Whether the result of a 180° spin or body angle at takeoff, the double clutch is generally performed with the player's back toward the rim. While this orientation is rather conducive to the double clutch motion, Spud Webb was known to perform the dunk while facing the basket. Additionally, Kenny "Sky" Walker, Tracy McGrady—in the 1989 and 2000 NBA Contests, respectively—and others, have performed 360° variation of the double clutch (McGrady completed a lob self-pass before the dunk). Circa 2007, independent slam dunker T-Dub performed the double clutch with a 540° spin which he concluded by hanging on the rim.[9]
i am a basketball player! i''m interest in dunk, but my height is 165cm then it made me more diffidult to do it!i was spent 2 years to training jumping,finally i''m able to touch the rim!my problem is the training cant help me jump further! In here, i would like to ask for any method that can help me to achieve my goal which i can do a perfect slam dunk.

A predefined subgroup analysis was conducted according to the type of shock — septic shock, which occurred in 1044 patients (542 in the dopamine group and 502 in the norepinephrine group); cardiogenic shock, which occurred in 280 patients (135 in the dopamine group and 145 in the norepinephrine group); or hypovolemic shock, which occurred in 263 patients (138 in the dopamine group and 125 in the norepinephrine group). The overall effect of treatment did not differ significantly among these subgroups (P=0.87 for interaction), although the rate of death at 28 days was significantly higher among patients with cardiogenic shock who were treated with dopamine than among those with cardiogenic shock who were treated with norepinephrine (P=0.03) (Figure 3). The Kaplan–Meier curves for the subgroup analysis according to type of shock are shown in Figure 7 in the Supplementary Appendix.
The rate of death at 28 days in this study was close to 50%, which is to be expected in a study with very few exclusion criteria and is similar to the rate in previous observational studies.3,9,21-24 Our trial was a pragmatic study that included all patients who were treated for shock states, and therefore, it has high external validity. The study design allowed for maximal exposure to the study drug, since we included patients who had received open-label vasopressors for a maximum of 4 hours before randomization and since during the 28-day study period, the study drug was withdrawn last when patients were weaned from vasopressor therapies and was resumed first if resumption of vasopressor therapy was necessary.
A common, low-tech plyometrics method is performing box jumps, where the athlete jumps repeatedly from the floor to the top of the box and back again. By concentrating on the mechanics of the jump, directing propulsion from the balls of the feet and thrusting with an explosive extension of the legs, the ability of the athlete to land lightly and immediately return to the floor enhances motor control over the movement.
When approaching your dunk, run up with tall form and on your toes. People tend to lean forward to gain speed, this is wrong. Lean back and you will see the difference. Also when running, start off slow then gain speed into the jump. Never slow down. When you are at the poin to jump, take small strides and don't drag your foot. You want to have your front leg straight with your entire body. Again, stay leaning back some. Explode up. Keep practicing this technique. I am doing it and i went from a 32" running vert to a 38". that is how much form can do with your Dunk. (NOTE: this is for one legged jumpers)

“Put in the work. It’s muscle memory, first and foremost. Trainingwise, people say, ‘You gotta do this, you gotta do that.’ I didn’t believe in that. I never worked on my legs in high school or middle school. I would just go through this routine over and over and over, visualizing that day when you dunk on the court. And then you live in that moment.”
En 2018 la Radio Televisión Suiza invitó al colectivo Bande à part, que integran los cuatro reputados cineastas Ursula Meier, Lionel Baier, Frédéric Mermoud y Jean-Stéphane Bron, a llevar a la ficción un suceso que les hubiese marcado profundamente. El resultado es esta mini-serie antológica que retrata cuatro crímenes atroces que conmocionaron a la sociedad suiza, sobre todo por la implicación en ellos de niños y adolescentes.
Even so, the back squat does differ in important ways from the vertical jump. Primarily, it involves a much greater trunk extension turning force, because of the barbell weight on the upper back, and this likely contributes to the more hip-dominant nature of the squat over the vertical jump. Secondly, it is often performed to a deeper depth, which can alter the relative contribution of each of the hip extensors to the movement, because of their different leverages at each joint angle. And thirdly, it only involves accelerating up to midway through the movement, while the vertical jump involves accelerating right up until take-off. This also affects the relative contribution of the hip extensors, as force production will be required in the jump even when the hip is nearly fully extended, while this is unnecessary in the squat.
Vertical jump training and assisted vertical jump training (essentially with a negative load) can each increase vertical jump height through increases in countermovement depth, even while actually reducing peak force produced in the jump. This seems to happen because the tendon becomes more compliant after these types of training, which means they elongate more during the countermovement phase of the jump.
I cannot honestly say that the program absolutely works since I have yet to execute it. However, I believe that the principles and exercises absolutely work. They are honed into a system by Mr. Grover and Attack Athletics. I believe Mr. Grover to be at the top in athletic training. His list of clients and their success speaks for itself. As far as the book goes...it looks like it was written in the stone ages! But once you get past its appearance and the stars of yesteryear that appear in the book...it has quality and value. Although I believe it to be somewhat overpriced (what isn't these days???), it can help an athlete get to the next level in sports performance! Do it!

For women's basketball, to dunk or not to dunk has long been the question. It’s the ‘wow factor’ that WNBA haters often point to as proof that the women's game doesn't deserve the fandom, fame and fortune that the guys get. Cristen and Caroline talk to two dunking superstars of past and present to sort through the courtside gender politics and controversy of stuffing the net and find out whether more women bringing the slams could settle the score.
Among the hundreds of lessons I learned during my youngest child’s first year of life was this: If you earnestly pursue dunking after your athletic peak years of 18 to 30, give or take, it can be done. You can enjoy what it feels like to dunk. You can even feel it more purely than I did, maybe without needing a lob from a friend, and hopefully without all the hand damage. But you should expect a long, frustrating, demeaning war of attrition that pits mind, body, spirit against the most oppressive, unrelenting opponent of them all: gravity. The sun rises and sets, the tides creep in and out—even taxes and death seem negotiable nowadays—but gravity remains constant, forever pounding our shoulders, stooping us shorter as we grow gray, never letting up—no matter what NASA tweets.

We conducted this multicenter trial between December 19, 2003, and October 6, 2007, in eight centers in Belgium, Austria, and Spain. All patients 18 years of age or older in whom a vasopressor agent was required for the treatment of shock were included in the study. The patient was considered to be in shock if the mean arterial pressure was less than 70 mm Hg or the systolic blood pressure was less than 100 mm Hg despite the fact that an adequate amount of fluids (at least 1000 ml of crystalloids or 500 ml of colloids) had been administered (unless there was an elevation in the central venous pressure to >12 mm Hg or in pulmonary-artery occlusion pressure to >14 mm Hg) and if there were signs of tissue hypoperfusion (e.g., altered mental state, mottled skin, urine output of <0.5 ml per kilogram of body weight for 1 hour, or a serum lactate level of >2 mmol per liter). Patients were excluded if they were younger than 18 years of age; had already received a vasopressor agent (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or phenylephrine) for more than 4 hours during the current episode of shock; had a serious arrhythmia, such as rapid atrial fibrillation (>160 beats per minute) or ventricular tachycardia; or had been declared brain-dead.

En la conclusión no se recapitula sobre el resto del libro, sino que se habla de la reacción contra la doctrina del choque y sobre las instituciones económicas que la propagan como el Banco Mundial y el FMI. América del Sur y el Líbano post-2006 se analizan como fuentes de noticias positivas donde los políticos están dejando atrás políticas de libre mercado, con alguna mención de la campaña de la comunidad de activistas en Sudáfrica y China.
Hi I'm 14 years old and 6 foot 4 I can dunk but not really good like I need more air so that I can dunk better and I'm trying to get my vertical jump up to 5 feet my vertical you probably will say that's crazy but it's possible a really love it that a 13 year old can dunk but I want to do something amazing and that is to be better that micheal Jordan and I will succeed thank you so much hope you see me in the NBA .
Looking for something amazing for your party? Have a one of a kind experience at Vertical Jump Park! Attractions include: 6,000 square feet of open jump trampolines, 3 basketball dunking lanes, a huge stunt bag, a jousting battle beam, 2 dodgeball courts, a incredible rock climbing wall and a amazing ninja course not to mention the best arcade in town!


The Lower Susquehanna Heritage Greenway (LSHG) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to stimulate local economic activity by developing a linkage between our natural, historic and cultural resources. This linkage is a series of land and water recreational trails that weave our past into our future while promoting an understanding and appreciation for the character of this region.

As part of a statewide system of Heritage Areas, the LSHG is responsible for implementing a local management plan targeting our waterfront communities. Our 40 million dollar business plan is designed to be a catalyst for capital investment; therefore we are building the public / private partnerships necessary for regional revitalization.

Once you experience all the Lower Susquehanna Heritage Area has to offer, we believe you will share our vision to create 40 miles of continuous public recreation trails connecting Harford and Cecil Counties.


String Instrument - Vietnamese Traditional Dan Tranh

String Instrument listing typeFor Sale
Instrument number42392
String Instrument listedbefore 2017

Description: String Instrument - Vietnamese Traditional Dan Tranh

There are no pictures available for this string instrument

e Dan Tranh is also known as Dan Thap Luc or sixteen-stringed zither. Its shape resembles a bamboo tube that has been sliced vertically in half. The Dan Tranh has mostly been seen performed by female musicians in Vietnamese traditional dress (Ao Dai). When played, the instrument is placed in front of the musician, who uses her right hand to regulate the pitch and vibrate, while plucking the strings with her left hand.

