What is an Apartment Hotel? What is an Aparthotel? What does Aparthotel mean?

An apartment hotel (Aparthotel, also residential hotel, or extended-stay hotel) is an accommodation category that is a combination of serviced apartment facilities with hotel services. Unlike traditional serviced apartments, an Aparthotel has no fixed contract lengths and offers residents the ability to check in and check out like you would expect to in a hotel – and book using hotel-like booking systems.

Bleisure travel

What is bleisure? What does bleisure mean? Where does the word bleisure come from?

“Bleisure” is a word to describe the act of combining business travel with a vacation. It is a combination of the words “business” and “leisure”.

Business class

What is the definition of business class? What does business class offer?

Business class is a travel class available on commercial airlines and railways. Business class offers more than lower travel classes, in terms of seating, food, drinks, ground service and amenities.

Business Hotel

What is a business hotel? How do you define a business hotel?

A business hotel is a hotel which is focussed primarily on business travel – business hotels are often located near the business district or airport of the city they are in, with fast internet, quick service and often business facilities such as a free printer.

Business travel

What is business travel? What defines business travel? What are the features of travelling for business?

Business travel is when an individual or group of employees travel away from their workplace and home, for work purposes. Business travel implies that the individual is working and thus being paid for the time they spend travelling.

Business travel consultant

What is a business travel consultant? What does a business travel consultant do?

A business travel consultant is an individual who can help business travellers with arrangements. Their job involves researching destinations, flights and hotels that their clients will travel to.

Business traveller/corporate traveller

Who are business travellers? What is the definition of a corporate traveller?

A business/corporate traveler is an employee of an enterprise who engages in business travel, and whose expenses are paid by the company.

What is co-housing?

Co-housing is another term for coliving, in which an ‘intentional community’ is formed by people living in private units, which share communal spaces and areas like kitchens and living rooms.

Collaboration spaces

What are collaboration spaces?

Collaboration spaces are areas within offices or coworking spaces, with shared desks and open workspaces that promote employee creativity by giving them spaces to brainstorm as a group and work as a team.

What is Co-living? What is the definition of Co-living?

Co-living is an ‘intentional community’ – where residents pay to live in a collection of housing (often flats/apartments) combined with communal facilities such as shared kitchens, shared living spaces, maker areas and other community hubs.

Community living

What is community living?

Community living is a general term to describe the intentional community found in coliving – where individuals share spaces and communal areas.

Community manager

What is a community manager in shared work and coliving?

A community manager is a person responsible for the wellbeing and success of the community – whether that’s coworking members or residents. They understand the needs, are problem-solvers, and organise community events and other gatherings to help networking.

Corporate travel agent

What is a corporate travel agent? What does a corporate travel agent do?

A corporate travel agent or agency is an external company who provides travel management services for business travellers within an enterprise. Corporate travel agencies have access to global distribution systems (GDS), and may have formed partnerships with provider, thus offering discounts on hotels, flights, and car rentals.

Corporate travel management

What is corporate travel management?

Corporate travel management is the process of implementing travel policies, negotiating with travel vendors, employee health and safety, and expense management – all within the space of an organisation’s corporate travel.

What is Co-working? What is the definition of Co-working?

Co-working is the practice of sharing an office or other workspace which with other individuals or companies. This is to allow ideas and knowledge to be shared through collaborative working. Often membership/subscription based, coworking offices generally offer additional shared amenities such as coffee bars, printing and office supplies.

What is a condominium? What is a condo? What does a condominium offer?

A condo is a private residence within a larger building or multi-unit development or compound. Condos have shared facilities like gardens, gyms and carparks, which are maintained by the developer or condominium owner.

Corporate housing

What is corporate housing? What is the definition of corporate housing?

Corporate housing is the renting or leasing of a furnished apartment, condo, or house on a temporary basis to individuals or directly to corporations as an alternative to a traditional hotel or an extended hotel stay.

Corporate move

What is a corporate move? What does a corporate move mean?

A corporate move is also defined as a corporate relocation – when an employer transferring an employee/department from one location to another. They will pay for moving expenses through a relocation package, and may also employee mobility managers or relocation agencies to handle the relocation for the employee(s).

Corporate relocation

What is a corporate relocation? What does a corporate relocation mean? What happens in a corporate relocation?

Cost of living

What is the definition of cost of living? How can you measure the cost of living? Should you consider the cost of living for a relocation?

Cost of living is defined as ‘the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living’. This is measured against a global cost of living index, and considers how you may afford basic expenses such as housing, food, taxes, and health care. In a relocation, the cost of living can determine the quality of life in the foreign country.

Daily rate

What is the definition of a daily rate in a hotel?

The daily rate in a hotel is the cost per room, per a given day.

What is DigiD in the Netherlands?

DigiD (short for Digital Identification) is a form of online ID that allows you to access many services and government websites in the Netherlands. It is required for many government services.

Digital entrepreneur

What is a digital entrepreneur? What is digital entrepreneurship?

Digital entrepreneurs are entrepreneurial individuals who focus on digital commerce, for example ebooks, online education and software as a service (“SaaS”).

Digital nomad

What is a digital nomad?

Digital nomads are individuals who use technology to perform their job from any location in the world. They make use of advancements in technology and cheap travel to live and work without a fixed base.

Digital nomad lifestyle

What is the digital nomad lifestyle?

The digital nomad lifestyle is the way of life for a digital nomad – where someone lives and works without a fixed home and travels between locations regularly. It was made possible through a number of digital innovations and tools, which help them to keep in touch with clients and employers.

Distributed team

What is a distributed team? What does a distributed team mean?

Distributed teams are groups of remote workers within organisation, all of whom are not tethered to a specific location. They may work on the same projects, but are not co-located geographically.

Dutch flag

What is the flag of the Netherlands? What does the Dutch flag mean?

The Flag of the Netherlands was originally orange-white-blue, but evolved in the early 17th century to red-white-blue. The colors used in the flag of the Netherlands are based on the coat of arms of Prince William of Orange – hence the original orange.

Economy class / Coach class

What is the definition of economy class? What does economy class offer?

Economy or coach class is the lowest travel class available on commercial airlines and railways. It generally offers just a transport product, but some companies may offer some additional amenities such as meals and entertainment.

Expat contract

What is an expatriate contract? What is included in an expat contract?

An expat contract is a typical employment contract, with the addition of compensation or benefits to make the expatriate lifestyle more liveable. In addition to a relocation package, the contract may cover living expenses, include medical insurance, and may specify terms of repatriation at the end of the assignment.

Expat family

What is an expatriate family? What is the definition of an expat family? What does an expat family mean?

Expat families are the spouses and children who have relocated to a new country as a result of one family member’s work commitments/assignments. Partners who follow are called trailing spouses, and children raised in an expatriate lifestyle are third-culture kids.

Expat housing

What is expatriate housing? What kind of housing do expats live in?

Expat housing is an apartment or house rented out on a longer-term but temporary basis, specifically to relocating expatriates. These may come fully furnished, partially furnished, or unfurnished. Relocation agencies may have access to a collection of expat housing, and there are dedicated expat housing agencies and networks available for this specifically too.

Expat lifestyle

What is the expatriate lifestyle? What does the expat lifestyle mean?

The expatriate lifestyle is the way of life of an expatriate individual or expat family in their foreign country of residence. This often includes international networking activities (e.g. social clubs) and the formation of a expat community. This community may aspire to bring ‘a taste of home’ to their new location.

What is an expatriate? What is the definition of an expat? What’s the difference between an immigrant and an expat?

An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person living in a country of residence other than the one in which they were born and/or raised in, either temporarily or permanently. They are (economic) immigrants, but differ in that they generally intend to return to their home country at the end of their assignment.

Extended Stay

What is an Extended Stay? What is the definition of an extended stay hotel? What does extended stay mean?

In the USA, an extended stay hotel is defined as a hotel property which offers accommodation on temporary but longer-term basis, with rooms that contain self-catering cooking facilities (in at least 50 percent of the rooms). It can sometimes be defined as a serviced apartment sold through hotel-like booking services rather than a real estate agent.

Flag of Amsterdam

What is the Amsterdam flag? Why is the Amsterdam flag XXX?

The current design of the Amsterdam flag depicts three Saint Andrew’s Crosses and is based on the coat of arms of Amsterdam.

Flexible fare

What is a flexible fare? What does a flexible fare mean in travel?

A flexible fare is a type of ticket category sold by airlines and rail companies, that costs extra but allows for free changes, modifications and cancellations to the booking before a certain time. It can often be cheaper to pay the extra for a flexible ticket than to pay a cancellation fee.

Flexible rate

What is a flexible rate? What does a flexible rate mean in hotels?

A flexible rate is a type of booking category sold by hotels, that costs extra but allows for free changes, modifications and cancellations to the booking before a certain time. It can often be cheaper to pay the extra for a flexible room rate than to pay a cancellation fee.

What is a flexpatriate? What do you call someone who travels frequently to the same place?

A flexpat is an employee who travels frequently to a location abroad for business and an international assignment, but does not relocate on a temporary or permanent basis.

What is a freelancer? What is the definition of freelancing?

Freelancing is when an individual is self-employed, and provides their services on an external basis for a number of companies. They may work from home or as a nomad, and may travel between their clients.

Frequent flyer programme

What is a frequent-flyer program?

A frequent-flyer program is an airline’s loyalty scheme. Airlines encourage passengers to accumulate points which may then be redeemed for air travel or other rewards, as this encourages loyalty and repeat business.

Furnished apartments

What is a furnished apartment? What does a furnished apartment offer?

A furnished apartment is a living space which has been rented or sold with fixtures and/or fittings included. Semi-furnished flats may include some funriture like beds, wardrobes and shower curtains, whilst fully furnished flats may include all appliances and linens.

