An illustration of the solar system (Image: Nasa)
An illustration of the solar system (Image: Nasa)

Here on Earth, you know a country has been conquered when loads of tanks, attacks helicopters and burly great soldiers roll into town.

But aliens could ‘invade’ our solar system using tiny ‘micro-robots’ which astronomers would probably fail to spot unless they knew exactly what to look for.

A new study has revealed that it’s entirely possible an extraterrestrial civilisation has unleashed a massive squadron of microscopic probes which have spread out across the galaxy undetected.

Zaza Osmanov of the Free University of Tbilisi in Georgia has written a paper which discusses ‘extraterrestrial micro replicators’ called Von-Neumann probes that are capable of reproducing themselves.

Currently, the search for alien intelligence is focused on discovering huge ‘megastructures’ such as Dyson Spheres – hypothetical giant power stations built around stars to harvest their energy.

Osmanov suggested that advanced civilisations might actually build tiny machines to explore the galaxy and calculated how they would spread through a cloud of interstellar gas – the name for great billows of gas which exist between star systems.

‘The total number of probes might increase extremely rapidly ”invading” the whole region of an interstellar cloud,’ he wrote.

This is the Milky Way, the galaxy our species calls home
Illustration of the Milky Way, the galaxy our species calls home

When we think of aliens invading a star system, it’s often assumed they would land on a planet and begin munching up its resources while enslaving or slaughtering its unfortunate inhabitants.

This approach might actually be counterproductive because it requires more energy and effort than unleashing swarms of robots.

‘Extraterrestrials would prefer to use micro-robots than large-scale macro probe,’ Osmanov continued.

‘Still there is a possibility to make the process of reproduction efficient but for that, the probes need to land on rocky planets.

‘This compared to the continuous process of replication of microdevices in interstellar clouds seems to be less efficient because landing on a planet and fleeing from it require special manoeuvring.’

Thankfully, if a horde of robots colonised a cloud in the Milky Way we would probably notice them.

Osmanov said ‘detection is quite realistic’ because the machines’ luminosity ‘might reach enormous values’, meaning they would give off enough light to be visible.

He wrote: ‘If one detects a strange object with extremely high values of luminosity increment, that might be a good sign to place the object in the list of extraterrestrial Von-Neumann probe candidates.’

The apparent contradiction between the likelihood of aliens existing in our gigantic universe and our inability to find them is called the Fermi Paradox.

This could be solved if we assume extraterrestrial technology is too small for us to spot using our current telescopes.

However, it’s perfectly possible that we are the only intelligent living creatures in the whole of space.

This week, a top British scientist has claimed that humanity could be alone in a vast universe that’s totally devoid of alien life.

Nick Longrich, a senior lecturer in palaeontology and evolutionary biology at the University of Bath, has said that the evolution of intelligent life on Earth (which means us, in case you’re wondering) is so spectacularly unlikely it may have happened just once.

In an article for The Conversation, he wrote: ‘Are we alone in the universe? It comes down to whether intelligence is a probable outcome of natural selection, or an improbable fluke.

[By definition, probable events occur frequently, improbable events occur rarely – or once. Our evolutionary history shows that many key adaptations – not just intelligence, but complex animals, complex cells, photosynthesis, and life itself – were unique, one-off events, and therefore highly improbable.

‘Our evolution may have been like winning the lottery … only far less likely.

‘The universe is astonishingly vast. The Milky Way has more than 100 billion stars, and there are over a trillion galaxies in the visible universe, the tiny fraction of the universe we can see. Even if habitable worlds are rare, their sheer number – there are as many planets as stars, maybe more – suggests lots of life is out there.

‘So where is everyone? This is the Fermi paradox. The universe is large, and old, with time and room for intelligence to evolve, but there’s no evidence of it.’

Shot at freely approachable area outside the observatory. Part of the milky way is digitally enhanced or manipulated.
We have been totally unable to discover proof of alien life (Image: Getty)

To illustrate just how lucky our species has been to have evolved to our current state of intelligence, he sketched a vivid picture of evolution which shows how many lucky breaks life was given here on Earth.

‘Imagine that intelligence depends on a chain of seven unlikely innovations – the origin of life, photosynthesis, complex cells, sex, complex animals, skeletons and intelligence itself – each with a 10% chance of evolving. The odds of evolving intelligence become one in 10 million.

‘But complex adaptations might be even less likely. Photosynthesis required a series of adaptations in proteins, pigments and membranes. Eumetazoan animals required multiple anatomical innovations (nerves, muscles, mouths and so on). So maybe each of these seven key innovations evolve just 1% of the time. If so, intelligence will evolve on just 1 in 100 trillion habitable worlds. If habitable worlds are rare, then we might be the only intelligent life in the galaxy, or even the visible universe.


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iOS 8 is the biggest release for developers since the

introduction of the App Store. iOS devices are widely used

in enterprise environments, and iOS 8 is packed with new
features for enterprises. With millions of iOS 8 devices out
on the market, there is an ever-increasing demand for iOS
8 app developers.

Learning iOS 8 for Enterprise starts off by showing you

how to install Xcode and how to build your first iPhone
application, introducing you to iOS, its framework, and
the basics of Objective-C and its usage for application
development. Next, you are shown how to use enterprise
features in iOS by practically building an iOS enterprise
application. Furthermore, you will learn how to use AirDrop
to remotely send/receive files. Along with this, you will also
learn about security services and building an iCloud in
your application.

What you will learn from this book

Explore more UI components for your app
such as Labels and Picker view

Get to know about the implementation of

APIs introduced in iOS 7

Discover the framework that will be

introduced with iOS 8

C o m m u n i t y

Discover how to use iCloud and security

services for iPhone

Build keychain activities to secure passwords

and pins

If you are an experienced iPhone application developer

or even a newbie, this book will help you to build on and
explore your technical skills. This book is very helpful for
those who want to learn about the new framework of iOS 7
and iOS 8.

Distribute your app on the App Store with the

help of examples

$ 44.99 US
27.99 UK

Prices do not include

local sales tax or VAT
where applicable

Visit www.PacktPub.com for books, eBooks,

code, downloads, and PacktLib.

Mayank Birani

Who this book is written for

Learning iOS 8 for Enterprise

Learning iOS 8
for Enterprise

E x p e r i e n c e

D i s t i l l e d

Learning iOS 8
for Enterprise
Design and develop stunning iOS applications for
business environments

Mayank Birani

In this package, you will find:

The author biography

A preview chapter from the book, Chapter 1 'Getting Started with iOS'
A synopsis of the books content
More information on Learning iOS 8 for Enterprise

About the Author

Mayank Birani has 3 years of experience in the software industry and a strong
association with the technical industry. After several years of programming experience
in different programming languages, he started developing applications for iOS devices.
He started software development while he was pursuing his graduation and was really
interested in learning new technologies. He then joined a software company and started
developing iOS applications for them, focusing on real content-based iOS applications.
I would like to send a special thanks to my mom, Neelu Birani, and dad,
Prakash Birani, for their relentless efforts in assisting me in every way
imaginable as well as for helping me keep my life together. Finally, I
would like to thank all my friends for sharing my happiness when I
started working on this project and encouraging me when it seemed too
difficult to be completed.

Learning iOS 8 for Enterprise

This book will help you get started and understand the development of an enterprise
application for iOS. It serves as a step-by-step guide to help you to understand the core
concepts of iOS application development. It provides a deeper understanding of the way
to develop and deploy your apps. It has seamlessly organized content that will help you
learn, in an incremental way, how to enhance your conceptual and programming skills.
This book will also help you build fundamental logic skills and teach you ways to handle
architecture-related problems for big enterprise applications. The book also includes API
integration, social media integration, and integration of third-party frameworks. This will
enable you to understand how to make your app easily customizable using other thirdparty frameworks. Such content is the heart of this book and makes it rich in content.
The main focus is on making you read and implement the details of this book.
Throughout this book, you will find activities and minor projects that teach you the core
concepts and logic. This technique of teaching makes this book special for you and will
help you find it interesting, as there is always something to play with. At the end of the
book, you will have some beautiful working applications with their implied logic.

What This Book Covers

Chapter 1, Getting Started with iOS, teaches you the basics of iOS, such as methods,
arrays, properties, delegates, and so on. After going through this chapter, you will be able
to use Xcode and create simple apps using the UI component.
Chapter 2, Exploring More UI Components, teaches you about components and how to
create them programmatically. It will give you an understanding about the concept of
table views and teach you how to use them. Also, we will make a simple application
using the Navigation Controller.
Chapter 3, Exploring Various Frameworks, provides some more details on the UI and
teach you how to integrate frameworks in your projects. We will also create a simple
Student Registration app by exploring each section. By the end of the chapter, you will
have created a fully loaded app with UI and functionality. You will also learn about
databases with social media integration.
Chapter 4, APIs Introduced in iOS 7, comprises a lot of fun stuff, including games,
putting an image between text, and sharing with AirDrop. All these APIs are introduced
in iOS 7. After this chapter, you should try to extend all the activities mentioned in it; this
will make these concepts more clear for you.
Chapter 5, Frameworks Introduced with iOS 8, discusses the new iOS 8 APIs and a little
code snippet of Swift. In this chapter, you will learn about the PhotoKit framework and
Handoff, with some more code snippets.

