The need of multicultural education in america

Differences between school regions also differentiate the expenditures of the government. These activities include certain metaphors, which include both parents and students in the program Colorado State University Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Language choice and human rights in the United States.

Macias, R. All dimensions are interrelated, but each needs attention to detail and focus.

why is multicultural education important

The Black Population: S is the source and starting point of multiculturalism. Canada: New Society. They usually have a good income, although they do not own property.

multicultural education articles

Lyons, C. Banks, J. In its second variation, elementary primary school starts at the age of six and continues for four years. The view that women were subordinate to men and could only function as mothers and homemakers became a source of widespread concern.

Education for democracy.

multicultural education pdf

Similarly, the wealth of a family determines its expenditures in insurance, corporate stock ownership, or property.

Rated 10/10 based on 90 review
(DOC) Multicultural Education in the USA


Daryll Sneden

Juried Artisan

Combining old and familiar weaving drafts into nontraditional patterns

Member of Trail Networks:

Click on an image to enlarge it:

I draw upon my career experience in computer technology to create complex cloth on a multishaft computer assisted loom. I combine old and familiar weaving drafts into nontraditional patterns, and then further manipulate the patterns by mirroring, echoing, and networking to create new and unique structures.

Adding color to these structures allows me to either achieve subtle nuances in the fabrics, or to generate bold geometric statements, creating beauty from merely structure.

Computer technology allows me to explore hundreds of potential structures, and to manipulate these structures into a multitude of new variations before choosing those which will weave into the most harmonious, yet tantalizing, cloth.

Daryll Sneden

1570 Horsepen Hills Rd.
Maidens, VA 23102

Artisan Trail Network Sponsors

Virginia Commission for The Arts
Virginia is for Lovers


17.1 Fungal fermentations in submerged liquid cultures

It was the brewer who invented industrial fermentation; using yeast in a pot to make beer. Today, fermentation engineers manufacture, separate and purify products that serve many different sectors of industry, ranging from chemical feedstocks, pharmaceuticals, foods, and biofuels, as well as beverages. The industry is continuing to refine (and redefine) itself for production of heterologous proteins, vaccines, hormones, urgently-needed novel antibiotics, as well as animal cell culture, bioprocessing and post-genomics metabolic engineering. In this Chapter we will give you a good foundation to all this, but if you want to venture further into the topic you need to read these books: Bioprocess Engineering Principles (Doran, 2012); Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook (Vogel & Todaro, 2014); and Principles of Fermentation Technology (Stanbury et al., 2016).

There are two basic fermenter culture systems: closed (‘batch’) and open (‘continuous’) systems although there are several ways of operating batch cultures, which may be stirred (that is, agitated by being shaken or mixed with an impeller) or unstirred, and there are several ways of controlling continuous systems. Leaving the variations aside for the moment, the main features of these two basic fermenter culture systems are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of the main features of the two basic fermenter culture systems, batch and continuous
Type of culture system
Closed system
Batch culture
Open system
Continuous culture
NOT replenished
Products of growth
NOT removed
Environmental conditions
NOT constant
Exponential growth
Lasts only a few generations
Lasts indefinitely

A batch culture is so called because it is a single batch (or quantity) of medium that is inoculated with the organism to produce the new culture. It will be incubated at the best temperature (determined by experiment), but after inoculation no further change or addition is made to the culture until it is harvested at the end of the incubation period (at a time chosen by the experimenter). A batch culture may be stationary, in which case the microorganism may grow in suspension within the fluid medium, or may float and grow as a surface culture. Batch cultures may alternatively be agitated in some way, the agitation being intended to improve gas exchange (most usually uptake of oxygen into the medium and release of carbon dioxide from the medium). Small, laboratory scale cultures are most often cultivated in conical flasks, agitated on shakers that may be reciprocating (a back and forth linear motion) or orbital (a circular motion that swirls the fluid in the vessel).