The 17-string zither has a rectangular sounding box, about 110 centimetres long that tapers about 13 cm toward an end, with a warped sound board made of unvarnished light wood. The sides are made of hard wood decorated with various designs, either lacquered or inlaid with mother-of-pearl. The bottom is made of light wood with sound holes. The broader end of the sound box is pierced with 16 holes and reinforced with a metal band.

Toward the middle of the sound board there are 16 bridges made of wood or bone tipped with copper that can be moved to vary the tension of the strings, thus creating various notes. At the narrower end of the box are sixteen pegs for tuning. The strings are metal and tuned to the pentatonic scale.

The Dan Tranh sits flat like an autoharp and is plucked using all fingers. Players will usually wear picks made of plastic or tortoise shell on their fingers to facilitate plucking. The sound reverberates through the hollow wooden box below the strings. Sounds can be altered through cupping, pressing or stroking the strings instead of simply plucking.

The Dan Tranh originates from the ancient capital city of Hue, where women once played it for royalty, and the instrument is still considered a symbol of the city. The dan tranh is normally played unaccompanied, but it can also be used to accompany a singer or as part of an orchestra. Please email for additional information. We carry all replacement parts, extra strings, instruction manuals and video cd's.

Pictures: String Instrument - Vietnamese Traditional Dan Tranh

Picture of Other String Instruments - Vietnamese Traditional Dan Tranh

This is not a current listing. See more other string instruments.

© Net Instruments Ltd    Contact Net Instruments    Legal & policy


Circulation Analogue Simulation Tool

CASTf90 (Circulation Analogue Simulation Tool in Fortran90) is a suite of shell script (sh) with ncks/nco and cdo commands, and a fortran90 program. CASTf90 first downloads fields from NCEP reanalysis ("surface" variables or variables on pressure levels, sea level pressure, slp, is the default) and then searches for a given simulation period the most similar cases within a given data base period according to a given distance (default is rms) measure. Finally it writes the N most similar days including the calculated distances for them to an output file.

The fortran program can run in parallel with shared memory using openMP. The purpose is the same as for "Analogue software", but it can do the calculations somewhat faster and comes with some options that allow for more flexibility in terms of time periods, variables and distances. For details see howto.pdf.

The programme is provided as is. It is free for academic use.

Please contact Pascal Yiou for a commercial use.

CASTf90 has been licensed under CECILL.

CECILL is the first license defining the principles of use and dissemination of Free Software in conformance with French law, following the principles of the GNU GPL. This license is meant to be used by companies, research institutions and all organisations willing to release software under a GPL-like license while ensuring a standard level of legal safety.

Before download...

Continue... ×


But as you know, not all fats are created equal. Saturated and trans fats are the worst kind, as both increase the amount of bad cholesterol that enters the blood system. Bad fats also lead to inflammation, which can cause numerous debilitating diseases. All of the burgers, French fries, pizza and other greasy junk foods are loaded with these bad fats that can harm your body.
Monounsaturated fat can be found in a variety of foods and oils. There is a consistent amount of research which suggests that monounsaturated fat foods can actually improve blood cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases (8). Foods which contain monounsaturated fats include nuts, vegetable oils, peanut butter and avocados.

Adding eggs with the yolk offers a tremendous amount of benefits. “Current research proves that eggs contribute a boatload of nutrition, including riboflavin, folate, and vitamins D and B12 that can lower the risk of heart disease,” shares Warren. Eggs get a bad rep because they contain cholesterol and saturated fat. But research shows that the cholesterol in eggs (and in the diet in general) doesn’t necessarily contribute to cholesterol in the body. Warren also points out that studies highlight the importance of being cognizant of total saturated fat in the diet, regardless of whether it is from an egg yolk or not. One large egg actually only contains 1.6 grams of saturated fat.
All fats and oils contain fatty acids. You may be most familiar with Omega 3 fatty acids, found in fish oil. When you eat healthy fats and oils, the digestion process enables the fatty acids to be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acids are a component of fats and oils that become the building blocks of your body, helping to create cells membranes and nerve sheathing among other body functions.
Saturated fats are generally solid or waxy at room temperature and come mostly from animal products, with the exception of tropical oils. Taking in too much saturated fat is linked with raising levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol in the blood and increasing internal inflammation. Healthy adults should limit their saturated fat intake to no more than 10% of total calories. For a person eating a 2000 calorie diet, this would be 22 grams of saturated fat or less per day. If you have elevated LDL cholesterol levels, it is recommended to reduce saturated fat intake to no more than 7% of total calories. Foods high in saturated fat include:
Consuming monounsaturated fatty acids may protect you from heart disease by lowering LDL and total cholesterol, improve the function of blood vessels, help prevent depression, improve body composition, and improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control (10,11).  Monounsaturated fats have even been shown to reduce cancer risk (12). Oils rich in monounsaturated fats also contain the antioxidant vitamin E which has many health benefits.
Dietary fat has been in the limelight since the 1950s, when researcher Ancel Keys conducted a study analyzing the diet patterns of seven different countries as well as their respective rates of heart disease. At the conclusion of the study, he found that higher levels of serum cholesterol were associated with a higher risk of heart disease and believed that a higher intake of foods high in saturated fat was to blame. (44)

If you’re wondering about fat and its place in your diet, you’re not alone. Each year the International Food Information Council Foundation conducts a nationwide survey of Americans of all ages and backgrounds. When the results were released earlier this year, fat was found to be one of the biggest topics of nutritional confusion. Research around the importance of fats in the diet continues to grow and results repeatedly underscore the importance of a healthy meal plan that focuses on moderation vs. a restrictive diet. When it comes to healthy fats, here’s what you need to know.

What these studies highlight is that when cutting down on saturated fats in your diet, it’s important to replace them with the right foods. For example, swapping animal fats for vegetable oils—such as replacing butter with olive oil—can help lower your cholesterol and reduce your risk for disease. However, swapping animal fats for refined carbohydrates-such as replacing your breakfast bacon with a bagel or pastry-won’t have the same benefits. That’s because eating refined carbohydrates or sugary foods can have a similar negative effect on your cholesterol levels, your risk for heart disease, and your weight.

Avocado: One of the most widely known healthy fats, avocado makes an ideal addition to any dish at breakfast, lunch or dinner. It's also perfect as a stand alone snack! This powerhouse of a superfood isn't only a monounsaturated fat – it's also loaded with folate, potassium, fiber and vitamins E, C and B6. Don't forget to cook the pulp and eat it as well- the avocado seed is loaded with essential vitamins too! Don't let it go to waste!
Healthy fats are unsaturated fats that are found in fatty fish like salmon, avocados, nuts and seeds, plant oils that are liquid at room temperature like olive oil, and coconut oil. Coconut oil is contested as a healthy fat because it is a saturated fat, but because the majority of its fat content is medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), I consider them an exception.
Fatty, oily fish are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, healthy fats that have been shown to reduce the risk for heart disease and high cholesterol. “Salmon, tuna, trout, and Atlantic or Pacific mackerel are great sources of omega-3 fatty acids,” says Darlene Zimmerman, RD, a dietitian at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. Grilled, baked, or broiled, include fish in your heart-healthy diet at least twice a week for a total of 8 ounces, she suggests. Try this great recipe for grilled rosemary salmon.

The healthy fats I want in your diet are the monounsaturated, found in olive oil, avocado, flaxseed oil, and nuts, and the polyunsaturated in the form of omega-3s, like fatty fish (tuna and salmon), walnuts, eggs, and chia seeds. (Skip polyunsaturated in the form of processed vegetable oils like canola, sunflower, and safflower, which are made up of mostly omega-6 fatty acids.)  These healthy fats are linked to strong immunity, improved cardiovascular functioning, reduced inflammation, and improved brain functioning.
Following a high monounsaturated fat diet can be beneficial for improving insulin sensitivity in both individuals who have, or do not have high blood sugar levels. One study found that following a high monounsaturated fat diet for three months managed to improve insulin sensitivity by up to nine percent (14). This was followed by another study which found participants who had metabolic syndrome and followed a high monounsaturated fat diet for twelve weeks had a significant reduction in insulin resistance (15).

