A dictionary definition of “insight” is to see the inner nature of something. The mission of InSight is to see inside Mars and learn what makes it tick. So while InSight is the first Mars mission dedicated to studying the planet’s deep interior, it is more than a Mars mission, because information about the layers of Mars today will advance understanding about the formation and early evolution of all rocky planets, including Earth. Although Mars and Earth formed from the same primordial stuff more than 4.5 billion years ago, they became quite different. InSight will help explain why.

A planet’s deep interior holds evidence related to the planet’s formation, which set the stage for what happens on the surface. The interior heat engine drives the processes that lift some portions of the surface higher than others, resulting in a landscape’s elevation differences. The interior is the source of most of a planet’s atmosphere; its surface rocks, water and ice; and its magnetic field. It provides many of the conditions that determine whether a planet will have environments favorable for the existence of life.

What's In a Name?

The long form of the mission's name is Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport, which tells the three main research techniques to be used by the InSight stationary lander. These techniques allow scientists to take the “vital signs” of Mars:

Seismic investigations study vibrations of the ground set off by marsquakes (the Mars equivalent to earthquakes) and meteorite impacts, including the analysis of how these vibrations pass through interior materials and bounce off boundaries between layers. For this research technique, InSight will deploy a seismometer provided by an international consortium headed by France. Seismic investigations can be compared to how physicians use sonograms and X-rays to see inside a body.

Geodesy is the study of a planet’s exact shape and its orientation in space, including variations in its speed of rotation and wobbles of its axis of rotation. The axis of rotation is very sensitive to conditions deep inside Mars. For this research technique, the lander’s radio link to Earth will provide precise tracking of a fixed location on the surface as the planet rotates, throughout the course of a full Mars year. This investigation of the planet’s motion can be compared to examining a patient’s reflexes during a medical check-up.

Study of heat transport is a way to assess a planet’s interior energy and its dissipation. For this research technique, InSight will sink a German-made probe more than 10 feet (3 meters) into the ground to measure how well the ground conducts heat and how much heat is rising toward the surface. This investigation can be compared to how a physician reads a patient’s temperature as an indicator of internal health.

Other components of the InSight lander’s science payload are auxiliary instruments for monitoring the environment to aid the primary investigations, and a deployment system with a robotic arm and two cameras for the task of placing the main instruments onto the ground.

Some of these additional sensors will monitor wind, variations in magnetic field and changes in atmospheric pressure because these factors could affect seismometer readings. Other sensors will monitor air temperature and ground-surface temperature, which will help in subtracting effects of those temperatures from heat-probe and seismometer data. These supplemental instruments will also enable additional investigations, such as magnetic soundings of the Martian interior by the magnetometer and weather monitoring by the atmospheric sensors.

The auxiliary sensors and the two color cameras will provide information about the environment surrounding the InSight lander on the surface of a broad Martian plain near the equator, but for this mission, the science emphasis is to learn about depths that cannot be seen.

Science Objectives

InSight has two official overarching science goals:

1) Understand the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets through investigation of the interior structure and processes of Mars;

2) Determine the present levels of tectonic activity and meteorite-impact activity on Mars.

To get to these goals, NASA has determined these more specific science objectives:

  • Determine the thickness and structure of the crust
  • Determine the composition and structure of the mantle
  • Determine the thermal state of the interior
  • Measure the rate and geographic distribution of seismic activity
  • Measure the rate of meteorite impacts on the surface

For additional detail on these objectives see: Appendix: Science Objectives, Quantified

Why This Kind of Investigation of Mars?

Several reports setting scientific priorities for planetary science have stressed the importance of investigating the interior of Mars. While the Mars Viking missions of the 1970s were still active, a report by the National Research Council’s Committee of Planetary and Lunar Exploration, Strategy for Exploration of the Inner Planets: 1977-1987, said, “Determination of the internal structure of Mars, including thickness of a crust and the existence and size of a core, and measurement of the location, size and temporal dependence of Martian seismic events, is an objective of the highest importance.”

In ensuing decades, several missions for investigating Mars’ interior were proposed, though none flew successfully. The National Research Council’s most recent decadal study of planetary-science priorities, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, said, “Insight into the composition, structure and history of Mars is fundamental to understanding the solar system as a whole, as well as providing context for the history and processes of our own planet. … Unfortunately, there has been little progress made toward a better understanding of the Martian interior and the processes that have occurred.”

A stationary lander capable of placing sensitive instruments directly onto the surface and monitoring them for many months is a mission design exactly suited to studying the interior of Mars. InSight will be the first Mars mission to use a robotic arm to grasp objects (in this case, scientific instruments) and permanently deploy them onto the ground. The mission has no need for a rover’s mobility. The heat probe and seismometer stay at a fixed location after deployment. The precision of the geodesy investigation gains from keeping the radio in one place.

Building on Heritage

InSight uses many aspects of a stationary-lander mission design already proven by NASA’s Phoenix Mars Lander mission, which investigated ice, soil and atmosphere at a site in the Martian arctic in 2008. The robotic arm for InSight, rather than scooping up samples for laboratory analysis as Phoenix did, will hoist the heat probe, seismometer and a protective shelter for the seismometer one at a time from the lander deck and place them onto the ground.

The first time a seismometer was placed on a world other than Earth was during the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969. The only seismometers previously used on Mars stayed on the decks of two Viking landers in 1976. Those were much less sensitive and more exposed to wind effects than InSight’s seismometer will be. Nearly 50 years after Apollo, InSight will be the first seismometer placed directly on the surface of the Mars.

InSight’s science payload and science team draw heavily on international collaboration and shared expertise. The national space agencies of France and Germany are providing the two main instruments. Austria, Belgium, Canada, Italy, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are also participating.

InSight is part of NASA’s Discovery Program of competitively selected missions for exploring our solar system. The Discovery Program enables scientists to use innovative approaches to answering fundamental questions about our solar system. Bruce Banerdt of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, now the principal investigator for InSight, led the team that prepared the mission proposal -- originally called Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) -- submitted to NASA in September 2010. That proposal and 27 other proposals for missions to various destinations throughout the solar system were evaluated in a competition for the 2016 launch opportunity of the Discovery Program. InSight was selected in August 2012.

How Does Mars Tell Us About Other Planets?

The four inner planets of the solar system, plus Earth’s Moon, are called terrestrial worlds because they share a closer kinship with each other, including Earth, than with the worlds farther from the Sun. Diverse as they are, they all have rocky surfaces; they are also called the rocky planets. They all have high density -- the ratio of volume to mass -- indicating their interiors have even denser ingredients than their surface rocks.

All of the terrestrial planets have a three-part layered structure:

  • At the center is a metallic, iron-rich core, part of which may be molten.
  • Above the core is a thick middle layer called the mantle, rich in silicon, making up most of the bulk of the planet.
  • Above the mantle is a relatively thin crust of less-dense rocky material.

Schematic of similarities and differences in the interiors of Earth, Mars and Earth's Moon. Download image

Some of the ever-increasing number of exoplanets identified around stars other than our Sun may be similarly rocky and layered, though Earth-like worlds are smaller than the giant exoplanets whose size makes them easiest to find.

A key challenge in planetary science more than half a century into the Space Age is to understand factors that affect how newly forming planets with the same starting materials evolve into worlds as diverse as the terrestrial planets that have been discovered thus far. As a particularly interesting corollary: What does it take to make a planet as special as Earth?

