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Concept: Sleep disorder

Concepts: Sleep, Sleep disorder, Cognition, Mediation, Narcolepsy

Traditional screen time (e.g. TV and videogaming) has been linked to sleep problems and poorer developmental outcomes in children. With the advent of portable touchscreen devices, this association may be extending down in age to disrupt the sleep of infants and toddlers, an age when sleep is essential for cognitive development. However, this association has not been demonstrated empirically. This study aims to examine whether frequency of touchscreen use is associated with sleep in infants and toddlers between 6 and 36 months of age. An online survey was administered to 715 parents reporting on child media use (daily exposure to TV and use of touchscreens), sleep patterns (night-time and daytime sleep duration, sleep onset - time to fall asleep, and frequencies of night awakenings). Structural equation models controlling for age, sex, TV exposure and maternal education indicated a significant association between touchscreen use and night-time sleep, daytime sleep and sleep onset. No significant effect was observed for the number of night awakenings. To our knowledge, this is the first report linking the use of touchscreen with sleep problems in infants and toddlers. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the direction of effects and the mechanisms underlying these associations using detailed sleep tracking.

Concepts: Infant, Sleep, Sleep disorder, Circadian rhythm, Narcolepsy, Structural equation modeling, Sleep hygiene

Given the pervasive use of screen-based media and the high prevalence of insufficient sleep among American youth and teenagers, this brief report summarizes the literature on electronic media and sleep and provides research recommendations. Recent systematic reviews of the literature reveal that the vast majority of studies find an adverse association between screen-based media consumption and sleep health, primarily via delayed bedtimes and reduced total sleep duration. The underlying mechanisms of these associations likely include the following: (1) time displacement (ie, time spent on screens replaces time spent sleeping and other activities); (2) psychological stimulation based on media content; and (3) the effects of light emitted from devices on circadian timing, sleep physiology, and alertness. Much of our current understanding of these processes, however, is limited by cross-sectional, observational, and self-reported data. Further experimental and observational research is needed to elucidate how the digital revolution is altering sleep and circadian rhythms across development (infancy to adulthood) as pathways to poor health, learning, and safety outcomes (eg, obesity, depression, risk-taking).

Concepts: Sleep, Sleep disorder, Adolescence, Circadian rhythm, Chronotype, Electronic media, Diurnality, Digital media

Insufficient sleep and circadian rhythm disruption are associated with negative health outcomes, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms involved remain largely unexplored. Twenty-six participants were exposed to 1 wk of insufficient sleep (sleep-restriction condition 5.70 h, SEM = 0.03 sleep per 24 h) and 1 wk of sufficient sleep (control condition 8.50 h sleep, SEM = 0.11). Immediately following each condition, 10 whole-blood RNA samples were collected from each participant, while controlling for the effects of light, activity, and food, during a period of total sleep deprivation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 711 genes were up- or down-regulated by insufficient sleep. Insufficient sleep also reduced the number of genes with a circadian expression profile from 1,855 to 1,481, reduced the circadian amplitude of these genes, and led to an increase in the number of genes that responded to subsequent total sleep deprivation from 122 to 856. Genes affected by insufficient sleep were associated with circadian rhythms (PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY2, CLOCK, NR1D1, NR1D2, RORA, DEC1, CSNK1E), sleep homeostasis (IL6, STAT3, KCNV2, CAMK2D), oxidative stress (PRDX2, PRDX5), and metabolism (SLC2A3, SLC2A5, GHRL, ABCA1). Biological processes affected included chromatin modification, gene-expression regulation, macromolecular metabolism, and inflammatory, immune and stress responses. Thus, insufficient sleep affects the human blood transcriptome, disrupts its circadian regulation, and intensifies the effects of acute total sleep deprivation. The identified biological processes may be involved with the negative effects of sleep loss on health, and highlight the interrelatedness of sleep homeostasis, circadian rhythmicity, and metabolism.

Concepts: Gene, Gene expression, Organism, Sleep, Sleep deprivation, Sleep disorder, Circadian rhythm, Chronotype

Characterizing respiratory rate variability (RRV) in humans during sleep is challenging, since it requires the analysis of respiratory signals over a period of several hours. These signals are easily distorted by movement and volitional inputs. We applied the method of spectral analysis to the nasal pressure transducer signal in 38 adults with no obstructive sleep apnea, defined by an apnea-hypopnea index <5, who underwent all-night polysomnography (PSG). Our aim was to detect and quantitate RRV during the various sleep stages, including wakefulness. The nasal pressure transducer signal was acquired at 100 Hz and consecutive frequency spectra were generated for the length of the PSG with the Fast Fourier Transform. For each spectrum, we computed the amplitude ratio of the first harmonic peak to the zero frequency peak (H1/DC), and defined as RRV as (100 - H1/DC) %. RRV was greater during wakefulness compared to any sleep stage, including rapid-eye-movement. Furthermore, RRV correlated with the depth of sleep, being lowest during N3. Patients spent most their sleep time supine, but we found no correlation between RRV and body position. There was a correlation between respiratory rate and sleep stage, being greater in wakefulness than in any sleep stage. We conclude that RRV varies according to sleep stage. Moreover, spectral analysis of nasal pressure signal appears to provide a valid measure of RRV during sleep. It remains to be seen if the method can differentiate normal from pathological sleep patterns.

Concepts: Pulmonology, Sleep, Sleep disorder, Discrete Fourier transform, Sleep apnea, Polysomnography, Obstructive sleep apnea, Sleep medicine

Concepts: Mass, Sleep, Sleep disorder, Sleep apnea, Sleep medicine, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Somnolence, Kilogram

OBJETIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children by respiratory polygraphy (RP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study was conducted on children referred with clinical suspicion of OSAHS. A clinical history was taken and a general physical and ENT examination was performed on all patients. RP was performed before adenotonsillectomy and six months afterwards. Patients with craniofacial syndromes, neuromuscular disorders, and severe concomitant disease were excluded. RESULTS: We studied 150 children (67. 8% male), with a mean age of 3.74±1.80 years and a BMI of 41.70±31.75. A diagnosis of OSAHS was made if the total number of respiratory events, apneas and hypopneas, divided by the total study time (RDI) was > 4.6, using RP before undergoing adenotonsillectomy. The mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was 15.18±11.11, with 58.7% (88) of with severe OSAHS (RDI>10). There was a significant improvement in all clinical and polygraphic variables six months after adenotonsillectomy. The residual OSAHS was 14%. The preoperative RDI was significantly associated with persistent disease (P=.042). CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory polygraphy is useful for monitoring the efficacy of surgical treatment by adenotonsillectomy in children with OSAHS.

Concepts: Pulmonology, Sleep disorder, Sleep apnea, Obstructive sleep apnea, Hypopnea, Abnormal respiration, Apnea, Sleep disorders


The reaction proceeds via successively faster halogenations at the α-position until the MECHANISM OF THE HALOFORM REACTION OF METHYL KETONES. In this lesson the haloform reaction will be introduced and defined, in addition to the mechanism being outlined and the importance of the products. Haloform Reaction is a Type of Organic Reaction Where Haloform is Produced by Halogenation of Methyl Ketone in the Presence of a Base. Learn about.

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This reaction forms the basis of the iodoform test which was commonly used in history as a chemical test to determine the presence of mechanim methyl ketone, or a secondary alcohol oxidizable to a methyl ketone.

The haloform reaction is a chemical reaction where a haloform CHX 3where X is a halogen is produced by the exhaustive halogenation of a methyl ketone a molecule containing the R—CO—CH 3 group in the presence of a base.

Iodoform is yellow and precipitates under the reaction conditions. Retrieved from ” https: Reactioon other projects Wikimedia Commons.

Haloform reaction Named after Adolf Haloofrm Reaction type Substitution reaction Identifiers Organic Chemistry Portal haloform-reaction The haloform reaction is a chemical reaction where a haloform CHX 3where X is a halogen is produced by the exhaustive halogenation of a methyl ketone a molecule containing the R—CO—CH 3 group in the presence of a base.

The products are the carboxylate and trihalomethane, otherwise known as haloform. At least in some cases chloral hydrate the reaction may stop and the intermediate product isolated if conditions are acidic and hypohalite is used.

Haloform Reaction

In organic chemistrythis reaction may be used to convert a terminal methyl ketone into the analogous carboxylic acid. The reaction was rediscovered by Adolf Lieben in Acetyl chloride and acetamide don’t give this test. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Views Read Edit View history. The halogen used may be chlorinebromineiodine or sodium hypochlorite. It was formerly used to produce iodoform, bromoform, and even chloroform industrially.

The iodoform test is also called the Lieben haloform reaction. The nucleophilic enolate reacts with the iodine giving the halogenated ketone and an iodide ion.

Substitution reactions Organic redox reactions Carbon-heteroatom bond forming haloforj Halogenation reactions. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

Haloform reaction

A review of the Haloform reaction with a history section was published in A yellow precipitate indicates a positive result in the iodoform test centre tube. The trihalomethyl anion is protonated by the carboxylic acid, giving the carboxylate and the haloform trihalomethane.

Summary When methyl ketones are treated with the halogen in basic solution, polyhalogenaton followed by cleavage of the methyl mechanixm occurs.

Fuson and Benton A. The halogenations get faster since the halogen stablises the enolate negative charge and makes it easier to form.

Haloform Reaction | Haloform Reaction Mechanism | [email protected]

This page was last edited on 21 Decemberat Under basic conditions, the ketone undergoes keto-enol tautomerization. This gives the carboxylic acid.

Use dmy dates from June All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September This reaction raction often performed using iodine and as a chemical test for identifying methyl ketones. The haloform reaction is one of hloform oldest organic reactions known. First, an acid-base reaction. Journal of Chemical Education. However ketones with the structure RCOCF 3 do cleave upon treatment with base to produce fluoroform; this is equivalent to the second and third steps in the process shown above.

