Inside Frequency Control

What You Should Know About Stratum System Levels

Posted by Rob Rutkowski on Sep 18, 2018 9:55:30 AM

What You should know about stratum levels graphic

When it comes to stratum levels and minimum performance requirements for digital network synchronization, there's definitely a lot to know. A standard first released in 1987 entitled "Synchronization Interface Standards for Digital Networks" from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) lays out all the official information and requirements.

Instead of wasting an entire day going through all those confusing details, we wanted to lay out a quick and easy guide to understanding stratum clock systems and the different stratum levels.

What are NTP Servers and Stratum Levels?

Network Time Protocols (NTP) are a hierarchical protocol and is divided into stratum which define the distance from the reference clock.

A reference clock source that relays UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) and has little or no delay is known as a stratum-0 device. Stratum-0 servers cannot be used on the network, instead, they are directly connected to computers which then operate as primary time servers.

Stratum 1

Stratum 1 is a completely autonomous source of timing with no other input. A reference oscillator (OCXO) is usually the the main source of Stratum 1 timing.  An atomic standard like Cesium Beam or Hydrogen Maser may also be the preferred choice.

It's important that the reference oscillator or atomic standard source is properly calibrated. The minimum adjustable range and maximum drift should be at a fractional frequency offset f/f of 1 x 10-11 or less. Doing so will prevent bit-stream timing from slipping (relative to an absolute or perfect standard) more than once every 4 to 5 months.

A Stratum 1 clock can also be considered a Primary Reference Source (PRS). PRS can be a clock system that incorporates control of GPS and/or Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) systems.

A Stratum 1 clock may control strata 2, 3E, 3, 4E, or 4 clocks. However, Stratum 1 clock administration, operation, and maintenance can be a costly effort.

Atomic sources may not have long maintenance-free operating intervals, and may experience failures without giving an indication that the source is off frequency.

If a Stratum 1 source of timing is shown to be inaccurate, the network must be able to accept another network’s timing until the problem is corrected. The solution? GPS. It's an option to assure accuracy and minimize cost.

Stratum 2

The main purpose of the Stratum 2 system is to track an input under normal operating conditions. It maintains the last best estimate of the input reference frequency during impaired operating conditions.

Requirements of a stratum 2 system requirements include:

  • 1.6 X 10-8 minimum adjustment/tracking range
  • Less than 1.6 X 10-8 drift with no input reference in 1 year
  • Less than 1 x 10-10 short term drift in 24 hours

Common examples of Stratum 2 clocks include Double Oven OCXOs and Rubidium Standards.

A Stratum 2 clock may drive strata 2, 3E, 3, 4E, or 4 clocks.

Stratum 3

circuit network

Stratum 3 is similar to the Stratum 2 clock system, but it tracks an input over a wider range.  A Stratum 3 clock requires a minimum tracking range of 4.6 x 10-6.  The short term drift for Stratum 3 is less than 3.7 x 10-7 in 24 hours. That's about 255 frame slips in 24 hours during holding.

A Stratum 3 clock may drive strata 3, 4E or 4 clocks.

Stratum 3E

Stratum 3E is an upgraded standard that takes into account SONET equipment requirements that are not available from Stratum 3 itself.  Stratum 3E tracks input signals within 7.1 Hz of 1.544 MHz from a Stratum 3 or better source.

The drift with no input reference is less than 1 x 10-8 in 24 hours. This is a big difference from Stratum 3. Stratum 3 is about 255 frame slips in 24 hours, while Stratum 3E is only 4 slips.

A Stratum 3E clock may drive strata 3E, 3, 4E or 4 clocks.

Stratum 4

The Stratum 4 clock system tracks an input adjustment and drift range of 3.2 x 10-5.  Additionally, Stratum 4 clock systems don't have holdover stability and runs free within the adjustment range limits without a reference. The time between frame slips can be a short as only 4 seconds.

Stratum 4E

Stratum 4E is a proposed new clock standard that would account for a holdover characteristic that isn't free running. This new level would be intended for customer provided equipment by expanding their networks...but it's not yet standardized.

A Stratum 4E or 4 clock is not recommended as a source of timing for any other clock system.

What Happens During a Stratum Network Frame Slip?

What happens when a frame slip occurs when a clock system is in a holdover condition? Does all the other network equipment stop working?

Voice related equipment tend to re-synchronize quickly. Sometimes a pop or a click will occur, but this is not typically an issue.

Data circuits may lose some bits...it all just depends on the data rate being transmitted and if forward error connection is being used or not.

Multiplex equipment that provides add and drop services might interrupt all outputs while a new source of synchronization is acquired. These interruptions can cause the entire network to be fully inoperable if due to circuit noise. A network slip in this case can be thought of like the domino effect. The slip leads to more slips down the chain of connections.

While there can be some circuit interruptions, a clock system provides a stable frequency source during times of circuit impairments. Connected equipment is not effected until the clock holdover drift results in a slip.

A high quality, stable clock will transform a network that experiences problems 2-3 times a day to a network that maintains timing even through major slips or outages. The network will continue to operate effectively until the outage is corrected (assuming the correction time is similar to the time of the 1st frame slip).

The best way to minimize the chances of frame slips occurring is to choose a high quality clock system and engineer the network correctly. With great reliability and maintainability, near perfect timing can be achieved.

quartz crystal clock oscillator products

Topics: RF Technology


Biochemists study chemical processes, within and relating to living organisms. Biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macro molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrate, and lipids.

Subject Combination

English, Biology, Physics and Chemistry

Biochemists are typically employed by medical laboratories, scientific research institutions, food industries, hospitals, college and universities, industries, pharmaceutical company, breweries, cosmetics industries, and water production industries.

Read: The overview –


Monthly Archives: February 2015

The Many Techniques to Success (of half boiling an egg)

A lot of people tend to give different advises for the same problem. It depends on the individual to try out those solutions. Case in point, my half boiled eggs.

I often brought my attempted boiled egg to office, but the end result was sometimes not really half boiled. My colleagues often advised on their methods.
Here I have a few issues.
1. The solutions in some cases differ in such a way that the result would be different. E.g. 3 mins vs 4 mins boiling vs pour over boiling water. In fact, the perfect solution is highly dependent on several variables , in this case, volume of water, heat source, and current room temperature and pressure. Water can boil at lower temperatures at higher altitudes at lower pressure. Rate of heat transfer is affected by ambient temperature. (I took up chemistry as a major in uni, its funny where I apply these knowledge).
2. The solution provider may not always practice it, but they swear it works. It might work for them, But in truth it might not work for others. As these people often debate amongst each other. A consideration is they might not even boil and eat half boiled eggs often or everyday. (these might be biased due to memories just remembering the time it works).
3. They often project their own reality as universal truths. E.g. The eggs tastes better, in sweet soy sauce, bovril, butter. (I like salty soy sauce thank you). Everyone has a different taste or preference, but that doesn’t stop them from recommending. They would say “it would be more delicious if…” rather than the more accurate “I like it when…”.

You can Google half boiled egg  yourself, but i recommend you experiment your own way (almost scientifically). I previously found the perfect way for me, but since I moved house and started to use induction cooker instead of gas, I am experimenting again. The variables, volume of water (more water takes more time to heat up), the heat setting (higher heat faster rate, but not higher boilimg temp), time of day (certain times are often different temperature), the weather, time spent to boil (if u put in the eggs before boiling), time boiling, time egg left in the water after stopped boiling, and number of eggs.
Mine WAS, in the morning, wait till boiling (reducing error result from rate in boiling), then dropped in the eggs for 2-3 minutes, then remove the eggs from boiling and cool in water. (reduces error from additional heat transfer from still boiling water).
My current issue is I am trying out the lazy and quick way with timer setting on the induction cooker set to boiling. I am down to 3 minutes, but i have to watch out for level of water and number off eggs, as it affects the rate of heat transfer. The heat source is consistent, it is the ambient temperature I need to account for. Also the timer is in increments of 1 min. I can’t set for 2 and a half minute.
For the seasoning, that’s your choice.

My points here though, is that there are many solutions to Success, what works for one person may work for another, but then it might not. There are several variables we have to consider, our current status, where we want to be, and the environmental factors involved. And finally, I prefer people to share their truths, rather than project their truths as absolute truths. Saying “in my case, it was…” rather than “The right way is…”.

Good luck and have fun trying.

Appearance, thats what fashion and plastic surgery is for.

Survival of the Moderately Fit

A while back I was researching into the rare cases of heart attacks in runners. The most classic in point was the legend of the marathon runner, Pheidippides.

I read through the wiki page, which lead me to an article on sudden death in athletes, to

It seemed that these articles referred to defects that were never diagnosed. In 2012, I saw a TedX video by a Cardiologist runner, explaining that too much running may be unhealthy.

Recently this research popped up again with Dnews.

it basically mentions the same thing, more details were available in the Tedx talk.

I love running, If I can I would do it everyday, But according to research, I might need to drop it down a notch. Darwin was wrong, it is not the survival of the fittest, it is the survival of the moderately fit.

Based on this research, now most of my workout is often not to vigourous, maybe once a week is speed work, once a week long relax run, everything else in moderation, but at least one rest day a week. Generally runners still live 6 years longer than non-runners. But everything in Moderation. I would like to attain and maintain 10km under 1 hour.

