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Roman Forum

History and museums
forum, plaza, historic site, landmark, ruins

Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum. The Roman kingdom's earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge. These included the ancient former royal residence, the Regia (8th century BC), and the Temple of Vesta (7th century BC), as well as the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins, all of which were rebuilt after the rise of imperial Rome.

Other archaic shrines to the northwest, such as the Umbilicus Urbis and the Vulcanal (Shrine of Vulcan), developed into the Republic's formal Comitium (assembly area). This is where the Senate—as well as Republican government itself—began. The Senate House, government offices, tribunals, temples, memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area.

Over time the archaic Comitium was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new Basilica Aemilia (179 BC). Some 130 years later, Julius Caesar built the Basilica Julia, along with the new Curia Julia, refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself. This new Forum, in what proved to be its final form, then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial, political, judicial and religious pursuits in ever greater numbers.

Eventually much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the Forum Romanum to the larger and more extravagant structures (Trajan's Forum and the Basilica Ulpia) to the north. The reign of Constantine the Great saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex—the Basilica of Maxentius (312 AD). This returned the political center to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later.

Unlike the later imperial fora in Rome—which were self-consciously modelled on the ancient Greek plateia (πλατεῖα) public plaza or town square—the Roman Forum developed gradually, organically and piecemeal over many centuries. This, despite attempts, with some success, to impose some order there, by Sulla, Julius Caesar and Augustus and others. By the Imperial period, the large public buildings that crowded around the central square had reduced the open area to a rectangle of about 130 by 50 metres.

Its long dimension was oriented northwest to southeast and extended from the foot of the Capitoline Hill to that of the Velian Hill. The Forum's basilicas during the Imperial period—the Basilica Aemilia on the north and the Basilica Julia on the south—defined its long sides and its final form. The Forum proper included this square, the buildings facing it and, sometimes, an additional area (the Forum Adjectum) extending southeast as far as the Arch of Titus.

Originally, the site of the Forum had been marshy lake where waters from the surrounding hills drained. This was drained by the Tarquins with the Cloaca Maxima. Because of its location, sediments from both the flooding of the Tiber River and the erosion of the surrounding hills have been raising the level of the Forum floor for centuries. Excavated sequences of remains of paving show that sediment eroded from the surrounding hills was already raising the level in early Republican times.

As the ground around buildings rose, residents simply paved over the debris that was too much to remove. Its final travertine paving, still visible, dates from the reign of Augustus. Excavations in the 19th century revealed one layer on top of another. The deepest level excavated was 3.60 metres above sea level. Archaeological finds show human activity at that level with the discovery of carbonised wood.

An important function of the Forum, during both Republican and Imperial times, was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military processions known as Triumphs. Victorious generals entered the city by the western Triumphal Gate (Porta Triumphalis) and circumnavigated the Palatine Hill (counterclockwise) before proceeding from the Velian Hill down the Via Sacra and into the Forum.

From here they would mount the Capitoline Rise (Clivus Capitolinus) up to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the summit of the Capitol. Lavish public banquets ensued back down on the Forum. (In addition to the Via Sacra, the Forum was accessed by a number of storied roads and streets, including the Vicus Jugarius, Vicus Tuscus, Argiletum, and Via Nova.)

Roman Kingdom

The original, low-lying, grassy wetland of the Forum was drained in the 7th century BC with the building of the Cloaca Maxima, a large covered sewer system that emptied into the Tiber River, as more people began to settle between the two hills.

According to tradition, the Forum's beginnings are connected with the alliance between Romulus, the first king of Rome controlling the Palatine Hill, and his rival, Titus Tatius, who occupied the Capitoline Hill. An alliance formed after combat had been halted by the prayers and cries of the Sabine women. Because the valley lay between the two settlements, it was the designated place for the two peoples to meet. Since the early Forum area included pools of stagnant water, the most easily accessible area was the northern part of the valley which was designated as the Comitium. It was here at the Vulcanal that, according to the story, the two parties laid down their weapons and formed an alliance.

The Forum was outside the walls of the original Sabine fortress, which was entered through the Porta Saturni. These walls were mostly destroyed when the two hills were joined. The original Forum functioned as an open-air market abutting on the Comitium, but eventually outgrew its day-to-day shopping and marketplace role. As political speeches, civil trials, and other public affairs began to take up more and more space in the Forum, additional fora throughout the city began to emerge to expand on specific needs of the growing population. Fora for cattle, pork, vegetables and wine specialised in their niche products and the associated deities around them.

Rome's second king, Numa Pompilius (r. 715–673 BC), is said to have begun the cult of Vesta, building its house and temple as well as the Regia as the city's first royal palace. Later Tullus Hostilius (r. 673–642 BC) enclosed the Comitium around the old Etruscan temple where the senate would meet at the site of the Sabine conflict. He is said to have converted that temple into the Curia Hostilia close to where the Senate originally met in an old Etruscan hut. In 600 BC Tarquinius Priscus had the area paved for the first time.

Roman Republic

During the Republican period the Comitium continued to be the central location for all judicial and political life in the city. However, in order to create a larger gathering place, the Senate began expanding the open area between the Comitium and the Temple of Vesta by purchasing existing private homes and removing them for public use. Building projects of several consuls repaved and built onto both the Comitium and the adjacent central plaza that was becoming the Forum.

The 5th century BC witnessed the earliest Forum temples with known dates of construction: the Temple of Saturn (497 BC) and the Temple of Castor and Pollux (484 BC). The Temple of Concord was added in the following century, possibly by the soldier and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus. A long held tradition of speaking from the elevated speakers' Rostra—originally facing north towards the Senate House to the assembled politicians and elites—put the orator's back to the people assembled in the Forum. A tribune known as Caius Licinius (consul in 361 BC) is said to have been the first to turn away from the elite towards the Forum, an act symbolically repeated two centuries later by Gaius Gracchus.

This began the tradition of locus popularis, in which even young nobles were expected to speak to the people from the Rostra. Gracchus was thus credited with (or accused of) disturbing the mos maiorum ("custom of the fathers/ancestors") in ancient Rome. When Censor in 318 BC, Gaius Maenius provided buildings in the Forum neighborhood with balconies, which were called after him maeniana, in order that the spectators might better view the games put on within the temporary wooden arenas set up there.

The Tribune benches were placed on the Forum Romanum as well. Firstly they stood next to the senate house, during the late roman Republic they were placed in front of the Basilica Porcia.

The earliest basilicas (large, aisled halls) were introduced to the Forum in 184 BC by Marcus Portius Cato, which began the process of "monumentalizing" the site. The Basilica Fulvia was dedicated on the north side of the Forum square in 179 BC. (It was rebuilt and renamed several times, as Basilica Fulvia et Aemilia, Basilica Paulli, Basilica Aemilia). Nine years later, the Basilica Sempronia was dedicated on the south side.

Many of the traditions from the Comitium, such as the popular assemblies, funerals nobles and games, were transferred to the Forum as it developed. Especially notable was the move of the comitia tributa, then the focus of popular politics, in 145 BC. Particularly important and unprecedented political events took place in 133 BC when, in the midst of riots in and around the Forum, the Tribune Tiberius Gracchus was lynched there by a group of Senators.

