Source: Your Secret Self

Source: Your Secret Self

How INFJs Can Lose Out

Source: Your Secret Self

INFJs are generally attracted to energetic, friendly ENFPs. ENFPs understand people and connect with them easily. They read the motives and behaviors of others with almost psychic accuracy.

Similarities and Differences

INFJs and ENFPs are similar in their curiosity and enthusiasm, but the INFJ is less demonstrative. If the two spend much time together, the INFJ may weary of the ENFP’s inexhaustible sociability and want some solitude. Even away from crowds, INFJs can find the energy of ENFPs demanding. Once ENFPs get excited about something, it’s all they can talk about. INFJs aren’t big on extended conversations.

Whether male or female, ENFPs can be seductive. They know how to appeal to the opposite sex and make themselves desirable. Sometimes they go too far in their quest for affection, making the INFJ feel pressured. When this causes the INFJ to back off, the ENFP is likely to get anxious and become even more needy.

A discussion about the need for boundaries may help ease the ENFP’s jittery response to a partner’s withdrawal. They both need to understand that extraverts are energized by connection with others while introverts get tired of it and seek solitude. It’s nothing personal.

Family Life

INFJs who marry ENFPs find that they’re enjoyable to live with. They also make good parents. They know how to turn family chores into enjoyable activities. If there’s a task that’s boring, they’ll find a way to make it interesting. They infuse family life with creativity and avoid letting their home get too structured, with no room for imagination. When the free-wheeling goes too far, however, the INFJ may complain that things are getting out of control.

ENFPs may consider themselves organized in their home life, but INFJ partners can take issue with this. The ENFPs’ desire to be open to new possibilities is usually stronger than their need to keep things neat and tidy. When they fix meals, the kitchen is likely to be a mess. Their offices or dens are cluttered. There’s always something more interesting to do than clean up.

Outside the Home

ENFPs need work that offers more than a paycheck. They must feel fulfilled and know they’re making a worthwhile contribution. Because of their wide-ranging interests, it’s common for them to change career tracks more than once. Partly this is due to their success at landing jobs for which they’re not fully qualified. If the family needs the income, INFJs married to ENFPs may get frustrated by their partners’ tendency to quit jobs or get fired.

Common Ground

The need to look after the welfare of others is shared by the INFJ and ENFP. They’re champions of causes. They promote services that help people, animals, and the environment. When they’re given a leadership role, they ask for advice from people around them. They’re generous with their praise to friends and co-workers who have helped them. They make good partners.

Famous Examples

twainMark Twain was an ENFP, famous for his engaging stories. Andrew Carnegie said of him, “The public knows only one side of Mark Twain: the amusing part. Little do they suspect that he was a man of strong convictions on political and social questions and a moralist of no mean order.”

Like many ENFPs, Mark Twain had insights that were almost clairvoyant. He once said, “I came in with Halley’s Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year and I expect to go out with it.” Indeed, he died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, one day after the comet’s closest pass by the Earth.

Like most INFJs, Mother Teresa was a risk taker, able to enter dangerous situations with courage and insight. She was independent and spirited, willing to explore new roles and ideas. True to her type, Mother Teresa was articulate in expressing her beliefs and putting them into action. She had visions of a world without poverty and took steps to make that a reality.

It's Hard To Be an INFJ: The Author's Personal Story

Since posting “It’s Hard To Be an INFJ” on this blog, I’ve received hundreds of e-mails from other INFJs. Their main theme has been how disconnected they’ve felt surrounded by extraverts and more sensible, earthbound types. Their posts and my responses appear after that blog.

This is my personal account of what it feels like to be an INFJ.

Growing up

As a child, I felt like an outsider. I’ve felt this way most of my life. Even though all evidence suggests that I was successful and respected by my peers in school, I knew that I was an odd duck. I never liked large groups of kids. I preferred being alone or in the company of one friend—a typical preference of INFJs. Most introverts tend to feel insecure about their preference for privacy because of the high value our culture places on extraversion. People who enjoy being alone are considered odd.

As a student in elementary and high school, I did well academically and had two close friends. For an INFJ, I was surprisingly active in extracurricular activities: acting in community theatre, studying the piano accordion and sometimes performing publicly, editing the school paper, and so on. I was like two people—one who appeared successful and the other who always felt a little lost.

When I left home for college at the age of 17 and began to date, my relationships with boys were fragile. If I fell in love, I couldn’t figure out how to hang onto the boy. He usually tired of my neediness and left. If a boy I didn’t care for kept pursuing me, I couldn’t figure out how to escape without hurting him. With my overactive feeling function, relationships with boyfriends put me on emotional rollercoaster rides.

Personality Traits

Like most judging types, I’ve always been highly focused. I’ll stay up all night working on a project, never miss a deadline, and be punctual for appointments. I like closure, not uncertainty. I make decisions quickly. Thanks to my highly developed intuition, they tend to turn out well.

My opinions on social and political issues are pretty unshakeable, without shades of gray. I recognize the problems my inflexible positions can cause, however, and try to open my mind to other perspectives. When I have strong feelings about an issue, I share them with only one or two trusted friends. I am generally not a leader of causes in public. I write about them passionately, though.

My intuitive, feeling, and judging functions, acting in concert, make me quick to respond to emergencies, especially those involving injury or danger to people or animals. Even at age 82, I still rush into threatening situations. I always emerge unharmed because my intuitive function steers me away from personal danger while my emotions give me the courage and force to act.

Career Experience

Like me, many INFJs are writers. We make good investigative journalists, science editors, and nonfiction writers. The social sciences interest us more than physics, mathematics, electronics and other theoretical and physical sciences. The social sciences engage our feeling function. On aptitude tests, we excel on the verbal portions. However, our thoughts usually have a strong visual component. What we describe in words we see in pictures. We’re more concrete than abstract. Highly creative INFJs are drawn to careers like acting, painting, designing, and so on. However, they are more concerned with pursuing truth than creating art.

Because of their creativity, many INFJs are successful entrepreneurs. They’re good at coming up with fresh ideas, taking risks, introducing new products, marketing to the public, and trouble-shooting. All the while, they maintain their idealism and desire to make life better for those around them. If they get too caught up in the profit motive and are seduced by materialistic goals, they end up demoralized. They suffer from stagnation, burnout, and loss of creativity.

In my early 60s, I earned over $250,000 a year for three years in a row. (I saved most of it and am now enjoying the fruits of my intuitively guided investments.) The problem with all that money was that I became too attached to it. It made me feel very important. Ultimately, my confidence and self-esteem relied on my six-figure income. Approaching retirement, I realized that money could be a trap. I needed to release this attachment and start volunteering. I began to give more money to causes I believed in—mostly animal welfare, education of children in developing countries, and women’s rights. Now, at 82, I have all the money I need to feel safe and enjoy myself. When I work, I don’t accept money for my professional services. Charging money would spoil my pleasure.

Life Can Be Hard

Life can be difficult for those of us who share INFJ traits. First, we’re often misunderstood—perhaps because we make up only one percent of the population. There aren’t enough of us around. Although we often don’t recognize a fellow INFJ when we meet, we’re likely to become fast friends once we recognize the common ground we stand on. Here’s how each of the four traits challenges us:

Introversion: Our preference for privacy can isolate us. We retreat into our thoughts too much and can find ourselves in a cycle of brooding.

Intuition: While well-developed intuition is a gift, it seldom makes us popular. Because the intuitive individual can seem almost clairvoyant, he or she can make others feel uncomfortable. Our forecasts usually turn out to be true, but in the passage of time they’re usually forgotten so we go without credit. We may become so confident of our insights as the years pass that we’re shaken by the rare occasions when they’ve led us down the wrong path.

Feeling: The truths that underlie our accurate insights can wound us. For example, if I have a hunch a friend is lying to me, the chances are I’m right. Knowing this and having it confirmed can be more painful than it is for people whose dominant function is thinking. Although our feelings often bring us joy, when they’re negative we suffer, particularly when rejection is involved. Many of us are prone to depression.

Judging: Our judging function can lead us into premature decisions with uncomfortable consequences, especially in relationships. Many a marriage has foundered because an INFJ didn’t take enough time to understand his or her partner fully before the wedding. (I’m an example of this—more than once.) As the saying goes, “Marry in haste, repent at leisure.” In groups of people, INFJs may appear aloof, even arrogant, because they’re concentrating on sizing up others before they can relax.

We’re in Good Company

INFJs are in good company. Famous INFJs of the past and present are Mahatma Gandhi, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Carl Jung, Simone de Beauvoir, Eleanor Roosevelt, Mother Teresa, Noah Chomsky, and Oprah Winfrey.

*  *  *


Cassius Clay’s age when he won title

Today’s question: When Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali) beat Sonny Liston to win the heavyweight title with a seventh round TKO, how old was he?

Yesterday’s question and answer: After winning Olympic gold and turning professional, Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali was sponsored by a group of Louisville businessmen who hired his first pro trainer. What legendary boxer did they hire as his trainer? Answer: Archie Moore. Moore was soon released as he proved too strict for the free-spirited Clay. Two years later he was also the victim of a fourth round knockout at the hands of Clay.

On February 18, 1964, The Beatles were in Miami Beach to perform on the Ed Sullivan show and were taken to the training camp of boxer Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali.


