Man, throughout his affair with jewelry, has created styles that have found its rightful place in history. From ancient times, jewelry styles have fascinated jewelry-enthusiasts and collectors.

Ancient Jewelry Styles

Beautiful jewelry was being made 4,000 years ago. Gold and silver, enamel, artificial glass gems, and turquoise, and other gemstones were all used by the Egyptians. They wore rings, earrings, and brooches, just as we do now. They also wore heavy jeweled collars, breastplates, and headdresses. The styles were rich and ornate.

To the ancient Greeks, the beauty of a piece of jewelry was as important as the value of the materials used to make it. Fine threads of gold were shaped to look like butterflies or grasshoppers. The Greeks also liked cameos. Jasper, amber, and coral were among their favorite gemstones.

Ancient egyptian jewelry
Ancient Egyptian jewelry

The most beautifully made jewelry in history was made by the Etruscans, who lived in northern Italy. They designed jewelry in intricate patterns and made it with great skill. Instead of a shiny surface, their gold jewelry had a grainy surface, as if gold powder had been evenly sprinkled on it.

The Romans wore very elaborate jewelry, designed to show off their wealth. Both men and women wore large gemstones. They especially liked emeralds and pearls. Sapphires, amethysts, garnets, opals, and moonstones were also popular. The Romans loaded their fingers, sometimes all their fingers, with rings.

In AD 395, the Roman Empire split into two. The eastern portion, called the Byzantine Empire, became the most powerful state of the whole Mediterranean area. The Byzantine capital, Constantinople, took Rome’s place as the center of art and style. The jewelry styles of Constantinople influenced the whole Western world. Byzantine designs featured symbols and formal patterns. Gold pieces were enameled in bright reds and blues. Ropes of pearls and emeralds were worn by the very few wealthy people. Their clothing was so encrusted with jewels that it was sometimes difficult for them to move.

Jewelry of the Middle Ages

Jeweled Imperial glove made in Palermo c. 1220
Jeweled Imperial glove made in Palermo c. 1220

During the Middle Ages, most of the jewelry craftsmen were monks. The monks devoted their energy to making religious decorations for the churches. Most of the precious gems used were part of the loot that Crusaders brought back from their trips to the Holy Land. Many of the pieces of jewelry brought back from the Holy Land had pictures of pagan or mythological gods on them. They were, however, used as religious decorations by the Christians—apparently without much question.

Guilds began sometime after the 9th century. By 1327, goldsmiths were recognized as a working in a major craft and formed their own association in London. This guild of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths of London was proud of its reputation. It insisted that its members do work of good quality.

An unusual type of jewelry made during the Middle Ages was the pomander, an openwork metal ball that held perfume. It was a very useful article to have in the cities of those days because city smells were so unpleasant.


New world No 1 Osaka 'in a state of shock'

Melbourne - Japan's Naomi Osaka said she was "in a state of shock" on Saturday after holding her nerve to battle past Petra Kvitova and win the Australian Open in a three-set thriller that also gives her the world number one ranking.

The fourth seed and US Open champion triumphed 7-6 (7/2), 5-7, 6-4 in a 2hr 27min epic over the Czech eighth seed to claim back-to-back Grand Slams and become the first Asian, male or female, to hold the top spot.

Melbourne Park erupted in thunderous cheers as the Japanese youngster fell to one knee, head bowed, before collecting the trophy from China's Li Na - who lifted the same silverware in 2014, three years after becoming the first Asian to win a major at Roland Garros.

It was a cathartic moment for 21-year-old Osaka, whose breakthrough Grand Slam win at Flushing Meadows was marred by boos in the wake of losing finalist Serena Williams' tirade at the umpire.

Rather than tearfully hiding her face as she did in New York, Osaka beamed with joy at a win she said was still sinking in.

"I felt like I was in a state of shock through the entire trophy presentation," the 21-year-old said.

Osaka was reluctant to say how she felt compared to Flushing Meadows but believed she and Kvitova were fairly supported in Melbourne.

"In New York, most of the crowd was for Serena and here it felt like it was split a little bit," she said.

"Honestly, when I was playing and I heard the crowd was for both of us I was very happy but at the same time I was trying to focus on the match."

A rattled Osaka almost blew her title hopes with one hand on the trophy when she failed to convert three championship points leading 5-3 in the second set.

The never-say-die Kvitova forced a deciding set before Osaka finally edged ahead with a decisive break early in the third.

"Of course I felt very disappointed and sad when I had three match points," she said.

"I tried to tell myself there's nothing I can do about it. I had to regroup and told myself I didn't want any regrets.

Osaka is the youngest woman to win back-to-back majors since Martina Hingis in 1998 and the youngest number one since Caroline Wozniacki in 2010.

Her gutsy performance confirms her status as the leading light of tennis' new generation.

"Well, after winning the US Open Naomi Osaka became a star. And now, after winning the Australian Open and becoming world number 1, she is a superstar! Congrats Champ," 18-time Grand Slam winner Martina Navratilova tweeted.

Kvitova can console herself with a career-best performance at Melbourne Park, where she did not drop a set on her way to the final.

It was her first Grand Slam decider since a burglar slashed her racquet hand in a 2016 knife attack and the Czech has shown she is again a contender at the majors.

"Thank you for sticking with me even when we didn't know if I would able to hold a racquet again," Kvitova told her team, with her voice cracking.

"It's crazy. I can hardly believe that I just played in a Grand Slam final again."

The pair had never met before and Osaka initially struggled to unlock the lanky left-hander's serve, while Kvitova at times could not handle her opponent's powerful returns.

The Czech blew three break chances in a crunch sixth game as the first set went to a tie-break, which Osaka ran away with it 7-2, taking the first set the Czech conceded in the entire tournament.

Kvitova regrouped with an early break in the second but Osaka did not panic, immediately breaking back.

The Japanese star broke again to take control as Kvitova's error rate climbed, bringing up three championship points. But the Czech saved all of them.

She then won four straight games to win the set as Osaka left the court with a towel draped over her head.

She regained her cool and clipped a clean backhand winner to take a break point in the third game of the decider and was up to the task when Kvitova forced her to serve for the match.


Emerging Concepts for the Axial Age

6 June 2017

Emerging Concepts for the Axial Age Religion has not always existed in the world according to academia. Preceding religion was an age of magic where man attempted to manipulate nature by force with enchantments alongside preliterate religious activity. l Once people realized the failure in their “magic”, religion started evolving and an appeal to a more superior, supernatural divinity that ultimately controlled their security. The intricate pattern of ritual, myth, and faith explains the transition from food-gathering societies to food- producing states.

Development of “more civilized” cultures attracts the most attention in religious history, but the indigenous religions that are even older are important as well. Intrigue in the popular religions must be studied and explained with the history of indigenous religions that preceded it. People view Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and other widespread religions as the sole source of history, but previous ideals must be explained to understand how the popular religions arose.

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Multiple periods before the Axial Age include significant developments in the oundation of popular religions.

The Paleolithic period (c. 20000 to 8000 BCE) was the essential stepping stone to understanding life and survival through the earliest form of mythology. Crucial to their existence, “[it was] natural for these indigenous people to think in terms of myth and symbol because… they are highly conscious of a spiritual dimension in their daily lives…. more real than the material world. “3 Tribes attributed skill-requiring activities, crucial for survival, to ancestors. Hunting and athering was the center of life needing a particular sacredness.

Ordinary experiences of these early people had distinguished meaning and recognition. The supernatural did not necessarily dictate their mythology; it was the human for transition between monumental life experiences. Next, the Neolithic Period (c. 8000 to 4000 BCE), where agriculture advanced mythology, was the most influential time period. A recognition of food production, not food gathering emerged with an awareness of sacred and fertile divinities. Mythical imagination thrived in agrarian ultures linking their lives to “an undifferentiated sacred force, which made the earth herself a manifestation of the divine. 5 This period also marks the development of the popular definition of mythology associated with gods and goddesses, especially those associated with peace and harvest. Early stories about an Earth Mother develop during this period. Myths included struggles of farming in the myth of Anat, stories of Osiris in Egypt, the Mesopotamian goddess Inanna, and the Greek myth of Demeter. 6 Lastly, the Pre-Axial Age (c. 4000 to 800 BCE), where organization and ivilizations began, was the step before humans was introduced to the large religions of today.

Early biblical characters arose in this period. They describe the new way of life as “the separation from God that had followed the expulsion from Eden. “7 Obviously, people change their opinion on humanity and divinity when entering new eras, and, in these new civilizations, people were forwardly thinking. Men and women had realized their control on their destinies; making them “disillusioned with the old mythical vision that had nourished their ancestors. 8 This began the thought of independence, away from gods, and a necessity for self-liberation.

These new ideals initiated the upcoming beliefs found abundantly in the Axial Age. Axial people developed differently throughout the world. People of India were leaders in the Axial age consistently. The first attempt at Axial spirituality were the Russian Aryans, also known as Indo-Europeans that had to face a choice during an aggressive time. “In Israel and India too, insecurity and the difficulties of maintaining a society… ntroduced violence and aggressive imagery. “9 These hectic circumstances introduced new ideas of how to cope and deal with catastrophe through ritual.

India found its Axial Age as the “Brahmin ritualists had used their science to liberate themselves from the external rites and the gods,… [creating] a wholly novel sense of the independent self. “10 Meanwhile, Israeli prophets and historians were irregular and had only a brief period of extreme distinction. Israelites established kingdoms that begun biblical history. Developments of the Axial Age included the idea of monotheism, single life for a human, final Judgment, and the main characteristics of religions today.