Larger cultures, including those on industrial scales of up to hundreds of cubic metres capacity, will be cultivated in what are known as stirred tank reactors (STRs) in which the fluid is stirred by a centrally-placed impeller (an impeller is a bladed rotor). In industrial fermenters the ratio of tank height to diameter averages 1.8 (that is, they tend to be tall cylinders); the tanks are filled to about 70% of their absolute volume; impeller rotors extend over about 40% of the tank diameter; agitation power varies between 2 and 6 kW m-3; and impeller tip speed averages 5.5 m s-1. Such impeller speeds fragment mycelia and loosely aggregated masses of mycelia (called flocs), which is an advantage overall as it improves nutrient supply, including oxygen, to the biomass.

We will discuss variations on the batch process, the various continuous culture processes, and aspects of fermenter design below; for the moment we want to concentrate on the practicalities of batch culture and the behaviour of the fungi, especially filamentous fungi, in laboratory scale cultures. So in the following paragraphs think in terms of cultures of the sort you might make up yourself in conical flasks for incubation on a shaker in an incubator.

Updated July, 2019


Financing Intercollegiate Athletics: The Role of Monitoring and Enforcing NCAA Recruiting Regulations

Brad R. Humphreys
Jane E. Ruseski

Many economists view the NCAA as a cartel in the market for college athletes. Financially, this cartel allows NCAA members to attract and retain college athletes for the price of a ¡°grant-in-aid¡± without competitively bidding for the labor services of student-athletes, greatly reducing operating costs relative to a competitive market for athletes. A functioning cartel must have both monitoring of the members and an enforcement mechanism to punish violators. We investigate the factors that explain observed periods of probation in NCAA Division I-A football over the period 1978-2005. From 1978-1993, but not after, lagged winning percentage, unfilled stadium seats, and years of head coaching experience explain probation. The NCAA changed its enforcement policy in 1993, and football conference stability decreased as well during this period. These changes may explain the reduction in predictability of probation.


Definitions for "Gratitude"
Gratitude, appreciation, or thankfulness, is an emotion, which involves a feeling of emotional indebtedness towards another person; often accompanied by a desire to thank them, or to reciprocate for a favour they have done for you. In a religious context, gratitude can also refer to a feeling of indebtedness towards a deity, e.g. the expression of gratitude to God is a central theme of Christianity.
Gratitude is Gratitude's first and only album. It was released on March 8, 2005 on Atlantic Records.
Gratitude is an album by the band Earth, Wind & Fire. It was released in December 1975 (see 1975 in music), and re-issued on May 9, 2000 (see 2000 in music).


• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is not just one disease but a group of cancers that originate in cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes.

    • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas often begin in lymph nodes,but may arise in any organ of the body, including kidneys, liver, spleen, bone, bone marrow, skin, and brain.
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas occur in both children and adults. However, the particular types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that are most common in children are different from those in adults, and treatment recommendations and outcomes are different for children than for adults.
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are, as a group, the third most common childhood cancer, accounting for 7 percent of pediatric cancers.
    • More than 80 percent of children and adolescents with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are cured.
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma differs from Hodgkin lymphoma in that Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (mature B cells that are unusually large), but non-Hodgkin lymphomas do not have these cells.

    Types of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:

    Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's

    What is the lymph system?

    What are the different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

    The World Health Organization (WHO) divides non-Hodgkin lymphoma into different categories based on various features of the lymphoma, such as the type of lymphocyte that has become cancerous. The two types of lymphocytes that most commonly cause lymphomas are B-cells and T-cells. Within each of these cell types, the cancer may grow from immature cells or mature cells. Therefore, most non-Hodgkin lymphomas fall into one of three groups:

    1. mature B-cell lymphomas
    2. mature T-cell lymphomas
    3. immature B- or T-cell lymphomas

    Treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma depends on the particular lymphoma diagnosis.