Termination for Convenience

But this

Propriety of the termination

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An agency must use-it or lose-it under a fixed-priced contract.  When an agency makes it impossible to receive a contractor’s service under a fixed-priced contract, it must still pay the full contract price. So long as the contractor is willing to live up to its end of the bargain, the contractor is entitled to payment

With budget cuts in the headlines and an election just around the corner, contractors once again face the threat of reduced funding for their contracts. The sequestration process established in the Budget Control Act of 2011 will impose automatic across-the-board spending cuts of more than $100 billion per year for each of the next ten years, significantly impacting contract expenditures by the Department of Defense and other agencies. As agencies look for ways to pare down their spending, contractors may find themselves hearing that there is not enough money to go around. Fortunately, contractors can take comfort in the fact that a lack of funding does not normally excuse the government’s payment obligations.

Line in the Sand

The Supreme Court’s decision in Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter, No. 11-551 (U.S. June 18, 2012) addresses this subject. The government sought to avoid its contractual promise to pay the full amount of “contract support costs” to Indian tribes that contracted with the Department of the Interior to provide federally-funded services such as education, health services, and law enforcement. The contracts with the tribes were authorized by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, which requires the Secretary of the Interior to pay the full amount of a tribe’s contract support costs (e.g. auditing costs, workers’ compensation insurance, and start-up costs) subject to the availability of appropriations. But if the contract support costs are not paid, the tribal contractors can pursue money damages under the Contract Disputes Act and obtain payment through the Judgment Fund, which does not have any fiscal year limitations and is not subject to Congressional appropriations.

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Oral contracts do exist, and the U.S. Postal Service cannot force you to sign a contract with different terms than previously agreed upon. That’s the take-way from a recent decision issued by the Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals (PSBCA) in a case called Sharon Roedel, PSBCA No. 6347, 6348, April 10, 2012.  The PSBCA found that the Postal Service breached an oral contract it had with Roedel, and that USPS owed her the profits and wages she would have earned under the six-month emergency contract.
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The draft RFP issued by the Army Energy Initiatives Task Force is a significant step in the Army’s plan to develop large-scale renewable energy projects. It presents as much as $7 billion in new opportunities to the alternative energy market and reflects a growing synergy between the defense and energy industries. Here we highlight some of the key provisions in the draft RFP, including some that are unique to contracts with the federal government.

The Draft RFP

The draft RFP was issued by the Army Energy Initiatives Task Force. It contemplates a multiple-award indefinite delivery-indefinite quantity contract under which the Army could purchase up to $7 billion worth of renewable and alternative energy over 10 years—a base period of 3 years with 7 option years. Through competition with the IDIQ contract holders, the Army would issue individual firm-fixed-price task orders to purchase electricity through Power Purchase Agreements based on a fixed rate per unit of energy (e.g. $/kWh). The PPAs would be allocated across four renewable technologies:  solar (1.5 billion kWh); wind (9 billion kWh); biomass (19 billion kWh); and geothermal (8 billion kWh).

Depending on the requirements of a particular task order, bidders could be responsible for constructing the energy generating systems and guaranteeing a certain level of renewable energy output by a specific date. Failing to meet the specified date could subject the contractor to liquidated damages for the output shortfall on a price-per-MWh basis.

Maintenance of the energy generation systems would be the contractor’s responsibility, as would achieving certain output performance levels over the course of the PPA. For variable energy production technologies (i.e. solar and wind), contractors would have to maintain performance levels that are in the top 25 percent of the industry in the United States. For continuous energy production technologies (i.e. geothermal and biomass), contractors would be required to provide replacement energy at no cost when their systems fail to meet the minimum production requirements.

To offset the construction and maintenance costs, bidders would be required to take advantage of all available utility incentive programs.  The government would retain ownership of any renewable energy credits associated with the energy generated under the task order.

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Even a dog knows the difference between being accidentally stepped on and intentionally kicked.  Having your contract terminated by the government is similar. If it happens because circumstances have changed, it’s like being accidentally stepped on. You don’t like it, but you know it wasn’t intentionally done to harm you. But if your contract is terminated solely because the agency seeks a better price—that is an intentional kick to the gut. Does the law recognize the difference between these two scenarios? Read on.
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Skilled Trades

At many job sites, piping systems end up on the critical path of a project. As a result, the pipefitters role is crucial to the success of the project. They install, assemble, fabricate, maintain and repair mechanical piping systems to ensure everything is done accurately and efficiently.

Union: United Association

The quality of work and management helped these start-ups set a new benchmark for the machines. CR Meyer demonstrated their ability to be the general contractor of major installations by quickly resolving any subcontractor trades or billing issues and coordinating multiple disciplines in a limited work space.
Paper Industry Customer


The US has left the JCPOA: Where do we go from here?

By withdrawing from the JCPOA, President Trump shifted America’s Iran policy from appeasement to maximum pressure and took away Iran's "war" card. But will anything change?

Dr. George N. Tzogopoulos, | updated: 15:20

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BESA logo

Q:   On May 8, 2018, President Donald Trump announced the withdrawal of the US from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA. His intention is to impose the highest possible level of economic sanctions on Iran and perhaps sanction other nations that assist Tehran in its quest for nuclear weapons. The “nixing” of the deal might be followed by a “fixing” of the deal. BESA joins the debate by posing the question: After the US withdrawal from the JCPOA, where do we go from here?

Respondents: Emily B. Landau, Michael Rubin, Benny Miller, Richard Goldberg, Seth J. Frantzman, Doron Itzchakov

Emily B. Landau, Senior Research Fellow, Head of the Arms Control and Regional Security Program, Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), Tel Aviv

Michael Rubin, Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute (AEI), Washington DC

On May 8, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that the US would withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the so-called Iran nuclear deal. While pundits and diplomats make Trump’s announcement out to be some great watershed in US credibility and its relations with allies, the reality is that Trump’s actions will not change things much.

Within Iran, diplomats talk about staying the course while the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps responds with threats and bluster. That good cop, bad cop approach is exactly what occurred before Trump’s announcement. And despite the lionization of the JCPOA by some diplomats, the agreement did not fully constrain Iran’s nuclear program. Unlike in South Africa and Libya, the international community allowed Iran to maintain an industrial-scale nuclear program. And the IAEA abided by the Supreme Leader’s prohibition on the inspection of military sites in order to maintain the fiction of compliance.

There are three main components to a nuclear weapons program: enrichment, warhead design, and delivery. Iran had mastered the first before agreeing to the JCPOA, and the exposure of a secret Iranian nuclear archive showed that Iran’s warhead work was also well-advanced. Secretary of State John Kerry’s concession to Iran on ballistic missile work enabled Iran to continue to develop missiles capable of delivering nuclear missiles regardless of the JCPOA.

As for US relations with the rest of the world, Trump’s decision may be irrelevant. Many European officials, especially those motivated more by mercantile than strategic concerns, may be angry. But they were equally angry when President Bill Clinton imposed extraterritorial sanctions on their companies two decades ago. Then, however, European officials came into compliance, much as they are doing now. Trump’s announcement opened a new chapter in diplomatic posturing, but in terms of substance it was simply a recognition of reality.

Benny Miller, Professor of International Relations, University of Haifa

Europe is weaker than the US and China and militarily it might be even weaker than Russia. However, the future of Iran’s nuclear accord – and, even more importantly, the future great-power alignment – depends on Europe, particularly the E3 (Germany, France, and the UK). The key question is: will Europe get on the US bandwagon by similarly withdrawing from the JCPOA, thus delivering a final blow to the agreement and to Iran’s economy as well? Or will it balance US unilateralism by joining China’s and Russia’s opposition to US hegemony?

There are many reasons to expect Europe to get on the American bandwagon. The most important is economic dependence on the huge American market and concern about economic sanctions that might be imposed by the US on banks and companies trading with Iran. Moreover, the tradition of an alliance with the US since WWII (NATO) and common liberal values may lead Europe to join the US in abandoning the agreement.

Still, President Trump’s unilateral action in withdrawing from the agreement – on top of earlier unilateral withdrawals from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement (the TPP) and the Paris Climate Accord – undermine the world order as viewed by Europe, namely a world based on rules, international cooperation, and respect for multilateral agreements. Such concern about the future of the international order and the persistence of US unilateralism might compel the Europeans not only to hold onto the agreement with Iran but also to attempt to balance US hegemony together with the Chinese and the Russians. Should the EU follow that course, its focus will be on “soft” balancing; i.e., diplomatic and possibly economic opposition to US unilateralism rather than the military-strategic balancing against the US promoted by Beijing and Moscow.

Richard Goldberg, Senior Advisor, Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD), Washington, DC

By withdrawing from the JCPOA, President Trump shifted America’s Iran policy from appeasement to maximum pressure.  Our new goal should be to force Iran’s leaders to choose between wide-ranging behavioral change and regime collapse.  To achieve this goal, the US, in close coordination with our allies in the Middle East, should implement a three-pronged strategy using political, economic, and military tools.

We should wage political and ideological warfare against the Islamic Republic to undermine its legitimacy both inside and outside its borders. We should wage financial warfare to accelerate the regime’s ongoing currency crisis and bring it to the brink of economic collapse.  Finally, we should raise the cost for Iran’s activities in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen; employ covert action where possible; and make clear that the US will use military force if the mullahs attempt a race to the bomb.

