural traditions?" "Which monuments are shared traditions?" "When did the earliest monument forms arise, why and where?" With modern cartography, geodetic science, and mathematics, in other words, with archaeogeodesy, questions regarding ancient geographic knowledge can be addressed.

Seip Mound 83.220111W 39.237889N GPS

Knowing where you are and way finding have always been fundamental tasks of human survival. Of modern geodetic roles, navigators, surveyors, and cartographers are the most common and familiar specialists. To methodically explore and chart the earth, the need to know the form and size of the geoid arises. Advanced geodetic capabilities include determination of coordinates on land or at sea with point position resolved by measurements linking terrestrial to celestial reference in a triangulation net. Knowledge of celestial dynamics and the spatial properties of the solar system are fundamental to the practice of geodesy. Purposeful geodetic arrangement of prehistoric monuments can infer and might demonstrate fundamental and/or complex geodetic, astronomic, and cosmographic knowledge not previously ascribed to or demonstrable for ancient and prehistoric cultures and civilizations. Archaeogeodesy studies can reveal the relationships expressed by ancient constructs. Historic knowledge of the earliest geodesy provides some context for research expectations and for the analysis of findings.

A Brief History of Early Geodesy

The historic context provides an early framework for geodetic sciences. Considered globally, the early history of geodesy, like that of astronomy, is fragmentary at best. The earliest realization of the spherical shape of the earth may never be known. Although 5,000-year-old references to the true shape of the earth are known from Mesopotamia, 20 centuries later Homeric poems refer to the earth as a disc. Well before the telescope aided in the advancement of astronomy in the West, early civilizations in the Americas, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China evidence accurate understandings of astronomy. Capabilities similar to known cultures can be expected in other complex cultures where historical evidence is lacking.

Indian astronomer Àryabhata precisely reported the fundamental ratio of rotations and lunar orbits in 500 A.D. Two Indian sources from between 2000 B.C. and 1000 B.C., the Rig-Veda and the Yajur-Veda, imply accurate knowledge of the earth and celestial mechanics, specifically that the earth is a globe circling the sun. Historians have credited Pythagoras and Thales of Melitus with hypothesizing a spherical earth. Classical Greek knowledge of geodesy is found in Aristotle's fourth century B.C. writings. He discussed proofs of sphericity, including the angle of the celestial pole changing in relation to latitude, and the shape of the earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse.

Presumably between 325 and 320 B.C., Pytheas, an astronomer and navigator from Massalia, traveled the western coast of Europe, perhaps as far north as Iceland. He established the exact position of the celestial pole and determined the latitude of Massalia as 19 degrees and 12 minutes. Pytheas related latitude to variable length of days and the angles of solar illumination, and he located the island of Thule (Iceland?) at the point where the day lasts 24 hours at summer solstice.

Knob Prairie Mound, 83.931667W 39.879639N GPS

Determination of the degree of meridian, a section of a north-south line, is a fundamental achievement of geodesy. This determination permits extrapolation of the magnitude of the earth. There are two known historical methods to measure of the scale of the earth. One method is measuring distant horizons from a mountain top to determine the angle of dip below level. The most common and best-known ancient method employed angular measure of solar illumination at two points on a meridian and linear measure between the points. Comparison of the angles and the distance produces the three surface parts of a triangle with its apex at the geodetic center of the earth, from which the length of a mean, local geodetic radius is derived.

The earliest surviving historical record of the measure of the size of the earth, accomplished in Egypt, is attributed to Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 B.C.-194 B.C.), the exact details of which were lost with his treatise, On the measurement of the Earth. However, this accomplishment was reported by other authors, including Strabo and Cleomedes. Eratosthenes is reputed to have measured the noon shadow at summer solstice in Alexandria. Knowledge of the approximate distance between Syene, where there was no noon shadow at summer solstice, and Alexandria allowed his extrapolation of the length of the circumference of the Earth as 250,000(?) stadia. In all probability, Eratosthenes, a librarian in Alexandria, reported earlier knowledge to his Greek compatriots. Scholars continue to argue over details and attribution of his report and the length of the stadia, and hence the accuracy of measure. Eratosthenes' measure is the first historical indication of establishing any distance by astronomical means or by reference to the geometry of the earth. By this time, if not much earlier, the scale of the known world in relation to the unknown world was appreciated in the Mediterranean region.

Eratosthenes surpassed his known Greek contemporaries in yet another area by constructing a world map based on parallels and meridians. His other writing, Geographica, three books on making a map of the known world, was also lost. He reputedly computed the distance to the sun (804,000,000 stadia) and to the Moon (780,000 stadia) using data obtained during lunar eclipses. Ptolemy reported that Eratosthenes measured the tilt of the Earth's axis as the value of 11/83 of 180, namely 23° 51' 15" (23.854°). At that time obliquity was actually 23.725,° evidencing a possible earlier source. Eratosthenes also worked out a calendar that included leap years, compiled a star catalogue, and accurately sketched the route of the Nile to Khartoum.

Marietta Conus Mound, 81.451556W 39.420333N GPS

Arabic literature evidenced knowledge of the size of the earth without precise details of origin of the knowledge. The Arabic 4,000 cubit mile (1,972 meters) is evidenced in a cuneiform text of the sixth century B.C. Arabic writings cite the measure of the degree of latitude of 56 2/3 Arabic miles, or 111,089 meters, an excess of only 0.17 percent compared to the present day measure of 110,900.0 meters for a degree of latitude near Baghdad. The length of an arc of meridian and of longitude are variable functions of latitude due to the oblate ellipsoidal shape of the geoid. Therefore, accuracy of a meridian measure is only determinable if the latitude of the measurement is known. The modern value for the mean circumference of the earth is 40,030,005.6967 m, or 111,194.46 m per mean degree.

Arabic literature also cites Roman measure of the earth in Roman miles. The Roman mile of 3,000 cubits (1,480 meters) probably derived from the Mesopotamian cubit. The measure was one degree equals seventy-five Roman miles, or one mile equals 1/27,000th of circumference. This extrapolates (times 360) to an impressively accurate estimate of 24,830 modern miles as the meridional circumference, while the 56 2/3 Arabic miles per degree produces 24,997 miles (these two frame the present day value of 24,860 miles). Other authors cite the Roman mile as equaling 4,866 feet, which extrapolates (times 75 times 360) to 24,883 miles, or 111,236 m per degree.

The Roman estimate, of unknown origin, probably dates to the late Roman Empire. Historical Arabic records in the ninth century document the measure of one degree as 56 miles, or 110,432 meters per degree. Arabians measured a two degree meridian arc near Baghdad in 827 A. D., determining the globe's size with an error of plus ten percent. Table 1 presents a comparison of the discussed measures. Since it is not known at what exact latitude each was measured, they are all compared to one degree of mean circumference and a meridional degree centered near Baghdad and Babylon (herein termed Babylon Meridian, 110,900.0 m). For comparatives, meridian measures centered on Rome and Avebury are also presented.

Table 1. Early Measures of the Size of the Earth and Comparisons of Accuracy.
of a degree
Length m
Measure Comparative Difference
Mean Degree
111,194.46 m

Babylon Meridian
110,900.0 m

Arabic literature
56 Arabic mi.
- 0.69 %
- 0.42 %
Arabic literature
75 Roman mi.
- 0.17 %
+ 0.09 %
Arabic literature
56 2/3 Arabic mi.
- 0.10 %
+ 0.17 %
66 2/3 Arabic mi.
+ 18.23 %
+ 18.54 %

Table 2. Modern and Accurate Early Measures of the Size of the Earth in meters.
IAU Constants
World Geodetic System
Avebury Meridian
Arabic literature
56 2/3 Arabic mi.
Rome Meridian
Arabic literature
75 Roman mi.
Babylon Meridian

The early historic measures more accurately represent a degree of meridian measured nearer Rome than Babylon. Table 2 extrapolates radii and circumferences for the two accurate ancient measures and for meridian lengths at Babylon, Rome, and Avebury and compares these, in size-ordered sequence, with modern values. The latitude with the local meridian matching the scale of the equatorial circumference is north of Avebury. Due to the latitude variables, determination of the precision of ancient degree measures will remain ambiguous given present knowledge. From the historic record, it is apparent that ancient geodetic methods were sufficient to determine the magnitude of the earth.