I don’t need to run fast, I just need to run, I see myself running even when I am above 60 years. Hope to see you running then 🙂


Endor (this is like half a joke)

Ok this suggestion is really just me suggesting a planet for my suggestion on npcs on planets with vehicles and also Ewoks. Not much important about it. Maybe a ruined Death Star for the ost. Maybe some wreckage and cities from pre and post episode 6 (Ewok cities). This is really just a random idea… ok.


Testing that a button is active or editable

I have buttons on the website I test that should not be “editable” or clickable until all of the required fields are populated and the field validation for each input has passed. Is there a way to do this with Kantu. Sorry if this is an elementary question but I am a new convert from selenium to Kantu and still figuring out how to accomplish that which my old selenium tests did.

Selenium IDE has verify editable for verification on input elements like text box, buttons, check box, radio buttons. Kantu does not have this yet (but will soon!).

What you can use right now is Javascript with the storeEval command:

See here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29765151/check-if-textbox-disabled-or-enabled-in-javascript


Public talk with Marina Davydova and Anton Dolin. German theater and cinema in the twenty-first century

6 November 2017

Marina Davydova (Theatre magazine) and Anton Dolin (The Art of Cinema magazine) will discuss why the German theater began to set trends in the world's theatrical art at the beginning of the twenty-first century, and German cinema did not.

Michael Thalheimer, Thomas Ostermayer, Christophe Martaler, Schaubühne, Volksbühne, Berliner Ensemble—for any person following the world theatrical process, the names of these directors and theaters are a sign of quality, a model of modern theater, and the leading lights of European theater life. When talking about the concept of the "German theater", we not only mean the directors working in Germany, and the entire German-speaking zone, including Austria and the corresponding part of Switzerland today, but also foreigners who are active in Germany—Italian Romeo Castellucci, Englishman Simon McBurney, Spaniard Angelica Lidell, and Englishwoman Kathy Mitchell, whose best performances took place in Germany, and not in Britain.

What is the secret of the success of the German theater and its world recognition? And why is there a diametrically opposite effect in German cinema? The trendsetters of European cinema in the twenty-first century have been the Romanians, and of the world—Asia, while one of the richest and most successful film-producing countries with huge cultural traditions has lost its leading position today. Anton Dolin and Marina Davydova will help the audience to understand the reasons for these phenomena.

In the framework of the International festival New European Theatre NET in the cinema.

Marina Davydova is a theater critic, historian and producer. Editor-in-chief of the magazine Theatr, she is the author of monographs about the theater, and art director of the NET festival. In 2016 Davydova was the program director of the festival Wiener Festwochen as well as the creator, curator, and director of the project Eternal Russia, which premiered in January 2017 in the Berlin Theater Hebbel am Ufer.

Anton Dolin, is a Russian journalist, film critic, presenter of the radio station Mayak, Vesti FM, film critic of the TV show Evening Urgant on the First channel, and film critic of Meduza.  Since June 2017 he has been editor-in-chief of the magazine inoart.

The NET Festival was founded in 1998, on the eve of the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. It seemed relevant to include cutting edge Russian theater of the time into the contemporary European context in order to link an aesthetic, political, and generational search, re-establishing Russian theatre as a platform for experiments operating up to date language, talking about modern times. By pushing the boundaries of genres and ideas about theater as such, tracking the development of new writing in various countries and presenting physical and testimonial theater, the NET festival has built its audience and earned its place in Moscow’s theatre landscape. Today, NET is about denying any type of cliché, affirming the parallel history of theatre’s avant-garde.

Free admission with advance registration

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000253266 520__ $$aWe consider the application of passivity theory to the problem of voltage stabilization in DC microgrids, which are composed of distributed generation units, dynamic RLC lines, and nonlinear ZIP (constant impedance, constant current, and constant power) loads. To this aim, we rst provide a novel result on stable interconnection of multiple passive systems and later consider its applications to microgrids. More specically, we consider decentralized multivariable PI controllers proposed in [27], and show that they passivate the generation units and the loads under certain conditions. To prove voltage stability in the closed-loop microgrid, we exploit properties of interconnection, passivity of individual components, and LaSalle's invariance theorem. Moreover, we provide explicit inequalities on control gains to design these stabilizing controllers. Control synthesis requires only the knowledge of local parameters and is always feasible allowing removal and addition of DGUs in a plug-n-play fashion. Theoretical results are backed up by simulations in PSCAD.
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Dave Drove a Ford

When I first started thinking about this post being based on chapter 3 material I couldn’t decide how I wanted to narrow down the ideas to a specific story or idea to write about, so I started browsing YouTube commercials that we watched in class to see if it would spark something for me. Next, I began browsing other commercials for brands that I like and I kept a close eye on how the companies used different elements to express the qualities of the companies that made me like them. One of my favorites was done by Chevrolet.

In my example Chevrolet shows a man and his dog driving out of the rubble of a building in a Chevy truck in what appears to be the end of time. They drive through the fiery debris of a city and meet other guys standing in front of their trucks in a semi-circle. The man gets out, walks up to their circle, and asks where his friend Dave is. One of the guys shakes his head, looks very serious, and says, “Dave didn’t drive the longest-lasting, most dependable truck on the road. Dave drove a Ford.” Obviously the company is focusing on the reliability of its product and implying that other brands such as Ford aren’t good enough to even really compare. It is seeking to create a brand personality that stands out.

As we discussed in class, and an online management study guide re-iterates, ” Brand personality is the way a brand speaks and behaves. It means assigning human personality traits/characteristics to a brand so as to achieve differentiation.” Our book gives a more in-depth explanation of this when it talks about attitudes as associative networks. It likens our attitudes, beliefs, and values to a spider’s web and says that persuaders try to create connections among these networks. In its commercial Chevrolet was trying to create a connection between its truck and satisfaction in something tough and long-lasting.

When companies can help or cause consumers to associate positive things with their products and services they create brand loyalty and thus increase the chances of the customer becoming a loyal customer. A company depends on its consumers to run, so loyal customers generally equate to prosperity for that company. It has  been said that “the consumer owns the brand.” If the company does not create brand loyalty it will not succeed, and it creates brand loyalty by creating a brand personality.

I have a Chevrolet truck that has been both very tough and reliable, so I had brand loyalty based on personal experience before I saw the commercial. Watching the commercial made me smile and re-enforced my belief that I have a great truck.

Why take it?

Persuasion affects everyone to a certain extent every day whether we realize it or not. When I stopped and thought about a time that I was consciously persuaded by something or someone I thought about the beginning of this semester.

I came to MSU as a guest student for a variety of reasons and I was only required to take this class. However, my boyfriend had told me several times in the months before that I should take the Basic Horsemanship class. I love horses, I work with horses on a regular basis, and I am always looking for ways to improve my horsemanship, so it seemed like a great idea at first. However, I knew I had to have 300 hrs in an internship this semester, I had to take this Persuasion Communication class, and I had to possibly look for a part-time job so it didn’t look like it was going to happen.

My boyfriend knew all of this and he presented his case very well by elaborating on how good the teacher was, how much he learned, and how much fun it was. He repeated multiple times that I would like it and that I should take it despite my busy schedule. I wasn’t completely sold on it by the end of the summer, but I was close. Furthermore, after my boyfriend and I broke up I knew that I would have to stay at MSU this semester to graduate in December and if I decide to stay in Murray longer I can’t take other riding classes without taking Basic Horsemanship first. I thought about all of those things a great deal and then decided to give it a shot.

After reading Chapter 3 in our book I saw how the Theory of Reasoned Action had taken effect. My boyfriend positively influenced my belief about the outcome, that is that I would learn new things and have fun, and the evaluation of the outcome, that he would be happy if I did it and others would see what a better rider I was. Those things in turn positively influenced my attitude about taking the class, which in turn influenced my behavioral intention.

I also read an article by AJ Kumar called “5 Techniques that Make You Powerful, Persuasive, & Influential.” Three of those techniques contributed significantly to my decision: The “Because” Technique, the Social Expectancy Effect, and the Half & Half Technique.

A second article I read that held some relevancy to my situation was “Influence and Persuasion Techniques Not Typically Shared.” It discussed Social Validation and Liking/Friendship as did our book and the previous article, but it also touched on scarcity, which in my case was a very big deal. One of the biggest reasons I decided to take the class was because I knew it wouldn’t be offered next semester and I couldn’t take other classes without it.

We have discussed in class the number of ways people are bombarded with thousands of persuasive messages everyday, and we have touched on several reasons they are effective. By reading the material I did and applying it to the above-mentioned situation I was able to take our class discussions and make them relevant to everyday life. It also further ingrained the persuasive techniques in my mind through simple repetition of material.

Why is Persuasion Important in Non-Profit Organizations?

As a future professional in the non-profit world I believe it is most beneficial to look at why persuasion is so critical to the success of non-profit organizations.

The most prevalent reason is that non-profit organizations rely almost completely on fundraising efforts and donations to prosper or many times to even survive. It is my job then, as a professional, to persuade others to give to my organization. In order to accomplish that goal I have to persuade them to buy into the vision and mission of the organization. I have to persuade them that it is important. Greg Bowden reiterates this when he says, “we seek to persuade. Not just to help people understand our mission but to convince them to make it their own.” He even takes it a step further and touches on persuausion tactics by pointing out that, “Persuasion relies on the individual becoming more invested in the mission. We must impress upon them our own sense of urgency and passion, but do so in such a way that makes their decision to become more involved seem their own.”