In the 80s BC, during the dictatorship of Sulla, major work was done on the Forum including the raising of the plaza level by almost a meter and the laying of permanent marble paving stones. (Remarkably, this level of the paving was maintained more or less intact for over a millennium: at least until the sack of Rome by Robert Guiscard and his Normans in 1084, when neglect finally allowed debris to begin to accumulate unabated.)

In 78 BC, the immense Tabularium (Records Hall) was built at the Capitoline Hill end of the Forum by order of the consuls for that year, M. Aemilius Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Catulus. In 63 BC, Cicero delivered his famous speech denouncing the companions of the conspirator Catiline at the Forum (in the Temple of Concord, whose spacious hall was sometimes used as a meeting place by the Senators). After the verdict, they were led to their deaths at the Tullianum, the nearby dungeon which was the only known state prison of the ancient Romans.

Over time, the Comitium was lost to the ever-growing Curia and to Julius Caesar's rearrangements before his assassination in 44 BC. That year, two supremely dramatic events were witnessed by the Forum, perhaps the most famous ever to transpire there: Marc Antony's funeral oration for Caesar (immortalized in Shakespeare's famous play) was delivered from the partially completed speaker's platform known as the New Rostra and the public burning of Caesar's body occurred on a site directly across from the Rostra around which the Temple to the Deified Caesar was subsequently built by his great-nephew Octavius (Augustus). Almost two years later, Marc Antony added to the notoriety of the Rostra by publicly displaying the severed head and right hand of his enemy Cicero there.

Roman Empire

After Julius Caesar's death, and the end of the subsequent Civil Wars, Augustus would finish his great-uncle's work, giving the Forum its final form. This included the southeastern end of the plaza where he constructed the Temple of Divus Iulius and the Arch of Augustus there (both in 29 BC). The Forum was witness to the assassination of a Roman Emperor in 69 AD: Galba had set out from the palace to meet rebels, but was so feeble that he had to be carried in a litter. He was immediately met by a troop of his rival Otho's cavalry near the Lacus Curtius in the Forum, where he was killed.

During these early Imperial times much economic and judicial business transferred away from the Forum to larger and more extravagant structures to the north. After the building of Trajan's Forum (110 AD), these activities transferred to the Basilica Ulpia.

The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus was added the northwest end of the Forum close to the foot of the Capitoline Hill and adjacent to the old, vanishing Comitium. It was dedicated in 203 AD to commemorate the Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons, and is one of the most visible landmarks there today. The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305) was the last of the great builders of Rome's city infrastructure and he did not omit the Forum from his program. By his day it had become highly cluttered with honorific memorials. He refurbished and reorganized it, building anew the Temple of Saturn, Temple of Vesta and the Curia. The last had recently burned and Diocletian's version is the one that can still be visited today.

The reign of Constantine the Great saw the completion of the construction of the Basilica of Maxentius (312 AD), the last significant expansion of the Forum complex. This restored much of the political focus to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later.

In the 6th century some of the old edifices within the Forum began to be transformed into Christian churches. On 1 August 608, the Column of Phocas, a Roman monumental column, was erected before the Rostra and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas. This proved to be the last monumental addition made to the Forum. By the 8th century the whole space was surrounded by Christian churches taking the place of the abandoned and ruined temples.

An anonymous 8th-century traveller from Einsiedeln (now in Switzerland) reported that the Forum was already falling apart in his time. During the Middle Ages, though the memory of the Forum Romanum persisted, its monuments were for the most part buried under debris, and its location was designated the "Campo Vaccino" or "cattle field," located between the Capitoline Hill and the Colosseum.

After the 8th century the structures of the Forum were dismantled, re-arranged and used to build feudal towers and castles within the local area. In the 13th century these rearranged structures were torn down and the site became a dumping ground. This, along with the debris from the dismantled medieval buildings and ancient structures, helped contribute to the rising ground level.

The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon in 1367 led to an increased interest in ancient monuments, partly for their moral lesson and partly as a quarry for new buildings being undertaken in Rome after a long lapse.

Excavation and preservation

Artists from the late 15th century drew the ruins in the Forum, antiquaries copied inscriptions in the 16th century, and a tentative excavation was begun in the late 18th century.

A cardinal took measures to drain it again and built the Alessandrine neighborhood over it. But the excavation by Carlo Fea, who began clearing the debris from the Arch of Septimius Severus in 1803, and archaeologists under the Napoleonic regime marked the beginning of clearing the Forum, which was only fully excavated in the early 20th century.

Remains from several centuries are shown together, due to the Roman practice of building over earlier ruins.

Today, archeological excavations continue along with constant restoration and preservation. Long a major tourist destination in the city, the Forum is open for foot traffic along the ancient Roman streets which are restored to the late Imperial level. The Forum Museum (Antiquarium Forense) is found at the Colosseum end of a modern road, the Via dei Fori Imperiali.

This small museum has a significant collection of sculpture and architectural fragments. There are also reconstructions of the Forum and the nearby Imperial Fora as well as a short video in several languages. It is entered from the Forum by the side of Santa Francesca Romana (No. 53 Piazza S. Maria Nova) and is open from 08:30 to one hour before sunset. Admission is 12 Euros.

In 2008 heavy rains caused structural damage to the modern concrete covering holding the "Black Stone" marble together over the Lapis Niger.

The Roman Forum has been a source of inspiration for visual artists for centuries. Especially notable is Giambattista Piranesi who created (1748–76) a set of 135 etchings—the Vedute di Roma (Views of Rome)—in which the Forum figured significantly. (Many of the features documented in Piranesi's views have now vanished.)

Notable artists of the Forum include Maerten van Heemskerck, Pirro Ligorio, Canaletto, Claude Lorrain, Giovanni Paolo Panini, Hubert Robert, J.M.W. Turner and many others.

Other fora in Rome

Other fora existed in other areas of the city; remains of most of them, sometimes substantial, still exist. The most important of these are a number of large imperial fora forming a complex with the Forum Romanum: the Forum Iulium, Forum Augustum, the Forum Transitorium (also: Forum Nerva), and Trajan's Forum. The planners of the Mussolini era removed most of the Medieval and Baroque strata and built the Via dei Fori Imperiali road between the Imperial Fora and the Forum. There are also:

  • The Forum Boarium, dedicated to the commerce of cattle, between the Palatine Hill and the river Tiber,
  • The Forum Holitorium, dedicated to the commerce of herbs and vegetables, between the Capitoline Hill and the Servian walls,
  • The Forum Piscarium, dedicated to the commerce of fish, between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber, in the area of the current Roman Ghetto,
  • The Forum Suarium, dedicated to the commerce of pork, near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the campus Martius,
  • The Forum Vinarium, dedicated to the commerce of wine, in the area now of the "quartiere" Testaccio, between Aventine Hill and the Tiber.

Other markets were known but remain unidentifiable due to a lack of precise information on each site's function. ||| Public domain ||| Public domain ||| GNU Free Documentation License ||| Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 ||| Public domain ||| GNU Free Documentation License

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Copper Ore Crushing Plant In Indonesia

Copper Ore Crushing Plant In Indonesia

There are various kinds of crushing machines for sale in the crushing equipment market. The following are some popular copper ore crushing machine that widely used in the crushing of copper ore.

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Impact crusher can handle different materials with a maximum size of 500 mm and compressive strength below 360 MPa. Because of its good results and outstanding features, it is widely used in the process of breaking rocks in areas such as building roads, water conservation and construction.