Often thought of as a high-fat food, steak is actually not as high in fat as you may think, particularly if you choose one of these lean cuts, which have 5 grams of fat and less than 2 grams of saturated fat per 3-ounce serving, on average. What's more, lean beef is an excellent source of protein, iron, and zinc, all important nutrients for active women. One 3-ounce portion of lean beef packs a whopping 25 grams of muscle-building protein, three times the iron (which is important for carrying the oxygen in your blood to your brain and muscles) of 1 cup of spinach, and a third of your daily zinc needs to help support your immune system. Lean cuts of pork, like pork tenderloin, can also be a good source of fat when eaten in moderation. Cured and processed pork, like bacon, often contains loads of sodium and other preservatives like nitrates (which have been linked to increased heart disease and cancer risk), so they're not the healthiest way to consume the other white meat.
The type of fatty acids that make up coconut oil’s saturated fat content is medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and are about 65% of its fat content. Unlike long chain fatty acids (the majority of fats in our diet) which must go through modification prior to being digested and absorbed in our bodies, medium chain triglycerides are passively diffused from our gastrointestinal tract to the portal system. In other words, our bodies find it super easy to break down the fat before getting rapidly absorbed and used for energy by the body. Coming from a clinical background, MCT’s are very commonly used in treating people who have malabsorption issues, are on ketogenic diets, or are increasing calories without much volume.
There are two basic kinds of fat, saturated and unsaturated. Unsaturated fats are considered “healthy fats” include both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. These types of fats are typically found in vegetable oils that are liquid at room temperature, fatty fish, (salmon, trout, catfish, mackerel), and nuts and seeds. Polyunsaturated fats include Omega-3’s that are the building blocks of cell membranes I mentioned earlier. Omega-3’s also give your body energy and help support your hormones and immune system (3).
If you’re able to tolerate dairy, full-fat dairy can be an excellent source of heart-healthy fats. Probiotic yogurt, in particular, is a staple on the healthy fats list as it contains beneficial bacteria that can help optimize the health of your gut microbiome to promote better overall health. Upping your intake of probiotics can also support healthy digestion, boost immunity and reduce cholesterol levels. (29)
BodyRock is your 24 hour fitness pal, offering daily high-intensity interval training exercises to help you reach your fitness goals. In our community we support each other as we train by sharing ideas, recipes and motivational tips that keep us on track. Fitness is a journey and each of our lives are comprised of stories that chart the ups and downs of our individual quests to reach our goals.
Most nuts and seeds are good healthy-fat choices, but almonds and walnuts are at the top of many experts’ lists as a great part of a heart-healthy diet to lower high cholesterol. “Almonds and walnuts are quick, delicious, and easy for a mid-morning or mid-day snack,” says Maria Haisley, RD, a clinical dietitian at Elkhart General Hospital in Indiana. “Make your own trail mix using your favorite ingredients or simply add to salads. Try using ground almonds as a coating on baked chicken or fish.” This chicken fingers recipe is a delicious way to do just that.
Dr. Michael and Dr. Mary Eades in their book Good Calories, Bad Calories write about the role that saturated fats found in butter and coconut oil play in immune health stating that the “loss of sufficient saturated fatty acids in the white blood cells hampers their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi”.
Studies have found that avocados can lower levels of bad LDL cholesterol, boost anti-inflammatory properties, and improve vascular health. It’s very simple to add avocados to just about any salad. “Simply think portion control when integrating it into a weight-loss plan,” says Warren. If you’re concerned about how much fat you’re consuming or simply don’t prefer avocado on its own, try whipping up an avocado-based dressing. Toss an avocado, some Greek yogurt, and seasonings (we like fresh cilantro and parsley) into a blender and enjoy.
Along with nuts, seeds get high marks as healthy fats to improve good cholesterol. And flaxseeds are especially popular among nutritionists because of their versatility in a heart-healthy diet. “Sprinkle flaxseeds onto whatever you like,” says Haisley. “My favorite is with Greek yogurt or on my oatmeal. It is a great addition to salads or whisked into your favorite homemade salad dressing. You can even bake with it, too; try using 3 tablespoons of flaxseed in place of 1 tablespoon of oil or margarine in your muffins.” Try these cranberry-nut mini loaves with flaxseeds.


‘The Hungarian currency is the Forint which abbreviates to ‘HUF‘ (Hungarian Forint) or sometimes ‘Ft‘ (‘Forint’).

Even Hungary is part of the European Union, you pay there with Forint. However, many shops and restaurants in Budapest accept payments in cash or by credit card in Euros but applied rates are unfavorable.
Therefore we recommend you to pay in Forint, in cash or by credit card.

The fluctuation of the hungarian currency (Forint) and Euro is is changing from time to time, so it is better to check the conversion rate before changing your money in Budapest:

On April 7th, 2019, 1 Euro ≈ 320 HUF and 1 £ ≈ 366Ft

Find the rate of other currencies (US dollar, Swiss Franc, CAD, …) compared to the Forint on this link of the Hungarian National Bank.

Foreign exchange offices in Budapest

The exchange offices that provide a service with the currency of your home country are numerous in Budapest: For example you would find an exchange office at the airport, in railway stations and in the city center, as well as in Banks (generally open from Monday to Friday, from 8am to 4pm) that offer money exchange, but for a less favorable rate. However, we do not recommend the exchange offices at the airport with their high rates. Just change a small amount -if needed (exchange office or ATM) for your transfer from the airport to the city center.
There are also some hotels in Budapest that provide money exchange services, but most hotels have high exchange rates. So do not hesitate to compare the different rates and commissions that are offered before buying hungarian currency.

Here is a list of exchange offices in Budapest:

Budapest ‘Correct Change’ VII. Erzsebet krt. 41.
Correct Change’ VIII. József körút 40.
Correct Change XV. Szentmihályi út 171.
Budapest Correct Change XI. Bartók Béla út 53.
Budapest ‘Correct Change’ V. Szent István körút 23.
Correct Change III. Lajos u. 51.
Budapest Correct Change XI. Bocskai út 23-25

Exchange offices located on the major boulevards in the Pest- city center:

Teréz körút boulevard (between Oktogon and Blaha Lujza tér squares).
Rákóczi út boulevard (between Blaha Lujza tér and Astoria squares).
You will find exchange offices with good rates there (boulevards indicated in blue on the map below):

exchange office in Budapest hungarian currency change

Also avoid the exchange offices located in touristic sites (‘Váci’ pedestrian street for example). Similarly, exchange offices that you would find open late at night don´t provide the best rates.

Hungarian ATM

There are many ATMs (for VISA and Mastercard) in Budapest e.g. at the airport, adjacent to banks, shopping centers. A commission is applied to each withdrawal. You can inquire about the fee for transactions abroad at your local bank branch before you arrive in Budapest. Your bank might have a partnership with a hungarian bank,which might serve you some beneficial advantages during your stay in Budapest.
Our advice: When you remove money from an ATM, always choose the local currency, Forint.

Credit cards in Hungary

VISA and Mastercard credit cards are accepted at most restaurants, shops, museums and baths in Budapest.
American Express credit cards are rarely accepted at ATMs, restaurants and shops.
In case you want to pay with a credit card, always choose to pay the amount in Forint and not in Euro.

Hungarian banknotes and coins

Here are the different Hungarian banknotes and coins of the Hungarian currency:

hungarian currency forint banknote 500

currency forint in pound 2000

forint change money in budapest 10000

and the different coins in Hungary:

hungarian coins
Hungarian coins

New ticket of 500 Forint in 2019:

A new 500 Forint banknote (≈1.6 €= 1,4£) is in circulation in 2019 (photo below). It is quite similar to its predecessor (pictured above among the other Hungarian tickets) which is valid until October 31, 2019.

change money in Hungary
New 500 Forint banknote – Hungarian currency

The ‘tradition’ in Hungary is to leave a tip, if you are satisfied with service and food:

  • 10% in restaurants, bars.
  • 10% for taxi rides.
  • 200 Forint for a service at (public) toilets, petrol station,…

Finally, try to check, especially in restaurants, if the tip (10 to 12%) is already included in the bill (mostly written down in the menu).
If it is already included in the bill, there is no need to give an addtional tip.
If not, consider leaving 10-12% of the amount as tip,that is -if you were happy with the service.

If you need help prepping for your visit to Budapest, do not hesitate to check out our section ”Preparing your trip to Budapest” and have a look at our recommendations for a stay for 2 days, 3 days or 4 days including the most important sightseeing activities and Must Do’s in Budapest!


An engineering degree is the amazing discipline behind all the cars, bridges, robotic arms, airplanes, large machinery, waste treatment plants and almost everything you see that moves or processes. Engineering majors aren’t just good at math; they love to build and must understand the real applications of the math in whatever they build. If you tinker with cars, make the jump to designing them. Top Engineering schools require students to take and do well in algebra, geometry, and physics as a starting place.  If you love machines, learn what actually makes them run.

Get Recruited

Let universities contact you about your major interests. It’s easy!

Get Started

Why is this Important?

Includes product releases, industry news, manufacturers, technology announcements, employment opportunities, and discussion forums. Visit
Design information, product reviews, job listings, news from the RF industry, and printable articles from RF Design magazine. Visit
Nuts & Volts Magazine Visit
Produces nearly a dozen of chemistry magazines, including Modern Plastics, Adhesives Age, Chemical Specialties, Lubricants World, Modern Mold & Tooling, and more. Visit
Showcases mechanical engineering's leading role in technological advancements. Visit
Electronic Component News Visit
Provides informational resources about materials, processes, design, and other fundamental engineering concepts. Visit
Business News Visit
The design magazine of the electronics industry. Visit
Covers the health and safety issues related to exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Includes electromagnetic fields (EMFs) power lines, cellular phones and radar. Visit
Applied sensing technology Visit
Offering theory, practical uses, applications and industry news. Visit
Electronic Products Visit
Offers news, comment, jobs, products, and links to engineering and construction sites. Visit
Technical publication covering the application of computers, microcontrollers, and DSPs to industrial data acquisistion and control. Visit
Features technical data, design articles, news, and products for design engineers. Visit


Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) is a serious crime that can carry lifelong repercussions. If you have been charged with a DWI in Alamosa Colorado it is highly recommended that you find a criminal defense lawyer who is experienced with DWI law.

DWI Attorneys inAlamosa

DWI cases in Colorado are often quite complex and involve extensive evidence and legal intricacies. Because the state is prosecuting you for a crime, there are many times a variety of ways to challenge the DWI charge against you.

Alamosa Lawyers Can Help You Avoid Penalties and Fees If You Are Facing a Charge for DWI

Successful DWI defendants are those that hire an attorney right away. A lawyer can help you make the important decisions that need to be made sooner rather than later. As well, the more time your attorney has with your case, the more familiar they can become with it. Alamosa, Colorado DWI lawyers are ready to examine your case and explain your options to you.