The Trump administration must fully enforce American sanctions for a maximum pressure campaign to succeed.  That means holding sanctions-evaders accountable in Russia, China, the Gulf, and Europe. Any future negotiations with Iran should follow the same principle President Trump established for talks with North Korea – no relief from maximum pressure until complete, verifiable, and irreversible de-nuclearization.

Seth J. Frantzman, Executive Director of the Middle East Center for Reporting and Analysis; covers Middle East affairs for The Jerusalem Post

US President Donald Trump took away Iran’s “war” card by withdrawing from the JCPOA. For years Iran was able to threaten that absence of a deal would mean war, a talking point that pro-Iran Deal lobbyists adopted in 2015. However, the reality is that Iran’s regime cannot afford a major conflict. Tehran is in an economic crisis and is stretched thin through its commitments in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen. Now the Janus face of Iran, which claimed that “hardliners” might come to power, will be tested. This is because if Iran withdraws from the Non-Proliferation Treaty, it will show that its claims to have been seeking peaceful nuclear energy were misleading.

Iran’s regime keenly studied the western powers and grasped that they fear any new conflict. So it held up the “war” card to demand a deal, even while the regime waged war through proxies in the region. Now Tehran has to weigh the risks of an actual conflict in Syria that could harm the Syrian regime and anger Russia. For the first time in many years the Iranian regime is in check. It has overplayed its hand, encouraging Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Israel to all see Iran as the greatest threat to the region.

Doron Itzchakov, Research Associate at BESA, Bar Ilan University and the Alliance Center for Iranian Studies at Tel Aviv University

The American president’s declaration of his decision to withdraw from the nuclear agreement prompted conflicting reactions regarding the wisdom of the move and its implications for stability in the Middle East. While the various arguments should all be seriously considered, a full analysis cannot focus on the advantages and shortcomings of each one separately. It requires an examination of the broader context; i.e., Iran’s behavior over time.

It is possible that if Iran seeks to stay in the deal with the European countries, the US and Israel could experience a degree of isolation. On the other hand, acceptance of the existing agreement allows Iran to complete its hybrid program, which lets it seek the status of a nuclear threshold state – a situation Israel cannot accept. It seems that the need for a dramatic improvement of the agreement is acceptable to almost all opinion-makers, but Iran adamantly refuses to do so, leading some to argue that a bad agreement is preferable to the complete absence of one. This claim, too, is unacceptable to Israel.

The discussion of the agreement’s clauses cannot be detached from a retrospective look that examines Iran’s behavior over time. The focusing of efforts on the struggle against ISIS diverted world attention from Iranian subversion and allowed it to promote a whole set of interests without a proper response from major players in the geopolitical arena. Moreover, it appears that tactical understandings between the Obama administration and the regime in Tehran following the capture of Mosul in the summer of 2014, as well as the desire to conceive of Iran as a possible ally, also left an imprint on the signing of the agreement in the summer of 2015. As a result, the great wealth that flowed into Iranian state coffers allowed Tehran to become a threat to regional stability in general and to Israel’s security in particular.

In the short term, the withdrawal of the US from the agreement and the return of sanctions to the negotiating table are signals to Iran that US policy has changed. This decision will also have a great impact on Rouhani’s status, as he will be under enormous pressure from the hardliners and the Revolutionary Guards. Despite the fact that there are risks in continuing the process, the clear message to Iran is that the US is filling the vacuum left by the previous administration. This is a matter of considerable concern in Tehran, which is well aware of the great economic challenges it faces.


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Malin Byström performs songs by Richard Strauss

Johann Strauss II was a much admired and incredibly sought-after composer, a true crowd-pleaser that even Brahms admired. Kaiser-Waltzer is one of his most famous and performed waltzes. Equally famous was Korngold, for his seminal film music as well as for his ingenious art music, like his Symphony in F Flat Major. But when Richard Strauss in the final years of his life composed Vier letzte Lieder, four songs about farewells and accomplishments, he does so with unusual artistry and maturity.

Idol worship is nothing new. When Johann Strauss II was at the peak of his career, he led an organisation with around 200 copyists, singers, musicians, organisers, assistant conductors and publicity agents. Three orchestras in his name could perform on the same night in three different Viennese ballrooms, while the maestro himself only turned up very briefly at each venue. In the United States, obtaining a lock of his hair after a concert conferred status on the recipient. However, more often the hair came from the thick fur of the Waltz King’s large Newfoundland dog. Kaiser-Walzer from 1888 was named after two rulers: Franz Josef, who had sat on the Austrian throne for 40 years, and Germany’s new regent, Wilhelm II. The original name of the waltz was “Hand in Hand”, referring to Austria’s outstretched hand towards Germany.

In 1948, a disillusioned Richard Strauss rounded off one of the greatest careers in composition by setting music to the writings of Hermann Hesse and Joseph von Eichendorff. His native country lay in ruins, and he himself was fiercely criticized for collaborating with the Nazis. But not many people have approached the end of their life on earth in a more exquisitely beautiful manner. The songs in Vier letzte Lieder were published after the composer’s death and the publisher decided on the title. The concluding song quotes a theme from the symphonic poem, Tod und Verklärung, written almost sixty years earlier, whereupon the sun sets on the entire era of romanticism.

Malin Byström’s phenomenal success across the globe hardly needs describing. She is part of Sweden’s proud tradition of producing world-class sopranos and she recently won Best Singer at the International Opera Awards 2018. We also see the welcome return of conductor John Wilson, with his unique mastery of such diverse genres as big band, film music and musicals. He also performs with his own orchestra, arranges music and restores classical film scores.

Music history does not have many prodigies of the same calibre as Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Gustav Mahler immediately declared the ten-year old a genius during his performance of his own Cantata, Gold. He experienced monumental success in the 1910s and 1920s, but the emergence of Nazism and Germany’s annexation of Austria forced him to emigrate to the United States. Over there, the great opera composer became king of film music: think of Captain Blood or The Sea Hawk! But being a master in Hollywood did not endear him to the European music scene. Korngold was now an American citizen and the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945 touched him so profoundly that he dedicated his Symphony in F Sharp Major, which he began composing the subsequent year, to the president. When it was completed in 1952, its style was considered passé. In 1954, the symphony saw an unfortunate première that the composer even tried to stop. It was not until three decades later that Korngold was to return to the limelight in earnest.

Text: Gunnar Lanzky-Otto

Concert length: 2 h incl. intermission


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How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay?

❶This is where your breakdown of the topic will help you.

Cause and Effect Topics

College writing manuals
How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay
What is Cause and Effect?

For the 3 rd cause and effect, repeat the structure. List the details that support this in the form of points and write a lead into the next paragraph. Beneath all your points, insert a conclusion that ties all the paragraphs together. You now have an essay outline with an introduction, 3 main statements with points form the causes under each of the statements and then the conclusion.

You can now write your actual essay based on your outline:. The conclusion of your introduction paragraph should be a thesis statement. Keep in mind that the introduction should give the preview of what the rest of the essay will be about. Your essay will need to prove your thesis statement. For instance, if the essay is about the United States Prohibition, your thesis statement could be: Place this general statement, or the one of your choice in the thesis and then select three points that prove or explain your statement.

For both the cause and the effect, it is recommended that you develop at least three strong arguments. Explain the effect of your trend, phenomenon or event.

You should refer back continually to the cause in order to make connections and link which will help your audience process the cause and effect effectively. Each of the arguments needs to be backed up with 2 or 3 strong, factual statements that support it. Your reader will get confused by too many points. For this reason, you might want to limit your major points to three. Speaking about the length of this academic assignment, read the given post to decide on the proper amount of pages to cover the issue in full.

A cause and effect essay outline does not look like most of the other outlines. It may have more or less than 3 body paragraphs and a varying structure based on the purpose and topic covered by the author. One thing that all essays have in common is an eye-catching introduction.

The primary part of the introduction is a thesis statement. This sentence or 2 establish the focus of the project. Specify whether you write about causes, effects, both, and provide a brief overview of the chosen subjects to analyze.

Pretend the teacher assigned a task on anorexia nervosa. In case the causes are the focus, a thesis statement might look this way: If the effects of the health condition are at the heart of your discussion, a thesis may look this way: No specific statistics is necessary for a thesis statement. The next goal in the row is to insert applicable transition words or phrases to make a single logical text.

The most challenging goal of this type of academic writing is to connect the ideas into a single story. As a result, a hospital was full of children with different traumas that day.

In the opening paragraph, a student should list the causes and mention corresponding effects without going into the details. Focus on the purpose. The purpose of the writing may be to inform the readers about some things or try to convince the audience of your truth depending on the chosen position in debates. A thesis statement, the main argument of any paper, always goes at the end of the introduction paragraph.

Remember to include a preview of the rest of the text quick summary in the introduction. The last thing almost the last to do is to conclude a cause and effect essay.

It is the final thing the target reader encounters. It is important to leave a long-lasting impression on the reader to make your target audience want to continue the investigation on their own. Draw the evidence used to support 3 arguments mentioned in 3 different body paragraphs together — it will be a summary.