Our book defines persuasion as a process that involves one or more persons, also known as interpersonal relationships. Relationships are the foundation for nonprofit organizations because without them you cannot fundraise or ask for gifts effectively. A website I found discusses community organization fundraising as it pertains to nonprofit organizations. One of the points it emphasizes is the principle of authority. Simply put, they use people in positions of authority to persuade others and to try to build relationships. I believe that this principle has validity and can be a useful tool. By using a person in a position of power you are using their credibilty to build your own credibilty.

To sum up what I just said and reiterate what was discussed in class, persuasion is a pervasive tool that is constantly being used in every business and organization. When used correctly persuasion can help non-profit organizations build credibilty, build relationships, and increase donations and fundraising, which results in its sustainability.


Product Manager

Product Management Auburn Hills, Michigan

Internet Brands is looking for an experienced Product Manager who can combine a passion for creating innovative products with a user-centered design, the business acumen to identify and drive product goals, and the technical capacity to interface with engineers.

As a Product Manager, you will have the unique opportunity to drive the strategy, design, and delivery of products in our Automotive e-Commerce vertical. You’ll be joining a motivated team of engineers, designers, project managers, and business management focused on expanding on our leadership position.

Successful candidates will combine analytical skills with strong user experience design skills and instincts. They will balance a bias to action with a thoughtfulness that underpins good decisions. They will build consensus, but not at the expense of speedy decision-making and execution. They will participate in designing resilient processes and procedures, and be
comfortable setting them aside in cases where a job just must get done.

- Understand user needs through research, testing, surveys, data analysis, and use of existing products.
- Understand competitors and market dynamics to uniquely position IB products.
- Interface with business, content and support teams to identify product goals, define metrics that inform the success of products, and align product objectives with both operational strengths and user needs.
- Create and maintain product use cases, requirements, and wireframes.
- Work with engineering teams to prioritize features, build a product roadmap, and create actionable requirements.
- Collaborate with business and technology teams to drive and execute SEO strategy.

- BA/BS required, HCI, Computer Science, or MBA a plus.
- Demonstrated record of launching successful consumer products for desktop and mobile.
- Excellent analytical, problem-solving, and communication skills.
- Strong sense of user-centered design and well-implemented user experiences.
- Experience with leading competitive research, customer research, and survey methods.

Internet Brands and its wholly owned affiliates are an equal opportunity employer


Advances in Quantum Teleportation

Stefano Pirandola, Jens Eisert, Christian Weedbrook, Akira Furusawa, Samuel L. Braunstein
Quantum teleportation is one of the most important protocols in quantum information.
By exploiting the physical resource of entanglement, quantum teleportation serves as a key primitive in a variety of quantum information tasks and represents an important building block for quantum technologies, with a pivotal role in the continuing progress of quantum communication, quantum computing and quantum networks.
Here we review the basic theoretical ideas behind quantum teleportation and its variant protocols.
We focus on the main experiments, together with the technical advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of the various technologies, from photonic qubits and optical modes to atomic ensembles, trapped atoms, and solid-state systems.
Analysing the current state-of-the-art, we finish by discussing open issues, challenges and potential future implementations.

Teleportation with engineered quantum systems

Superconducting quantum circuit used to relay quantum information. Credit: Y. Liu, ETH Zurich

“This is a process by which quantum information can be transmitted from one place to another without sending a physical carrier of information,” Dr Fedorov said.
Dr Fedorov said the key resource of quantum teleportation was a special type of correlation, called entanglement, shared between a sender and a receiver.
“Once entanglement is created, this ‘impossible’ information transfer becomes in fact possible thanks to laws of quantum mechanics,” Dr Fedorov said.
“For the first time, the stunning process of quantum teleportation has now been used in a circuit to relay information from one corner of the sample to the other.
“What makes our work interesting is the system uses a circuit, much like modern computer chips.
“In our system the quantum information is stored in artificial structures called quantum bits, and you can even see them with your bare eyes.
“This is surprising because people typically expect quantum only at atomic scales, not even visible with electronic microscopes.
“This quantum information allows us to do teleportation with impressive speed and accuracy above what has been achievable to date.”
“In our Superconducting Quantum Devices laboratory at UQ we are using this technology to further enhance our knowledge about the quantum nature,” Dr Fedorov said.
“Eventually this technology will be used to create more powerful devices.”
This research indicates that questions relating to the physics of quantum communication can be addressed using electronic circuits at microwave frequencies.
“One may even foresee future experiments in which quantum information will be distributed over larger distances directly by microwave to optical interfaces for quantum communication,” Dr Fedorov said.
Teleportation is expected to find applications in secure communication and in more efficient information processing based on the laws of quantum physics.
EQuS aims to initiate the Quantum Era in the 21st century by engineering designer quantum systems.
Through focused and visionary research, EQuS will deliver new scientific insights and fundamentally new technical capabilities across a range of disciplines.
Impacts of this work will improve the lives of Australians and people all over the world by producing breakthroughs in physics, engineering, chemistry, biology and medicine.

Read more at:

Deterministic quantum teleportation of photonic quantum bits …

… by a hybrid technique

Deterministic quantum teleportation of a photonic quantum bit. Each qubit that flies from the left into the teleporter leaves the teleporter on the right with a loss of quality of only around 20 percent, a value not achievable without entanglement. (Credit: Ill./©: University of Tokyo)

Shuntaro Takeda, Takahiro Mizuta, Maria Fuwa, Peter van Loock & Akira Furusawa
Quantum teleportation allows for the transfer of arbitrary unknown quantum states from a sender to a spatially distant receiver, provided that the two parties share an entangled state and can communicate classically.
It is the essence of many sophisticated protocols for quantum communication and computation.
Photons are an optimal choice for carrying information in the form of ‘flying qubits’, but the teleportation of photonic quantum bits (qubits) has been limited by experimental inefficiencies and restrictions. Main disadvantages include the fundamentally probabilistic nature of linear-optics Bell measurements, as well as the need either to destroy the teleported qubit or attenuate the input qubit when the detectors do not resolve photon numbers.
Here we experimentally realize fully deterministic quantum teleportation of photonic qubits without post-selection.
The key step is to make use of a hybrid technique involving continuous-variable teleportation of a discrete-variable, photonic qubit.
When the receiver’s feedforward gain is optimally tuned, the continuous-variable teleporter acts as a pure loss channel, and the input dual-rail-encoded qubit, based on a single photon, represents a quantum error detection code against photon loss and hence remains completely intact for most teleportation events.
This allows for a faithful qubit transfer even with imperfect continuous-variable entangled states: for four qubits the overall transfer fidelities range from 0.79 to 0.82 and all of them exceed the classical limit of teleportation.
Furthermore, even for a relatively low level of the entanglement, qubits are teleported much more efficiently than in previous experiments, albeit post-selectively (taking into account only the qubit subspaces), and with a fidelity comparable to the previously reported values.

Read also:

Quantum Energy Teleportation without Limit of Distance

(Color online) Schematic diagram of the quantum energy teleportation (QET) protocol

(Color online) Schematic diagram of the quantum
energy teleportation (QET) protocol

Masahiro Hotta, Jiro Matsumoto, Go Yusa
Quantum energy teleportation (QET) is, from an operational viewpoint of distant protocol users, the transportation of energy via local operations and classical communication.
QET has various links to fundamental research fields, including black hole physics, the quantum theory of Maxwell’s demon, and condensed-matter entanglement.
There are promising signs that QET will be experimentally verified using the chiral boson fields of quantum Hall edge currents.
In this Letter, we prove that, using the vacuum state of a quantum field, the upper bound of the amount of energy teleported by QET is inversely proportional to the transfer distance. This distance bound can be overcome by using squeezed states with local-vacuum regions.

Generalized teleportation and entanglement recycling

transport-580x411Working in the exotic-sounding field of quantum teleportation, physicists are trying to make it easier to transmit quantum information in the form of qubits from one location to another without having the qubits actually travel through the intervening space. One challenge in quantum teleportation protocols lies in producing the enormous amount of entanglement required to send each qubit, a requirement that makes teleportation impractical for real applications. To overcome this problem, the scientists have proposed the idea of entanglement recycling, where the entanglement needed to send a qubit can be reused to send other qubits, greatly reducing the amount of entanglement required….

Read more at: and

First Teleportation From One Macroscopic Object to Another

Physicists have teleported quantum information from one ensemble of atoms to another 150 metres away, a demonstration that paves the way towards quantum routers and a quantum internet

The experiment setup for quantum teleportation between two remote atomic

One of the enabling technologies behind a quantum internet will be quantum routers capable of transmitting quantum information from one location to another without destroying it.

That’s no easy task. Quantum bits or qubits are famously fragile—a single measurement destroys them. So it’s not all obvious how macroscopic objects such as routers in a fibre optics network can handle qubits without demolishing them.

However, physicists have a trick up their sleeve to help send qubits safely. This trick is teleportation, a standard tool in any decent quantum optics lab.

It relies on the strange phenomenon of entanglement in which two quantum objects share the same existence. That link ensures that no matter how far apart they are, a measurement on one particle instantly influences the other.

It is this ‘influence’ that allows physicists to transmit quantum information from one point in space to another without it passing through the space in between.

Of course, teleportation is tricky, but physicists are getting better at it. They’ve teleported quantum information from one photon to another, from ions to photons and even from a macroscopic ensemble of atoms to a photon.