Planets start as growing coagulations of primordial particles in a disc-shaped swarm around a formative star -- the proto-Sun in the case of our solar system. Meteorites provide information about composition of the planet-forming raw material. Earth formed from the same material as its neighboring planets, but none of the planets now matches the mineral composition of those starting ingredients. They evolved.

As the forming planets grew larger, they heated inside, gaining energy from pieces coming together and from natural radioactivity. Melting due to the heat enabled enough mobility for heavier ingredients to sink toward the center. Temperature and pressure affected the chemistry of the ingredients. Cooling caused some minerals to crystallize out of the melt at different temperatures than others. Multiple models have proposed steps that might explain how different minerals were produced and stratified as Earth’s evolution proceeded. Each of these models of terrestrial planet evolution fits the evidence known from studying Earth. Gaining knowledge of a different case -- Mars -- should rule out some of the models. Achieving that will yield both a better understanding of why Earth turned out the way it did and a conceptual framework for studying rocky planets of other stars.

Mars as a Model

Mars, as seen by the Mars Color Imager on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in early 2018

The most accessible test case for studying terrestrial planets is Earth. In the past century, research using InSight’s main methods -- seismology, geodesy and heat transport -- has substantially rewritten humans’ understanding of Earth’s interior and planetary history. But Mars offers advantages that make it the right choice for a mission seeking to learn more about the formation and early evolution of terrestrial planets.

The major process in Earth’s interior that geological science has elucidated in the past century is plate tectonics, a recycling of crust driven by convection in the mantle as heat moves out from the core. The mantle has been vigorously stirred by convective motion driven by warmed material rising and cooled material sinking. Fresh crust is generated at mid-ocean ridges, and cold crust is dragged downward, becoming reabsorbed into the mantle at some plate edges. The churning has erased from both crust and mantle most structural evidence of the first several tens of millions of years of Earth’s history after the planet formed about 4.5 billion years ago.

Mars lacks plate tectonics that would have recycled its crust. Isotopic evidence from Martian meteorites indicates that convection has not thoroughly churned the mantle of Mars. Therefore, its interior should provide clues unavailable on Earth about the accretion and early evolution of Earth, Mars and other rocky planets. For example, the mantle of Mars may retain differences in composition at different depths, which convection has blended together on Earth.

Investigations of Earth’s Moon, including analysis of lunar rocks returned to Earth, indicate that, although the Moon followed many of the same evolutionary steps as Earth, the path of its evolution was distinctly different because of its much smaller size. For example, it never underwent certain geochemical changes related to the greater interior pressure of Earth.

Unlike the Moon, Mars is big enough to have undergone most of the same processes as early Earth. Unlike Earth, it is small enough not to have erased as much evidence of its early activity. Compared to Venus and Mercury, Mars provides a more accessible destination and less harsh surface environment for sensitive robotic hardware to operate for many months of data collection.

As added benefits, knowledge about the surface and atmosphere of Mars that has been gained from a series of successful missions to the Red Planet will help researchers interpret information that InSight adds about the deep interior, and InSight’s findings will improve the context for understanding those missions’ results.

Science Experiments

Illustration of InSight's SEIS instrument with some key components labeled. Download image

Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure

The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) is a six-sensor seismometer combining two types of sensors to measure ground motions over a wide range of frequencies. In each set of three sensors, the sensors are mounted at angles to one another to detect motion in any direction. One set is an ultra-sensitive “very broad band” instrument enclosed in a vacuum vessel. It will measure ground oscillations of medium-to-low frequencies (from a few cycles per second to less than one one-thousandth of a cycle per second).

The other is a short-period instrument, adding capability for higher-frequency vibrations (up to 50 cycles per second). That combination will be set directly onto the ground, connected to the lander by a flexible tether containing power and data lines. Then an additional protective cover -- the Wind and Thermal Shield -- will be placed over it. The SEIS electronics box remains on the lander.

SEIS in preparation for thermal vacuum testing

Some SEIS components before final assembly: a very broad band sensor, three-legged leveling fixture to hold sensors, vacuum vessel. Download image

Some SEIS components before final assembly

SEIS in preparation for thermal vacuum testing, before being covered by Wind and Thermal Shield. Download image

Seismometers are best known as devices to detect, locate and measure the magnitude of earthquakes. One set of goals for SEIS is to provide such information about quakes on Mars, called marsquakes, and other sources of ground motion, such as meteorite impacts and faint gravitational effects of Mars’ moon Phobos.

However, it is not just the sources of ground motion that are of interest. Those sources trigger ground vibrations called seismic waves. The waves travel at different velocities and different attenuation rates through different types of material, providing a signal affected by composition and density. Some are reflected and refracted by boundaries between interior layers, comparable to reflection and refraction of light waves at the surface of a lake. Seismometers are the eyes enabling researchers to use ground-motion waves to see into the interior of a planet. Most of our knowledge about the interior of Earth comes from seismometers. SEIS will be the first seismometer placed directly onto Mars.

A ground-shaking event sets off some waves that move through a planet’s interior -- body waves -- and others that spread across the surface, known as surface waves. Two types of body waves -- called “P” and “S,” for primary and secondary -- travel at different velocities and produce ground motion in distinctively different directions. The time gap between arrival of P waves and arrival of S waves is an indicator of the distance they traveled from their origin to the seismometer, though other factors in the ground also affect their speed. Surface waves travel at different speeds from body waves and also on a different path, along the ground surface.

SEIS can measure wave frequencies from more than 10 minutes between wave peaks to about 50 vibrations per second. To gain information from faint or distant sources of ground movement, it has a sensitivity capable of detecting ground motions that are smaller than the diameter of a hydrogen atom. With that extreme sensitivity, many types of disturbances other than seismic waves could add noise to the desired data, so InSight carries countermeasures.

Some protection comes from features of the SEIS instrument itself, such as its vacuum vessel and the Wind and Thermal Shield. In addition, InSight’s auxiliary sensors will monitor variables such as wind, atmospheric pressure and magnetic field, so that their effects can be accounted for in interpretation of data from the seismometer.

France’s national space agency, Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), Paris, leads the consortium that provided SEIS. Other organizations in France, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany and the United States collaborated on building the instrument. The principal investigator for SEIS is Philippe Lognonné of the Institute of Earth Physics of Paris (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, or IPGP). SEIS development benefited from the design of a similar instrument developed for a European multi-lander mission to Mars that was planned for a 2005 launch but was canceled before completion.

IPGP supplied the very broad band sensors. Imperial College, London, and Oxford University made the short period sensors. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, or ETH), Zurich, provided the data-acquisition electronics. The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, or MPS), Göttingen, Germany, supplied the leveling system. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, made the vacuum container, the tether and the Wind and Thermal Shield, which includes a skirt of chainmail to accommodate uneven ground beneath a rigid dome. The chainmail comes from MailleTec Industries, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Heat Flow and Physical Properties Probe

InSight’s Heat Flow and Physical Properties Probe (HP³, pronounced “H-P cubed”) will use a self-hammering mechanical mole capable of burrowing to a depth of 10 to 16 feet (3 to 5 meters). Measurements by sensors on the mole and on a science tether from the mole to the surface will yield the first precise determination of the amount of heat escaping from the planet’s interior.

Heat flow is a vital sign of a planet. It carries information about the interior heat engine that drives the planet’s geology. Heat is the energy that powers planetary evolution, shaping the mountains and canyons of the surface. A planet’s interior heat affects how primordial ingredients of planetary formation form layers and how volatile components, such as water molecules, are released to the surface or atmosphere. Determining modern temperature flux will help scientists discriminate among models for how the interior of Mars has evolved over time.

Heat flow also foretells the destiny of a planet: the pace at which its core energy is diminishing.