The only primary alcohol and aldehyde to undergo this reaction are ethanol and acetaldehyderespectively. When iodine and sodium hydroxide are used as the reagents a positive reaction gives iodoformwhich is a solid at room temperature and tends to precipitate out of solution causing a distinctive cloudiness.

In the first step, the mechainsm disproportionates in the presence of hydroxide to give the halide and hypohalite example with bromine, reactiom reaction is the same in case of chlorine and iodine; one should only substitute Br for Cl or I:. Steps 1 and 2 repeat twice more yielding the trihalogenated ketone.

Then a nucleophilic acyl substitution by hydroxide displaces the anion CX 3 as a leaving group that rapidly protonates.

However, later, on pages 28—29, he produced iodoform by adding potassium metal to a solution of iodine in ethanol which also contained some water. Water chlorination can result in the formation of haloforms if the water contains suitable reactive impurities e. On pages 17—20, Surellas produced iodoform by passing a mixture of iodine vapor and steam over red-hot coals.

Substrates are broadly limited to methyl ketones and secondary alcohols oxidizable to methyl ketones, such as isopropanol.


Budeen is a village situated in Mahendragarh district of Haryana which falls in India. The geographical coordinates i.e. latitude and longitude of Budeen is 28.28 and 76.15 respectively. IST(Indian Standard Time) followed in Budeen is located in the UTC time zone 5:30. The currency code for Indian rupee is INR. The currency used in Budeen is Indian rupee.

Village / Town / city / etc Budeen
Taluk/Block Mahendragarh
District Mahendragarh
State Haryana
Country India
Continent Asia
Time Zone IST ( UTC + 05:30)
Currency Indian Rupee ( INR )
ISD Dialing Code +91
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side left
Internet cTLD in
Language Hindi, Punjabi
Time difference 25 minutes

Budeen website and dialing Code

Connection to phones and mobiles in Budeen can be reached by adding Indian country dialing code +91 from any where the globe. The country top level domain extension is in. so many people register their websites under this domain extension. Since India is known for its Supermacy in Information technology, Budeen also has access to the internet. The basic communication media like radio, TV, Newspapers are also available in Budeen.

Budeen travel guide

Budeen travel guide provides various traval information like nearest railway station, nearest airport, route map, tourist places and more travel related information. Budeen people speakes Hindi, Punjabi as their main communication language. as well as it is a mother tongue of most of the peoples. Some people in Budeen may speake english as their second langauge.

Budeen map

The following Budeen map is comming from google. You can use the Budeen map in satilite mode and normal mode. The plus and minus symbol can be used to enlarge and reduce the Budeen map size.

Nearby villages from Budeen

The following villages are surrounding villages to Budeen.The given distance are kilometer from Budeen and it is based on the straight line distance from Budeen. Nimbi 0.1 KM , Khairoli 2.3 KM , Duloth Ahir 2.9 KM , Jonawas 3.9 KM , Bairawas 4.0 KM , Jatwas 4.6 KM , Nangal Sirohi 4.8 KM , Gadania 4.8 KM , Nihalawas 5.3 KM , Khatod 5.4 KM , Palh 5.8 KM , Paiga 5.9 KM , Khaira 6.1 KM , Paal 6.1 KM , Sohla 6.4 KM , Bhandor Nichi 7.1 KM , Chamdhera 7.2 KM , Kothal Kalan 7.6 KM , Jasawas 7.8 KM , Daroli Jat 7.8 KM , Madhogarh 8.8 KM , Gadarwas 8.8 KM , Dulana 8.9 KM , Mahendragarh 8.9 KM , Khothal Khurd 9.1 KM , Bhandor Unchi 9.5 KM , Rajawas 9.5 KM , Sisoth 9.6 KM , Nanagwas 9.6 KM , Zerpur 10.2 KM , Dewas 10.6 KM , Majra Khurd 10.9 KM , Chitlang 11.1 KM , Kuksi 11.1 KM , Bucholi 11.3 KM , Palri Panihar 11.5 KM , Bhagdana 12.3 KM , Majra Kalan 12.4 KM , Dalanwas 12.7 KM , Dholi 13.0 KM , Pali 13.7 KM , Jhook 13.9 KM , Barda 15.4 KM , Lawan 15.5 KM , Digrota 16.8 KM , Jant 17.0 KM , Nangal Mala 17.2 KM , Surehti Pilania 17.3 KM , Adalpur 17.5 KM , Garhi 17.7 KM , Bhurjat 18.5 KM , Bawana 19.1 KM , Patharwa 19.2 KM , Basri 19.9 KM , Satnali 20.6 KM , Khudana 20.9 KM , Bassai 22.5 KM , Kharkhra ( Akoda) 23.0 KM , Jarwa 24.1 KM , Shyampura 27.5 KM , Ushmapur , Kherki

Nearest railway station to Budeen

Mahendragarh railway station is the nearest railway station from Budeen. The straight line distance from Budeen to Mahendragarh railway station is around 8.8 kilometer. The nearest railway station and its distance from Budeen are follows.
Mahendragarh railway station8.8 KM.
Zarpur Pali railway station11.8 KM.
Gudha railway station19.2 KM.
Narnaul railway station19.7 KM.
Ateli railway station20.7 KM.

Nearest airport to Budeen

Nearest airport from Budeen‘s is Indira Gandhi International Airport which is situated around 105.5 KM ditance.
Indira Gandhi International Airport105.5 KM.
Hisar Airport111.7 KM.
Safdarjung Airport116.3 KM.

Village name start alike Budeen

The following village/town name start like Budeen. The first four character of the given village name are starts alike Budeen. Budedu - Budehli - Budel - Budeli - Budeli - Budeni - Budera - Budera -

This Budeen website provide answer for the following queries. 01.Budeen district ?. Ans:Mahendragarh. 02.which is a nearest railway station to Budeen?. 03.How to reach Budeen? 04.Budeen map. 04.Which are the nearest tourist places around Budeen?. 05.Nearest schools in and around Budeen. 06.What is the pincode of Budeen. 07.What is the STD code of Budeen?. 08.Temples in Budeen. 09. nearest bank ATM to Budeen.

We are trying to provide best service and information about Budeen to the user, even though we are not liable for the accuracy of the data due to various factors. Kindly check the appropriate authorities for the accuracy of the information about Budeen before using our information.


Gulawad is a village situated in Khargone district of Madhya-Pradesh which falls in India. The geographical coordinates i.e. latitude and longitude of Gulawad is 22.281085 and 75.7197368 respectively. IST(Indian Standard Time) followed in Gulawad is located in the UTC time zone 5:30. The currency code for Indian rupee is INR. The currency used in Gulawad is Indian rupee.

Village / Town / city / etc Gulawad
Taluk/Block Maheshwar
District Khargone
State Madhya Pradesh
Country India
Continent Asia
Time Zone IST ( UTC + 05:30)
Currency Indian Rupee ( INR )
ISD Dialing Code +91
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side left
Internet cTLD in
Language Hindi
Time difference 27 minutes

Gulawad website and dialing Code

Connection to phones and mobiles in Gulawad can be reached by adding Indian country dialing code +91 from any where the globe. The country top level domain extension is in. so many people register their websites under this domain extension. Since India is known for its Supermacy in Information technology, Gulawad also has access to the internet. The basic communication media like radio, TV, Newspapers are also available in Gulawad.

Gulawad travel guide

Gulawad travel guide provides various traval information like nearest railway station, nearest airport, route map, tourist places and more travel related information. Gulawad people speakes Hindi as their main communication language. as well as it is a mother tongue of most of the peoples. Some people in Gulawad may speake english as their second langauge.

Gulawad map

The following Gulawad map is comming from google. You can use the Gulawad map in satilite mode and normal mode. The plus and minus symbol can be used to enlarge and reduce the Gulawad map size.

Nearby villages from Gulawad

The following villages are surrounding villages to Gulawad.The given distance are kilometer from Gulawad and it is based on the straight line distance from Gulawad. Kawdiya 4.0 KM , Itawdi 15.4 KM , Maheshwar 18.3 KM , Machalpur

Nearest railway station to Gulawad

Kalkund railway station is the nearest railway station from Gulawad. The straight line distance from Gulawad to Kalkund railway station is around 26.2 kilometer. The nearest railway station and its distance from Gulawad are follows.
Kalkund railway station26.2 KM.
Patal Pani railway station27.1 KM.
Choral railway station29.8 KM.
Mhow railway station30.4 KM.
Barwaha railway station32.1 KM.

Nearest airport to Gulawad

Nearest airport from Gulawad‘s is Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport which is situated around 49.8 KM ditance.
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport49.8 KM.
Khandwa Airport79.2 KM.
Shirpur Airport132.4 KM.

Village name start alike Gulawad

The following village/town name start like Gulawad. The first four character of the given village name are starts alike Gulawad. Gulab Nagar - Gulab Patti - Gulab Singh Wala - Gulabe Wala - Gulabewala ( 52 Gg) - Gulabganj - Gulabganj - Gulabgarh - Gulabgarh - Gulabpura - Gulabpura - Gulabpura - Gulabpura - Gulabpura - Gulabsagar Nes - Guladia - Guladia Dhimar - Guladia Lekhraj - Guladiya - Gulai - Gulal Sarai - Gulalpur - Gulalpurwa - Gulalta - Gulam Khera - Gulamau - Gulamganj - Gulamipur - Gulampura - Gulana - Gulani - Gulaothi - Gulapalem - Gular - Gular Bojh - Gular Peepalsana - Gulara - Gulara - Gularamau - Gulari - Gularia - Gularia - Gularia Aril - Gularia Mafi - Gularia Mohammad Hussain - Gularia Talukey Amethi - Gularia Uprala - Gulariapur - Gulariha - Gulariha - Gulariha - Gulariha Gazipur - Gulariha Puraina - Gulariha Taluke Amethi - Gulariya - Gulariya Parwat Nagar - Gulariya Patthar Shah - Gularjhiri - Gularkhedi - Gularpur - Gularpura - Gulasinda - Gulat - Gulati - Gulauli - Gulauli - Gulauli - Gulauri Bujurg - Gulavane - Gulawala - Gulawat - Gulawat -

This Gulawad website provide answer for the following queries. 01.Gulawad district ?. Ans:Khargone. 02.which is a nearest railway station to Gulawad?. 03.How to reach Gulawad? 04.Gulawad map. 04.Which are the nearest tourist places around Gulawad?. 05.Nearest schools in and around Gulawad. 06.What is the pincode of Gulawad. 07.What is the STD code of Gulawad?. 08.Temples in Gulawad. 09. nearest bank ATM to Gulawad.