Today, Xiao-Hui Bao at the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei and a few buddies say they’ve added a new and important technique to this box of tricks.

These guys have teleported quantum information from ensemble of rubidium atoms to another ensemble of rubidium atoms over a distance of 150 metres using entangled photons. That’s the first time that anybody has performed teleportation from one macroscopic object to another.

“This is interesting as the first teleportation between two macroscopic-sized objects at a distance of macroscopic scale,” say Xiao-Hui and co.

Quite right. The goal in a quantum internet is that ensembles of atoms will sit at the heart of quantum routers, receiving quantum information from incoming photons and then generating photons that pass this information on to the next router.

So clearly the first teleportation from one of these hearts to another is an important advance.

Of course, there are hurdles ahead. Xiao-Hui and co want to increase the probability of success for each instance of teleportation, to increase the amount of time that the atomic ensemble can store quantum information before it leaks away (currently just over 100 microseconds) and to create a chain of atomic ensembles that will better demonstrate the potential of the technique for quantum routing.

None of those challenges seem like showstoppers. Which means that practical quantum routers and the quantum internet that relies on them are just around the corner.

Read more: – Quantum Teleportation Between Remote Atomic-Ensemble Quantum Memories

European Physicists Smash Chinese Teleportation Record

The battle over distance records sets up a fascinating race to be the first to teleport to an orbiting satellite

Just a couple of weeks ago, we discussed a Chinese experiment in which physicists teleported photons over a distance of almost 100 kilometres. That’s almost an order of magnitude more than previous records.

Today, European physicists say they’ve broken the record again, this time by teleporting photons between the two Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife off the Atlantic coast of north Africa, a distance of almost 150 kilometres.

That’s sets the scene for a fascinating prize. Both teams say the next step is to teleport to an orbiting satellite and that the technology is ripe to make this happen.

The Canary islands experiment was no easy ride. In ordinary circumstances, the quantum information that photons carry cannot survive the battering it gets in passing through the atmosphere. It simply leaks away.

Indeed, the European team say that unusually bad weather including wind, rain, rapid temperature changes and even sand storms all badly affected the experiment. “These severe conditions delayed our experimental realizations of quantum teleportation for nearly one year,” say Anton Zeilinger at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in Vienna and a few pals.

(However, they are quick to point out that satellite-based quantum communication shouldn’t be as susceptible since there is less weather to pass through if you fire photons straight up.)

To perform this experiment, Zeilinger and co had to perfect a number of new techniques to dramatically reduce noise, which would otherwise overwhelm the quantum signal.

Perhaps the most significant of these is a way of using entangled photons to synchronise clocks on both islands. That’s important because it allows the team to send photons and then look for them at the receiver at the exact instant they are due to arrive.

This significantly reduces the number of extraneous photons that could swamp the signal. The GPS system allows clocks to be synchronised in a way that allows a 10 nanosecond coincidence window. But entanglement-enhanced synchronisation allowed Zeilinger and co to use coincidence windows just 3 nanoseconds long.

The results sets up an interesting race between east and west. These experiments are proof-of-principle runs for a much more ambitious idea–quantum teleportation to orbiting satellites.

Since teleportation is the basis of more-or-less perfectly secure communication, the prize here is a global communications network that cannot be hacked, even in principle.

“The technology implemented in our experiment thus certainly reached the required maturity both for satellite and for long-distance ground communication,” say Zeilinger and co.

The questions, of course, is who will be first to orbit. The Europeans have a space agency that could be persuaded to test this idea but they won’t be in a hurry. China is currently showing great ambition in space and will want to show off its technological prowess. Both have the wherewithall to pull off this next step.

The contrast with the US couldn’t be clearer.

Ref: Quantum Teleportation Using Active Feed-Forward Between Two Canary Islands
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821) was the Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815. He is hailed as one of the greatest military commanders and rulers in history.

Napoleon paved his own path to success. Starting as a second lieutenant, he used his military genius to ultimately take a position that no one had occupied prior to him. When he came to power, Napoleon tried to correct the harm done during the reign of terror.

Aside from being triumphant in battles and building an empire, Bonaparte also laid the foundation for modern French Education and created a set of laws (known as the Napoleonic Code) based on common sense and equality.

Napoleon was an extremely ambitious and intelligent man, known for his ability to multitask. While European countries formed coalitions trying to defeat him, he was able to escape even from exile and take over his empire again for a brief period, before losing the famous Battle of Waterloo.

Here are 16 Napoleon Bonaparte quotes to help you build a stronger character.

Ability is nothing without opportunity.

Courage is like love; it must have hope for nourishment.

You become strong by defying defeat and by turning loss and failure into success.

If you want a thing done well, do it yourself.

Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake.

A leader is a dealer in hope.

History is a set of lies agreed upon.

The fool has one great advantage over a man of sense; he is always satisfied with himself

Check out a teaser of what’s inside.


What are the Uprights in Football?

In Football, the uprights are the vertical bars on the goal post. The uprights are attached to the crossbar, the horizontal bar that is attached to the base of the goal post. During kicks, the ball must go above the crossbar and between the uprights for the kick to count. If the ball hits the uprights or the crossbar and bounces through the goal, the kick is successful. However, if the ball bounces at and back into the field of play, it is a dead ball.

Though the uprights only extend about 20 feet upwards, the rules state that the uprights legally extend indefinitely upwards, meaning if a kick goes directly above one of the uprights, the kick is good.

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High-Throughput DNA Sequencing | Scientific Operations

High-Throughput DNA Sequencing | Scientific Operations

High-Throughput DNA Sequencing

pmp8406.jpgSanger Institute, Genome Research Limited

Our Research and Approach

Next-generation sequencing involves the application of glass micro-chip based methods and small-volume liquid handling (microfluidics) to sequence DNA more quickly and more cheaply than ever before, indeed 1000s times less costly than the technology used to sequence the first human genome just a few years ago. These methods rely on reacting millions of molecules simultaneously in a single vessel and analysing those molecules in parallel on a single chip using a state-of-the-art optical detection instrument. A further increase in speed and a decrease in cost are attained by running multiple instruments concurrently.

Our current fleet of sequencing instruments includes the HiSeq-X platform, 13 HiSeq 2500s and 6 MiSeqs when enables us to support ambitious research projects in genomic medicine.

The advent of next-generation technologies has fuelled an explosion in the quantity of raw DNA sequence that can be generated by a reasonably sized genomics facility. Compared to about 800 million bases per week generated at the Sanger Institute in the height of the human genome project using conventional capillary electrophoresis methods, the Illumina production facility currently averages about 300 billion bases (Gigabases = Gb) per week. This translates into 5000 human-genome equivalents per year for the approximately 3 billion bases in a human genome.

This enormous capacity is being translated into amazing new scientific endeavours by the Institute faculty, tackling exciting new genomics projects. Researchers here are cataloguing what makes cancer cells dangerous down at the level of individual genetic changes, how and why pathogens like malaria evolve to be more (or less) harmful and how humans adapt to those changes. Metagenomics is the study of the sequences of large populations of different organisms all growing in a common environment - as for example seawater, soil, the human gut - and these studies are made vastly easier by next-generation sequencing. We are looking at how human (and mouse) genomes vary between individuals to help get a handle on how genetics plays a role in the risk, generation, prognosis and treatment of disease.

The Solexa/Illumina technology is based on amplified single-molecule arrays - many millions of single molecules of DNA are placed onto a glass chip and each of those molecules is amplified in situ to form localised colonies or clusters of DNA. Each element of a cluster is virtually identical to its neighbours and thereby the signal from a single molecule is increased linearly to give robust, reliable detection. Sequencing-by-synthesis is carried out on all these clusters simultaneously, using fluorescent reversible terminators, which allow one and only one nucleoside to be added to a growing strand in a single cycle of sequencing.

After incorporation of the terminators, the instrument images and distinguishes the four different terminators (A, C, G and T) by their unique attached fluorescent dye using two different lasers (red and green) and four different optical filters. After imaging one small part of the chip, the instrument continues scanning over the 960 imaging tiles. The last step of the cycle is removal of the fluorescence group and reversal of the termination allowing the next single base to be sequenced in the subsequent cycle. One complete cycle of chemistry and imaging typically takes about 1 hour on the instrument.

The chips have eight channels or lanes, allowing up to eight sample libraries to be simultaneously analysed. Additional samples can be analysed employing a technique called multiplexing or indexing to mix different samples in a single lane of the chip; these samples can be subsequently separated in software using their unique sequence barcodes. Typically, all eight lanes of a 100-cycle run generate about 30 Gb of sequence in paired-end mode (sequencing sequentially 100 bases, e.g., from each end of the molecules).

Running as facility of this size requires a massive amount of support and we work closely with the library preparation team that supplies large numbers of DNA templates in a from ready to be sequenced , the Institute's IT team that maintains the extensive amount of compute and storage infrastructure necessary, sequencing informatics which develops software tools to process, analyse, store and track all the data, projects and samples for the Illumina pipeline and the development team which invents novel and improved protocols to take better advantage of this new technology.

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Lovell, Jamie
Jamie Lovell
Group Leader

Key Projects, Collaborations, Tools & Data


Star Medical Auditing Services

Clinical Documentation Improvement

Clinical Documentation Improvement

successful clinical documentation practices ensure best quality patient care and timely reimbursement.