Fyre Festival’s fraudulent founder Billy McFarland: overcome FOMO and spot dangerous narcissism before getting burned

Fyre Festival’s founder Billy McFarland

Everyone’s talking about the newly released documentaries taking viewers behind the scenes of the disastrous 2017 Fyre Festival. Hulu’s Fyre Fraud and Netflix’s Fyre: The Greatest Party That Never Happened. Both cover the social-media hyped event gone horribly wrong: festival founder and entrepreneur Billy McFarland duped thousands into purchasing tickets upwards of $3,000 each for a tropical island VIP get-away laden with models, celebrities, and A-list music acts. Instead, festival-goers were stranded, fighting over survival essentials like water and food in a squalid tent city.  Worse yet, Fyre festival proved financially deleterious to the island’s local inhabitants who were deprived of wages, some of whom depleted their life savings attempting to bring the grandiose festival to fruition. The documentaries bring viewers up to date with Billy McFarland, the 27-year-old founder of the company behind the festival, being sentenced to six years in prison in October of 2018 , and facing a $26 million forfeiture order. In a Vox interview with Maria Konnikova, the psychologist featured in the Hulu documentary, she discusses the “Dark Triad,” a set of three socially aversive personality traits: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, all wrapped up in one person. “I think [McFarland] definitely has narcissism and Machiavellianism,” Dr. Konnikova told Vox. “He might also have psychopathy, but it’s hard to know without talking to him further.” While McFarland’s actions have been captured by these documentaries and other media accounts of his company Fyre Media, it’s hard not to be intrigued by what sets him apart from other vision-driven, charismatic entrepreneurs.

Can you overcome FOMO and spot dangerous narcissism before getting burned?

No one wants to think of themselves as unable to spot a scam when they see one, or that they might fall prey to the type of person who is capable of blinding our rational judgement, swindling innocent people of their savings, or endangering people’s physical safety and professional livelihoods. Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) can exacerbate our risk of being taken advantage of by diminishing the tell-tale signs of a threatening situation. In comparison, the threat of ‘missing out’ on something that has the potential to inflate our social status, evoke envy in others or afford us the chance to come into rare financial gain can seem like the bigger risk.

Silicon Valley is where entrepreneurs come from all over the world to participate in the get-rich-culture of startups, fueling FOMO and attracting top talent, cutthroat competitors and predatory schemers. Research findings have linked narcissism to  entrepreneurs, serving as a personality foundation for their larger-than-life dreams of creating the next Google or Facebook.

Is narcissism always a bad thing?

People commonly wonder “Isn’t some degree of narcissism typical and necessary for people to become high-achievers?” While healthy self-confidence is necessary to form resilience in the face of adversity, and sustains perseverance through trying times, this is different than true narcissism. Healthy self-confidence stems from hard-earned accomplishments, proven mastery, the fortitude to own ones’ mistakes, and a respect for those committed to learning, growing, and working. Narcissism is actually a psychological defense against underlying inadequacy and shortcomings (which is why it’s referred to as “malignant self-love”. Low self-awareness, high entitlement, habitual belittling of others, inflated sense of abilities, and need for constant admiration are other key features. Combined with psychopathy and Machiavellianism, narcissism emboldens people to take advantage of others regardless of the potential for harming them, in order to create opportunities for personal gain at others’ expense.

Fyre is testimony to how today’s ubiquitous FOMO culture fuels irrational decision-making, group-think akin to cult culture, creating opportunity for those with The Dark Triad to prey on unsuspecting others. Even if Billy McFarland was ultimately found guilty of fraud, countless people were willingly invest their money, power and influence which together, drove forward Fyre Festival to it’s spectacularly disastrous end. McFarland’s story is just the latest buzz in a growing pile of internet-fueled schemes where people forgo judgement for opportunity, and it certainly won’t be the last.


24/7 Live Phone Support: 888-221-8525Email:info@nw-lifts.com

/// Vision Elevators

Vision 350 /// Pneumatic Glass Elevator

How Does a Cable Driven Elevator Work?

cable elevatorThere are many different types of elevators on the market. There are hydraulics, pneumatics, and, of course, the age old favorite, cable elevators. Each type of elevator operates differently and provides the rider with a unique experience. Some homeowners purchase pneumatics because they are easy to install while others may opt for a hydraulic elevator because they are incredibly quiet and can be concealed behind pantry and closet doors. Here is a little bit about how the cable driven elevator works, and why it would be desirable to homeowners and business owners.

The parts – Before understanding how an elevator works, it is crucial to be aware of the parts. In a cable elevator, the system is made up of a shaft, car, mechanical room, control system, and counterweights. Let's break this down fully: The shaft is the geometric tube that the elevator travels up and down, and inside, the shaft the car is attached to gliding rails. A machine room above the elevator shaft houses the control system. The pit is located at the bottom of the shaft and is usually sunk into the floor or foundation of the home or office.

How it works – All of these parts come together to make the cable driven elevator one of the most popular elevator options. The elevator car slides up and down glide rails, which not only keep the car from swaying but also enable an emergency brake system to lock the car in place in an emergency. The car is driven by the control system that is housed above the shaft, but how does the control system work? The car is attached to the control system by steel cables, and these cables are fed into a pulley system called a sheave, in which a set of grooves hold the cable in place. When the control system turns the sheave, the car either ascends or descends the shaft, depending on the direction of the sheave rotation. On the other end of the steel cables is a counterweight. As the car ascends, this counter weight descends and vice versa. The purpose of the counterweight is to help conserve energy. The counterweight is designed to balance the car when the car is at 40-percent occupancy. When this occupancy is achieved, the car and counterweight are almost perfectly balanced.

Cable driven elevators have been around for a long time, and over that time, they have gained popularity. Homeowners as well as business owners are familiar with cable elevators, more so than they are with pneumatic or hydraulic elevators. More often than not, a pit and machine room are both needed for a cable driven elevator to operate. Both must be taken into consideration by any prospective buyer before completing a purchase.

Vision Elevators © 2012 | Website Designed by Wallfrog


You are here

Locked man syndrome

Last reviewed by: Aleksey Portnov , medical expert, on 26.06.2018

No matter how different people call this disease in different times, can words convey the tragedy of a situation when a living soul and a healthy mind for a long time remain locked inside a virtually completely immobilized body? No wonder one of the names of a terrible disease sounds like this - the syndrome of a locked man. And is it possible to put it more precisely when a person at some point becomes a hostage to his body bound by the disease?

According to statistics, the syndrome of a locked person is a very rare pathology. The wakeful to whom the doctors diagnose in one patient out of a million. But these are only those cases when the diagnosis was delivered in a timely and correct manner. It is possible that such patients are actually more, but the low level of medical development in some countries simply does not allow them to be identified, because the border between coma and pseudocoma is so thin.

Causes of the syndrome of a locked person

The isolated person syndrome, the locked man syndrome, the wakeful coma, the Monte Cristo syndrome, the Vigil coma, the lack of motor function syndrome, the isolation syndrome are all names of the same pathology, the essence of which is the lack of a normal, habitual for a healthy person reaction to what is happening due to the development of certain diseases of the brain, neuromuscular system or blood vessels.

In the literature, you can find other names for this pathology: de-efferentation syndrome, pseudo-coma, blocking syndrome, ventral pontine syndrome, ventral bridge syndrome, "closure" syndrome, cerebromodular block, etc. All of them to a greater or lesser extent indicate the possible cause of such a person's condition or the relationship of pathology with some event.

Risk factors

The risk factors for the development of the isolation syndrome have been and still are many diseases that are prone to such complications under certain conditions.

To such diseases, which can be considered as possible causes of the development of the syndrome of the locked person, according to data from different sources, one can attribute:

  • A cerebral infarction that affects some of its areas responsible for the work of certain organs and systems of the body (for example, a cerebral base infarction or a midbrain basis infarction).
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Hypertensive disease (with prolonged course)
  • trunk encephalitis with basal lesion
  • neuroborreliosis
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Myasthenia gravis,
  • Hemorrhage in the brain
  • central pontinous myelinolysis,
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome,
  • polio
  • paroxysmal myoplegia,
  • trauma to the head (albeit quite rare, but still the cause of the syndrome of the locked person), etc.

Paralysis of motor activity with the saved consciousness and ability to hear, understand and comprehend speech can also be observed when several poisons enter the human body.

In our troubled age of information technology, even small children captured, the syndrome of a locked man can only be compared with a computer that is not connected to the Internet. It remains the same "intelligent" machine capable of "thinking", counting, accumulating information, but it can not carry out many important functions related to communication. True, everything can be fixed here by the usual connection to local networks, but the person does not have such an opportunity, and the isolation syndrome can be considered a sentence for life.

The development of the syndrome of a locked person is associated with impairment in the work of one of the brain stem sections - the variolium bridge. It is this part of the brain, consisting of white matter, that is responsible for ensuring the connection of the brain and other human organs, as well as for the innervation and sensitivity of organs and systems. White matter is nothing more than nerve fibers responsible for motor activity and ensuring neuronal interaction of the hemispheres of the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord.

Damage to the variolium bridge is most often observed with a heart attack or stroke with a violation of the integrity of its tissues or blood vessels. As a result, only motor and communicative functions suffer, and thinking remains at the same level. The person hears everything, sees and understands, but remains unable to react to what is happening through speech, facial expressions and movements. Often, respiratory and digestive functions also suffer (a person can not breathe, chew and swallow food independently). The eye movements are also limited.