Present the problem analysis. One of the primary goals of a good essay conclusion is to remind the readers of the overarching causes and effects discussed in the text. Do not forget to share personal opinions on the topic.

That is why we offer several cause and effect essay conclusion examples:. It looks like the article has covered all elements of the cause and effect essay structure. Mind 4 types of the transition words. The student should keep in mind these elements of essay formatting are critical to defend claims and personal point of view. Those are quotations a student collects during the research process, take notes each time you find something valuable in books, academic journals, scholarly articles, and other primary sources.

It is possible to add secondary sources like survey results. Pay attention to the required format. Students can find a plenty of inspiring cause and effect essay topics. We are ready to post this list! Start writing the draft according to the prepared essay outline. Once the writer is done with his paper, there are several more things to check. Make sure the title.

What Is a Cause and Effect Essay?

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May 27,  · You can now write your actual essay based on your outline: Compose the Introduction. In a cause and effect essay, the role of an introduction describes the issue’s background, explaining the cause and why understanding its effects is important. You can also write about a known effect’s Jenniferc.

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Step 3: Organize your essay Begin with your thesis statement. It should state the event, phenomenon, or trend that you want to explore in your essay. All of the other paragraphs should begin with topic sentences that explore one of the cause and effect aspects. In the October example, you discuss the war's cause and effects in one paragraph.

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After reading our article, you'll learn how to structure and write an excellent cause and effect essay properly. We also give 20 topics for you to consider. A cause and effect essay is a type of academic writing high school & college students often face, in which some certain factors and their consequences are explained in details. The primary goal of such writing is to draw a logical parallel between the events.

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How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay: 40 Excellent College Topics to Help “Gum makes noise in the classroom It is a distraction for both teacher and students Teachers do now allow students to chew gum during the lesson”. How to Write a Good Cause and Effect Essay: 10 Steps to Follow A cause and effect essay defines why things happen and what tends to happen next. When you go to write this type of essay, you should explicitly identify the link between the cause and effect on a certain topic/ subject.


Mineral Vitamin Electrolytes Best Selling Item

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Liquid Minerals

January 1, 2006

Minerals are not only important to you and me but to all life, including plants, animals, and even insects. Each of the macro minerals sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as the trace minerals iron, zinc. copper, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and iodine must be consumed in the diet for optimum health.
Donald Rudin M.D., Ph.D., stated that metabolic performance declines 50% with the loss of just one of the trace minerals. The loss of only one of the macro minerals totally denies any cellular function as we know it.

It is well known that modern farming techniques deplete many of the minerals in the soil as well as the nutritional content of our food.
The absence of a steady food-derived supply of minerals subtly undermines our health. This may be difficult to quantify but we certainly are aware of the changes in the character of the food we buy. The produce looks beautiful, but has little or no taste which is an indication of low nutrient content.

Altering our food supply with unnaturally penned up chickens, increasing milk production using hormones and corn fed cattle bunched unnaturally together in feed lots is not the way mother nature so beautifully designed our world. Finding food with the flavor that we recall wafting from our grandmother’s kitchen is, for many, a dream.

Advances in medicine have increased life expectancy, but the price is shockingly steep with an unusual increase in degenerative diseases, such as arthritis, heart disease, chronic fatigue, muscular dystrophy, fibromyalgia, obesity, ADHD, bipolar disorder, osteoporosis, depression, cancer etc. Adopting the conveniences of processed foods may free us from the drudgeries of the kitchen but it is becoming painfully obvious that although we may be living a bit longer, we are falling apart much earlier.

Linus Pauling, recipient of two Nobel Prizes, stated, “You can trace every disease, every sickness, and every ailment to a mineral deficiency. The search for better health begins with an adequate and ample mineral base.” Our research at BodyBio, which has been testing individuals for mineral deficiencies for over 20 years, has a long clinical history of witnessing the benefits that adding minerals can provide.

Your body has basic intelligence. It is designed with feedback from your cells to know what’s required, and given the choice, will seek out those foods with the nutrient value you require at that moment in time.

This may be a leap of faith for some, since we are not accustomed to using our senses as sharply as our ancestors, who probably would not have survived without a keen ability to determine good from bad. One of our challenges today is to figure out exactly “how we know what we know.”

Ad with every sniff or bite. Are we so different? Hardly. We are composed of 70 trillion cells that function much the same. The cells of our mouth and the surrounding tissues, or more specifically the membranes of each cell, act as ionic probes and are exquisitely sensitive to what’s presented. They record and signal back to our brain the chemical composition of the food we ingest so we can survive.

Convention says that we record only four variations of taste: sweet, sour, salt and bitter. However, the range of each on a graded scale provides a significant scope of intensity. Blending all four, each with its own infinite scale, results in an astronomical number of combinations—probably beyond calculation. The wonders of our metabolism are truly astounding.

In addition, those cells are located in your mouth instead of under your arm so they can help you decide. We really have a need to know what’s going on with every bite. Is what I’m eating good or bad...food or poison...and do I even want it?

BodyBio has developed a group of 8 Essential Liquid Minerals in a very low concentration which is close to homeopathic. This mild concentration of each mineral challenges the taste buds to search out the answer we are asking. First, is there something there other than water. If so, is it pleasant, is it harsh? Each of us has the ability to test each mineral by itself, to determine desirability at that moment in time. Important, because change and adjustment are part of the fabric of your life and health.

BodyBio, in addition to the 8 trace minerals recommends Iodine (I), #9. You do not test for BodyBio #9 but you should take one portion (3 drops) per day of (I) in your mineral drink to provide protection against deficiency.

The first thing you need to do is test yourself for each of the minerals. Identifying the proper combination of minerals in your drink is an essential component to your liquid mineral supplement program.

  1. The kit is easy to use.

  2. Minerals are essential to health. This kit allows you to determine your personal need in a simple and reproducible home test.

  3. The kit enables you to test your like or dislike for up to 8 BodyBio Liquid Minerals. We do not have a test for #9 Iodine (I), however, #9 is essential. The maximum dose for #9/per day is 3 drops.

  4. To refill the test bottle when empty put a daily dose of the relevant mineral into the bottle and fill with distilled or pure water.

Procedure for Using the Taste Test Kit

Starting with Test Bottle #1, pour a small amount in a glass or cup and sip...record the number that best fits how that mineral tastes (a taste test scale of 1-7 is on the box).

If the mineral has no taste other than plain water; you should include that mineral. Add that one in your daily mineral drink. If it tastes metallic or has a strong lingering taste, your body is saying ‘I don’t want this right now; maybe next time.’ Omit this mineral from your drink, but test regularly.

Repeat this process for each of the remaining minerals. Test and record your numbers each day, or on a regular basis (at least once a week), or whenever the drink tastes odd or different. You’re the judge. Make sure you only take the minerals that pass your taste test.

Minerals will change in taste as you build up your body’s store for that mineral. Testing helps you to know what you require. Tomorrow or next week your need may be different.
Your need for some minerals may be greater than others and each of us is genetically different. We must test periodically to learn what’s changed. Take only the minerals that have no taste at all (a 3) or have a pleasant taste (1 or 2).

To take one portion, start with #1 and put in 13 drops of potassium phosphate. Proceed down the list #2 through #8 and add in each one as indicated on the bottle until you have added all the ones that scored under 4 (between 1 and 3). Mix them all together. You may also add 3 drops of #9.

It is best to take them with some vitamin “C” such as orange or grapefruit juice. Pineapple is OK. Using 1/2 juice and 1/2 water. will reduce your sugar intake. You can always add in a pinch of vitamin “C,” especially if you take it with plain water. When using other juices, like vegetable juice, it would be advisable to add in a pinch or 1/4 tsp. of vitamin “C.”

There are 8 different minerals in the taste kit. Both the test bottles (8 oz.) and the mineral supply bottles (2 or 4 oz.) are color matched. #1 is green, #2 is orange, #3 is blue, etc.

Starting with Mineral #1, put 13 drops of #1 (Potassium Phosphate) in the test bottle and ﬁll with pure water. Repeat with the appropriate number of drops for each of the minerals in their respective bottle, 7 drops for #2, 10 for #3, etc.

Q  Why in a liquid form?

A Absorption in a liquid form is not just more desirable, it’s essential and naturally occurs as part of the act of eating. Wouldn’t that happen in a dry form as a capsule or tablet? Well…yes… maybe. Absorption is not an exact science. Certainly some will. However, if we begin with minerals in a dissolved liquid state, we can have more confidence as to cellular absorption and availability.

The proof is in the way you feel after taking them. Try taking your dose of minerals in mid-afternoon when you may begin to tire. The pickup is subtle and quite interesting. There are a vast number of positive cellular changes going on to deliver that response.

Q  If my chemistry shows a need for Potassium, Manganese, or one of the other minerals, why is it important that I take them all together?

A The chemistry of life exists in a sort of chaotic mix. Minerals combine in the body to provide a wide range of functions. Avoiding the ones you don’t need and taking the ones you do need permits the body to focus on those that were in short supply. Taking them together permits the body to have access to the ones it needs at that time.

Q  Do minerals compete with one another in my body?