Today's health organizations recognize that proper clinical documentation is critical to their operations. Successful practices accurately reflect the care that was provided and the status of each patient, which in turn streamline and maximize reimbursement. A great Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI) Consultant can help you navigate and elevate your documentation practices to the next level.

STAR's CDI Experts are fully-credentialed Nurses that are also Certified Professional Coders. They can guide and educate providers to improve their documentation efforts, and act as the liaison between the providers and the coding team. They understand the intricate balance between clear and concise documentation and clinical evidence. Furthermore, they have deep knowledge of ICD-10 and CPT code assignments that not only meet medical necessity, but also are the highest specificity and correct sequence.

Star's 5-step to clinical documentation success

1. Assess documentation for coding readiness.  Focused documentation audits by specialty are critical to determining patterns of missing information that may impact coding and reimbursement under ICD-10 and CPT.  By understanding the clinical areas impacted most by vague or unclear documentation, your organization can tailor clinician education and improve documentation processes where needed.

2. Analyze the impact on claims.  Do you know how missed coding opportunities in ICD-10 and CPT will impact reimbursement?  If clinical documentation is incomplete, coding will be inaccurate and claims will be impacted.  Concentrate initial improvement efforts on those providers and/or service lines that offer the greatest opportunity or risk in terms of revenue impact.

3. Implement progressive clinician education. There has always been a disconnect between the language clinicians use to document care and the language coders need in order to code from the documentation.  Recent CMS guidelines prevent coders from questioning diagnoses or suggesting intended diagnoses to providers.  If it isn’t documented, it can’t be coded.  Progressive education allows medical staff to adjust documentation practices which in turn allows the coders to accurately report the diagnoses and procedures performed.

4. Establish a concurrent documentation review program.  When a CDI Expert can review documentation and query clinicians about inconsistencies before the patient is discharged, the complete clinical status, including secondary diagnoses and complications, can be captured.  Many organizations are finding it essential to implement concurrent review programs.

5. Streamline clinical documentation workflow.  By having a monthly random sampling of accounts selected for CDI audit that focuses on integration of documentation within clinical workflow, STAR CDI Experts can uncover trends in missing or vague documentation which leads to inaccurate coding.  These CDI audits provide clinically driven concepts and alert the STAR CDI Experts to query clinicians for additional information, saving time and improving efficiency when the accounts are received by the coders.


Abu Dhabi, UAESunday 16 June 2019

UAE legal Q&As: what is the time limit for filing a civil suit in the country?

A reader asks what the time limit is on filing a civil case in the UAE

I am an Advocate in Asia. I filed a criminal suit in the UAE in 2016, which was dismissed by the UAE Courts who ordered I file a civil suit. What would be the limitation period to file the civil suit in the UAE?

There are different time limitations for filing a civil case depending on the charges and scenario.

The precise answer to this question would depend on the ground of the criminal case that was first filed in the UAE.

In general, the tort liability (legal obligation of one party to a victim as a result of a civil wrongdoing) is not the only liability for the civil claim.

As per Article 124 of the Civil Transaction Law No 5 of 1985, “personal obligations or rights derive from the legal acts of disposal and facts and from the law. The sources of obligations are:

1) The contract;

2) Unilateral act;

3) Tort; (a wrongful act or an infringement of a right leading to legal liability)

4) The beneficial act;

5) The law.”

Therefore, the limitation period would depend on the ground of the criminal case. If it were a Tort case, then the limitation would be three years. If it were a claim for compensation the limitation would be three years, as per Article No 298 of the UAE Civil Transaction Law.

Article 476 of the UAE Civil Transaction Law states that “If denied and in the absence of a legal excuse, a case may not be heard after the lapse of two years if it concerns a claim for the following rights:

a) The rights of merchants, manufacturers in respect of things supplied to persons who do not trade in such things; rights of hotel and restaurant owners for the cost of accommodation and food and for expenses incurred by them on behalf of their clients.

b) The rights of workmen, servants and wage earners in respect of their pay, daily or otherwise, and the cost of supplies provided by them.”

If you have a question for our lawyer, please email it to media@professionallawyer.me with the subject line “Know the law”.

Updated: December 2, 2017 01:33 PM


Sticking to a healthy diet as a lifestyle takes resilience, but if you commit to a regular practice of finding new inspiration to keep you going, you’ll find that it becomes more and more enjoyable over time. One tip that has always helped me out is looking up ways to make a healthy version of a new dish by replacing the unhealthy ingredients.

For example, If you want to follow a low sugar diet, that includes cutting out fruits like apples. But every now and then, who doesn’t crave a warm apple crisp recipe with cinnamon and a little crunch to top with something cold like ice cream?

I found a Mock Apple Zucchini Crisp recipe that I wanted to try so that I could trick Adoniah and it would taste like a desert to her, however she caught on. I even put coconut vanilla ice cream on it and she didn’t like it. My mom and I, on the other hand, thought it was good. Overall I would say this recipe was okay.

It uses oat or coconut fiber, which has zero net carbs, compared to oat flour, which is fairly high in carbs.

Prep time 5 minutes
Cook time 50 minutes
Serves 9

3 Cups Zucchini peeled and sliced
3 Cups of Apples sliced
3 Tablespoons Lemon juice
2/3 Cup low Carb sweetener
3/4 Teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/2 Teaspoon ground nutmeg

1/2 Cup Pecans chopped
1/2 Cup Almond flour
1/4 Cup Oat fiber or coconut fiber
1/4 Cup pow carb sweetener
1 Teaspoon cinnamon
1/4 Cup butter

1. In a medium bowl, combine zucchini, lemon juice, sweetener, cinnamon and nutmeg until well blended
2. For topping, combine pecans, almond flour, oat fiber, sweetener and cinnamon in a bowl then cut in butter until crumbly. Sprinkle over zucchini mixture.
3. Bake at 350 F for 45-50 minutes or until zucchini is tender

As I was reviewing the comments of other cooks who tried this recipe, one suggested pitting out the zucchini seeds, and it removes any of the zucchini from coming through. Another commenter suggested adding 1 1/2 Tsp Apple Cider Vinegar and reported that it makes it taste just like apples!

As long as you can incorporate the flavors that you enjoy in a way that doesn’t add unhealthy ingredients, there really isn’t any dish that you can’t make a healthier version of!

It’s been a long and frosty winter, and now the snow is slowly melting away, the previously frozen plants are rejuvenating, the flowers are blossoming all over and the length of the day is increasing. Goodbye winter and welcome spring.

Spring is one of the four traditional seasons that occur in the temperate regions of the earth. It succeeds winter and precedes summer. This season is marked by different events and starts at different times of the year depending on the latitudinal location of the place and the country. However, typically it starts in March and ends in June in the Northern Hemisphere, while starts in the month of September and ends in December in the Southern Hemisphere.

Apart from these time markings in the calendar, there are other indicators of the beginning of spring. For example, according to ecologists, it is marked by the regrowth of plants and the blossoming of flowers, changes in the activities of animals and even the smell of the soil. The phenomenon of rejuvenation is what gives the season its name “the springing forth of plants”. On the other hand, an astronomical event that defines the season is the tilting of the earth’s axis relative to the sun, leading to the increase in the length of days in the affected hemisphere.

These changes make spring the best season for fun activities such as these:

  1. Taking walks

If you love walking down the countryside or just strolling around the streets, there is no better time in the year to do this than the spring. In the parks and gardens, the trees are shooting forth new leaves, the flowers are budding and blossoming, attracting so many insects like butterflies to come and pollinate them. In the fields and woodlands, the animals are jubilant and most of them are giving birth to their offspring. Across the land, the snow is melting and finally, there is no need of those heavy winter boots, the frozen rivers are once again flowing and teeming with life. To crown this all, is the increasing warmth that makes the walk sensational and the lengthening of days, giving more time to explore. Spring seems the idyllic time to take a walk, right?

In most countries, the onset of spring also coincides with festivals and celebrations like the Passover and Easter, and the spring break for most schools and universities. Taking a walk around this time can, therefore, give a wonderful opportunity to meet and mingle with so many people.

  1. Outdoor sports

After the winter season characterized by minimal outdoor activities, spring provides the opportune moment to get out of the house and have a feel of the outside fresh and warm air. Outdoor sporting is arguably the best way to do this.

There are a variety of sporting activities that you can do in the spring:

  • Hiking – mountaineers know this – hiking is best done in the spring. You can go to the nearest mountains or hills in your locality or even organize a longer expedition. It is best if you go with a group of friends to make the moment unforgettable. Ensure that you pack all that you need before setting out.
  • Rafting – with the melting snow, rivers soon begin to flow again, presenting a golden chance to go outdoors and get a little wet as you have some vigorous fun activity. You can join your local rafting community or just convince your friends to go rafting.
  • Picnicking – does not seem a sport, don’t you think? Going for a picnic can be a great way to spend your afternoon. Just get the right gear and hit the road with a few friends. While at the picnic, you could play some soccer, volleyball, archery, baseball, etc.

  1. Planting a garden

It is the time of the year that you don your gloves and get outside to tend your garden. It is not only warm but also sunny, providing optimal growth conditions for the plants. Here are a few steps that you can follow to get your garden flourishing:

  • Determine where to place your garden – a place that is exposed to the sun, near the house and can easily be watered is ideal
  • Prepare the soil right – turn the soil to get it well-aerated, add some manure or compost and till the land to the specifications of what you would like to plant.
  • Decide on your garden’s layout to accommodate all the plants that you want to plant.
  • Select what you would like to grow – cool weather crops are the best to plant during this time of the year. So get your lettuces, broccoli or onion seeds.
  • Tend the garden and enjoy seeing the plants flourish.