In China maps are mentioned in several writings from before 200 B.C., and were attached to military books. Three fairly accurate maps, a topographic map, a military map showing troop placement, and a map of towns, all painted on silk, were unearthed from a tomb dated to 2100 years ago. These imply an accurate, scientific method of surveying. In the third century A.D., the Chinese astronomers divided the celestial sphere into 365.25 degrees, defining one degree as one mean daily solar term or apparent motion. A book written by Pei Xiy in 267 A.D., a foundation for Chinese cartography, presents rules for map-making, including graduated scale, showing direction, measuring distance in straight lines, and accounting for elevation differences.

Because determinations of longitude are comparative, a reference meridian is fundamental to any system (astronomical or survey) of expressing longitude and time. The modern global system employs the Greenwich meridian, from which distance in degrees is counted in two directions, with the date line on the opposite side of the earth. Meridians have been used historically in determination of the magnitude of the earth, determination of longitude, and in standardized time reference by demarcation of the beginning of the day and/or year. In any inquiry into knowledge of geodesy in cultures without a history of geodesy, indications of a meridian may evidence these activities.

Indian astronomy utilized a prime meridian, situated at Ujjain. Pre-Islamic astronomical tables were drawn up by Arab geographers for reference meridians such as Alexandria, Egypt, and Ujjain. In the Islamic world many centers, including Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo, came to be used as meridians of reference. Àryabhata used the meridian at Lanka, India, to determine the demarcation of the day. In the New World, for dates in codices and on monuments, we lack knowledge of the date line.

In the Netherlands in 1617, W. Snellius deduced from an astronomically determined meridian of over one degree a circumference of 24,010 miles. Seventy years later Isaac Newton recognized that the earth is an oblate ellipsoid flattened at the poles. Not until after 1850 was a near accurate flattening ratio determined. The most recent International Astronomic Union definitions (based in part on satellite measure) rate the equatorial radius at 6,378,140 meters (24,901.4726 miles in circumference) and the flattening factor at 1/298.257. The most recently accepted data is available on the Cosmographic Values Index and Geodesy pages.

Written history is a fragile, incomplete, and recent record at best. The famed burning of the library of Alexandria or of Native American libraries exemplifies the easy destruction of vast stores of accumulated knowledge. The few surviving prehistoric Mayan codices evidence astronomic periodicities in their date sequences. These recent discoveries demonstrate advanced astronomic knowledge in the Americas and illustrate the magnitude of lost knowledge. Furthermore, history is subjective, often told only by conquerors, and translations are limited by the conceptual limitations of both languages and translators. In contrast, the archaeological record is objective, durable, and also not temporally bounded. True history is more than the surviving written records and is never entirely lost; the past leaves abundant evidence awaiting those who care to inquire. With many civilizations, a lost history of human knowledge of geography and geodesy awaits dscovery.

Circle Mound, Anderson, IN, 85.619074W 40.1029167N GPS

Astronomy and the Oldest Surviving Buildings on the Earth.

Dating from 5,800 to 5,200 years ago, three of the oldest surviving buildings on the earth, the Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth tumuli (passage mounds), dominate the landscape of the Boyne Valley in Meath County, Ireland. Every year at the winter solstice sunrise a shaft of sunlight can enter a long passage and illuminate Newgrange's large, elaborately petroglyphed, megalithic interior chamber. At sunset the calendric hierophany is repeated in Dowth mound. In Knowth, one of the largest tumuli, passages align to positions near both the equinoctial sunrise and sunset. At the Carnbane complex 26 miles west-northwest of Newgrange, today seven Carnbane passages still frame light beams into interior chambers. Ten miles southeast of Newgrange at Tara, ancient Ireland's political center, the ruins of a large megalithic passage mound and earthen circles are found. The Tara mound passage frames the rays of first sunlight on Samhain, the Celtic New Year Day and the midpoint between fall equinox and winter solstice.

The millennial constructs interrelate astronomic geometry and megalithic architecture to choreograph light as calender. Because their builders constructed monuments that function 5,000 years later, their works illuminate the obscurity of prehistory as vividly as the sun and moon illuminate the ancient chambers. The astronomically-ordered monuments and landscape on the Plains of Kildare evidences the Neolithic builder's capability to interrelate the earth and the cosmos, essentially to employ the tools of navigator and surveyor and the fundamental knowledge required to explore or measure the earth. Researchers have made claims regarding the Boyne River site alignments, such as a line of four mounds northeast of Newgrange aligned to sunrise on Samhain, mounds southeast of Newgrange located on both the solstice and lunar major lines, Dowth to the northeast of Newgrange situated in near alignment with Newgrange's lunar minor standstill, and at Carnbane East, on the central hilltop of the Loughcrew mountain complex, four mounds form a row aligned to the summer solstice sunrise. While authors disagree on the alignments and the degree of alignment accuracy, it is obvious that, from five millennia ago—before any generally recognized civilization—impressive astronomical and calendrical architectural constructs still vividly display the knowledge their construction required.

Questions Posed by Ancient Monuments.

The capabilities evidenced by the Neolithic monuments posed questions. Where and when did these cultural practices originate? Was the same fundamental knowledge applied to the arrangement of monuments across a wider landscape? How far and wide did positional interrelationship of sites and architectural incorporation of astronomical knowledge extend? What of contemporaneous or similar sites at distances beyond the range of intervisibility? Obvious similarities exist between monumental earthworks and megalithic constructs on opposite sides of the Irish Sea. Determinatation of site arc distance provided some surprising results (software and spherical trigonometry formulas).

The Avebury complex, the largest megalithic standing stone and henge circle in England is situated a quarter of a degree from Stonehenge on the Salisbury plain. Avebury is also located 1/100 of the planetary circumference from two major archaeological complexes in Ireland, Newgrange and Tara. The distance from Dowth tumulus to Avebury equals 1/100 of circumference (3.602°) as does that from Knowth to Windmill Hill henge (3.600°). The distance from Khufu's Great Pyramid to older Newgrange A, a henge and cairn monument, is one-tenth of the planetary circumference (36.004°).

Hopewell Culture National Historic Park, Central Mound, 83.004431W 39.376306N GPS

These and other site interrelationships posed more questions. First, are the spatial relationships across vast distances intentional or coincidence? On the opposite side of the Atlantic Ocean in Eastern North America, similar earthworks pose the same questions, as do monuments and monument alignments around the world. What levels of geodetic knowledge did prehistoric cultures possess? To what extent does evidence of ancient astronomy indicate the practice of geodesy? Is it possible that earthworks on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean were situated with exact knowledge of their latitude and longitude and possibly also in specific relationships to each other? And, to what extent can ancient monuments answer these question?

Given modern archaeological paradigms, relationships between far distant monuments may initially seem preposterous. We can ignore the relationships and dismiss them as coincidence, or we can further examine the areas where our history is incomplete, recognizing that our recent rise in scientific and mathematical knowledge of the size and shape of the earth, and our understanding of navigation, is not necessarily a first for humanity.

The remainder of this article addresses these questions. The series is interspersed with discussions of ancient sites, their geodetic properties and relationships, and the fundamental astronomy involved. In Part Two, I present geodetic relationships of several Hopewell sites in eastern North American. I also introduce astronomically determined modules of distance. Part Three focuses on the fundamental astronomy. In Part Four, the discussion returns to the Neolithic of the British Isles.

©1992 by James Q. Jacobs. All rights reserved. Contact.
  First written in 1992, published online Feb. 1, 1998.
Cite as http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aegeo.html


An interface only describes the actual signature of its methods etc. Any class implementing that interface must then provide an explicit implementation.

Interfaces provide definitions of methods that must be implemented by a class. The purpose of interfaces is to allow you to generalise specific functionality regardless of implementation. You may have an IDatabase interface that defines Open()/Close(). The class that implements that interface may be connecting to a MySQL database or MS Access database. Irrespective of how it accomplishes this task, the goal is still the same...Open database, close database.

An interface is a contract, a specification that concrete
classes MUST follow. It defines method signatures but
cannot have any implementations; the latter must be
provided by the classes that implement the interface.

Abstract Class:

An abstract class can contain a partial implementation of its methods etc.

Abstract classes are base classes that contain some abstract methods. They cannot be instantiated they are to be derived from. The purpose of an Abstract class is to allow you to define some generic functionality and sub-class to implement more specific functionality where appropriate.

An interface describes the behavior or capabilities of a C++ class without committing to a particular implementation of that class.

The C++ interfaces are implemented using abstract classes and these abstract classes should not be confused with data abstraction which is a concept of keeping implementation detail separate from associated data.

A class is made abstract by declaring at least one of its functions as pure virtual function. A pure virtual function is specified by placing "= 0" in its declaration.