The Chinese were slow “until Confucius developed the first full Axial spirituality in the late sixth century. “ll Greeks polarized themselves entirely from other regions until later ages. It was not until the emergence of Christianity, did a lot of Greeks separate from pagan ideology. When studying world religions, it is difficult to understand how the main ideas appear all over the Eastern Hemisphere. As I have tudied different religions and Christianity, the background information has helped with understanding.

Overall, most religious beliefs created thousands of years ago cannot be directly applied to todays life and must be comprehended metaphorically because of the contrasting environments of Axial Age and our millennia. Therefore, the evolution of religions helps solidify and apply dogma to current-day situations. Work Cited Armstrong, Karen. A Short History of Myth. Edinburgh: Canongate, 2005. Armstrong, York: Knopf, 2006. James, E. O.. History of religions. 1957. Reprint, New York: Harper, 1964.

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Help with character specific achievements?

Hi, I have about 6 achievements left for certain characters including
2 Baptiste (Having trouble)

1 Genji (2 Deflect Kills)

1 Doomfist (Cratered, Seems impossible without a 6 man Zarya Grav)

1 Moira (Antipode) ( Seems Impossible)
If anyone needs them I can help as well. Let me know if you have any ideas.

Edit: Any good Zaray’s out there?


Support the Director of Communications, Marketing & Special Events in establishing broad recognition of and attention to Ivymount Programs and activities

Assist with internal and external communications

Execute consistent messaging across Ivymount websites, social media, and external communications

Develop original web/print graphics and adaptations of student artwork for communications and marketing materials (e.g., posters, invitations, brochures, postcards, advertisements, and logos)

Brainstorm for compelling stories and creative narrations

Implement social media brand strategies, campaigns, and plans to build Ivymount awareness, including day-to day oversight to ensure brand consistency

Create, manage, and grow new and existing social networks (e.g., Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Facebook, YouTube)

Update/edit website content as assigned across all Ivymount websites

Schedule, film, and edit promotional and event recap videos for classes, programs, and events

Capture photos for special events and daily activities

Support with special events as assigned

Work outside of “normal” business hours during peak periods and during special events as required

Bachelor’s degree

Two or more years of experience in communications and marketing

Experience creating print and web materials using Adobe Creative Suite

Experience planning, shooting, and editing videos

Practical experience using a DSLR camera

Experience managing/editing website content

Excellent written and spoken communication skills

Strong organizational skills and exceptional attention to detail

Ability to work both independently and as a team member

Ability to consistently meet tight deadlines

Ability to manage multiple projects simultaneously

High comfort level with social media and technology

Respect for the dignity and potential of all students in a special education environment

Impeccable confidentiality in dealing with records of students and their families

More Jobs:


Mindfulness While Lifting Weights

2017 is the year of my dedication to what I call “purposeful mindfulness.” I try daily to have a time out for meditation.  But as I practice this habit, I have realized how often I use mindfulness while exercising.  Focusing while training allows me to push my body further than I thought possible and making strength and fitness gains I would not have with out the practice of mindful lifting.

While you are lifting, take time to pay attention to what muscles you are using during a particular exercise.  When you are preparing for your set, know which muscles are doing what part of the exercise.  For instance, when you set up to squat, engage your glutes, your abs, your hamstrings and quads.  Focus your mind on your breathing.  Inhale with the weight on its descent, and exhale on the exertion. Take a moment and look at the muscle while it is contracting; see the muscle expand and contract. Then take a soft gaze away from the muscle (or close your eyes if you are seated or lying). Feel the tension in your muscles as they contract and move on the concentric and eccentric contractions.  Finish the first rep and then embrace the next reps as fully as you did the first.  Enjoy the feeling of the strength in the muscles that you are working.

Through weightlifting I have found strength outside my body; I have found it in my mind. Weightlifting, I have come to find, is my meditation. Breathe in, breathe out, lift, hold and repeat.

Strength Training is Crucial for Women Over 50 (and under but that is not my topic!)

When I was a young mom, people asked me why I lifted weights.  My answer was “so I can carry both my children up the stairs at the same time!” My reason now?  I still want to be a strong, independent woman!”  I love introducing my clients to the feeling of accomplishment they have as they get stronger and can do more and more without asking for help!

My friend in California recently contacted me to help her get back in the gym…WHY? I mean she is a triathlete for heavens sake!  She has run marathon upon marathon! She is fit!  She is strong!  So I asked her!  Her answer:  “Because my arms are getting jiggly!”

Seriously! Then she followed it up with this: “I was an athlete my whole life, naturally strong upper body, but even I didn't think the words of my 7th grade health teacher "muscle starts to decline after 30" would ever apply to me.”  In her words, “there's only so much you can do to your face to remain young... put that time, money & effort on your body and you'll start to FEEL like you're turning back clock as well as look it. “

As we age, we lose muscle mass, we lose bone density, our metabolism slows down.  Strength training can combat all of that, with the additional benefits of increasing flexibility, reducing joint pain, reducing peri and post menopausal symptoms, sleeping better, and if that isn’t enough, being more mentally fit, (NYT: https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/21/lifting-weights-twice-a-week-may-aid-the-brain/).

Luckily, strength training (also known as resistance training) does not necessarily mean joining the muscle heads at the local Gold’s Gym!  You can start to build muscle with your own body weight and slowly adding resistance as your strength increases.  Things around your house, such as cans, milk cartons and dirt bags  can be used to add weight and resistance.

My caveat?  I do recommend consulting a fitness professional for guidance on technique if you have never done resistance training before.


Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Endoscopic sinus surgery is an operation performed through the nostrils using highly specialised instruments.

What are the reasons that endoscopic sinus surgery may be undertaken?

Chronic sinus infection with or without nasal polyps

When people experience chronic sinus infection symptoms, they are first managed with medical therapy and if these do not control sinusitis symptoms, then sinus surgery may be beneficial. In these cases, the passageways of the nasal sinuses and nose are widened to return them to their prior functional state. Hence, this type of sinus surgery is termed Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (F.E.S.S.) and is the commonest reason that endoscopic sinus surgery is undertaken.

Removal of cysts and tumours

Cysts and tumours may need to be removed either because they are blocking the sinuses or affecting surrounding structures or in order for a sample to taken to ascertain their nature.

Individuals with Graves’ disease who have eye issues

Graves’ disease can cause an increase in the contents of within the eye socket. This may cause the eyes to bulge and affect vision. Surgery is undertaken to ‘decompress’ the walls of the eye socket. Dr. Michael performs this procedure in conjunction with an ophthalmologist. He is also conducting a research study at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne looking into ascertaining which is the best surgical technique to achieve improvement.

Nosebleeds (epistaxis)

Nosebleeds that occur from blood vessels towards the back of the nose previously required major invasive surgery to access these blood vessels. However, with the use of endoscopic sinus surgery techniques, these blood vessels can be approached with less difficulty.

Blocked tear ducts

Our tears drain into the nose via a tube that passes from the middle corner of the eye into the nose. When this tube is blocked, surgery may be helpful. This surgery is traditionally performed by making a cut on the outside of the nose. However, newer endoscopic techniques mean that this operation can now be undertaken through the nose without any external scars.

Facial pain (sinus headaches) on flying or SCUBA diving

In some individuals, narrow sinus passageways may become blocked by swelling due to changes in air pressure such as during flying and SCUBA diving. These individuals can experience significant pain in their face during either ascent or descent. We term this sinus barotrauma. In select patients, Dr. Michael uses an innovative technique called balloon sinuplasty to help ‘dilate’ the sinus passageways and prevent them from blocking.

CSF (the fluid that bathes the brain) leakage

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by very thin bone. As a complication of operations, injuries or certain medical conditions, breaks in this bone can cause fluid to leak. Previously, repair of these leaks required extensive surgery involving removal of the skull cap. However, endoscopes allow us to now close many of these leaks through the nose.

What happens before the operation?

In your consultation with Dr. Michael, he will ask questions in relation to issues that you may be having with your nose. You will also have an endoscopy. This is a specialised examination where a fine camera (endoscope) is used to inspect the inside of the nasal passageways. Other tests such as investigating for allergies may also be arranged. Dependent upon what is found, Dr. Michael may consider medical treatments and other tests before advising upon surgery.

What does an endoscopic sinus surgery operation involve?

An endoscopic operation is undertaken with general anaesthesia and performed through the nasal passageways without any external cuts.

Dr. Michael has significant expertise in these techniques and typically uses an endoscope together with other highly specialized instruments.  Dr. Michael undertakes more complex sinus operations in Melbourne and employs technology termed image-guidance which provides an extra-level of anatomical information which aims to reduce complications.

The exact details of the procedure will vary depending upon the reason that is undertaken and these will be discussed with you prior to your operation.

You may require temporary nasal packs. These are required in approximately 1 in 20 of the operations that Dr. Michael performs. Dependent upon the degree of surgery, the time of day of your operation and any co-existing medical issues will determine whether you are able to go home on the day of surgery or require an overnight stay.

Are there any risks to having a endoscopic sinus surgery?

There are general risks associated with having an operation. These include nausea and vomiting, bleeding, infection and allergies to medicines or dressings used. When having an operation under general anaesthesia, other risks include blood clots in the legs or lungs, a stroke or a heart attack. However, the risk of these serious complications is extremely low. Your anaesthetist will discuss these with you prior to the operation.