Chapter 6, Using iCloud and Security Services, teaches you how to push your data to
iCloud and save your private data, such as passwords, account numbers, and ATM pins,
to Keychain. We will also focus on the Touch ID API, which was introduced in iOS 8.
Chapter 7, The App-distribution Program, teaches you to set up and understand your
Developer account. You will also learn how to set up a provisioning profile to publish
your app on the Store, and discuss the anatomy of an enterprise-level distribution using
the Apple Enterprise account.

Getting Started with iOS

The mobile industry is the fastest growing domain among other IT domains.
iOS plays a key role in the mobile industry; nowadays, even the key IT players are
incorporating mobility in the enterprise way. This title will help you understand
the basics of iOS development and its implementation from the perspective of
To get started with iOS development, we will need the following things:

A Mac system

Basically, iOS development is based on the Objective-C language. Objective-C is an

extension of the C programming language; this includes the OOP (object-oriented
programming) concept and adds small-talk style messaging to C. Xcode is built to
help you build great apps for iPad, iPhone, and Mac. Xcode is an IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) for iOS.

Getting Started with iOS

You can download Xcode from the Apple store as shown in the following screenshot:

The Xcode option

It is free; after downloading Xcode, it automatically appears in the launch pad.

Xcode provides different features such as coding, design, a user interface, and
testing for you.
In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

Interface and implementation classes

Types of methods in iOS

Property and synthesize

Building a simple app

Chapter 1

Interface and implementation

In Objective-C, there are two types of files that represent a single class: one is the
interface file and the other one is the implementation file. In the interface file,
the declaration of a method and variable is done; in the implementation file, we
define this method and use the declared variable.

Code snippets for interface and

The following is the code snippet for the interface class:
@interface MyClass:NSObject{
// declare class variables here
// class methods and instance methods are declared here

The MyClass.h file is an interface class. NSObject is a root class of all the classes,
and it is a must to import the NSObject class. The @end keyword indicates that our
interface block is completed.
The following is our implementation class named as MyClass.m:
@implementation MyClass
// class methods are defined here

Types of methods in iOS

The methods that we declare in the interface file are defined in the implementation
file. Methods are declared in the following way:

There are two methods in iOS: one is the class method and the other is the instance
method. In the class method, we do not have to create an object; we can directly
access these methods using their class names. The class method is indicated by the
+ symbol. We can find static methods in languages such as Java and C++, and we
will find class methods in languages such as Objective-C and Ruby. The difference
between the static and class methods is that they have different language concepts.

Getting Started with iOS

The principal differences are:

Static methods are shared between all instances (this doesn't exist in

The class method is a method on a class. In languages such as Objective-C

and Ruby, a class itself is an instance of another class (metaclass). Using
+ before a method declaration means that the method will be defined on
the class. Technically, it's just an instance method on a different object. The
syntax for the class method is as follows:

In the instance method, we have to create an object. We can't access the

instance method without creating an object. Memory is allocated for an
object. The alloc keyword is used to allocate memory. The following syntax
is used for the instance method:

Creating objects
An object is created in the implementation file as follows:

*object= [[MyClass alloc]init] ;

Here, we used the alloc and init keywords. The alloc keyword is used to allocate
memory to the object, and the init keyword is used to initialize that object.

Important datatypes
Like any other programming language, iOS also has different datatypes such as int,
float, double, char, and id. Datatypes are used to specify the kind of data that is
being stored in a variable. There are four important datatypes in iOS:

NSString: This is used to represent a string

NSInteger: This is used to declare an integer

CGFloat: This is used to declare float values

BOOL: This is used to declare a Boolean (yes or no) value

[ 10 ]

Chapter 1

Array is a collection of homogeneous datatypes with contiguous memory allocation.
In iOS, arrays are of two types:

NSArray is an immutable array. In Objective-C, by default, arrays are immutable,

that is, as the name indicates, it's object can't be changed or removed after the
initialization of the array:
NSArray *xyz = [[NSArray alloc] init];
Xyz = @[@"Harry", @"Tom", @"jack"];

NSMutableArray is a subclass of NSArray. This is a modifiable array, and its object

can be removed or modified after the initialization of array:

NSMutableArray *xyz = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];

The concept of String is the same as in C. String also has

two types: NSMutableString and NSString. Consider
the following example for the NSString type:
NSString *myName = @"Jack";

Property and Synthesize

The properties of an object are defined to let other objects use or change their state.
However, in object-oriented programming, it's not possible to access the internal
state of an object directly from outside the class (except public accessors). Instead,
accessor methods (getters and setters) are used to interact with the objects. The
goal of the @property is to make it easier to create and configure properties by
automatically generating these accessor methods:

@property: This method implements the setter/getter methods in our code

automatically; we don't have to write the code manually.

[ 11 ]

Getting Started with iOS

@synthesize: This method synthesizes the properties with the given

attributes, and the compiler will generate the setter and getter methods
for our variables. However, now we do not use synthesize; instead of
@synthesize, we use an underscore (_) or the self keyword.

Let's understand these methods with a code snippet. This is the interface file:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface MyClass : NSObject
@property void methodname;

This is the implementation file:

#import "MyClass.h"
@implementation Class
@synthesize methodname = _methodname;

In Objective-C, every object holds a reference count. When an object is created, its
reference count increases by one; when it releases the object, the reference count
decreases by one. When the reference count reaches zero, it deallocates the memory
by itself. The attributes of @property is as follows:

atomic: By default, every property is atomic. It will ensure that a whole

value is always returned by the getter method or set by the setter method.
Only a single thread can access a variable to get or set a value at a time. So,
atomic is also thread-safe.

nonatomic: In nonatomic, there is no guarantee that the value returned from

strong: The strong attribute owns the object. The compiler will ensure that

weak: In a weak reference, we don't want to have control over the object's

retain: This specifies that retain should be invoked on the object upon

assign: This specifies that the setter uses simple assignment. It uses an
attribute of the scalar type, such as float or int.

copy: This copies an object during assignment and increases the retain
count by one.

a variable is the same one that the setter method sets. At the same time, more
than one single thread can access a variable at a time.

any object that we assign to this property will not be destroyed as long as we
(or any other object) point to it with a strong reference.
lifetime. The object we are referencing weakly only lives on because at least
one other object holds a strong reference to it.

assignment. It takes ownership of an object.

[ 12 ]

Chapter 1

Consider the following simple example using the attributes:

@property (nonatomic, assign) float radius;
@property (atomic, strong) NSString *name;

A delegate is a tool through which one object can communicate with another; in turn,
the objects can stay connected to each other. It is a method by which one object can act
on behalf of another object. The delegating object keeps a reference to the other object
and, at the appropriate time, sends a message to it. The message informs the delegate
of an event that the delegating object is about to handle or that is to be handled.
Consider the following example of how to use a delegate.
Let's define the FirstViewController.h interface file as follows:
#import "SecondViewController.h"
@interface FirstViewController : UIViewController
IBOutlet UITextField *userNameTextField;
@property (nonatomic, strong) UITextField *userNameTextField;

Now, let's define the FirstViewController.m implementation file:

#import "FirstViewController.h"
@interface FirstViewController ()
@implementation FirstViewController
@synthesize userNameTextField;

SecondViewController *secondVC = [[SecondViewController alloc]
[ 13 ]

Getting Started with iOS

secondVC.delegate = self;
[self.navigationController pushViewController:secondVC
NSLog(@"BACK in firstVC");
userNameTextField.text = name;

Next, we will define the SecondViewController.h interface file as follows:

#import "FirstViewController.h"
@protocol SecondViewControllerDelegate <NSObject>
@interface SecondViewController : UIViewController{
IBOutlet UITextField *someText;
IBOutlet UIButton *returnButton;
id delegate;
@property (assign, nonatomic) id <SecondViewControllerDelegate>
@property (strong, nonatomic) UITextField *someText;

Now, we will define the SecondViewController.m implementation file as follows:

#import "SecondViewController.h"
@interface SecondViewController ()
@implementation SecondViewController
@synthesize someText;
@synthesize delegate = _delegate;
[ 14 ]

Chapter 1

[self.delegate done:someText.text];
FirstViewController *firstVC = [[FirstViewController alloc]init];
[self.navigationController pushViewController:firstVC

Building our first iPhone app

Let's make our first iPhone app by performing the following steps:
1. Open Xcode; you will see the following screen. In the panel on the right-hand
side, you can see your existing projects. You can open your project directly
by selecting from the list of projects; for a new project, on the other hand,
select Create a new Xcode project.