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Besides independent crushers, copper ore crushing plant are also widely used by quarry operators. It has the following characteristics: high degree of automation, low cost, high crushing ratio, energy saving, high yield, less pollution, convenient maintenance and so on.

Copper ore properties and applications

Copper is one of the most important industry metal and it plays an important role in modern culture and life. Copper is a metal that has the desirable physical properties of being malleable and ductile. It was used in electric cables and wires, switches, plumbing, heating, roofing and building construction, chemical and pharmaceutical machinery, alloys (brass, bronze, and a new alloy with 3% beryllium that is particularly vibration resistant), alloy castings, electroplated protective coatings and undercoats for nickel, chromium, zinc, etc., and cooking utensils.

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Copper Ore Crushing Solution

Copper ore crushing may be performed in two or three stages. Primary crushing circuit consist of crushers, feeders, dust control systems, and conveyors used to transport ore to coarse ore storage or further crushing plant. Primary crushing is generally processed by a jaw crusher or gyratory crusher, since these units can handle larger rocks.

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The feed to primary crushing is generally run-of-mine ore, which is reduced from large pieces to smaller pieces. Secondary and tertiary crushing usually are performed in surface facilities in cone crushers, although impact crusher or hammer mills are sometimes used. In these reduction stages, ore must be reduced to about 0.75 inches before being transported by conveyer belts to a grinding mill.

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Academic Practices and Development (GR 501S)

2019 Spring
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
Kristin Ann Şendur,
Doctoral, Master
Interactive,Learner centered,Communicative,Discussion based learning,Case Study
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This course introduces fundamental principles in teaching and learning for graduate students in the event that they choose a career in academia.In addition, this course acculturates students to the practices and culture of Sabanci University.Through a series of workshops, graduate students will learn about best practices and ethical considerations in teaching and learning, and how to apply them to the current student population at Sabanci University. Students will also learn about research methods. Once students have participated in this series of workshops, they will help out with one or more courses offered at the University, which will allow them to apply the principles learned in the workshop.

At the end of this course, the learner is expected to demonstrate his/her ability to identify appropriate teaching strategies for a variety of situations.
At the end of this course, the learner is expected to demonstrate his/her ability to communicate effectively with course supervisors and students.
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1. Construct reasoned arguments, synthesize relevant information, and critically analyze subject material. 4

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1. Analyze historical and contemporary developments in Europe, specifically of the European integration process, from a multi-disciplinary perspective. 1

2. Grasp the main dynamics of the European order, politically, historically and economically. 1

3. Explain the European integration process and the EU?s decision-making procedures and it?s institutions. 1

1. Begin to grasp historical evolution and contemporary character of world politics. 1

  Percentage (%)
Participation 100


Act of Submission - Mandy M. Roth

Act of Submission

Act of Submission

4.17 6 5 Scritto da: Mandy M. Roth Letto da: Mason Lloyd
Formato: audio.
Paranormal Security and Intelligence an Immortal Ops World Novel

Paranormal Shifter Military Special Ops Romance

Haven Carey has given up everything to seek out the man responsible for her brother's death, but she gets a lot more than she bargained for when she comes face-to-face with the tall, dark, and delicious alpha. When her world is turned on its head, she soon discovers that nothing is as it appears to be.

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Service Writer Job Description

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beautiful and practical, fashionable and easy to carry.


Aesthetics - Levchuk L.T.

In history of natural science, Persian half of the XVIII century. loan є especial mіsce: in 1750 p. From Druku Viishov the first volume of the theoretical treatise "Aesthetics", the author of a kind of boulevard philosopher and theorist theorist Oleksandr-Gotlib Baumgarten (1714-1762 pp.). I am guided by the Greek understanding of itsetikos, estanomay, estanome, estesі, Baumgarten uvіv new termіn - aesthetics, who have become fond of self-specific knowledge.

Appear the need for self-knowledge of the science of singing manifestations, knowledge, ideas, relations with people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people, people theories and traditions of mystical manifestations. O. Baumgarten, Yak philosopher, Sturjuvav, scho gnoseologіya maє dvі form і pіznannya - aesthetics and logic. Persha is tied to the "lower". tobto chuttєvim pіznannyam, and the other - to seek, tobto іntelektualnim, Logіka vivchaє judzhennu rozuma і vede to pіznannya іstini. Aesthetics are tied to judges and relish more beautifully, I understand O. Baum-garten beautifully wide, I don’t see the object of aesthetics through the idea of beauty (such a tendency appeared in G.z.-f. G. Chernishevsky). Baumgarten having seen the subject of aesthetics through understanding thoroughly: "... Aesthetics is the science of thoroughly in the true appearances, of the thoroughness of the sensitive and learned relish” 3.

Kohl Baumgarten having voted on the terminus thoroughly, it appeared that he understood even the blou about the theoretical interest in the natural past. So, at the praxis of "Metaphysics" Aristotle ototzhnuє thoroughly with the more beautiful - remain to be identified as a philosopher as positively thorough. In older cultures, one can have a good grasp until the thoroughly aesthetic is ototozhenennya. Arab middle-aged philosopher Al-Ghazal, for example, saying: "... The beauty of the subject, the flexibility of the pole in the discovery of all thoroughly, even that of the first. The beauty of a skin subject is in the appearance of thorough sight ”4.

І All the same, I need to introduce Baumgarten rightly for the introduction of theoretical understanding of such a meaningful understanding, as if thoroughly. Moreover, there is a two-sided aesthetics - theoretical and practical. Persha Mala is concerned with the problem of beauty, the specificity of the sensitive sprites and the nostalgia, and the friend mediocrely engaged in problems with developing the mystery. In the concept of Baumgarten, in such a way, I’ve seen the subject of science in two parts: one is heavy to the philosophical knowledge, and the other is to mystical exaltation. For the sake of tendency, it’s closed, what is the first thing, what are we doing for the year about the bi- subject of natural science. And then, to my own chert, є svіdchennyam yak theoretically, so і structural structural complexity of the subject of aesthetics.

Otzhe, having appeared at glibokіy davnіnі, the sound of the aesthetic with the mystery got lost forever. The first half of the nineteenth century showed the understanding of "philosophy of mystery"

3 Baumgarten AG Theoretisehe Astetik. Hamburg, 1983. P. 10.

4 Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali. The resurrection of the sciences of faith. M., 1980. C-235.

(Hegel), as a result of the power it was possible to infringe upon the mystery not to lose the system of vision and history, but as a phenomenon, the specificity of such communication is expressed through the process of creative work. Tsya lyudina is not less than realizing her own powerful creative potential, and whistle is her model of quietly high, extraordinary capacities, the skinny ones are so guilty, so much movi, zvaynaina lyudina. Creativity is the main goal of the process of realizing the aesthetic, recognizing the creation of aesthetic value. As a matter of fact, if there are any areas of human nature, it is possible to realize it verbatim, unconditionally, then in mystery one of the most important functions and natural functions. To this one can revel in the mystery of the vistula, which is created by the sphere of the aesthetic.