With regards to endoscopic sinus surgery, there are a number of specific risks. These are listed below:

The nasal lining has a very rich blood supply. Rarely, there can be excessive bleeding following the operations. This is usually managed by placing packs in the nose. If bleeding is not controlled, a short procedure under general anaesthesia may be required to seal blood vessels.

Scarring (adhesions) may occur between adjacent opposing surfaces in the nose. These adhesions do not usually cause any problems but Dr. Michael may divide them when you are seen at your follow up appointments.

If your symptoms recur, a revision operation may be required. This is more common in those who have sinus disease without polyps and much more of an issue in those that smoke. However, Dr. Michael may recommend continued medical treatments to reduce the chance of requiring revision surgery.

We do not fully understand the mechanism for why people get nasal polyps and hence removing them with surgery can help symptoms but does not cure the reason that they occur. Hence, they may grow back and require another operation.

The nasal cavity and sinuses are situated adjacent to the eye and its nerve, the tear duct, blood vessels and a fluid containing sac that covers the brain. Damage to these structures is extremely rare. To minimise these risks, surgeons use their experience, knowledge of the surrounding anatomy and CT scans of the area which provide a map of regions that are safe and unsafe to operate upon.

What happens after the operation?

There is usually no pain or external bruising involved and people typically go home the same day. If you required nasal packing, Dr. Michael may arrange for an overnight stay for observation. The nasal packs are then removed the day following the operation. You are likely to feel congested (similar to a heavy cold) for a period of 4-6 weeks. To aid with healing, you will be asked to regularly irrigate your nose with a salt water solution. Dependent upon your sinus issues, you may also be given additional medicines.

You will be seen at regular intervals to assess for complications and assess your progress.

Are there any precautions that I should undertake?

If you are undertaking desk-duties, 1 week of leave from work may be sufficient. However, if you are in a more active profession, 2 weeks leave should be considered owing to the risk of bleeding. You should refrain from exercise for 4-6 weeks.


Shah Cheragh Mausoleum, the Magnificent Mirrored Mosque in Shiraz - Eavar travel

Shah Cheragh Mausoleum, the Magnificent Mirrored Mosque in Shiraz

February 19

There are a number of mosques, holy shrines, and Imam Zadeh in Iran, and Shah Cheragh Mausoleum is the third most important religious sites in the country. The mausoleum attracts millions of tourists on an annual basis.

Looking to the monument from outside, it seems like an ordinary mosque with a tomb and two minarets, but what makes it so different and valuable is the breathtaking interior design, with millions of small mirror and glass pieces covering the walls and ceiling of the temple. Therefore, Shah Cheragh Mausoleum is known as the magnificent mirrored mosque in Shiraz.

Let’s take a deeper look into the history, design, and other aspects of this unique monument.

Ahmad ibn Mousa known as Shah Cheragh

The shrine of Ahmad ibn Mousa known as Shah Cheragh, who is one of the descendants of the prophet of Islam, Prophet Muhammad is one of the most important and largest shrines in Shiraz. Ahmad ibn Mousa is actually the brother of Imam Reza and the son of the seventh Shia Imam.

Ahmad ibn Mousa was martyred along with a large number of his relatives during his trip to the city of Tous, the headquarters of the Abbasid Caliph Mamoun, on the order of this autocratic ruler in 2nd century AH.

He intended to meet his brother, Imam Reza, the 8th infallible successor to Prophet Muhammad, who had been forcibly taken to this city.

The tomb of Seyyed Amir Mohammad, the brother of Shah Cheragh, is also located in the eastern corner of the shrine and decorated with mirrors. The sepulcher of this tomb is made of silver and has been chiseled by highly skilled Iranian artists.

History of Shah Cheragh

The tomb of Ahmad ibn Mousa was discovered in the 11th century and a mausoleum was built over it. During the 14th century, a major project on the monument was commissioned by Queen Tash Khatun, the mother of Shah Abu Ishaq Inju, the last ruler of the Injuid Dynasty. The project of repairing and extension started in 1344 and finished by 1349. The additional sections, includes a hall of audience, a college, and a tomb for the queen herself. Also, a unique Quran was also presented to the monument. Whilst the structures set up by the queen is no longer in existence, the Quran that she presented has been preserved, and is today housed in the Pars Museum in Shiraz.

During the rule of Shah Ismail I in the 16th century, this mausoleum was repaired. However, ninety years later, following an earthquake, half of this mausoleum was destroyed and was later renovated.

In 1827, the Qajar ruler, Fath Ali Shah Qajar, presented an ornamental railing for the tomb. In 1958, the original dome was removed, due to the numerous cracks on it. This was replaced by an iron structure in the shape of the original dome, which is lighter, and expected to last longer.

Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, the shrine was widely renovated. Its courtyard and sanctum were expanded.

The current Shah Cheragh Shrine includes a porch and numerous chambers linked to the tomb.

The shrine’s architecture, mirror decorations, calligraphies, plasterworks and the silver doors of the porch are valuable examples of this Islamic artwork.

In 1940, the Shah Cheragh Mausoleum was registered as the national monuments of Iran.

It worth to know the name of Shah Cheragh which literally means ‘King of the Light’ refers to the circumstances in which a grave found and later this shrine established over that. It is said that the discovery of the site is attributed to Ayatullah Dastgha’ib, who, according to tradition, used to see, from a distance, a light being emitted from this place. Out of curiosity, he decided to go closer and investigate the source. He founded a grave in a graveyard, and began digging, and found a corpse wearing a suit of armor. There was also a ring, with the inscription “al-‘Izzatu Lillāh, Ahmad bin Mūsā”, which meant “The Pride belongs to God, Ahmad son of Musa”. Thus, it was by this means that the grave of Ahmad was discovered.

Shiraz Shah Cheraq

Interior Design of Shah Cheragh

The interior design of the enormous dome is inlaid with hundreds of thousands of finely-crafted tiles, while the interior walls are covered with pieces of dazzling and pale glass intermixed with tiles colored green, yellow, red and blue.

Large windows made up of stained glass mosaics reach down to the ground and allow light to flood into the temple. The mirrored glass reflects this light in all directions, and has been described as an ‘exploded mirror ball’.

The decorative work in a mosaic of mirror glass, the inscriptions in stucco, the ornamentation, the doors covered with panels of silver, the portico, and the wide courtyard are most attractive. The tomb, with its latticed railing, is in an alcove between the space beneath the dome and the mosque. And this custom of placing the tomb in this position, so that it is not directly under the dome, is to be seen in other famous places of pilgrimage in the city of Shiraz and may be considered a special feature of Shiraz shrines.

The shrine is beautiful at any time of the day but especially at dawn and night time when you can admire the beauty of the reflected colors and lights of the tiles.

Address and Opening hours:

Address: Lotf Ali Khan Zand Street, Piroozi Street, Shiraz

Phone: (+98 71) 3213 1368

Visiting days and hours: Every day, 24 hours a day

Remaining characters


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immune boostig

5 Reasons to Love Elderberries: Health Benefits and More

Health, Ingredient SpotlightAlana Holloway

A little tale about elderberries…

My first experience with the humble elderberry was when I was a wee young thing.  My dear Gran used to look after my sisters and me in the Summer holidays and we would often rope her into doing all sorts of things, as grandchildren are so very good at doing.  Her well-thumbed WI Cookbook would always be pulled from the shelves and on this occasion, I stumbled across a recipe for elderberry syrup.  It must’ve been the very end of the holidays as a few moments later, we were walking down the lane to pick ourselves some elderberries.  Once we had cleaned, picked and simmered the elderberries in water and sugar, we strained and bottled the cooled liquid and put it aside until it was ‘ready’… reading this back now, I really have no idea what we made that required us to wait! Wine?!  After all that effort and patience, I couldn’t wait to taste our magic potion. A few visits later, we popped the top, mixed with water and sipped on a glass.  I HATED it!!  I was so disappointed and vowed never to try elderberries again with no idea that years (and years) later, I’d be flavouring Kefir with it and drinking it like it was going out of fashion!

As FBL grows older and more seasons pass, I am even more drawn to using the seasonal ingredients I find on my doorstep.  Mother Nature continuously proves that she’s got our backs, providing us with what we need to survive and thrive throughout the ever changing ebbs and flows of life. Elderberries are probably one of the best examples of that. As the sunlight hours reduce and the nights draw in, the temperatures dip and central heating gets turned on, it’s vital that we increase our intake of immune boosting foods high in vitamin-C to ward off the coughs and colds that inevitably follow the back to school period.  Read on to find out more…

-      Elderberries immune boosting power comes from the flavonoids (a group of phytonutrients aka plant chemicals, responsible for vivid, deep and rich colours in plant foods).  Flavonoids are powerful anti-oxidants that help keep our immune systems fighting fit.

-      Elderberries are extremely high in fibre, therefore promoting good digestive health and constipation relief.  We use re-hydrated elderberries to make an elderberry puree to flavour our Autumn Berry Kefir, meaning some of that fibre remains in the bottled, finished product.  Dried elderberries can also be added to cakes, muffins, sauces and jams to increase their fibre content.

-      Elderberry syrup has been used for centuries to ward off and treat colds, coughs and flu. It boasts anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties and works a treat… hence it sticking around for so long.

-      High in both vitamins A and C, elderberries are a great addition to your diet if you’re looking to improve the health and appearance of your skin.