[ 15 ]

Getting Started with iOS

2. There are eight templates provided by Xcode. In the panel on the left-hand
side, you can see there are two options: iOS and OS X. iOS is for Apple
touch devices, and OS X is for desktop devices. Initially, choose Single View
Application. Then, click on NEXT, as shown in the following screenshot:

3. Now, it is time to give a name to your project and choose iPhone from the
Devices dropdown. Then, click on Next. The following screenshot will appear:
Downloading the example code
You can download the example code files for all
Packt books you have purchased from your account
at http://www.packtpub.com. If you purchased
packtpub.com/support and register to have the
files e-mailed directly to you.

[ 16 ]

Chapter 1

4. Save your project in the directory of your choice:

[ 17 ]

Getting Started with iOS

5. Now, your editor will look like the following screenshot. In the left-hand-side
panel, there is a declaration of classes. Select the storyboard from the
left-hand-side panel. Storyboard provides the view to your application.

This is your storyboard. At present, it is an empty view controller.

Storyboard has many areas, such as the navigation area, editor area,
utility area, and debug area, that are described as follows:

Navigation area: In this pane, there are various navigators that

we can switch between using the Navigator selector bar. The
three navigators that we will use a lot are the Project, Search,
and Issue navigators.

Editor area: The editor area is where we'll probably be spending most
of our time! This is where all the coding happens.

[ 18 ]

Chapter 1

Utility area: The Xcode utility area comprises two panes: the
Inspector pane and the Library pane. The Inspector pane will give
us details about the file. However, when we are looking at the
storyboard, the Inspector pane will show us the different attributes
that you can modify for a selected element. The Library pane won't
be very useful until we look at a storyboard. When we use the
Interface Builder part of Xcode, we can drag UI elements from the
Library pane onto the editor area to add them to our user interface.

Debug area: The debug area will show us the console output and the
state of various variables when you run your application.

In the following screenshot, we can see an arrow before the view; this
indicates that the view is a starting view of the application. When the
application launches, this view will launch first:

[ 19 ]

Getting Started with iOS

6. On the right-hand side, a lot of components, such as button, label, and text
fields, are present (we will learn about these components in the upcoming
chapters). Drag-and-drop a button from the right-hand-side panel as shown
in the following screenshot. Rename it by double-clicking on it; give it any
name. For example, name it Hello.

This is all our UI part. Now, let's move on to the coding section.
7. Go to ViewController.h and write the following method in it. The .h file is
an interface file of our project where we declare the property and method. If
we want to declare variables, then they are declared under the braces of the
interface; the property and methods are defined outside the braces:
@interface ViewController : UIViewController
Int x;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString*recipeName;

Coming back to our program, we have to describe

one method, showMessage, where we describe the
UIAlertview function; this appears as a pop-up
window with a message.

[ 20 ]

Chapter 1

The following screenshot shows the editor area with the preceding
code snippet:

Let's understand the code line by line:

#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>: This is a header file that we import in

our code. UIKit is a framework that contains all the inbuilt library
files for the UI part. The UIKit header file imports all the other
header files available in the UIKit framework; after importing this
header file, we don't have to import other UIHeader files such as
UIViewController.h, UIView.h, or UIButton.h manually.

@interface ViewController: UIViewController: This is

an interface for the ViewController.h class. It inherits the
UIViewController class, which is used to handle the flow of
our screen or view.

(IBAction)showMessage: This is a method that we created manually.

When we want to perform some action on tapping a button, we will

use IBAction. This is a kind of return type in iOS. Here, the name of
the method is showMessage (we can give any name). IBAction tells the
UI Builder that the method can be used as a selector (event receiver).

@end: This code indicates that our interface part is over.

[ 21 ]

Getting Started with iOS

Now, go to ViewController.m and describe the method that is defined

in the .h file. This is also called an implementation file. The following
screenshot illustrates the code used in the implementation file:

Once again, let's understand the code line by line:

#import "ViewController.h": This imports our .h class

(interface class).

@implementation ViewController: From this snippet, our

implementation of the method starts. The method that we declare

in the interface file will be implemented here. It also contains
some inbuilt methods such as (void)viewDidLoad, -(void)
didRecieveMemoryWarning, and so on. We can code inside these
methods as needed. If we choose the Empty application template,
then these inbuilt methods won't be provided.

UIAlertView: Alert views are the pop-up views or messages that

appear over the current view. We can use this by making an object
of it. Here, Alert is an object. alloc is a keyword use to allocated
memory for an object.

[Alert show]: This snippet is used to display the pop up over

the screen.

[ 22 ]

Chapter 1

Now we have to connect this button to the method that we declare. Without
connecting the button, it won't work. Use the following steps to connect
the button.
9. Right-click on the button. A black pop-up window will appear. Select Touch
Up Inside and connect it to View Controller, as shown in the following
screenshot. After releasing the mouse, select showMessage from the pop up.

[ 23 ]

Getting Started with iOS

10. Now, your button is connected to the Alert method. This is the time to
execute your project. Run your project and click on the Hello button. Your
output will look like the following screenshot:

In this chapter, we learned the basics of iOS, such as methods, arrays, properties,
delegates, and so on. After this chapter, we will also be able to use Xcode, and we
can make simple apps using the UI component. In the next chapter, we will learn
more about components.

[ 24 ]

Get more information Learning iOS 8 for Enterprise

Where to buy this book

You can buy Learning iOS 8 for Enterprise from the Packt Publishing website.
Alternatively, you can buy the book from Amazon, BN.com, Computer Manuals and most internet
book retailers.
Click here for ordering and shipping details.

Stay Connected:


December 10th, 2006

Chef d'Oeuvre

Rose had been delighted to discover that the TARDIS had a curious literary defence mechanism. Anyone with a bent for folding pages, scribbling in the margins or otherwise defacing books, were nudged towards the section specialising in celebrity chef books from her own time.

It didn't take Rose long to discover that the comments were more interesting than the contents. There were numerous notes about alternative ingredients, an omelette that had been mistaken for a weapon and an interesting debate about the sexuality of cabbages; although, the reminder blood is thicker than water, adjust recipes accordingly was a little disturbing.

dw100challenge #144: blood
dw100challenge #145: water


republic in Southeast Asia

Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) is a country in Southeast Asia. The long-form name of the country is the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The neighboring countries of Vietnam are China, Laos and Cambodia. Vietnam is one of five remaining countries that believe in communism. The capital of Vietnam is Hanoi. The biggest city is Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). There are about 94,444,200 people living in Vietnam.

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam  (Vietnamese)
Motto: Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
"Independence – Freedom – Happiness"
Anthem: Tiến Quân Ca
(English: "Army March")
Location of  Vietnam  (green)

in ASEAN  (dark grey)  —  [Legend]

Largest cityHo Chi Minh City
Official languageNone[n 1]
National languageVietnamese
Ethnic groups
GovernmentUnitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic
Nguyễn Phú Trọng
• President
Nguyễn Phú Trọng
Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân
LegislatureNational Assembly
• Independence declared from France
2 September 1945
21 July 1954
2 July 1976[4]
28 November 2013[n 3]
• Total
331,212 km2 (127,882 sq mi) (65th)
• Water (%)
• 2016 estimate
94,569,072[6] (15th)
• Density
276.03/km2 (714.9/sq mi) (46th)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
$769.928 billion[7] (35th)
• Per capita
$8,063[7] (128th)
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
$260.301 billion[7] (47th)
• Per capita
$2,726[7] (129th)
Gini (2014)37.6[8]
HDI (2017)Increase 0.694[9]
medium · 116th
Currencyđồng (₫) (VND)
Time zoneUTC+7 (Vietnam Standard Time)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+84
ISO 3166 codeVN

After the Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French colonial rule during the First Indochina War between the Viet Minh and the French in 2 September 1945. Hồ Chí Minh declared Vietnam's independence from France under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, but was fought by French colonialists. In 1954, the Vietnamese declared victory in Dien Bien Phu which took place between March and May 1954 and culminated in a major French defeat. Then Vietnam was divided into two political states, North Vietnam (officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (officially the Republic of Vietnam). Conflicts between the two sides intensified in the so-called Vietnam War with strong influence from the US in South Vietnam. The war ended in 1975 with a North Vietnamese victory.

Vietnam was then united under a communist government. In 1986, the government launched a number of economic and political reforms that began Vietnam's path to integration into the world economy.[10] By 2000, it had established diplomatic relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnam's economic growth has been among the highest in the world,[10] and in 2011 it had the highest global growth generator index among 11 major economies.[11] Its successful economic reforms resulted in its becoming a member of the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of economic cooperation between Asia and the Pacific and the International de la Francophonie Organization.