We are trying to provide best service and information about Gulawad to the user, even though we are not liable for the accuracy of the data due to various factors. Kindly check the appropriate authorities for the accuracy of the information about Gulawad before using our information.


How A lot of Protons, Neutrons, in addition to Electrons within an Atom

Posted By : alysabreedlove/ 10 0

For krypton, this kind of situation will become: 84 = (Amount of Protons) + (Quantity of Neutrons) Steve Gagnon, Scientific research Education Specialist (Various other responses by simply Steve Gagnon) Actually, it’s actually actually possible to come with an atom including things like just a proton (ionized hydrogen).

Steps to locate Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

The atomic number will be the variety of protons in a atom of any aspect. Pertaining to F — , the number of protons (on the periodic stand) can be 9 and also the range of electrons will be: One example is hydrogen offers A person proton in order that it has got One particular electron. We can will need these figures to obtain the data you need. No matter how a lot of electrons or maybe neutrons the atom features, this ingredient is scheduled by its amount of protons. If an atom doesn’t always have 36 protons, it would not be a good atom associated with krypton. Intended for hydrogen, the volume of protons is usually A single.

Part A pair of Two:
Calculating a Electrons by using Ions Existing Edit

Number of Neutrons Implies Large Variety * Nuclear Number A fischer range will be the volume of protons within an atom’s nucleus, so we can tell without delay that atom connected with mercury features 60 protons. We all do know the way lots of protons krypton possesses! We have that way back in Step 2! The particular atomic number (Thirty five) could be the volume of protons throughout krypton. A person’s atomic number is the volume of protons in the atom. Number regarding Neutrons Equates to Huge Range * Fischer Number To get hydrogen, A person.008 is actually nearer to One particular in comparison with Two, so let’s think of it as A single. For www.bradley.edu instance, when you have a sample through an nuclear fat of 2, you could be very specific the actual aspect is definitely hydrogen.

Part A pair of Two:
Calculating a Electrons by using Ions Existing Edit

For an unbiased atom, the sheer numbers of electrons is the same as how many protons. This as well as signal means that this is a absolutely incurred ion. We have got a recreation on our website which can be used to rehearse all access the researchpaperwriter write a research paper for me here these calculations. You may easily withhold a atomic variety in the mass variety in order to find how many neutrons. Proceed to the Occasional Stand with Factors and click on your component. A new cation carries a beneficial fee and has now far more protons as compared with electrons.

Number connected with Electrons Equals Variety of Protons Means Nuclear Number The mass number will be the final amount associated with neutrons and protons from the atom. A great anion carries a negative fee and features a lot more electrons in comparison with protons. 30 : 3 Implies Twenty eight electrons Steve Gagnon, Science Training Specialist (Other solutions by means of Ken Gagnon) This community forum is designed for you to make merchandise strategies and still provide clever comments.

  • You will quickly realize actinium with class A few, time 7 of your periodic stand. This fischer quantity of actinium can be 90, this means you can find 89 protons. Since there is no world wide web cost, young children and can of which protons Implies electrons, there are usually Fifth 89 electrons as well.
  • All a protons can be from the nucleus, or maybe heart of your atom. You’ll need a nuclear range to obtain the level of protons and/or electrons, if you do not provide the degree of neutrons plus the fischer muscle size, then you could withhold how much neutrons through the nuclear huge, abandoning how much protons in the atom. The atomic number (variety at the very top) is the quantity of protons and the level of electrons. Therefore if an element posseses an atomic range of 5, you will know it’s A few protons and also 5 electrons. The actual atomic muscle size (variety in the bottom) will be the quantity of protons along with neutrons extra together. What ever you recognize, you take away on the atomic muscle size.
  • Protons carry a constructive electric switch, while electrons will be adversely incurred, as well as neutrons tend to be natural.
  • The fischer quantity is the proton. The amount of electrons in a atom is usually the same as the range of protons in the nucleus, except in cases where it becomes an isotope. The neutron is definitely the nuclear huge minus the atomic selection.
  • A simple atom gets the same range of protons along with electrons (rates get rid of one out and about).

Step Some – The quantity of Neutrons is actually. If we just suspected the number of protons krypton provides, we might figure out how lots of neutrons it offers. The particular atomic quantity may be the amount perfectly located at the second left place and the fischer excess fat could be the range on the underside, as with this with regard to krypton: https://researchpaperwriter.net/personal-statement-writing-service/ You can simply subtract a fischer quantity from your mass variety in order to find how many neutrons. Regarding Y — , the amount of protons (with the occasional kitchen table) can be 9 and also the amount of electrons is usually: There tend to be Half-dozen individual references cited here, that exist at the end from the site.

Part A pair of Two:
Calculating a Electrons by using Ions Existing Edit

Your current mass number is definitely the final number with neutrons and also protons inside the atom. The fact is that, a muscle size number is just not on the Dining room table connected with Elements. This is the tally on the amount associated with debris within the atom’s nucleus, and so a great ‘average’ atom associated with mercury consists of 201 dust in its nucleus. This specific favourable demand is definitely nicely balanced through electrons, which in turn use a damaging ask for. If you may grab atoms regarding krypton and also add up the quantity of neutrons each got, you will know that almost all might have Forty-eight, some others can have 47, several can have 60, some others can have 46, a handful of can have Forty four as well as a not many may have 38. Just about every atom comes with an integer volume of neutrons, but the occasional desk offers a decimal value which is any calculated normal with the variety of neutrons in the isotopes of each ingredient.

  • Atoms are constructed with protons, neutrons, and also electrons.
  • An ion posseses an sloping volume of protons along with electrons. If the charge will be constructive, there are other protons as compared with electrons. If your ask for is definitely detrimental, electrons will be in unwanted.
  • Five protons in addition to 6 electrons will give a great atom an unfavorable demand, because the variety of electrons are more as opposed to protons, and also electrons are generally unfavorable.
  • The quantity of protons will never adjust. Atoms along with good or bad expenses just reveal a gain or perhaps decrease in electrons.
  • Protons tend to be positively incurred, electrons usually are negatively priced, in addition to neutrons don’t have (impartial) ask for.
  • All the protons are mixed together inside nucleus, or maybe middle associated with an atom. You may need your atomic range to get the volume of protons and/or electrons, if you don’t hold the amount of neutrons as well as the fischer huge, then you can simply take the quantity of neutrons on the atomic muscle size, causing how much protons inside atom. A atomic number (amount at the summit) would be the level of protons and the number of electrons. Therefore, if a central part comes with an fischer range of Several, you already know that it offers A few protons in addition to Your five electrons. This fischer large (amount in the bottom) could be the level of protons in addition to neutrons added in collectively. Whichever you recognize, a person withhold with the fischer size.

Appears to be incorporates a 2+ demand, such as Zn 2+ , meaning there are 2 far more protons in comparison with electrons. 30 – A pair of Implies 29 electrons A strong anion has a detrimental cost and has much more electrons as compared with protons. This can be a count of the total number associated with allergens inside an atom’s nucleus, so the ‘average’ atom regarding mercury consists of 201 dirt to use nucleus. Regarding neutral atoms, your electron quantity is the same as the actual nuclear amount. Number connected with Protons Means Fischer Volume of this Element

  • A fairly neutral atom gets the very same variety of protons in addition to electrons (costs stop one another out there).
  • A party would be the components in the directory ray of your routine dining room table. An occasion is perhaps all the weather in your side to side strip.
  • The range of protons will not ever change. Atoms together with good or bad rates merely signify an increase or even decrease in electrons.
  • All the protons are mixed together from the nucleus, or center connected with an atom. You’ll need the particular nuclear range to find the level of protons and/or electrons, until you develop the quantity of neutrons plus the nuclear muscle size, then you definitely could deduct the quantity of neutrons through the fischer huge, leaving behind the amount of protons inside atom. Your nuclear variety (number at the very top) would be the level of protons along with the quantity of electrons. Therefore if a component posseses an atomic number of 5, you will understand that it offers Several protons as well as A few electrons. The particular nuclear mass (range in the bottoom) is definitely the level of protons plus neutrons increased in concert. Whatever you are aware of, you actually deduct with the fischer large.
  • You can buy the volume of neutrons once you discover the isotope of your atom. Only take away how many protons (a atomic number) in the large selection to uncover the still left neutrons.
  • A natural atom provides the identical range of protons in addition to electrons (expenses eliminate one another outside).
  • Valance electrons would be the electrons from the outer layer of your Bohr style of a great atom.

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Medication-Assisted Treatment (Methadone)

Methadone is a synthetic pure mu opioid agonist with good oral bioavailability, and a long duration of action. Methadone prevents withdrawal symptoms and helps reduce drug cravings in opioid dependent individuals. It also blocks the euphoria produced by short acting opioids. This collection of attributes makes this drug an appropriate choice for opioid maintenance therapy.

Methadone was developed in Germany before the Second World War and was used as a substitute analgesic for morphine. Early research in the late 1940’s showed that it could also be used to treat withdrawal symptoms in heroin dependent individuals. In the early 1960s, Dole and Nyswander demonstrated the feasibility of using methadone as a maintenance medication although it was actually a Canadian researcher, Dr. Robert Halliday, who set up what may have been the first methadone maintenance treatment program in the world in British Colombia in 1963.