A Yes. Minerals do compete with one another. However, they also work in concert, not much different than seen in many of life’s examples. Potassium competes with and works in concert with Sodium. The same for Calcium and

Magnesium, as well as Manganese and Zinc, and Zinc and Copper, and Copper and Molybdenum. The list goes on and on. Each have a wide variety of functions. Zinc, for example, has an essential role in over 200 different enzyme processes in your body.

Plants deprived of Manganese but with an excess of Zinc grow tall and thin, while the reverse occurs with low levels of Zinc and high levels of Manganese. The plants have thicker trunks or stalks, thicker branches and thicker leaves. Molybdenum raises Uric Acid levels while Copper suppresses Uric Acid. Calcium initiates muscle contraction with Sodium, while Magnesium triggers muscle relaxation with Potassium.

The heart is an excellent example of mineral cooperation with the electrolytes initiating the millions of beats year after year. It is probably the best example of mineral activity and of the necessity of keeping an ample supply on hand always, and in balance.

Taking one mineral over time will tend to suppress another or even a third. The form of mineral is probably best taken as a liquid…and they should always be taken together to be sure enough of each to prevent the deficiency of any one.

Replenishing your mineral stores is an ongoing lifetime event. The need is certainly obvious; you expect to get what you need from the food you eat, but it’s increasingly hard to do so. The more you are exposed to the science of health and the lack of minerals, either in your diet or because of sickness, aging, genetic differences etc., the more you should examine the marvelous benefits of minerals.

Taking them together is the best way to replenish your mineral base.

Q  How do I know which minerals I want now?

A The answer, oddly enough, is right under your nose. Using the sense of taste is an exquisite, elegant system of testing yourself to determine which ones your body desires. It is a floating feedback system that changes with you as you change. And change is an absolute; our bodies change with the seasons and the years. The BodyBio Taste Test is an easy checking system that you can depend on to guide you.

The scoring tells the story. If any one of the minerals tastes sweet, pleasant or of nothing, you need it. If it tastes strong or harsh, you don’t—not now.

The intensity is related to your deficiency or excess. You should only take those that scored from 1 to 3 (4 at your discretion) and avoid the strong ones. The goal is to achieve balance, and no one knows what you need better than you.

Q  I understand that heavy metals like mercury or lead can cause health problems. How do these bad guys relate to the good minerals we need for good health?

A For some, this could be very important. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, etc.) are more prevalent than ever in our environment. They are highly toxic and extremely difficult to remove from the body. It is highly probable that the intake of a high dose of good minerals could possibly help in displacing and removing those toxic minerals. There is research showing that the higher the mineral base the lower the mercury.

As our body’s demand for minerals from life events, aging and poor diet choices effect us, taking care to ensure we have optimal mineral status is essential. Combining different minerals in one solution is the best way to ensure repletion.

Q  What is the importance of the specific dosage of the Body-Bio Minerals?

A Body Bio Minerals are unique, highly-absorbable minerals. Their low dose solutions do not mean they have reduced potency, rather they have been designed to work specifically with the use of the testing process to provide an accurate and individualized programme of mineral restoration. The over prescribing of minerals is more common than one might imagine and is a poor practice in medicine. In medicine, titration is the process of gradually adjusting the dosage of a medication until the desired effect is achieved. Each of us is genetically unique and our needs for minerals differ, for example, BodyBio zinc has a suggested daily dose of 6.8 mgs, but when testing you may find you only need a half dose or even a double dose. The particular concentration of each mineral is designed to allow you to be flexible and consequently more precise. Avoiding over-dosing is important for all nutrients, especially so for minerals.

Animals are well known to change plants when a mineral is required or may need to be avoided, the Mineral Test Kit allows this individualized assessment to take place in your home, with personalized supplementation to correct your mineral levels.

The information contained herein is about dietary supplements, which may be helpful in the maintenance of good health. Dietary supplements are not drugs and are not intended to treat or prevent any specific disease or condition. The information contained herein is for educational purposes only. This is not medical advice and is not intended to replace the advice or attention of healthcare professionals. You should always consult your physician before beginning or making any changes in your diet, supplement or exercise program, for diagnosis and treatment of illness or injuries, and for advice regarding medications. Information contained herein has not been evaluated or pre-approved by the Food and Drug Administration unless specifically so stated.......

About Us | Site Map | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Contact Us | ©2007 BrioCell Nutrition Health LLC. All rights Reserved.


Amazing cheetah sightings

We have been fortunate of late to have some incredible cheetah encounters while out exploring the magnificent Timbavati Landscape. With an estimated 7100 left in the wild and only +-120 left in Kruger / greater Kruger national park spending time and sharing some interesting facts about them is a truly unforgettable experience for our guests. Below are just a few facts about these endangered animals that we like to share with our guests:

  •  Unlike other big cats such as lions, cheetah's never roar but rather purr and often make a chirping-like sound to communicate with each other.
  •  Its fur is of tan color that allows it to blend easily into their environment. Its entire body is covered with black closed spots whereas a leopard has rosettes.
  • The pattern of spots in every cheetah is different, making each one of them uniquely identifiable.
  • They have a characteristic ‘tear stripes’ that stretch all the way down to their nose starting from the corner of their eyes.
  • Cheetahs can run at a speed of 70 miles (112km) per hour and can accelerate from 0 to 60mph (96km) in just 3 seconds.
  • Though this cat is the fastest land mammal it cannot run at top speed for a long time. It can sprint at that speed for 100 yards, beyond which its body gets overheated and can reach up to 105 degrees Fahrenheit or 41 degrees Celsius.
  • The cheetah uses its long tail for balancing and steering while on the hunt. The tail actually helps it to take sharp turns in any direction while running at its top speed.
  •  They use their non-retractable sharp claws to successfully take down their prey to the ground and then use a suffocating neck bite to kill their prey.
  • Once they successfully hunt, they need to make sure that they eat their food quickly to prevent scavengers from getting hold of it. Jackals, vultures, leopards, lions, and hyenas often take away their kills.

Below are some of the images taken by Warren Jacobs recently while on safari.

Cheetahs devour warthog

A new day arrives bringing with it great excitement as we headed off to see what happened during the night in the African bush.  An hour into the drive and nothing really to show! Where had all the animals disappeared to? We tried the waterholes with no luck. We decided to try a different route hoping for our luck to change. As we turned around the corner, our tracker picked up fresh cheetah spoor in the road. We continued following the tracks which led us to two relaxed adult cheetahs sitting overlooking the landscape. We continued watching these peaceful creatures until the one male decided it was time to head off. We tried to keep up with them but they were moving like they were on a mission so we decided that it would be best to try to intersect them further up. We traveled over 2 blocks and decided to have a coffee break at a vantage point overlooking the landscape below. While enjoying our coffee break a call came in that the cheetahs had taken down a warthog. Could it be the same cheetahs we had just seen? The sighting was a few kilometers away. Needless to say we packed up and headed straight to the sighting. Upon arrival we could identify that it was indeed the same cheetahs and they were busy devouring a meal which was a young warthog. We will let the video and pictures below tell the rest of the story. Please note that it contains some graphic images.


"This is Melissa..."

At a social gathering recently, someone introduced me to someone else as, “This is Melissa -- she has five kids.”  Being described by the number of kids I have felt odd,  so I’ve come up with a few ideas in case you ever bump into me at a party and can’t think of how to introduce me.

DIY: Narwhal Cake

I love a good birthday cake challenge, and was thrilled when #Kid4 requested a narwhal cake for her 3rd birthday. As always, I didn't have much of a plan, but I did document the process for anyone else who needs to make a Unicorn of the Sea!

What They Remember

Do you remember Columbine? I remember Columbine. School shootings have impacted the way I parent -- underlining and emphasizing all the things that are out of my control as a parent.

How do you cope with those feelings?


To Get the Why, You Need to Know where to Look

Someone had a go at me  (perhaps) saying "The ego-maniacs arguing about whether MS is T cell or B cell impacted is a wonderful example of the Pharma hold on the Medical Industry"

I disagree this is an academia led issue, MS pharma don't care, they know where they dropped their wallet:-)

"All the arguments and their associated time wasting hides the essence of the problem. The reason, the 'why' factor is the issue with the immune system involvement in any and all chronic diseases"

Your point is well taken, but I have been taking an extreme view on B cells to demonstrate to the T cell dogma, that it needs to think outside of the sterotyped box.  T and B cells do not exist in isolation but for many see "outside of a T cell sphere" only as an after-thought, when T cells a helper cells for others to do the business.

However this is important as highlighted by the "Streetlight effect" as you need to know where to look to find the why, and I thing we have been clear about one route to a "wht".


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Captain's Charity 2018-2019

Being diagnosed with cancer can be a huge shock. You might be overwhelmed, worried about what happens next or thinking about the impact on your life. Macmillan Cancer Support is a good starting point:

If you've started treatment you might want to know more about how it will affect you. It can help to record any side effects or concerns, so you can discuss them with their medical team.

If treatment is over Macmillan Cancer Support can help with the emotional and physical effects.

Cancer affects so many families in so many ways and Ian would very much appreciate your support in his efforts to raise valuable funds to enable Macmillan to continue their invaluable work.


Wooden Bird Houses

We are excited to have a new artists join the gallery. Elita Christensen uses wood sourced from various places.  It may come from a project that has been torn down, or it may be weathered by sand and sun, but it is about 95 percent recycled. Elita states that working with wood most of my life, I still marvel at the beauty, texture, and warmth of each individual piece.  I am excited to be able to share my love for wood and the treasures I see in it.