Names of VietnamEdit

In Vietnam, the approximate population is 97,094,658.[13] 25.2% of these people are aged between 0-14, with 11,954,354 being male and 10,868,610 being female. 69.3% of the population are between the ages of 15-64. The male-to-female ratio is almost evenly split, with 31,301,879 being male and 31,419,306 being female. 5.5% are 65 and over, with 1,921,652 being male and 3,092,589 being female. So within the older two categories, there are more women than men.[14]
The population is not from one origin. There are many ethnic tribes that developed in the history of Vietnam. This makes Vietnam's history and culture very diverse. It's not the same as a country where every family landed on the country's shores in the same century. French and Chinese colonization didn't involve an excessive migration of people to Vietnam.
Nowadays, the blend of cultures has been increasing with the influence of globalization and world interest. Many Vietnamese that have been living overseas are described as the Viet Kieu. The population has several communities in many countries around the world.

The length of the country, from North to South, is 1,650 kilometers (1,025 miles).[15] "At its narrowest point, Vietnam is only 30 miles (48 kilometers) wide".[16]

The country is covered in rainforests that are currently going through rapid deforestation. It borders the South China Sea to the east, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and China to the north. The country is slightly larger than Malaysia.

Vietnam's history has long been characterized by the neighborhood of China in the north. For about 1,000 years, northern Vietnam belonged to China, but from 938 the country became independent and later expanded southward at the expense of the Champa kingdom. In the 19th century the country was colonized by France and during the Second World War, the country was occupied by Japan. After this war, the colonial empire did not have the resources to restore the regime and lost the military battle against the liberation forces. This led to the division of the country, which in turn led to the Vietnam War with major human and material losses for the country. The war ended on 30 April 1975 by the fact that North Vietnam took the southern part. After experimental planning in the 1970s and 1980s, the economy was reformed in a market economy direction.

Among these Lac Viet tribes was the Van Lang, which was the most powerful tribe. The leader of this tribe later joined all the tribes together to found Van Lang Nation in 2897 BC, addressing himself as the King Hung. The next generations followed in their father's footsteps and kept this appellation. Based on historical documents, researchers correlatively delineated the location of Van Lang Nation to the present day regions of North and north of Central Vietnam, as well as the south of present-day Kwangsi (China). The Van Lang Nation lasted to the 3rd century B.C.

Óc Eo may have been a busy port of the kingdom of Funan between the 1st and 7th centuries.

The Dong Son civilization that covered much of Southeast Asia was also the beginning of Vietnam's history. In 221 BC, the Qins invaded the land of the Viet tribes. Thuc Phan, leader of the alliance of Au-Viet tribes managed to expel the enemies and declared himself King An Duong Vuong and his territory Au Lac Nation (257-207 BC). In 208 BC, a Qin Dynasty general named Triệu Đà invaded Au Lac. An Duong Vuong failed this time. As a result, the northern feudalist took turns dominating the country over the next eleven centuries, establishing their harsh regime in the country and dividing the country into administrative regions and districts with unfamiliar names. However, the country's name of Au Lac could not be erased from the people's minds in their everyday life.

In 207 BC Triệu Đà established a state called Nam Việt which encompassed southern China and the Red River Delta. The historical significance of the original Nam Việt remains controversial because some historians consider it a Chinese occupation while others believe it was an independent era. For most of the period from 111 BCE to the early 10th century, Vietnam was under the rule of successive Chinese dynasties. Sporadic independence movements were attempted, but were quickly suppressed by Chinese forces.

The kings of Champa (Chiêm Thành in Vietnamese) started construction of Hindu temples at Mỹ Sơn in the 4th century AD.[17][18]

Hội An was founded as a trading port by the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Hoàng sometime around 1595.

Work on Imperial City, Huế started in 1804.

Chochina is shown on the eastern coast of this 1886 map of Indo-China.

In September 1858, France occupied Đà Nẵng. Cochinchina was a French colony from 1862 to 1948.

In 1930 Nguyễn Ái Quốc established the Vietnamese Independence League (Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội) which is also known as the Việt Minh.

The Japanese took over Vietnam in World War II. The Việt Minh fought against both the Japanese and the Vichy French.

When the Japanese were defeated, the Vietnamese people, led by the Việt Minh started the August Revolution.

On 2 September 1945, Nguyễn Ái Quốc (who was now calling himself Hồ Chí Minh, meaning 'Hồ (a common last name) with the will of light') read the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Ba Ðình Square, in Hànội. It was based on the American Declaration of Independence.

Hồ Chí Minh led the Việt Minh in a war for independence from France.

The "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" (République Autonome de Cochinchine) was proclaimed 1 June 1946 to frustrate the Việt Minh's desire to rule all of Vietnam.

The War between France and the Việt Minh lasted from 1946 to 1954. The French were defeated in 1954 after the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

North and South VietnamEdit

The nation was then divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. After independence was achieved, the French gave the land of the Mekong delta that was part of Cambodia to South Vietnam. The anti-communist United States had a lot of influence in the South, and the communist and nationalist Việt Minh controlled the North. Hồ Chí Minh was extremely popular in the whole nation, as he was the only remaining leader after years of fighting, so he became President of the Democratic Republic of (North) Việtnam. It was agreed that the nation would be reunited by elections in 1956. But, the Americans and the Southern government stopped the elections from happening because they expected Hồ Chí Minh to win because communist North Vietnam refused to hold free elections. Dwight Eisenhower said he thought Hồ would win with around 80% of the vote if elections were held because of the majority of the population being in the north added with Ho's few supporters in the South.[19]

Soon, the USA was at war with Vietnam. This war was known as the American War, the Vietnam War, or the Second Indochinese War. Soon, South Vietnam became a military dictatorship with some basic freedoms. The Southern army removed the controversial[20] Ngo Dinh Diem from power and killed him.

Regions of Vietnam

On 2 September 1969, Independence Day, President Hồ Chí Minh died of heart failure.

On 30 April 1975, the National Liberation Front with the help of the N.V.A.[19] overtook Sàigòn and quickly renamed it Hồ Chí Minh City, which is the capital of Vietnam. The nation was fully reunified as Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.

Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces. There are also five city municipalities which have province authority.

Bac Ninh
Ha Nam
Hai Duong
Hung Yen
Nam Dinh
Ninh Binh
Thai Binh
Vinh Phuc
Hanoi (municipality)
Hai Phong (municipality)

North Central Coast

Ha Tinh
Nghe An
Quang Binh
Quang Tri
Thanh Hoa
Thua Thien-Hue

Bac Giang
Bac Kan
Cao Bang
Ha Giang
Lang Son
Lao Cai
Phu Tho
Quang Ninh
Thai Nguyen
Tuyen Quang
Yen Bai

Dien Bien
Hoa Binh
Lai Chau
Son La

Dak Lak
Dak Nong
Gia Lai
Kon Tum
Lam Dong

Binh Dinh
Binh Thuan
Khanh Hoa
Ninh Thuan
Phu Yen
Quang Nam
Quang Ngai
Da Nang (municipality)

Vung Tau (Ba Ria-Vung Tau)
Binh Duong
Binh Phuoc
Dong Nai
Tay Ninh
Ho Chi Minh (municipality)

An Giang
Bac Lieu
Ben Tre
Ca Mau
Dong Thap
Hau Giang
Kien Giang
Long An
Soc Trang
Tien Giang
Tra Vinh
Vinh Long
Can Tho (municipality)

The provinces of Vietnam are divided (by the government) into provincial cities and provinces.

Science and technologyEdit

Media said in 2011 that investment in science and technology was 2% of GDP.[21]

"Vietnam provides no incentives for students to return to Vietnam from their foreign graduate programmes" was the opinion (in 2011) of French physicist Pierre Darriulat.[21][22]

Related pagesEdit

  2. Communist Party of Vietnam 2004.
  3. Bielefeldt 2014.
  4. Jeffries 2007, p. 4.
  5. Constitution of Vietnam 2014.
  6. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 International Monetary Fund.
  8. World Bank 2016a.
  9. Human Development Report 2018, p. 23.
  10. 10.0 10.1 "Vietnam's new-look economy". BBC News. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  13. "Viet Nam Population (2019) - Worldometers". Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  14. "CIA The World Fact Book". Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  15. "How Big is Vietnam in Comparison to the United States, Germany, Japan and UK?". 26 February 2014.
  16. "Vietnam". Kids.
  18. Andrew David Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn 2009
  19. 19.0 19.1 "Eisenhower's Views on the Popularity of Ho Chi Minh".
  20. "BBC NEWS".
  21. 21.0 21.1 "Stemming the outflow of talent". 16 September 2011 – via The Economist.
  22. "Website Under Maintenance".
  2. Also called Kinh people.[2]
  3. In effect since 1 January 2014.[5]


In the past I've run separate multiple regression models for many correlated independent variables and one dependent variable. For this I've been using the R package multtest (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/multtest.html). This allowed me to compute adjusted p-values that took the correlation structure of my matrix of independent variables into account.

Now, I want to do the same thing but for several dependent variables as well. Put differently, I have a matrix Y with my dependent variables and a matrix X with my independent variables. From this I want to estimate X*Y regression models. Importantly, I want the adjusted p-values to account for the correlation structure of both the independent and the dependent variables. I'm looking forward to your suggestions. I've suggested to the authors of multtest before to extend their library to accomodate this case but this hasn't happened yet.