Methadone maintenance typically involves the daily oral administration of methadone over an extended period of time as a substitute for heroin or other short acting opioids to opioid dependent individuals. Once an individual has been stabilized on a dose of methadone, subsequent daily doses should not cause sedation, analgesia, or euphoria. Methadone is long acting; it can prevent the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms or cravings when a patient receives an optimal dose. This enables individuals to function normally and to perform mental and physical tasks without impairment. In sufficient doses, cross-tolerance to other opioids develops i.e. methadone “blocks” the euphoric effects of self-administered illicit opioids.

Numerous studies have shown that maintaining opioid dependent individuals on methadone has many benefits including: (1) reduced illicit drug usage, (2) improved self status as a result of access to treatment, (3) decreased transmission of HIV and HCV, HBV, (4) decreased illegal activity, (5) increased employment, (6) decreased cost to society and (7) decreased mortality. Further, one of the indirect benefits of methadone treatment is that patients come into contact with other services—counseling and vocational services.


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Skip Navigation LinksEskom Heritage>ANKERLIG AND GOURIKWA
Ankerlig (1 327 MW)

The name Ankerlig is derived from an Afrikaans expression, "Om die anker te lig", which is symbolic of a community that rises above the chains of poverty to experience growth and prosperity.

Construction ofthe first phase commenced in January 2005 and comprised of 4 x 148 MW units which was completed and handed over for commercial operation by June 2007.  The second phase comprising of 5 x 147 MW units was declared commercial during February 2009.

The OCGT units are powered by Fuel oil (Diesel).  It is intended to supply electricity into the National Grid during peak hours and emergency situations.  In addition to its generating capabilities the units are also used to regaulate network voltage fluctuations (SCO - Synchronous Condenser Operation).

The first phase of Ankerlig Gas Turbine Power Station went into commercial operation in 2007, adding 592 MW (4 x 148MW) of capacity to the Peaking Generation group.  Started in August 2007, the second phase comprised five additional units with a total capacity of 735 MW (5 x 147 MW). The name “Ankerlig” is symbolic of a community which “rises above the chains of poverty to experience growth and prosperity”.

During 2004 it became apparent that Eskom required a solution, with a very short lead time, in order to have enough electricity to meet the winter peaks of 2007.  Open cycle gas turbines (OCGT’s) were chosen as the most viable option as:

-the technology is well tried and tested and readily available
-the units can be erected within a short lead time
-there are numerous suppliers internationally.

Construction began in 2006 and innovative measures to save time and meet challenges saw completion of the project in record time.  The combustion engines which drive the turbines are similar to those used in the aviation industry and use a liquid fuel (diesel).  The power station, located on the west coast of the Western Cape, is strategically placed should the opportunity to use natural gas arise in the future.

Gourikwa (740 MW )

The first phase of Gourikwa Gas Turbine Power Station went into commercial operation in 2007, adding 444MW (3 x 148MW) of capacity to the Peaking Generation group. Started in August 2007, the second phase comprised two additional units with a total capacity of 296 MW (2 x 148 MW). The name “Gourikwa” refers to the Gourikwa tribe which lives in the area near Mossel Bay, in which the power station is built.

-the technology is well tried and tested and readily available
-the units can be erected within a short lead time
-there are numerous suppliers internationally (please remove the full stop)

During 2004 it became apparent that Eskom, as South Africa’s electricity supplier of last resort, required a solution with a very short lead time in order to meet the winter peaks of 2007.  After intense investigations, the project that was identified as the most viable was that of the Open cycle Gas Turbines.  There are a number of reasons for this.

•The technology has been used extensively all over the world and I readily available
•Stations can be erected, depending on required capacity in a lead time of 1-3 years as opposed to the larger coal and nuclear stations that require 8-10 years lead time.
•This type of technology has a proven track record.
There are numerous gas turbine suppliers in the world.

Construction phases

Sites were selected at Atlantis near Cape Town, and in Mossel Bay.  After consultation with local communities the power stations were named Ankerlig and Gourikwa.  Construction in each case was carried out in two phases – on adjacent sites.

Ankerlig Gas Power Station (total capacity 1 327 MW)

The first phase comprised four x 148 MW units with a total sent-out capacity of 592 MW.  Construction began in January of 2006 and was completed in record time by June 2007.

Started in August 2007, the second phase comprised five additional units a total capacity of 35 MW.  As each machine was completed during late 2007 and early 2009, it was handed over to the Generation Division for commercial operation.

The two phases of the Ankerlig power station will each function with its own control room.
Gourikwa Power Station Unit 11
Gourikwa Power Station Unit II

Gourikwa Gas Power Station (total capacity 740 MW)

The first phase comprised three x 148 MW units with a total sent-out capacity of 444 MW, completed in record time in June 207.

Started in September 2007, the second phase comprised to additional units with a combined capacity of 296 MW.  The first unit was synchronized to the grid in September 2008, ahead of time and exactly one year to the day after the turning of the first sod of soil.  Phases 1 and 2 for Gourikwa will be operated from one combined control room.

Role as peaking power stations

Eskom’s new OCGT (Open Cycle Gas Turbine) power stations are powered by liquid fuel (diesel).  They are intended to be used during peak periods and emergency into the Eskom National Grid.

In addition to generating electricity (Generating |Mode), the machines installed during the initial phases of both stations are able to regulate fluctuations in network voltage (SCO – Synchronous Condenser Operation).

Both Ankerlig and Gourikwa Power Stations are part of Peaking Generation, a business unit in the Generation Division Peaks in demand are normally between 06:00 and 08:00 in the morning and 17:00 and 20:00 in the evening.  Provision has been made for them to run up fifteen hours a day should this be necessary, albeit at extreme costs.

These power stations have similar AC generator technology to that used in modern steam power plants.  The turbine, however, is similar technology to that used in the aviation industry, but designed for industrial use.

Exhaust stacks and turbine hall:  Ankerlig phase 2
  turbine hall ankerlig.jpg
Turbine hall: Ankerlig phase 2

An entire unit occupies an area of approximately 75m x25m with the turbine-generator module erected in a reinforced concrete plinth.  The turbine-generator and control units are housed in all-weather, painted steel enclosures.
The five units of Ankerlig Phase 2 are enclosed in a single steel clad turbine hall.

Choosing appropriate technology

During the tender process two dominant reasons led to the selection of the Siemens V94.2 turbine over other competitors.  First, this technology makes use of a dry-NOx system.  This means that the amount of water used by the turbine to keep the NOx levels within statutory requirements is minimal, when compared to other machines.  As the Ankerlig station was to be located in the Western Cape where water is not always plentiful, this was a very important feature.

Second, these units are very robust and able to absorb the stresses of frequent start-ups.  This was an important factor as Ankerlig and Gourikwa would be expected to run during morning and evening peaks, which would mean numerous start-ups.

The open cycle gas turbines are environmentally friendly as they emit no particulates and minimal noxious gasses which contribute to global warming.  They do emit a small amount of NOx gas but this will be kept within ISO environmental standards and thus not be a major polluter:

The OCGTs can be converted into more efficient, Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGTs) if natural gas in sufficient quantities is discovered on the West coast or the utilization factor of the stations reaches 20%.

Natural gas is an ideal fuel and has less environmental impact.  It should be noted, however, that approximately 50-60% of OCGT power plants globally use liquid fuels.

Innovation during construction

Due to a shortage of reserve capacity on the national grid at the time the OCGTs needed to be built in as short a time as possible.  To bring the units onto the grid by the winter of 2007, innovative construction techniques were used requiring the deployment of numerous contractors on site.

The building of the high voltage (HV) yard at Ankerlig is one area where an unusual construction method was employed.  The area was not levelled in the traditional manner but back-filled after the foundations had been poured until the area reached its specified height.

The generating units themselves were built as separate blocks as opposed to a conventional single building.  The value of this was demonstrated by the fact that the first units were commissioned some months prior to the last units, thus putting new capacity onto the grid at the first opportunity.

At both sites, a construction challenge was the tight tolerances on the turbine-generator sets as the civil works needed to be incredibly accurate.  For example, th4e tolerance on the embedded parts of the turbine was 2 mm over a distance of 13.5 m.  The accuracy was achieved by making use of survey equipment accurate in the degree of 1mm/km.  The embedded parts of the generator also had a narrow tolerance of 10 mm.  To accomplish this, jacking beams were cast into the generator block on which hydraulic jacks were used to raise the generator into its exact position before the final cast.

The largest foundation requires was for the turbine, which weighs 196 tons including the two combustion chambers. For this foundation a continuous pour of 420m³ of concrete was used in the first stage.  The complete block is made up of 496m³ of concrete and 81 tons of reinforcing with the pilings being 6.1 m deep.  The total foundation for one power island has 1 998m³ of concrete and 107 tons of reinforcing.

                                reinforcing for uniot foundation.jpg
Reinforcing for unit foundation

Connection to the national electricity grid
400 kv transmission high voltage yard.jpg
  400 kV transmission high voltage yard

A major component of the project was the integration of two power stations with the electricity grid.  It is required the construction of HV yards, control rooms and a number of 400 kV transmission lines.

Gourikwa required to lines of 15 km each to be built, a total of 30 km ending at the Proteus substation.  Ankerlig required four lines of 2 km each and feeds into the existing Koeberg – Aurora 400 kV lines.

Given the urgency of the project the first phase HV yards and control rooms were built in a record time of eight and a half months, as opposed to the norm of 13 to 16 months.

An OCGT hoes through the same process as any internal combustion engine and as such follows, the Brayton Cycle.  The medium used to drive the turbine is gas and for this cycle there are four main states through which air/gas passes in terms of temperature and pressure.

Air enters the system through the filter housing above the unit and into the air intake, which feeds directly into the compressor blades.  A suction effect is created by the compression section of the unit.  As the air is compressed and moves forward, it creates a low pressure area behind it.
turbine bearing from exhaust side.jpg
Turbine bearing from exhaust side of turbine
This results in additional air moving into the compression zone.  At the same time the air that has already passed through the compressor blades has increased significantly in pressure and slightly in temperature.