Russia - Kaliningrad

Russia - Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad is a new MICE-destination of Russia and The Motherland of Baltma Tours.

It’s a unique city with unusual history, interesting geographical location and exciting nature.

It’s a piece of Russia in Europe and a part of Europe in Russia.

Host city FIFA World Cup 2018.

See Also


(310 ILCS 10/8.1b) (from Ch. 67 1/2, par. 8.1b)
    Sec. 8.1b. (a) The Authority shall establish and maintain an affirmative action program consistent with state and federal law, designed to promote equal employment opportunity within the police force and give preference to the recruitment of applicants for the police force from the specific communities in which the Authority operates housing developments and administers housing assistance programs.
    (b) In establishing the selection standards, the Authority shall provide that sworn officer positions at the rank of sergeant or below shall first be filled by persons otherwise qualified for selection who are residents of facilities under the jurisdiction of the Authority.
(Source: P.A. 86-457.)


Discover the customs and traditions of the ancient Khmer society and its influence on modern Cambodian culture. From the art, architecture and bas-reliefs of the Angkor temple complex to the cityscapes of modern Phnom Penh. Learn about the illicit trafficking of ancient Khmer sculptures and other works of art.

Impacts of Culture on Organizational Learning in Cambodia by Makararavy Ty

Temples of Cambodia by Helen Ibbitson Jessup and Barry Brukoff

The temples of Cambodia are among the most complex and imposing architectural creations in the world, offering nothing less than the embodiment of Khmer culture. Over a period of five hundred years, successive rulers sought to build sacred spaces that bore witness to the presence of the gods and the legitimacy of the kings. Organised chronologically, this book opens with the modestly scaled brick structures of the seventh and eighth centuries and goes on to explore the first monumental temple mountains of the ninth century.

Carrying Cambodia by Hans Kemp and Conor Wall

Culture Shock! Cambodia by Peter North

Whether you're conducting business, traveling for pleasure, or even relocating abroad, one mistake with customs or etiquette can leave a bad taste in everyone's mouth. International travelers, now more than ever, are not just individuals from the United States, but ambassadors and impression makers for the country as a whole.

Cambodia - Culture Smart! by Graham Saunders

Phnom Penh A Cultural History by Milton Osborne

As a one-time resident of Phnom Penh and an authority on Southeast Asia, Milton Osborne provides a colorful account of the troubled history and appealing culture of Cambodia's capital city. Osborne sheds light on Phnom Penh's early history, when first Iberian missionaries and freebooters and then French colonists held Cambodia's fate in their hands.


Barbecue sauce can taste different depending on where you are. In Europe, a barbecued dish will be marinated in a sort of vinaigrette. In Asia, a soy-based sauce is used. Different regions of the U.S. use tomato and vinegar sauces or a "dalmatian rub" of salt and pepper.

Cooking steps

Add the Ingredients!

Whisk the Barbecue Sauce!

Drag the whisk in a circle to whisk the Barbecue Sauce. Keep it moving at the right speed.

Marinate the Chicken!

Drag the basting brush over the food to marinate the Chicken.

Refrigerate the Chicken!

Fit the Chicken inside the fridge by rearranging items. The counter and shelf can hold food temporarily, but don't leave anything out! Some items can't hold others up.

Grill the Chicken!

Place the Chicken on the grill, then turn and marinate when instructed. Remove the Chicken when it's done cooking. Don't leave it on too long or it will burn!


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2 Calculations
The mole is the key concept for chemical calculations Avogadro's Number
There are 6.022 x 1023 atoms in
DEFINITION: The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the same
12 grams of carbon-12.
number of particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
Therefore explained in simpler
terms 'One mole of any specified
DEFINITION: Relative atomic mass is the average mass of one atom entity contains 6.022 x 1023 of
compared to one twelfth of the mass of one atom of carbon-12 that entity':

DEFINITION: Relative molecular mass is the average mass of a molecule

For most calculations we will do at AS we will use the following 3 equations

Learn these equations carefully and what units to use in them.

1. For pure solids and gases 2. For gases 3. For solutions

moles = mass Concentration = moles

Mr PV = nRT volume

Unit of Mass: grams Unit of Pressure (P):Pa Note the Unit of concentration: mol dm-3 or M
Unit of moles : mol Unit of Volume (V): m3 different Unit of Volume: dm3
Unit of Temp (T): K unit for
n= moles volume
Remember the Mr must Converting volumes
be calculated and quoted R = 8.31
to 1dp Converting temperature cm3 dm3 1000
oC K add 273 cm3 m3 1000 000
dm3 m3 1000
Typical mole calculations
Some Simple calculations using above equations
Example 2: What is the concentration of solution made by
dissolving 5.00g of Na2CO3 in 250 cm3 water?
Example 1: What is the number of moles in 35.0g of
moles = mass/Mr
= 5.00 / (23 x2 + 12 +16 x3)
moles = mass/Mr
= 0.0472 mol
= 35.0/ (63.5 + 32.0 +16.0 x4)
= 0.219 mol conc= moles/Volume
= 0.0472 / 0.25
= 0.189 mol dm-3

Example 3: What is the mass of Cl2 gas that has a pressure of

100kPa, temperature 293K, volume 500cm3. (R = 8.31)
100 kPa = 100 000 Pa Significant Figures
500 cm3 = 0.0005 m3 Give your answers to the same
moles = PV/RT number of significant figures as the
= 100 000 x 0.0005 / (8.31 x 293) number of significant figures for the
= 0.0205 mol data you given in a question. If you
are given a mixture of different
Mass = moles x Mr significant figures, use the smallest
= 0.0205 x (35.5 x2)
= 1.46 g

N Goalby 1
Avogadro's Constant

The mole is the amount of substance in Avogadro's Constant

grams that has the same number of There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. Therefore
particles as there are atoms in 12 grams explained in simpler terms 'One mole of any specified entity
of carbon-12. contains 6.02 x 1023 of that entity':

1 mole of copper atoms will contain 6.02 x 1023 atoms

Avogadro's Constant can be
1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules will contain 6.02 x 1023 molecules
used for atoms, molecules and
1 mole of sodium ions will contain 6.02 x 1023 ions

No of particles = amount of substance (in mol) X Avogadro's constant

Example 4 : How many atoms of Tin are Example 5 : How many chloride ions are there in a 25.0
there in a 6.00 g sample of Tin metal? cm3 of a solution of magnesium chloride of concentration
amount = mass/Ar 0.400 moldm-3 ?
= 6.00/ 118.7 amount= concentration x Volume
= 0.05055 mol MgCl2 = 0.400 x 0.025

Number atoms = amount x 6.02 x 1023 = 0.0100 mol

There are two moles of
= 0.05055 x 6.02 x 1023 Amount of chloride ions = 0.0100 x2 chloride ions for every
= 3.04 x1022 = 0.0200 one mole of MgCl2
Number ions of Cl- = amount x 6.02 x 1023
= 0.0200 x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.20 x1022 (to 3 sig fig)

density = mass Density is usually given in g cm-3

Care needs to be taken if different units are

Example 6 : How many molecules of ethanol are there in a 0.500 dm3 of ethanol
(CH3CH2OH) liquid ? The density of ethanol is 0.789 g cm-3

Mass = density x Volume

= 0.789 x 500
= 394.5g
amount = mass/Mr
= 394.5/ 46.0
= 8.576 mol
Number of molecules= amount x 6.02 x 1023
= 8.576 x 6.02 x 1023
= 5.16 x1023(to 3 sig fig)

N Goalby 2
Empirical formulae
Definition: An empirical formula is the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

General method
The same method can be
Step 1 : Divide each mass (or % mass) by the atomic mass of the element used for the following types
Step 2 : For each of the answers from step 1 divide by the smallest one of of data:
those numbers. 1. masses of each element
in the compound
Step 3: sometimes the numbers calculated in step 2 will need to be multiplied
up to give whole numbers. 2. percentage mass of each
element in the compound
These whole numbers will be the empirical formula.

Example 7 : Calculate the empirical formula for a compound that contains 1.82g of
K, 5.93g of I and 2.24g of O

Step1: Divide each mass by the atomic mass of the element to give moles
K = 1.82 / 39.1 I = 5.93/126.9 O = 2.24/16
= 0.0465 mol = 0.0467mol = 0.14mol
Step 2 For each of the answers from step 1 divide by the smallest one of those numbers.
K = 0.0465/0.0465 I = 0.0467/0.0465 O = 0.14 / 0.0465
=1 =1 =3

Empirical formula =KIO3

Molecular formula from empirical formula

Definition: A molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of each element in the compound.