Theoretical look at O. Baumgarten was formulated at that hour, as long as there is a more natural knowledge of the warehouse part of philosophy there is little to do and not easy history. Tse і epoch srednіnovіchchya, in the minds of which I wrote like Augustine create "Spovіd", "About the music", "About the order"; і epic of Vіdrodzhennya, yak gave svіtі esthetically to the recession Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Durer, Lorenzo Valla, Piko della Mirandola; Classicism, the main methodological principle was clearly known in the poetical mystery of Nicola Boileau. The partners of Baumgarten are prominent aesthetics and theorists of the mystery Johann Vinkelman and Gotthold Efraim Lessing.

Subsequently, Baumgarten introduced the term aesthetics, and therefore the ficksion of a singing galaxy of scientific knowledge, spiraling to a significant historical and theoretical background and closing in on the subject of aesthetic natural art - the rule of law for a quick creative work.

We are important at this point in solving the problems of the subject of aesthetics, becoming a period of development of classical classical philosophy. Immediate interest to a wide stake in natural problems Viyavili Kant, Fіhte, Shellіng, Hegel.

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804 pp.) Of overconfiguration, which means that people are the best for beauty, people are the best for people 5. Now, when I understand the details more, the coordinate is important, the formality is harmonious.

Johann-Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814 pp.) In rozumіnnі aesthetics of heavy materials to the idea of the subject of the science of science

Kant I. Works: In 6 vol. M., 1964.V. 5.P. 237.

theories of mystery. There are specificities of mystery among science and morality, respecting the mystery of the world, becoming more and more people. Qia Dumka stimulated interest Fichte to the problem of artistic genility

Especially special respect is due to the philosophical and aesthetic position of Frederick-Wilhelm-Joseph Schellsch (1775–1854 pp.). the vision was read by him in the International Law School of Philosophy, in some arguments there is a thought about the artist's creativity and that it is natural to see as if the steps to develop the absolute. Schelling showed close love to a romantic and irrational look at the light, the right to speak about the whole philosopher, the yak about the decline of romantic romance, the secrecy of F. III.legel and Novalis

The serpents in the eyes of їііііlіnga pov'yazanі from 1814-1817 pp., If the approach of the closer philosopher with the Theosophical, religious-mystical directs, it seemed like a raptor. More 1803 p. at the “Philosophy and Religion” Praxis Shelling, having signified the absolute as God, as the first and foremost. On the cob of the 40s of rock, he’ve even stepped up like a viraznik of aristocratic-clerical children Nimechchini, a yak svidomy propagandist of mystical-theosophical ideas.

Because of the complexity, ambiguity and super-judgment of Judge Schelling, it is impossible not to bring forth the strength of their energy in the history of Europe in the other half of the 19th century, as well as in the minds of the 20th century. The library of shelling is well-known among the philosophical concepts of Hegel and Feuerbach, Schopenhauer and Freud, Kjörkegaard and Bergson. A wide discussion of the Schelling position was exclaimed on the Stuttgart Hegelian Congress in the same year 1975 p. You can come to a thought that the “line of the philosophical ruh has passed through the latest Schelling through Hegel to the yogic scholars - the Hegelians, and then to the yogo material critics.” But without the early dialectics of natural butty in the early Schelling it would not have been possible to set up a widely widely obstructed dialectic Hegelian "6.

Fundamentally new concealment of aesthetic problems and to be conceded in the theoretical recession of George-Wilhelm-Fredrich Hegel (1770-1831 pp.). At the beginning of the lecture of Hegel’s aesthetics, he defined, as the subject of the science of maє buti, “the kingdom of the beautiful,” as if to interpret him as

e Narsky I. S. Western European philosophy of the XIX century. M., 1976.P. 239.

"The sphere of .mistetsstva, otherwise, more precisely, - art creativity." A slam of memory, that Hegel infuriated negatively with the term of esthetics and vvazhvat for dotsilnee substitute terminology phylosophy of mystery, but philosophical art of creativity. Hegel vvіv at the visualization of the subject of aesthetics is understood more beautifully, as in conception, it was obscured by mystery. From now on, the sound of the subject of aesthetics with the “kingdom of beauty”, having heard the science itself, having lost sight of these problems, can be attributed to understand the beautiful. There is no endless sound with problems of the mystery of the subject of the aesthetics. Everything that the pose of the mystery was.

Hegelіvsku’s idea of the aesthetics of beauty and beauty having been dismissed from his theoretical jokes by M. G. Chernishevsky (1828-1889 pp.). Viznachayuchi object of aesthetics through the understanding of the beautiful, vin, prote, not having encircled the sphere of mystery, but having absorbed on the building of the science of science until all-living life. Such a position will readily prostrate during the trials of the philosopher, the visibility is more beautiful in the other areas of life of people. Thus, the authority of M. Chernishevsky is secured on the soil of Russia and the aesthetics through the idea of beauty.

Between 19th and 20th centuries Significant interest viklikala the position of K-Marx, which is naturally science. Piznіche, pislya zhovtnevy podii 1917 p., The Marxist position has paused the development of radiant aesthetic science and, of course, the bull has been unremittingly accepted in the baggage of the territory of Europe and Japan.

The theoretical principles “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 Rock” and “German Ideology” by K. Marx, the process of developing people as a social subdivision, I mean respect for the analysis of the formality of a different person. With all the great respect for myself, that role is played as a well-established subject matter, such as "real" nature people, and life history. K. Marx, having imposed on intricate intrigue of the subject of life and special characteristics of self-people incurred by labor dyalnistyu. Advocating the nature of one’s own needs, ludina’s eyes and oneself, in the practice of “naprachivu”, such as health, also setting the goal, so that I can give you the freedom to do “beyond the laws of beauty”. Material-spiritual light, in some kind of living and living people, in the image of the daily forces. The water hour is full of material and cultural values, set in front of them by generations, and the basis for the activities of future generations.

Lyudina, as a vidomo, є a little bit of a clean story and a better relationship with a better person than a little one. At the same time, we’ll have to admit that you should be safe until you understand that it’s not a simple fact of manifestation in people who are respectful, but in the form of such health when you are aware that it’s inconceivable. Such a rosette in people of a specific potency of the chuttvostі Marx is recognizing the way of rebuilding the human being in such a title theoretically respectfully. Lyudina, in her individual development, behavior, activity, spirals, by the day, by the retrieval of the anterior generation, and the attachment to forms of culture. Marx sees the social, practical nature of the human sensitive shutter to the maximum and the most important, the most important thing is the work of the whole history. The boundaries of the Marxist philosophical conception of science of aesthetics are recognized as such, because of the nature, function, foreign laws and laws of aesthetics of human beings and suspensions. Such a recognition of aesthetics is not a misunderstanding of the subject of science, mystery, even with a specific form of aesthetic dyalnost.


market dynamics
How to maintain the motorcycle in winter?
Release date：2019.11.05

Winter because of the low temperature, in the motorcycle in the start and drive there will be a lot of problems, so we need to have a better maintenance of the car in winter, so that we can better use, we will learn a simple winter motorcycle maintenance common sense, will give us a lot of help.

Winter, because the temperature is lower, so our oil must also choose special suitable for winter use, general oil viscosity in the winter when not enough, and so on and so forth, so that at the time of use, can make the engine wear, general winter so we can use the lower viscosity of oil, the oil can very good use in the winter, and have very good protection of engine, won't make excessive engine wear and tear, but also a better start, so in the winter when the oil must be a reasonable choice.