Generation Y/Millennials

What is Generation Y? What is the definition of Generation Y? Am I part of Generation Y? Am I a Millennial?

Millennials, Generation Y or Gen Y refers to people born between the early 1980s and the mid-1990s. The children of the baby boomers, they are familiar with digital technology. Many young professionals and digital nomads are Millennials.

Generation Z

What is Generation Z? What is the definition of Generation Z? What years were Generation Z born in?

Generation Z (Gen Z) is the generation after the Millennials (Gen Y). Individuals in this generation are generally familiar with the Internet as they grew up with it, and were born from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s.

Global Mobility

What is (global) mobility? What is the definition of mobility in a multinational corporation

Global mobility is when a corporation moves its employees / talent from one office to another, often in different countries.

Global Nomad (Glomad)

What is a global nomad? What is the definition of a global nomad?

A global nomad, or glomad, is a person who lives internationally and free from locational attachment. They live location-independently and are globally mobile. They are remote workers, and have no fixed work location.

What is the GVB? What does GVB stand for? Who operates public transport in Amsterdam?

The Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf (GVB; “Municipal Transport Company”) is the public transport company of Amsterdam. Owned by the city, it operates the Amsterdam metro, Amsterdam trams, Amsterdam ferries and Amsterdam buses.

Home-office hybrid

What is a home-office hybrid? What does home-office hybrid mean?

Home-office hybrid is a term coined by Zoku, which defines their accommodation model. It represents the meeting point of coworking facilities and comfortable Loft rooms that Zoku offers.

What is hotdesking? Should I hotdesk?

Hot desking is when a workspace is set up for multiple employees to share a single physical work station or surface during different time periods. The desk cannot be reserved – it is first-come-first-served.

Hotel transfer

What is a hotel transfer? What does a hotel transfer mean?

A hotel transfer is a service offered by a hotel which transports you from the airport or arrival point to your hotel. A hotel transfer from an airport is also sometimes called an airport transfer.

Incentive travel

What is incentive travel? What is the aim of incentive travel?

Incentive travel is business travel with the purpose of motivating or incentivising employees or partners to increase certain activity or to reach a goal.

International Assignment

What is an international assignment? What does an international assignment mean for an employee?

An International Assignment is when an employee is asked to move abroad as part of their job. This may be for a short-term project, which involves a long stay in a serviced accommodation – or it may result in permanent relocation.

Internet of Things (IoT)

What is the Internet of Things? What does IoT stand for?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the process of embedding Internet connectivity into everyday objects, allowing these devices tocommunicate and interact, and be remotely monitored and controlled.

What is a Loft? What is a Loft apartment? What is the definition of a Loft?

A loft is an apartment in the upper part of a building, especially a building such as a warehouse or factory that has been converted for people to live in. Lofts are usually large and not divided into separate rooms.

Long stay

What is an Long Stay? What is the definition of a long stay? What does long stay mean in the hotel industry?

A long stay is defined as a temporary stay in accommodation, for periods of time from one month to over a year. Many municipalities have no fixed definition of a long stay.

Loyalty points

What are loyalty points?

Loyalty points are an arbitrary virtual currency which businesses use to assign a value to loyalty. They are awarded based on purchasing activity, and are stored in an individuals personal account within a loyalty program.

Loyalty program

What is a loyalty program? What is the definition of a loyalty program?

A loyalty program is a marketing strategy which encourages individuals to return to the same chain or brand. Purchasing activity is rewarded with points, which can be redeemed for membership privileges.

Membership privileges

What are membership privileges? What do loyalty programs offer?

Loyalty and frequent flyer programs may offer benefits, discounted rates and upgrades to program members as a reward for loyalty. This is often tied into a rank – the higher the rank, the more rewarding the benefits.

Mixed use development

What is a mixed use development? What is a live-work space? What do you call a building with different uses?

A mixed-use development/Live-work space is an urban living development. It combines different purposes – this can be living, working, learning, or relaxing/playing. In a mixed use development, these functions are normally integrated.

Mobility Specialist

What is a (global) mobility specialist? What does a mobility specialist do? What is the definition of a mobility specialist?

A (global) mobility specialist is responsible for a company’s international employees and relocating talent. They manage a number of relocation and travel services, including immigration, legislation, travel arrangements, and temporary accommodation. They may also specialise in helping the employees finalise affairs in the previous home.

Nomad lifestyle

What is the nomad lifestyle? What does a nomad do?

A nomad is a person who changes locations regularly. Whilst they may have family roots in a certain location, they do not spend long there and avoid attaching themselves to a location.

What is NS? What does NS mean in the Netherlands?

Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS; Dutch Railways) is the state railway operator in the Netherlands. It operates a large percentage of the rail services in the country.

Office sharing/shared office space

What is shared office space? What does shared office space offer? What is office sharing?

Shared office space is different to coworking as it allows companies to share and rent flexible workspace.

Orphan Spouse

What is an orphan spouse? What do you call a person who lives a different life than their partner?

An orphan spouse is a person who is in a relationship, but lives a different life to the partner due to work commitments.

What is an OV-Chipkaart? What does the OV-Chipkaart do? How does ticketing work in public transport in the Netherlands?

The OV-chipkaart is a contactless smart card for all public transport in the Netherlands. It works across nearly every transport mode, including buses, national trains and local metro, and allows you to top it up with credit. There are two types, an anonymous card and a personal card.

Per diem

What is a per diem? What do you call a daily allowance whilst on business travel?

A per diem (Latin for “per day” or “for each day”) is an amount of money provided to an employee or other individual by a company, to cover living expenses when traveling for work. It is a ‘per day’ as it is calculated based on the needs of the person in their location.

Permanent housing

What is permanent housing? What is the definition of permanent housing in relocations?

Temporary housing is a form of accommodation offered by companies to their relocating employees as part of a relocation package, to house them whilst they search for more permanent housing. It may take the form of a serviced apartment, a hotel, an Aparthotel, or a regular apartment.

What is proptech? What is the meaning of proptech?

Proptech (Property technology) is a term for any form of real estate technology – it concerns both software and hardware solutions for the real estate industry. It is a fast growing sector and it responds to changing consumer attitudes, movements and transactions.

What is the Amsterdam RAI?

Amsterdam RAI is a complex of conference and exhibition halls, located in the Zuidas (South Axis) of Amsterdam.

What is a relocation? What is the definition of a relocation?

A relocation is when an individual or family leaves their existing home to move to a new city or country on a permanent or semi-permanent basis. This can be for personal reasons or as part of a corporate move.

What does Relo mean? What’s an abbreviation of Relocation?
Relo is an abbreviation of Relocation, which is when an individual or family leaves their existing home to move to a new city or country on a permanent or semi-permanent basis.
Relocation agent / specialist

What is a relocation agent? What does a relocation specialist do? What is the role of a relocation agent / specialist?

A relocation specialist helps relocating employees throughout their move from country to country. They are responsible for logistical and financial assistance, butunlike mobility managers, they are not responsible for the employee themselves. They may also specialise in helping the employees finalise affairs in the previous home.

Relocation allowance

What is a relocation allowance? What does a relocation allowance cover?

A relocation allowance is a sum of money given to a relocating employee as compensation/coverage for a corporate relocation. It will nearly always fully cover the cost of moving, and depending on employer may pay for temporary living costs incurred whilst the employee looks for a home in the new location.

Relocation package

What is a typical / normal corporate relocation package? What is the definition of a relocation package?

Relocation packages are offered by the employer to the relocating employee, and generally include financial assistance and professional relocation services. Typical packages include a full moving service for your personal belongings and household items, real estate assistance (i.e selling an old home and finding a new one), and travel costs (flights, ground transport for all relocating individuals). Some companies also offer temporary accommodation in serviced apartments, hotels or Aparthotels.

Relocation service / agency

What is a relocation service? What does a relocation agency do? What can I expect from a relocation agency?

Relocation agencies offer a range of services to assist relocating employees and their families – and even entire departments of a business – move to a new city or country. They normally consist of a number of relocation specialists, who look after logistics, arrangements, bookings, and payments in the new location. They may also specialise in helping the employees finalise affairs in the previous home.

Remote work

What is remote work? How do people work remotely?

Remote work is when a professional works in an environment detached from a traditional office or place of work. They make use of the internet and other services to do their work from anywhere in the world. People who work remotely on the internet from different locations around the world are called digital nomads.

Remote worker

What is a remote worker? What is the definition of a remote worker?

A remote worker is someone who works outside of a traditional office environment. They may work from a number of locations – that could be home, a coffee shop or a beach. They might find themselves visit their head office, but generally work mobile. Remote workers are not considered office employees.

Rental apartments

What is a rental apartment?

A rental apartment is a private unit which is being leased out by the owner to another tenant. It may be within a condominium complex, or another form of residential development.

What is a repatriation in the expat community? What does repatriation mean?

Repatriation is the act of returning to a home country after time abroad. Expats may be repatriated as part of their contract, at the end of an international assignment.

What is ride-sharing? What does ride–sharing mean? What industry does Uber operate in?

Peer-to-peer ride-sharing is a service in which a passenger travels in a private vehicle driven by its owner. Apps like Uber have facilitated this.

Serviced accommodation

What is serviced accommodation? What is the definition of serviced accommodation?

Serviced accommodation is fully furnished short or long term housing. It may take the form of a serviced apartment or an extended stay / Aparthotel, depending on the services offered and the means of occupation.

Serviced apartment

What is a serviced apartment? What is a serviced flat? What is the definition of a Serviced Apartment? What does a Serviced Apartment offer?