The next zone through which the air passes is the combustion zone where the fuel/air mixture is ignited.  As the resultant gas flows through the chamber it is exposed is ignited.  As the resultant gas flows through the chamber it is exposed to very high temperatures from the burner flames which increase the temperature further.  It is now at a high temperature and pressure and therefore has a large amount of potential energy.   The next stage of the cycle is the turbine itself.   With its current properties the gas moves quickly through the turbine driving the blades.  The final stage is released into the atmosphere through the exhaust stack.  Eventually the exhausted gas will return to the same state as the ambient environment.

The shaft through the unit is continuous.  When generating mode is established the rotating turbine blades drive the entire length of the shaft, turning both the compressor blades and the rotor within the generator.

The difference between a combined cycle turbine and an open cycle one is that the hot gas created by the OCGT is simply released into the atmosphere.  With a OCGT it is used to heat a boiler which produces steam that drives a turbine/generator set.  CCGT’s are more efficient as more power is produced without any additional fuel inputs into the system.

Plant Efficiency and Run-up

The two stations have 14 units between them with a total capacity of 2 067MW.  This capacity as well as the efficiency of the units (approximately 34% - 36%) is severely influenced by humidity and ambient temperature as well as pressure.  Approximately 30% of total engine power is consumed by the compressor for the purpose of air compression.  The stat up process is relatively fast with the units able to synchronize with the grid within 5-7 minutes.  The time it takes to reach base load is dependent on which loading rate is used as there are three options.  The first is the normal rate of 11 MW min, the second the fast rate to the strain it places on the machines.  The total time required therefore ranges between 12-20 minutes to reach full load.  The rated speed of the shaft is 50 Hz or 3 000 rpm.

In terms of plant efficiency these units have two fuel modes that fulfil the requirements of the turbines at different stages of operation.  The first mode that the fuel system enters during start up is known as diffusion mode.  This mode has the advantages of creating a very stable flame and can be used at any output of the machined.  The drawbacks are that it is inefficient in terms of fuel consumption and released emissions.  Premix mode overcomes these negatives but sacrifices stability to do so.  Owing to this, premix can only be used at the upper output ranges of the turbine and a small diffusion flame needs to be maintained, as a pilot light, to ensure the continuity of the premix flame.  Diesel is supplied during both of these modes but the difference lies in the fact that the fuel is mixed with air before the combustion zone is premix mode.
compressor bearing.jpg
                                                                                Compressor bearing and air inlet guide vanes

Mode Changes

All mode changes go through vey specific steps within the system logic to ensure that all preconditions are adequately met.  Modes are Generating, SCO, Turning Gear and Standstill.

Standstill/turning gear to generating

The units are very rarely at complete standstill.  When not generating or in the SCO mode they are generally in “turning gear”.  The changes from standstill or turning gear modes to generating are very similar.

When a unit starts up, the generator initially acts as a motor, driving the rotor shaft and therefore the compressor/turbine shaft.  This function is performed by the static frequency converter.  The SFC draws power to drive the shaft, via the start-up transformer, from the medium-voltage supply of the plant auxiliary power supply system.

As the shaft speeds up the turbine also begins to play a role in accelerating the shaft as the compressor blades begin to set up the vacuum effect which assists in driving the machine.  While the unit is still at these relatively low speeds, extra lube oil is pumped into the bearings to provide additional lubrication and reduce the frictional forces that the unit experience.  When the speed of the unit is between 5.5-6.5 Hz the ignition gas system activates and the gas is ignited by two spark plugs located near each burner.  These receive their energy from the ignition transformer.  The reason that liquid petroleum gas is used to start up the process rather than diesel is simply due to the fact that liquid petroleum gas is more flammable than diesel and is therefore easier to ignite.

Once the burners are running the turbine begins to play the dominant role in accelerating the shaft.  When the shaft reaches approximately 36.5 Hz the ignition transformer is switched off, the ignition gas valves close and diesel is pumped into the burners.  The unit now enters diffusion mode.  During this mode only some of the fuel is injected into the burners and the rest is returned via the return line to the storage tanks.  This means that there is an opportunity to influence the amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber so that the process can be better controlled.  The benefit of diffusion mode is that it is very stable over the entire output range of the machine.  A negative, however, is that the emission levels are much higher when the machine is run in diffusion mode rather than in premix mode.

The SFC continues to assist in the acceleration of the shaft until it turns at a speed greater the 38.6 Hz.  At this point the SFC is shut down and its external isolator is opened.  The turbine is now completely responsible for rotating the shaft.

Once the unit is ready to synchronize with the grid the generator breaker closes and the Static Excitation Equipment (SEE) begins to provide energy to the rotor so that the generator can begin to produce power.

Once the unit reaches about 50% of base load and an output temperature greater than 500ºC the unit switches to remix mode.  In this mode the fuel enters the burner at a different location which allows it to be mixed with air before the combustion zone.  This reduces both the fuel consumption and the emissions.

 combustion chamber.jpg
Combustion chamber
Standstill/turning gear to SCO

In SCO mode the generator is operated as a m1otor to either send out or absorb reactive power from the grid.  There are two options by which the generator can be run-up to synchronize with the grid.

The first is to run the unit up using the SFC to a speed greater than 50 Hz.  The SFC is then switched off and the machine can synchronize with the grid at the machine slows down naturally.  The second method is to run the unit up in the standard manner with the turbine and then disconnect the turbine from the generator one the unit has linked with the grid.  The turbine however incurs superfluous from Equivalent Operating Hours (EOH).  This mean that maintenance intervals, are reached earlier and required more frequently, which contributes to the running expenses of the unit.

turbine shaft.jpg
Turbine shafft showing coupling between generator and clutch
Generation to turning gear/standstill

Before the unit can be completely shut down it is first de-loaded at 11 MW min to a point below an 8 MW output.  Once it has reached this level it is further de-loaded until zero MWs are send out.  The reason for de-loading in stages is that it allows the other sub-systems on the unit to complete their own shutdown procedure.

When the generator reaches this stage it is disconnected form the grid and the turbine is switched off.  The shaft is then allowed to run down naturally until it reaches turning gear speed at which it is rotated for 24 hours to ensure that the shaft and turbine cool down uniformly and that no warping occurs.  When the unit is not operating dehumidified air is circulated through both the turbine and the generator to ensure that any corrosion is kept to a minimum.  Ambient air is also prevented from entering the turbine while it is not running so that it does not counteract the dehumidifying system.

Emergency trips

Various protection devices are installed to alert the operator to a fault or bring the unit to standstill and prevent damage.  Five emergency STOP pushbuttons are installed at appropriate locations to initiate a manual gas turbine trip in the event of an emergency.  A gas turbine trip can also be initiated by sensors installed on the unit that monitor temperatures, vibration, pressures, levels and speed.  A trip would only be initiated if a specific number of sensors indicate a fault.  This makes provision for a faulty reading and to prevent unnecessary trips.

Measuring environmental impact

The Central Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) on each unit measures the carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NOx) and oxygen (O2) emissions.  The quality of other hazardous gases that may be present, such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) can be calculated from the chemical composition of the fuel.  The reason why the amount of oxygen present is determined is to verify whether or not ambient air has been added to the sample to reduce the concentration of the other gases.  Samples are only taken once a unit has been running for one minute.  This is to ensure that any debris in the exhaust stack is released and does not affet the accuracy and credibility of the results.

Lube oil system

The Lube Oil System has four main functions.  First it, provides lubricating oil to the bearings along the shaft so as to minimize the friction within, and to remove heat from, the bearings.  The lube oil is continually circulated within the system and also ensures that any wear debris or solid contaminants are flushed from the bearings.

Second the lube oil is sprayed onto a single-stage hydraulic turbine which is connected to the gas turbine shaft by gearings.  This enables the shaft to turn at approximately 2Hz or 120 rpm at Turning Gear or Barring Speed.  This is an important function as it is vital that the shaft is rotated at this speed for 24 hours after being in either Synchronous Condenser Operation (SCO) or generation mode to ensure that the turbine cools down uniformly so that the shaft does not wrap.

Third, the Lube Oil System is used to jack the shaft up slightly when the unit is first activated after being at either a very low speed or standstill.  The jacking oil is necessary as at these low speeds, the lube oil in the bearings is not sufficient to create an adequate hydrodynamic lubricating film.  The presence of the jacking oil, therefore helps to further reduce the friction in the bearings, ensuring that the inertia of the shaft can be overcome with less force being required.

Fourth lube oil is used by the synchronous condenser clutch to operate its locking control and output brake.

Lube oil cooling system

The lube oil cooling is completed in two stages.  The lube oil itself is water cooled through the plate-type heat exchangers that can be found on top of the lube oil skid.  This water in turn air cooled via three fin fan coolers which release the heat into the atmosphere.  The system is a closed system, meaning that no additional water is required unless a leak occurs.  This system uses demineralised water to ensure that the system is maintained in as new a condition as possible.

Fuel oil system

The Fuel Oil System links the Fuel Forwarding System to the turbine to provide the burners within the combustion chambers with fuel oil as well as to remove any fuel that is not burnt.  The fuel enters that system at a pressure of between 4 and 7 bar, although it is generally maintained above 6 Bar.  The fuel is passed through a 10 micron duplex filter before entering the injection pump to remove any debris that could influence the system.  The injection pump is a 16-stage centrifugal pump which increases the pressure of the fuel to approximately 80 Bar which is required for atomization to take place in the burners.  There are three different fuel lines going to and leaving the combustion chambers, namely the diffusion supply and return lines and the premix supply line.  Each of these lines has a control calve which ensures that the correct amount of fuel is being injected into the burners.

The Fuel Oil System thus comprises the fuel injection pump, duplex filters and the fuel lines.  It also has a fuel oil leakage tank to collect any fuel from the various drain and relief lines in the system.