The purpose of an abstract class (often referred to as an ABC) is to provide an appropriate base class from which other classes can inherit. Abstract classes cannot be used to instantiate objects and serves only as an interface. Attempting to instantiate an object of an abstract class causes a compilation error.

Thus, if a subclass of an ABC needs to be instantiated, it has to implement each of the virtual functions, which means that it supports the interface declared by the ABC. Failure to override a pure virtual function in a derived class, then attempting to instantiate objects of that class, is a compilation error.

What is an Abstract Class?

What is an Interface?

Both Together


How To Spell H?

Correct spelling: H

What are the misspellings for H?

What does the abbreviation H mean?

Google Ngram Viewer results for H:

This graph shows how "H" have occurred between 1800 and 2008 in a corpus of English books.

What are the usage examples for H?

  1. What time was it when H gave you this? – My Home In The Field of Honor by Frances Wilson Huard
  2. " I wish to Heaven you had made an end-" " 'Ah- h h – Madeline Payne, the Detective's Daughter by Lawrence L. Lynch
  3. As a young fellow of the H B. Co. – The New North by Agnes Deans Cameron
  4. Produced by Nick Hodson of London, England A Yacht Voyage Round England, by W. H G. Kingston. – A Yacht Voyage Round England by W.H.G. Kingston
  5. There parted with Sir G. Carteret and into Westminster Hall, where I met with Sir H Cholmly, and he and I to Sir Ph. – Diary of Samuel Pepys, Complete Transcribed From The Shorthand Manuscript In The Pepysian Library Magdalene College Cambridge By The Rev. Mynors Bright by Samuel Pepys Commentator: Lord Braybrooke
  6. " H King .............. – A History of the Republican Party by George Washington Platt
  7. " O- o- h h said one uncle. – Rootabaga Stories by Carl Sandburg
  8. Your and H 's last letters bring tears of joy to our eyes. – Notes of a Son and Brother by Henry James
  9. Go on, H R.! – H. R. by Edwin Lefevre
  10. " Baybay," said H 3rd, and he was quite right. – Seeing Things at Night by Heywood Broun

What are the rhymes for H?

  1. ph, gmbh, sh, bache, mh, th;
  2. hgh, pih;
  3. mph;
  4. kwh;


Telcoms lobbyists oppose ban on throttling firefighters' internet during wildfires

The CTIA is America's top telcoms lobbying organization, and they're trying to kill AB1699, a proposed California law that would ban carriers from throttling firefighters' internet access, as Verizon did in 2018, then lied about, then launched a charm offensive to defend.

The CTIA sent a letter to state lawmakers warning that the bill would result in "serious unintended consequences, including needless litigation."

The CTIA is the only organization that opposed the bill.

Wireless carriers fight ban on throttling firefighters during emergencies [Jon Brodkin/Ars Technica]


Creating an IoT Fleet Management Solution using Splunk

Discovered Intelligence Wins IoT Hackathon

Real World IoT Use Cases

The Challenges Faced by the Internet of Things (IoT) in Canada

There are a number of challenges which must be overcome for the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT). In some areas there has been significant progress in the past decade, such as RFID technology, data storage capabilities, and the growth of both wired and wireless network infrastructures. While in other areas there remains a large amount of work to be done: privacy, information security, communication standardization and even educating end-users.

The majority of the challenges companies and countries face in the IoT space are universal and not just specific to Canada. Therefore, the problems can be tackled jointly for mutual benefit; a possible breeding ground for innovation. Canadian companies are in the mix of all this and there are some challenges in Canada that other nations may not have to consider for their IoT strategies. Read more

Splunk and the Internet of Things (IoT)

What’s new in Splunk 6.3?


BBC Urdu

BBC Urdu is the Urdu language station of the BBC World Service, accompanied by its website, which serves as a news portal and provides online access to radio broadcasts. The radio service is broadcast from Broadcasting House in London as well as from a BBC bureau in Islamabad. The target audience are Pakistanis.

Affiliated grantees

Funded project

Bolly Lolly Dhally


So, how do you design a process that even your Granny can follow?

Start with the end in mind

I read something this week that got me thinking. Because the same principle can also be applied to designing a new process.

The fabulous Lucy Pitts from Strood Copy wrote a piece this month on how to plan your speech and blog content. Our new OpsAngel Helen is trying her hand at blog writing for the first time and has had a go at following Lucy’s advice – start at the end, and end at the start.

Designing new processes should be part of your toolkit

A lot of work that we do at OpsAngel is capturing processes and workflows that already exist. They are processes that someone, at some point in time, created because they were asked to get a job done. Quickly. Usually without too much thought. And the steps they followed have then tended to stick. It worked once, so no need to change it.

But if we all put more thought into the processes we are creating then less of them will go wrong over time. Badly designed processes cause a lot of unnecessary stress and have a financial impact.

A well designed, well thought out process, will help you and your team use your time more efficiently. It is simple for someone else to follow which makes delegation easier. And it is more reliable, reducing the risk of something going wrong. In short, you are able to predict the outcome.

A good process has a consistent outcome

It is worth being clear here what a process is. It is a series of steps or actions that need to take place, in a certain order, to achieve a particular outcome.

A good process has clear steps and actions. Each of those steps and actions have clear owners. And it produces the same results every time, regardless of who is running it. McDonald’s are the master of this.

When you measure the success of a process you are really measuring how many times it deviates from the outcome you are expecting. The less deviation the less wastage, and the less wastage the less the impact on costs, and for customer facing processes, your reputation. Imagine having an invoicing process that only resulted in paid invoices 60% of the time! You just wouldn’t intentionally design a new invoicing process that had this outcome (I hope!).

The easiest way to create a monster of a process is to build in too much complexity both into the outcomes and the steps to get there. As a rule of thumb, if your granny can’t follow it then it is probably too complicated. Keep it simple.

Grab your sticky-notes and work backwards

If you haven’t identified the outcome, or particular end point that you want to achieve, it makes it very difficult to work out the steps that need to take place to make it happen. Once you can answer the question, what do I want the end point of this process to be?, the steps to getting there should fall into place.

Imagine we are designing a new process to gather customer feedback. A process with an outcome that 100% of our customers are asked their opinion on our services or products will have different steps to one that only wants customer feedback on one particular service or product. Be clear on your outcome, and the steps will follow.

At OpsAngel we love using sticky notes to capture the steps and actions in processes. Each sticky note represents one step or action and they can be easily moved around to make sure they are in the right order.

Don’t get stuck at how

If you are a process geek like the OpsAngel team are, you will know that as well as an output, a process has inputs. An input is something that you bring to the process to make it work and can be any number of things. You may need people to make your process work, or IT systems. Your process may rely on certain information. Or if you are making a physical product your process may need raw materials and even electricity to run the machines.

If you were to design a new process starting with what you have, you soon start to build in workarounds. And workarounds have a tendency to add complexity, and failure. You can find yourself stuck at how – how can we get to our outcome with what we have?

The question you should be asking is, what do we need to have in place to ensure our process has the right outcome?

By starting at the end and working backwards, you may discover that your new process won’t work properly unless you start using a new system. Or maybe even the system that you have already but aren’t using in the right way! Or you just don’t have enough manpower or information to make it work right now. And it may be the motivation you need to make other changes to the way things are done.

So, start with the end in mind, but whatever you do, don’t end at the start

It would be wrong for me to tell you that your journey with your new process ends once you have identified the outcome and mapped out the steps, backwards.

While you should start at the end, you should also end back at the outcome. Because it is only by measuring the outcome, or rather, how much the process deviates from the same outcome every time, that you will discover whether you have designed a good process. Your new process needs your continual watchful eye to keep it on track. If you started with the end in mind, then that should be easy.


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Eye drops are typically used as a first approach to lower eye pressure. A healthy pressure is achieved when fluid production and drainage are balanced in the eye. Some drops decrease the amount of fluid that the eye produces while other drops improve drainage inside the eye. Often several eye drops are necessary to achieve the eye pressure target.

When eye drops do not lower the eye pressure enough, laser trabeculoplasty can be used to remodel the drain of the eye, resulting in lower eye pressure.

Lasers are also used to perform laser iridotomy for people who have narrow angles or angle closure glaucoma.

If both eye drops and laser trabeculoplasty are not effective enough in lowering eye pressure, glaucoma surgery is usually recommended. Microincisional techniques are revolutionizing glaucoma surgery with faster healing and a lower risk of complications. Silverstein Eye Centers is at the leading edge of these new and improved glaucoma surgeries. Canaloplasty is like angioplasty for the eye. A catheter is threaded through the drainage canal of the eye and a stent is placed to increase drainage in the eye. Dr. Ohly also participates in studies for FDA approval of new minimally invasive glaucoma procedures.