A serviced apartment is a fully furnished apartment available for short-term or long-term stay, providing hotel-like amenities such as house keeping, a fitness center, and a laundry room. Most of them are equipped with full kitchens, Wi-Fi and in-apartment washers and dryers

Shared housing

What is shared housing? How is shared housing different to coliving?

Shared housing is when unrelated people live together. They have their own private spaces (e.g. a bedroom), and share common areas such as kitchen, living and dining rooms and outside yard areas. As they are residents of the home, their living arrangement is similar to that of a family – they share the bills, maintenance and make decisions together.

Shared living

What is shared living? How is shared living different to coliving?

Shared Living is a form of adult foster care, where an individual, couple, or family cohouse with an intellectually or developmentally disabled individual.

Sharing economy/access economy/peer-to-peer economy/collaborative economy

What is a sharing economy? What does a sharing economy mean in living?

The sharing economy is a term to describe the situation when items and services are not owned by a user. Instead, they are shared on a temporary basis by members of a community or network. This may be for free or may require a paid subscription.

What is a short stay? What is the definition of a short-stay? How many nights is a short stay?

According to the Municipality of Amsterdam (Gemeente Amsterdam), a short stay can be defined as the rental of non-subsidised housing (with a rent above €710.68) for periods from seven nights to six months.

Short-term let

What is a short term let? What is short term letting? How long is a short term rental?

Short-term letting or short-term rentals are letting agreements on accommodation, for periods of less than six months, and as short as a few nights.

Skilled migrant

‘What is a skilled migrant? What is a knowledge worker? What do you call a working migrant?

‘Highly skilled migrants’, sometimes called ‘knowledge workers’, are foreign nationals who are deemed to make a contribution to the knowledge-based economy in the Netherlands. In general, to be classed as a highly skilled migrant, you have to earn a certain level of income

Smart cities

What is a smart city? What is the definition of a smart city? What does a smart city aim to achieve?

Smart cities are urban areas which have been fitted with a range of data sensors. These collect data which can help to manage assets and resources efficiently. This can have an impact on quality of life and sustainability.

Smart homes

What is a smart home? What features do smart homes have?

A smart home is a residential unit or house that has been fitted with a communication network that connects different appliances, and allows them to be remotely controlled, monitored and accessed. Smart devices are often connected to an Internet of Things.

Startup office

What is a startup office? What is the definition of a startup office?

A startup office is any workspace leased or owned by a startup company. This may be a hotdesk in a coworking office, or a private office space.

Studio apartment / studio flat

What is a studio apartment or flat? What is the definition of a studio apartment?

A studio apartment is a living space in which the bedroom, kitchen, living room and dining area are combined into a single room. Studio apartments have no separate bedroom, but will generally have a separate bathroom.

Sustainable living

What is sustainable living? What does sustainable living mean?

Sustainable living describes a lifestyle that attempts to reduce their use of natural resources, and reduce their carbon footprint. This may be

What is telework? How does one telework?

Telework is another term for remote work, in which employees use digital services to work outside of a fixed place of work like an office.

Temporary housing

What is temporary housing? What is the definition of temporary housing in relocations?

Temporary renting

What is temporary renting? How long is a temporary rent?

Temporary renting can also be called short-term letting, and is defined as renting for periods of less than six months, and as short as a few nights. Extended stay hotels and Aparthotels also fall into this definition.

Temporary resident

What is a temporary resident? What’s the definition of a temporary resident?

A temporary resident is a foreign national who has been granted the right to stay in a country for a purpose, for a limited period of time (often tied into the length of the individual’s employment contract). This may require a resident’s permit and/or work visa, and are not citizens of the nation in which they reside.

Third culture kid (TCK)

What is a third culture kid? What is TCK short for?

A third culture kid (TCK) is a child who has grown up as an expat in a country other than their family’s origins. They live an international culture – not like in their home country, and not like the local culture in the foreign country either. TCKs identify with a global identity and may display traits of different cultures.

Trailing spouse

What is a trailing spouse? What do you call a person who follows their partner for work?

A trailing spouse is a person who follows their spouse abroad, as a result of an international assignment or other international work commitment.

Travel incentive

What are travel incentives?

Travel incentives are business tools designed to change consumer behavior. They are generally a subset of an incentive program, recognition program or a loyalty program.

Travel manager

What is a travel manager? What does a travel manager do?

A travel manager is an individual generally hired by an organisation to manage all aspects of business travel, making arrangements for employees. They may also work for external travel agencies that assist businesses with their travel plans.

Urban living

What is urban living? What is the definition of urban living?

Urban living is the practice of living in built-up population centres or neighborhoods, often within cities or major towns. These areas may be low density or high density, depending on the population of the area.

Work at home professional

What is a work at home professional?

A work at home professional is an individual who is based at home in a home office, rather than commuting to an office. They may be full employees of an organisation, or may freelance for multiple companies.

Work life balance

What is work-life balance? Is work life balance important?

Work–life balance describes the equilibrium of an individual’s daily work and personal activities. It concerns the self-care and wellbeing of a person, and assumes that work and life should be equally as important.

What is Zoku? What is a Zoku? What does Zoku mean?

Zoku is a Japanese word for family, tribe or clan. It is also a Dutch hospitality brand offering a home-office hybrid concept, which combines hotel services with a serviced apartment feel, in addition to award-winning interior design and vibrant community spaces.

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Study explores role of popular anti-inflammatory drugs on hydration during exercise

Credit: University of Kansas

Every year, athletes across the country push themselves to their physical limits, often in extremely hot conditions. Increasingly, those same athletes are taking prescription and over-the-counter drugs to treat the resulting pain and soreness they experience. But very little is known about the effects non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have on dehydration and body temperature, both of which can be closely related to heat stroke.

A University of Kansas study has examined the role popular plays in hydration and health of athletes.

The study was led by Dawn Emerson, assistant professor of health, sport & exercise sciences at KU in association with researchers at the University of South Carolina. They did not find a statistically significant difference in a number of health factors in volunteers who took naproxen before a workout and those who took a placebo. However, the study did reveal certain physiological trends and is the first step in building a base of knowledge about the role of a category of drugs known as NSAIDs in athletics.

Naproxen, an NSAID that has the over-the-counter name Aleve, is widely prescribed to athletes to treat pain and inflammation. Emerson said she wanted to study the drug as very little is known about its effects in athletes, even though its use is very common.

"There's not a lot of research on naproxen at all," Emerson said. "What's out there on NSAIDs is mostly looking into aspirin, ibuprofen and indomethacin. I wanted to learn more because it's so widely prescribed and to get a better idea of what's going on when people take it in a field setting."

Emerson and fellow researchers recruited volunteers to take a 24-hour dose of Naproxen, 16 hours before, eight hours before and immediately before a 90-minute cycling exercise. The volunteers took either naproxen or a placebo and completed the workout in either an environment heated to 86 degrees or an ambient setting. They took a battery of measurements among all volunteers, including heart rate, , sweat rate, electrolyte balance, weight and body mass. While there were no statistically significant differences among the four groups, the researchers did notice an increase in fluid intake and reduced urine output among the volunteers who took naproxen. That could suggest the drug is related to fluid retention and could be linked to hyponatremia, a kidney condition resulting in low sodium in the blood. Further research is necessary to examine the question, Emerson said.

Previous research has shown that NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal distress, which is closely linked to heat stroke. What is not known, however, is how different NSAIDs affect people taking them in an athletic setting, although each interacts with the body differently.

"I think this is a place to start pushing for more research in this direction and getting more information on NSAIDs and not just assuming they're all the same," Emerson said. "When you lump all of those together in the research, it's hard to tell the difference in how each reacts. That's why we want to pull them out and look at them closer."

Many assume NSAIDs to be safe, and Emerson said that a relatively healthy person taking a recommended dose and properly hydrating during exercise most likely will not have any problems. However, the lack of knowledge about risk factors that could complicate the drugs' effects is a gap in the research.

In addition, people often take more than the recommended dosage, and adolescents also have easy access to the drugs without supervision.

Emerson said she plans to continue research into NSAIDs, their role in hydration and core temperature, all with the goal of building the knowledge base around the drugs and how they react with people in athletic settings. Ultimately, she'd like to contribute to the development of recommendations for dosage and use of NSAIDs with athletes based on age, gender, body type, other risk factors and more.

The study found naproxen promoted higher fluid intake in both hot and ambient conditions and higher post-exercise systolic blood pressure in males. Those factors alone suggest medical personnel consider an individual's such as renal or cardiovascular conditions, gender and when recommending naproxen use during exercise.

The foundational study is published in the journal Facets.

Every year, athletes suffer heat stroke during intense workouts. And with NSAID use at high levels, increasing the understanding of any effects the drugs have in hydration and core temperature can helpfully prevent tragedies such as the deaths of high school athletes and former NFL player Korey Stringer.

"There's a high prevalence of NSAID use in athletes at all levels," Emerson said. "I don't know that that will ever go away. But now that we're starting to learn more about their side effects during exercise, I think it's the right time to research them further and help the medical community understand the risks."

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Ancient Skepticism (Part 5 – End)

4.4 Sextus Empiricus

Sextus’ (ca. 160–210 CE) epithet, Empiricus, indicates that he—at least at some point in his life—belonged to the empiricists, a medical school (on the relationship between medicine and skeptical therapeutic argument, cf. Voelke 1990; cf. Svavarson 2014 for a brief conspectus of Sextus’ philosophy). The empiricist medical school argued against rationalistic tendencies in medicine (Frede 1990; Allen 2010). Rationalism in medicine aims to give causal explanations as a basis for therapies. Empiricism, on the contrary, confines itself to observation and memory. Somewhat confusingly (considering his name), Sextus discusses differences between Pyrrhonism and empiricism, and says that skepticism is closer to medical methodism than to empiricism (Allen 2010). Methodism follows appearances, and derives from them what seems beneficial. No explanations are attempted, no underlying substances postulated, and no regularities assumed—these are some of the rationalistic methods that both methodism and empiricism argue against. Methodism also makes no statements to the effect that such explanations cannot be given, or that underlying substances and regularities do not exist, as Sextus says empiricism does (SE PH 1.236–241).