Purge water system

The Purge Water System uses demineralised (demin) water from the forced reverse osmosis plant on site.  The system supplies demin, water at the required pressure to the premix burners whenever the unit changes from diffusion to remix mode or vice versa.  The reason for this flushing is first to cool off the premix burners before use and then to clean the burners afterwards.  This prevents coking and ensures that the nozzles stay clear.  The length of each flush on start-up Diffusion-Premix mode lasts 10 seconds and uses 37.5 litres of water.  On shutdown, the Premix-Diffusion Mode Flush for 20 seconds and uses 75 litres of water.

Hydraulic system

The Hydraulic System provides pressurized hydraulic fluid for the operation of the position actuators in the auxiliary systems.  Predominant of these are the control valves o the Fuel Oil System.  The condition of the hydraulic oil is very important and must remain within the ISO 4406 specifications.  For this reason the oil is filtered continuously.

Ignition gas system

The Ignition Gas System is responsible for the storage of the ignition gas as well as supplying the gas to the combustion chambers.  The gas used on site is 90-97% propane and is contained in two 6.5m³ tanks a pressure of 9-15 bar.  The tanks are, however, only filled to 60% of their capacity.

Filter housing

The air enters the unit through the filter housing situated on the top of the unit.  The filter house includes weather hoods, bird screens, pre- and fine filters.  The measurement for these filters is 25 microns and 4 microns respectively.  The air enters the housing from three sides after which it is fed through silences into the air intake and then into the compressor.

filter housing.jpg
Filter housing and 420/15.75 kV generator tranformers

The turbine is viewed as the portion of the unit that incorporates the air intake, compressor section combustion chambers, turbine section and diffuser.  It is 9.45m long and 4.1m in diameter.  The compressor section has 16 stages and converts mechanical energy into the kinetic and potential energy of the compressed air.  The combustion chambers are silo type cambers and are found on either side of the turbine, weighing approximately 6 tons each.  There are eight individual hybrid burners per chamber and both the liquid petroleum (LP) gas and fuel are fed into the same burner although at differ locations.  The flame cylinder at the top of each combustion chamber is covered with ceramic tiles, similar to those of space shuttles to protect the structure from the heat as the temperature ranges from 1 030ºC to 1 200ºC.  There are four sets of turbine blades after which the air passes through to the exhaust.  The turbine also incorporates three blow-off pipes which bleed air from the compressor stages and release it via the exhaust to prevent surging in the turbine during start up.

The generator is the heaviest single component, on site, weighing 223 tons.  This component was transported from the North of Germany via Rotterdam in the Netherlands, through the Suez Canal and down the coast of Africa.  The generator has a rated output of 15.75 kV and 6 818A at 3 000 rpm with a power factor of 0.8.

The rotor conductors are made of copper with a silver content of approximately 0.1%.  This combination increases the strength at higher temperatures to eliminate coil deformation due to thermal stresses.  The insulation between the individual turns is made of layers of glass fibre laminate.  The field winding consists of several coils connected in series and inserted into the longitudinal slots of the rotor body.   The coils are electrically connected in series so that one north and one south magnetic pole are obtained.

Generator cooling system

The generators are not 100% efficient in excess of 2 000 kW being produced in the form of heat.  The generators are equipped with indirectly air cooled stator windings and a radial direct air cooled rotor winding.  The cooling air for the generator is drawn by axial-flow fans arranged on the rotor via lateral openings in the stator housing.  The heat generated in the generator interior is dissipated through air.  The rotor is directly air-cooled with heat losses being transmitted directly from the winding cooper to the cooling air.  Cooling air is supplied at a rate of 50m³/s at 28º.

Electrical features

For export onto the national grid, the generator-motor output of 15.75 kV is stepped up to 400 kV by a generator transformer.  Each unit has a generator transformer rated at 186 MVA operating at 50 Hz.  These transformers have a mass of about 135 tons and are filled with 55 tons of oil.  They are cooled using an Oil Direct Air Forced (ODAF) cooling system.  Various other voltages are required on site and from the 15.75 kV Generator output a unit auxiliary transformer steps the voltage down to 6.6 kV for the unit boards.

In the event that either the generator or auxiliary transformer fails, the unit boards can be interconnected to get a supply from other units.  The 66 kV system supplies a fuel injection pump.

Backup diesel generators are available to supply all 6.6 kV boards in the event that power from the grid is lost.  Their main purpose is to supply energy to essential systems needed to start the gas turbines or to ensure a safe shutdown if power to the gas turbine is lost.  All the transformers, boards and interconnections are controlled and protected by motor operated circuit breakers.

turbine mid section.jpg
Turbine mid-section

The exhaust stack transfers the hot air from the turbine and releases it into the atmosphere at a maximum temperature of 560ºC.  The stack is 30m high and has a diameter of approximately 10 m.  The exhaust has a mass flow rate of around 520 kg/s and a velocity of approximately 40 m/s.

exhaust stack.jpg
Exhaust stack

Fuel off-loading system

As Ankerlig has no direct pipeline to a fuel depot the fuel is brought in via petrol tanker and of-loaded at one of the off-loading skids at a rate of between 1 300 – 1 400 litres/min.

Unlike Ankerlig, Gourikwa has a w00 mm pipeline direct from PetroSA to the storage tanks.  The pipe is approximately 4.2 m long and can handle a pressure of 1 700 kPA to accommodate the design pressure from PetroSA side.  When the storage tanks on site need to be filled the fuel is pumped at a rate of 180 kl/hr which can, in rare circumstances be pushed up to 200 kl/hr.  As a backup, Grouikwa also has five off-loading skids that an off-load diesel from petrol tankers at a rate of 1 300 – 1 400 l/min.

To remove any air that may be introduced into the system at either Ankerlig or Gourikwa during the off-loading process the fuel passes through an air eliminator.  Once off-loaded the fuel travels through a filter before flowing into one of the storage tanks.

Fuel storage tanks

Storage tanks on north sites each contain approximately 27 million litres of diesel.  Ankerlig Phase 2 has an additional fuel tank of 5.4 million litres.  The storage tanks have both a high level alarm and a low level alarm which trip the off-loading pumps and fuel forwarding pumps respectively.  This is to prevent over-filling the tanks and to protect the fuel forwarding pumps and units downstream of the tanks.  To keep the pressure on the suction line constant, a floating line within the tank is used.  This ensures that the end of the pipe is always near the top of the fuel and therefore at constant pressure.

 fuel storage tank.jpg
Fuel storage tank and concrete bund
Fuel treatment system

The treatment of the fuel is accomplished by passing the fuel through one of four centrifuges on the Alfa Laval skid.  Each centrifuge can output 50 m³/hr of cleaned fuel to ensure that the units will always have sufficient supply.  The centrifuges remove water and water soluble salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, from the fuel.  The centrifuges suck fuel from the bottom of the tank as their purpose is to clean the fuel.

Fuel forwarding system

The fuel forwarding section of the Balance of Plant Comprises the fuel forwarding pumps a set of filters and a set of coalesces.  The three fuel forwarding pumps are Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) so that they have the ability to regulate the pressure in the fuel forwarding pipes between the required 4-7 Bar.    The system is set up such that there is a main, auxiliary and standby pump.  This sequence is alternated aafter each session has come to an end so htat the pumps are utilized after each session has come to an end so that the pumps are utilized equally.  The three VSDs have a speed of 2 900rmp and output a flow rate of 284 m³/hr. The auxiliary pump is brought into operation when the main pump reaches 40 Hz.  After that the load is divided evenly across both pumps so that the frequency is the same for both.  From these pumps the fuel passes through both a 30 micron filter and a 5 micron coalesce so that ay debris and water can be removed.

Fire-fighting system

The Fire Fighting System has three different types of pumps to ensure that the water pressure in the lines is always sufficient to meet the requirements on the system.  The first pump to activate is the jockey pump which starts when the pressure is approximately 600kPa and switches off at approximately 700kPa.  If too much water is being released from the system the jockey pump will not be able to maintain the pressure on the fire water pumps.

If the pressure drops further to 500kPA the electric fire pump starts up.  If the electric fire pump does not activate for any reason and the pressure drops further to 400kPa then the diesel fire pump comes online.  There is a second redundant signal at 300kPa to ensure that the diesel pump will start.  The response systems are also adapted for each area.  For example, the fire system near the fuel skids releases foam rather than water.  The fuel und areas are also covered with forma should a fire break out in these areas.

Reverse osmosis plant

Various systems throughout the plan make use of demineralised (demin) water for their operations.  This is produced by the reverse osmosis plant on site.  The principle of the system is to pass water through a series of membranes in a form of high pressure filtration so that the correct specifications are achieved.  The system can p4roduce 1.5 m³/hr.  It also incorporates a mixed bed polisher, to further reduce the dissolved solids content in the demin water, and a 1.5 m³ demin storage tank.  The mixed bed system circulates the water from the tank through the cartridges to ensure that the conductivity is constant throughout the tank.

Compressed air system

The compressed air requirements of the stations are relatively small with the predominant user being the workshop and its pneumatic tools.  Compressors on site can each output 750kPA of air.  The compressed air is stored in a reservoir with a capacity of 1.75 m³ at a pressure of 750kPa.  Once the pressure in the reservoir drops to 550kPa or below, one of the compressors will start up until the pressure is increased to the set-point again.