While the new surgical techniques for glaucoma are promising, some patients are not candidates for these procedures and require trabeculectomy or glaucoma drainage devices to create a new drain for the eye. These procedures are some of the most effective in lowering eye pressure, but have a higher rate of complications.

A complete eye exam will detect glaucoma damage. Examination of the optic nerve for damage is the most important component. The optic nerve typically has healthy tissue extending to the blood vessels in the center of the nerve. As the optic nerve is damaged, the optic cup enlarges in the center of the optic nerve. In advanced glaucoma nearly all of the optic nerve has been lost and blindness is imminent.

The eye pressure, a balance between the fluid produced in the eye and the fluid drainage from the eye, is also measured. Most people have measurements between 12 and 21. Usually eye pressure is elevated in glaucoma, but sometimes glaucoma damage occurs at “normal” pressure. The corneal thickness is measured to determine the accuracy of the eye pressure measurement. Gonioscopy, direct examination of the drain of the eye, is performed to look for scar tissue obstructing the drain inside the eye.


Unifi Software has released OneMind—artificial intelligence (AI) engineered and seamlessly integrated at every stage of the analytics process. With AI capabilities powering every pillar of the Unifi Data Platform, business users become even more self-sufficient as they solve challenging data problems that drive their business. OneMind obscures the technical complexity of sourcing, exploring, and preparing data to augment a business users’ knowledge of their data—and delivers precise recommendations and insights instantly. The more users that engage across the Unifi Data Platform, the more intuitive data insights become as OneMind learns to predict patterns and recommend data sets to serve up to users. This level of business analyst self-sufficiency dramatically reduces the burden on IT teams to support data access requests from business users across the organization.

Unifi was founded with the goal to make data broadly accessible to every business user and professional inside of an organization who in some way is responsible for orchestrating change, regardless of their level of technical competency, and at the same time provide IT with the tools to maintain security, compliance, and governance. Whether a user needs to solve issues around customer retention, to identify new business channel opportunities, or to find social and economic dependencies that can impact local communities, they often cannot afford to wait for the answer, and may lack the technical knowledge on how to derive those answers themselves. Now with Unifi’s OneMind, many of the complex technical tasks required to derive insights are predicted and recommended to the user.

Together with AI-powered recommendations, OneMind delivers advanced natural language query support. Now a business user can use a Google-like interface to ask questions of their data such as, “What is the median house price of single family homes in San Mateo County?” Unifi OneMind will present the answer without further user intervention. Behind the scenes, advanced algorithms are profiling the data sets to identify the price attribute, cleansing inconsistent data (such as SFH, single-family home, single family, detached home, etc.), and then calculating the correct value. It’s this kind of data accessibility and access to corporate data insights that changes the game in business intelligence.

Governance and security: OneMind automatically recommends attributes that should be masked to maintain compliance, such as with GDPR.

Data catalog and discovery: OneMind automatically profiles data connected to the Unifi Data Platform to help business users understand what each data set contains. Enterprise Data Knowledge Graphs and visual representations are also discovered and displayed automatically. Data set recommendations are presented to the user based on choices they have previously made, significantly reducing the time to explore their enterprise’s own data.

Data preparation: With OneMind, many of the steps a user must take to cleanse, enrich, parse, normalize, transform, filter, and format data prior to visualization are now entirely automated via the OneClick Functions. When Unifi predicts how a user will want to join multiple data sets for business insights, it recommends specific tasks for data cleansing and normalizing. A user can choose to simply have Unifi proceed automatically or manually direct each process.

Workflows and automation: OneMind makes recommendations to users about previously created workflow automation jobs. If users are granted access to the job through the governance pillar of Unifi, they can then use that job as is or edit it for their own purposes. OneMind also powers the Unifi Cost-Based Optimizer that schedules and runs jobs in the fastest way for the least processing cost.

Collaboration and community: OneMind automatically scans tags and attributes as it serves up recommendations and predictions based on the value and quality of data as provided by the community of data users on the Unifi Data Platform.

The newest release of the Unifi Data Platform with OneMind is generally available now. For more information about Unifi Software visit

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Dr Arjit Walia

I am a conscious thinker who observes the change around and express views on various platforms like UN magazine (People & UN) or news blogs or social sites. I want people to think positively about ‘Nationalism’ and ‘Education’ through my articles and also want to motivate them to explore new place through my writings on ‘Travel’. I am associated with various education institutes to guide them on relevant educational excursions. I also take a workshop for students on life skills and Industry knowledge.


Cloning right or wrong

Strawberries are also propagated from runners which are actually clones of the parent plant, bearing fruit with the same color and taste.

This will also lead to better results and accuracy in predicting the outcome of any medicine or drug. How Was Dolly Born? But of course, few would or should oppose such intervention.

The NBAC stresses that there is potentially a greater risk with human error as well as having numerous failed attempts before creating a perfect clone Cloning right or wrong4.

President Clinton believes that "any discovery that teaches upon human creation is not simply a matter of scientific inquiry but also a matter of morality and spirituality" 1. Provided by Creation Ministries International. There are further reasons for rejecting the artificial cloning of humans.

Because 'Dolly' was a genetically identical copy of an adult sheep—a clone. With the concept of cloning gaining appreciable success in the last 10 years, it is said that if scientists succeed in getting total control over cloning, they will be able to create life.

Cloning: Right or Wrong?

Cloning has opened the doors to explore human beings in a way that was once never possible. There are numerous ways where cloning will further aid in scientific development and help the advancement of scientific knowledge of humans.

Cloning: Right or Wrong?

So, is man on the way to become God? Cloning attempts has occurred as early asand the first successful transfer of embryonic cells occurred in 15.

In my opinion, the initial euphoria that people will feel because of this new scientific miracle will soon die down and in it will be replaced by an anger and fear which will then lead to discrimination.

Pros Some of the potential benefits of cloning are certainly thought provoking. I think that God's instruction to humans to subdue the Earth Genesis 1: In spring the first aphid generation hatches out of fertilized eggs.

The procedure may actually cause more deaths in human beings where physical harm can be done to an embryo as well as a child. Gunther Stockinger wrote in the German news magazine Der Spiegel, chronicling the year Illustrations and layout copyright,Films for Christ ChristianAnswers.

Return to text The myth that Stalin's undoubted brutality was an aberration, a deviation from the positive policies of Lenin, has faded since the Soviet archives became public. One of the other pros of animal cloning is that it will help in saving endangered species that are facing threats of extinction through natural selection or poaching.

Both have their own personality, and their own soul. Return to text Manning Clark, reference 5. However, aside from assisting in medical research, I do not see how cloning human beings can help our society. But how do we judge cloning according to the Bible?

Ian Wilmut, the scientist famous for the "Dolly" cloning experiment has paved the way for a completely different thought. Financial feasibility is very important for any new medical breakthrough to succeed. Applied on the same principles, if that process is successful in humans, an individual in requirement of a kidney, leg, liver, or heart will be able to get it with the help of cloning.Cloning Right or Wrong?

Have you ever heard of cloning before? Well it has a lot of ups and its downs, many people are against it and many are for it? What is Cloning - Is it Right or Wrong?

Cloning: Right or Wrong

Srabonti Narmeen Ali On July 5,a sheep named Dolly was born in the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. Dolly was the first clone of a mammal from an adult cell. Dolly was not, however the world's first attempt at cloning, which began at the beginning of the century.

Cloning has aroused a substantial amount of debate in the past few years, due to its ethical properties. Some might say that cloning is a good thing and it can benefit the human race and others think it is one aspect of science that should be left alone.

Is Cloning Right or Wrong

A recent book, In the beginning, there was Dolly, says: “The lamb has always been a symbol of innocence. This changed abruptly in the spring of ‘Dolly,’ a barely three-month-old sheep, hit the headlines, displacing politicians and pop stars from the front pages of newspapers and magazines.

Is Cloning Right or Wrong

An ethical question such as the title of this case study, "Is cloning right or wrong? is a question which has no finite answer, it is open for debate and your views depend on who you are and what your morals are.

Is Animal Cloning Right or Wrong? These Pros and Cons Will Tell Download
Cloning right or wrong
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#100MomentsIn100Days: USA v USSR - 3 Seconds of Chaos

Mike Bantom goes out of the game as he is called for a 5th foul with just 55 seconds left. Tom McMillen comes in. 2 shots for Sergei Belov and he misses the first! Hits the second though and it's a 3 point game. USA 46 USSR 49 with 55 seconds to go

Jim Forbes comes up big for the USA as he hits a mid-range jump shot and the States are back within one! USA 48 USSR 49 with 40 seconds remaining

No shot clock remember and the US can't really afford to give up a foul as it's an automatic two shots. If only there was a way you could score 3 points for a basket!!