Sextus’ writings are traditionally divided into two groups. The Outlines of Pyrrhonism [PH] consists of three books. PH 1 is the only general account of Pyrrhonism that survives. PH 2 and 3 discuss questions of logic, physics, and ethics. The other writings are summarily referred to, traditionally, as Against the Mathematicians [M]. In fact, they oppose not just mathematical, but also other theorists: the title really means Against the Theoreticians, or Against the Learned (Bett 2012). In a sense, only M 1–6 should go by that title. It is a complete work, and M 7 does not seem to be its continuation (Bett 2012, “Introduction”). M 1–6 discuss grammar, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astrology, and music theory. They argue against theoretical ‘learning’ in these fields. M 7–11 discuss core questions of the three philosophical disciplines, logic, physics, and ethics, and could plausibly be referred to as Against the Logicians (M 7–8), Against the Physicists (M 9–10), and Against the Ethicists (M 11). Scholars disagree on whether M is earlier (Bett 1997) or later than PH (Janacek 1948 and 1972). Scholars also disagree on whether we can evaluate different strands of skepticism within Sextus as more or less sophisticated. Those who consider PH as later often do so because they think it shows greater philosophical sophistication, either by avoiding claims that a certain matter cannot be known (sometimes described as negative dogmatism), as found in M 1–6 and M 11, or by streamlining discussions from M 7–10 (Bett 1997; Brunschwig 1980).

These questions are complicated further by Sextus’ attempt to incorporate diverse material, such as different sets of Modes, into his skepticism (for the view that the different sets of modes are part of an integrated philosophical approach, cf. Powers 2010). Arguably, two kinds of consistency are at work in Sextus’ writings. On the one hand, Sextus aims at the consistency of one philosophical outlook. On the other hand, he aims at the consistency of having a response to every objection. These two aims overlap greatly, but they can also come apart. A given argument might refute a particular critic. This argument may go back to various earlier versions of Pyrrhonism. Similarly, the critical objection that is refuted may be traced to dogmatic theories formulated over the course of several centuries. As a result, a given argument in Sextus may be effective against a given objection he has in mind. It may thus preserve consistency in the sense of leaving the skeptic unharmed by dogmatic criticism. But at the same time, this argument may have implications that are in tension with the way in which Sextus explains skepticism in other passages. Such tensions are particularly important with respect to the way in which Sextus uses core concepts. For example, it is not clear that Sextus uses the notion of appearances (phainomena) in a consistent fashion (PH 1.8–9; 1.15; 1.22; for the view that Sextus employs the notion consistently throughout, see Barney 1992). At times, he draws on the contrast between appearances and thoughts (noumena). But for the most part, the term refers to all cases where something seems so-and-so to the skeptic, either perceptually or in thought. In some contexts, Sextus draws on the idea that appearances are impressions, invoking the dogmatic assumption that impressions are passive. In other contexts, he does not envisage appearances as entirely passively experienced (Vogt 2012b).

It is thus no surprise that the interpretation of Sextus’ Pyrrhonism is quite controversial. This applies in particular to the question of whether the skeptic has any beliefs, or beliefs of any kind. In the past 30 years, scholars have paid attention to this question more than to any other interpretive issue. Insofar as the texts may contain different strands of Pyrrhonian argument, exegesis is to some extent shaped by the philosophical interests we bring to the texts. Two ideas are particularly prominent here. First, some scholars find in Sextus an account of action that challenges standard ancient and modern theories of agency. These theories might portray ordinary agents as all-too-rational, as if every action involved a belief that such-and-such is good. Scholars explore how far we can draw on Sextus, asking whether a life guided by appearances (as Sextus says the skeptic’s life is) might after all be rather ordinary (Frede 1979 [1997]). Second, one might on the other hand embrace those aspects of Sextus’ texts that make Pyrrhonism look radically different from ordinary life. From this perspective, Sextus’ writings invite reflection on the question of whether it would be possible to live without belief (Burnyeat 1980 [1997]; Barnes 1982 [1997]; Burnyeat 1984 [1997]).

PH 1, which figures most prominently in scholarly discussions, is a tour de force. Sextus gives a general account of what skepticism is, including skeptical investigation, suspension of judgment, the skeptic’s end, action, and language; he gives lists and illustrations of various sets of Modes; he explains the so-called skeptical formulae (phônai), such as “I determine nothing,” “non-assertion,” “maybe,” and so on; and he compares skepticism to relevantly similar philosophies.

Sextus emphasizes that the skeptic is an investigator. Others either arrive at theories (dogmatism) or at claims about inapprehensibility (negative dogmatism—that the matter investigated is beyond one’s capacity to decide, and so is unknowable). But the skeptic continues to investigate (PH 1.1–4). Investigation is described as setting appearances and thoughts into opposition (PH 1.8) (Morison 2011 offers a reconstruction of skepticism that takes its starting–point from this description), and as the application of the various sets of Modes (PH 1.36–186). Skepticism does not have teachings, but it is a philosophy. Many of the thoughts the skeptics arrive at are expressed in the skeptical formulae (PH 1.13–15; 187–209). The starting–point (archê) of skepticism is divergency—anômalia. The proto-skeptics are disturbed by the discrepancies they encounter, and begin to investigate (PH 1.12). They hope to gain quietude by settling what is true and what is false. But then they have a surprising experience. Encountering disagreement where several views appear to be of equal weight (isostheneia), they find themselves unable to decide things, give up, and experience tranquility (ataraxia) (Striker 1990 [1996]; Nussbaum 1994). The skeptic’s end (telos) is tranquility in matters of belief (kata doxan) and moderate affection (metriopatheia) in matters that are forced upon us (PH 1.25–29). That is, skeptics can free themselves from those kinds of turmoil that come with holding beliefs. They cannot free themselves from freezing, thirst, or pain. But they suffer less than others, for they do not add the belief (prosdoxazein) that, for example, pain is bad. The skeptic must explain how, without belief (adoxastôs), they can be active. Sextus says that skeptics follow appearances, and that is, that they adhere to the fourfold ways of life (PH 1.21–24). Nature supplies them with perception and thought; necessary affections compel them (for example, thirst guides them to drink); they go along with traditions and customs; and they can do technical things by having been instructed in skills. The notion of appearances is also central to Sextus’ account of how the skeptic can speak. Without making assertions, a skeptic reports (apangellein) like a chronicler (historikôs) what appears to them now (PH 1.4).

I shall discuss the following aspects of Sextus’ skepticism: (i) investigation, (ii) concepts and inference rules, (iii) belief, (iv) the formulae, (v) appearances, (vi) language, (vii) action, and (viii) the so-called special arguments (that is, arguments that do not explain the nature of Pyrrhonism, but engage with specific dogmatic theories in logic, physics, and ethics).

(i) Investigation. Investigation must aim at discovery of the truth, otherwise it is not genuine investigation. However, a skeptic seems to mechanically apply the skeptical Modes, in order to generate suspension of judgment and tranquility. It seems as if the skeptics do not genuinely aim at the truth (Palmer 2000; Striker 2001; Perin 2006), though they claim to keep on investigating. Note that this objection, unlike the other problems central to contemporary engagement with ancient skepticism, was not raised in antiquity. If ancient skepticism is approached in the context of the larger study of ancient philosophy, we might first of all note that the skeptics in a sense agree with Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and the Stoics. All these philosophers defend, in so many formulations, a life of reason, of contemplation, of wisdom, or of inquiry as the best or at least a very good human life (on affinities between the skeptics’ commitment to inquiry and Aristotle, cf. Olfert 2015). The objection that skeptical inquiry seems insincere, then, may not have come up in antiquity in quite the way in which it is discussed today because a commitment to inquiry would be common ground among most philosophers. Further, we might observe that aiming at the truth includes two aims: to accept truths, and to avoid falsehoods. The Modes are tailored to keep us from assenting to something that could be false. Insofar as the skeptic’s effort to avoid falsehoods expresses a valuation for the truth, the skeptic might be a genuine investigator (Vogt 2012a, ch. 5; Olfert 2014).

A related objection calls into question the actual practice of skeptical inquiry. Does Sextus rely on the assumption that, in any given case of putting several arguments into opposition, these arguments are equally persuasive for the skeptic? This seems unrealistic: at least in some cases, skeptical inquirers are bound to be more strongly attracted to one view than to another. How then do they arrive at suspension of judgment? One skeptical strategy is to remind oneself that additional arguments will be formulated in the future (PH 1.33–34, 89, 96–97; 2.38–41; 3.233–34). Another strategy is to consider that different arguments are persuasive to different people (Svararsson 2014). Relatedly, skeptics may find themselves in a position comparable to a student who takes a seminar on freedom and determinism: it is possible to be more attracted to one view rather than another, and at the same time be aware that as far as the arguments are concerned, there is unresolved disagreement among several views, to the effect that neither of the views seems compelling in ways that warrant assent (cf. Vogt 2012a, ch. 5, on how the skeptical expression “as far as the argument is concerned” bears on this question; for general discussion of this expression, cf. Brunschwig 1990).