  1. Sitting outside to eat

Finally, the restaurants are fully spacious – the outdoor seating places are finally open. You can decide to have a group eat out outdoor as you enjoy the glaze and warmth of the sun, the cool breeze and the wonderful sceneries of springtime. Back at home, this is the best time to have some outdoor grilling or barbeques as a family.

Let’s understand Veganism, compared to Plant Based

There’s a significant difference between being vegan and being plant based, and it is important to understand these key differences.

To be vegan, by definition, is to completely abstain from consumption of animal products, the motive for which is all about the fact that animal cruelty is associated with the production of such products. This includes abstaining from wearing or purchasing leather clothing products, which is produced from the hides of animals. Cow’s leather is a byproduct of the meat industry, so consumption of any leather product is a supportive gesture to that industry, is the reasoning behind the vegan lifestyle.

To be a vegan for the purpose of being opposed to animal cruelty involves a concern for the way that all things are made, including things most of us don’t think much about. For example adhesives like glue are made with the collagen of animals, usually horses, who possess high amounts of collagen to support the connectivity of their skeletal structure. The same collagen is used in the production of gelatin, as it is extracted from the skin, bones and connective tissue of animals to produce proteins that mix with peptides to create the unique substance we know commonly as, Jello.

For vegans who feel strongly enough about their opposition to animal cruelty that they refrain from consumption of animal products for that sole purpose, they would not violate their belief system by eating foods like potato chips, candy or cookies. This is why it is important to understand that the plant based lifestyle, contrary to the strictly vegan lifestyle, is all about eating for your personal health.

In my household, we are second and third generation plant based vegans, which means we adopt this lifestyle for the purpose of achieving optimal health.

The media also references this diet as Whole Foods Plant Based, and it’s a diet that has been gaining in popularity over the years. According to, Ellen DeGeneres, Jay-Z & Beyoncé, and Sir Paul McCartney have adopted a plant based diet.

Though I fully support traditional vegans and what they stand for, I must say that my motivation behind being vegan and raising my kids to be vegan stems from my conviction that the plant based vegan diet is the best one for personal health.

In my family, we are foodies! We believe that food is life, meaning that what you put into your body can be the giver or taker of life, from the amount of energy you experience to your immune system and overall functioning as a human being.

My mom has saved her life through food, as you can see in our documentary, and countless people across the world are experiencing the powerful benefits of longer, healthier and happier lives as a result of eating the foods that were naturally intended for us to eat. Most of these foods are derived from vegetables.

I have two gardens on my property, with everything from mangoes, to strawberries, tomatoes, spices and nuts. I hope to produces grains as well. My kids love eating natural Whole Foods and look forward to picking from the garden more than going to Blaze Pizza (they have vegan options) when we drive into town!

I’ve been a vegan for health for my entire life, and I can tell you that I feel empowered, enlightened and refreshed by this lifestyle in such a way that I am simply compelled to share it, and that’s why ValMar Health exists! I want to share what I know about this spectacular feeling it is to be a true plant based vegan.

Forever, herbs have been used by humanity for numerous purposes, but chief among them are medical, culinary, perfuming, as well as spiritual uses. So what are they? They are plants that have aromatic or (and) savory properties that allow them to be used in flavoring food, chemical elements that fit them for medicinal use and spiritual ‘properties’ that have seen them used in religious rituals. They, should, however, be distinguished from spices in that herbs usually comprise of the leafy and the flowering parts of the plant (either fresh or dried), while spices are the other parts dried; roots, barks, etc.

Why are they healthy?

The health benefits of using herbs are immense and span the various systems of the body. Their basis of altering body function is that they contain phytochemicals and psychoactive components that may bring relief in certain illnesses or boost weakening body systems. Here are some of the widely documented evidence of herbs’ health perks:

• They boost the strength of the immune system

Herbs are very rich in anti-oxidants and vitamins that play a great role in keeping at bay toxic substances from the body and strengthening the immune system as well. Examples of those that are rich in these properties include ginger, garlic, and onions that form part of the diets of scores of people globally.

• Regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels

Some herbs have been noted to affect the function of the pancreas as regards the regulation of blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. They reduce the levels of blood sugar and can be used as adjuncts to conventional medicine in the management of diabetic conditions. In addition, other herbs reduce the levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the blood and thus significantly reduce the risk of developing or worsening fatal cardiovascular maladies such as atherosclerosis. Fenugreek and bilberry are noteworthy examples.

• Skin care

Worrying about the state of your skin? Did you know that herbs could be the right answer to all your skin problems? For ages, herbs have been used by a host of communities worldwide to care for the skin and even treat skin conditions. Aloe Vera, for instance, is a common ingredient of various skin care products such as body lotions, petroleum jellies, and bathing soaps. Another of note is the tea tree oil; this herbal extract is found in face creams and face washes as it has the ability to regulate the secretion of oil from the skin pores.

How can they be grown?

To grow herbs excellently, a lot of caution has to go into how you grow them. From choosing the right location, the suitable soil type and the variety of herb to grow, every step has to be carried meticulously to ensure superb results. Here is a list of the procedures that you can follow to grow your herbs:

1. Choose the right location – herbs can either be grown indoors or outdoors, with each site providing its own set of advantages and disadvantages. For example, while outdoor grown herbs give much more and flavorful yields, those grown indoors can be easily accessed and grown all year round since they are not dependent on the vagaries of nature.

2. Prepare the growing medium – the growing medium can be the garden soil, a soil mix or a soilless mix. For potted plants that are grown indoors, the last two are the most recommended. In the outdoor gardens, ensure that the soil is loamy and well-drained, or if this is not the case, you can add some manure or compost to boost the soil quality.

3. Plant your herbs – there are various ways of planting herbs. You can have seeds that grow directly, those that need to be transplanted and even divided parts of already grown herbs.

4. Maintenance – once the plants are firmly growing, good maintenance will go a long way in helping them grow optimally. Basically, this involves right watering, adding fertilizers or manure, moving the potted plants to areas that that sunlight can reach them, or winterize the garden to improve the chances of survival as snow sets in.

How to cook with herbs
Herbs can drastically improve the taste of unpalatable food to a finger-licking delicacy; if you know how to cook with them. However, this does not mean that you have to be a gourmet chef to ace the recipes that have herbs. All you need to have is a guide such as a cookbook or a recipe book. It will highlight, the right type of herb for particular meals, when the herbs should be used as fresh or dried, the amount of herbs that should be used to achieved the desired tastes, the heating specifications that bring the best of the herb and how to prepare the herbs before using them (cutting, dividing or using them whole).

A Tribute to Mothers + 20 Mother’s Day Gift Ideas
Celebrated in more than 46 countries across the world, Mother’s Day is a day during which the maternal figures in our lives are celebrated for the enormous job that it is to be a mother. This is a day on which we take the time to acknowledge the indispensable role mothers play in the lives of whom they care for, and in society overall.
Can you imagine a world without moms?! Mothers are the first humans we meet, and during the earliest stages of our lives, they are nearly inseparable from us as we experience the world from the point of view of an infant.
It is a widely accepted fact that mothers play a vastly significant role in our development as humans, and even science had continued to prove this. This impact starts before we are even born.
Studies have shown that the prenatal environment of a developing child is linked to both the mother’s physical and emotional condition. Because everything the mother experiences, their unborn baby experiences as well, stress – whether caused by illness, a physically demanding work environment, abuse or emotional strain – can have harmful effects on the child in the womb. It has been documented that rising blood pressure levels in the mother can be directly correlated with rising blood levels in the fetus, and that stress levels can even impact the mother’s vascular functions, leading to reduced blood flow, including oxygen and the amount of nutrients being delivered to the child.
I realized this one night while I was pregnant with Kosta and I started watching a show that seemed harmless at first, but then I realized that as I was getting more into it, I’d feel anxious and my heart would start beating faster. That’s when it dawned on me that everything I could feel, my son could feel. Only, being in the womb, he didn’t understand that those sensations were being driven by something that wasn’t even real, and therefore did not pose a true threat. Though I was aware of this, my child only knew that he was feeling anxious and uneasy. That was when I decided as a parent that it would be my last time watching any sort of television. The physical, emotional, mental and spiritual well being of my children is far too important for me to compromise for the sake of my own entertainment.
The amount of impact that a mother’s physical and emotional state has on their child during the earliest stages of their development serves as a precursor to the role that a mother will play in her child’s life far after the day they are born.
Mothers have long stood as the symbols of care and affection, and have always been regarded as the nurturers of society. We hold an esteemed position as mothers, and with the great honor that comes along with the title of Mom comes a great responsibility. Today is a day to celebrate those who have recognized this responsibility and made the ultimate commitment to be everything that a mother should be to their children, and to the people in their lives.
Mom’s deserve a lot, and it can be hard to capture just how much you’re thankful for them in a simple gift. You can never go wrong with a heartfelt card and flowers, but here are some fresh ideas that you can’t go wrong with!
  1. An aromatherapy diffuser
  2. A spa day (why not make it a mother/daughter day?)
  3. Kitchenware (you literally cannot go wrong here)
  4. A quality moisturizer catered to her skin type (your aesthetician might have the perfect recommendation!)
  5. Candles and/or essential oils
  6. Quality towels and/or sheets
  7. Planters, custom pottery and/or a bird feeder
  8. A spice rack for cooking
  9. A jewelry box and/or jewelry
  10. Hand creams and pretty soaps
  11. Decorative pillows and/or throws
  12. Decorative picture frames
  13. A custom engraved necklace
  14. A new handbag
  15. Decorative coasters
  16. A bathtub caddy and bath salts
  17. A lawn chair or set for the patio
  18. A hangable painting or mirror
  19. Decorative succulents
  20. A custom picture album dedicated to her and the moments you’ve shared together

By the age of 2-3 years, children have already formed gender preferences when it comes to playtime. Generally, boys tend to lean towards aggressive play. An example is fighting monsters. Girls, on the other hand, lean towards games that involve family and playing with dolls.  This preference cannot be well explained. However, a survey conducted found that up to 60% to 80% of boys play with aggressive toys such as swords and guns.