Soviets throw the ball around but try to get a shot off from Sergei Belov which is blocked by McMillan!! Collins manages to get hold of the loose ball at midcourt and goes for the hoop and is hit from behind as he goes to shoot!!

Collins crashes into the protective padding around the base of the support for the basket and looks in a bad way. Incredible drama as he will have to pick himself up and shoot the free throws which could bring the Gold Medal for the USA

Sakandelidze the man who commits the foul. There are 3 seconds left on the clock.

Collins then with the first. What pressure on this young man!! NAILS IT!! USA 49 USSR 49 - TIED GAME WITH 1 SHOT TO COME AND 3 SECONDS LEFT

Second throw is up as the siren goes in the background. NOTHING BUT NET FROM COLLINS AND THE USA HAVE THE LEAD FOR THE FIRST TIME TONIGHT USA 50 USSR 49 - 3 seconds to go

USSR restart the game and get to midcourt but the officials blow the whistle and stop the game. Have the Soviets called a Time Out? Pandemonium as no one seems to have a clue what is going on.

The US lead and there is 1 second on the clock. It looks as if the Soviets are going to have to hurl it and hope for a miracle.


Engaging and Educating Students From Around the World

Posted 01/09/2018 by Chris Powell

As part of the South Pole Energy Challenge (SPEC), Commvault created a student outreach program to engage and educate children from all over the world to follow the expedition and ask questions about the Antarctic. It is the hope of the 2041 team and Commvault that children become aware of the risks of climate change, realize there are ways to make a difference, and take action. At Commvault, we worked with local educators at High Tech High School in Lincroft, N.J., to develop a lesson plan and engage students all over the world, inviting them to become part of the expedition by posing questions to the Arctic Explorers. I brought a card deck of the students’ questions with me to Antarctica. We continue to receive questions daily and respond via satellite phone. Commvault employees around the world are also inviting their children to get involved and ask their questions online.

Robert Swan and I have both answered these questions and posed them to other members of the expedition. The questions, ranging from practical to philosophical, have been fascinating.

Here are two of my favorite questions Swan has answered so far:

Question: What animal or pet would you take with you to the South Pole?

Answer: A husky dog. It is the only animal that could survive the extreme climate, and it could help me pull my sled.

Question: What will the landscape of the Antarctic look like after 2041 if the treaty expires?

Answer: Imagine the Gulf of Mexico as it exists today [with] tens of thousands of oil rigs drilling in sea. That is what Antarctica could look like if the 2041 treaty expires. However, it’s not inevitable. By the time 2041 comes, children today will be adults - adults who can VOTE to protect Antarctica. You can take action now by using more renewable energy and prove that it isn’t necessary to drill in Antarctica. Together we can protect the last great wilderness left in the world.

Swan is a firm believer in engaging the youth of the world to understand the importance of preserving the pristine continent of Antarctica and finding ways to use renewable, sustainable energy in order to prevent further exploitation of fossil fuels. As a parent, I support his efforts (maybe to an extreme since I’m walking to the South Pole with him). I encourage all parents and teachers to follow our journey on the SPEC website, learn about what the expedition is doing and have children ask questions.

Check out the Q&A in the YouTube Playlist, and stay tuned for all questions answered to be posted on the 2041 website.

Continue to follow our journey by following Robert Swan (@robertswan2041) and Chris Powell (@justpowell) on Twitter, using the hashtags: #SouthPole and #everydayremarkable


weekend links: 4:44, stag beetles, Zhang Peili

Zhang Peili
Zhang Peili

Zhang Peili, still from “Document on Hygiene No. 3” (1991).

Image courtesy the Art Institute of Chicago.

Hanif Willis-Abdurraqib is not just a great poet, but an astute cultural critic. Take, for instance, his insightful analysis of Jay-Z's latest album, 4:44, an album that illuminates the contradictions between expectations of male—particularly black male—and female artists. How do we reconcile his newfound vulnerability and maturity with the allegations that he is confronting? And what do we make of the rags-to-riches superstar when he's got nowhere left to hustle? [Vox] Before Paul Giamatti, pinot noir was not a popular wine. Many experts say that his film Sideways unintentionally changed the California wine industry after its release in 2004. Giamatti plays a pinot noir loving (and merlot hating) winemaker whose strong opinions about the beverage seemed to have sparked a lot of curiosity from the public. A substantial amount of research has actually been done to find a link between the film’s release and the decline of merlot and rise of pinot noir, with pinot noir sales growing by nearly 200% since the movie came out. Who knew that Paul Giamatti could be so influential? [NPR]

Two recent graduates of the Maryland Institute College of Art have received a $25,000 grant to expand their independent publishing group, Dandelion Wine Collective. The two women, Paloma Hernando and Sunmi, are focused on creating a space for underrepresented illustrators to tell their stories through comics. [Creator’s Project]

The European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture is the first of its kind. The Institute is the first space created exclusively for the Roma, or Romani people—Europe’s largest minority group—to display and celebrate their art. It’s set to open fall 2017 in Berlin. [Al Jazeera]

Though stag beetles are commonly kept as pets in Japan, very few of them reach the ranks of becoming Internet Sensations. This quickly became the reality for one Tokyo bug named Spike. His owner (and now manager) explained that her beetle’s talent, creating abstract art, was discovered on accident—one day she put a marker in between his claw-like mandibles and he began to draw. Most of Spike’s work and creative process can be viewed on his Instagram. I wonder where he got his MFA. [The Verge]

Zhang Peili’s exhibit Record. Repeat is open through July 9th at the Art Institute of Chicago. The exhibit is a combination of audio/visual components and large-scale installations. Zhang is known for being the first Chinese artist to work with video as a medium. Most of the content he creates is reminiscent of pop culture from the late 1980s and Communist China. [Hyperallergic]

Denys Johnson-Davies is the man responsible for exposing the West to Arabic literature. Johnson-Davies passed away this week; he lived to be 94 years old. He translated literature from Arabic and into anthologies when no one else would. At the beginning of his career as a translator, Arabic was being taught in the West (if at all) as a dead language. Johnson-Davies played an important role by proving, through Arabian lit that wasn’t Arabian Nights, that the language is very much alive. [The New York Times]

It’s Nice That released its list of eleven “Graduates” this week—some of the best young illustrators, graphic designers, and artists coming out of undergraduate programs in the UK. The Graduates were chosen from a pool of over 1,000 applicants; each of the winners is given a profile on the website and is invited to collaborate with It’s Nice That in the future. We’re all watching to see what great things they do next. [It’s Nice That]

Cheryl Dunye’s first film, The Watermelon Woman, is being re-released for its 20th anniversary. The film features Dunye herself playing a documentary filmmaker trying to make a film about Faith Richardson, otherwise known as the Watermelon Woman. Richardson was a black actress in the 1930s who starred in a number of blaxploitation films that were directed by her white lover, Martha Page. Her story is a fascinating one, and the film is an important document in LGBT cinema. [New Republic]

Chris Lilley is quite possibly Australia’s favorite comedian. It’s hard to imagine that his shows would be as successful as they are—and why is that? For a start, Lilley plays most of the characters himself, switching from one racist stereotype to another with exceptional grace. He calls himself a satirist, but minstrel seems more appropriate. It’s hard to understand why a white actor who has engaged in blackface is still revered as a lovable comedian in the 21st century. Maybe it’s Australia’s history of British imperialism that led to inevitable racism in the media—whatever it is, people are thankfully beginning to become more aware of racism under the guise of “comedic genius.” [junkee]

And we offer a warm hug to Gavin Russom, LCD Soundsystem's keyboardist and synth master, who has recently opened up about her life as a trans woman. She'll be performing at Chicago's Berlin club on July 13, for any Chicagoans who want to celebrate her life and work. [Pitchfork]

—Natalie Walrath

featuresSean Redmond


Mekka Abdelgabar

Mekka Abdelgabar

Women agents of peace as inspiration to the youth.

Mekka Abdelgabar talks about how youth helping youth and learning from women to be agents of peace. She wants to see peace and justice prevailing in her country. Without peace there is no life.