InSight’s heat probe will penetrate more than 15 times deeper beneath the surface than any previous hardware on Mars. The current record was achieved by the scoop of NASA’s Phoenix Mars Lander digging to a depth of about 7 inches (18 centimeters), though radar instruments on Mars orbiters have revealed details of some features much deeper, down to a few miles or kilometers.

The depth of the heat probe’s emplacement will get it away from most effects of daily and seasonal temperature changes at the surface. On Earth, experiments to measure heat flow from the planet’s interior often must go even deeper because water movement in the ground extends the effects of surface-temperature variations, but 10 feet (3 meters) is calculated as deep enough for useful measurement of heat flowing outward from the interior of Mars.

The instrument’s mole is expected to use thousands of hammering strokes of a spring-loaded tungsten block, over the course of about 30 days, to reach its full depth. The total number of strokes needed is expected to be between 5,000 and 20,000, depending on characteristics of the ground the device is traveling through, such as how compacted the soil is. The mole is about 1 inch (2.7 centimeters) in diameter and about 16 inches (40 centimeters) long -- about the diameter of a U.S. quarter and the length of a forearm. The exterior is an aluminum cylinder with the downward end tapered to a point, making it the shape of a finishing nail.

Illustration of InSight's HP<sup>3</sup> instrument with some key components labeled

Illustration of InSight's HP3 instrument with some key components labeled. Download image

The mole carries sensors and heaters to determine the thermal conductivity of the ground around it. The thermal conductivity experiment measures how long it takes the ground next to the surface of the probe to cool down after its temperature is elevated by a heating element on the mole’s surface. The conductivity information is combined with information from sensors that measure ground temperature along the science tether at different depths -- the thermal gradient -- to determine heat flux. The HP³ sensors can measure temperature differences as small as about two one-hundredths of a degree Fahrenheit (about one one-hundredth of a degree Celsius).

The mole also contains the hammering mechanism and tilt sensors. A motor attached to a gearbox slowly compresses and then quickly releases a spring that drives the tungsten hammer against the interior of the mole tip, at a pace of one stroke every 3.6 seconds. The tilt sensors provide information about how much of the mole’s motion is net downward penetration and how much is lateral, out of total burrowing motion determined by monitoring the length of science tether pulled into the ground.

The science tether connects the upper end of the mole to the HP3 support structure, which InSight's robotic arm will place directly onto the Martian surface. The support structure remains connected the lander by an engineering tether. Both tethers carry data and electricity. The science tether has 14 temperature sensors embedded along it, at distance intervals that increase farther from the mole. The two closest to the mole are 9 inches (23 centimeters) apart; the two farthest from it are twice that far apart. These sensors will continue monitoring the thermal gradient beneath the surface after the mole has reached full depth.

HP<sup>3</sup> investigation's mole, science tether, support structure and engineering tether.

From left to right: HP3 investigation's mole, science tether, support structure and engineering tether. Download image

The engineering tether connects the HP³ support structure to the instrument’s back-end electronics box on the lander. This box provides the interfaces to the lander’s power system and main computer. It includes half a gigabyte of non-volatile memory, enough to hold all HP³ data from the mission.

The probe’s digging phase is designed to last about 30 to 40 days after the mission’s initial phase when instruments are deployed from the deck onto the ground. After about every 20 inches (50 centimeters) of burrowing, the hammering will pause for about four days while temperatures equilibrate and thermal conductivity measurements are collected. After completion of the digging phase, the probe’s science tether will continue to make temperature measurements for the rest of the mission.

HP³ (foreground) and domed Wind and Thermal Shield (covering SEIS) in preparation for thermal vacuum testing. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Lockheed Martin Space Download image

The HP³ investigation also includes a radiometer to measure ground-surface temperature near the lander based on its infrared brightness. Data from the radiometer will help account for effects that ground-surface temperature changes may have on temperatures beneath the surface.

The German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, or DLR), Cologne, provided InSight’s Heat Flow and Physical Properties Probe. The principal investigator for HP³ is Tilman Spohn of DLR’s Institute of Planetary Research (Institut für Planetenforschung), Berlin, who also is principal investigator for an instrument suite with a similar heat probe on the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission to comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

Astronika, Warsaw, and the Polish Academy of Sciences’ Space Research Center (Centrum Badan Kosmicznych, or CBK), Warsaw, built the hammering mechanism for the HP³ mole, which was designed by Astronika.

Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment

One of InSight’s three main investigations -- the geodesy study -- does not require its own dedicated science instrument: The Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment (RISE) will use InSight’s direct radio connection with Earth to assess perturbations of Mars’ rotation axis. These measurements can provide information about the planet’s core.

The perturbations resemble the wobble of a spinning top and occur on two time scales. The longer wobble takes about 165,000 years and is the same as the process that makes a top wobble, called precession. The speed of this precession is directly related to the proportion of the body’s mass that is close to the center, in the iron-rich core. The shorter-period wobbles, called nutations, occur on time scales of less than a year and are extremely small. Their cause is unrelated to a toy top’s wobble. A closer analogy is the traditional method for determining whether an egg is hard-boiled by spinning it. An egg with a solid center spins easily. The liquid center of a raw egg perturbs the spin.

With InSight as the marker for a specific point on the Martian surface, radio tracking will monitor the location of that point in space with an accuracy better than 4 inches (10 centimeters). This will allow scientists to measure how much the rotation axis of Mars wobbles, and that motion indicates the size of the core. Information about long-term changes (precession) in Mars’ spin axis was previously provided by radio tracking of the location of NASA’s Mars Pathfinder lander for three months in 1997, combined with tracking data from the Viking Mars landers in the 1970s. Researchers were able to confirm that Mars has a very dense core. A different radio-science investigation, analyzing gravitational effects of Mars on NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor orbiter, indicated that some portion of the planet’s outer core is molten, based on how much Mars bulges from the tidal pull of the Sun.

A longer tracking period with a stationary lander is the next step for measuring nutations to determine the core’s exact size and density, and how much of the core is molten. This is not an experiment suited to Mars rovers, because they change their locations on the planet.

The tools for the RISE investigation are the X-band radio on the InSight lander and the large dish antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network at stations in California, Australia and Spain. This is the same direct radio link by which the spacecraft can receive commands and return data, though it will use relayed radio links through Mars orbiters (using a different UHF radio) for most of its commanding and data return.

The lead investigator for RISE is William Folkner of JPL, who led the 1997 investigation of Mars’ core using the radio link between Earth and NASA’s Mars Pathfinder.

Auxiliary Payload Sensor Subsystem

InSight carries a suite of environmental-monitoring instruments, called the Auxiliary Payload Sensor Subsystem (APSS), to measure the local magnetic field, wind, and atmospheric temperature and pressure. The primary reason for including these instruments in the mission’s payload is to aid interpretation of seismometer data by tracking changes in the magnetic field or atmosphere that could cause ground movement or sensor readings that might otherwise be mistaken for a seismic event. However, they can also serve other Mars science investigations.

InSight’s magnetometer will be the first ever used on the surface of Mars. Researchers will use it to investigate variations in the magnetic field, which may be induced at the surface by the variations resulting from interaction of the solar wind with Mars’ ionosphere. Effects of the planet’s metallic core on the induced magnetic field at the surface could provide information about the size of the core.

The University of California, Los Angeles, provided InSight’s fluxgate magnetometer. UCLA has previously provided magnetometers for other NASA missions, including the Galileo mission to Jupiter and the Space Technology 5 mission. The instrument can determine both the magnitude and direction of the local magnetic field.