Example (added): Let's say I have gene expression data from 10 different tissues. Now I want to know if gene expression is correlated with a 100 different SNPs. This means I'm effectively testing 100*10 = 1000 hypothesis. However, all these hypothesis are not independent of each other. The SNPs might be correlated to each other due to linkage disequilibrium and gene expression might also be correlated accross different tissues, depending on their similarity. Therefore a Bonferroni correction of my p-values for this 1000 statistical tests would be too conservative. I'm looking for a way to derive adjusted p-values that accounts for the above described dependencies within both the independent and the dependent variables.

  • $\begingroup$ This is way to broad. Can you explain your research motives, hypothesis, ... in terms of the application? Then we can see what we can do. $\endgroup$ – kjetil b halvorsen Mar 6 '15 at 11:40
  • $\begingroup$ I hope my question becomes easier to understand with the example that I've provided. $\endgroup$ – aciM Mar 6 '15 at 12:42

I am using structural equation modelling in my research to predict several dependent variables from many independent variables.

To my knowledge, SEM is the only statistical analysis that can predict several IV on several DV at the same time (that is, controlling for one another).

You can do SEM quite easily with the lavaan package in R (see: http://lavaan.ugent.be/tutorial/sem.html ).

So I imagine in your example you might have a code like this in lavaan: model <- 'GeneExpressionATissue1 ~ SNP1+SNP2... GeneExpressionATissue2 ~ SNP1+SNP2... SNP1 ~~ SNP2+SNP3+SNP4... [SNP is not independent to one another] '

fit <- sem(model, data = XXX) summary(fit, standardized = TRUE)

Using SEM, you can specify that the SNPs (IVs) are not independent, and the gene expression (DVs) are not independent too. And, you can test all the hypotheses at the same time.

  • 1
    $\begingroup$ thanks for your comment. However, I'm not planning to estimate all variables at the same time. What I'd like to do is running X*Y regression models, i.e. estimating the effect of each SNP on each gene expression variable separately. I'm really just looking for a way to compute adjusted p-values that take the correlation structure into account. $\endgroup$ – aciM Mar 9 '15 at 12:41

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The Era of the Weak State - Essay Example

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The paper "The Era of the Weak State " highlights that as the two-party system emerged, the possibility of a third voice was suppressed and a common understanding was arrived at to maintain the ‘weak state’ so as to further the capitalist society and its primary socio-economic structure…
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It is the period, 1865 to 1900 that is termed as the era of the weak (Henretta and Brody, 437-461). Within this time period itself, 1865 to 1877 marked the era of “reconstruction” of the nation during which the Southern States were allowed to join the nation once again but on the socio-political front, the civil rights of the black people got established yet excluding many political and social rights (Henretta and Brody, 440-453). The thirteenth amendment of 1865 to the Constitution abolished slavery which was tried to be circumvented by many Southern States (Henretta and Brody, 436). The fourteenth amendment (1868) that protected the equality of all citizens before the law and the fifteenth amendment (1870) that imparted voting rights to all were also partially circumvented in a similar manner by the South (Henretta and Brody, 440-456). All these had a negative and weakening effect on the consolidating process undertaken by the new state.
The period, 1865 to 1890, on the contrary, was the era of agricultural growth, industrialization and urbanization but of course with environmental costs (Henretta and Brody, 430-446). And towards the end of the era of the ‘weak state’, that is between 1877 and 1900, the US began to grow into a full-fledged industrial nation (Henretta and Brody, 462). If it was the feudal social establishment that acted as a weakening element for the state during the 1860s and 70s, towards 1900, the emerging corporate industries took over the same task. It is observed that the new America that emerged in 1900 was “a land of factories, corporate enterprise and industrial workers” (Henretta and Brody, 462). A market of mass dimensions and a wide consumer base grew (Henretta and Brody, 497). Infrastructure facilities were also developed to a great extent thereby helping the industry to grow better (Henretta and Brody, 495-497). The decades that preceded and succeeded in 1900 saw an influx of immigrants from Europe culminating in thoughts about restricting the same and also extreme urbanization (Henretta and Brody, 502-585). Read More
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Comparing Measured Consumption with Modelled Consumption Using the Code for Sustainable Homes (2009)

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This investigation was undertaken by Portsmouth Water to assess how water-efficient fittings can reduce water demand in new homes. However, no water-saving devices were installed by the developer as planned, which is why only water consumption patterns were assessed. The sample of 60 homes with a mean occupancy of 2.17 people consumed on average 125.9 litres/household/day. Consumption was lower in the shared than in private ownership properties, despite having very similar water fittings. A 6/4 L dual flush toilet was seen to be relatively ineffective at driving down demand compared to a 6 L single flush option.

This investigation was initially undertaken in order to assess the extent to which water-efficient fittings reduced water demand in the home.  The Dunsbury Way development was awarded “good” status under Ecohomes and it was expected to have flats, maisonettes and houses that were essentially identical to each other apart from their water fittings, being delineated along a private and rented/shared ownership divide.  The dwellings built to a rented/shared ownership spec were to have 6L/min (max. flow) showers, aerated basin taps throughout and water butts (where the dwellings had gardens).  The private dwellings were to have unrestricted showers and taps, and no water butts.  This would have been a very good opportunity to look in detail at the PCCs of the occupants either side of this divide, and infer the effectiveness of water efficient fittings at reducing demand.  However, disappointingly, it was found during a site visit that the developer had installed similar fittings throughout.  This was contrary to the items that were listed in the specification and the subsequent rating that was awarded under Ecohomes, and a product of the fact that there was no post-build inspection required.

Despite this, some useful information resulted.  Mean consumption in the development was 125.9 L/h/d (some with gardens, some without), and the development was built to a lower environmental standard than future new housing (which will be assessed against the Code for Sustainable Homes, the successor to Ecohomes, and fall under the Building Regs Part G revision), and therefore this supports Portsmouth Water’s assumption to treat all future new housing as 120L/h/d (+10 for misc./external, +9 for dry year).  Mean occupancy in the development is 2.17 (compared to company average of 2.3), supporting the trend towards smaller households.

The Environment Agency WRMP Guidance states that water companies must clearly outline how they have taken account of the Code for Sustainable Homes in their demand forecast, and notably the condition that all future new social housing must meet “Code Level 3” of the environmental standard.  This includes achieving a theoretical domestic (internal) water consumption of no more than 105 L/h/d, which is calculated on a per capita basis from a very simple micro-components model.  This micro-components model is currently under review by Communities and Local Government, to which this study has made a contribution.  It is widely accepted that modelling at a per capita, rather than per household level is of little use to the water industry, that the error in the calculation is far greater than the difference between Code Levels, and that in its present form the calculator essentially forces expensive technologies (such as greywater and rainwater) at Code Level 3, and may lead to what are known as “perverse outcomes”.  As found in all other known examples from the industry and BRE, the Code Calculator significantly over-estimates PCC in all cases in the Dunsbury Way development.  A sample of 60 homes (flats, maisonettes and houses) was used in this study.  On average, these homes combined used 16,423 L/d, whereas the aggregated Code for Sustainable Homes Calculator puts the consumption at 24,556 L/d.  This was found using the real occupancies of the households (known from a questionnaire); if the company mean occupancy of 2.3 had been used this predicted consumption rises to 28,608 L/d.  Interestingly, the Ecohomes predicted consumption is much more accurate, but the assessment method is no longer accepted in England and Wales.

All the properties in the sample are new and from a high density development, and many are in fact approaching a Code Level 3 water consumption existence. On average, the occupants are falling just short of Code Level 1 consumptions levels (which is 120 L/h/d).

In addition, we have collected data on micro-components, consumption and occupancy, and have established contact with the occupants on site such that there is scope to use them in future water efficiency trials.  We have also collected anecdotal evidence on the understanding of the dual-flush function (not all understood, and felt that this was down to the housing association providing a poor introduction to the home in general), and also found examples of the dual flush buttons sticking, breaking and leaking, despite being only 8 months to 2 years old.

The report concludes that:

  • Consumption is lower in the shared ownership properties than in the private properties, despite having very similar water fittings.  This may be because many of the shared ownership occupants had young children and babies who may not use as much water
  • Future new housing can be treated as 120L/h/d (internal consumption, average year) on average in the area of supply
  • Occupancy in future new housing may be as low as 2.17
  • A 6/4 L dual flush toilet seems to be relatively ineffective at driving down demand compared to a 6 L single flush option
  • The contacts in this development are possible participants in any water efficiency trials that the company conducts


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Okura Tokyo

Opened in 1962 with the 1964 Japan Olympics in mind, the Okura has hosted a long line of movie stars and dignitaries including every American president since Nixon. Since the Tokyu Capitol was redeveloped a few years ago, the Okura is now the only hotel remaining in Tokyo from that era. But with the 2020 Olympics on the horizon, it has sadly been earmarked for replacement by a modern glass tower.