  1. Is it healthy for boys to play with weapons

Playing is important to children. It has been linked to better social and cognitive development. Playing with weapons, however, does not mean the type of play is about violence. According to some researchers, they believe this kind of play is about winning and losing, heroism and who gets to be the good guy at the end. It is for such reasons that you may hear children say ‘and the winner is’ or ‘he finally saves them’. This is mostly the case when playing with toys that have guns, such as a GI Joe.

It is through these imaginary games that children learn how to think symbolically, delay gratification, view things from another perspective and control impulses.

2. The answer is yes

You can let boys play with toy guns and swords, or toys with guns. Restricting them may only complicate matters as they may think you don’t like them and start acting out. You should let them play it out. They will eventually outgrow the play due to ‘sameness’. Boys will learn many important virtues from such plays, which they will eventually apply. Some of these are discussed below.

It, however, is important to ensure that they do not get access to actual weapons at such an age, as that is dangerous, to themselves and others. Always ensure to keep weapons out of reach of children.

Children develop their creativity from a very young age. Your child’s play when using props for weapons such as guns and swords should be creative and have scenarios. These ideas are a part of your child and they should be allowed to explore their interests.

3. It teaches them to protect their loved ones

Through the pretend-play boys have about superheroes and other fantasies, they learn the importance of protecting those they love. Their weapon play, be it swords or guns, is always about saving other people. The scenarios that they create through their imagination, such as war enables them to be the saviors. Having kids play out these scenarios makes them understand that they should always afford protection to those they love.

4. It teaches them safety

Children always recognize that weapons hold power. They will always try to remain safe. Parents shouldn’t try to make their children swallow their curiosity. They should always try to ensure that their children know how to be safe. If you as a parent find your child playing with gun props, you can start the conversation asking them what their gun does. Then ask them what it can do to them if misused. You’d be surprised at the answer most of them will give you. As always, learning through practice is better, and this play lays a foundation for you to teach your child safety with weapons.

5. It teaches them weapon responsibility

A child playing with a toy weapon understands what the weapon can do. They realize that the weapons hold power, and with its power responsibilities. They also realize that these weapons are dangerous, and can cause harm easily. They will always be careful even when using props to be safe. This play teaches them how they can use weapons responsibly.

6. It teaches them not to be scared

Children have many intense fears. The fear may be of dogs, clowns, monsters, thunderstorms or other non-fictitious creatures or fictitious ones. Having a toy such as a foam sword can help a child combat such fears. They actually feel safer and believe that they can protect themselves. This play helps them slay their inner fears.

While playing, children can act out their fears and aspirations. This makes them acquire the quality of bravery, which is actually a virtue important in society.

7. God is the ULTIMATE protector

When your sons and daughters are playing this is a perfect time to teach them about God’s love and protection. Children need to learn to lean on God for protection. Prayer is times of fear is the best remedy.

In conclusion, children especially boys should be allowed to play with toy weapons. This is key in their development as restricting those increases their need to do so and can be dangerous. It is also important to ensure you educate your kids on safety with weapons. It has also been shown that real violence does not stem from violence in pretend play. There are signs of real violent behaviors in boys, which a parent should be able to pick up when they are still young. Such behaviors include engaging in fights often or bullying others and enjoying hurting animals.

National teachers’ day is May 8th

Tuesday may 8th is the hallmark of the week between may 6th and 13th, the Teachers Appreciation Week. This day is also called the National Teacher’s Day. This day has been dedicated to honoring teachers and recognizing the contribution that they make in our lives.

The history of this day dates back to the 19th century when the idea was conceived. It is celebrated in many countries worldwide. In the US, it was first celebrated on March 7th, 1980, but plans for this had been long made, since the 1940s. The day was then moved to be the Tuesday of the Teachers Appreciation Week, which is the first week of May. This was done by the National PTA.

  1. Why are teachers so important

Teaching has been a noble profession that has been around for as long as mankind can recall. Teachers, therefore, have a great responsibility when it comes to shaping society.

Our teachers provide us with the education we require to be successful. The education that teachers provide us with has many aspects.

Since we spend most of our time in the first 20 or so years in schools learning, we interact more with teachers. They help us shape our mentality of the world, they motivate us and even help us discover our skills and talents.

All teachers are important. That kindergarten teacher who taught you how to read and write is as important as the teacher who taught you complex algebra or science. It is just that as the teacher helps you grow, they help you prepare to learn from the next one, who builds helps you expand the knowledge you received from the previous teacher. It would be impossible to get into first grade to learn without someone having taught you how to read and write.

Other reasons as to why teachers are important include: they inspire us, they bring out the best in us and won’t let us fail, and they push us to become better. They also provide us with guidance and great advice on what we need to know and help us remain positive in life. The list is endless.

  1. I’m homeschooling my daughter Adoniah

Homeschooling is also called home education. But, lets be honest, the first part of every childs education starts at the home. This is where children learns at home, with the guidance of their parent(s) and/or a tutor. The decision by parents not to send their children to a traditional public or private school is based on a variety of reasons. Key reasons cited by parents are the interest to be more involved in their children’s learning and dissatisfaction with the local schools available. I’m homeschooling Adoniah because I want to be really invoolved with her education! Plus, we live 45 moniutes to the closest school, so its easier for me to home school right now.

  1. Why is homeschooling wonderful

The advantages of homeschooling definitely outweigh the disadvantages. Some advantages are discussed below.

  1. Spend time with my kids

Getting to spend more time with my kids is one of the great things about homeschooling that I have enjoyed. Spending time with them helps me foster closer family relationships, between me and the children, as amongst themselves. Spending time alone with my kids helps me figure out more about them, and this creates an intimate relationship that helps them grow.

  1. I’m in charge of what they learn

As mentioned, many parents who homeschool their kids cite dissatisfaction in the local schools. Parents are concerned about the academic instruction, the curriculum, and the lack of ability of the school to cater for their children’s needs. This is not the case in homeschooling as I am in charge of what my children learn. I can provide them with a better learning experience, as there is more ‘teacher-student’ interaction. I can target Adoniah’s specific learning styles which allows her to learn faster and more efficiently. Although there are some phenomenal teachers who teach in traditional schools, it is just impossible to cater to every child’s specific learning style. This is why I love to homeschool.

  • We get to do so many fun activities

Fun activities make learning a lot easier. Besides bonding with my kids, these activities actually help them develop their social skills such as critical thinking. These fun activities are also great chances to teach important lessons, as you can be sure they won’t be forgotten. Such activities also create experiences, which traditional schools rarely offer much of.

  1. My kids are learning faster because they are homeschooled

Learning at home is the best. It has been proven that memory and focus are better when you do something in a familiar environment that is peaceful. Well, applying this principle, homeschooling is expected to produce more results than regular schooling. In as far as I can tell, this is a true statement.

My kids have learned faster, and in much better ways. There is a safer emotional, physical and moral environment which as far as I can tell may not be in the some schools.

  1. I get to cater their learning disabilities

One advantage of homeschooling is focused teaching with a one on one session. This is important for the teacher, in this case, the parent, in keeping up with the child’s needs. In a conventional school with many students, the teacher may not have the time to focus on every child’s special needs. Catering for these learning disabilities is necessary for the best handling of the problem and ensuring that they are given the necessary attention. I don’t know if either of my children have any disabilities. But, I know I have a medically diagnosed case of dyslexia. School was hard for me because my teachers, although they were wonderful, did not have the ability to help me with my dyslexia.

Teachers play such a significant role in our lives and we are thankful for all that they do every single day. Whether they are former teachers, current teachers, teachers of little loved ones, or just teachers in our lives, we understand how important their job is in student development and learning. There are so many things that come to mind when I think of the word “teacher” and many, many, people that I immediately think about because they have had such a huge impact on my own life. And I know I’m not the only one.

When my husband and I decided to have kids, we moved from our 8,500 ft house on a country club private golf course to 180 acres east of town. We live in the foothills with cows, chickens, our dogs, two gardens, we are second and third generation vegans and our home is 100% free of entertainment media. The last television we ever owned is far enough from the house, it can be used as target practice.

We wanted to give our kids the childhood they deserved, one in which they could have animals and gardens and unlimited space to run and play outside. We didn’t want them growing up in the modern suburban way of being cooped up inside a house, placated by some sedentary form of entertainment – a scenario I see occurring far too often amongst modern day families.

To friends and family, we can seem a little extreme, but what we have found in making these decisions is that in living our lives in a way that best aligns with what we believe in, we reap so many rewards.