-      Elderberries have anti-inflammatory properties and can help to reduce swelling in mucous membranes such as your sinuses, helping to reduce nasal congestion, aka the sniffles!


Wisconsin Athletic Directors Association

WADA will be a nationally recognized innovator serving its members while conserving education based athletics.

  1. Promote high standards of professional ethics and integrity for athletic administrators.
  2. Operate WADA organization with fiscal responsibility.
  3. Provide ongoing mentoring, networking and support for WADA members.
  4. Provide opportunities for professional growth in athletic administration. through annual conference, LTI, and other professional development opportunities.
  5. Recognize the achievements of members’ and constituents’.
  6. Provide information and facilitate communication with members.
  7. Create a clearinghouse of best practices and resource documents.
  8. Provide valuable service to recruit, retain, and increase membership.
  9. Foster relationships with professional organizations statewide and nationally.
  10. Gather and disseminate data related to education based athletics and athletic administration.
  11. Communicate and advocate with political organizations related to education based athletic administration.
  12. Engage in leadership contribution through participation at National Conference.

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4) 3D Printed Bubble-Shaped Habitation Spaces –

French company, Fabulous has envisaged a specific form of a Martian habitat that will feature two concentric domes, segregated by pockets of water in between (for protection against harmful solar radiation). Named as the Sfero House, the resultant bubble-shaped structure will comprise two levels connected by a spiral staircase. Now of course, beyond just sounding cool, the term ‘Sfero’ has a special meaning, as it denotes the combination of words sphere, iron and water – with the latter two being the chief ‘usable’ resources found on the Mars surface. In that regard, the designers have envisioned their ‘human habitation on Mars’ project to harvest iron oxide, the mineral compound that endows the planet its characteristic red color.

Consequently, the pod’s basic structure will built using the drilled iron particles, while the water, present in 30-cm-wide pockets between the two metallic shells, is extracted from deep within the Martian soil. According to NASA, around 1.5 to 3-percent of water exists in the planet’s permafrost (or soil that remains below freezing point all through the year) especially in the polar regions. So, a special robotic mechanism shaped like a pole-like automaton, will extract water and iron particles from the soil, with the aid of one of its arms. The other arm extension would incorporate a metal 3D printer that can produce molten iron with the help of a high-powered laser. And after the foundation is built, the robot can proceed on to fabricate the external structure of the Sfero House with the collected raw materials.

5) Frozen Carbon Dioxide Fueled Engines –

Researchers from the Northumbria and Edinburgh Universities have devised a prototype mechanism that encompasses carbon fueled engines for Mars. Taking advantage of the physical phenomenon known as Leidenfrost effect, the envisioned engine would actually make use of the dry-ice deposits found on Mars, as opposed to making round trips to Earth for fueling. In other words, it is potentially a sustainable alternative to a conventional scope, and would be dependent on the native resources of the red planet – thus allowing for continued manned missions and even human activities (like colonization) on Mars’ surface.

The Leidenfrost effect in itself pertains to a scenario when a liquid is in contact with a hot surface that has a higher temperature than the liquid’s boiling point. This contact instantly transforms the ‘touching’ layer of the liquid into vapor – which in turn insulates the (still) liquid portion from the heat. For example, when water is dropped into a heated frying pan, the droplets canter around the surface – because of the layer of insulating vapor that allows them to levitate above the pan.

As for the prototype in question, the scientists used a circular block of dry ice above the heated aluminum surface – and the result pertained to the levitating of the block above the aluminum due to the aforementioned cushion of vapor due to Leidenfrost effect. However, the researchers did make one significant change to the experiment. Instead of having a plane surface, they modified the aluminum with circular ridges. This alteration of the surface directly affected the ‘floating’ motion of the dry ice by spinning it in a circular motion (as opposed to longitudinal motion), like a turbine.

The spinning motion in turn was utilized to produce alternating current, with the aid of a system of magnets and copper coils. In essence, the entire contraption acted as an electric motor that generated power from the Leidenfrost effect between the dry ice and heated aluminum. To that end, it should be duly noted – this is the first time in the history of mankind that Leidenfrost effect had been utilized to produce a credible form of energy. And even beyond innovation, this trick may very well play its practical part on the Mars surface, for both vehicular and power needs that could aid the human habitation on Mars.

6) Commercial Resupply Services For Mars Manned Missions –

Till now, we had been harping about habitats and living conditions on Mars. However, the other part of the equation crucially relates to the transportation and storage systems that could facilitate human habitation on Mars. Regarding the latter scope, NASA had already contemplated a Commercial Resupply Services 2 (CRS-2) program that will acquire designs of specialized cargo ships for re-supplying ISS and Mars missions. And, Lockheed Martin in collaboration with Thales Alenia (from Italy) and MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates (from Canada), have conceptualized their version of the CRS-2 with a solution. This ‘collective’ solution entails – a cargo container called Exoliner, an orbital vehicle named Jupiter, and a special robotic arm for this Jupiter module.

Delving into a bit of details, the Jupiter will essentially function as a reusable space-servicing vehicle (based on MAVEN). Simply put, it can be ‘parked’ in the orbit, and will act as a payload-transferring vehicle that will aid the cargo containers sent skywards from the station or any planet’s surface. As for Exoliner, the disposable vessel is designed with a cargo-carrier component with a capacity to carry over 14,000 lbs (6,500 kg) of payload. And finally, when it comes to the usage pattern, both the Jupiter and Exoliner could be launched together when attached to an Atlas V rocket. In essence, the collective system can be used for hauling of supplies (like food, fuel and equipment) for deep space missions, or even morphed into an assembled habitable module for expeditionary missions to Mars.

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Scientists in the US have created a 3D printed bionic skin that could let robots feel. The stretchable electronic fabric can be printed onto a device and, potentially in the future, directly onto human skin. This could pave the way for wearable technology that could be used to monitor soldiers in the field, for example. Researchers say the next step will be to print onto a body, adding that the possibilities for the future are endless.


Ham radio

"DSP" at Wikipedia

Efficient algorithm to compute a DFT for an arbitrary set of frequencies

I developed this specific algorithm for one of my projects. Similar to "Goertzels Algorithm" it should be used to compute the DFT of a small, limited number of frequencies rather than the whole spectra.

Direct synthesis of an arbitrary waveform signal

The principle described provides an easy way to design an arbitrary digital waveform generator that can be used up to very high frequencies with comparably low noise generation. For certain applications it provides a good alternative to the standard DDS-approach.

P.S. Sorry, but the abstract is (so far) only available in German.

Number puzzle

"Number" is an entertaining by-product of one of my DSP-projects. It was written in MS-EXCEL VBA (sorry, I've yet to find the time to transfer it into some decent programming language ;-) The underlying idea is to generate what is known as a "Magic Square" based on variations of a single numerical sequences. In DSP-language the result of those variations is a multitude of different spectra, all having the same power. Once the algorithm has been unveiled, filling the square becomes very easy.

Have fun!

Numbers.xlsm (Excel 2007) Numbers.xls (Excel 97-2003)


Enter a search term and click .

This section describes how to film movies in auto mode.

  1. Press the drive button and select FMOVIE.

  2. Adjust settings for program AE.

    A Aperture A (auto)
    B Shutter speed A (auto)
    C Focus mode S (single AF)

    To use the shutter speed dial, press the dial lock release and rotate the dial to the desired setting.

  3. Press the shutter button to start recording. A recording indicator (V) and the time remaining are displayed while recording is in progress.

  4. Press the button again to end recording. Recording ends automatically when the maximum length is reached or the memory card is full.

Sound is recorded via the built-in microphone or an optional external microphone. Do not cover the microphone during recording.

Note that the microphone may pick up lens noise and other sounds made by the camera during recording.

Vertical or horizontal streaks may appear in movies containing very bright subjects. This is normal and does not indicate a malfunction.

The indicator lamp lights while recording is in progress.

Zoom can be adjusted using the zoom ring on the lens (if available).

If the lens is equipped with an aperture ring, select the aperture mode before beginning recording. If an option other than A is selected, shutter speed and aperture can be adjusted while recording is in progress.

During recording, you can change exposure compensation by up to ±2 EV.

Recording may be unavailable at some settings, while in other cases settings may not apply during recording.

Using an External Microphone

Sound can be recorded with external microphones that connect using jacks 2.5 mm in diameter; microphones that require plug-in power cannot be used. See the microphone manual for details.

The dialog shown at right will be displayed when a microphone is connected to the microphone/remote release connector. Press MENU/OK and select MIC/REMOTE RELEASE > mMIC.

Adjusting Movie Settings

Frame size and rate can be selected using BMOVIE SETTING > MOVIE MODE.

To choose the card used to store movies, use DSAVE DATA SET-UP > MOVIE FILE DESTINATION.

Focus mode is selected using the focus mode selector; for continuous focus adjustment, select C, or choose S and enable Intelligent Face Detection. Intelligent Face Detection is not available in focus mode M.

Depth of Field

Choose low f-numbers to soften background details.


In lots of regular foods which can be on our table, a substance that causes tumour was found. This is a substance called acrylamide, and are available in crackers, potato chips, fried potatoes, coffee as well as in certain foods for infants. While frying these foods this dangerous compound is generated through the thermal heating. Kids will be the most exposed due to the low body weight. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) supported the risk from acrylamide and already started to propose new laws which will be a subject to oversight in the food industry, reports Daily Mail.Chemical That Causes Cancer Is Discovered In Products That We Consume Daily!