Mekka Abdelgabar is the founder of Vrouwen Organisatie Nederland Darfur (VOND), a foundation with the main objective of empowering Sudanese women and young people with life skills, communication skills and a critical attitude in order to make them more resilient to recruitment by extremist and violent militias. In this way they can contribute to conflict prevention. Concentrating on developing skills to participate in mediation and peace dialogues, increasing the knowledge of gender equality, creating a NAP1325 network and on providing opportunities for young people to participate in decision making at a higher level.

Twitter: @mekkabdelgabar
Facebook: mekka.abdelgabar

Upcoming related events (0) Past related events (1)
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Are We Allowing Social Media to Dictate Our Happiness?

“Distracted from distraction by distraction.” ― T.S. Eliot

Social media is taking over the world, as an estimated 2 billion people around the globe use social networking sites and 80 percent of Americans have at least one social media profile. The average American has five social media accounts and spends an hour and twenty minutes a day browsing their networks. Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, and Instagram are among the most popular social media sites, while Snapchat and online dating sites such as Tinder and Bumble follow closely behind. Even pets now have their own Facebook and Instagram accounts; you can follow your favorite Fido the Dog at the quick click of a button.

We are constantly in the rat race, trying to post the best videos, photos, and status updates to receive the most likes, follows, or comments. However, underneath the social media craze, we are actually trying to brag and showcase our best moments of our lives even when we may be living in misery. We live in a world where we constantly compare our lives to others and oftentimes do not take time to recognize our triggers, defeats, challenges, accomplishments, and endeavors because we are so busy trying to present ourselves in the best form possible. We don’t take a moment to unwind, take a deep breath, and disconnect from the world. Rarely do people post their daily struggles on their social media accounts, partially because we are driven by society to showcase the best parts of our lives and not our struggles.

Social media sites enable people to connect with each other no matter on which continent or in which time zone they reside. Although it allows people to stay in touch with loved ones around the world, can social media become an addiction? Does portraying your life on the Internet falsely boost self-confidence?

Hunger for positive feedback

Chances are you will be checking your Facebook newsfeed when you wake up in the morning; it has become a daily routine for many. Studies have shown the impacts of positive reinforcement on the brain from participating in social media. In fact, participants in a well-known study demonstrated stronger activity within the brain’s nucleus accumbens when they received positive feedback about themselves than when they saw another person receiving positive feedback.

Let’s face it, positive reinforcement is difficult to resist and can lead people to become addicted to Facebook or other social media sites. Status updates and photos on social media often present an idealized version of that person’s reality.

Thirst for instant gratification

The motivation for instant gratification, and the idea that bigger and better can achieve happiness, influence what people share on social media sites. It takes our brain less than a second to decide whether we want to swipe right or left on a dating profile, simply based off the other individual’s appearance or whether we want to like a friend’s post on Facebook simply based off a picture. If we are not instantly overcome with pleasure then we will simply move on to something that is more gratifying, hence why we “swipe left," “unfollow,” or “unfriend." This can lead users to constantly compare themselves to others and think less of their own lives, potentially leading to negative feelings such as jealousy or low self-esteem.

It seems that teenagers are affected the hardest. Research studies have shown that teens who use social media for more than two hours a day show tendencies toward a mental health disorder such as depression or anxiety. Although a direct causality has not been shown, the evidence does show a correlation between social networking and depression in teens. This may go back to the theory of instant gratification and low self-esteem or may be due to the rising issue of cyberbullying, which often occurs on social media.

“It could be that teens with mental health problems are seeking out interactions as they are feeling isolated and alone,” states Hugues Sampasa-Kanyinga, M.D., the study’s lead author.

What matters most

Social media can bring people from different worlds together. The connectedness and friendship that sites such as Facebook provide can be life-changing, especially when your loved ones live far away. The downside is that technology has changed today’s relationships and, as a result, face-to-face interpersonal skills are disappearing among people. At the end of the day, keep in mind what matters most: connecting in person, human touch and lasting, authentic relationships. Don’t get bogged down by the popularity of Facebook statuses or Instagram photos, as that truly can become addicting. Better yet, set aside a specific amount of time per day or per week to unplug from social media or make it a habit to disconnect from technology when you go on a trip or go out to dinner. Maybe even only go on social media via a desktop or laptop and delete the apps from your phone. There are so many ways to prevent the “social media blues”; you just have to create boundaries if you truly want to find happiness.


News Columns & Blogs

Speaker: Avionics improvements make airplanes safer, more reliable

Avionics in the cockpits of single-engine aircraft and business jets have come a long way.

They’ve moved from conventional round mechanical gauges to display technology, which give traditional heading and attitude information but add weather, moving maps, terrain avoidance and a bevy of other information at a pilot’s fingertips.

They’re much more safe and reliable, Phil Straub, vice president and managing director of Garmin’s aviation division, said after speaking to the Wichita Aero Club’s luncheon today.

Since joining Olathe-based Garmin,  in 1993 Straub has helped in the development of  Garmin’s core aviation products, including embedded software development and certification flight testing.  Straub currently oversees all Garmin’s global aviation business activities, including engineering, marketing, sales, flight operations, and aviation customer support.

Today’s avionics move from making the pilot remember where to  find the information on a screen to being more intuitive, Straub said, and using touch-screen interfacing to do it.

It’s moving from “line selection to something much more graphically” presented, Straub said after the presentation.

The data is shared among systems as well, Straub said.

In the future, avionics will provide even more safety in the cockpit by limiting how much a pilot could overbank or otherwise have loss of control.

For example, when a plane reaches a certain bank limit, the plane would return to a safe envelope.

It may be years in the future, however, before the advent of pilotless airplanes, he said.


Messengers of Mercy

Who Does God Say We Are? Many people think medical mission ministry is all about physical care to the body and only physical care. However, as creatures made in the image of God, we consist not only of a body, but of body, spirit and soul. As we provide care for an individual, we must provide care that doesn’t simply address their physical need (body), but cares for them wholistically, understanding that they consist of body, soul and spirit and these are always in relationship and influencing each other.

Often professional people serving on a Short Term Mission Team focus only on their specific area of professional skills. For example, doctors are considered as physical care givers(body), teachers as psychological educators(soul), and pastors as spiritual evangelists(spirit).

Jesus Christ is our Model for Ministry. According to Matthew 9:35, Jesus’ ministry was teaching, preaching, and healing. He ministered to the whole person: body, soul and spirit. Therefore, at MOM we minister with a wholistic mission approach, just as Jesus always cared for the person wholistically: body, soul and spirit. (Luke 9:1,2, 4:16-19, Matthew 25:35-40)

In John 5:5, we see Jesus involved in “Wholistic Healing”. When He saw a man by the pool of Bethesda, he asked the man, “Would you like to get well?” This is how it’s translated in Korean, but the King James Version says, “Wilt thou be made whole?” After Jesus healed the man, He said to him in John 5:14, “Now you are well; so stop sinning or something even worse may happen to you.” Christ’s healing was not only for the man’s physical body, but healing for his soul and spirit. This kind of healing brings wholeness and completeness to our lives.

Training for Wholistic Medical Mission Evangelism: Through prayer and diligent preparation, we train local people on the mission field to become Wholistic Medical Mission Evangelists. This means they will minister to each individual in a wholistic approach so that they are restored as a whole person (body, soul and spirit) through the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

People in the mission field don’t usually have the same medical benefits we have here in the U.S. As a matter of fact, very few have the privilege of these medical benefits and most of the majority world countries completely rely on medical teams from developed countries to provide medical treatment.  Also, the medicine from short term mission teams, such as vitamins, Tylenol, and antibiotics, is not aimed at providing long term treatment, but only very basic, short term medical care.

Therefore, the first step should be the training of local people to learn basic medical care, nursing care, simple surgical skills, hygiene/health and to improve the sanitary conditions for local medical treatment.  Since most people on the mission field suffer and/or die from infectious diseases, it is possible to eliminate 80% of the diseases simply by basic hygiene /health education and preventive medicine.

In the majority world there are few doctors per capita, few schools for local people to be trained as a doctor, and the training to become a doctor takes many years.  So instead of looking to these limited doctors for medical care in these countries, we recommend training nurses and nurse practitioners with the basic skills of a medical doctor so that more people, especially those in remote areas, are provided with medical care.

Biblical Community Development (BCD):The  training of local people should not only include medical training, but also evangelism training. In this way the village people are cared for wholistically and the trainees learn to practice Wholistic Missions as they care for the needs of the people: body, soul, and spirit. As we trust God for His enablement, this Wholistic Ministry will be used to restore the society, economy, culture, and even natural environment on the mission field. BCD will lead the local people to participate in Kingdom Business, being a part of the expansion of the Kingdom of God, as they break out of the vicious cycle of poverty and disease. BAM(Business As Mission) for self-supporting  ministry can also be introduced to the local people to help them to become financially independent.