This state is in many respects similar to the state of a person who has fallen into a coma. Hence one of the names of pathology is the wakeful coma. A distinctive feature of the isolation syndrome is that the victim is conscious all this time, which means that he can hear speech and experience different feelings. Talking about the unenviable situation of such a patient and discussing an extremely unattractive prognosis of the disease at the patient's bed can further traumatize the psyche of a person who is already aware of his flawed position.

Symptoms of the syndrome of a locked person

The clinical picture in patients with the syndrome of a locked person can be as diverse as the symptomatology of the pathology that caused such a condition allows. That is, the picture that doctors watch, in most cases, consists of the symptoms of the isolation syndrome and manifestations of the pathology that caused paralysis of motor activity. Its imprint on the overall picture of the disease imposes a degree of its severity, depending on which we observe certain symptoms of different intensity.

The first signs, which doctors pay attention to in diagnosing the syndrome of a locked person, are tetraparesis, characterized by limb dysfunction until complete paralysis with the muscle tone preserved, and pseudobulbar syndrome, which results in bulbar functions (speech, chewing, swallowing, articulation, facial expressions ). These are the main manifestations of the isolation syndrome.

From the side the picture looks like this: the state of the person as a whole reminds someone, he can not talk, chew and swallow food, breathe. The patient's movements are usually completely limited, although the sensitivity of the skin remains at the same level. The only connection of the patient with the world is the eyes with the preserved ability to move them in a vertical plane (eye movements from side to side are impossible).

Some patients can move centuries, i.e. Close and open your eyes. This gives them the opportunity to communicate, which, with preserved consciousness and mental activity, remains a necessary one for the patient as well. It is this ability that often saved patients who initially had a completely different diagnosis, leaving no hope for the future.

The fact that brain functions in the isolation syndrome does not suffer, explains the saved cycles of sleep and wakefulness in such patients. In the waking state, a person hears, sees and understands everything that is happening around him, but all his reactions remain hidden from the outside eye (locked inside the body).

This condition can occur suddenly on the background of progressive pathology. In this case, a person at some instant just falls into a coma, and after leaving it after a while, can no longer return to normal life, remaining confined to bed and immovable in the truest sense of the word.

But sometimes the disease develops gradually. Impaired motor activity of the hands, legs, then there are difficulties with pronunciation of sounds and breathing, a person can not focus on a particular subject. In the end, the patient again falls into a coma for a certain period of time. Coming out of a coma, he discovers that he can communicate only with the help of eye movement, and at the same time remains unable to serve himself.

The isolation syndrome in different people can manifest itself in different ways. A common symptom in this case remains the stored electrical activity of the brain and cognitive abilities against a background of a marked decrease in the motor activity of the limbs, facial and articulatory muscles.

The above symptoms of the syndrome of a locked person are characteristic for one of the types of pathology - the classical one. This is the most common type of pathology associated with impaired brain stem structures.

If, in addition to the movements of the eyelids and eyeballs, the patient retains the movements of some other muscle groups (even if they are severely restricted), it is an incomplete syndrome of a locked person, which is an easier form of pathology and gives the person more opportunities to defeat the disease at any stage.

The total (or complete) form of the isolation syndrome is said in the event that the patient lacks any motor reactions that help him communicate with the world. In this case, the brain continues to work actively, as indicated by the preservation of its healthy bioelectric activity (according to the results of the encephalogram). This is the most severe form of the disease, which can easily be confused with a coma, if not conducted a special examination.

Complications and consequences

The syndrome of the locked person, which in most cases is a complication of various neurological diseases, completely changes the life of the patient. His body can function normally only through artificial respiration apparatus and special care. Feeding patients through a probe, because they themselves can not only chew, but also swallow food.

The life of patients with the syndrome of isolation now completely depends on the people around him, their love, patience and care. Still, the patient lying down requires preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of bedsores, in other words the patient needs to be regularly turned over, although he can not help it in any way. A person can not go to the toilet alone (although this need is preserved, the patient feels when it's time to empty the bladder or intestine, but not always able to report it), wash, change clothes and clothes. All this will need to be done by other people.

The understanding of their helplessness only aggravates the situation of such patients, not to mention conversations at the patient's bedside, when his unenviable position and not the most favorable forecasts are being discussed. Not every person is able to step over it and try to change their lives for the better with a minimum of opportunities. However, there were such precedents, and a person who was doomed to remain a hostage to his body all his life, suddenly found a new life and the opportunity (not without the help of others) to use his mind for the benefit of others.

In many respects thanks to such strong people, doctors have received full information about what patients experience in a pseudocoma condition, and what they are capable of. This makes it possible to think over various options for the treatment of such patients, even if there have not yet been any worthy results in this direction.

Diagnostics of the syndrome of a locked person

A patient with a syndrome of a locked person at first glance can be confused only with someone who is in a state of true coma. However, for specialists in neurology and this is not a problem. Usually it is enough just to study the symptomatology to make the final diagnosis.

However, in the case of the total form of the syndrome, everything is not so simple. After all, a person in this situation practically does not give any signs of brain activity. Prove that the patient is fully conscious and his cycles of sleep and wakefulness are preserved only through instrumental diagnostics. The picture becomes clear in particular after the encephalography. With the isolation syndrome, the encephalogram remains the same as in a healthy person, which is simply impossible with a true coma.

Analyzes and other methods of instrumental study of the brain, such as the computer and magnetic resonance tomogram of the head (CT and MRI of the brain), diffuse optical tomography, magnetoencephalography, etc., united by the same name "neuroimaging of the brain" are performed solely for the purpose of revealing the pathology that led to development of the syndrome of the locked person.

Differential diagnosis

The purpose of differential diagnosis in this case is the delineation of coma and pseudocomas, as well as the determination of the causes of this condition.

Who to contact?

Treatment of the syndrome of a locked person

Despite the fact that physicians have learned to distinguish the syndrome of a locked person from a coma, the therapy of a pathological condition is still at a low level. Few of the patients manage to oppose the disease. Most of the patients die within the first month of the onset of the disease.

Hope, if not for a full recovery, then at least a partial restoration of the functions of the muscular system, which allows the patient to communicate in society, is mainly for those whose illness is caused by a cause that can be corrected by the patient. With incurable diseases, the prognosis is much worse. And yet there are cases confirming the fact that with mild and moderate severity of the isolation syndrome patients are capable of more than just lying in the care of others.

Effective drugs that can lead a person out of this state and return to normal life, alas, have not yet been found. Therefore, the treatment of such patients reduces mainly to the fight against the cause of the development of the syndrome of the locked person (ie, with the pathology that caused the pseudocome condition) and the prevention of possible complications caused by prolonged immovable position of the patient (congestion in the lungs with the development of pneumonia, UTI due to lack of hygiene and etc.).

For the treatment and prevention of various complications, glucocorticosteroids, antihistamines, drugs that stimulate immunity and other drugs are used. Alternative treatment and homeopathy in this case are of little effect.

Physiotherapeutic treatment of patients with the syndrome of a locked person can include plasmaphoresis (with the use of immunoglobulins), exercise exercises to maintain the normal functioning of the joints and other procedures, electromyostimulation (functional neuromuscular stimulation to restore the work of certain muscle groups), magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex, methods of physical impact.

The prognosis becomes more favorable if the body responds to neuromuscular stimulation (for example, the patient begins to move his eyes in a horizontal direction, motor reactions appear in other muscle groups, except for the eyeballs).

In the case of incomplete and classical forms of the syndrome of the locked person, good results in restoring cognitive functions are given by exercises with a speech therapist (training the transmission of thoughts through the movement of eyeballs and blinking), watching TV programs, reading books to the sick. And people caring for such patients, it is more to communicate with them, having developed their system of codes. After all, patients with the syndrome of isolation are distinguished by good mental abilities and understanding of someone else's speech, which means they can be quickly taught by eye movement to answer questions and make their requests.

Currently, computerized systems have also been developed that allow patients with disabilities to communicate with others by computer, and develop their creative abilities by writing books.

Surgical treatment is performed either with respect to the pathology that caused the isolation syndrome, or for the restoration of physiologically conditioned functions of the body, such as breathing and nutrition. Sometimes, to help the patient to breathe, a tracheotomy is performed, and gastro- tomia is introduced into the body (a special probe is introduced into the gastric lumen, through which the frayed semi-liquid and liquid food is introduced, completely providing the body's nutritional needs).

The main emphasis in the case of limited movements in the patient is to care for him by relatives, friends or persons from the medical staff. A patient with a syndrome of a locked person requires great love, patience and attention to himself within 24 hours, because he can not call for help in case of deterioration, unable to independently service himself. But this is a living person, able to think and feel, and therefore live, even in such tough (and even cruel) conditions.

It is important to know!

The signs of paralysis or paresis, which begin to appear after a seizure, were first described in 1855 by an English physician, Robert Benclay Todd (RB Todd), after which this medical phenomenon was given its name.

Read more..

Found an error? Select it and press Ctrl + Enter.
You are reporting a typo in the following text:


Does the social norm approach work? Reflections on the Cochrane review by Foxcroft et al.