Two finger-size booms mounted on short vertical supports on InSight’s deck will monitor atmospheric temperature and the direction and velocity of the wind. The booms face outward in roughly opposite sides of the lander, so that wind from any direction reaches at least one of them before the lander itself perturbs the wind much. Together, they make up the Temperature and Wind for InSight (TWINS) instrument. Each of the booms holds sensors for recording air temperature and detecting air movement in three dimensions.

Spain’s Center for Astrobiology (Centro de Astrobiología, or CAB), Madrid, provided TWINS. The instrument’s booms are refurbished flight spares from the CAB-provided weather station on NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover, called the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station.

InSight’s atmospheric pressure sensor sits inside the lander, with access to the atmosphere via an inlet on the lander deck. Tavis Corp., Mariposa, California, built it. The device has more than 10-fold greater sensitivity to pressure variations at seismic frequencies than similar pressure sensors on NASA’s Viking and Mars Pathfinder landers.

JPL provided the control and data-acquisition electronics shared by the APSS instruments.

Though not formally part of the APSS, the HP³ radiometer and the color cameras of InSight’s Instrument Deployment Subsystem can similarly be used to study the Mars environment. The radiometer can track daily and seasonal changes in ground temperature. The cameras can be used for monitoring changes at the landing site, such as the effect of wind on dust over the course of many months.

Labeled illustration of InSight with its science payload deployed
Labeled illustration of InSight with its science payload deployed. Many of the investigation tools are labeled. SEIS is the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure. HP³ is the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Probe. RISE is the Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment, which uses the lander’s two medium-gain antennas. TWINS is the Temperature and Wind for InSight instrument, part of the mission’s Auxiliary Payload Sensor Subsystem, which also includes the magnetometer and the pressure sensor (out of view beneath the pressure inlet). The lander’s radiometer and laser retroreflector are out of sight, on the other side of the deck. Download image

Laser Retroreflector for Mars

A dome-shaped device about 2 inches (5 centimeters) in diameter and 0.8 inch (2 centimeters) high, affixed to the top of the InSight lander’s deck, holds an array of eight special reflectors. This is the Laser Retroreflector for InSight, or LaRRI, which is not part of the InSight mission’s own science investigations but may passively provide science value for many years to come.

The national space agency of Italy (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, or ASI) provided LaRRI to be used by a possible future Mars orbiter mission, with a laser altimeter making extremely precise measurements of the lander’s location. Each of the eight reflectors uses three mutually perpendicular mirrors, joining at one point like an inner corner of a box. This gives it the property of returning any incoming light directly toward its source. Apollo astronauts on the Moon placed larger arrays of similar “corner cube reflectors” at several lunar landing sites more than 45 years ago. These have served ever since in experiments that use precisely timed laser pulses sent from Earth and reflected back, for purposes such as determining the rate of change in the Moon’s distance from Earth and testing Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Scientists plan to use LaRRI -- plus similar retroreflectors on future missions to land on Mars -- for experiments that use reflection of laser pulses emitted by orbiters. Besides providing precise location information for experiments about gravity and planetary motion, such studies could include investigations of the Martian atmosphere and advances in using lasers as an alternative to radio for communications.

Laser Retroreflector for InSight (LaRRI)

Laser Retroreflector for InSight (LaRRI). Download image

InSight Science Team

HP³ Principal Investigator Tilman Spohn of DLR (foreground) [r]speaking at a briefing days before InSight’s launch. With him (in the background, from left) are SEIS Principal Investigator Philippe Lognonné of IPGP; Annick Sylvestre-Baron, SEIS deputy project manager at Centre National d’Études Spatiales; and InSight Principal Investigator Bruce Banerdt.

InSight Principal Investigator Bruce Banerdt and InSight Deputy Principal Investigator Sue Smrekar, both of JPL, lead the mission's international science team.

SEIS Principal Investigator Philippe Lognonné of the Institute of Earth Physics of Paris (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, or IPGP) leads the seismic study.

HP3 Principal Investigator is Tilman Spohn, of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, or DLR), Berlin, leads the heat-transport study.

RISE Principal Investigator William Folkner of JPL leads the geodesy study.

  • Daniele Antonangeli
    Institute of Mineralogy, Material Physics and Cosmochemistry (Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, or IMPMC), Sorbonne University, Paris
  • Sami Asmar
  • Don Banfield
    Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
  • Ulrich Christensen
  • Caroline Beghein
  • Neil Bowles
    Oxford University, Oxford, U.K.
  • Ebru Bozdag
    Colorado School of Mines, Denver, Colorado
  • Peter Chi
  • John Clinton
  • Gareth Collins
    Imperial College, London
  • Ingrid Daubar
  • Véronique Dehant
    Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels
  • Matthew Fillingim
    University of California, Berkeley
  • Raphael Garcia
    National Higher School of Aeronautics and Space (Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace, or ISAE), Toulouse, France
  • James Garvin
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
  • Domenico Giardini
    ETH Zurich
  • Matt Golombek
  • John Grant
    Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
  • Matthias Grott
    DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin
  • Jurek Grygorczuk
    Astronika, Warsaw
  • Troy Hudson
  • Jessica Irving
    Princeton University
  • Catherine Johnson
    University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada/Planetary Science Institute (PSI)
  • Günter Kargl
    Austrian Academy of Sciences Space Research Institute (Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Institut für Weltraumforschung), Graz
  • Taichi Kawamura
  • Sharon Kedar
  • Scott King
    Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun MPS
  • Mark Lemmon
    Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado
  • Ralph Lorenz
    Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), Laurel, Maryland
  • Justin Maki
  • Ludovic Margerin
  • Scott McLennan
    State University of New York, Stonybrook
  • Chloë Michaut
    Lyon University (Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, or ENS Lyon)
  • David Mimoun
  • Antoine Mocquet
    University of Nantes, France
  • Paul Morgan
    Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
  • Nils Mueller
    DLR Institute of Planetary Research
  • Claire Newman
    Aeolis Research, Pasadena, California
  • Francis Nimmo
    University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Mark Panning
  • Tom Pike
    Imperial College, London
  • Jose Antonio
    Rodriguez Manfredi Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB), Madrid, Spain
  • Chris Russell
  • Nick Schmerr
    University of Maryland, College Park
  • Matthew Siegler
  • Aymeric Spiga
    Laboratory for Dynamic Meteorology (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, or LMD), Sorbonne University, Paris
  • Sabine Stanley
    Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • Nick Teanby
    University of Bristol, U.K.
  • Jeroen Tromp
    Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
  • Nick Warner
    State University of New York, Geneseo
  • Renee Weber
    NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama
  • Mark Wieczorek
    Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur (OCA), Nice, France

The camera calibration target on InSight’s deck is adorned with flags from nations participating in the mission. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Lockheed Martin Space


About Labanto

The antiqued mirror trademark LABANTO is made with a traditional process passed down through the centuries: the silvering bathroom of the flat glass and and subsequent staining for oxidation of powdered metals. This makes the mirrors Labanto of the same characteristics as those produced from the eighteenth to the twentieth century; simultaneously offering countless possibilities for producing new pieces.

About Me

Glass, liquid silver, minerals and oxidation are the principal elements of francesca brinatti’s creative process: what she looks into the mirror is not just the image of the reality reflected but also the layers that make it up. Here the matter and its memory are the real subjects of investigation where the 4 archaic elements melt into a whole: the stratification of metals regulated by the element time, the land; the liquid composition of silver plating, water; glass as a result of sand fusion, fire; and finally the air essential for the oxidation of minerals and for life.