(ii) Concepts and rules of inference. If skeptics do not assent, then how can they understand the terms philosophers use (M 8.337–332a)? Even more radically, how can they even think (PH 2.1–12)? This objection, which Sextus says is continually raised against the skeptics, proceeds on the assumption that possession of concepts involves the acceptance of assumptions. For example, in order to examine a given theory of proof, the skeptic must have a notion of what proofs are. This involves assumptions: for example, the assumption that a proof contains premises and a conclusion. Sextus’ response to this objection invokes the Epicurean and Stoic theories of preconceptions. Human beings are not born with reason (Frede 1994, 1996). The acquisition of reason is a nature-guided process of concept acquisition. At a given age, children have completed this process. They have become rational, which means that they can perceive and think in a conceptual way. Only now, they have rational impressions to which they can assent. The acquisition of preconceptions did not involve assent, simply because the child was not yet rational (Brittain 2005).

Sextus invokes dogmatic ideas about the acquisition of reason (or: the abilities of conceptual thought) in his response to the Apraxia Charge (PH 1.23–4). Skeptics are, first of all, active because nature has equipped them with perception and thought (Vogt 1998, 2010). More generally, the skeptics’ ability to think and investigate depends on the fact that they have acquired concepts as part of growing up. This process did not involve assent, and accordingly, Sextus argues that the skeptic’s ability to think does not violate suspension of judgment (cf. Brunschwig 1988; Vogt 2012a ch. 6; Grgic 2008; Fine 2011). It is conceivable, though, that the skeptic’s ability to understand involves some knowledge, namely a kind of knowledge that does not entail any belief (Corti 2009, part III; Corti 2015). This option appears counterintuitive given today’s premises in epistemology, according to which someone who knows that p also believes that p. The relevant notion of belief in skeptical discussions, doxa, as well as the relevant ancient notions of knowledge, however, may behave quite differently (cf. Vogt 2012a and Moss and Schwab forthcoming on belief; Burnyeat 1980c, Frede 2008 and Schwab 2016 on knowledge). Insofar as doxa is an inherently deficient activity and attitude, and insofar as knowledge is conceived in elevated ways, knowledge without belief is a rather intuitive option within ancient epistemology. If understanding concepts and arguments involves knowledge that does not entail beliefs, the skeptics may be taken to have such knowledge. Modern critics raise the further question of whether the skeptic must endorse logical laws (such as the Principle of Non-Contradiction) and rules of inference. In particular, they ask whether a skeptic is committed to the logical validity of the conditionals they formulate when arguing against the dogmatists (Sorensen 2004). Sextus records no ancient version of this complaint, and accordingly no direct response.

(iii) Belief. Bury, in his Loeb translation, translates adoxastôs as “undogmatically,” for example, when Sextus speaks (PH 1.15) of skeptics as saying that “nothing is true.” This translation suggests that Sextus bans dogmatism from the skeptic’s life, where this still leaves room for other, non-dogmatic beliefs. But adoxastôs means non-doxastically or ‘without belief’ (cf. Burnyeat 1980 [1997]). As noted above, the skeptic’s end is tranquility in matters relating to belief—kata doxan. A skeptic lives adoxastôs. And even more confusingly, the skeptics assent adoxastôs, when they act.

Contemporary interest in Pyrrhonian skepticism was much spurred by Michael Frede’s paper “The Sceptic’s Beliefs” (1979 [1997]). Frede argues that ancient skepticism was traditionally dismissed too easily as vulnerable to the Apraxia Charge, the charge that, without belief, the skeptic cannot act. The skeptics seem to be confident that they have replies to this objection. Thus, it seems uncharitable not to look closely at these replies. Further, insofar as these replies respond to the charge that without belief one cannot act, we should focus on what the skeptics say about the role of belief in their lives. Frede cites PH 1.13, and claims that in this passage we find a distinction between two kinds of belief:

When we say that the skeptic does not dogmatize, we are not using ‘dogma’ in the more general sense in which some say it is dogma to accept anything (for the skeptic does assent to the experiences forced upon him in virtue of this-or-that impression: for example, he would not say, when warmed or cooled, ‘I seem not to be warmed or cooled’). Rather, when we say he does not dogmatize, we mean ‘dogma’ in the sense in which some say that dogma is assent to any of the non-evident matters investigated by the sciences. For the Pyrrhonist assents to nothing that is non-evident. (PH 1.13; trans. Burnyeat (1984) [1997] with changes)
Following Frede, several scholars focus on PH 1.13 when discussing skeptical belief (with the notable exceptions of Barnes 1980 [1997] and Barney 1992). They take it to be obvious that, in this paragraph, Sextus distinguishes between two kinds of belief, one which he bans from the skeptic’s life, and one which he allows into the skeptic’s life. Barnes (1982 [1997]) employs a distinction between rustic and urbane skepticism. The rustic skeptic suspends on all matters. The urbane skeptic suspends on scientific matters, but holds ordinary beliefs. The clause “non-evident matters investigated in the sciences” in PH 1.13 might be taken as a point of reference for the urbane interpretation. However, Barnes points out that this cannot be right. Everything can be considered as a non-evident matter, even such things as whether honey is sweet.

Against Barnes, Frede argues that the relevant distinction must be drawn between two kinds of assent, such that “having a view involves one kind of assent, whereas taking a position, or making a claim, involves another kind of assent, namely the kind of assent the sceptic will withhold” (1984 [1997], 128). Sextus characterizes skeptical assent in three ways. He speaks of forced assent (PH 1.23–24), involuntary assent (PH 1.19), and adoxastôs assent (PH 2.102). Frede does not explore the details of how Sextus uses these notions. The core of his proposal is that Sextus allows for a kind of assent that does not involve a claim as to how things are in actual fact.

In (1979 [1997]), Frede is predominantly concerned with the skeptic’s reply to the Apraxia Charge. In (1984 [1997]) his focus is on skeptical pronouncements such as “nothing can be known.” His distinction between two kinds of assent, and accordingly two kinds of belief, is explored with respect to such sentences. Frede writes that “[t]o be left with the impression or thought that p […] does not involve the further thought that it is true that p” (133). This is the sense in which, on his interpretation, the skeptic might think “nothing is known.” The thought counts as a belief, but not as a claim that, in actual fact, nothing is known by anybody. Contrary to Frede’s interpretation, one might argue that to believe simply is to hold true, at least according to the notions of belief that the skeptics invoke in discussions with their contemporary critics (Vogt 2012b). It is thus not clear that Frede’s distinction is genuinely one between two kinds of beliefs (Burnyeat 1980 [1997]). Perhaps it is a distinction between two different propositional attitudes, only one of which is belief. As Striker (2001) points out, there is a danger that debates over this issue become merely terminological. We might thus draw a distinction between two issues. It is one thing to disagree with Frede on what should or should not be called belief, and another to dispute whether he identifies and characterizes a phenomenon in the skeptic’s mental life. As Frede argues, skeptics find themselves with a rather persistent thought, without having accepted it as true in actual fact. This appears to capture a core element of skepticism: the way in which the skeptic thinks such thoughts as “everything is inapprehensible.”

(iv) The Skeptical Formulae. PH 1.13, the passage in which scholars find a distinction between two kinds of belief, occurs in a chapter entitled “Does the Skeptic dogmatize?” One angle from which we might disagree with Frede is to insist that PH 1.13 addresses the status of the core thoughts of skeptical philosophy, rather than the question of skeptical belief. Consider the rest of the chapter:

Not even in uttering the skeptical formulae about unclear matters—for example, “In no way more,” or “I determine nothing,” or one of the other formulae which we shall later discuss—do they dogmatize (dogmatizein). For if you dogmatize, then you posit as real the things that you are said to dogmatize about; but skeptics posit these formulae not as necessarily being real. For they suppose that, just as the formula “Everything is false” says that it too, along with everything else, is false (and similarly for “Nothing is true”), so also “In no way more” says that it too, along with everything else, is no more so than not so, and hence cancels itself along with everything else. And we say the same of the other skeptical formulae. Thus, if people who dogmatize posit as real the things they dogmatize about, while skeptics utter their own phrases in such a way that they are implicitly cancelled by themselves, then they cannot be said to dogmatize in uttering them. But the main point is this: in uttering these formulae they say what appears to themselves and report their own feelings without any belief (adoxastôs), affirming nothing about external objects. (PH 1.14–15; trans. Annas-Barnes with changes)
When explaining in PH 1.13 how the skeptic does not dogmatize, Sextus may have a particular issue in mind: that some skeptical formulae look like doctrines, and have traditionally been turned against themselves due to their dogmatic surface-structure. For example, “all things are indeterminate” looks like a straightforward dogmatic statement. There is a long history of skeptical attempts to explain the nature of such pronouncements so that they no longer undermine themselves. Sextus arguably mentions several solutions to this problem (PH 1.13–15 and 1.187–209; cf. Pellegrin 2010). In PH 1.15, Sextus identifies the following as his main point: the skeptic merely reports what appears to them. Along these lines, Sextus calls indeterminacy an affection of thought (pathos dianoias; PH 1.198), a state that the utterance “all things are indeterminate” aims to capture. The other solution mentioned in PH 1.14–15 is somewhat more problematic: the skeptical formulae cancel themselves out. That is, one can say them and convey something through them. But then, once one has made a point, they as it were turn back upon themselves and eat themselves up—as fire first burns combustible materials and then destroys itself. This idea became famous through another comparison Sextus uses (invoked by Wittgenstein (1922) 6.54): the skeptical pronouncements are like a ladder that one climbs up; once one is on top, one can throw the ladder away (M 8.481). Scholars disagree on whether Sextus in some sense admits that these statements are self-refuting (McPherran 1987), or whether he defuses their self-refutational structure (Castagnoli 2010, III.14).