In 2009 Moreira,  Smith and Foxcroft [1] published a review of the efficacy of the social norms approach, specifically the application of brief personalized normative feedback in reducing alcohol-related problems amongst University students. The review was based on 22 randomised control trials and concluded that feedback was probably effective in changing behaviour in the short term. The authors have recently produced an updated review, which includes an additional 44 studies [2].  The authors argue that statistically significant effects for web based social norms feedback and face to face feedback have effect sizes that are too low to be meaningful; the magnitude of effect sizes for comparable interventions is not discussed.  The authors draw attention to methodological limitations in the current evidence base including: poor reporting of study design; high attrition; lack of clarity of implementation of the social norms approach; and the diversity of measured outcomes.

The updated 2015 review makes an important contribution to the literature by investigating the current evidence base for the social norms approach which, as evident in the trebling of the number of eligible studies from the authors’ 2009 review,  is continuing to rise in popularity as a prevention and early-intervention strategy. The authors highlight the variability in methodological rigour between studies and highlight the heterogeneity of the application and evaluation of the approach. The review further illustrates the importance of high quality research that rigorously evaluates effectiveness and investigates causal mechanisms of change.

Foxcroft et al. provide a review of RCTs that investigate the effectiveness of social norms approach interventions. The RCT is not an efficient design for testing public health interventions delivered to populations, hence there are a paucity of studies evaluating population based social norms campaigns using the RCT design. The review includes three RCTs investigating the use of population based social marketing campaigns; these are a small proportion of the population based evaluations of the social norms approach. Case-control and cohort studies form an integral part of the evidence base for the social norms approach but these are not eligible for inclusion in a Cochrane review. A comprehensive understanding of the evidence landscape requires consideration of evidence from RCTs as well as studies that have employed designs better suited to investigating public health interventions.

Some studies opted for an active control group (n=11), active controls being controls that received more than a leaflet, list of resources, and/or assessment. The control intervention ranged from education (website or face-to-face session) and generic feedback to treatment as usual counselling. In some instances the trials appear to be equivalency rather than effectiveness trials. Equivalency trials are important in determining the relative effectiveness of an intervention, where interventions are equivalent in effectiveness other factors (such as cost, scalability, resource availability, acceptability) should be considered. The review includes trials investigating the equivalence of social norms feedback to group educational sessions, and the equivalence of social norms feedback to face-to-face motivational interviewing therapy sessions. The heterogeneity of control conditions highlights the need for the field to reach consensus over where on the prevention/intervention spectrum social norms interventions are best placed in order to position interventions at a time and place that meets the needs of intended recipients.

The social norms approach is a public health intervention intended to reduce consumption of low to moderate drinkers. Paradoxically, because they outnumber the smaller minority of heavy users, these drinkers are responsible for the majority of the harm caused by alcohol (i.e. the prevention paradox [3]). The majority of the studies in the Cochrane review focussed on heavy users or mandated student who are unlikely to be representative of the wider university student population. Heavy drinkers are likely to require more intensive intervention than the presentation of normative information. For example in a study of 98 university halls of residences in Sweden personalised normative messages were associated with significant reductions in AUDIT scores [4]. A sub-group analysis revealed greater reductions for high-risk drinkers who received personalised feedback combined with brief skills training.  As shown by studies included in the review interventions for mandated students and/or heavy drinkers are generally more complex, display wide variability in intervention content and include normative information as only one of the active ingredients.

The review highlights the breadth of interventions that have adopted elements of the social norms approach.  The social norms approach has been incorporated into Motivational Interviewing sessions, used in face-to-face group interventions, and alcohol education packages. The mode of delivery varies substantially with the majority of studies including electronic delivery of individual feedback (35 of the 66). Less prolific, but included are individual face-to-face feedback (n=18), individual mailed feedback (n=7), and feedback delivered in a group setting (n=4). Foxcroft et al.’s analysis shows that effects vary across delivery mode. The substantial variation in intervention content, focus given to the social norms approach, and mode of delivery highlights the need to consideration the heterogeneity of interventions incorporating the social norms approach. A nuanced investigation into the evidence would enable us to understand how intervention content and/or delivery might impact on effectiveness.

Students misperceive and overestimate the alcohol use of their peers. These misperceptions are associated with increased alcohol consumption and negative consequences.  The social norms approach seeks to challenge misperceptions. Foxcroft et al.’s review shows that the delivery of individual face-to-face social norms information can reduce alcohol-related problems at four plus months. In their review social norms interventions had a significant effect on binge drinking and quantity of alcohol consumed

Interested in effects beyond the immediate short term the review investigated effects four or more months after the intervention. This sub-analysis is commendable as there is a need to understand the longer term effects of intervening using the social norms approach. Advocates of the social norms approach argue that to bring about substantive population change requires sustained implementation of a social norms approach intervention, ideally the intervention should be sustained for several years. One such as in the case of work at the University of Virginia where the risk of students experiencing multiple alcohol related harms has halved following the implementation of a long term social norms campaign[5].

The authors of the review posit that, whist statistically significant, effect sizes are too small to make a social norms campaign worthwhile. In the absence of population based approaches that show more substantial changes the social norms approach remains an effective prevention and early intervention method.

Dr Bridgette Bewick, University of Leeds, Dr John McAlaney, Bournemouth University

  1. Moreira, M.T., L.A. Smith, and D. Foxcroft, Social norms interventions to reduce alcohol misuse in University or College students. 2009, The Cochrane Collaboration.
  2. Foxcroft, D.R., et al., Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 1, 2015(CD006748).
  3. Weitzman, E.R. and T.F. Nelson, College student binge drinking and the “prevention paradox” : Implications for prevention and harm reduction. Journal of Drug Education, 2004. 34(3): p. 247 – 265.
  4. Ståhlbrandt, H.e., K.O. Johnsson, and M. Berglund, Two-year outcome of alcohol interventions in Swedish university halls of residence: A cluster randomized trial of a brief skills training program, twelve-step-influenced intervention, and controls. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2007. 31(3): p. 458-466.
  5. Turner, J., H.W. Perkins, and J. Bauerle, Declining negative consequences related to alcohol misuse among students exposed to a social norms marketing intervention on a college campus. Journal of American College Health, 2008. 57(1): p. 85-93.


Project Management; computer charting

Since modern business management requires efficient information management, healthcare providers require enhancing the management of patient information. Thus the concept of computer charting emerges. This paper identifies Charting by Exception, popularly referred to as CBE, as one of the most useful modern computer charting systems.

Implementation of CBE is a complicated process, but can be effective undertaken through a simple project management model. As such, the paper describes CBE project implementation against the 4 D project management model. This model is preferred for its simplicity as well as ability to track project progress.

Modern business management requires efficient management of information. Within the healthcare industry, the management of patient information is vital as it determines the success of healthcare provision. The need to enhance the management of information has led to the development of computer charting a concept that incorporates the use of IT based patient information management tools.

Computer charting systems have a broad based primary objective; however, the overarching aim seems to be improving efficiency in documentation of patient information. This is aimed at increasing accuracy in decision making regarding the patient care. As a result, the healthcare industry accrues numerous advantages from computer charting (Keenan, Yakel, Tschannen and Mandeville, n.d.).

The ever changing trends in healthcare information management require consistent changes to existing information management tools. While current computer charting systems ensure increased efficiency in patient information management, they are also time consuming since healthcare experts, especially nurses, spend a lot of time keying data in computer charting systems. This reduces the amount of time nurses spend with patients (Harrison, 2003; Huff, 2004).

The need for improved computer charting systems in the healthcare industry is necessitated by the desire to reduce the time spent in documentation. This translates to more time available for nurses to provide patient care. Additionally, other than reducing charting errors and omissions, the need to reduce redundancies in management of patient information necessitates systems change.

This therefore calls for the transition from the current computer charting to Charting by Exception, CBE (Jaffe, 2011). CBE is an improved version of the traditional computer charting systems already in the market. Compared to other computer charting systems, CBE offers numerous advantages to tertiary healthcare providers.

Other than creating a legally recognized patient data base, CBE eliminates the need for narrative documentation as it only focuses on variances or exceptional patient information. This is attained through recording information that varies from normal charting protocol. CBE uses standard information management tools such as graphs, sheets, among others.

Despite being a rather complex system to implement, CBE is recommended for tertiary healthcare institutions (Jaffe, 2011). Thus, the main objective of CBE is to increase time available for nursing care by reducing documentation time, further enhancing accuracy in decision making for tertiary healthcare providers.

As mentioned earlier, CBE provides additional advantages in the management of patient information for tertiary healthcare providers as compared to other computer charting systems available. Additionally, CBE is a complicated system. Therefore, its implementation needs a simple project management model.

There are numerous project management models, but according to Fischer (2005), 4 D models are the most preferable since they are not only simple but also help project managers verify their project plans at both the strategic and tactical level. Additionally, 4 D models enable managers to minimize and optimize risks as well as enabling managers to follow project progress while addressing emerging opportunities for change.

Project management process

The 4 D model is linear and involves four sequential stages. Most projects fail due to lack of a clear project definition. As such, the 4 D model requires a clear detailed definition for the project at hand. A detailed definition for the project includes clear objectives. Additionally, project managers need to identify the desired outcomes for the projects at the definition stage (Park and Meier, 2007).

As indicated earlier, the main objective of CBE is to increase time available for nurses to provide care by reducing documentation time, while further enhancing accuracy in decision making for tertiary healthcare providers. In line with this, the desired outcome for CBE is to limit the time used by tertiary healthcare providers during documentation. Reduced documentation time implies that nurses have extra time. Additionally, CBEs main aim is to reduce errors and thus improve decision making.