In the united kingdom, food manufacturers happen to be under pressure to improve the manner of processing food for the newest procedure to decrease the levels of acrylamide.

Exactly why is this a compound that is dangerous? Acrylamide, when consumed orally is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is spread to each of the vital organs, where’s being metabolized. Glycidamide that happens in the procedure causes genetic mutations and tumours that people find on the lab animals, describes Dr. Diana Bedfort which is the head of the Committee of EFSA, which copes with the research on acrylamide.


Sunday, 8 December 2013

‘My dearest love’: The Macbeths; or how to succeed at marriage

When Duncan and Banquo arrive at Macbeth’s castle, they take a moment to enjoy the surrounding landscape and local wildlife:

This castle hath a pleasant seat, the air
Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself
Unto our gentle senses.

                                    This guest of summer,
The temple-haunting martlet, does approve,
By his loved masonary, that the Heaven's breath
Smells wooingly here; no jutty, frieze,
Buttress, nor coign of vantage, but this bird
Hath made his pendant bed and procreant cradle;
Where they must breed and haunt, I have observed
There air is delicate.

Now, we can read this as just a nice little passage; some light relief from all the dark, claustrophobic, demonic things that happen elsewhere in the play. The little martlet does ‘haunt’ the castle, but it does so benignly; it’s a bird that only breeds if the air is good and wholesome, or ‘delicate’. There isn’t a cannibalistic horse in sight (2.4.18)—yet. But there is something more interesting going on here; something about how the martlet uses the Macbeths’ castle, and about that couple’s own domestic situation.

‘[T]his bird | hath made his pendant bed and procreant cradle; | where they must breed

This is the perfect Scottish retreat in which to bring up children. Banquo and Duncan realise this, as do the birds. So why do Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have none?

This is actually a question that has been asked by many critics and directors of the play, and there isn’t really a satisfactory answer. Indeed, most people tend to fudge what I argue is one of the key interpretative issues in the play: the Oxford editor, Nicholas Brooke, admits that ‘it should be impossible to go behind the direct assertion of a dramatic character and question its veracity unless the context gives her the lie. Macbeth does not retort “When did you ever give suck?”; so there it is, she did. Or did she? […] it is impenetrably ambiguous whether she means it, let along whether it is true or not.’ (Macbeth, p. 14) This is typical of criticism, but, I think, misguided.

The internal evidence in Lady Macbeth’s ‘I have given suck’ speech (1.7.47–59) briefly alluded to above, seems to offer a conclusive answer to the question: she is sure about the reality of her once-upon-a-time motherhood. The speech makes a big deal out of the move from the indicative (‘I have given’, ‘I know’) to the conditional/subjunctive (‘I would’, ‘had I so sworn’), which is in turn answered by Macbeth’s hedging ‘If we should fail?’ (59). It is interesting that Lady Macbeth should make the transition from concrete declamations of action to hypothetical ‘what ifs’; Macbeth, we notice, goes in the opposite direction—from ‘If chance will have me King, why chance may crown me’ (1.3.44, my emphasis), from prophecy and ambition, to the King of Scotland running against a moving wood that he never thought would come (‘At least we’ll die with harness on our back’ [5.6.52]). Both characters begin and end the play on opposite sides of an epistemological divide—opposite both in terms of themselves but also in relation to each other. As Lady Macbeth moves from knowledge to uncertainty to complete senselessness so Macbeth becomes surer about what he must do and about the outcome. She is the yin to his yang, complementing him in this strange dance toward their respective destructions, but they are not the same.
There is of course a midpoint between their two journeys, and we see this when they meet, literally and mentally, outside Duncan’s chamber after the murder in act 2 scene 2. He finally acts rather than just thinking about doing so, committing himself to the event and forcing himself to see it through—‘I have done the deed’ (2.2.15)—which, thanks to Lady M’s persuasiveness, constitutes a complete sea change from his opening speech about why he should abandon their plan in act 1 scene 7. She, on the other hand, starts to lose heart when she sees Duncan sleeping (‘Had he [Duncan] not resembled | My father as he slept, I had done’t. [2.2.13–14])—it’s as though between the two of them all bases are covered but they can never occupy the same space simultaneously.

Anyway, back to the birds. There is a sense that the martlet scene is just crude foreshadowing of the plot: it should be a pleasant home, full of the laughter and the joy of children, free from domestic cares, but ends up being a place of murder, treason, and paranoid tyranny. We realise that there is a disconnect between what Banquo and Duncan say (happy fathers both) and the reality of the Macbeths’ lifestyle—we expect bad things to happen. But in a play that is obsessed with prophecy and things fated, we should see this as another form of pre-destined knowledge; the Macbeths don’t have children in a place where they should, precisely because what we witness happening over the course of the story was always going to happen.

There is something odd about Lady Macbeth’s talking about a child she has reared. If it is a true fact—and I tentatively believe it is—it is only a fact for her. Brooke is quite right to say that ‘Macbeth does not retort “When did you ever give suck?”’, but it is clear he has never been a father. A. C. Bradley discusses this very issue in his lecture on Macbeth (Shakespearean Tragedy, p. 395) and suggests that: ‘It may even be, or have been, her [Lady M’s] child by a former husband; though if Shakespeare had followed history in making Macbeth marry a widow (as some writers gravely assume) he would probably have told us so.’ This is interesting, though I’m unsure about how far to take this point precisely because Shakespeare never did tell us so. Macbeth never mentions a child from the past, but only ever looks to the future, to his legacy. Indeed, Macduff tells us explicitly that ‘He has no children’ (4.3.216). But he wants to: ‘Bring forth men-children only’ (1.7.73). He expects to have children, at least in part of the play, sometime later. When Banquo is told he will have sons who will rule, Macbeth can’t let this happen because they are a threat to him (and his as yet unborn successors). Macbeth just can’t think ‘I’ll be King for now, and seeing as I have no offspring, when I die Banquo’s sons will take over, good for them’, but instead he collapses the future with the present: Fleance and his brothers are a problem for Macbeth now because he is alone, only himself, he has no children to secure his position as king.

Regardless, children are a problem for the play. How do you deal with fathers and sons in a world where to be a son is no guarantee of inheritance; where to be a prince does not automatically make you a king (1.4.38–40)? Is Fleance really a threat to Macbeth or is that threat merely imagined? (He does, after all, manage to escape—like Malcolm—and revenging sons always get their way in Shakespeare: Edgar King Lear, Hamlet and Laertes in Hamlet, Richard III). But where do you draw the line? Killing Macduffs family seems gratuitous, paranoid, not politically estute; at least Richard III killed children he knew would cause him a headache later on.

Lady Macbeth is often taken to be the more ruthless and, in some productions, thoroughly evil character than her husband. This is to grossly misunderstand who she is and what her motivations are, I believe. Her brutal self-determination comes from nothing more than love for her husband, a man for whom she has failed to deliver a child—made more disappointing if she did have one before her marriage with Macbeth. When she is told of the witches prophecy, she makes her decision to fulfil it at all costs: ‘Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be | What thou art promised’ (1.5.14–15). She knows that ‘Thou [Macbeth] wouldst be great, | Art not without ambition, but without | The illness should attend it’ (17–18). In other words, her husband is too decent a human being to do what is necessary to get the crown; and we see this is true in his own speeches near the start of the play. So she takes on the sin; becomes sexless; ‘top-full | Of direst cruelty’ (41). Not because she is, but because he isn’t. She does it because she knows he cannot. It is the ultimate sacrifice; the ultimate act of selfless love. There is no mention of herself in this entire speech, no ‘I’, only ‘you’; only him, only Macbeth.

The price she pays is insanity, doomed to relive the horror of the murder every night, unable to wash away the blood, unable to clean the stain from her own once-wholesome conscience. Until it becomes too much and she ends her own life. And all Macbeth can do is wish for a Tomorrow that will never arrive to mourn for her. For now, for the present, he has other things on his mind, things he once thought could never happen—walking trees, unmothered sons—things that, unlike everything else, Lady Macbeth never thought about either.