Motorcycle in the winter, cold start, it is difficult when we start good motorcycle is best for car there is a hot car process, generally takes five minutes or so, it will make the inside of the engine oil sufficient lubrication, and can avoid because of the heat bilges cold shrink to bring some of the abnormal wear and tear, reduce the fault of the motorcycle, we know that if winter driving motorcycle made up, the first motorcycle driving less stable, will have the feelings of frustration, and will die, so in use, must first preheating, such ability can guarantee when riding smoothly.

Belongs to the water, there are some motorcycle we owners in the winter, you need to in the winter comes, early replacement of cooling water, can according to the proportion of distilled water and antifreeze 1 to 1, mixed use, so after replacement of cooling water, can better help us to drive and start, but also won't appear as frosty ice and bring the tank.

Of motor in the winter, we don't too fast, a lot of young people to play handsome, when driving too fast, we need to know in the winter, the road will appear in the icy phenomenon, if you drive too fast, can appear the situation of the slide, this time we can to reduce the wheel pressure appropriate, this will increase the wheels and the friction of the ground, so for motorcycle maintenance is also good, also won't appear slip, etc., bring to our security will also help.

Because of the low temperature in winter, we should try to reduce the use of motorcycles when driving, but also to strengthen the warmth, to avoid the joint frostbite, to their own very big injury.


Industrial Lifting Gear

Though reducing recently, the rate of employees in the makers report bring or moving hefty tons, is still high. The physical tons from manual training in the building industry has been reported thoroughly.
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Examples of tasks in the building sector with hands-on training jobs are: scaffolding, bricklaying as well as refining plasterboard. Hand-operated training jobs with high tons or regularities may generate muscle skeletal problems, e.g. reduced pain in the back. According to manufacturers, a huge proportion of construction workers reported job related back aches. On top of that, intense injury such as cuts or cracks as a result of accidents may happen from manual training task.

There are a number of threat variables that might raise the incident of injury from hands-on training like functional designs and also muscular skeletal disorders. These factors relate to the various qualities of the tons, the task as well as organisation of the job, the workplace and also the worker.

There is no exact weight restriction that is secure.

A weight of 25 kg is hefty to raise for many individuals, especially if the tons is dealt with several times in an hour. If the load is large, it is not feasible to follow the standard policies for lifting and bring are to keep the tons as near to the body as possible. The muscles will certainly get tired much more swiftly; furthermore, the shape or dimension may covers the employee's sight, therefore increasing the risk of sliding, stumbling or falling out of balance or unpredictable objects or if the components can move make it tough to hold the centre of gravity of the load close to the center of body.

This results in uneven loading of muscle mass as well as tiredness; additionally, fluid causes uneven loading of the muscles and sudden activities of the tons can make the employee lose their equilibrium and also fall hard to grasp which can cause the object slipping and also triggering a crash; lots with sharp edges or with unsafe products can harm workers.

Handwear covers generally make the comprehending harder than with bare hands. Supplying the items with handles or making use of help for grasping (e.g. when carrying plate product) reduces the tons on the worker. The task and also organisation of the job, if it needs unpleasant postures or motions, e.g. a bent and/or twisted trunk, elevated arms, curved wrists, over-reaching a high regularity or repeating with inadequate recovery periods;
a high rate of job, which can not be influenced by the worker, unsteady loads or lots taken care of with the body in an unsteady position.

Furthermore, the workplace if it has inadequate room, in specific vertically, to bring out the task; this might bring about unpleasant poses irregular floorings, thus providing tripping hazards. One more concern is unpredictable or is unsafe flooring in regard to the worker's footwear, poor position of the load or function area design, which consequently triggers causing over reaching with the arms, bending or turning the trunk and also elevated arms generate high muscle pressure. In enhancement, variations in flooring levels or in working surfaces, needing the load to be controlled on various levels inappropriate temperature level, humidity or ventilation can make workers really feel weary. Sweat makes it hard to hold tools, suggesting that even more pressure must be used; cold can make hands numb, making it hard to hold not enough lights, boosting the risk of crashes, or force workers right into unpleasant settings to see plainly what they are doing.

Individual characteristics, such as lack of experience, training and experience with the work, age, physical dimensions and ability such as elevation, weight and toughness
prior history of muscular skeletal conditions, in specific back conditions. Moreover, manual handling of hefty lots can create injuries if the tons unexpectedly strikes the employee or creates sliding or dropping. Handling of smaller sized loads for a lengthy time without rest can result in fatigue. For a weary person tons can end up being also heavy after hrs of handling, resulting in faulty activities, and also the danger of injuries and conditions will certainly enhance.

The hazards related to using lifting equipment in construction include: dangers associated with the loads, e.g. crushing as a result of impact of moving things or tons dropping from automobiles since they are not safeguarded appropriately or the incorrect kind of slings were used. Risks from moving lorries or breaking down structures like cranes tipping over as a result of inappropriate addiction or solid wind, harmful loads, loads surpassing the risk-free weight limitations, capturing or crushing risk in the usage of mechanical equipment work platforms while functioning at elevation, falling from elevation and also limbs or bodies caught in machinery.

Other threats include dropping from lifting systems or being crushed when the platform relocations, muscular skeletal dangers connected to require exertions, poor functioning postures and also repeated job, threats associated to bad environment that may hinder interaction in between workers or focus needed for the job or trigger sweaty, unsafe items, heating or poor air flow.

Possible sources of these dealing with dangers may be poor mechanical layout which damages in usage, is not powerful sufficient, has parts that fracture or breakdown, bad work environment style, breakdown of the handbook, mechanical, digital signalling system, not making use of the correct devices for the function or misuse, e.g. the tons was as well heavy, loads insecurely affixed, inadequate upkeep or messy workplace, human error when running devices or erecting scaffolding.


The importance of the Battle of Karbala and our ignorance towards it

Published: October 18, 2015

Iraqi Shiite Muslims gather outside the shrine of Imam Hussein in the Iraqi city of Karbala. PHOTO: AFP

With the Islamic month of Muharram upon us, I wanted to take the opportunity to implore Muslims (and whomever might be interested) to check out some of the events happening in their municipalities on the remembrance of the battle of Karbala. I will not talk about the battle itself, rather I would like to provide a few reasons as to why learning about this battle is vital for all Muslims.

Though I cannot speak to the accuracy of the content of the lectures that are happening in your area, I still implore you all to attend these events in order to gain knowledge of the incidents. Go read a book or two about the battle of Karbala (academic presses tend to publish the most historically verified recounts).

Here are three reasons to learn about the battle of Karbala:

Benefits taken for granted

Preserving historical narratives

Since the waning influence of the Safavids at the turn of the 18th century to present day, the Sunni orthodoxy has strongly dominated our retelling and interpretation of Islam’s history. To draw some sort of comparison, what we learn about the history of blacks in America or the legacy of Native Americans is controlled by whites in this country. Any middle school or high school social studies teacher with a rounded education in American history will tell you that our American history is seriously skewed in favour of a privileged white-retelling of history.

Similarly, many Sunni Muslims today will rhetorically ponder “why do we have to create divisions of ‘Sunni’ and ‘Shia’, and why we can’t we all identify simply as ‘Muslims’?” Though I acknowledge that the Sunni-Shia discussion is beyond the scope of this explanation, the ability to do away with ‘labels’ is something afforded to a person of privilege.