Portable water system

The Potable Water System is very simple in that is supplies fire water to the storage tank as well as the general water usage requirements on site.  It draws water from the municipal system to supply the needs to the station.

contractors worked.jpg
Contractors worked concurrently to minimise construction time

Siemens – Power Island
Roshcon Civil Division – Civil design works and buildings
Roshcon Electrical Division – Electrical cabling lighting construction supply and electric fence
Lesedi – Mechanical balance of plant including fire protection, fuel unloading and forwarding, compressed air
Intens – Fuel and water tanks
Diesel Electric – Emergency diesels
VWS Envig – Water treatment plant
Sawren – Ankerlig HV Yard civil works
Ikageng – Gourikwa HV Yard civil works
Alstom – 400 kV circuit breakers and isolators
HTSA – Voltage and current transformers Tublar Busbars
ABB – Isolators, surge arresters, earth switches, line construction at Gourikwa
Mkhulu – Line construction at Ankerlig
Graca – Stringing and Cabling at Gourikwa
Cullen Africa – Composite insulators

Ankerlig and Gourikwa

Number of units

Output per unit

Phase 1

148 MW

Phase 2

147 MW

Total output

1 327 MW

Number of units

Output per unit

148 MW

Total Output

740 MW

Synchronizing time

5-7 minutes

Foundation concrete per power Island

1998 m³

Reinforcement per power island

107 ton

 Tranformer rating

 186 MVA

 Operating frequency

 50 Hz

 Transformer mass

 135 ton

 Tranformer oil mass

 55 ton

 Voltage ratio (kV)

 420 / 15.75

 Oil Direct Air Forced (ODAF)

 Transformer rating:

 12 MVA

 Operating frequency

 50 Hz

 Transformer mass

 22.5 ton

 Transformer oil mass

 4.5 ton

 Voltage ratio (kV)

 15.75 / 6.93

 Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)

 Transformer rating

 740 kVA

Operating frequency

 50 Hz

 Voltage ratio (kV)

 6.6 / 0.420

 Air Natural (AN)

 Barring speed

 120 rpm

 Lube oil reservoir capacity

 56 000 litres

 Pump capacity

 164 m³/h at Bar

 96 m³/h at 5.5 Bar

 45 dm³/min at 160 Bar

 Jacking oil pump capacity - filter type

 20 micron duplex filter

 Flush length

 10 seconds

 Water usage per flush

 80 - 100 litres

 Ignition gas system

 90 - 97% Propane

 Ignition has mass flow

 0.13 kg/s

 Ignition gas required per ignition

 19 kg

 Min. ignition gas supply pressure

 9 Bar

 Max. ignition gas supply pressure

 15 Bar

 Ignition gas tank material

 Ignition gas tank corrosion allowance

3 mm

Tank capacity

6.5 m³

Air filter sizes

 25 micron, 4 micron

 Turbine type

 Siemens V94.2

 Turbine weight

 196 ton

 Turbine length

 9.45 m

 Turbine diameter

 4.1 m

 Number of stages in turbine compressor

 Combustion chamber weight

 approx. 6 ton

 Number of burners per combustion chamber

 Combustion chamber temperature

 1 030ᵒC – 1 200ᵒC

 Foundation concrete per turbine

 496 m³

 Weight of reinforcement

 81 ton

 Piling depth

 6.1 m

 Maximum temperature

 Exhaust stack height

 30 m

 Exhaust diameter

 10 m

 Exhaust has mass flow rate:

 520 kg/s

 Exhaust gas velocity:

 40 m/s

 Output - Voltage

 15.75 kV± 5%

 6 818 A

 3 000 rpm

 50 Hz

 Power factor

 Direction of rotation

 Anti - clockwise

 (View from generator to turbine)

 Number of poles

 223 ton

 Moment of inertia

 7006 kgm²

 (Rotor complete)

 Break away torque

 - with pressure oil

 273 Nm

 - without pressure oil

 22.7 Nm

 Bearing losses per bearing

 90 kW

Heat Losses

 2 000 kW

 Cooling air supply oil

 50 m³/s

 Cooling air temperature

 Off loading method

 Tankers 4 off-loading skids Phase 1)

  Tankers 5 off-loading skids Phase 2)

Supply rate

1 300 - 1 400 litres/min

 Off-loading method

 Direct pipeline

 Tankers 3 off-loading skids Phase 1)

 Tankers 2 off-loading skids Phase 2)

 - Tankers

-  Pipeline

Pipeline length

Pipeline diameter

 1 300 - 1 400 litres/min

  3 000 litres/min

Approximately 4.2 km

200 mm

 Fuel  storage tank capacity

2 x 2.7 million litres (Phase 1)

1 x 5.4 million litres (Phase 2)

 2 x 2.7 million litres (Phase 2)

 Fuel storage tanks: GOURIKWA

 Fuel storage tank capacity

 4 x 2.7 million litres

 Fuel treatment system

 Fuel treatment output

 50 m³/s

 Fuel forwarding system

 Fuel forwarding pressure

 4 - 7 Bar

 VSD speed

 2 900 rpm

 VSD output flow rate

 284 m³/hr

 Filter sizes

 30 -micron, 5 micron

 Fuel injection system

 Pump type

 16-stage centrifugal pump

 Output pressure

 80 Bar

 Fire fighting system

System pressure

600-700 kPa

Reverse osmosis plant

 Production rate

 Storage tank size

unit generator transformer.jpg
420/15.75 kV unit generator transformer

gas turbine.jpg


The van der Voet T2 test helps determine whether a model with a specified number of extracted factors differs significantly from a proposed optimum model. The test is a randomization test based on the null hypothesis that the squared residuals for both models have the same distribution. Intuitively, one can think of the null hypothesis as stating that both models have the same predictive ability.
To obtain the van der Voet T2 statistic given in the Cross Validation report, the calculation below is performed on each validation set. In the case of a single validation set, the result is the reported value. In the case of Leave-One-Out and KFold validation, the results for each validation set are averaged.
Denote by the jth predicted residual for response k for the model with i extracted factors. Denote by is the corresponding quantity for the model based on the proposed optimum number of factors, opt. The test statistic is based on the following differences:
Suppose that there are K responses. Consider the following notation:
The van der Voet statistic for i extracted factors is defined as follows:
The significance level is obtained by comparing Ci with the distribution of values that results from randomly exchanging and . A Monte Carlo sample of such values is simulated and the significance level is approximated as the proportion of simulated critical values that are greater than or equal to Ci.

Help created on 9/19/2017


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Gävle-researcher’s article the most downloaded in English journal about learning

Press release   •   Jun 12, 2014 08:00 UTC

Göran Fransson and Jan Grannäs, active within didactics at the University of Gävle, top  downloads of Swedish articles in the English journal “Teachers and Taching” with their article about dilemma’s in educational contexts.

What is the article about?
The article provides a theoretical contribution to how to understand dilemmas as a part of a “dilemmatic space”. The starting point is complexities, challenges and dilemmas that can be found in the educational system and that, for example, teachers and principals can relate to. In these complexities we discuss how dilemmas can be understood.

On the contrary to the problems, which can be solved, dilemmas are often about choosing from a couple of alternatives where neither of them lead to a satisfying solution. Therefore, to deal with dilemmas is about trying to deal with choices, conflicting interests and tensions between competing, and at times, incompatible objects, demands, expectations, actions values etc.

Traditionally dilemmas are seen as something that appears in situations. In the article however we discuss a different view on dilemmas, one where we argue that it can be beneficial to be thinking around a dilemmatic space that people relate to. Questions of positioning and relative processes such as barging, collaboration and positions such as questionings about ethics, morals and dilemmas becomes central and are a part of this dynamic.

Why do you believe so many are downloading the article?
One reason is perhaps that the article presents new perspectives on how dilemma related to
educational situations can be understood. Another is probably that it provides a theoretical contribution that is central in preschool teachers, teachers and headmasters’ normal working life – To be able to handle dilemma and incompatible demands, expectations and goals.

Through different review-orders we have received, we also know that others have read the article to reference to it and that is always fun.

The Company Taylor & Francis with 1700 peer-reviewed journals has compiled the by Swedes most downloaded Swedish produced scientific articles within the last three years and one of these article is written by two researchers at the University of Gävle

Except being one of the most downloaded Swedish articles of the publisher within the subject “education” , the article also earns a spot in the journals all-time top-20 most downloaded articles.
The article was published last year in the journal “Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice”

For more information please contact:
Göran Fransson senior lecturer in didactics at the faculty for education and economy
Phone: 026-64 85 53

Jan Grannäs, lecturer in didactics at the faculty of education and economy
Phone: 026-648797


08/13/19 9:45am

Step right up. Get your hot dogs, peanuts. Oh, wait. Wrong kind of concessions. Get your mind out of the amusement park and back to real estate.

Real estate concessions aren’t offered up in a cone or on a stick. These kinds of concessions are allowances offered by a seller to a buyer of a property. Occasionally a seller will offer an incentive to potential buyers in the MLS listing. Maybe they will include the washer and dryer or patio furniture with the sale. More often though, the buyer will request and negotiate a seller concession in the contract. They may want the piano or pool table. But usually, the buyer negotiates for some of their closing costs to be paid by the seller.

In the standard TREC residential contract, non-financial seller concessions such as furnishings or appliances are addressed by attaching a Non-Realty Items Addendum to the contract. This should always spell out exactly what is being transferred with the sale.

08/06/19 9:30am

It’s closing day. Say cheese! All those photos of smiling faces on closing day offer proof that most folks are delighted to be closing on a home. Either they’re getting the keys to their new property or they’re getting a check for the sale.

Before the popularity of social media, most people mailed out moving announcements to let friends know they’d bought a home. Today, social media now plays a dominate role in announcing a move.

In this age of selfies and sharing, many homebuyers, sellers, and agents like to announce this kind of cheerful news with a closing photo. Just check out the social media posts on popular sites to find friends and families celebrating big events in their lives. Buying or selling a home is one of those big events.

“It’s a major milestone in your life,” says Kimberly Rote of Allie Beth Allman & Associates. She rates buying a home up there with getting married or having a baby.

07/30/19 9:45am

It’s Homestead, Sweet Homestead in the State of Texas. Our Texas constitution can help prevent Texans from becoming homeless if they are in a financial bind. Texas homestead protection laws guard your homestead against foreclosure by judgment creditors such as credit card holders, bill collectors, or winning parties in lawsuits.