Type 2 diabetes is related to which endocrine gland images,january 31 zodiac sign gemini,diabetes diet free foods - Review

Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Diabetes insipidus, also called DI, is a rare condition that leads to frequent urination (passing a lot of clear urine) and excessive thirst. Did You Know?DI is not related to diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2 diabetes), which is when your levels of blood sugar (glucose) are too high. The amount of fluid in your body is a balance between how much liquid you drink and how much urine you make. DefinitionsAntidiuretic hormone (ADH): A hormone that helps the kidneys work well and keeps blood levels of sodium (salt) and water in the normal range. You also might have an imaging test of your head (an MRI) to check for problems with your pituitary gland. The pituitary releases enough ADH into the body but your kidneys can’t respond to it. The Hormone Health Network partners with other organizations to further patient education on hormone related issues.
Send Home Our method Usage examples Index Statistics Advertise with us ContactWe do not evaluate or guarantee the accuracy of any content in this site. Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a group of metabolic diseases characterized by secondary hyperglycaemia to an absolute or relative defect in insulin secretion, which is accompanied, to a greater or lesser extent, by alterations in the metabolism of lipids and proteins, which leads to micro- and macro-vascular impairment affecting different organs such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and vessels. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) corresponds to the entity formerly termed insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes mellitus, in which the destruction of the pancreatic β cells leads to an absolute insulin deficiency.
DM1 B or idiopathic: as opposed to DM1 A, DM1 B includes patients with the same or similar characteristics, without auto-immunity or predisposing HLA haplotypes data.
The autoantibodies against these antigens can be detected in the serum of patients with DM1, and this has been used as an aid in the diagnosis, classification, and prediction of the disease13. The GPC NICE 20047, based on a report carried out by consensus by the WHO15, does not recomm end regular measuring of the C-peptide nor specific autoantibodies to confirm the diagnosis of DM1, but it does recommend its use if this will help to differentiate DM1 from DM2. An SR of observational studies17 analyzed the clinical usefulness of the determination of some immunological markers, such as the antiglutamate decarboxylase 65 (GADA) antibodies, the islet cell antibodies (ICA), the insulin antibodies (IAA), the anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (anti-IA2) and zinc antiporter (anti-ZnT8) in clinical practice, and described the utility of autoantibodies in the classification of diabetes.
The determination of autoantibodies is valid for the differential diagnosis of DM1 with other types of diabetes17.
Regular measurement of the C-peptide or specific antibodies to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 is not advisable, but its use should be covnsidered to determine the aetiology of autoimmune diabetes in doubtful cases.
In newly diagnosed DM1 patients, a partial reset of the β function, shortly after diagnosis, is frequent leading to a reduction in the need for exogenous insulin and improved metabolic control. Different factors of individual, clinical, metabolic and immune character have been identified as potential inducers of SR and determinants of its duration. The NICE Guide 20047 evaluated the SR for diabetes in the section 'Natural History of Diabetes ". With respect to the influence of the age in the onset of SR, these same studies found that children with younger age at diagnosis were less likely to experience a phase of SR, which in turn showed that remissions were shorter.
Mutations in the glucokinase gene (MODY2) are diagnosed in the paediatric population and the mutations in the HFN1A gene (MODY3) in the adult population. The involvement of different genes leads to the different subtypes of MODY diabetes, having variable characteristics in relation to the age of appearance as with the severity of hyperglycaemia or associated clinical characteristics.
Sometimes a diagnosis of diabetes in a child or adolescent with few or inexistent symptoms leads to an erroneous diagnosis of DM1. The latest information regarding the indication of the genetic study to discard MODY diabetes comes from good practice guidelines for molecular genetic diagnosis of MODY diabetes developed by consensus by a group of European clinicians and scientists32. In a significant proportion of young non-obese patients who presented mild and persistent fasting hyperglycaemia, a heterozygous mutation in the glucokinase gene will be found. Patients with this disorder have slow and continuous fasting hyperglycaemia, and babies who do not inherit the mutation can be macrosomic. If hyperglycaemia is more severe and progressive rule, it is recommended to rule out MODY 3 diabetes. If genetic testing were negative for MODY 2 and MODY 3, the rest of MODY varieties would have to be ruled out.
Is it necessary to rule out autoimmune diseases that are associated with diabetes mellitus type 1? How should autoimmune diseases associated with diabetes mellitus type 1 in the initial study be considered? How often should autoimmune diseases that are associated with diabetes mellitus type 1 be assessed in monitoring? DM1 is associated with other autoimmune diseases with organ-specific autoantibody production, such as celiac disease, autoimmune thyroid disease and Addison's disease.

The screening of these autoantibodies in DM1 patients can detect organ-specific autoimmunity prior to the development of the disease and an early detection can prevent significant morbidities and long-term complications of these diseases.
Based on these data, the ISPAD group recommends by consensus to carry out screening of the thyroid function based on the analysis of TSH and circulating antibodies at the time of diagnosis of diabetes and, thereafter, every two years in asymptomatic patients without goiter or absence of thyroid autoantibodies.
According to data provided by the CPG ISPAD, the prevalence of CD is associated with DM1 from 1 to 10% in children and adolescents with diabetes34.
The screening was based on the detection of anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA) and anti-transglutaminase antibodies (TG2), the first more specific (100% vs. A retrospective observational study37,conducted in Spain in 261 children and adolescents under 18 years with DM1, found an 8% prevalence of CD (21 of 261 patients studied).
In a multicenter observational study36the presence of CD if TG2 antibodies were greater than 10 U was assessed. A retrospective observational study38 conducted in a cohort of 950 children with DM1 in monitoring in the department of paediatric endocrinology of the University Hospital Robert Debre de Paris, in Paris, assessed the prevalence of histologically documented CD. A prospective cohort study39 investigated the prevalence of CD in a cohort of 300 children and adolescents with newly diagnosed DM1 and evaluated the screening procedure and the possible role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DQ) for a five-year follow up.
The genotypes among patients with DM1 who developed CD were not different from those with only DM1. The results of this study confirm the low prevalence of CD at the time of diagnosis of DM1.
In connection with Addison's disease associated with DM1, ISPAD, as published in its CPG in 200734, indicates that up to 2% of patients with DM1 have detectable adrenal antibodies and that Addison's disease is associated with DM1 in autoimmune syndromes.
The presence of antithyroid autoantibodies is more common in women and more frequent at an older age at the time of diagnosis of diabetes and when the duration of diabetes is longer.36.
The presence of specific antibodies for celiac disease is more common at a younger age at the time of diagnosis of diabetes and when the duration of diabetes is longer39. Regarding Addison's disease, there is currently not enough evidence available to make a recommendation on the systematic screening of autoimmune suprarenal disease. Autoimmune thyroid disease and celiac disease at the onset of diabetes mellitus type 1 in children and adolescents should be ruled out.
This study should be done every two years for the first 10 years of disease progression and then every five years.
Other complications are dehydration, low blood pressure, and high sodium levels in the blood. The goal of treatment for all types of DI is to relieve thirst and to decrease the amount of urine being made. This can result from the prescription drug lithium, sickle cell disease, or genetic problems. Usually, adults don’t have serious problems unless they do not have access to water or other fluids. In the current classification, the DM1 is divided into two subtypes: DM1 A or autoimmune and DM1 B or idiopathic. The autoantibodies can be detected even during the prodromal stage, as in the case of DM1 type A, during which although there are no clinical symptoms, there is a destruction of the β cells14.
The anti-islet antibodies (ICA) are associated with a different clinical course to that of patients who do not experience them: they are leaner, progress faster towards the need for insulin and have a lower secretion of the C-peptide.
Most are very heterogeneous observational studies regarding the definitions of SR and none of them matches the definition adopted by the development group of this CPG.
Likewise, it is necessary to point out that this entails no cure for the disease and that after this period insulin doses will have to be increased again. MODY diabetes is considered a monogenic disease, of autosomal dominant inheritance (presence of the mutation in heterozygosity), and currently at least seven different genes responsible for it have been identified (Table 1). The people with MODY2 are diagnosed at younger ages than those with other types and, in general, are well controlled by diet and exercise. The phenotype presented by the different subtypes of MODY diabetes can guide the molecular genetic diagnosis and, depending on the affected gene, can predict the evolution and adaptation of the treatments. It is therefore important, in the absence of specific positive autoantibodies and an incompatible HLA, to assess the possibility of a study of monogenic DM.The personal and family history, the severity and frequency can orientate towards the specific type of study which to begin from. Its diagnosis is important, since the management is different in the case of this mutation to that of prediabetes type 2.
It is associated with macrosomia (approximately 56% of mutation carriers) and transient neonatal hypoglycaemia (approximately 15% of the mutation carriers). An estimate of the prevalence of these autoimmune diseases associated with DM1 is shown in Table 2. It is the most common and includes patients with DM1 and associated autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune thyroid disease, Addison's disease, primary hypogonadism, myasthenia gravis, celiac disease, arthropathy and vitiligo.

Antithyroid antibodies appear in the first years in 25% of patients and are prone to develop, both clinical and subclinical, hypothyroidism.
Often, the disease is asymptomatic and not necessarily associated with lower growth or poor glycaemic control.
Should the clinical condition suggest the existence of CD or in case the child has a first degree relative with CD, assessment should be done more frequently.
The biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of CD between 44 and 100% of patients with DM1 and positive EMA. The analysis of antigliadin, antirreticulin, EMA and TG2 antibodies was carried out between one and seven times in each patient and all patients with positive antibodies underwent an intestinal biopsy.
This analysis was performed at the time of diagnosis and then a screening was carried out on an annual basis for EMA. By screening, an increase in the prevalence of silent CD over five years of follow up, with increased risk of development during the first two years of diagnosis is observed.
There is no clear association of the presence of ACA with the age, sex and duration of diabetes. Moreover, the presence of GADA determines a slowly progressive autoimmune diabetes in adults. The majority of patients still need a certain amount of insulin (even low doses) and very few can do completely without it.
Therefore, the results of two of these studies were not considered adequate to answer the question posed, according to the established criteria.
The cases of diabetes with MODY criteria, but without alteration in any of the known genes, are called MODY X.
Performing a diagnosis of monogenic subtype DM can predict the most likely course of the disease and modify the treatment. Hyperthyroidism, either by Graves disease or by the hyperthyroid phase of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is less common than hypothyroidism in patients with diabetes.
CD was diagnosed after diagnosis of DM1 in 73% of cases, and the mean duration of DM1 at the time of diagnosis of CD was 4 years (0-13 years). The data in this review suggest that between 3 and 40% of patients with positive ACA develop DM1 and Addison's disease. If you take in less water, the kidneys make less urine and send water back into your blood.
In the UKPDS study18 12% of patients with DM2 had ICA or GADA at the time of diagnosis, and 4% had both. Furthermore, the detection of gene alteration will allow early identification of family and an earlier treatment.
However, hyperthyroidism is more common in patients with diabetes than in the general population.
The authors of this CPG recommend carrying out an intestinal biopsy to confirm the diagnosis when there is a rise in antibodies.
The EMA antibodies were positive in 15 patients and antinuclear antibodies were positive in three patients. ADH is released if you get dehydrated and the sodium level in the blood rises, which helps your kidneys retain water.
The phenotype of patients with both antibodies was similar to that classically described for DM1 and at different ages, 59-94% required insulin within 6 years compared to 5-14% for those without either ICA or GADA. In the long term, there was a decrease in patients with positive antithyroid antibodies (1995: 21% vs. The long-term benefit of a gluten-free diet in asymptomatic children diagnosed with EC by routine screening has not been documented.
EMA seroconversion was observed in two patients after 2 and 6 years of diagnosis of diabetes, respectively. Both autoantibodies (isolated or combined) are associated with an intermediate phenotype (lower body mass, greater HbA1C and lower β-cell function, compared with patients without antibodies). Some people may have normal levels while fasting, but diabetes range levels after two hours. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, depending on whether they have Ac. Anti-Tg or both, is between 6 and 72% in patients with DM1 compared with a prevalence reaching up to 25% in the control population.