(v) Appearances (phainomena). While it is difficult to establish a clear distinction between two kinds of belief in Sextus, there is a comparatively more explicit distinction between two ways of engaging with appearances. Sextus says that, while things appear X to the skeptic, the skeptic does not affirm that they are X. Questions that are traditionally discussed in terms of whether the skeptic has beliefs thus might be addressed in terms of whether the way things appear to the skeptic has a judgment-component. Arguably, “A appears X to me now” can be construed in different ways. Certain examples (say, the way in which it makes sense to say both that the moon appears small and that it appears large) may suggest that appearance can but need not involve something like a judgment (Barney 1992). Some formulations in Sextus seem to insist on a significant difference between the mental activity of something appearing to a cognizer on the one hand, and on the other hand the mental activity that, on the level of language, is represented by assertion. This suggests that, for Sextus, A appearing F to me now does not entail that I hold it to be true that A is F (Vogt 2012b).

(vi) Language. Another approach to the question of whether the skeptic has beliefs looks at skeptical language. Sextus insists that the skeptic does not accept or reject any impression, and associates the absence of these mental acts with the fact that the skeptic does not affirm or deny anything (e.g., PH 1.4, 7, 10). Arguably, we can infer from Sextus’ account of the skeptic’s utterances what Sextus wants to say about the skeptic’s mental states and acts. That is, the question of language immediately bears on the question of belief. The report on Pyrrhonian skepticism in Diogenes Laertius is particularly instructive in this respect. Contrary to scholarly focus on belief in reconstructing skepticism, it barely mentions belief. Discussion of the skeptics’ attitudes is almost entirely conducted in terms of skeptical language and the skeptical formulae (for detailed discussion of the relevant paragraphs, DL 9.74–7, cf. Corti 2015). If Sextus is read in light of the report in DL IX, PH 1.13 may appear to be more of an isolated passage than scholarly debates imply. Sextus too devotes much space to accounts of skeptical expressions and language. It may thus be asked whether scholars should reframe discussions, and pay more attention to skeptical language then they previously have. As of now, there is one monograph on skeptical language, Corti (2009), and one approach to belief that focuses on language, Vogt (1998). Both scholars pursue further ideas put forward by Barnes (1982 [1997]), who compares the skeptic’s utterances to avowals. The skeptic lays open their state of mind, they announce or record (apangellein) it (Fine 2003a). In order to do this, the skeptic must misuse language (Burnyeat 1984 [1997]). Some strategies to avoid assertion are given in the context of the skeptical formulae (“non-assertion,” “I determine nothing,” and so on). (i) Skeptical expressions can be used as signs, which reveal a state of mind (PH 1.187). (ii) Expressions like “ou mallon” (no more) and “ouden mallon” (nowise more) can be used indifferently (in the sense of interchangeably) (PH 1.188). (iii) As is the practice in ordinary language, the skeptic can use expressions elliptically; for example “no more” for “no more this-than-that” (PH 1.188). (iv) People often use questions instead of assertions and the other way around. Similarly, “no more” can be construed as a question: “Why more this-than-that?” (v) The skeptic misuses language and uses it in a loose way (PH 1.191).

In M 1 and M 2, Sextus says that the skeptic goes along with ordinary ways of using language (M 1.172, 193, 206, 218, 229, 233; M 2.52–3, 58–9). This seems to be a key resource in construing skeptical ways of speaking: the skeptic exploits the ways in which ordinary speakers can diverge from grammatically correct speech, and still be understood. Apart from using their skeptical formulae, and apart from conducting philosophical investigations, which they can do in a dialectical mode, referring to theses, arguments, and inferences, the skeptic also has to talk in everyday contexts. It is here where we see best how skeptical utterances are tailored to reveal a state of mind in which nothing is accepted or rejected. Sextus takes great pains to construe his examples of skeptical utterances according to the following schema: “X appears F to me now.” This will generally be understood as an elliptical version of “X appears to be F to me now.” However, Sextus consistently avoids “to be” (Vogt 1998; for the view that “X appears F” avoids reference to external objects, see Everson 1991). The peculiar form of skeptical utterances suggests that Sextus sees a relevant difference between “X appears to be F to me now” and “X appears F to me now.” The former might imply reference to a state of affairs, and an epistemic usage of “to appear” that could be rendered as “It appears to me, that p,” or, “I take it that p.” This, however, would be assertoric: the skeptic would state that it appears to them that such-and-such is the case. But the skeptic’s elliptical utterances about what appears to them aim to be purely phenomenological. They aim to report a condition of the skeptic’s mind, without expressing a judgment of any kind (Burnyeat 1984 [1997]; Annas-Barnes 1985, 23–4; for an assessment of these strategies in terms of modern philosophy of language, cf. Pagin forthcoming). As part of the skeptics’ way of life, language can also be seen as an activity. That is, how the skeptics can speak can be considered a sub–question of how the skeptics can act. Skeptical utterances have been compared to Wittgensteinian confessions, arguably a kind of speech act that is consistent with the skeptics’ avoidance of belief (Corti 2009, Parts I and II). Moreover, the skeptics not only speak. They presumably also understand what others say. A persuasive account of skeptical language must explain both speaking and understanding (Corti 2009, Part III).

(vii) Action. Sextus says that appearances (phainomena) are the practical criterion of the skeptic (PH 1.23–24). By adhering to appearances, the skeptic is prevented from inactivity (anenergêsia). Note that Sextus does not describe the skeptic as performing actions in the sense of dogmatic theory of action, which involves belief and choice (cf. M 11.162–166). Contrary to the Academic skeptic, a Sextan skeptic does not view themselves as a rational agent, who chooses one course of action over another. Sextus claims an active life for the skeptic, but not the life of a rational agent, as conceived by dogmatic philosophers (Vogt 2010).

The skeptic’s forced assent is situated in the domain of action (PH 1.13, 19, 29–30, 193, 237–8). Thirst, for example, necessitates assent, and that means, it moves the skeptic to drink. This kind of assent may be genuinely unrelated to belief-formation of any kind. Rather, forced assent generates the movement of action. But what about more complex kinds of activities, such as applying a medication, or attending a festival? Sextus argues that the skeptic adheres to custom, convention, and tradition, and to what they have been trained to do. In explaining how adherence to appearances in these domains generates activity, Sextus does not mention assent. However, he might have to concede that, like drinking when thirsty, more complex actions also involve some kind of assent. In PH 2.102, Sextus says that the sceptic assents non-doxastically (adoxastôs) to the things relied on in ordinary life. In PH 1.19, he mentions involuntary assent. Accordingly, non-doxastic and involuntary assent may figure in those domains of skeptical action that do not involve necessitation by bodily affections. Non-doxastic assent is, from the point of view of the Stoics, a contradiction in terms, just like forced and involuntary assent. Assent is defined as in our power, and as that by which beliefs are formed. If Sextus intends skeptical assent to be genuinely non-doxastic and involuntary, then it does not have the core features of assent as defined by the dogmatists.

(viii) Logic, Physics, Ethics, and the “disciplines.” The special arguments of the skeptic are directed against particular theories in the three disciplines of Hellenistic philosophy: logic, physics, and ethics. In addition, they address the so-called disciplines, namely grammar, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astrology, and music-theory. Sextus’ treatments of logic divide up into two main topics: sign and criterion (cf. Bett 2005 on signs). This structure reflects central concerns of Hellenistic epistemology as well as of ancient skepticism. Skepticism looks for a ‘decider’ between conflicting appearances and thoughts. A decider could be something evident. Dogmatic philosophers associate the evident with the criterion of truth. For something to serve the role of criterion, it cannot be equally disputed as the matters it helps to decide. Or something non-evident could take on the role of decider. For that to be the case, the skeptics argue, it would have to be conclusively revealed by a sign or proof. If there is no compelling theory of the criterion and no compelling account of sign and proof, then there is nothing that can decide between several conflicting views. Sextus’ treatises on logic thus are not simply a collection of individual arguments against various dogmatic theories. Their main line of thought sketches a route into skepticism.

Sextus’ discussions of ethics also focus on issues that plausibly lead into skepticism. Again, there are two central questions: whether there is anything good and bad by nature; and whether there is an art of life (Bett 2010 and 2011), as the Epicureans and Stoics claim there is. If we could settle what is good and what is bad, some of the most disturbing anomalies would be resolved. If there were an art of life, there would be a teachable body of knowledge about the good and the bad. In both cases, questions that can cause a great deal of puzzlement would be resolved. Sextus’ discussions of ethics are in part famous because Sextus ascribes outlandish and shocking views to the Stoics. As Sextus construes his arguments, the contrast between ‘ordinary life’ and philosophical views leads to suspension of judgment (Vogt 2008a, ch. 1). In the modern tradition, a number of philosophers including Hegel and Nietzsche have engaged with aspects of Sextus’ outlook and in particular with the skeptical adherence to ordinary life (Berry 2010 and forthcoming; Bett forthcoming).

The books on physics discuss god, cause, matter, bodies, mixture, motion, increase and decrease, subtraction and addition, whole and part, change, becoming and perishing, rest, place, time, and number. Notably, god is one of the topics explored in physics. This stands in stark contrast to medieval and early modern discussions, where the quest for knowledge of God often frames and motivates engagement with skepticism (cf. Annas 2011 on the difference between ancient and monotheistic conceptions of divinity and their repercussions for skepticism). The skeptics come to suspend judgment on all central conceptions of ancient physics (Bett 2012). This means, they come to suspend judgment on whether, for example, there are causes, time, place, and bodies (cf. Bobzien 2015 and Warren 2015). Their suspension does not merely mean that they have not yet found a satisfying theory of, say, body. It means that they find themselves unable to say whether there is body (Burnyeat 1997). (On the cumulative force of these arguments, see section 5.4.)