This special protection from creditors only extends to the homestead. There are a lot of legal definitions of a Texas homestead, but basically, it is a primary residence owned and lived in by a family or single adult. You can only have one homestead entitled to be exempt from seizure by claims of creditors. If the property is not a homestead, the creditor has the right to go after that property to satisfy a lien.

07/23/19 9:55am

Imagine finding the perfect home. After weeks, maybe months, of searching, it’s just what you’ve been seeking. You get it under contract and have it inspected. After jumping through all the hoops for the mortgage, hiring movers, packing, and more, you’re ready to close. Then the seller decides they don’t want to sell it to you after all.

Wait, you say. They can’t do that. You would be right.

But what if they do it anyway? What options does a homebuyer have when a seller changes their mind?

For the seller who changes their mind, there are consequences. For the would-be buyer, there are a couple of options.

07/16/19 9:30am

Option Fee and Proof of Delivery

The standard Texas residential real estate contract contains several options for buyers to terminate their contract for various reasons. While sellers may not like it, it makes sense that the person bringing the money has the most options.

The most popular option is the paragraph that requires the buyer to deliver an option fee for the right to terminate for any reason within a specified period of time. This time period is usually when the buyer will perform inspections. The option fee is payment for the buyer’s right to walk away from the contract. Whether or not they exercise that right doesn’t matter. The seller may cash an option fee check at any time and keep the option fee if the buyer terminates. Typically, the buyer gets credited for the option fee at closing when they do not terminate.

The option fee must be delivered to the seller or listing agent within three days after the effective date of the contract or the buyer may lose their rights under the option period. The crucial part of the option period is the DELIVERY of the option fee. Not receipt of the option fee. These are actually two different actions. Let me explain.

07/02/19 9:30am

When someone is buying a house, there is a deadline in which to deliver their earnest money to the title company. And they’d better not miss it. We don’t care if it’s too hot outside, they overslept, or the dog ate their homework. A deadline is a deadline.

A buyer has three days to deposit funds with the title company. If the third day is a Saturday, Sunday, or a holiday, then the last day to deliver it is moved to the following business day. The title company will sign a receipt of earnest money with both the date and time the funds are received.

What happens if a buyer doesn’t deliver the earnest money to the title company on time? The skies will open up and swallow them. Well, maybe not. But there are consequences.


Cool Hunting Video: Dabl’s Bead Museum

Detroit's one-of-a-kind art space, where much of the thought-provoking work is outside of the building

There’s no short supply of eclectic public art in Detroit, MI, but none quite match the magnitude and message of MBAD’s African Bead Museum, more commonly known as Dabl’s Bead Museum—named for visionary founder and artist Olayami Dabls. Large-scale sculptural works and meticulously ornate building details define the appropriated landscape. And all of it was an afterthought, because what you’ll find inside happens to be a one-of-a-kind African bead collection. Something Dabls himself explains defined both medicine and social-economic class back in the day. Dabls personally collected the African artifacts within, and built the inspired artwork outside.


Conference Dates

May 8-13, 2016

Antigen specific suppressive immunotherapy such as Tregs therapy and highly selective targeted immunotherapy such as chimeric antigen receptor and T-cell receptor therapy have shown great benefits and therapeutic value to the patient population. These immunotherapy applications require ex vivo expansion of T cells to high cell densities without loss of T cell phenotypes and functionality for successful adoptive transfer. Moreover, a defined, xeno- and serum-free basal medium is ideal to reduce cost, limit variability and lower the risk of foreign contaminants.

By applying the quality by design approach, we report the successful development of a xeno- free basal medium containing completely defined components that can be used to activate, expand and differentiate naïve T-cells. This medium supports higher rate of growth expansion as compared to 10% bovine serum containing media. Phenotypic analysis shows the percentages of expanded CD4+ and CD8+ are comparably maintained after expansion. T cells can be re-activated and further expanded in this basal media over long term culture (>= 21 days). This defined, xeno-free basal medium also effectively supports T cell differentiation potential into major T cell subsets such as Th1, Th2, and Tregs when introduced to polarization cocktail of rIL-12 and anti-IL-4, rIL-4 and anti-IFNγ, and TGF-β1 and retinoic acid respectively. Potential uses for large scale cultures in spinner flasks and culture bags have also been demonstrated.

In this study, we demonstrate how the defined, xeno-free expansion and differentiation medium can be a superior alternative than serum-containing media to culture T cells on a large scale platform while maintaining T cell phenotypes and polarization potential.


Is emissions-free car travel possible in New Zealand?

Emission free car travel

Imagine a world where both the cars we travel in and the electricity used to power them are free from emissions.

Understandably, you may ask how is this possible, when according to the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE), our Electricity Sector emits 5,000,000,000 kgs of CO2 every year and the Transport Sector emits 14,000,0000,000 kgs of CO2 a year.

150723 NZ ENERGY EMISSIONS - updated a

Well now you can travel by car, free from emissions and with a clean, clear conscience by using an Electric Vehicle (EV) charged at a ChargeNet Rapid charger and by using carboNZero certified electricity from Ecotricity Ltd. are rolling out a nationwide charging infrastructure for Electric Vehicles. The adoption rate of Electric Vehicle Technology all over the developed world, and finally here in New Zealand it has been exponential. Electric Vehicle ownership numbers are doubling each year here and abroad.

The company is installing over 70 fast charging stations around New Zealand, to allow an entry level full electric vehicle to charge up and keep going in between 10 and 25 minutes. Charging stations can and will be located in places that drivers and passengers will want to stop for a quick recharge of their car and themselves.

Charging stations are as simple and autonomous as a large appliance, like a vending machine, and can be placed just about anywhere that is in close enough proximity to a transformer., along with the New Zealand electric vehicle community are going to change the way we move around this beautiful country and the way we look at transport. The billions of dollars that are currently spent on overseas oil for Kiwi cars can be put back into the New Zealand economy, creating more jobs here at home, and assuring energy independence for New Zealand. It just makes sense.

Ecotricity’s mission is to provide Kiwis and Kiwi businesses with 100% Pure Renewable power, and to electrify New Zealand’s vehicle fleet.

151116 chargenet image

It has become common for electricity consumers abroad to buy carbon-free electricity. Ecotricity is the only New Zealand electricity company supplying certified carboNZero electricity for Kiwis.

Currently, the electricity supplied by Ecotricity is sourced from carboNZero-certified hydro generation and in the near future wind will also be in the portfolio.

By using wind, hydro and solar the New Zealand economy can grow without costing the earth.

Wind generation is renewable, requires no fuel, and is cheaper than any other form of new energy generation. That’s why wind is the fastest growing means of electricity generation in the world.

Longer term, the more wind farms that are installed in New Zealand, the cheaper your power bills will get.

Currently, wind generates around 5% of the total electricity in New Zealand. It’s recognised that in most countries, around 30-40% of total generation can be provided by wind. In New Zealand, because we are blessed with hydro resources, we can likely achieve even higher rates of wind generation as hydro acts like a big battery for surplus wind. On-site battery storage will mean that this figure could be even higher.

Wind generation captures the energy of the wind as it passes through the wind turbine blades. Each individual wind farm operates around 90% of the time, day and night. When you consider that there are wind farms spread all across New Zealand, chances are there is always a wind farm operating at any one point in time. Each wind turbine can supply enough power for around 1,500 households or about 4,000 electric vehicles over a whole year.

Currently, all Ecotricity electricity is supplied by carboNZero-certified hydro generation. To help support the development of new wind farms, Ecotricity have contracted the supply from a recently built wind farm which will also be carboNZero-certified in the coming months.

Simply put, emissions-free motoring in New Zealand is now possible.

Original article posted by Idealog Magazine


How To Find Reliable Legal Advice For Your Needs

It can be hard to find a good lawyer. How can you decide which lawyer to trust with so many choices? This article contains great information that can help in your search for a lawyer.

When searching for the best lawyer, your selection should be one who specializes in your particular case. There are so many different specialties out there. Choosing a specialized lawyer will increase your chances of winning your case.

Bring paperwork and other documentation to your initial meeting with potential lawyers. Give the lawyer all the information they need to understand what the case requires so he or she can give you a better estimate of fees. This will help you maximize your results in the trial.

You must be able to work well with your lawyer, so it’s important you have a good rapport. If the lawyer makes you feel uncomfortable, it won’t work out so well. Your gut is truly the best judge of character.

You should definitely make sure you understand your legal case before hiring a lawyer. Without a clear understanding of your own issue, you will not be able to engage an effective lawyer. Research your exact scenario. It will help you when you are searching for an attorney.

A great lawyer is crucial if you are dealing with legal issues. The above advice will assist you in carefully picking the right lawyer. You want to make the right decision since choosing the wrong attorney can add more stress to your already stressed life.…


A Quantum Gas of Polar Molecules

Ultracold polar molecular gases promise new directions and exciting applications in precision measurements, ultracold chemistry, electric-field controlled collisions, dipolar quantum gases, and quantum information sciences. This thesis presents experimental realization of a near quantum degenerate gas of polar molecules, where the phase-space density of the gas achieved is more than 10 orders of magnitude higher than previous results. The near quantum degenerate gas of polar molecules is created using two coherent steps. First, atoms in an ultracold gas mixture are converted into extremely weakly bound molecules near a Fano-Feshbach resonance. Second, the weakly bound molecules are transferred to the ro-vibronic ground state using a coherent two-photon Raman technique. The fact that these ground-state molecules are polar is confirmed with a spectroscopic measurement of the permanent electric dipole moment. Finally, manipulation of the molecular hyperfine state is demonstrated; this allows molecules to be populated in a single quantum state, in particular, the lowest energy state. With an ultracold gas of molecules, full control of molecular internal state, and electric field as a new handle, ultracold molecular collisions, including ultracold chemical reactions and dipolar collisions, are studied.

Year of Publication
University of Colorado Boulder
Advisors - JILA Fellows