About Us

Neuron Theme is a creative theme created and designed with love and passion.


Potato Fryers

In order to match the rising demand on fried food, Lifco presents newly-designed potato fryers and deep fryers that operate more efficiently, quickly and conveniently. Potato fryers are available in various configurations and range in capacity and other features. We can help you find the perfect potato fryer to cater to your customers’ needs and expand your fried food category.
Lifco Potato Fryers are available in Lebanon, Nigeria, Kuwait, KSA, Qatar Africa, and the GCC region


Polynomial Multiplication

Polynomial multiplication, isn’t necessarily more difficult than adding polynomials or subtracting.

It’s more that a little extra care often needs to be taken carrying out the calculations.

One of the simplest cases is when two binomial expressions are being multiplied together.
A binomial is a polynomial that contains 2 terms.

Multiplying binomials together can be done quickly, using what’s commonly known as the FOIL method, seen on the Removing Brackets page.

With polynomial multiplication involving the expressions  x + 1  and  x + 2.

Using the FOIL method the terms are multiplied out as follows.

Polynomial Multiplication with Brackets

After the 4 separate multiplications are performed in order, we have:

x2 + 2x + x + 1    =    x2 + 3x + 1

Though when there's larger polynomial expressions to deal with. Using vertical multiplication is often a better method to use.

Which is the approach that the examples on this page will demonstrate.

Polynomial Multiplication Examples

( x2 + 4x − 1 )   ×   ( x + 1 )

Vertical multiplication with polynomials follows the same structure as with numbers.

The polynomnials are placed vertically on top of one another.
Order doesn't really matter with multiplication. But here we use ascending order with the largest polynomial on top.

The polynomials are laid out so that each term is in an appropriate column with other like terms.
So an x term will be in the same column as another x term, etc.

The we multiply the terms together one by one as if they were numbers.

Placing the results below, then adding them together. Like with numbers in Long multiplication.

Vertically Multiplying Polynomials

( 2x2 + 2x − 3 )   ×   ( x2 + 3x + 1 )
Polynomial Long Multiplication
( 2x2 + 2x − 3 )   x   ( x2 + 3x + 1 )
=   2x4 + 8x3 + 5x2 − 7x − 3

( 2x2 + 2x − 3 )   ×   ( x2 + 1 )

This example is similar to the previous example (2.3).
Only the second polynomial now has no x term.

It’s helpful to have a 0 or even just a space in the correct column, to keep the calculations tidy.

Long Multiplication Example

As there’s no x term in the 2nd polynomial to multiply through by, like in (2.3), there were only 2 rows to add together here after multiplication to give the final answer.

=   2x4 + 2x3x2 + 2x − 3

 ›   ›  Polynomial Multiplication

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Private Teachers

Name Location Musicians Union Member Child Protection Training Qualifications Verified Memberships Training
Mr John Chapman BA(Hons) ARCM PGCE Wigan, Lancashire
French Horn, Trumpet, Tenor Horn, Baritone, Euphonium, Piano (basic), Woodwind (some basic knowledge)
Orchestral, Concert Band, Dance Band, Solo, Exam, Conducting, Arranging, Composition
Mr John Atkinson Lancashire
All Brass Instruments:, Trumpet (including Piccolo), Cornet (including Soprano), Flugelhorn, Tenor Horn, French Horn, Trombone, Euphonium, Baritone, Tuba and E-flat or B-flat Bass
Classical and Brass Band
Mr Adrian Boardman Morecambe, Lancashire
Cornet, Trumpet, Trombone, Tenor Horn, French Horn, Baritone, Euphonium, Tuba, Brass
Classical, Jazz, Pop, Brass Band, , An experienced brass tutor & musician with knowledge and ability in many different musical styles including jazz, classical and brass band. I teach the full range of brass instruments and can cater the tuition specifically to the aspiration and style of the individual., , I have a 100% success rate in preparing and entering pupils for practical examinations and can teach one-to-one or in groups. I place a high emphasis on musicianship and musicality and encourage my students to embrace the many different musical genres. As a musician I play professionally in jazz and function bands, musical theatre and I recently formed an 18-piece professional jazz orchestra which I lead and direct. I have played and competed at the highest level in Brass Bands and enjoyed tours in Europe and USA.
Mr Philip Edwards Preston, Lancashire
Cornet, Trumpet, Euphonium, Baritone, Tenor Horn, French Horn, Trombone, Tuba
Brassband, orchestral, GCSE theory and composition
Mr James Hall Lancashire
Trombone Specialist, , Cover: Cornet/Trumpet, Tenor Horn/ French Horn, Baritone/Euphonium, Trombone & Tuba, , Brass
Classical, Brass Band
Mr Adrian James Melia BA Hons, M Music, PGCE. Lancashire
Piano , Keyboard, French Horn, Trumpet , Cornet, Horn, Music Theory - All Grades 1-8, GCSE Music / A Level Music / A level Music Tech, Singing/Voice
Classical, Popular, Jazz, All Genres offered
Mr Matthew Palmer Bolton, Greater Manchester
Trumpet, Cornet, Flugal Horn, Tenor Horn, Euphonium, Beginner Trombone, Beginner French Horn
Classical, Brass Band, Beginner Jazz


School Chemistry Fire Victim Will Have Surgery; Other Airlifted Victim Released From Hospital - NBC4 Washington

    Organ Donation: The Ultimate Gift

    One of the students seriously burned in a chemistry class fire in Fairfax County, Virginia, will be heading into surgery next week.

    Sonya Garvis was airlifted to a D.C. hospital after Friday morning's fire, which occurred at W.T. Woodson High School as a teacher performed an experiment demonstrating the different colors of flames.

    Garvis' family told News4's Derrick Ward that she is doing well, but has serious burns on her arm. Four other students -- including another who was airlifted -- and their teacher were also hurt.

    The three students with less serious injuries were treated and released.

    One of the students who had been airlifted has now been released from Medstar Washington Hospital Center, a hospital spokesperson said Monday morning. However, it wasn't immediately clear whether it was Garvis or the other student who'd been seriously injured. NBC Washington is awaiting further information.

    The teacher who was conducting the experiment was treated at the school and was not taken to a hospital. The investigation into the explosion and fire is continuing.

    The exact nature of the experiment performed at Woodson wasn't known immediately.

    An exercise often known as "the rainbow experiment" has previously left students with serious injuries and should not be performed in classrooms, according to the U.S. Chemical Safety Board and the American Chemical Society.

    "These demonstrations present an unacceptable risk of flash fires and deflagrations that can cause serious injuries to students and teachers," the ACS said.

    In New York City, a botched rainbow experiment left a 16-year-old high school student with serious injuries in January 2014. In Hudson, Ohio, a 15-year-old prep school student and model received devastating burns from the experiment in January 2006.

    The rainbow experiment shows how various mineral salts produce flames in different colors when mixed with highly flammable methanol.

    Woodson student Daniel Dorlester said he was in the classroom of 30 sophomores Friday morning when the blast erupted about 9:40 a.m.

    "It was kind of a fireball, but it wasn't like a 'whoosh' thing that went up, it went out," he said. "[The teacher] decided to add more alcohol straight from the bottle, and at that point, it blew up and everyone started evacuating."


Information for schoolies about protecting their privacy while using social media and the risks of sexting. The State of Queensland (Schoolies) (Schoolies) Thu, 16 May 2019 13:04:20 +1000en-AUPrivacy and social media - Schoolies and social media media
Don't let a photo ruin a future. When you upload an image to social media, you never know where it may end up. What you intend to share only with friends could be viewed by a much wider audience including your family, friends, boyfriends or girlfriends and even future employers.