From the relative molecular mass (Mr) work out how many times
the mass of the empirical formula fits into the Mr.
Remember the Mr of a substance can be found
out from using a mass spectrometer. The
Example 8 : work out the molecular formula for the
molecular ion ( the peak with highest m/z) will
compound with an empirical formula of C3H6O and
be equal to the Mr.
a Mr of 116

C3H6O has a mass of 58

Spectra for C4H10
The empirical formula fits twice into Mr of 116 43

So molecular formula is C6H12O2

The Mr does not need to be exact to turn an empirical 29 Molecular ion

formula into the molecular formula because the molecular 58

formula will be a whole number multiple of the empirical

formula 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Balancing ionic equations

Ionic equations need to be balanced both in terms of mass and charge
This is not balanced in terms of charge as there is a
Fe3+ + Zn Fe2+ + Zn2+
total reactant charge of +3 and product charge of +4
2Fe3+ + Zn 2 Fe2+ + Zn2+ This is now balanced in terms of atoms and charges

N Goalby 3
Converting quantities between different substances using a balanced equation Typically we are given a quantity of
one substance and are asked to
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 work out a quantity for another
substance in the reaction. Any of
The balancing (stoichiometric) numbers are mole ratios
the above three equations can be
e.g. 1 mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 to produce 2moles of NH3 used.

Step 3
Step 1:
Convert moles of second substance
Use one of the above 3 equations to Step 2:
into quantity question asked for
convert any given quantity into moles Use balanced equation to convert
using relevant equation
Mass moles moles of initial substance into
e.g. Moles ,Mr mass
PVT of gas moles moles of second substance
Mole, P, T gas vol gas
Conc and vol of solution moles
Moles, vol solution conc

Example 9: What mass of Carbon dioxide would be produced Example 10: 23.6cm3 of H2SO4 neutralised 25.0cm3 of 0.150M
from heating 5.50 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate? NaOH. What is the concentration of the H2SO4?
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 +2H2O

Step 1: work out moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate

Moles = mass / Mr Step 1: work out moles of sodium hydroxide
= 5.50 /84 Moles = conc x vol
= 0.0655 mol = 0.150 x 0.025
= 0. 00375 mol
Step 2: use balanced equation to give moles of CO2
2 moles NaHCO3 : 1 moles CO2
Step 2: use balanced equation to give moles of H2SO4
So 0.0655 HNO3 : 0.0328moles CO2
2 moles NaOH : 1 moles H2SO4
Step 3: work out mass of CO2 So 0.00375 NaOH : 0.001875 mol H2SO4
Mass = moles x Mr
= 0.0328 x 44.0 Step 3 work out concentration of H2SO4
conc= moles/Volume

Example 11: A 25.0cm3 sample of vinegar was diluted in a = 0.001875 / 0.0236

250cm3 volumetric flask. This was then put in a burette and = 0.0794 mol dm-3
23.10cm3 of the diluted vinegar neutralised 25.0 cm3 of 0.100
M NaOH. What is the concentration of the vinegar in gdm-3 ?
CH3CO2H + NaOH CH3CO2-Na+ + H2O Example 12: What mass of Copper would react completely with
150 cm3 of 1.60M nitric acid?
Step 1: work out moles of sodium hydroxide 3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3 )2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Moles = conc x vol
= 0.100 x 0.0250 Step 1: work out moles of nitric acid
= 0. 00250 mol Moles = conc x vol
= 1.6 x 0.15
Step 2: use balanced equation to give moles of CH3CO2H = 0.24 mol
1 moles NaOH : 1 moles CH3CO2H
So 0.00250 NaOH : 0.00250 mol CH3CO2H Step 2: use balanced equation to give moles of Cu
8 moles HNO3 : 3 moles Cu
Step 3 work out concentration of diluted CH3CO2H in 23.1 So 0.24 HNO3 : 0.09 (0.24 x 3/8) mol Cu
(and 250 cm3)in moldm-3
conc= moles/Volume Step 3: work out mass of Cu
= 0.00250 / 0.0231 Mass = moles x Mr
= 0.09 x 63.5
= 0.108 mol dm-3 =5.71g
Step 4 work out concentration of original concentrated
CH3CO2H in 25cm3 in moldm-3
conc = 0.108 x 10 = 1.08 mol dm-3 To turn concentration measured in mol dm-3 into
concentration measured in g dm-3 multiply by Mr of the
Step 5 work out concentration of CH3CO2H in original substance
concentrated 25 cm3 in gdm-3
conc in g dm-3 = conc in mol dm-3 x Mr
conc in gdm-3 = conc in mol dm-3 x Mr The concentration in g dm-3 is the same as the mass of
= 1.08 x 60.0 = 64.8 g dm-3 solute dissolved in 1dm3

N Goalby 4
Example 13: What is the total volume of gas produced in Common Reaction Equations
dm3 at 333K and 100kPa when 0.651 g of magnesium
CH3CO2H + NaOH CH3CO2-Na+ + H2O
nitrate decomposes when heated?
2Mg (NO3)2 (s) 2 MgO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 +2H2O
Step 1: work out moles of magnesium nitrate HCl + NaOH NaCl +H2O
Moles = mass / Mr NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O
= 0.651 / 148.3
= 0.00439 mol Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Step 2: use balanced equation to give moles of gas produced CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
2 moles Mg (NO3)2 : 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) ie 5moles of gas
So 0.00439 Mg (NO3)2 : 0.01098( 0.00439 x 5/2) moles gas

Step 3: work out volume of gas

Volume = nRT/P
= (0.01098 x 8.31 x 333 )/ 100000
= 0.000304m3
= 0.303dm3

Other calculations
% Yield and % Atom economy

actual yield Mass of useful products

percentage yield = x 100 percentage
= x 100
atom economy
theoretical yield Mass of all reactants

Example 14: What is the % atom economy for the following reaction where Fe is
the desired product assuming the reaction goes to completion? Do take into account
balancing numbers
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3 CO2
when working out %
% atom economy = (2 x 55.8) atom economy.
x 100
(2 x 55.8 + 3x16) + 3 x (12+16)

Example 15: 25.0g of Fe2O3 was reacted and it produced 10.0g of Fe. What is the
percentage yield?
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3 CO2

First calculate maximum mass of Fe that could be produced

Step 1: work out moles of Iron oxide
Moles = mass / Mr
=25.0 / 159.6
= 0.1566 mol

Step 2: use balanced equation to give moles of Fe

1 moles Fe2O3 : 2 moles Fe
So 0.1566 Fe2O3 : 0.313moles Fe

Step 3: work out mass of Fe % yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100

Mass = moles x Mr
= 0.313 x 55.8 = (10/ 17.5) x 100
=17.5g =57.1%

N Goalby

Reacting Volumes of Gas

Equal volumes of any gases measured under the same 1 mole of any gas at room
conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal pressure (1atm) and room
numbers of molecules (or atoms if the gas in monatomic) temperature 25oC will have the
volume of 24dm3
Volumes of gases reacting in a balanced equation
can be calculated by simple ratio

Example 16 If one burnt 500 cm3 of methane at 1atm and 300K what volume of
Oxygen would be needed and what volume of CO2 would be given off under the
same conditions?
1 mole 2 mole 1 mole

500cm3 1dm3 500cm3

Simply multiply
gas volume x2

Example 17 An important reaction which occurs in the catalytic converter of a car is

2CO(g) + 2NO(g) 2CO2(g) + N2(g)
In this reaction, when 500 cm3 of CO reacts with 500 cm3 of NO at 650 C and at 1 atm.
Calculate the total volume of gases produced at the same temperature and pressure ?

2CO(g) + 2NO(g) 2CO2(g) + N2(g) total volume of gases produced = 750cm3

500cm3 500cm3 500cm3 250cm3

N Goalby 6
Safety and hazards
Irritant - dilute acid and alkalis- wear googles Hazardous substances in low
Corrosive- stronger acids and alkalis wear goggles concentrations or amounts
Flammable keep away from naked flames will not pose the same risks
Toxic wear gloves- avoid skin contact- wash hands after use as the pure substance.
Oxidising- Keep away from flammable / easily oxidised materials

Heating in a crucible
This method could be used for measuring mass loss in various
thermal decomposition reactions and also for mass gain when
reacting magnesium in oxygen.

The lid improves the accuracy of the

The water of crystallisation in calcium sulphate crystals can be
experiment as it prevents loss of solid
removed as water vapour by heating as shown in the following
from the crucible but should be loose
fitting to allow gas to escape.
CaSO4.xH2O(s) CaSO4(s) + xH2O(g)
Weigh an empty clean dry crucible and lid .
Add 2g of hydrated calcium sulphate to the crucible and
weigh again
Heat strongly with a Bunsen for a couple of minutes
Allow to cool
Weigh the crucible and contents again
Heat crucible again and reweigh until you reach a constant
mass ( do this to ensure reaction is complete).

Large amounts of hydrated calcium sulphate, such as

50g, should not be used in this experiment as the
decomposition is like to be incomplete. Small amounts the solid , such as
0.100 g, should not be used in
The crucible needs to be dry otherwise a wet crucible this experiment as errors in
would give an inaccurate result. It would cause mass loss weighing are too high.
to be too large as water would be lost when heating.

Example 18. 3.51 g of hydrated zinc sulphate were heated and 1.97 g
of anhydrous zinc sulphate were obtained.
Use these data to calculate the value of the integer x in ZnSO4.xH2O

Calculate the mass of H2O = 3.51 1.97 = 1.54g

Calculate moles Calculate moles = 1.54
= 1.97 of H2O
of ZnSO4 161.5 18

= 0.0122 =0.085

Calculate ratio of mole

of ZnSO4 to H2O = 0.0122 = 0.085
0.0122 0.0122

N Goalby 7
Using a gas syringe

Gas syringes can be used for a variety of experiments where the volume of a gas is measured, possibly to
work out moles of gas or to follow reaction rates.