Now is the time to experience the hushed tones of its main lobby area and the famous beaten-copper tables of the Orchid Bar replicated in drinking establishments throughout the world. The hotel is a treasure trove of period pieces such as its map of time zones and the mural by the artist Tomimoto. Staff still wear kimonos, and subtle 'ikebana' flower arrangements change seasonally and complement the soft woods of the interior. The rooms do show their age, but this is part of the Okura's charm in a city that seems obsessed with constant innovation and redevelopment. It is located in the otherwise quiet Embassy area of Toranomon, but is an easy taxi ride away from any of the key areas like Shinjuku, Roppongi and Ginza. The newer luxury hotels in Tokyo may be more familiar and immediately satisfying, but the Okura retains the charm of the Cary Grant movie 'Walk Don't Run' filmed here in 1966.

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Job Descriptions laws & HR compliance analysis

Job Descriptions: What you need to know

Accurate job descriptions provide a basis for job evaluation, wage and salary comparisons, and an equitable wage and salary structure. In particular, well-written job descriptions should:
• Clarify who is responsible for what within the company and help define relationships between individuals, between departments, etc. By accomplishing this, they can settle grievances, minimize conflicts, and improve communications.
• Help the jobholder understand the responsibilities of the position, enabling the employee to assess the relative importance of everything he or she is accountable for, and also providing a sense of where the job fits into the company as a whole.
• Assist job applicants, employees, supervisors, and Human Resources (HR) professionals at every stage in the employment relationship, from recruitment to retirement. They provide information about the knowledge, training, education, and skills needed for each job, preventing unnecessary misunderstandings by telling employees what they need to know about their jobs.
• Help management analyze and improve the company's structure by revealing whether all company responsibilities are adequately covered and where these responsibilities should be reallocated to achieve a better balance.
• Provide a basis from which to determine whether a disabled applicant is otherwise qualified for the job and, if so, to assist in determining what accommodation would be required for the applicant to be able to perform the essential functions of the position.
The style and content of a company's job descriptions say a great deal about the company itself, its management philosophy, its attitude toward change and growth, ...

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A horrified Bristol man has described how a pigeon was "dragged off to its doom" by a seagull.

The gull swooped down on its victim and pushed it against a wall during the brutal attack on July 28.

Pictures taken by Dan Massey show the seagull walking down a road in Bristol with the pigeon in its beak.

Such attacks are seemingly becoming more and more common in Bristol, with several other similar incidents being caught on camera .

Describing the attack, Mr Massey said: "I am new to the area, having moved to Bristol from much deeper in the South West where the seagulls mainly prey on tourists - or more specifically ice-cream and chips.

"So perhaps this pigeon massacre is just a normal sight in Bristol.

Seagulls are generally considered to be scavengers and will eat anything they can find

"Certainly the pigeon thought so, as it had spotted the gull swooping long before I had and ran for cover in a shop doorway.

"The gulls attacking dive was nearly intercepted by a double-decker bus, which in the gulls haste it had failed to notice."

Mr Massey went on to say that the attacking bird quickly pulled an evasive manoeuvre to avoid the bus before cornering its prey.

"A snap of the gulls beak pushed the pigeon back against the wall, where it was easily snatched up and dragged off to it's doom.

"The gull was well practised, bus accepted, and the pigeon aware of its fate."

Gulls are generally considered to be scavengers, meaning they will eat anything they can find.

Wildlife experts suggest gulls prefer to catch and eat live food, as opposed to consuming something that has already died, and generally target crabs, fish and mollusks.

However, those that are not based in close proximity to the sea, have been known to eat from rubbish bins, pick at litter in the street and even other birds.

Although shocking, yesterday's pigeon attack is not the first time seagulls have been caught eating other animals in Bristol.

In September 2016, commuters at Temple Meads train station were left horrified after a gull brutally attacked a pigeon  and pecked at it for several minutes - pushing it off the platform and onto the tracks below.

In May 2017, the birds were caught  attacking and eating a dead rat  on a platform at Stapleton Road station in Easton.

Earlier this month, Gizmo the miniature chihuahua was allegedly snatched from a Paignton garden by a seagull.


Jacques-Louis David
French painter

Jacques-Louis David

French painter

Jacques-Louis David, (born Aug. 30, 1748, Paris, France—died Dec. 29, 1825, Brussels, Belg.), the most celebrated French artist of his day and a principal exponent of the late 18th-century Neoclassical reaction against the Rococo style.

David won wide acclaim with his huge canvases on classical themes (e.g., Oath of the Horatii, 1784). When the French Revolution began in 1789, he served briefly as its artistic director and painted its leaders and martyrs (The Death of Marat, 1793) in a style that is more realistic than classical. Later he was appointed painter to Napoleon. Although primarily a painter of historical events, David was also a great portraitist (e.g., Portrait of Mme Récamier, 1800).

Formative years

David was born in the year when new excavations at the ash-buried ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum were beginning to encourage a stylistic return to antiquity (without being, as was long supposed, a principal cause of that return). His father, a small but prosperous dealer in textiles, was killed in a duel in 1757, and the boy was subsequently raised, reportedly not very tenderly, by two uncles. After classical literary studies and a course in drawing, he was placed in the studio of Joseph-Marie Vien, a history painter who catered to the growing Greco-Roman taste without quite abandoning the light sentiment and the eroticism that had been fashionable earlier in the century. At age 18, the obviously gifted budding artist was enrolled in the school of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. After four failures in the official competitions and years of discouragement that included an attempt at suicide (by the stoic method of avoiding food), he finally obtained, in 1774, the Prix de Rome, a government scholarship that not only provided a stay in Italy but practically guaranteed lucrative commissions in France. His prize-winning work, Antiochus and Stratonice, reveals that at this point he could still be influenced slightly by the Rococo charm of the painter François Boucher, who had been a family friend.

In Italy there were many influences, including those of the dark-toned 17th-century Bolognese school, the serenely classical Nicolas Poussin, and the dramatically realistic Caravaggio. David absorbed all three, with an evident preference for the strong light and shade of the followers of Caravaggio. For a while he seemed determined to fulfill a prediction he had made on leaving France: “The art of antiquity will not seduce me, for it lacks liveliness.” But he became interested in the Neoclassical doctrines that had been developed in Rome by, among others, the German painter Anton Raphael Mengs and the art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann. In the company of Quatremère de Quincy, a young French sculptor who was a strong partisan of the return to antiquity, he visited the ruins of Herculaneum, the Doric temples at Paestum, and the Pompeian collections at Naples. In front of the ancient vases and columns, he felt, he said later, that he had just been “operated on for cataract of the eye.”

Rise to fame: 1780–94

Back in Paris in 1780, he completed and successfully exhibited Belisarius Asking Alms, in which he combined a nobly sentimental approach to antiquity with a pictorial technique reminiscent of Poussin. In 1782 he married the spirited Marguerite Pécoul, whose father was a wealthy building contractor and the superintendent of construction at the Louvre—a position that carried considerable influence. From this date David prospered rapidly.

The pathos and painterly skill of Andromache Mourning Hector brought him election to the Académie Royale in 1784; and that same year, accompanied this time by his wife and studio assistants, he returned to Rome with a commission to complete a painting that appears to have been originally inspired by a Paris performance of Pierre Corneille’s Horace. The result, finally not based on any of the incidents in the play, was the Oath of the Horatii. The subject is the solemn moment, charged with stoicism and simple courage, when the three Horatii brothers face their father and offer their lives to assure victory for Rome in the war with Alba; the pictorial treatment—firm contours, bare cubic space, sober colour, frieze-like composition, and clear lighting—is as austerely non-Rococo as the subject. Exhibited first in David’s studio in Rome and then, following his return to France, in the official Paris Salon of 1785, the picture created a sensation; it was regarded as a manifesto for an artistic revival (the term Neoclassicism was not yet in use) that would cure Europe of the lingering addiction to dainty curves and boudoir themes. Eventually, it came to be regarded, although such was almost certainly not the first intention, as a manifesto for an end to the corruption of an effete aristocracy and for a return to the stern, patriotic morals attributed to republican Rome.

David became a culture hero; he was even referred to in some quarters as a messiah. He added to his fame by producing in 1787 the morally uplifting Death of Socrates, in 1788 the less uplifting but archaeologically interesting Paris and Helen, and in 1789 another lesson in self-sacrifice, The Lictors Bringing to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons. By the time the Brutus was on view, the French Revolution had begun, and this picture of the patriotic Roman consul who condemned his traitorous sons to death had an unanticipated political significance. It also had, through its presumably accurate reconstitution of the details of everyday Roman life, an effect that was perhaps equally unexpected, for with it David began the long and extensive influence he was to have on French fashions. Up-to-date homes began to display imitations of his Roman furniture; men cut their hair short in the Roman style; and women adopted the dresses and the coiffures of Brutus’ daughters. Later on, even the flimsy Sabine dress, which left the breasts exposed, was adopted by the ultramodern.