Before you leave for Schoolies, make sure you:

set your profiles to private or friends only and only accept friend requests from people you know and trust.

tell your friends to ask for your permission before uploading and/or tagging a photo of you and do the same for them.

When you’re at Schoolies:

think before you share. Would you be happy if your parents saw the photo? Would you be OK with a future employer seeing it?

be a good mate and don’t share embarrassing photos of your friends online. Imagine if their grandparents saw it?

remember that you may be filmed or photographed at any time.  Schoolies have been charged after their stupid behaviour was caught on camera, so be responsible and aware.

don’t film crimes or assaults to promote them online as you could be charged and face heavy fines or a criminal conviction.

if a friend has tagged you in an inappropriate photo ask them to remove the image from social media. A real friend would respect your wishes.

Check out the ThinkUKnow website for more information.
Sexting
If you receive a sexting photo, put yourself in the shoes of the person who is in the picture. They may not know the photo was taken and it is a huge breach of their privacy to send it to anyone else. Never send inappropriate images to anyone else.

If you send an explicit photo of yourself to someone you cannot control where it goes. When it's on the internet, it's on there forever. The consequences of sexting can include:

damage to your reputation

damage to your self esteem

family, friends, teachers and employers could see the photos

cyber bullying

losing valuable friendships or relationships with family members and partners

depression and anxiety.

Read more about sexting and the legal implications at The Line.
Thu, 16 May 2019 13:04:20 +1000


Kimchi made with Chinese cabbage with a spicy Korean flavor

The recipe of a classic Korean specialty.

1 earthenware pot of at least 2.0 liters.
2 x Chinese cabbage, together about 2.5 kg (preferably organic)
150 g salt, iodine free
1 carrot
1 small bunch of radish
1 onion
1 bunch of spring onions
1 bunch of chives
1 whole garlic tuber
1 piece (s) of ginger root
1 pear, peeled and pitted
4 tablespoons chili flakes, Korean, (gochu Garu), important for a good taste and a nice light red color)
1 teaspoon of chili powder, more or less depending on the desired degree of sharpness
1 tsp sugar accumulated
1 teaspoon sticky rice flour, if available, otherwise cornstarch
100 ml fish sauce, Thai or Vietnamese, or to taste
150 g of fish or seafood, for example, raw fish fillets or shrimps marinated in fish sauce.
Wash the vegetables and peel if necessary. Remove from the Chinese cabbage the outer leaves and halve the cabbage with a sharp knife in the length. Halve these halves again and remove the stump. Then cut the rest into small strips. Drain the carbon strips for a few weeks in clear water, drain well, put in a large bowl and then sprinkle with the salt. Mix well, so that the salt is present everywhere. Let the salt escape from the carbon for 2-3 hours.

In the meantime, dissolve the rice flour / cornstarch in some water and bring to a boil in a saucepan with constant stirring. Then pour into a large bowl, add the sugar and allow to cool. Small sliced fish / seafood marinate in the fish sauce. Cut carrot and radish in matchstick format. Peer and mix pear, onion, garlic and ginger through a sieve or grater. Add the chili flakes and chilli powder, the fish / seafood incl. Fish sauce in the bowl with the rice flour paste and stir into a marinade.

When the time has come, rinse the drained cabbage in at least 2 times with clear water. Drain well. Chop the spring onions and cut the chives in slashes of 3-4 cm long, cutting the white of the spring onion a little finer. Stir under the marinade and sprinkle with half a tablespoon of salt. Now mix all ingredients together. The use of rubber gloves is recommended.

Fill the stone pot with the mixture obtained, press a little. If necessary, dilute the remaining moisture with a cup of water and pour over the vegetables. Make sure a layer of moisture is above the vegetables and heavily with the stones. Close the pot and fill the water edge, put away in a place with a constant temperature of about 20 ° C. The Kimchi now start to ferment, air can get out, but not. After 2 days the kimchi is ready, put it in the refrigerator to ferment afterwards, possibly divided into clean pots. You can taste it for the first time after 8-10 days. The kimchi can be stored for a few months at 5 ° C.

The addition of fish or seafood is optional. Those who do not want can of course omit both the fish and the fish sauce.
Zucchini sweet / sour (recipe for about 12 jars)

8 courgettes
5 onions
2.5 liters of vinegar
1.5 kg of sugar
4 teaspoons of celery seed
8 teaspoons mustard seeds
4 teaspoons of koenjit (crushed yellow root)
2 teaspoons mustard seeds ground
enough salt to sprinkle everything, so that the moisture pulls out.
possibly peeled peppers in very small pieces for the color.

Wash and cut the unpeeled courgettes lengthwise, if there is a lot of spice in it, remove it a little bit with a teaspoon, then cut into slices of about 1/2 cm thick. Cut the onions through the middle and then into slices and put them in the zucchini. Sprinkle everything with salt and let it stand for 2 hours on a colander. Then rinse everything well and let it drain well again.

Bring all other ingredients to a boil and let it boil for 3 minutes. Then add the zucchini and onions, remove the pan from the heat and let it stand for at least 2 hours.
Then bring everything together to the boil and let it cook for 5 minutes. Immediately put the courgette in well-cleaned pots (with soda and rinse thoroughly).
Fill up to the edge, screw lid on and then turn upside down on a tea towel to cool down.

Delicious as a sweet / sour side dish.
Fresh herb cheese from hang on
- 250ml of homemade yogurt
- fresh herbs (chives, thyme, garlic)
- mustard

Put a bowl with a sieve and put a cheesecloth in it.
Spoon the yogurt into the cheesecloth and leave it until you have a thick mass.
Put the hangop in a bowl.

Cut the fresh herbs very finely and stir them through the hanging cup. Season with salt and pepper and half a teaspoon of mustard. Put the bowl in the refrigerator for a few hours to allow the flavors to penetrate well.

Also very tasty with a handful of nettle tops, do the tips for 2 minutes in boiling water, let them drain well and cool in a sieve. Cut them very finely and stir them together with the fresh herbs through the hanging cup.

Herbal mixtures for cheese
Cheese with herbs is very tasty! There are still some herbs or herb mixtures that are added to cheese such as cumin, chives, nettle and fenugreek.

How do you make herb cheese? You follow the normal process, but just before the curd is put into the cheese vats you mix the herbs through the curd. The amount of herbs varies per mixture, but count on 10 grams of dried herbs per 10 liters of cheese milk. If your pepper blend is used, 5 grams per 10 liters of cheese milk is sufficient.

Before you mix the herbs through the curd, the herbs are sterilized and soaked. This is done as follows: bring a small amount of water to the boil (use as little water as possible, otherwise taste will be lost) and add the required herbs. Remove from the heat source and let it soak for 1.5 to 2 hours. Now the herbs are better to mix with the curd and the boiling water reduces the risk of fungi.

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In the woods at sunrise voices speak,
dark, tunneling beneath roots.
Not uttering vast wisdom,
but saying enough.

Between our bodies some kind of energy,
not electric, but warm, a reaching.
In the day's little catastrophes some light,
soft, awakening, enough to see by.

Crossing the desert of the living room,
the impossible distance from the store,
tired, or angry, or despondent,
desperate for escape, or treaties,

when certainly the gods have left you,
you are fed. The soul's strange nourishment,
the morsel held in the palm of your disaster,
left in plain sight after every dark night.

Through your incoherent landscape runs
this steadfast mystery, the Holy One's vow
that you will make it. A layer of dew,
flakes like frost on the desert floor.