The volume of a gas depends on pressure Make sure you dont leave
and temperature so when recording volume gaps in your diagram where
it is important to note down the temperature gas could escape
and pressure of the room.

Moles of gas can be calculated from gas

volume (and temperature and pressure)
using ideal gas equation PV = nRT

If drawing a gas syringe make

Potential errors in using a gas syringe
sure you draw it with some
gas escapes before bung inserted
measurement markings on the
syringe sticks
barrel to show measurements
some gases like carbon dioxide or sulphur
can be made.
dioxide are soluble in water so the true amount of
gas is not measured.

Example 19: 0.150g of a volatile liquid was injected into a sealed gas syringe. The gas syringe was placed in
an oven at 70oC at a pressure of 100kPa and a volume of 80cm3 was measured. What is the Mr of the
volatile liquid ? (R = 8.31)
100 kPa = 100 000 Pa
moles = PV/RT
80 cm3 = 0.00008 m3
= 100 000 x 0.00008 / (8.31 x 343)
= 0.00281 mol

Mr = mass/moles
= 0.15 / 0.00281
= 53.4 g mol-1

Making a solution
Weigh the sample bottle containing the required mass of
solid on a 2 dp balance Alternatively the known mass of
Transfer to beaker and reweigh sample bottle solid in the weighing bottle could be
Record the difference in mass transferred to beaker, washed and
washings added to the beaker.
Add 100cm3 of distilled water to the beaker. Use a glass
rod to stir to help dissolve the solid.

Sometimes the substance may not dissolve well in cold

water so the beaker and its contents could be heated gently
until all the solid had dissolved.

Pour solution into a 250cm3 graduated flask via a funnel. Remember to fill so the bottom of the
Rinse beaker and funnel and add washings from the meniscus sits on the line on the neck of
beaker and glass rod to the volumetric flask. the flask. With dark liquids like potassium
make up to the mark with distilled water using a dropping manganate it can be difficult to see the
pipette for last few drops. meniscus.
Invert flask several times to ensure uniform solution.

N Goalby 8
Safety precautions
The method for carrying out the titration
Acids and alkalis are corrosive
rinse equipment (burette with acid, pipette with alkali, conical
(at low concentrations acids are
flask with distilled water)
pipette 25 cm3 of alkali into conical flask
Wear eye protection and gloves
touch surface of alkali with pipette ( to ensure correct amount
If spilled immediately wash affected
is added)
parts after spillage
adds acid solution from burette
make sure the jet space in the burette is filled with acid
If substance is unknown treat it as
add a few drops of indicator and refer to colour change at end
potentially toxic and wear gloves.
phenolphthalein [pink (alkali) to colourless (acid): end point pink
colour just disappears] [use if NaOH is used] If the jet space is not filled properly
methyl orange [yellow (alkali) to red (acid): end point orange] prior to commencing the titration it will
[use if HCl is used] lead to errors if it then fills during the
use a white tile underneath the flask to help observe the colour titration, leading to a larger than
change expected titre reading.
add acid to alkali whilst swirling the mixture and add acid
dropwise at end point A conical flask is used in preference to
note burette reading before and after addition of acid a beaker because it is easier to swirl
repeats titration until at least 2 concordant results are the mixture in a conical flask without
obtained- two readings within 0.1 of each other spilling the contents.

Indicators are generally weak acids so

Working out average titre results we only add a few drops of them. If too
Only make an average of the concordant titre results much is added it will affect the titration
lf 2 or 3 values are within 0.10cm3 and therefore concordant or
close then we can say results are accurate and reproducible and Distilled water can be added to the
the titration technique is good/ consistent conical flask during a titration to wash
the sides of the flask so that all the acid
Recording results on the side is washed into the reaction
Results should be clearly recorded in a table mixture to react with the alkali.
Result should be recorded in full (i.e. both initial and final It does not affect the titration reading as
readings) water does not react with the reagents
Record titre volumes to 2dp (0.05 cm3) or change the number of moles of acid

Common Titration Equations Titrating mixtures

If titrating a mixture to work out the concentration of an active
CH3CO2H + NaOH CH3CO2-Na+ + H2O ingredient it is necessary to consider if the mixture contains other
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 +2H2O substances that have acid base properties.
If they dont have acid base properties we can titrate with
HCl + NaOH NaCl +H2O confidence.
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Testing batches
In quality control it will be necessary to do titrations/testing on
several samples as the amount/concentration of the chemical being
tested may vary between samples.

Safely dealing with excess acid

Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are good for neutralising excess
acid in the stomach or acid spills because they are not corrosive and will not cause a hazard if used in
excess. They also have no toxicity if used for indigestion remedies but the CO2 produced can cause wind.
Magnesium hydroxide is also suitable for dealing with excess stomach acid as it has low solubility in water
and is only weakly alkaline so not corrosive or dangerous to drink (unlike the strong alkali sodium
hydroxide). It will also not produce any carbon dioxide gas.

N Goalby
Readings and Measurements

Readings Measurements The uncertainty of a reading (one judgement) is at

the values found from a the values taken as the least 0.5 of the smallest scale reading.
single judgement when difference between the The uncertainty of a measurement (two
using a piece of equipment judgements of two judgements) is at least 1 of the smallest scale
values (e.g. using a reading.
burette in a titration)

Calculating Apparatus Uncertainties

Each type of apparatus has a sensitivity uncertainty To decrease the apparatus uncertainties
you can either decrease the sensitivity
balance 0.001 g uncertainty by using apparatus with a
volumetric flask 0.1 cm3 greater resolution (finer scale divisions )
25 cm3 pipette 0.1 cm3 or you can increase the size of the
burette (start & end readings and end point ) 0.15 cm3 measurement made.

Calculate the percentage error for each piece of equipment used by Uncertainty of a measurement using
a burette. If the burette used in the
% uncertainty = uncertainty x 100 titration had an uncertainty for each
Measurement made on apparatus reading of +/ 0.05 cm3 then during a
titration two readings would be taken
e.g. for burette so the uncertainty on the titre volume
% uncertainty = 0.15/average titre result x100 would be +/ 0.10 cm3 . Then often
another 0.05 is added on because of
To calculate the maximum percentage apparatus uncertainty in the uncertainty identifying the end point
final result add all the individual equipment uncertainties together. colour change

Reducing uncertainties in a titration If looking at a series of measurements

in an investigation the experiments
Replacing measuring cylinders with pipettes or burettes which have with the smallest readings will have
lower apparatus uncertainty will lower the error the highest experimental uncertainties.

To reduce the uncertainty in a burette reading it is necessary to

make the titre a larger volume. This could be done by: increasing
the volume and concentration of the substance in the conical flask
or by decreasing the concentration of the substance in the burette.

Reducing uncertainties in measuring mass

Using a more accurate balance or a larger mass will
reduce the uncertainty in weighing a solid
Weighing sample before and after addition and then
calculating difference will ensure a more accurate
measurement of the mass added.

If the %uncertainty due to the apparatus <

percentage difference between the actual value
Calculating the percentage difference between the
and the calculated value then there is a
actual value and the calculated value
discrepancy in the result due to other errors.
If we calculated an Mr of 203 and the real value is 214,
then the calculation is as follows: If the %uncertainty due to the apparatus >
Calculate difference 214-203 = 11 percentage difference between the actual value
% = 11/214 x100 and the calculated value then there is no
=5.41% discrepancy and all errors in the results can be
explained by the sensitivity of the equipment.

N Goalby 10


No announcement yet.

Is it possible to make a full game using blueprint?

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    Is it possible to make a full game using blueprint?

    Hello everyone,,
    Unreal noob here. I use C# for my day job but using C# in the context of Unreal has come very slowly to me since there's such an overwhelming amount to learn, so I figured I'd start using Blueprints.

    I'm planning on making some smaller little projects to learn the basics of blueprints, just to get a feel for them, and really try to get familiar with them before moving back into the C++ side to learn the code.

    After a few sample projects are done and I decide to tech news free netflix set off and make an actual small "game", are blueprints an okay way to go? Can I get something actually playable and fun with them or will I eventually need to get into the code side before I hope to ship something fun?

    Bonus question - in your experiences, does starting with Blueprints aid or impair the learning and retention of C++ within Unreal? I'd eventually like to transition to making C++ projects and using Blueprints as a way to fill gaps rather than things done entirely with them, so am I on track with what I hope to achieve?
    Last edited by Darylixon; 02-12-2019, 01:41 AM.

    Search forums, this was answered multiple times. And yes you can make whole game in blueprints only.

    About learning, it all depends on your C++ skill level. If you know C# going to C++ in unreal is not that hard. Get some good tut and you will code C++ in no time.
    What is hard, is learning unreal api, C++ and editor at once. But you know programming so learning C++ or blueprints is matter of remembering some function names, does not matter if they on BP node or in C++ code.

      Definitely possible.

      While I'm unsure of the final state of the game, I think Helium Rain's early versions were built using blueprints almost exclusively.
      This may have changed, but it's worth looking into:

      Open source, but without assets, so it's perfect for learning some things