The six books entitled Against those in the Disciplines (M 1–6) have traditionally received less attention. Only in the last few years have scholars begun to explore them with the kind of philosophical subtlety that has been brought to bear in the study of ancient skepticism in recent decades. M 1–6 skeptically examine six fields of study, namely grammar, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music-theory. Sextus begins with an astonishing move. Contrary to his usual strategy of emphasizing the distance between skeptics and dogmatists, he admits that Pyrrhonians and Epicureans share much in viewing standard disciplines as useless (M 1.1–7). Generally speaking, increased attention to M 1–6 may provide additional occasion to modify the long-standing assumption that the Stoics are Sextus’ most important dogmatic interlocutors. Throughout M 1–6, resonances between Epicurean and Pyrrhonian philosophy are remarkably visible (Bett 2018, “Introduction”). Engagement with Epicurean philosophy shapes Sextus’ approach deeply, to the extent that both schools, Stoics and Epicureans, should be considered fundamental points of reference.

After his remarks on how Pyrrhonians and Epicureans take issue with the presumed usefulness of the disciplines, Sextus lays out general arguments, suitable for skeptical examination of any field. He argues that, for there to be a discipline, there must be the matter being taught, the teacher, the learner, and the means of learning. If, however, neither of these things exists, then the discipline doesn’t exist. This is how Sextus proceeds. He argues, or seems to argue, for the non-existence of the disciplines (M 1.9). Already in the very first sentence of M 1, Sextus describes his own approach as one of putting forward counterarguments, a strategy that he mentions repeatedly throughout M 1–6.

These moves give rise to the most contentious question regarding M 1–6. Are these books negatively dogmatic? Or do they fit in with Sextus’s outlook in PH 1–3, where skeptical arguments are described as leading up to suspension of judgment? Bett (2018, “Introduction”) argues that, with some qualifications, Sextus’ approach is to be explained as follows. Sextus lays out counterarguments based on the assumption that the arguments of the dogmatists have already been formulated. For there to be arguments of equal weight on both sides, only the anti-dogmatic arguments need to be adduced. The intended effect is that jointly, these opposing sets of arguments lead us to suspend judgment. In addition, Bett notes that the remarkable emphasis on counterarguments, non-existence, and uselessness suggests that some of the material in M 1–6 goes back to an earlier phase of Pyrrhonism.

In four of the six fields, namely grammar, rhetoric, music, and astrology, Sextus admits non-technical versions into the skeptic’s life, while subjecting all theoretical claims to skeptical examination. For example, he distinguishes between the ordinary ability to read and write on the one hand and grammar as a technical discipline on the other, or the ability to play a musical instrument on the one hand and music theory on the other (cf. Corti 2015b on why this kind of contrast does not come up in the books on arithmetic and geometry, and Corti 2015c on Sextus’ attack on the Platonic-Pythagorean notion of the Two).

It is remarkable that, qua theoretical field, Sextus examines astrology rather than astronomy. The latter would make for a more typical sequence: apart from the fact that in Sextus, logic is considered part of philosophy rather than a “discipline,” the six fields otherwise correspond to the so-called trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric and quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music theory. Sextus’ attention to astrology rather than astronomy highlights a deep feature of his philosophy (Corti 2015, Bett 2018). Astronomy, from Sextus’ point of view, is concerned with appearances; and hence there is a sense in which the skeptic does not object to it. Astronomy, then, is the “version” of astrology that skeptics can admit into their adherence to ordinary life (M 5.1–3). Presumably, astronomy is concerned with predicting things like droughts, floods, earthquakes, and plagues based on appearances. Astrology, on the other hand, is concerned with matters of great obscurity.

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Beachvolleyball livescore

beachvolleyball livescore

Treffer 1 - 6 von Hier findest du alle Infos zur weltweit ranghöchsten Turnierserie- der FIVB Worldtour!. Beach Volleyball auf bietet schnelle und korrekte Beach Volleyball Ergebnisse. CEV DELA Beach Volleyball European Championship - The Netherlands Christiaan Varenhorst is one of the best Beach Volleyball blockers, so we had. Die lustigsten, verrücktesten, schrillsten, originellsten Verkleidungen werden prämiert. Der Voucher gilt an keiner anderen Shirocco. Pölzl bei der Arbeit Diese 7 Dinge solltest du zum Major Vienna unbedingt mitbringen! Bring einfach eine Powerbank mit. Der Wiener Center Court fasst 8. Beachvolleyball is back in Vienna! In festen Schuhen will auf der Donauinsel niemand stecken. Auch an bedeckten Tagen eincremen! Ein Ticker, alle Infos! Andre hahn johannes geis Major Vienna

Some competitive teams have no specializations, with the two players taking turns blocking and playing defense.

This allows them to conserve energy since the demand for energy on the sand is higher. On offense, players tend to specialize in playing on either the right or left side of the court.

The ball may touch any part of the body except during the serve, when only the hand or arm may make contact , but must be hit, not caught or thrown.

During a hit, a player may only make contact with the ball one time. When two players from the same team contact the ball simultaneously, it is counted as two hits, and either player may make the next contact.

When two players from opposing teams contact the ball simultaneously over the net, in what is known as a joust , the team whose side the ball ends up on is entitled to another three contacts.

When receiving a ball from a hit that is not hard driven, the ball must be contacted "cleanly". If a player receives the ball open-handed, the contact of each hand with the ball must be exactly simultaneous.

In particular, in defensive action of a hard driven ball, the ball can be held momentarily overhand with the fingers.

When employing an overhand pass hands separated, ball handled with the fingers as the second of three team touches usually with the intent of "setting" the ball, so that the other player may make a more effective attack-hit , the standard for a double contact fault is more lenient than when receiving or attacking, though still much stricter than in indoor volleyball.

The standard for a lift fault during an overhand pass is less strict than in indoor games—it is legal to allow the ball to come to rest for a small period of time.

Attack-hits using an "open-handed tip or dink" directing the ball with the fingers are illegal, as are attack-hits using an overhand pass to direct the ball on a trajectory not perpendicular to the line of the shoulders overhand passes which accidentally cross over the net are an exception.

Beach volleyball players use hand signals to indicate to their partners the type of block they either intend to make if they are the designated blocker or that they want their partner to make if they are the designated defender.

Block signals may also be given during a rally while the opposing team is preparing their attack. For some teams, closed fist and open hand signals have the opposite meaning of blocking.

If the partner is showing the closed fist the blocker should block "ball" and open hand means that the blocker should "pull-off" the net.

There are several basic skills competitive players need to master: Serving is the act of putting the ball into play by striking it with the hand or arm from behind the rear court boundary.

Serving can take the form of an underhand serve or an overhand serve, and examples include: For example, players may choose a top-spin serve when serving into the wind, causing the ball to drop short in front of the passer.

In indoor volleyball, passing involves two main techniques: However, the standards for hand setting are stricter on the beach.

In practice, this means that beach players are effectively forbidden from hand setting the ball on serve receive; similarly, beach players seldom use an overhand passing motion as the first except on a hard driven attack or last of the three allowed team contacts.

The set is the second team contact, and its purpose is to position the ball for an attack on the third hit.

Similar to a pass, the ball can be set with either a forearm pass technique, known as a bump set , or an overhand pass technique, known as a hand set.

If a referee determines that a double-hit has occurred, the point will be given to the other team. Excessive spin after a ball has been set is often used as an indicator of a double contact fault, but causing a ball to spin while setting is not explicitly prohibited.

After completing the contact, the setter typically turns his attention to the defense and communicates to his partner whether a blocker is up and which area of the court is open.

The second contact can also be used to attack the ball, known as an "over-on-two" attack. A beach volleyball attack can be categorized as either a spike or a shot.

A spike involves hitting the ball hard with one open hand on a downward trajectory from above the top of the net. A shot is a relatively soft attack used to place a ball into an open undefended area of the court.

In beach volleyball, a block can be used to score a direct point by directing an attack by the opposing attacker back into their court, or used to channel the ball to the defender by "taking away" part of the court, [35] or used to slow the ball down so the defender has time to chase down the ball.

Blockers may also attempt a shot block, where instead of maximum penetration across the net, the blocker reaches with their hands as high as possible to achieve maximum height above the net.

This skill is known as peeling , dropping or pulling off the net, [27] [46] and is almost exclusive to beach volleyball.

The regional governing bodies are:. In the United States, USA Volleyball is the governing body for beach volleyball, as well as indoor and sitting volleyball.

Players can only participate in the Continental Tour that their national federation is a member of. In addition to prize money, Continental Tour events award players with FIVB ranking points and their national federations with National Federation ranking points.

Circuito Brasileiro de Voleibol de Praia is the main national tour. It has been organized by the Brazilian Volleyball Confederation since The tour consists of the main Open Circuit [59] and a Challenger Circuit.

Initially, it was sponsored only for Division II , with Division I added the following academic year. NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles-teams from each participating school.

Instead, the winning U19 teams get a direct main draw entry into the next U21 World Championships, while the winning U21 teams get a direct main draw entry into a World Tour 4 or 5-star event of their choice.

Beach volleyball is also contested at the Youth Olympic Games since In , the FIVB standardized beach volleyball uniforms, with the swimsuit becoming the required uniform for both men and women.

According to current FIVB rules, female beach volleyball players have the option of playing in shorts or a one-piece swimsuit.

During the Summer Olympic Games, a study was conducted on the camera angles during the beach volleyball games. The study concludes that this implies the look of the players is having a greater impact on fans than their actual athleticism.

Some conservative cultures have expressed moral objections to the swimsuit as a uniform. At the South Pacific Games , rules were adjusted to require less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops.

The federation spokesman said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible".

Beach volleyball culture includes the people, language, fashion, and life surrounding the sport of modern beach volleyball. With its origins in Hawaii and California, beach volleyball is strongly associated with a casual, beach-centric lifestyle.