We pray that this ministry will multiply among the local people through discipleship training! To God be the glory!

Soon Ja Choi, MD
President of M.O.M.
Short Term Mission Trips to over 70 countries
(630) 293-8993

Ms.In Sun Jung, R.N.
Georgia Christian University (M.Div)
Served on many Short Term Mission Trips
(201) 560-7371

Ms. Young Sook Lee, R.N.
Served on many Short Term Mission Trips
(917) 561-1285


artwork of New Horizons and MU69
More info i
Artworks of New Horizons flying past the Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69. Credit: NASA / JHU-APL / SwRI / Steve Gribben

The wink of a star reveals a distant target for New Horizons

Contributed by
Jul 20, 2017

Just over two years ago, the New Horizons spacecraft provided humanity with its first close-up photos of Pluto in history.

These images changed the way we see the icy world forever. What we learned was staggering. It has vast, smooth regions on its surface indicating they’re geologically young; mountains as tall as the Rockies but made entirely of water ice; strong implications of liquid water under its surface despite the bone-shattering cold temperatures on the surface.

The close encounter lasted only a few hours, because you have a choice: Get to Pluto in less than a lifetime, or spend more time there. Pluto is so far away that even New Horizons, barreling across the solar system at 14 kilometers every second, still took nearly a decade to get there. It was traveling so rapidly that the visit was short.

But, despite the rapid flyby, there’s an advantage to moving faster than a speeding bullet: There are other targets out there in the inky depths of the outer solar system, and if you plan things right, you might just get to see them, too.

Even before the Pluto encounter, astronomers started trolling that region of space to look for another suitable target. They found one: 2014 MU69, an icy chunk of debris likely at most 20-40 kilometers across. It orbits far, far past Neptune, 6.5 billion kilometers from the Sun. It’s part of the Kuiper Belt, a ragtag collection of material left over from the formation of the solar system itself. If you don’t count Pluto (and I do), the first Kuiper Belt Object seen was only in 1992, and we now know of thousands.

But they’re so far away and so small that it’s hard to know what they’re like in detail. And that’s why MU69 is so important. New Horizons will show it to us up close for the first time.

The plan is for the spacecraft to fly within 10,000 km of MU69 on January 1, 2019. Maybe closer. But, to do that, we need to know more about it. How big is it? What shape is it? Is there anything else around it that could interfere with the flyby, like moons, rings, or debris?

These things are difficult to determine, but astronomers got a big clue this week due to geometry. In this case, the stars literally aligned.

Well, the Earth, MU69, and a star aligned. On July 17, 2017, from certain points on Earth, MU69 appeared to pass directly in front of a faint star. Astronomers call this kind of event an occultation, and when it happens, the star’s light is blocked, and it seems to momentarily disappear! In a sense, in this case, we’re in the shadow of MU69.

The occultation provides critical information: Because we know how fast MU69 is moving across the sky, the length of time the star blinks out tells us the width of MU69.

But there’s more. If you observe the occultation from different locations, you see different parts of MU69 passing in front of the star. If it’s a perfect sphere, then some locations will see a shorter occultation because the star cuts a chord behind it, not the full diameter. In fact, the shape itself can be determined by how long the occultation lasts at different positions on Earth.

map of occultation

Map showing the path of the shadow of 2014 MU69 across the Earth. Credit: SwRI

So New Horizons scientists dispatched telescopes to South America, where the shadow of MU69 was determined to fall across the Earth. In all, a couple of dozen small (40 cm) ‘scopes were deployed, equipped with cameras to record the event.

And … they caught it! At least five telescopes saw the star blink out. That, too, is very useful: If a ‘scope didn’t see it, then that provides an upper limit to the size of MU69 as well. The entire occultation lasted less than two seconds, too, so timing and location were everything here.

animation of occultation

Animation of the star blinking out as MU69 passed in front of it. This is actual data from the event; the time between frames is 0.2 seconds. Credit: NASA / JHUAPL / SwRI / Emily Lakdawalla

The data are still being processed, and we should have some numbers soon. I’ll note that there were two predicted occultations of two different stars before July 17, but nothing was seen. That means MU69 is probably smaller than previously thought, which, in turn, means it might be more reflective — if we know the distance and how bright it is, then its size depends on how shiny it is. A darker object would have to be bigger to look brighter, so even this non-detection tells us more about it.

My friend and super-solar-system-science communicator Emily Lakdawalla has more about the efforts to record this event. She also wrote a nice piece on what we knew about MU69 from a couple of years back, too.

I can’t stress enough just how difficult this sort of event is to plan! MU69 was only discovered in 2014 using Hubble images. It has a visual magnitude of 27 — that means the faintest star you can see with your unaided eye is 250 million times brighter! Then, using those images, the team had to calculate an orbit for it, and do so with such precision that they could extrapolate where it would be over the next year or two and see if it would pass in front of any stars. Then they had to plan the logistics of all that travel, coordinating the mission and making sure the data were recorded. Yet, as difficult as all that was, they were able to do it so well and with such accurate timing that several of the telescopes did in fact see the star blink out.

Mind you, MU69 is far, far too faint to even see with the telescopes used. So the astronomers had to keep taking data and hope.

And it paid off. Now, armed with more data, they’ll be able to plan the upcoming encounter with a little more confidence. As for what we’ll actually see when New Horizons gets to MU69, well, no one really knows.

If we did, it wouldn’t be exploration now, would it? But in less than 17 months, we’ll find out.

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Firm Announcements and Law Updates

Choosing The Right Business Structure Is One Of The Very First Steps In Opening A Business

Of all the decisions that  you will make when starting a new business, one of the most important is the type of legal structure to create for your company. Your decision on this issue will not only affect your management and the ownership choices throughout the life of the business, but it will also have a significant impact on your tax returns and the way you report profit and loss. Legal formalities,in the firm of paperwork, for your company,  personal liability for the product or service if there is a lawsuit and your ability to raise money should also be given serious thought.

There two different kinds of corporations in U.S. A C corporation is simply a corporation established pursuant to state law that elects to be taxed under Subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code. It is taxed as if it is it’s only individual. Each year you must prepare a tax return for the C Corporation and pay corporate income taxes on its net income. Net income is what is left after all expenses are paid. If the corporation pays a dividend, those who receive the dividends will also pay taxes on the “income “ received. This is why the C Corporation structures is said to have it will subject “double taxation.”

S Corporations are established pursuant to Federal Law, Subchapter S of the International Revenue Code. The S Corporation is not originally formed as an S Corp. At first you create a C Corporation then makes an election to be an Corporporation when the entity meets the subchapters requirements, like it has no foreign members, whether individuals or foreign companies as shareholders. A great benefit of the S Corporation is that it does not pay taxes itself. It distributes its income or losses to its shareholders who then list that income on their personal tax returns. One of the reason that the S corporation is so popular is that if the corporation loses money, each shareholder is able to deduct a proportionate shares of loss on his or her tax return.

TEIL forms various business structures and has experience in analysing the proper  business structures that is best for different types of business models. We can help you select the right form to fit your operation and tax requirements.  In brief here are some other pros and cons of popular structures.

  • Corporations  - A majority of the large companies in the world are registered as Corporations. The have limited liability, meaning that shareholders are only liable in a lawsuit for the amount of the investment but not their personal assets. Corporations are also required to perform certain formalities such as holding annual meetings and keeping detailed corporate records (minutes).The corporation becomes an entity to separate from those who founded it and those who handles the responsibilities of the organization. However, the primary disadvantage of the entity is the cost to form a corporation and the requirement of extensive record-keepings.

  • Partnerships  - A partnership can be created very easily by two or more individuals who have the same and or different skills and networks  to be benefit in profit wish to conduct business together. Unlike a corporation, in a partnership each partner is liable for the debts and legal responsibilities of the partnership and is also jointly and severally liable for the actions of the other partner. One of the advantage of a partnership is that it does not bear the tax burden of profits or the benefit of losses-profits or losses are “passed through” to partners to report on their individual income tax returns.Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP)  - A limited partnership is similar to a general partnership with minor difference in liability. There are two types of partners in a LLP: general partners and limited partners. Limited partners have no responsibility in the partnership management and are only liable for their part of capital investment in the project. Also, a limited partner is not liable for the debts of the partnership. If a limited partnership defaults, creditors can only look to the partnership and the general partner for their debt payment. There are more detail regulations on how LLP are formed.