As Omid Safi puts it,

Every Muharram, if not at every khutba (sermon), Shias remind each other of the commitment to justice the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) beloved grandson Imam Hussain (RA), granddaughter Zainab(RA), and about 100 other close family and friends made in Karbala. They remind each other so as to preserve this important historical narrative that could one day be extinct like the number of other developments in our religion that have escaped preservation.

These historical narratives have serious implications for the modern day. Shias, like other minority traditions, must preserve and maintain their identity, legacy, and historical narrative among the eclipsing dominant Sunni tradition.

Reflecting on the battle of Karbala is also a way for many to call attention to the on-going oppression of Shias and other minority groups (seriously though, the oppression of Baha’is in Iran is highly hypocritical) around the world (e.g. Gulf States, pre-war Iraq, Bahrain, etc).  Neither Shia Islam nor Sunni Islam can lay claim to an absolute truth of Islam, but together, and within each respective tradition, Muslims are able to achieve a more holistic picture of truth.

Being completely unaware of events such as the battle of Karbala causes us to sacrifice a comprehensive understanding of our religion and tradition.

I implore you to study the religion to which you subscribe, and fight for a more robust, anti-hegemonic retelling of Islamic history. Historical narratives shape a lot of our belief in Islam, ritualistic practice, memories of our Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and Quranic interpretation, which in some countries results in oppressive policies and laws.

Learned lessons from epic cosmic historical events

Certain historical events transcend being a moment that took place in a given time and space. They become cosmic events that still remain impactful and influential in our lives across time and space today. These include events like the crucifying of Christ, the mental transcendence of Siddhartha, and even the battle of Karbala.

These events are remembered by scores of people in many different ways. Both Sunnis (e.g. Turkey) and Shia Muslims reflect on the battle of Karbala in many different ways. Events in New York like ‘Muharram in Manhattan’ showcase one way in which Muslims remember and reflect on the cosmic event of Karbala and how it has shaped much of Islam’s legal, juridical, ethical, and overall normative frameworks overtime. These events can be inspiring or they can turn someone away, regardless of what happens, the rich and meaningful wisdom found in this cosmic event is waiting to be tapped by active, not via passive efforts (e.g., such as attending an event or two). It must be sought after and discovered.

One lesson that I have retained from a Turkish Sufi teacher, Cemalnur Sargut, is that Karbala teaches us that we are Imam Hussain (RA). We are also Yazid. We must overcome the destructive ego (Yazid) within us and establish the humility and social consciousness (Iman Hussain RA). We must engage in a constant battle with ourselves.

Another interpretation that has also stuck with me is to recognise the fundamental fight against systematic oppression, to stand up for justice even when it is against one’s own community.  The events at Karbala teach us to stand up for all the Hussains of the world. The tragedy reminds us that evil succeeds when the good remain silent and are not actively addressing evil.

This post originally appeared here.

Abbas Rattani

Abbas Rattani

The author is an ethicist interested in ways Islam can expand the secular consciousness. He is the creator of #MIPSTERZ and host on the talkshow "Hot Sauce x White Sauce" He tweets as @Abbasrattani (


While endorsing Modi, did Imran Khan forget the plight of Kashmiris and Indian Muslims?

Published: April 11, 2019

While Pakistan continues to voice the plight of Kashmiris and Indian Muslims, its prime minister should have stayed silent instead of ‘endorsing’ Modi.

Pakistan’s Prime Minister Imran Khan, while talking to Reuters, gave a statement that really shocked the diplomatic world. Referring to the Indian elections, he said:

India’s General Elections have started from today, April 11th, and will continue till the end of next month. The most surprising aspect about Imran’s statement is that it came just a day before the start of the first round of the Indian elections. Usually, world leaders avoid giving out statements that seemingly endorse any political party of a foreign country as it is a domestic matter at the end of the day and they want to be seen as neutral. However, as we all know, Imran has his own way of doing things.

He believes that it would take a right-wing, hyper-nationalist party in India to resume dialogue on Kashmir since other parties like Indian National Congress will be too scared to seek a settlement, fearing backlash.

If we look at recent history, his assumption isn’t wrong as it was Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the Indian Prime Minister in 1999, from the same Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) who resumed dialogue with Pakistan and visited Pakistan as well. He was also allegedly very close to settling the Kashmir dispute with Pakistan. What works for BJP in this case is that unlike other parties, BJP enjoys the support of the right-wing and hyper-nationalist organisations and hence, fear of backlash is minimum to none.

To hurt BJP vote bank?

It is possible that Imran’s statement was supposedly to counter the nationalist, Pakistan-hating electoral agenda of BJP. The party is basing its campaign on nationalism and security while Congress and its allies are talking about a secular country and inclusive society.

At this juncture, a statement coming from Pakistan’s prime minister favouring Modi will actually dent his vote bank as he has been portraying Pakistan as an enemy state that is bent on destroying India. This statement from an enemy’s head of government will give BJP’s rivals an opportunity to criticise Modi and declare him ‘Pakistan ka yaar’ (Pakistan’s friend) in this tense electoral atmosphere.

However, the question remains whether Modi and his party realise that Imran’s statement is electoral poison in disguise. If Modi wins again, and the chances are high that he will be re-elected with coalition support, he will most likely not feel comfortable talking to Imran given the motive behind his statement, which is very obvious to any politician or political analyst.

On the other hand, if Congress comes to power with the support of its allies, it might use Imran’s statement to put more pressure on Pakistan by alleging that Imran is party to India’s domestic politics and is in favour of BJP.

As vague as they are, these hidden political meanings are the reason why leaders around the world refrain from favouring any political party from another country before the elections.

Undermining Kashmir and Indian Muslims

Let’s assume that Imran has not given this statement to counter Modi’s narrative and he genuinely believes that a settlement on the Kashmir issue is more likely with BJP. The question then arises: does the prime minister know that BJP’s election manifesto states that they will repeal Article 35A of the Indian Constitution? Article 35A is an old legislation that gives special rights to the people of Jammu and Kashmir and bars outsiders from buying/owning property and other opportunities. Almost all of the leaders in Indian-occupied Kashmir (IoK) have rejected this and warned BJP of more unrest in case Article 35A is repealed.

Imran should have also considered this and the brutal treatment of Kashmiris at the hands of the BJP. He would do well to remember that it was during Modi’s regime that the use of pellet guns in Kashmir increased due to which many Kashmiris either lost their eyesight or their lives. The atrocities in Kashmir grew under Modi’s regime and unlike other parties, Modi played the hyper-nationalist card to suppress the fundamental human rights of Kashmiris.

Moreover, it wasn’t only Kashmir that faced the brutal impact of BJP’s regime, as the lives of Indian Muslims in the country has been made difficult as well. Shiv Sena roamed freely in urban areas and harassed many Muslims either for allegedly eating beef or on the basis of practicing their religion. Many cases of hate speech, mob lynching, forced conversions, land jihad, love jihad, forcefully feeding pork and so on were common during the past five years of Modi’s government.

While Pakistan continues to voice the plight of Kashmiris and Indian Muslims and advocates Kashmir’s right to fight for their independence, its prime minister should have stayed silent instead of ‘endorsing’ Modi who has added to the already polarised India.