ECO 2401: Principles of Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics involves issues of the overall economic performance of a nation, rather than those of particular individuals or firms. Macroeconomics, unlike microeconomics’ analysis of individual firm and person level, deals with totals, or aggregate measures of the economy, like national income or average unemployment rates, rather than differences among individuals. Macroeconomics asks how economic aggregates are determined, why problems related to aggregate economic performance occur, and what government can and should do about such problems. In this course, students will learn that the main goal of macroeconomics is to gain a better understanding of the causes of, and remedies for, unemployment and inflation, as well as the factors that affect economic growth (unemployment, inflation, and economic growth) in both a national and international context.

  1. Define market prices and the role of supply and demand in determining prices and quantities of goods and services.
  2. Examine the effects of unemployment and inflation on the economy.
  3. Discuss the interaction of the Federal Government and the Feder al Reserve Bank in controlling the economy.
  4. Construct the aggregate expenditure and demand model of the macro economy.
  5. Recognize resource scarcity and opportunity cost as the central economic problem.
  6. Illustrate monetary theory using the money supply and demand model.
  7. Discuss various national economic indicators and how each relates to economic growth.
  8. Analyze the international economy through trade interdependences and financial interactions.

ECON macroeconomics (Rev: 4)

Publisher: Cengage Learning (2015)
Author: McEachern, W. A.
ISBN: 9781285423623
Price: $54.56


Fionn Whitehead appears in "Black Mirror: Bandersnatch." (Stuart Hendry/Netflix)

Chooseco, the publishing company behind the “Choose Your Own Adventure” children’s books, is suing Netflix over its recent film “Black Mirror: Bandersnatch.” The lawsuit, filed Friday morning in Vermont’s federal district court, claims the streaming service infringed upon the “Choose Your Own Adventure” trademark and cast a dark shadow on viewers' pleasant memories of the book series.

“Bandersnatch,” released Dec. 28, is the latest installment of “Black Mirror,” Charlie Brooker’s sci-fi series focusing on the dark and sometimes twisted ways in which technology has affected society. The film delayed the show’s fifth season and centers on a young computer programmer named Stefan (Fionn Whitehead), who creates a game based on a novel from his childhood. He describes the novel as “a ‘Choose Your Own Adventure’ book” once, though Netflix has neither described nor marketed the film as such.

Like the Chooseco book series, most popular in the 1980s and 1990s, “Bandersnatch” is interactive. Viewers have the ability to choose different paths for Stefan throughout the episode, and Netflix has said that there are five possible endings and more than a trillion story combinations overall. In true “Black Mirror” fashion, they contain extreme violence and drug use.

“Netflix has no license or authorization to use Chooseco’s trademark and, upon information and belief, used the mark willfully and intentionally to capitalize on viewers' nostalgia for the original book series,” the official complaint states, later adding that the film is “causing confusion, tarnishing, denigrating, and diluting the distinct quality" of the “Choose Your Own Adventure” name.

Proving a likelihood of confusion is key to claiming trademark infringement. In a Friday news release, Chooseco co-founder Shannon Gilligan said “Bandersnatch” has introduced a number of related challenges for the independent publishing company.

The filed complaint also mentions that Twentieth Century Fox has an option contract with Chooseco to develop a “Choose Your Own Adventure” film series. Netflix had pursued a license to use the name in films and interactive cartoons in 2016, it continues, but “extensive negotiations” between the publisher and the streaming service were ultimately unsuccessful.

Chooseco is seeking at least $25 million in damages, citing unfair competition and false designation of origin along with trademark infringement. A Netflix representative declined to comment on the lawsuit.

This isn’t the first time Netflix has faced this sort of legal trouble. The Satanic Temple filed a $50 million copyright lawsuit against the company in November, claiming it had copied the temple’s statue of Baphomet in “The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina.” They settled the case later that month, with Netflix agreeing to acknowledge the similarities in the end credits of episodes that had already been filmed.

Read more:

What to know about ‘Black Mirror: Bandersnatch,’ the Netflix choose-your-own-adventure story

‘Stranger Things’ creators deny accusation of stealing the show’s premise


Student Spotlight: Jake Fortuna

Friday, February 8th, 2019

The Freshman Girl’s showed a similar story, with Chatham’s Katie O’Neill (at 18 minutes and 32 seconds) and Carly Booth (at 18 minutes and 49 seconds) taking first and second for the Freshman Girls Cross Country Race respectively.

The success was led by multiple Chatham Cross Country prodigies, all of whom have consistently ranked top-tier in every race. The combined result of this, as well as Chatham’s great coaching work from Patrick Barry and Nicholas DeSantis, ultimately lead to a successful season.

One of the most prominent Jake Fortuna, is currently a freshman at CHS. He has consistently scored big for the team (along with other names such as Jack Tapper, Nyle Sabih, Jack Davenport, Ryan Roskell, Aidan Johnson, and Patrick Grosso filling up the top spots). These star-runners have lead Chatham to various wins over some other tough schools. Fortuna finished the race at a time of 14 minutes and 18 seconds, just behind Jack Tapper’s impressive 14 minutes and 3 seconds, taking both third and second in the race respectively.

I reached out to Jake for comments on his experience running for this team, and in a rather relaxed manner, this is what he had to say:

Q: Do you have any people you look up to in sports?

A: My inspiration in sports would probably have to be Matt Doherty (Mega-Matt) [Freshman at CHS] and Sam Ellis. They are my inspirations.

Q: What do you admire most about them?

A: They always grind out practice no matter the circumstances. Additionally, Mega Matt always pushes me to work as hard as I possibly can at all times. Sam Ellis (Sommy Boy) also pushes me to work hard, he is a true inspiration for me.

Q: What would you say is the highlight in your sports experience?

A: The highlight of my experience would have to be when I ran my personal best 5 kilometer during this year’s cross country season.

Q: Do you have any advice for aspiring athletes?

A: My advice to other athletes would be to work as hard as you can every day during practice.

Thank you, Jake, for some great insight. He is a charismatic freshman that has consistently shown his prowess in Cross Country, and is a prominent competitor in the Winter Track season, and people should take his advice about working hard to achieve greatness.

We hope the best for the Chatham Cross Country Team, and with winter track looking to be a repeat of dominance, this year’s impressive results give us a taste of what’s to come.


Lasallian pupils spend most of their time at the school premises. Consequently, they are provided with healthful nutritious delicious foods at reasonable prices. Our cafeteria is a clean at all times.

Besides health inspections are held to make sure those foods and drinks served are fresh. Therefore, are prohibited and fresh drinks are served. To sum up, quality of the food and hygiene are well maintained.


Auchenorrhyncha Duméril, 1806

Selected references
Duméril 1806a
Deitz 2008a (and updates). “DrMetcalf” provides online access to information on the suborder Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, spittlebugs, and treehoppers), including an extensive, searchable bibliographic database (literature through1955).
Auchenorrhyncha is the scientific name of the hemipteran suborder that includes planthoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs, leafhoppers, and treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera). Planthoppers belong to the Infraorder Fulgoromorpha [a group not included in the Treehoppers database]. Treehoppers and the remaining groups belong to the infraorder Cicadomorpha.
Phylogenetic relationships
Recent phylogenetic analyses (based DNA nucleotide sequence data from seven gene regions) support the monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha, as well as each of the following lineages: Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Heteropterodea, Heteroptera, Fulgoroidea [= Fulgoromorpha], Cicadomorpha, Membracoidea, Cercopoidea and Cicadoidea (Cryan and Ubran 2012).
Taxonomic constituents
Prepared by
Our current data on this group being limited to selected taxa, we provide external links to the pages on Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadomorpha, and Fulgoromorpha in the “Encyclopedia of Life.” Lewis L. Deitz, 8 November 2013.