In the early years of the Revolution, David was a member of the extremist Jacobin group led by Robespierre, and he became an energetic example of the politically committed artist. He was elected to the National Convention in 1792, in time to vote for the execution of Louis XVI. By 1793, as a member of the art commission, he was virtually the art dictator of France and was nicknamed “the Robespierre of the brush.” He preached moral and aesthetic sermons to the Convention:

The artist must be a philosopher. Socrates the skilled sculptor, Jean-Jacques [Rousseau] the good musician, and the immortal Poussin, tracing on the canvas the sublime lessons of philosophy, are so many proofs that an artistic genius should have no other guide except the torch of reason.

Guided supposedly by the torch of reason and perhaps also by bitter memories of his many unsuccessful attempts to win the Prix de Rome, he succeeded in abolishing the Académie Royale and with it much of the old regime’s system for training artists and providing them with patronage. The Académie was replaced briefly by a body called the Commune des Arts, then by a group called the Popular and Republican Society of the Arts, and then, finally, in 1795, after David was out of power, by the beginning of the system—a combination of the Institut de France and the École des Beaux-Arts—that dominated French artistic life during most of the 19th century.

As an artist during these years of his dictatorship, David was frequently busy with revolutionary propaganda. He had commemorative medals struck, set up obelisks in the provinces, and staged national festivals and the grandiose funerals the new government gave its martyrs. Some of his projects for paintings at this time were never completely carried out: one of these is the unfinished Joseph Bara, which is a tribute to a drummer boy shot by the royalists, and another is the sketched Oath of the Tennis Court, which was to commemorate the moment in 1789 when the Third Estate (the commoners) swore not to disband until a new constitution had been adopted. The Death of Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, painted to honour a murdered deputy and regarded by David as one of his best pictures, was eventually destroyed. The result of all this is that the artist’s Jacobin inspiration is represented principally by The Death of Marat, painted in 1793 shortly after the murder of the revolutionary leader by Charlotte Corday. This “pietà of the Revolution,” as it has been called, is generally considered David’s masterpiece and an example of how, under the pressure of genuine emotion, Neoclassicism could turn into tragic Realism.

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Museum of Latin American Art

The Museum of Latin American Art expands knowledge and appreciation of modern and contemporary Latin American art through its Collection, ground-breaking Exhibitions, stimulating Educational Programs, and engaging Cultural Events.

The Museum of Latin American Art (MOLAA) was founded in 1996 in Long Beach, California and serves the greater Los Angeles area. MOLAA is the only museum in the United States dedicated to modern and contemporary Latin American art. Since its inception, MOLAA has doubled its size, added a 15,000 sq. ft. sculpture garden and expanded its permanent collection, ranging from works by Tamayo and Matta to Cruz-Diez, Los Carpinteros and Tunga.

The museum is located in the city’s rapidly developing East Village Arts District. Between 1913 and 1918 the site that the museum now occupies was the home of the Balboa Amusement Producing Company, then the World’s most productive and innovative silent film studio. Before there was a Hollywood, Balboa was the king of the silver screen, producing as much as 20,000 feet of negative film a week.

The building that was renovated as MOLAA’s Entertainment / Education / Special Event venue may have been part of the old Balboa film studio. MOLAA’s exhibition galleries, administrative offices and store are housed in what was once a roller skating rink known as the Hippodrome. Built in the late 1920s, after the film studios were gone, the Hippodrome was a haven for skaters for four decades. The building then served as a senior health center for fifteen years. The high vaulted ceilings and beautiful wooden floors were perfectly suited for the Hippodrome's final metamorphosis into the Museum of Latin American Art.


Mozart Violin Concerto No. 4 Program Notes

Many musicians (and their parents) can relate to this exchange between Leopold Mozart and his 21-year-old son, Wolfgang, in a letter from 1777. “Did you not practice the violin at all while you were in Munich? I dare say that would be really deplorable, particularly since Brunetti praised you to the skies!” Two weeks later, Mozart countered that his most recent solo performance “…went like oil [smoothly]. Everyone praised my beautiful, pure tone.”

Antonio Brunetti was a violinist from Naples who took over the job as Court Music Director in Salzburg when Mozart quit to pursue his fortunes elsewhere. Brunetti, first described by Mozart as a friend but later disparaged by him as “a disgrace to his profession, coarse and dirty, ” had good reason to be pleased with Mozart. The five violin concertos, which were composed in 1775 when Mozart was nineteen, were now his to present to the audiences of Salzburg. It is not known for sure whether Mozart composed the concertos for himself or for Brunetti, who was considered a superior violin player. The technical difficulty of the fourth and fifth concertos, several subsequent revisions Mozart made, and comments in some of Mozart’s letters have led many musicologists to conclude that they were, in fact, written for Brunetti.

The Fourth Concerto begins with march-like or fanfare-like rhythm, used with great effect in pieces composed for the virtuosic orchestra in Mannheim, which Mozart visited several times. A simple foundation, the first theme allows the soloist acrobatic arpeggios and runs. A second theme is more romantic and lyrical.

Mozart’s music is infused with an operatic sensibility—his instrumental music especially. The second movement is aria-like. In its first theme, Mozart exploits the tension of the half-step (or semitone). If this piece were an aria with words, perhaps it would alternate between the sorrows and the joys of love.

The concerto’s finale is rustic in mood. Mozart calls it Rondeau, the French spelling of Rondo, with the first melody a simple dance tune. The second returning melody is jig-like, with a 6/8 meter. Another episode, with a simple duplet rhythm, includes the droning of the violinist’s lowest string underneath the melodic line. This effect evokes the hurdy-gurdy, a hand-cranked folk-instrument that has drone strings. At the very end of the movement, the jig-like melody fades away in a diminuendo, as if we are leaving the party to go out into the night.


Michigan Michigan

Post Divorce Property Division

Michigan Property Division General Information

Property Division Method
(Community Property or Equitable)
Only Community Property Divided
Nonmonetary Contributions
Contributions to Education
Economic Misconduct

What is property division in a Michigan divorce?

Michigan is an equitable distribution state, and assets acquired both during and prior to the marriage can be subject to division following divorce. Some factors considered by Michigan courts in a property division case include contributions to a partner's education. This page summarizes the most important aspects of property division laws in Michigan.

Michigan Property Division Summary

What is the Process for Equitable Division?

Although there is not a defined list of factors under Michigan statutory law based on case law courts will consider the following factors which include: the length of the marriage; the needs of the parties; the needs of the children, the earning power of the parties, the source and contributions toward marital property; and the cause of the divorce, including marital misconduct.

Michigan Property Division Frequently Asked Questions

Is Michigan a community property state?

In practice, judges in an equitable-distribution state like Michigan often divide marital property with approximately 2/3 of marital assets going to the higher-earning spouse, and 1/3 going to the lower-earning spouse.

Does state of Michigan only divide marital property after a divorce?

Is there a set list of statutory factors for determining property division in the state of Michigan?

Michigan does not have a specific list of factors for the court to consider when determining an equitable division of property between spouses. This means that judges will have flexibility when determining what factors to consider in each individual property division case.

Do courts in the state of Michigan consider nonmonetary contributions?

Does Michigan consider a spouse's economic misconduct in property division?

Are a spouse's contributions to their partner's education considered in the state of Michigan?

Michigan statute does provide for court consideration of a spouse's contribution to their partner's education during the course of a marriage. If one spouse supported (financially or otherwise) the other and enabled them to obtain education or other training that increased their earning power, these contributions can be considered by a Michigan judge when determining how to divide marital property.

Can a pre-nuptual agreement affect property division in Michigan?

A prenuptual agreement, or pre-nup, is a binding legal contract signed by both spouses prior to getting married in Michigan. A prenup containing a property division agreement can take precedence over Michigan's property division laws by establishing what is considered as separate vs marital property, as well as agreeing on how finances will be structured during the marriage and divided in the event of a divorce.

The existance of a valid prenuptual agreement can prevent a Michigan court from having full reign to determine how assets are divided between the spouses, and instead allow them to be divided in a way agreed to by both spouses prior to the event.

How can I enforce a property division order in Michigan?

Dower and Curtesy?

Dower (§§558.1, et seq.); no curtesy or dower allowed in community property (§557.214)

| State Law Official Text

** This Document Provided By MaritalLaws **
Source: http://www.maritallaws.com/states/michigan/property-division


Scientists say that the initial clinical trials for a new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine are now scheduled for completion in South Africa by early next year. Dr. Hassan Mohomed said the results will help scientists understand the world epidemic and develop key strategies that will reduce and eliminate the devastating effects of TB.

TB and pneumonia are the two largest killers of those with HIV due to the lowered resistance to the diseases. Clearly, healthcare education is one of the most important components in the treatment, maintenance and prevention of TB, pneumonia and HIV. The most common questions include:

What is tuberculosis?

What is pneumonia?

Is it related to HIV/AIDS?

Tuberculosis is a highly contagious infection caused by the bacteria. Diagnosis may be made by skin test, which if positive should be followed by a chest X-ray to determine the status (active or dormant) of the infection. Tuberculosis is more common in people with immune system problems, such as HIV. Treatment involves a course of antibiotics and vitamins that lasts about six months.