To achieve the objective stipulated above requires project managers to set realizable time based goals. As such, since this involves transition to a complicated computer charting system, adequate time is needed to train nurses, manage transition, test and measure its effectiveness and correct changes before delivery. Depending on the size of institution, managers need one to two months to fully implement CBE (Jaffe, 2011).

The most difficult stage is the designing stage. Designing largely involves planning how the objectives are to be achieved. In this case, a step by step plan seems relevant (Park and Meier, 2007). Appropriate actions which culminate in the implementation of CBE are identified. Such actions mainly focus on testing CBEs viability, evaluation and feedback reporting, as well as incorporating necessary adjustments.

To enable this, a project management checklist seems relevant. Such a list not only allows the manager to track the project progress but also record events. In the designing stage, a number of assumptions are made. For instance, the project manager assumes that the healthcare institution charting protocols meets State charting requirements. Additionally, the project manager assumes that nurses understand existing charting protocols.

To avoid any conflict with state authorities, the manager is required to consult attorneys as well as human service representatives within that State. While planning is aligned to the objective set, the project manager needs to also estimate the cost for the entire project. In this case, the cost for training nurses, the cost of the new system, materials needed, contingency plans, the cost incurred while testing and evaluation are factored in.

A project of such magnitude involves a number of risks. It is the role of the manager to identify all the possible management and systems risks. Since CBE offers legally valid patients data, there is the risk of using such data in a lawsuit against the healthcare provider. Additionally, since CBE only records variance or exceptions from the norm, it eliminates the need for narrative data, which poses future liability risks. Moreover, time and money budgeting is done on estimates, thus the risk of cost overruns (Jaffe, 2011).

Of the four stages, the actual implementation takes the longest time. The Doing it stage involves carrying out the activities according to plan (Park and Meier, 2007). This stage involves training the nurses on how to use CBE. After training, nurses gather all the standard CBE forms in a specific location. Using a CBE checklist, nurses read each of the patient notations according to the institutions charting protocol and mark against the checklist where patient data matches the existing charting protocol.

Any variances noted are recorded in narrative form and entered into the system. A resident physician is notified (Jaffe, 2011). Within the process, nurses also record the progress and challenges. Such records provide valuable feedback to the project manager. With the information provided from the feedback report, the manager leads the project management team in making a thorough review on the success of the project.

The purpose of conducting a thorough review is to identify opportunities for improvement. Adjustments are made to the systems design. This provides the manager with a system fully designed to serve the unique needs of the particular healthcare institution (Park and Meier, 2007). The system is thus ready for delivery.

The delivery stage is the final phase of the project. This stage mainly involves measuring the actual outcomes against the initial objectives. The usefulness of the products is evaluated against the previous products.

Thus, the manager tests whether CBE enables nurses to reduce documentation time, and whether errors and omissions are reduced. The success of the products is determined by evaluating the extent at which CBE improves decision making regarding patients care. Additionally, managers evaluates whether the time saved is spent providing patient care (Park and Meier, 2007; Jaffe, 2011).

Despite the fact that computer charting is not a new concept, new trends in information management require healthcare providers to constantly evaluate the usefulness of existing information management tools. Since traditional methods of computer charting fail to address the concept of efficient time management, CBE seems relevant especially for tertiary healthcare providers.

Implementation of CBE is a complicated project, but the 4 D project management model significantly simplifies the process of implementation. Despite the numerous risks associated with CBE, the system accrues numerous benefits to tertiary healthcare providers. Most significantly, the system increases time available for nurses to provide care to patients, minimize errors thus enhancing decision making.

Reference List

Fischer, M. (2005). 4D Modeling: Applications and benefits. Retrieved from

Harrison, B. (2003). Becoming familiar with computerized charting. Retrieved from tail.jsp?id=65825

Huff, C. (2004). Off the Chart? Retrieved from

Jaffe, S. (2011). Nursing practice & skill. Retrieved from

Keenan, G., Yakel, E., Tschannen, D. and Mandeville, M. (n.d.). Chapter 49. Documentation and the nurse care planning process. Retrieved from

Park, B. and Meier, R. (2007). Reality-based construction project management: constraint-based 4D simulation environment. Journal of Industrial Technology 23(1)


Both the Parts and Whole: Leadership and Systems Thinking

Leaders operate in the realm of bewildering uncertainty and staggering complexity. Today’s problems are rarely simple and clear-cut. If they were, they would likely already have been solved by someone else. If not well considered — and sometimes even when they are — today’s solutions become tomorrow’s problems. Success in the contemporary operating environment requires different ways of thinking about problems and organizations. This article introduces some concepts of systems thinking and suggests that it is a framework that should be understood and applied by leaders at all levels.

It is insufficient and often counterproductive for leaders merely to act as good cogs in the machine. Leaders perform a valuable service when they discern that a venerated system or process has outlived its usefulness, or that it is operating as originally designed but against the organization’s overall purpose. Sometimes we forget that systems are created by people, based on an idea about what should happen at a given point in time. A wise senior warrant officer referred to this phenomenon as a BOGSAT — a bunch of guys sitting around talking.

When you’re diagnosing long-standing problems, look at whether the system’s design supports its overall purpose. Your system may be perfectly designed to produce the results you’re getting, however undesirable they may be!

Systems Endure

Although times and circumstances may change, systems tend to endure. We seem to be better at creating new systems than changing or eliminating existing ones. Sociologist Robert K. Merton coined the term “goal displacement” to describe what happens when complying with bureaucratic processes becomes the objective rather than focusing on organizational goals and values. When that happens, systems take on a life of their own and seem immune to common sense. Thoughtless application of rules and procedures can stifle innovation, hamper adaptivity, and dash creativity. Wholesale disregard of rules and procedures, however, can be equally disastrous.

When members of an organization feel as though they must constantly fight the system by circumventing established rules and procedures, the result can be cynicism or a poor ethical climate. Because of their experience and position, leaders are invested with the authority to intervene and correct or abandon malfunctioning systems. At the very least, they can advocate for change in a way that those with less positional authority cannot. Leaders at all levels should, therefore, be alert to systems that drive human behavior inimical to organizational effectiveness. It is arguable that military organizations placing a premium on tradition and standardization are predisposed to goal displacement. We need leaders, therefore, who can see both the parts and the big picture; to this end, some of the concepts of systems thinking are useful.

The Department of Defense is a large and complex social system with many interrelated parts. As with any system of this type, when changes are made to one part, many others are affected in a cascading and often unpredictable manner. Thus, organizational decisions are fraught with second- and third-order effects that result in unintended consequences. “Fire and forget” approaches are rarely sufficient and are sometimes downright harmful. Extensive planning — combined with even the best of intentions — does not guarantee success. Better prediction is not the answer, nor is it possible. There are so many interactions in complex systems that no individual can be expected to forecast the impact of even small changes that are amplified over time.

Getting Beyond the Machine Metaphor

In her book Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives, Mary Jo Hatch provides an introduction to general systems theory that is useful in thinking about organizations. She makes a point worthy of repeating: The use of lower-level models is problematic when applied to higher-level systems. Thus, the language of simple machines creates blind spots when used as a metaphor for human or social systems; human systems are infinitely more complex and dynamic. In other words, it can be counterproductive to treat a complex dynamic social system like a simple machine.

Noted management scholar Russell Ackoff puts it another way. He asserts that we are in the process of leaving the machine age that had roots in the Renaissance and came into favor through the industrialization of society. In that era, the machine metaphor became the predominant way of looking at organizations. The universe was envisioned by thinkers such as Isaac Newton as having the characteristics of a big clock. The workings of the clock could be understood through the process of analysis and the analytical method.

Analysis involves taking apart something of interest, trying to understand the behavior of its parts, and then assembling the understanding of the parts into an understanding of the whole. According to Ackoff, “One simple relationship — cause and effect — was sufficient to explain all relationships.” Much machine-age thinking remains with us today; however, there are alternatives.

An Identifiable Purpose

Systems, like the human body, have parts, and the parts affect the performance of the whole. All of the parts are interdependent. The liver interacts with and affects other internal organs — the brain, heart, kidneys, etc. You can study the parts singly, but because of the interactions, it doesn’t make much practical sense to stop there.

Understanding of the system cannot depend on analysis alone. The key to understanding is, therefore, synthesis.

The systems approach is to:

  • Identify a System. After all, not all things are systems. Some systems are simple and predictable, while others are complex and dynamic. Most human social systems are the latter.
  • Explain the Behavior or Properties of the Whole System. This focus on the whole is the process of synthesis. Ackoff says that analysis looks into things while synthesis looks out of things.
  • Explain the Behavior or Properties of the thing to be explained in terms of the role(s) or function(s) of the whole.

The systems thinker retains focus on the system as a whole, and the analysis in step three (the third bullet) is always in terms of the overall purpose of the system. Borrowing Ackoff’s approach and using the example of a contemporary defense issue might help clarify what is admittedly abstract at first glance.

Consider the Institute for Defense Analyses report Transforming DoD Management: The Systems Approach. The authors of this study suggested an alternative approach to Service-based readiness reporting, one that considered the entire defense transportation system. One section of the report suggests that knowing the status of equipment, training, and manning of transportation units is helpful but insufficient to determine the readiness of a system that includes elements such as airfields, road networks, ships, and ports. The defense transportation system includes elements of all Services and even some commercial entities. It only makes sense, therefore, to assess readiness of these elements as part of a larger system that has an identifiable purpose — to move personnel and materiel to the right place at the right time. In this example you can clearly see the approach recommended by Ackoff.

While it may be important to orient on values, goals, and objectives, the urgent often displaces the important. Fighting off the alligators inevitably takes precedence over draining the swamp.