Modi and Vajpayee

Though there is no denying that the right-wing party ruling New Delhi can easily initiate the peace process with Pakistan just like Vajpayee did in the late 90s and the early years of this century, the fact remains that there is a big difference between Vajpayee and Modi. The former was a man of intellect and spent decades in the cadres of BJP, while the latter grew to this stature only on the basis of his anti-Muslim and anti-Pakistan narrative. Also, have we forgotten the riot in Gujrat that Modi was accused of staging?

Modi started his political career with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation. He was later assigned by the RSS to BJP in 1985. Vajpayee, on the other hand, was the founding member of BJP and was never associated with any nationalist organisation like the RSS. This is the fundamental mistake that policymakers in Pakistan are making: Modi with his RSS background will never be interested in peace or dialogue because from his religious education to his rise in politics, he was supported by the RSS and he will never do anything that would damage that relationship.

Modi was not interested in initiating dialogue with Nawaz Sharif but it was Vajpayee who told him to move forward with his counterpart. Therefore, if Imran or other policymakers think that after the elections the right-wing BJP will change its stance and resume peace dialogue with Pakistan, they are making another political and strategic mistake.

As is the case in Pakistan, political parties in India are under the influence of personalities and BJP will only toe the lines of Modi. Even if for the sake of argument we can assume that Modi will be interested in real peaceful dialogue with Pakistan, how will he tackle the RSS, other senior members of the party and the backlash which would likely follow due to their hyper-nationalist vote bank?

Vajpayee was able to assert his authority on the party and initiate meaningful dialogue because he was the founding member of BJP and had a tall stature as a leader. This means that Pakistan needs to move past Vajpayee’s era and understand the dynamics of Modi’s narrative and politics.

Imran’s statement came at the wrong time and in the wrong circumstance. Our prime minister still lacks the art of diplomacy. What if roles were reversed and this was an Indian prime minister endorsing any political party or leader in Pakistan? The other parties would of course interpret this as direct involvement in domestic matters and hold a grudge.

As the prime minister of Pakistan, Imran’s words are important because what he says echoes throughout the international community. In his determination for peace, Imran is now answerable to the Kashmiris and Indian Muslims whom he is willing to throw under the bus. Is he willing to make these people go through another term filled of suffering? For the purpose of peace, is he willing to treat Kashmiris and Indian Muslims as collateral damage? Because even if you’re not well-versed in politics, you would know that Modi’s BJP is not ending their suffering any time soon.

Imad Zafar

Imad Zafar


ICSE Selina Class 8 Chemistry Chapter 3 - Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

ICSE Class 8 Chemistry Chapter 3 – Elements, Compounds and Mixtures discusses the on the different aspects of how matter can be classified into 3 categories, chemically. :

  1. Elements: Element contains just one type of atom. The elements are arranged in the periodic table and are split into either metallic or non-metallic. Metallic is further divided into Main Group Metals, Transition Metals, and f-block metals, which are additionally divided depending upon their properties.
  2. Compounds: Compound contains two or more types of atom joined together. Compounds are divided into two, the molecular compounds, and Salts. The atom binds each other through covalent bonds in molecular compounds while it is held together with ionic bonds in salts.
  3. Mixtures: Mixtures contains two or more different substances that are not joined together. Elements or compounds can be the different materials that constitute a mixture.
    1. General properties of mixtures
      • Every component of a mixture keeps its original properties.
      • The components present in a mixture can be separated easily.
      • The proportion of the components in a mixture can vary.
    2. Types of Mixtures
      • Homogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures which possess the same properties and combination throughout their mass.
      • Heterogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures which possess different properties and compositions in various parts of the mixture.

The chapter- Elements, Compounds and Mixtures discusses the above-mentioned topics in detail. Once you finish studying the Chapter, try solving the Selina Questions and compare your answers with that provided by the BYJU’S through the ICSE Selina Class 8 Chemistry Chapter-3 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Solutions. These solutions are to the point and have been prepared, keeping in mind the examination point of view.

Download ICSE Class 8 Chemistry Selina Solutions PDF for Chapter 3 – Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Question 1.

(a) Elements

(b) Compounds

(a) The element is a substance, and it cannot be split further into simpler substances and has a definite set of properties. Elements are made up of only one kind of atoms.

(b) Compounds are pure substances comprising two or more elements with the same mass and same properties, completely different from those of its constituents elements. They are made up of different types of atoms combined chemically.

Question 2.

Give two examples for each of the following.

(a) Metals

Solution: Iron, silver.

(b) Non-metals

Solution: Carbon, oxygen

(c) Metalloids

Solution: Antimony, silicon.

(d) Inert gases

Solution: Helium, argon.

Question 3.

Differentiate between:

(a) Pure and impure substances

(b) Homogenous and heterogenous substances

(a) Pure and impure substances

Pure substances

Impure substances

1. Pure substances have a definite composition and definite physical and chemical properties.

1. Impure substances are made up of two or more pure substances mixed in any proportion.

2. They are all homogeneous, i.e. their composition is uniform throughout the bulk.

2. They might be homogeneous or heterogeneous, i.e. their composition is not uniform throughout the bulk.

3. Examples: Elements and compounds

3. They are all mixtures. Examples: air, sea water, petroleum, a solution of sugar in water are all impure substances.

(b) Homogenous and heterogenous substances

Homogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous mixture

1. The homogeneous mixture is a mixture with components that make up the mixture uniformly distributed throughout the mixture

1. A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture, where the components of the mixture are not uniform or have localised regions with different properties.

2. Example – air, sugar water, rainwater

2. Example – Cereal in milk, vegetable soup

Question 4.

Write the chemical name of the following and also give their molecular formulae:

(a) Baking soda

Solution: Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda) –

(b) Vinegar

Solution: Acetic acid (Vinegar)-

(c) Marble

Solution: Calcium carbonate (Marble) – CaC

(d) Sand

Solution: Silicon dioxide (Sand) – Si

Question 5.

(a) a soft metal

Solution: Gold

(b) a metal which is brittle

Solution: Zinc

(c) a non-metal which is lustrous

Solution: lodine

(d) a liquid metal

Solution: Mercury

(e) a metal which is a poor conductor of electricity.

Solution: Tungsten

(f) a non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity.

Solution: Graphite

(g) a liquid non-metal

Solution: Bromine

(h) the hardest naturally occurring substance

Solution: Diamond

(i) an inert gas

Solution: Neon, helium

Question 6.

How is sodium chloride different from its constituent elements?

The properties of sodium and chlorine are completely different from those of sodium chloride. Sodium is a soft, highly reactive metal. Chlorine is a poisonous non-metallic gas while sodium chloride is a very useful non-poisonous compound which is added to our food to get minerals and also to add taste to it.

Question 7.

Why is iron sulphide a compound?

Iron sulphide is a compound which can be broken into the elements iron and sulphur, they both have different properties. The properties of the compound are entirely different from that of its constituent elements.

Exercise 3B

Question 1.

Classify the following substances into compounds and mixtures:

Carbon dioxide, air, water, milk, common, salt, blood, fruit juice, iron sulphide.

Carbon dioxide – Compound

Air – Mixture

Water – Compound

Milk – Mixture

Common salt – Compound

Blood – Mixture

Fruit juice – Mixture

Iron sulphide – Compound

Question 2.