  • Limited liability Companies (LLC) - Limited liability companies combine the traits of corporations and partnerships. This type of business structure enjoys the limited liability of a corporation and the eligibility for the pass-through taxation feature of a partnership. LLCs may also select any form of profit distribution.

To make the right decision on the very first step of entrepreneurship or businesses expanding is to get an understanding; and the second thing, that we highly recommend is to consult a business attorney before any decisions are made.


Understanding Africa's Rhino Poaching Crisis

Understanding Africa's Rhino Poaching Crisis
Save The Rhino International

Of all the animals that roam the African savannah, the rhino is undoubtedly one of the most impressive. Perhaps it’s the innate sense of power conveyed by their prehistoric form; or perhaps it’s the fact that despite their size, rhinos are capable of moving with surprising grace. Tragically, a recent spate of rhino poaching across their range has made it possible that whatever the source of their magic is, the generations of the future may never get to experience it.

The History of Poaching

150 years ago, white and black rhinos were plentiful throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Unregulated hunting by European settlers saw their numbers decline drastically; but it wasn’t until the 1970s and 80s that the poaching of rhinos for their horns became a real issue. The demand for rhino horn was so severe that 96% of black rhinos were killed between 1970 and 1992, while white rhinos were hunted to such an extent that for a brief period, they were considered to be extinct.

In one of the greatest conservation success stories of our time, efforts to save the rhino from being consigned to the history pages resulted in a resurgence of their respective populations. Today, it is estimated that there are around 20,000 white rhinos and 5,000 black rhinos remaining in the wild. However, since the mid-2000s, the demand for rhino horn has skyrocketed, and in 2008 poaching reached crisis levels once again. As a result, the future of both species is now uncertain.

Uses of Rhino Horn

Today, both the black and white rhino are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). International trade in rhinos or their parts is illegal, with the exception of white rhinos from Swaziland and South Africa, which may be exported with a permit under certain specific circumstances. However, despite the CITES rules, rhino horn has become so lucrative that poachers are willing to risk everything to cash in on the industry.

Rhino poaching exists because of the demand for rhino horn products in Asian countries like China and Vietnam. Traditionally, powdered rhino horn was used in these countries as an ingredient in medicines used to treat a variety of conditions - despite the fact that it has no proven medicinal value. More recently, however, the inflated price of rhino horn has resulted in it being purchased and consumed predominantly as a symbol of status and wealth.

A study by U.S. firm Dalberg estimated the value of rhino horn at $60,000/ kilo, making it more valuable on the black market than either diamonds or cocaine. This staggering figure has increased exponentially in the last ten years, with the value for the same amount of rhino horn estimated at $760 back in 2006. As poaching diminishes the remaining rhino population, the scarcity of the product makes it more valuable, in turn increasing the incentive to poach in the first place.

A New Poaching Era

The incredible amount of money at stake has transformed poaching into a commercial enterprise comparable to drug or weapons trafficking. Poaching gangs are run by organized crime syndicates, who have considerable financial backing and see rhinos as a commodity to be ruthlessly exploited. As a result, poaching methods are becoming more and more sophisticated, involving high-tech gear like GPS tracking devices and night-vision equipment.

This new style of poaching makes it increasingly difficult (and dangerous) for anti-poaching patrols to effectively protect the remaining rhinos. To do so, patrols must anticipate where the poachers will strike next - an almost impossible task considering the vast size of the parks and reserves in which the rhinos live. This is made even harder by large-scale corruption, with syndicates using their wealth to pay officials both within the parks and at the highest levels of government for information.

Statistics of Extinction

In South Africa alone, the number of rhinos poached annually has increased by 9,000% since 2007. In 2007, 13 rhinos were poached within the country’s borders; in 2014, that figure rose to 1,215. South Africa is home to the vast majority of the world’s remaining rhinos, and as such has borne the brunt of poaching efforts in recent years. However, neighboring countries are also in trouble. In Namibia, two rhinos were poached in 2012; while 80 were killed in 2015.

That extinction is a very possible outcome of statistics like these is proved by the fate of the Western black rhino, a subspecies declared officially extinct in 2011. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the primary cause of the subspecies’ disappearance was poaching. Northern white rhinos look set to suffer the same fate, with just three individuals left. They are too closely related to breed naturally and are kept under 24-hour armed guard.

The Value of Rhinos

There are many reasons to fight for the future of the rhinos that are left to us, not least of which is that it is our moral obligation to do so. Rhinos are the result of 40 million years of evolution and are perfectly adapted to their environment. They maintain the African savannah by consuming up to 65 kilos of vegetation every day and are crucial to the balance of the delicate ecosystems in which they live. If they become extinct, other animals throughout the food chain would also be affected.

They also have considerable financial value. As part of Africa’s famous Big Five, they are responsible for generating millions of dollars of revenue through tourism; an industry that can benefit many more people than the limited few supported by poaching. Making sure that local communities benefit from the income generated by eco-tourism is a key part of promoting rhino conservation at the grassroots level.

Fighting for Change

The problem of rhino poaching is a difficult one, and there is no single solution. Several have been suggested, each of which has its own set of positives and negatives. For example, several U.S. companies are currently attempting to develop synthetic rhino horn as a replacement for the real thing; while South Africa has suggested one-off sales of stockpiled rhino horn as a way to flood the market, thereby reducing the value of the horn and making it less attractive to poachers.

However, by catering to the rhino horn market, both of these solutions run the risk of fuelling the poaching crisis by perpetuating demand for the product. Other suggestions include poisoning rhino horns to make them inedible, and surgically removing the horns from living rhinos so that they are no longer a target. Dehorning has seen some success, although it is very costly. In some areas, poachers kill the hornless rhino anyway so that they don’t waste time by accidentally tracking it again.

Essentially, poaching needs to be tackled from several different angles. Funds need to be raised to allow for more effective anti-poaching patrols, while law enforcement is key in stamping out corruption. Environmental education schemes and financial incentives can help win the support of communities living on the edge of game parks and reserves so that they are no longer tempted to poach for survival. Above all, by raising awareness in Asia, it is hoped that the demand for rhino horn can one day be stopped once and for all.

To find out how you can help, visit Save the Rhino, an international charity working towards the conservation of all five global rhino species.

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Gatekeeping sport governance-the (re)production of (mis)representation in board nomination processes

Forskningsprojekt The focus of this project is what arguably has been and continue to be one of Swedish voluntary organized sport's biggest challenges: members' (un)equal access to the decision making bodies that govern their sport participation.

The current situation thus calls for knowledge on how representation in Swedish voluntary sport is constructed. This project addresses this need by analyzing and theorizing NSO board nomination processes and their relation to board composition. Compared to the very few previous studies on the present topic, we are not a priori focused on the over- or underrepresentation of any particular social category. We instead investigate how and why election committees use certain explanations and strategies of action as they perform their task of nominating individuals for election.

2016-01-01 2018-12-31

Centrum för Idrottsforskning
Idrottshögskolan vid Umeå universitet

Idrottsforskning, Pedagogik

The problem with skewed representation is especially troubling in systems built on the principles of democracy because it constitutes a threat to the legitimacy of the governance system as such. Illustratively, resent statistics show that 59% of National Sport Organization (NSO) have a gender skewed board (>60% male board members) and 11 out of 71 NSO boards have zero or one female on their board (CIF, 2016a). At the sport club level, 75% of clubs lack board members under the age of 25 (CIF, 2016b). Undisputedly, these facts are completely at odds with claims of being a people's movement "for all".

Our position is that skewed representation, as exemplified in the preceding, represents a threat to the legitimacy of Swedish voluntary sport's entire governance system. Because legitimacy is key in maintaining organizational survival and development, skewed representation in extension poses a threat to sport's ability to gain access to resources (e.g., public funding, members, or volunteers) and to develop in sought after directions (e.g., reduce the biased recruitment to sport by reaching underrepresented groups).


Supervision and linguistic correction of theses

Writing a thesis is a task that should not be taken lightly. An experienced coach supervises the student in the planning and execution of various assignments. The formatting, layout, spelling and sentence structure are scrutinised by a supervisor of at least MA level in the Dutch language.

The coach will meet the student at regular intervals to explain their improvements and advice. The parents are always kept informed of progress via email or telephone.


John Gossage

John Gossage (born 1946)[1] is an American photographer, noted for his artist's books and other publications using his photographs to explore under-recognised elements of the urban environment such as abandoned tracts of land, debris and garbage, and graffiti, and themes of surveillance, memory and the relationship between architecture and power.

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