The Problem of Busyness

Few would disagree, in principle, that senior leaders should see not only the parts, but also the big picture. So why don’t we do more of it? One reason is because we are so darned busy. Immersed in the myriad details of daily existence, it is easy to lose sight of the bigger picture. While it may be important to orient on values, goals, and objectives, the urgent often displaces the important. Fighting off the alligators inevitably takes precedence over draining the swamp.

The problem of busyness can be compounded by senior leaders who are over-scheduled and uneducated in systems thinking. It seems as though military officers today work excessive hours as a matter of pride. A cursory examination of the calendar of most contemporary officers, especially flag officers, will indicate an abusive pace. Consider as an alternative the example of one of America’s greatest soldier-statesmen, Gen. George C. Marshall. Even at the height of World War II, Marshall typically rode a horse in the morning for exercise, came home for lunch and visited with his wife, went to bed early, and regularly took retreats to rejuvenate. To what extent are such pauses for reflection and renewal valued today? Simple cause and effect thinking combined with a culture of busyness can result in decision makers who rapid-fire short-term solutions at long-term problems without taking time to think about the actual impact of those solutions.

A common symptom of this phenomenon can be seen in leaders who unrealistically demand simplicity and certainty in a complex and uncertain environment. The drive for simplicity can lead to the need for excessive assumptions. Few contemporary issues of significance can be understood, much less solved, in a two-page point paper or a PowerPoint® slide. We might also ask whether speed and decisiveness in decision making, so valued at the tactical level, work to the detriment of good decisions at the strategic level. Absent some discipline and techniques to do otherwise, it is very hard to find time for reflection and thoughtful decision making.

In Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, May 2003, Stever Robbins wrote, “Most people expect learning to just happen without their taking the time for thought and reflection, which true learning requires. In the past, with slower communication systems, we often had a few weeks to ponder and rethink a decision. Today we’re accustomed to e-mails, faxes, overnight letters, and cell phones, and have come to believe that an immediate response is more important than a thoughtful one.”

Interrelationships, Not Things

Peter Senge submits, in The Fifth Discipline, that systems thinking provides just the type of discipline and toolset needed to encourage the seeing of “interrelationships rather than things, for seeing patterns of change rather than static ‘snapshots.’” Senge argues that this shift of mind is necessary to deal with the complexities of dynamic social systems.

He suggests that we think in terms of feedback loops as a substitute for simple cause and effect relationships. As an example, systems scholar Daniel Aronson suggests that we imagine a farmer who determines that an insect infestation is eating his crop. The conventional approach is to apply a pesticide designed to kill the insect. Our example at this point depicts the lowest level of the thinking hierarchy — reaction. In response to the appearance of insects, the farmer applies a pesticide because he assumes that what has worked in the past will work in this instance. As additional insects appear, the farmer applies more pesticide. While the farmer’s goal is to produce a crop, his activity is increasingly consumed by recurring applications of the chemical. He is surely busy, but he may not necessarily be productive. A systems thinker might step back from the problem, take a broader view, and consider what is happening over time.

For example, he might think about whether there are any patterns that appear over weeks or months and attempt to depict what is actually occurring. Recognizing the pattern of a system over time is a higher-order level of thinking. The systems thinker might notice that insect infestation did decrease after applying pesticide, but only for a short time. Insects that were eating the crop were actually controlling a second species of insect not affected by the pesticide. Elimination of the first species resulted in a growth explosion in the second that caused even more damage than the first. The obvious solution caused unintended consequences that worsened the situation.

An accomplished systems thinker would model the above example using a series of feedback loops. The specifics of the modeling technique are less important at this point than the observation that systems thinking tends to see things in terms of loops and patterns aided by constant assessment of what is happening, rather than flow charts and reliance on what should be happening. At the highest level of thinking, the farmer would try to identify root causes or possible points of intervention suggested by these observations.

The Importance of Continuous Assessment

In Why Smart Executives Fail, Sydney Finkelstein examined over 50 of the world’s most notorious business failures. His analysis indicated that in almost every case, the failures were not attributable to stupidity or lack of attention. To the contrary, the leaders of well-known corporations such as Samsung Motors, WorldCom, and Enron were exceptionally bright, energetic, and deeply involved in the operation of their businesses. Up to the point of massive corporate failure, they were all extremely successful, and in almost every case, there were some in the organization who vainly raised objections to the course that eventually proved disastrous. In most instances, the executives failed to see or accept what was actually happening. In some cases, they were blinded by their own prior successes; in other cases, they inexplicably held tenaciously to a vision, despite plenty of evidence that the chosen strategic direction was ill advised. The systems thinker’s pragmatic focus on determining what is actually happening serves as a preventative to self-delusional wishful thinking. Wishful thinking is no substitute for a realistic appraisal. In the language of systems thinking, the executives were trapped by their own faulty mental models.

The continuous assessment process that is characteristic of systems thinking is essential in a volatile, rapidly changing environment. It takes time and good habits of critical reflection to engage in this kind of learning, both for individuals and organizations.

A systemic approach to failure is more likely to result in effective long-term solutions. Imagine for a moment if the incidents of abuse at Abu Ghraib were chalked up merely to ineffective leadership or just miscreant behavior by some thugs on the night shift. If other factors contributed to the problem, after relieving the chain of command for cause and prosecuting the abusers, the members of the replacement chain of command might have found themselves in an equally untenable situation. While inspired leadership can make a difference under the worst of conditions, we might ask just how heroic we expect our leaders to be on a regular basis. When a system is so obviously stacked against our leaders, there is a moral imperative to change the system.

Systems thinking is no panacea. There is no checklist to work through that will guarantee someone is thinking in a way that will capture the big picture or identify root causes of difficult problems. There are some concepts and approaches embedded in the systems thinking literature, however, that can be very helpful when considering why a situation seems to be immune to intervention, or why a problem thought to be solved has returned with a vengeance.

Here are some of the concepts:

  • Focus on the purpose for which a system was created over the processes and procedures of the system.
  • Simple cause-and-effect relationships are insufficient to understand or explain a complex social system. Patterns over time and feedback loops are a better way to think about the dynamics of complex systems.
  • Think in terms of synthesis over analysis: the whole over the parts.
  • Busyness and excessive focus on short-term gains interferes with our ability to use a systems approach.
  • Leaders must see what is actually happening over what they want to see happen.
  • Thinking about systems and their dynamics suggests alternative approaches and attunes leaders to important aspects of organizational behavior, especially in military organizations that value tradition and standardization.

George Reed is an associate professor in the Department of Leadership Studies at the University of San Diego. He served for 27 years as a military police officer including six as the Director of Command and Leadership Studies at the U. S. Army War College. He holds a doctorate in public policy analysis and administration. Send questions or comments to him at

This article was originally published in Defense AT&L, May-June 2006.

Sign up or sign in to bookmark this article.


Jobs are plentiful for rock-bottom pay across the West

For many years, the economic rules were supported by both common sense and the data: when unemployment falls, wages rise soon after. But since the turn of the century and before, that relationship has broken down across the developed world, according to data from the OECD (scroll over the chart below for detail).

Data: Unemployment and annual wage data from the OECD; Chart: Lazaro Gamio / Axios

Stagnant wages aren't just an American problem: Workers in the wealthier nations are facing similar headwinds, like declining union membership, increased competition from foreign workers in a global marketplace, and slow productivity growth. But no one knows precisely why economics are failing to observe the traditional supply-and-demand rules.

The question is not academic: Frustrated by stagnant income, fears for their children's future, and the deterioration of their towns and cities, ordinary people in the U.S. and across Europe are taking it out on migrants and their traditional politicians, shaking up the western-led political system.


Arrow LeftBack
Icon מנהיגות

Conflict to Collaboration & Disagree Agreeably

In Person

This is a combination of 2 conflict resolution modules. The first module, Conflict to Collaboration shows how collaboration enables team members to draw upon their unique, individual strengths while creating a sense of unity. The second module, Disagree Agreeably offers insights into our own personal work style and communication “hot buttons.”

ראו מועד ומיקום
Head with lightbulb

מה תלמדו

In Conflict to Collaboration, you will discover how working communally eases the pressure off of a single individual and extends responsibility evenly among team members, giving everyone the opportunity to take command of their roles and excel together. In Disagree Agreeably, you will not only explore situations that challenge you most, you’ll learn to manage your emotions and to express your opinions in a productive way that leads to acceptance and agreement.

Open book

מדוע תרצו ללמוד זאת

Conflict can be difficult to resolve without the help of others. By collaborating with people inside and outside of your organization, leaders can leverage the diverse talents and experiences of others, gain new perspectives and uncover unexpected solutions. It’s also advantageous to learn to communicate in a non-confrontational way creates a more united workforce. When you are willing to accept differing viewpoints and rationally explain your own, you’re much more likely to maintain mutual respect and a positive relationship. Positive relationships yield acceptance, satisfying outcomes, and increased productivity.

Person standing next to flag

כיצד זה יסייע לכם

This journey into teamwork and self-examination will enable you to better understand how to promote unity in the workplace. You’ll learn to communicate without negativity. And you’ll be able to answer that age old question, “Why can’t we all just get along?”

מועדי קורסים קרובים

בחר במיקום למעלה, כדי למצוא את תאריכי קורסים באזור שלך.

לא מצאת תאריך שמתאים לך? רוצה שתוכנית זו תסופק לארגון או לצוות שלך? צור איתנו קשר לקבלת מידע נוסף.