Give one example for each of the following types of mixtures

(a) Solid-solid homogenous mixture

(b) Solid-liquid heterogenous mixture

(c) Miscible liquids

(d) liquid-gas homogenous mixture

(a) Solid-solid homogenous mixture – Alloys of metals, e.g. brass, bronze stainless steel etc.

(b) Solid-liquid heterogenous mixture – Sand and water, mud and water, sugar and oil.

(c) Miscible liquids – water and ethanol.

(d) Liquid-gas homogenous mixture – Air

Question 3.

Suggest a suitable technique to separate the constituents of the following mixtures. Also, give the reason for selecting the particular method.

(a) Salt from sea water

(b) Ammonium chloride from sand

(c) Chalk powder from water

(d) Iron from sulphur

(e) Water and alcohol

(f) Sodium chloride and potassium nitrate

(g) Calcium carbonate and sodium chloride

(a) Evaporation is the technique used to separate the salt from seawater. The method of evaporation is used to separate the components of the homogeneous solid-liquid mixture. In this method, seawater is collected in a shallow bed and allowed to evaporate in the sun. When all the water is evaporated, salt is left behind. By this method, we only get solid, and liquid is evaporated in its vapour form.

(b) Sublimation is the technique used to separate Ammonium chloride from sand. The method of sublimation is used for solid mixtures in which one of the components can sublime on heating. In this method, Ammonium chloride changes into vapours on heating and salt is left behind.

(c) Filtration is the technique used to separate chalk powder from the water. The method of filtration is used to separate the components of a heterogeneous solid-liquid mixture in which solids are light and insoluble in liquids. Substances used are sand filter paper at C. These filters allow the liquid to pass through them, but not solids.

(d) Magnetic separation is the technique to separate iron from sulphur. The method of Magnetic separation is used when one of the components of the mixture is iron, iron gets attracted towards the magnet and hence get separated.

(e) Fractional Distillation is the technique used to separate water and Alcohol. In this method, the vapours of water are left behind in the original vessel as the alcohol boils at a lower temperature than water. Thus these two liquids can be separated.

(f) Fractional crystallization technique is used here. Because when the solubility of solid components of mixture and different in the same solvent, this method is used. Here, sodium chloride and potassium nitrate. Both are soluble in water, but the solubility of potassium nitrate is more.

(g) Solvent Extraction technique is used here. Because salts get dissolve in water while calcium carbonate being insoluble in water settles down in the container by this method. Hence get separated about.

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Dog Saves Master From Tiger Attack

Shahjahanpur: In a tragic example of the loyalty and unconditional love of man’s best friend, a dog who lived with a farmer in a village near Dudhwa National Park here fought with a tiger to save its sleeping master, giving up its life in the process.

The incident occurred on Friday night at Barbatpur village near Khutar town, 52 km from here. The farmer, Gurdev Singh, was sleeping in the open outside his house, with the four-year-old Jacky lying next to him. On smelling a tiger approach from the forest of South Kheri nearby, jacky tried to make his master wake up to the danger.

While the sleepy farmer awoke and was still trying to gather his wits, the tiger attacked. Jacky then took on the big cat, giving its master just enough time to grab a stick, raise the alarm and prepare to defend themselves. Meanwhile, the tiger had severely injured the dog and dragged it away.

After Gurdev’s family rushed to his aid, they began a desperate search of the surrounding area for the missing dog. Later in the night, they found its body some distance away. While forest officials were informed of the presence of a tiger nearby, the grieving family members and villagers buried the heroic dog.

“Jacky’s mother was a street dog and my children, Supreet and Gulshanpreet, took it in four years ago as a pup. It was a part of our family and used to follow them to school. Gulshanpreet is inconsolable and didn’t eat for a day. Jacky returned the favour of a few chapatis a day by giving up its life. I wish humans could learn from it how to love others and show devotion,” said the grieving farmer.

Barbatpur is very close to South Kheri forest, which is a part of Dudhwa National Park. A large part of the forest land has been encroached upon by humans and the forest area is fragmenting by the day. The entry of a tiger in a village is not surprising. The population of big cats in this part of the forest is very high and they sometimes come out looking for food,” said forest ranger S N Yadav, talking to TOI.


Reminder: Call for Papers for PCG2017 – Action in Computer Games

cfpphilogames2017justlogoAs September the 1st is approaching with big steps, and with it, the deadline for the Philosophy of Computer Games Conference 2017, we would like to send you a quick reminder. If you want, you can also visit our facebook event page or new website. In the near future you will find there all of the important information about accommodation in Kraków, conference venue and keynotes. You can also follow us on Twitter or – in case of any questions – write to us.

We are waiting for your abstracts and workshop proposals with anticipation!

Call for Papers for PCG2017:

Action in Computer Games

We hereby invite scholars in any field of studies who take a professional interest in the philosophy of computer games to submit papers to the 11th International Conference on the Philosophy of Computer Games, to be held in Kraków, Poland, November 29-December 1, 2017. The notion of action connects central topics in the study of games to philosophical problems such as questions of will, intentionality and the autonomy of an agent. For this conference, we invite papers that explore ethical, experiential, aesthetic and ontological aspects of acting in a computer game. Problem of action in games can be approached from several perspectives and analyzed through different research questions. A few examples of such perspectives/questions are:

Structure of action
What is the ontological status of interactive works?
What is the ecological structure of a computer game?
How are actionable structures signified in a game?

Real, virtual, and fictional actions
Are there real and fictional aspects of a game act, and how we distinguish between them?
What is a virtual action?
How can meaning in games be created via passivity or idleness?

Norms and rules
How do ethical or social norms apply to the game acts?
How and to what extent are player actions prescribed or prohibited by gameplay norms?

How do players act?
What kinds of motivations serve to define typical player actions?
What characterizes the existential situation of a player?
How are play actions experienced?
What significance does the concept of agency have in the player’s experience?

In-game agency
What does it mean to act via an avatar?
What is the character of in-game embodiment?
Is the avatar truly an agent?
To what extent can the game itself be considered an agent?

The papers should present original (i.e. not published or presented elsewhere) research. Accepted papers will have a clear focus on philosophy and philosophical issues in relation to computer games. They will refer to specific examples from computer games rather than merely invoke them in general terms.

We also issue a call for workshops or panels to be held on November 28. Please submit a short proposal to the program committee chair by 01.09.2017 if you are interested in organizing an event.


«symphonic rock» - best artists

Symphonic rock is a subgenre of rock music, and more specifically, progressive rock. Since early in progressive rock’s history, the term has been used sometimes to distinguish more classically influenced progressive rock from the more psychedelic and experimental offerings.
Symphonic rock is best described as the combining of rock and classical music traditions. Some artists perform rock arrangements of themes from classical music, or compose original pieces in classical composition structures. Others play with the accompaniment of a symphony orchestra or use a synthesizer to emulate orchestral instruments.
Note: Symphonic Rock is not the orchestral rendition of hit Rock and Pop songs by classical orchestras; these can be considered “classical arrangements of contemporary music”, though these are at times marketed as “symphonic rock” by various outlets.


high nutrient diet to eat after pregnancy, breastfeeding diet, healthy diet, what to feed babies

The Ultimate Way to Eat: What is a High Nutrient Diet?

Whether you are a breastfeeding mama, a busy parent or a growing baby/child/teen you will automatically be getting all the things that you need to grow healthy and strong, maintain a good weight and keep your hormones in balance.