When I knew that I was going to be a mother, I made a decision to dedicate myself and all of the gifts that God had blessed me with to being the greatest mom that I could be. When I married my husband, I made a decision to pour everything that I have into being the best wife that I could be.

Deciding to live for what I believe in is one of the first rules I have for creating a life in which I can look back with 100% confidence that I’m on the right track, and have no regrets.

Rule # 1 – Live by your values

This seems like it should go without saying, but the truth is, it is not always easy to listen to your own conscience. Between outside influences – whether it’s other people or the daily stressors of life – and our own human temptations, living by our beliefs doesn’t often come naturally. It takes effort, courage and commitment to lean into your values and allow them to advise your decisions.

Raising my kids without technology requires so much dedication and perseverance from my husband and I, and it requires that we abide by our standards, even when it isn’t socially receptive. But as Christians, we turn to prayer as the means by which we allow God to help keep us from straying.

Once you have made your mind up that compromise is not an option, you’ll find that over time you won’t even miss the things you chose in place of your truest values before. The sense of purpose and fulfillment you will experience will carry you to new heights of peace and clarity.

“And your ears shall hear a word behind you, saying, “this is the way, walk in it,” when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left” Isaiah 30:21

Rule # 2 – Take Responsibility for Your Life

We will all face disappointment in our lives. Sometimes we give something our all, and things don’t go our way. Whether it’s losing weight, parenting, pursuing a goal, running a business or supporting a friend or family member, there will be times in life that it seems like we’re giving our all, yet we feel defeated.

For more than a year after I had Kosta, I was sleep deprived in a way that I hadn’t experienced as much with Adoniah. Kosta had trouble sleeping through the night, which made juggling ValMar Health on top of raising a family a heavy load. When sleep goes out the window, so do a lot of other things, such as hormones and food cravings, and the list goes on. I knew that I needed to figure out a way to be in optimal health, and not merely blame my circumstances for why I felt tired all the time. I created something called The Happy Diet, which I plan on sharing with you soon, to help me gain back the energy I needed to be the wife, mom and business owner that I needed to be.

I’ve always been taught that I am in complete control of my life and my results. Rather than make excuses, an important part of living a regret-free life is taking full responsibility for everything that happens to you. This way, it is you who ultimately holds the power to change what needs to be changed in order to achieve the results you desire.

Rule # 3 – Think For Yourself

We are relational beings by nature, which can make it really easy for us to slip into concerning ourselves with the thoughts of others and what they think about us.

However, I never desired to be accepted by people who were doing things and consuming things I had no interest in. I remember growing up, hearing others talk about movies or tv shows or things they did over the weekend, and I didn’t feel like I was missing out. I had a full life in which I was always involved with classical ballet, my church, volunteering and academics. My sister Leslie was the same way, she pursued her dream of studying medicine and she’s now a doctor.

My parents raised us to be self assured in our endeavors and not to look to others for validation. I know that in abiding by the plan God has for me and my family, I might not always appeal to popular opinion, but my hope is to inspire those of you who feel deep down that there is a better way, because I can tell you that there is. When you live a life unburdened by the opinions of others, you will find a freedom and a newfound love for life that will positively reinforce you and enable you to live a life truly free of regrets.


By Dee Jae Cox

“Good-bye,” says the title character at the end of the original version of Miss Lulu Bett. “Good-bye, all of you. I’m going I don’t know where — to work at I don’t know what. But I’m going from choice!”

In penning those words, Zona Gale laid out her vision of feminist philosophy and earned the 1921 Pulitzer Prize: the first Pulitzer Prize for drama earned by a woman.

The history of women in theatre is a distinct legacy that is to be celebrated and heralded as an evolution that continues on the modern stage.

The birth of theatre is credited to the ancient Greek culture. The first plays were performed in the Theatre of Dionysus, built in the shadow of the Acropolis in Athens at the beginning of the 5th century, but the art of theatre was thought to be too dangerous for women and so they were prohibited from participation.

Hrosvitha, was a nun in the 10th century who wrote comedy and is often credited as the first female playwright. She was able to break out of the church restrictions against women and actually earn a living as a playwright.

When Opera came along during the 16th century, theatre began to open up for women. Some productions even called for women in starring roles.  Yet despite this new advancement, female Opera singers were still facing many obstacles. Just as with Ancient Greek societies, (and some contemporary cultures,) Christian rule sought to control women’s behavior and so it was commonly deemed inappropriate and unchaste for women to perform on stage. Women’s Soprano parts were often replaced by a type of male performer known as the Castrati, (a male whose singing voice is achieved by physically castrating him before he reach puberty.) The purpose of the Castrati was to try and achieve the quality of a woman’s pitch without allowing females to actually perform in Opera productions.

In the United States, it wasn’t until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a breakthrough period for women began in performing arts. Female performers began to enjoy a relatively prominent place under the dazzling Broadway lights and theatre audiences began to include more women.

During the Great Depression of the 1930’s, the Federal Theatre Project was born. Director Hallie Flanagan, led the project that funded regional theatres and created 15,000 jobs.

In 1947, the Tony Awards were named after Antoinette “Tony” Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing.  That same year, Margot Jones, opened the first professional regional theatre, Theatre ‘47, in Dallas, TX. Lillian Hellman became one of the most successful female playwrights in American history beginning with production of her play Little Foxes, which opened on Broadway in 1939. She had a career that spanned multiple decades.  In 1959, at the age of 29, Lorraine Hansberry, became the first Black woman, (and noted lesbian) to have a play produced on Broadway.  Her play, A Raisin in the Sun, has become a classic in American theatre.

Vinnette Carol, made history in 1971 when she directed Don’t Bother Me, I Can’t Cope, becoming the first black woman to direct on Broadway.  In 2002, Suzan-Lori Parks became the first black woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for her play, Topdog/Underdog

Cindy Lauper, became the first female composer to win the Tony for Best Score for Kinky Boots in 2013, while Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron became the first all-female writing team to win for Best Score for Fun Home in 2015, a musical that featured the first lesbian protagonist.  Lynn Nottage became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, twice, first for her play Ruined in 2009 and the second for Sweat in 2017.

2016 was a banner year with Waitress, having an all-female creative team, led by Sara Bareilles, and Eclipsed having an all-female cast and creative team, including Lupita Nyong’o and Danai Gurira.

Although American women have found a more inclusive place onstage, they still struggle to escape ingrained and oppressive systems of gender discrimination.  Women are still disproportionately under represented in the theater. According to Works By Women, “It is estimated that women playwrights, directors, and designers represent only 20% of all theatre professionals hired each year”

Maya Angelou, said, “Our stories come from our lives and from the playwright’s pen, the mind of the actor, the roles we create, the artistry of life itself and the quest for peace.”

Women in theatre continue to be an intricate part of the tapestry that weaves the artistry of American life.


Ngong To Nairobi Distance

Distance between Ngong and Nairobi is 20 KM (kilometers) and 444.03 meters. Ngong is 12.7 miles away from Nairobi.

Ngong and Nairobi Location

Ngong is located in the Kenya state of Rift_Valley at the longitude of 36.7 and latitude of -1.4. Nairobi is located in the Kenya state of Nairobi at the longitude of 36.8 and latitude of -1.3.

Ngong direction from Nairobi

Ngong is located nearly west side to Nairobi. Ngong To Nairobi road map direction from google will be integrated.

Time difference between Ngong and Nairobi

Time difference between Ngong and Nairobi is 0.011333333333333 decimal hours (0 : 0 : 40.8). Ngong universal time is 2.4433333333333 UTC and Nairobi universal time is 2.4546666666667 UTC. Ngong is behind Nairobi 0 hours and 0 Minutes and 40.8 seconds.

Travel distance from Ngong

Traveling distance are available for the following cities Ngorongoro to Arusha distance

Ngong To Nairobi Travel Time

Travel time from Ngong To Nairobi will take 0 hours and 30.67 minutes if the vehicle keep an average speed of sixty kilometer per hour. Travel time by walk may take around 2.6 hours if you continuously walk at the speed of 6KM.

Ngong to Nairobi direction

The follwing Ngong to Nairobi direction map comming from google. Google distance may vary from our crow fly distance.

Ngong Nairobi information Note:

All information in this page about Ngong and Nairobi are approximate details. It is crow flies distance so the above travel information may be differ from motor road distance.

Dear Travellers / Visitors you are kindly welcome write more about Ngong and Nairobi.


Area of a Square Formula

In geometry, a Square is a flat figure or shape which has 4 equal sides and every angle is a right angle i.e. 90° and it shows equal sides. From this, it follows that the opposite sides are also parallel. It is also described as a rectangle which has 2 adjacent sides have equal length.  The area of a square found out by the amount of space occupied within the square. Below mentioned is a formula to calculate the area of square.  It is best known of the quadrilaterals in geometry. Square is simply a specific case of a regular polygon, in this case with 4 equal sides. All the facts and properties described for regular polygons apply to the square.

Area of a Square
a is the length of the side of a square

Solved Examples

Question 1: Find the area of the square of side 16 cm?

Side of the square = a = 16 cm
Area of the square
= a2
= 162 cm2
= 256 cm2
Question 2: Find the length of the square whose area is 529 cm2?
Area of the square = A = 529 cm2
Side of the square = a = ?

Area of the square = A = a2
⇒ 529 cm= a
⇒ a = 529
⇒ a = 23 cm
Hence the length of the side of this square is 23 cm.