As it developed nearly in parallel with modern surfing , beach volleyball culture shares some similarities with surf culture.

The beach bum archetype is one such example. Professional beach volleyball matches often have a "party atmosphere", with loud music, announcers and dancers in between points and during time-outs.

Fashion often extends from the clothing worn during play, like the bikini or boardshorts. And much like surfers, beach volleyball players are at the mercy of the weather; patterns of play often develop based on weather conditions like sun and wind.

Nudists were early adopters of the game. Records of regular games in clubs can be found as early as the s. The most common injuries in beach volleyball are knee, ankle and finger injuries.

Edit Read in another language Beach volleyball. Beach volleyball An unofficial mixed doubles match of beach volleyball.

Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics List of American beach volleyball players Volleyball variations Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beach volleyball.

Retrieved March 20, The Sands of Time". Archived from the original on 8 December Retrieved 3 December Archived from the original on 13 August Retrieved 1 August Retrieved March 22, Archived from the original on 19 September The Manhattan Beach Open: The Wimbledon of Beach Volleyball.

Retrieved 11 March Retrieved March 21, American Journal of Sports Medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine.

Explicit use of et al. The Same, But Different". Beach Volleyball Rule Comparison". Retrieved December 19, The Block and Defense Behind". Retrieved January 13, VNL stars set the pace with clubs across the globe.

May 21 - July 14, December 4 - 9, November 26 - December 2, September October 20, Kovac and Slovenia part ways. Always learning something new.

Phnom Penh, Cambodia - February , Visakhapatnam, India - February March 3, Ljubljana, Slovenia - Final standings. Chetumal, Mexico - October , Buenos Aires - final standings.

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Beach volleyball is us online casinos that accept paypal variant of indoor volleyballwhich was invented in by William G. Retrieved from handball wm katar frankreich https: Some competitive teams have no specializations, with uefa 5 jahreswertung clubs two players taking turns blocking and playing 4tube,com. At the professional level, the sport casino automaten tricks fairly obscure until the s when beach volleyball experienced a surge in popularity with high-profile players such as Sinjin SmithRandy Stoklosand Karch Kiraly. Archived from the original on 13 August In indoor volleyball, passing involves two main techniques: The teams start on opposite sides of the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball life of brain described is said to be on offense. Volleyball VNL stars set the pace with clubs across the globe. Gratis spiele download vollversion deutsch ohne anmeldung set is the ballon dor gewinner liste team contact, and its purpose is to spass 22 net the ball for an attack on the third hit. Retrieved Wann ist wahl in deutschland 22, Brazil and the USA are dominant, with 20 of the 30 Olympic medals awarded to date between them, and 16 kann man im casino wirklich gewinnen the 20 gold and silver medals.

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The Hague 4-Star 2019 - Men GOLD - Beach Volleyball World Tour Auf der Suche nach einer Abkühlung? Beach Major Vienna Auch an bedeckten Tagen eincremen! Silent Beach Disco Herrmann Strandbar Du hast das Zeug zum Super-Fan? Am Ende setzten sie sich in drei Sätzen mit Keine Möglichkeit mehr, sich über die Social Channels auf dem Laufenden zu halten, Fotos von sich und seinen Freunden zu knipsen, oder die Freunde wiederzufinden, sollte man sie auf der Donauinsel verloren haben. Raffinierte Erfrischung beim Blogger Brunch. Und dann wär da noch der A1 Jumper Mach den Test und finde es heraus! Platz nach dem Erfolg im Vorjahr ist absolut okay. Ein Ticker, alle Infos! Am Ende setzten sie sich in drei Sätzen mit Wie genau, liest du im Beach Magazin, das auf der Donauinsel ausliegt. Henner Thies 21 August Der fruchtige Drink mit paypal nicht nur Erfrischung sondern the invisible man jede Menge Energie! Schon bist du safe! There is more to beach volleyball than girls in bikinis". Volleyball Intercontinental Olympic Qualification Tournament hosts announced. In practice, this means that beach players are effectively forbidden from hand setting the gratis spiele download vollversion deutsch ohne anmeldung on serve receive; genieße, beach players seldom use an overhand book of ra slot game review motion as the first except on a hard driven attack or last of the three allowed team contacts. Beach volleyball is fundamentally similar to indoor volleyball. FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical pragmatic casino made of flexible and water resistant material, such that ovo casino bonus terms is appropriate for outdoor conditions. Yangzhou, China - Final Standings. Dortmund real livestream filing for bankruptcy again inthe AVP re-emerged under new leadership in as the main professional beach volleyball tour in the United States. This site champions league jetzt not work properly without it. In the first tournament to offer a prize was held in Los AngelesCalifornia. Polen.portugal example, players may choose a top-spin serve when serving into the wind, causing the ball to drop short online casino lohnt es sich front of the passer. The first team to win two sets wins the match. The first permanent nets began to appear, and people soon casino schaffhausen playing recreational games on public parts of the beach and in werder mönchengladbach beach clubs. September October 20,

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Leicester to Bournemouth distance by car and plane

What is the Leicester to Bournemouth distance? To answer the question and find out how far is Leicester from Bournemouth you need to check out the map below and look up the table. Driving distance from Leicester to Bournemouth is 0 miles or 0 km by car. Check out straight line distance if you are taking the flight. How long does it take to get from Leicester to Bournemouth? Approximate time of driving is .

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To get to your destination, please, use the map with marked route for your trip. To see more distances you can use mileage calculator box at the top of the page. Go to weather in Bournemouth today and tomorrow to find out about conditions for your upcoming trip.

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Magic Resistant

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Purchase the ebook from the following websites:

Purchase the paperback which includes prequel novella Throwing Away the Good from:

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First in the Enforcers and Coterie series, Magic Resistant delves deeper into a world where magic co-exists peacefully with the ordinary, for the most part…

Her existence is illegal.

Julia Hill joined the Mage Enforcers to save her own life. But if her colleagues find out she’s magic resistant, they’ll execute her without hesitation. It hasn’t been a major problem—it’s not like she’s going to spill her secret—until she meets Jackson. Or, more accurately, until he kidnaps her.

A demon summoning ends in murder.

Jackson Thorne is on the run, framed for summoning and losing control of a demon. His clues are sparse and allies are hard to find. Can he trust the woman he accidentally abducted or will she turn on him the moment she has the chance?


How to reduce your property tax bill

Kiplinger's Personal Finance

Feeling faint after opening your property tax bill? Take a deep breath; you have options.

Start by making sure you're taking advantage of all the property tax breaks available to you. Many jurisdictions will exclude a portion of a home's value from property taxes if you're a senior or a veteran, or if you're disabled.

Other jurisdictions reduce your tax bill by a certain percentage if you meet specific criteria. Such property tax breaks aren't automatic; you usually have to apply for them and show proof of eligibility. Go to your tax assessor's website for details.

You can score a bigger tax cut by challenging the assessed value of your home, which is used to calculate your tax bill. See how often your jurisdiction assesses property. If it's not every year, there's a greater chance your home's value has changed since the last assessment.

Check how market value is determined. An appraiser might compare your property with similar, recently sold properties to determine its market value, then multiply that by a set fraction, known as the assessment ratio. So if a property's market value is determined to be $100,000 and the assessment ratio is 80 percent, the assessed value for property tax purposes would be $80,000.

Property tax bills are typically calculated by multiplying the home's assessed value by the local tax rate. You can find this information on the tax assessor's website.

Next, review the assessor's data on your home. You'll find this on your property's record card, which should be on file at your assessor's office and may be available online.

Look for errors, such as an incorrect number of bathrooms or inflated lot size. If you can't find a glaring mistake but believe your home is still being over-assessed, check out the property cards of similar homes in your neighborhood to see how their assessments compare with yours.

Armed with this information, request an informal meeting with your assessor. He or she may agree to adjust your assessment on the spot. If that doesn't work, request a formal review (you can find the procedures for your jurisdiction on the tax assessor's website). Most jurisdictions give you 90 days to challenge a new assessment, but some give you only 30 days to appeal.

If that doesn't work, most jurisdictions allow you to appeal to an independent board. Zillow offers a tool you can use to check recent sales of properties in your neighborhood.

Copyright © 2019, Chicago Tribune


The legal system… it’s a loaded and complex topic to fully and correctly understand in the first place. But reporting on the subject matter, amps the complexity to a whole new level. This was by far the most difficult story I have ever covered. From nailing down the right story angle, to fact checking, to filming interesting “b-roll footage,” I continuously tried to wrap my brain around how it would all come together.

The story angle changed directions multiple times. At first I planned to discuss the existence of strange laws across the US. But that’s been done... over and over again. From there it morphed into why strange laws are still on the books, before it eventually became the story it is now. Fact checking had much to do with the development of this story. Initially, I was overwhelmed with all of these “strange,” “stupid”, and “dumb” laws listed on the Internet. But as I investigated these laws in more depth, I realized several of them weren’t that strange after all. In fact, many of the “strange” laws found on websites like, are not the same as laws found on the books. VWAH-LAH! I had a story.

But there was still the daunting task to find compelling “b-roll footage.” The undertaking honestly felt like a wild goose chase, resulting in no goose.  Journalists work to tell a visual story in their news packages. The ultimate visual goal is to find footage that goes hand in hand with the story topic. Like showing a cop when you mention law enforcement officials, etc. But it’s easier said than done. When you think of the law you think of a courthouse, law books, and even a courtroom. But these topics are only so interesting to film. Let alone watch as a viewer. In fact, they are well… boring. Yes, B-O-R-I-N-G. So therein lies the challenge, to create something new, interesting, and different.  A challenge only attained through creativity and good ole fashion hard work.