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Maryam Jahed, Founder

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I believe we all have a super power. That one thing that makes us stand out from the crowd. For me, it's connecting with others. I always felt a lot and connected to people through emotions. It made me very empathetic towards life around me. This has been a blessing and a curse. It's great becase I get to connect with people at a different level, but it is a curse because it's hard to go through a roller coaster of other people's emotions at all times.

I've heard a lot of stories about hard times. High performing people who felt lonely and overwhelmed because life was just going too fast for them. I wish they knew how much easier it could be for them. If only they accepted their negative feelings, they could actually act on it, and make changes to reduce their negative feelings about themselves.

We've made Airo for exactly that. To support you through your day. To keep you in check so you don't have to think about it. It'll bring awareness to your triggers at just the right times. It'll help you become more resilient. It'll help you accept yourself just as you are because that is the perfect you. Then and only then, your super power will shine bright. I am so excited to be a part of your growth journey!

Naman Kumar, Founder

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I learnt how to swim by diving into the pool head first. l learnt how to snowboard on a black diamond. I learnt how to code by getting the job then studying at night. My life is founded on the simple belief that if I enter the arena and don’t give up, I will make it.

But it has had it’s consequences. It is easy to do when you’re goal driven but it is also very painful. You start to ignore your emotions, your inner voice. You turn a blind eye towards yourself.

And then you miss your goal. I gained 100lbs of extra weight. My stress levels just went through the roof. My relationships started suffering. So did work.

Well I got over that but I don’t want anyone else to have to make the choice between drive and a good quality of life.

And that is why we invented Airo. Airo helps me realize when is the right time and when isn’t the right time to push myself. It let me discover my moments - weak and strong. It let me see when to give up and when to get back in.


Designer, Illustrator, Printmaker

Better Biomes

Better Biomes is a project centered around changing the way people receive information about climate change and environmental issues. Using five distinct icons, the major biomes (or habitats) of the Earth; tundra, grasslands, aquatic, forests, and deserts, are represented visually. Each icon shows an easily recognizable animal, plant, and landscape feature of the specific biome.

These icons lead a visual system designed to draw people in to appreciating aspects of each biome, and introduce important environmental concerns occurring there. Using this system, small pamphlets were created for each individual biome. These include a fact about the state of the environment in each biome, why it is important to protect, a map of where this very unique habitat occurs on Earth, and accessible ways that an individual can help or support the protection of this biome. A series of stickers, showing the icon for each biome, were also created to allow readers to actively show their support for the conservation of the biome they live in, or are making changes to support.

These pamphlets and stickers were created to be part of a larger campaign to create a sense of adoration and pride for each biome, while also recognizing the need for action there, without being accusatory to the reader.

Both items are designed to be accessible across adults and young audiences and create a sense of joy, excitement, and nostalgia for the biomes of the Earth, while also presenting the need for action.


Concept of ‘Beauty Is in the Observation of the Beholder’

Concept of ‘Beauty Is in the Observation of the Beholder’

In our lifestyle we go by many things, in some cases we give attention for them by seeing then in a fashion that our imagination are established in and sometimes many of us don’t even take the time to look. We may see and seach for the beauty during these things making use of the ways of information such as reason, emotion in addition to languages. As i think of these I found yourself in conclusion they must are members of a certain region of knowledge just like science, foi, arts and arithmetic. However in order to examine these we need the ways of knowledge, therefore after all areas of knowledge hinges on the ways of knowledge. Most of the times we now know that don’t assume all person in the world looks at the matters as some do. Currently said inside the claim ‘we see and also understand points not as they can be but as people are’. I think there is a few vision for every single thing.

Currently said ‘Beauty is in the eye of the beholder’.

On the other side with regards to maths you can find an answer that people are several off which inturn we caint disregard and can’t assert about just like 5+5=10, it is well known that this result is normally 10 that will everyone few one can come up with a different remedy, which means that we come across things because they are. But when it really is about the approaches we familiar with reach the actual theories which could differ from one person to another, enabling the person to think of theories like what he is not as other folks. When I deserve to do bunji getting I Choose to see it because to me I think that it is definitely a risky move to make, while many other people look for a look to them as the most harmful experience of existence. So in this case I would always be following my emotions regarding this certain factors and ruin the thoughts of others. A way of information is the reason with which we course and look whatsoever things. Such as in the area of the knowledge, we oftentimes look at the paintings and try to have an understanding of it how the artist explained it nevertheless deep inside what exactly really issues is the first impression about it weather it’s fantastic or not which try to consider it it appears while in front of our eye lids. In addition to that we can use all of our emotions to consider the painting like a professional and understand it, what does it suggest to us all? What do you experience about the shades? For example after look at a painting where it is rich in blue designs I would truly feel extremely lonesome and as a result I will feel the anger in the art work. On the other side the exact artist probably have used the coloration blue towards portray the feel of peacefulness.

So it is each of our emotions this help you to understand the entire world in a different way in comparison with others. This mood might play a major role to understand the painting like a professional because actually am within a good disposition I would to view colors in a very cheerful technique while I here’s in a negative frame of mind I would notice them while outrageous factor which will someway effect my opinion in the paining. In conclusion my favorite feelings as well as my tone can enormously effect my opinion about the art. Our culture can certainly play a good role in this understanding of the very painting as the way we see this painting them, for example Me a girl who else lives in the preservative spouse and children where mother and father have explained me not to look at topless painting. When I look at a naughty painting I had find it very interesting no matter how negative the performer was simply because I have never seen the naked body before, therefore for me the thought of such a painting draws very own attention to typically the max, which means that my view on the painting them would change from the award of other people. The dialect can also have an impact on my opinion a painting for the reason that way we communicate with other people in order to know their suggestions can be helpful, for example I am able to never learn what the designer exactly imply by him / her painting should i didn’t understand the language she actually is speaking to everyone with. Countries: I might certainly not think similar to the way as the specialit and people think about painting only am with a different customs than their own. For example in a certain customs the light dress implies wedding throughout my culture it doesn’t mean so , in the event the painting contained a light dress I wouldn’t know that the artisan is referring to a wedding. In terms of colors it could be scientifically approved that every man or woman sees area at distinct shades which allow us of having different opinions of the painting them. The mental state of a individual can affect their view regarding things, for instance a psychologically sick individual can have a look at an the apple company as a red ball but for us because healthy people we would approve the tennis ball when viewing it.

Issues affecting your mind such as medicines can also affect the way anyone under drug treatments sees issues. For instance in the event he looks at a forest it might be as if it were illusion for you to him or even like a large person standing in front regarding him but for us you can see and recognize that it’s a tree nothing else than some tree. But if you act like you think of this case we look at a sapling as a shrub, as anyone else see it; people don’t aim to think of it as something else. The field associated with specialization for all effects the path he perceives observe and appear at important things. For example your scientist will at the leaf of the woods as a way to obtain food for that plant since the photosynthesis appears there however t a fashion designer although look like it as a substance for the clothes productions. Accordingly to be able to housewives she’ll look at it for a decoration, the farmer will at it as source of located. To a mathematician he will contemplate it as a geometrical shape with various angels. A great artist can look at this a mixture of shades mixing with each other. As the end of the day the leaf is known as a leaf keeping track of we look from it. Any elevator’s gegenstand sound may seem to a music performer as an initial of a popular music chain of your song that should be completed by simply other appears in the around; on the other hand normally it may seem let alone meaningful. Feelings also can influence in your manner of treating in addition to thinking about ancidents like if personal pushed a person accidently or even got into the right while you are within the bad mood chances are you’ll explain it as if that person did it on purpose and make overwhelming out of it, in contrast if I was a student in a good state of mind and this situation occurred purposefully I may believe that it was by accident and forget it or even I will not have paid almost any attention to it again.

If a article author was present in a seen it may be reproduced in his mind with maximum details such as its different aspects, although some may keep in mind it typically with inferior details or maybe neither just like it is a day to day normal found. Blind may depend on this of impression instead of their non-existing picture, he will touching a lot of things and his instinct should help him learn things as well as feel things much more than a normal person do so frequently you see them have specified talents this differs them and extinguish them right from others.