Department of Pharmacy

The Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore - Islamabad Campus, is consisting of teachers who are competent to impart professional and technical education to pharmacy students. Faculty members are striving to the best of their ability to prepare the students for future challenges through the development of communication,problem solving skills, caring, professionalism, innovation, productivity andmoral ethics among students.

The curriculum emphasizes a patient centred course of study and involves a structure that will enable students to develop into reflective practitioners with skills and attitudes to evaluate critically and modify practices in a timely and effective manner.


MANTIS for Compressor maintenance

With SMARTLINK monitoring program, Atlas Copco makes use of connectivity data and data intelligence to help customer to keep up their production uptime and to improve, when possible, energy efficiency.

With approximately 100,000 machines connected with SMARTLINK, Atlas Copco makes compressors in the field communicate directly with the back office and their service technicians.

Atlas Copco’s SMARTLINK technology allows for remote monitoring of compressors in the fields.

Customers become more proactive, planning is more efficient and reliability of the compressed air installations is better than ever before.

Customers of SMARTLINK get a monthly overview of machine information, including running hours and the time left before service, thus allowing them to order a service visit at the right time, maintaining maximum uptime and energy efficiency.

With SMARTLINK they can closely follow up on machine warnings via email or SMS. With this information they can take the necessary actions to prevent a breakdown.

With the MANTIS project, Atlas Copco will take proactive maintenance to the next level, by:

  • predicting the remaining useful life of consumables and components that are subject to wear
  • detecting upcoming problems or inefficiencies before they deteriorate
  • remotely diagnosing the root cause of an unplanned shutdown
During the MANTIS project, Atlas Copco will take proactive maintenance to the next level by predicting component lifetime, by detecting anomaly and by perform remote diagnosis of the compressed air installation.

Moreover, in order to reduce communication costs, smart sensing technology is being investigated, or how local preprocessing of information can significantly reduce the amount of data to be transmitted.

A major challenge for Atlas Copco is the huge variety of compressor types and operating conditions. To process this enormous amount of information, self-learning techniques are combined with physics-based compressor models. Eventually, these will enable the discovery of new patterns in data, collected on a worldwide scale.

The ultimate goal is to translate these data into actionable information for the global service network.

Service interventions will be planned even better and will be shorter and more efficient. Problems will be fixed in one visit, as technicians will know in advance what to do and what parts to bring.

The results of the project will allow better service planning, shorter visits and first time fix, thus reducing downtime for the end customers and ensuring sustainable productivity

For the customer, this means no unnecessary maintenance, less planned or unplanned downtime, therefore achieving maximum productivity.

Analyzing maintenance log data to predict system failures

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are often very complex and require a tight interaction between hardware and software. As it happens in almost any software systems, also CPS  generate different kinds of logs of the activities performed, including correct operations, warnings, errors, etc. Frequently, the logs generated are specific to the different subsystems and are generated independently. Such logs contains a wealth of information that needs to be extracted and that can be analyzed in different ways to understand how the single subsystem behaves and even retrieve information about the behavior of the overall system. In particular, considering the generated logs, it is possible to:

  1. Analyze the behavior of a single subsystem looking at the data generated by each one in an independent way;
  2. Analyze the overall behavior of the system looking at the correlations among the data generated by the different subsystems

Such data are very useful to understand the behavior of a system and are often used to perform post-mortem analysis when some failures happen. However, such data could also be used to understand in a more comprehensive way how the system behaves through a real-time analysis able to monitor continuously the different subsystems and their interactions. In particular, it is possible to focus on preventing failures through predictive maintenance triggered by specific analysis.

Making predictions about system failures analyzing log files is possible but such predictions are strictly related to some characteristics of such files. In particular, some very important characteristics are: data generation frequency, information details, history.

The data generation frequency needs to be related to the prediction time and the time required to take proper actions. For example, if we need to detect a failure and take proper action in a few minutes, we need to use data generated with a higher frequency (e.g., in the scale of the seconds) and we cannot use data generated with a lower one (e.g., in the scale of the hours). This requirement affects the ability to make predictions and their usefulness to implement proper maintenance actions.

The information details provided need to include proper granularity and meaningful massages. In particular, it is important to get detailed information about errors, warnings, operations performed, status of the system, etc. The specific details required are tightly connected to the specific predictions that are needed. Moreover, the finer the granularity of the information, the higher are the chances of being able to create a proper prediction model.

High quality data history is required to build proper prediction models. However, just having a large dataset is not enough. Historical data need to be representative of the operating environment and include all the possible cases that may happen during  operations. In particular, it is required to have information about the log entries and the actual behavior of the system to create a reliable model of the reality.

The requirements described are just a first step towards the definition of a proper predictive maintenance model but they are essential. Moreover, the proper approaches and algorithms need to be selected based on the specific system and the related operating conditions.

Reference Architecture of the Portuguese Mantis Pilot

adira greenbender gb-22040 MANTIS
Adira –  Greenbender GB-22040

System Architecture

architechture of the maintenance system for MANTIS
architecture of the maintenance system for MANTIS

Data Analysis

Ongoing work

Watch the whole demonstration here:

Deep learning for predictive maintenance

There are two extreme approaches to predicting failures for predictive maintenance. The white box approach relies on manually constructed physical and mechanical models for predicting the failures. The black box approach, on the other hand, relies on failure prediction models constructed using statistical and machine learning methods based on the data gathered from a running system. The figure below illustrates such data driven failure prediction for a machine monitored by three sensors.

data driven failure prediction
data driven failure prediction

Machine learning algorithms are used to identify failure patterns in the sensor data that precede a machine failure. When such patterns are observed in operation, an alarm can be triggered to take corrective action to prevent or mitigate the eminent failure. For example, failure predictions can be used to optimize the maintenance actions, such as scheduling the service engineers or managing the spare parts storage to reduce the downtime cost.

Automatic feature extraction

An important part of modeling a failure predictor is selecting or constructing the right features, i.e. selecting existing features from the data set, or constructing derivative features, which are most suitable for solving the learning task.

Traditionally, the features are selected manually, relying on the experience of process engineers who understand the physical and mechanical processes in the analyzed system. Unfortunately, manual feature selection suffers from different kinds of bias and is very labor intensive. Moreover, the selected features are specific to a particular learning task, and cannot be easily reused in a different task (e.g. the features which are effective for predicting failures in one production line will not necessarily be effective in a different line).

Deep learning techniques investigated in the MANTIS project offer an alternative to manual feature selection.  It refers to a branch of machine learning based on algorithms which automatically extract abstract features from the raw data that are most suitable for solving a particular learning task. Predictive maintenance can benefit from such automatic feature extraction to reduce effort, cost and delay that are associated with extracting good features.

WorkShop programme and registration

S[&]T corporation: Your partner in smart manufacturing

Decision Support Systems

GUI of Mission Execution Crew Assistant
GUI of Mission Execution Crew Assistant

System Health Management

Rocket propellant with graphical analysis of the system health management
Rocket propellant with graphical analysis of the system health management
An example of system health management
Rocket propellant with graphical analysis of the system health management

Internet of Things Applications in Future Manufacturing

Early detection of fissures in industrial structures

Solution approaches

Installation requirements

Current tests

Conductive ink structures
Conductive ink structures

Fissure detection measurements
Fissure detection measurements