Although there are millions of new cases of TB each year, not everyone that is exposed to the bacteria becomes infected nor does everybody infected with it develop clinical symptoms. The importance of these findings is that lifestyle factors will improve one’s natural resistance and immunity.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a serious infection that causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs. It is caused by a fungus. It is likely spread through the air, this fungus is very common. A healthy immune system can easily destroy it. However, it causes a lethal type of pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV. It is now estimated that 33 million people are now living with HIV.

Before HIV medication was available, PCP occurred in 70%-80% percent of HIV-positive people. The number of cases has decreased a great deal. This is due to antiretroviral therapy.

Symptoms of PCP

At first, PCP may cause no symptoms. Call your doctor right away if you have any of these signs or symptoms of PCP. It can be fatal.

* Fever
* Mild and dry cough or wheezing
* Shortness of breath, especially with activity
* Rapid breathing
* Fatigue
* Major weight loss

Diagnosing PCP

PCP can be diagnosed with the help of medical tests. These may include:

* Chest X-ray
* Special lab tests examining discharge from the lungs and airways
* Blood tests including evaluation for decreased oxygen levels

Five ways to maintain your strength when you are HIV-positive

1. Eat more and different kinds of foods and drink plenty of fluids
2. Practice good food hygiene
3. Make food a social activity
4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle
5. Treat symptoms that can prevent you from eating

Eat more and different kinds of foods and drink plenty of fluids

Eat three meals a day and regular snacks in between to maintain your strength and keep a healthy weight. Always eat different types of food, especially fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables provide an excellent source of energy and they also help build your immune system.

Reduce or eliminate sugars. Sugars have been shown to reduce your immune response. Eating enough proteins is one of the most important recommendations. Proteins such as lentils, beef, chicken, fish and eggs are perfect to help keep your weight up.

Drink at least eight glasses of boiled or treated water. Avoid soft drinks and packaged juices, as they can reduce your appetite and contain high amounts of sugar.

When you don’t feel hungry, eat small amounts of food 5-6 times a day. If you don’t have mouth sores, use mild spices for better taste. Food helps you keep you strong against HIV/AIDS.

Good food hygiene

Good food hygiene is very important to reducing your exposure to secondary infections. One of the most common causes is improper storage, poor food preparation and dirty hands, which can lead to diarrhea and vomiting. Vomiting and diarrhea will reduce your energy, vitamin and mineral absorption. Here are 5 easy tips to reduce your risk:

· Wash your hands with soap and water before eating and preparing food.
· Wash your fruits and vegetables with boiled or treated water before cooking or eating them.
· Keep food and water covered and stored away from insects, flies, and rodents.
· Clean food preparation area and utensils with soap and water after every meal and cooking session.
· Avoid raw meat and eggs, spoiled or moldy foods, and juice made from unboiled water.

HIV patients may have diarrhea due to secondary infections in the gastrointestinal tract, as a side effect of medication or because the virus has infected the bowel directly. Preventing water-borne disease is essential to maintaining your strength.

Make food a social activity

Eat together with friends and family, this will encourage you to eat more and maintain a regular schedule. Family and friends can help prepare and clean-up, especially when you are sick. Create a garden or raise small livestock with family, friends or neighbors. It is very common to eat less because you are depressed or stressed. It is important to spend time with family, friends or talk to a spiritual leader.

Maintain a healthy lifestyle

Walk, exercise or even doing gardening can improve blood circulation, stimulate appetite, reduce fat, and maintain healthy muscle tone. Stop completely or significantly reduce your consumption of alcohol and cigarettes. Alcohol reduces your appetite and makes anti-HIV drugs less effective. Avoid coffee and tea when you are out with friends, instead drink water.

Treat symptoms that can prevent you from eating

HIV patients are subject to fungal infections of the mouth and throat. If you have mouth sores, clean at least twice daily with cotton and slightly salted warm water. Sores can cause oral discomfort and difficulty in swallowing. Patients can cope with these symptoms by choosing foods with a soft, moist consistency, such as scrambled eggs, creamy soups, ground meats and stewed fruits. Eliminate spicy foods and foods with a high acidity, such as tomatoes, lemons and oranges. Have your weight monitored regularly.

HIV patients can experience nausea and vomiting as a side effect of some medications. If you're feeling nauseous, substitute cold, bland foods for hot meals. Hot foods create more odor than cold foods, which can trigger nausea.

This column has been selected to improve healthcare education throughout regions of Africa by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Author's Bio:

Cory Couillard is an international healthcare speaker and writer for numerous newspapers, magazines, websites and publications around the world. In 2011 he received a prestigious Humanitarian Award for his tireless work while living in Africa. He communicates to millions of people weekly.


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Block Grants Grants given by the federal govenment to state and local authorities for general purposes.
Categorical Grants Grants given by the federal government to state and local authorities for a specific purpose defined in a federal law.
Commerce Clause Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3. Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with the Native American Tribes.
Concurrent Powers Powers held by both the federal and state governments. Ex. taxes
Confederate System/Confederation A form of government in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of tha states and local governments, so the national government is dependent on their will.
Conditions of Aid Most important federal restriction on states. A condition which a state must fulfill for taking federal funds.
Creative/Cooperative Federalism and the Great Society (LBJ) (1930-1960) A concept of federalism in which national, state,& local governments interact to solve common problems.
Denied Powers Powers denied to the federal government by the Constitution.
Devolution The effort on the part of the national government to pass responsibility for functions and responsibilities previously held by the national government on to the state governments.
Dual Federalism An interpretation of the Constitution which holds that states are as supreme within their sphere of power as is the federal government within its sphere of power. The Supreme Court no longer supports this interpretation.
Elastic/Necessary and Proper Clause Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18. Empowers Congress to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers of Congress.
Enumerated Powers A list of specific respnsibilites written in the Constitution which congress is responsible for.
Federalism The division of power between a national government and regional (state) governments.
Full Faith and Credit Clause Article IV, Section 1. Provides that the various states must recognize legislative acts, public records, and judicial decisions of the other states within the United States.
Grants-in-Aid Federal grants provided to states and localities.
Implied Powers Powers exercised by the federal government of the U.S. that are not expressly delegated to it by the Constitution but derived from the use of the Necessary and Proper Clause.
Initiative Allows voters to place legislative measures directly on the ballot by getting enough signatures on a petition.
John C. Calhoun Revived nullification,Pro=slave, leader in nullification crisis.
John Marshall First chief justice, federalist, and expanded the powers of the Supreme Court and federal government.
Kentucky Resolution Political statements in favor of states' rights and strict constructionism written by Thomas Jefferson.
Layer Cake Federalism The relationship between the central government and the states, where powers and policy assignements are clearly spelled out and distinct from one another.
Mandates Requirements imposed against states and local governments to perfrom. The requirements may have nothing to do with the reception of federal funds and may originate from court orders.
Marble Cake Federalism involves the national and state governments sharing functions and collaborating on major national priorities. Predominated 1930-1960.
Necessary and Proper Clause The final paragraph of Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out enumerated powers.
New Federalism (Competitive) A political philosophy of devolution from national to state governments.
Nullification A doctrine espoused on behalf of the states' rights position which holds that states are empowered to void federal laws considered in violation of the Constitution.
104th Congress Congressional session in which Republicans promised to reduce mandates.
Privileges and Immunities Clause Article IV, Section 2. Prevents a state from treating citizens of another state in a discriminatory manner, with regard to basic civil rights.
Recall A procedure in which 1/3 of states, or people, whereby voters can remove an elected offical from office.
Referendum A procedure that enables voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature.
Reserved Powers Powers given to the states by the 10th amendment.
Revenue Sharing Grants A grant-in-aid program that allowed states maximum discretion in the spending of federal funds. States werre not required to supply matching funds, and they recieved money according to a statistical formula. Th.e program was terminated in 1986.
Second-Order Devolution The flow of power and responsibility from states to local governments.
Soverneignty The supreme or ultimate political authority. A sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independant of any other government.
Supremacy Clause Article VI. Made national law supreme to state law.
10th Amendment An amendment to the Constitution which defines the powers of the states, stipulating that the states (or the people) retain all powers not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution.
Third-Order Devolution The use of non-governmental organizations to implement public policy.
Unfunded Mandates Regulations, ot in some cases conditions for recieving grants, that impose costs on state or local governments or privte entities for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government.
Unitary System A system in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the natinal government, so that subnational units are dependant on its will.
Virginia Resolution Political statement in favor of states' rights and stric constructionism written by James Madison.
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Norway’s universities are working hard to secure open access to publicly funded research.
The Holberg Prize 2019 is awarded to British cultural historian Paul Gilroy for his groundbreaking contributions to critical race studies, post-colonialism and related fields. The Nils Klim Prize is awarded to Icelandic-Swedish philosopher Finnur Dellsén for his research in epistemology and the philosophy of science.