So, what do you think ?


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References & Citations

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Physics > Fluid Dynamics

Title:Effect of layout on asymptotic boundary layer regime in deep wind farms

Abstract: The power output of wind farms depends strongly on spatial turbine arrangement, and the resulting turbulent interactions with the atmospheric boundary layer. The main goal of this work is to study the effect of turbine layout on the power output for large wind farms approaching a fully-developed regime. For this purpose we employ an experimental setup of a scaled wind farm with one-hundred porous disk models, of which sixty are instrumented with strain gages. Our experiments cover a parametric space of fifty-six different layouts for which the turbine-area-density is constant, focusing on different turbine arrangements including non-uniform spacings. The strain-gage measurements are used to deduce surrogate power and unsteady loading on turbines for each layout. Our results indicate that the power asymptote at the end of the wind farm depends on the layout in different ways. Firstly, for layouts with a relatively uniform spacing we find that the power asymptote in the fully developed regime reaches approximately the same value, similarly to the prediction of available analytical models. Secondly, we show that the power asymptote in the fully-developed regime can be lowered by inefficient turbine placement, for instance when a large number of the turbines are located in the near wake of upstream turbines. Thirdly, our experiments indicate that an uneven spacing between turbines can improve the overall power output for both the developing and fully-developed part of large wind farms. Specifically, we find a higher power asymptote for a turbine layout with a significant streamwise uneven spacing (i.e. a large streamwise spacing between pairs of closely spaced rows that are slightly staggered). Our results thereby indicate that such a layout may promote beneficial flow interactions in the fully-developed regime for conditions with a strongly prevailing wind direction.
Comments: Submitted to Physical Review Fluids
Subjects: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
Cite as: arXiv:1808.09579 [physics.flu-dyn]
  (or arXiv:1808.09579v1 [physics.flu-dyn] for this version)

Submission history

From: Juliaan Bossuyt [view email]
[v1] Tue, 28 Aug 2018 23:40:30 UTC (2,984 KB)


Kavli awards thesis on cells of all shapes and sizes (TU Delft/Delta)

(By: TU Delft/Delta) Dr Fabai Wu received the Kavli Delft thesis prize for his work on spatial organisation in nano sculptured bacteria. The jury found Wu’s thesis exceptional in quality and productivity.

Wu dived into a very fundamental question which affects all living things. Take cellular division for example, where all doubled chromosome pairs are lined-up perfectly in the middle of the cell before they get drawn to opposite sides of the cell. Apparently, there is a lot of internal organisation going on. But how exactly protein networks and chromosomes ‘feel’ the cell boundaries and organise their actions accordingly were largely unknown.

Wu studied the internal organisation of E.coli bacteria by forcing them to grow in the shape of circles, triangles, squares or rectangles within nanofabricated structures. “Remarkably, the dynamics of protein patterns and the integrity of the chromosomes are not disrupted in these shaped cells,” wrote Wu.

“We showed that these bacteria, despite having anomalous morphologies and large volumes, divide with remarkable robustness and accuracy comparable to normal rod-shaped cells. (…)Taken together, this thesis uncovered various mechanisms underlying the remarkable abilities of protein patterns and genomes to perceive cellular space and orchestrate dynamic actions that enable the propagation of life.”

Fundamental questions, remarkable experiments and a lyrical use of language. Wu’s thesis has it all.

Fabai Wu, Spatial organization in nano-sculptured bacteria, a tale of shape, scale, patterns, and genomes, PhD thesis supervisor Professor Cees Dekker, 27 October 2015.


Long term simulation of 2-D model with gravity

Hi all

I constructed a simple 2-D model with an elastic crust, an elastic loading body and a viscoelastic mantle as the picture below shows.

My target is to see the subsidence rate of the surface under the locale loading body after a half million years. However, when I tried to insert gravity following section 7.17.4 of the manual, the velocity output
of the domain turns out to be asymmetrical and strange under a symmetrical loading after 20 000 years. The figures below show the velocity results after 15 000 year’s simulation and 500 000 year’s simulation, respectively.

Do you know what’s wrong with the simulation or how can I fulfill my target reasonably?

It would be helpful if you could supply more information about your problem and what you are trying to do. What is the Maxwell relaxation time and time step in your simulation? What are you trying to resolve on the 500k year time scale?

As for the asymmetry, is the mesh perfectly symmetric? Is the asymmetry a function of the time step size and solver tolerances? If you are taking many thousands of time steps, then roundoff errors may be accumulating on the order of the solver tolerances.

Thank you for your quick reply.

I’m trying to resolve the surface defamation rate under the loading of a volcano which formed ~500k years ago (simplified as a rectangular body at the top) and make a comparison to the current observations. The Maxwell relaxation time and time step are 100 yr and 20yr, respectively. And since the deformation rate continues to decrease with time, I tried to apply this long running time to obtain a stable solution.

And the mesh is constructed under perfectly symmetric from my perspective. I tried 1e-12 and 1e-25 of the solver tolerance and the asymmetry both gradually take place after ~20k yr’s simulation. And the KSP Residual converged to less than 1e-27 after ~30 iterations and doesn’t go smaller if I give more strict solver tolerance.

Maybe I misunderstand something to estimate the surface deformation like this. Do you have further suggestions?

Solver tolerances of 1.0e-20 or below are close to the numerical precision available with 64 bit floating point values. With only 5 time steps per Maxwell time, you are not resolving the Maxwell viscoelastic relaxation very well. With a Maxwell relaxation time of 100 years and a total duration of 500k years, you are trying to resolve the deformation that is 5000 times the Maxwell relaxation time. If this is indeed the appropriate Maxwell time, then you should be able to find the stable value after about 10k years (before any asymmetry appears).

I suggest reducing your time step and reducing the duration of your simulation to find the state of the system. In other words, the relaxation time is short compared to 500k years, so it doesn’t make sense to try to resolve the rate of deformation after 500k years in a numerical model.

Thanks for your suggestions.

I just tried 5 years for time step and 10k years for total simulation time without other modifications. The results are symmetric as I expected. But while the the surface loading weight is comparable to the real case, the resulting surface subsidence rate is about 10cm/yr (if the default unit of velocity output is m/s), which is far more than the observations (2~3 mm/yr). Is there any simulation step that I missed?

How well constrained are all of the other parameters in the simulation, such as shear modulus? When comparing against observations, you need to consider all sources of uncertainty.


How Can I Become a Nature Illustrator?

Research what it takes to become a nature illustrator. Learn about education requirements, important job skills, potential employers and salary to find out if this is the career for you. Schools offering Children`s Book Illustration degrees can also be found in these popular choices.

What Is a Nature Illustrator?

A nature illustrator is someone who produces drawings of nature scenes, animals or natural processes. Their work may be used in printed form for cards, calendars or wall art. They may also produce work that is used to illustrate information in books or other printed materials. They are skilled artists who are capable of producing an accurate two-dimensional rendering of natural objects or animals.

Education Required None, though formal training through a fine arts degree program is common
Key Skills Manual dexterity, observational skills, an ability to convey depth and proportion
Job Growth (2014-2024) 3% (for all fine artists, including illustrators)*
Median Salary (2015) $46,460 (for all fine artists, including illustrators)*

Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

What Kind of Education Do I Need to be a Nature Illustrator?

Artistic pursuits such as drawing or illustration do not necessarily demand formal education. Despite this, many hopeful artists pursue postsecondary educational opportunities. A 4-year bachelor's degree program in art should provide you with critique from established artists, space for conceptual development and an environment in which to hone your skills.

Most colleges and universities have 4-year bachelor's degree programs in art with specializations in drawing. In these settings, you will likely be required to satisfy core curriculum requirements in the humanities or sciences. Your coursework in art will typically emphasize studio experience, as well as offer exposure to fundamental art critique and history. Most programs also demand that you establish a collection of your work to demonstrate the evolution, nature and quality of your pieces.

Beyond a traditional bachelor's degree, you may pursue 4-year degree programs at technical schools or private fine arts institutions. These programs may not have general curriculum requirements outside of your field, and often focus solely on the technical aspects of art.

You might also consider opportunities for graduate education. Many universities have master's degree programs in the arts that offer a specialization in drawing. These programs will emphasize individual development and often prepare you for professional positions in the art field.

What Kind of Skills Do I Need?

Steady hands, strong hand-eye coordination and a grasp of visual art are useful traits for aspiring illustrators. Because you will be rendering three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional representations, you should have a sense of space, proportion and depth on paper.

Where Can I Work?

Nature illustrators, or scientific illustrators, work in a variety of settings and mediums. You could draw representations for scientific publications or work in the educational publishing industry, providing material for textbooks. Some independent artists specialize in naturalistic artwork, and sell pieces in art galleries.

What Are Some Related Alternative Careers?

Multimedia artists and animators and sculptors share a common work objective with nature illustrators. All of these professionals use their artistic skills to produce an artistic rendering. Multimedia artists, like nature illustrators, are more likely to produce artistic content that will supplement other material. They may produce images that will be incorporated into a television show, movie or video game. Sculptors mold or join materials to make three-dimensional works of art. Multimedia artists and animators, sculptors and nature illustrators all must be capable of taking an idea and reproducing it in their artistic form. Multimedia artists and animators need a bachelor's degree; sculptors do not necessarily need a degree, although postsecondary studies may be an asset.

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