    To determine the correct diagnosis, expert pathologists examine the lymphoma under the microscope and use specialized molecular tests. The pathologist evaluates many features of the cancer, including the size, shape and physical details of the tumor cells, the pattern of how the cells are arranged within the tumor, the presence of certain proteins and gene markers that the tumor cells express, and certain details of how the lymphoma presents in the patient.

    Within the WHO classification of NHL, most non-Hodgkin lymphomas of children and adolescents are one of the following types:

    Mature B-cell lymphomas

    • Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer of mature B-cell lymphocytes. Under the microscope, the lymph node often has a “starry sky” pattern. The lymphoma cells express a marker called CD20 and usually have an abnormality of the c-myc gene that can be detected by specialized testing. This type of lymphoma is a rapidly growing cancer, often involving the lymphatic tissue in the abdomen, neck, tonsils, sinuses, or near the spine. It can also involve the bone marrow and present as a leukemia with tumor cells in the blood.
    • Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is another lymphoma of mature B-cell lymphocytes and also expresses the protein marker called CD20. Although this type of lymphoma is more common in adults than in children, it is biologically different in the two age groups and is generally very curable in children and adolescents. In children, this lymphoma is usually treated like Burkitt lymphoma.
    • Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is another mature B-cell lymphoma that usually presents in the chest (mediastinum) and has features similar to both Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Like other mature B-cell lymphomas, PMBL expresses the marker CD20 on the tumor cells. PMBL most commonly affects adolescents and young adults and may be treated the same way in both age groups.
    • Rare lymphomas of mature B-cells include pediatric follicular lymphoma and pediatric MALT lymphoma.

    Mature T-cell lymphomas

    • Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) arises from mature T-cell lymphocytes. Children with this lymphoma can present with fever and symptoms that mimic other illnesses. The tumor can present in multiple lymph nodes and in the abdomen, chest, bone, and skin. The tumor cells express a marker called CD30 and usually have a rearrangement of a gene called ALK that can be detected by specialized testing.
    • Rare lymphomas of mature T-cells include various types of peripheral T-cell lymphomas and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.

    Immature B and T-cell lymphomas

    • Lymphoblastic lymphoma arises from immature precursor lymphocyte cells called lymphoblasts. These may be T-cell or B-cell lymphoblasts but more commonly are of the T-cell type. This lymphoma usually presents with a mass in the chest and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, but it may involve any organ in the body, including skin, bone, bone marrow, and kidneys. B and T lymphoblasts are the same type of cells that cause the most common type of childhood leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lymphoblastic lymphoma is treated in the same way as acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is sometimes categorized according to where it arises in the body.

    • Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare lymphoma and requires specialized treatment with chemotherapy that can enter the brain and nervous system.
    • Cutaneous lymphomas are lymphomas that are only present in the skin. These are rare lymphomas in children.

    What are the causes and symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

    Doctors do not know what causes most cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The majority of instances of NHL in children are not caused by anything that can be prevented.

    There are some known risk factors that might increase a child’s likelihood of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These affect only a small percentage of children. Risk factors include:

    • a weakened immune system due to inborn or acquired immunodeficiency diseases,
    • treatment with immune-suppressive medications,
    • a history of exposure to chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer, or
    • prior infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In some children, EBV infection may later lead to lymphoma, but most children and adults do not develop lymphoma after an EBV infection.

    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms

    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms vary depending on the type of lymphoma (see types of lymphoma section above) and where the lymphoma is located. Sometimes symptoms of generalized illness, such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss, may go along with NHL. These symptoms are referred to as “B” symptoms. Other times, there are no symptoms except an enlarging lymph node or lump. The disease can progress quickly over days to weeks or can have a very slow pace of progression over many months.

    The location where the lymphoma is growing in the body often explains the symptoms.

    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the chest may present with cough, difficulty breathing, especially when lying flat, or swelling of the face and neck.
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the abdomen may present with swelling of the abdomen, belly pain, decreased appetite, constipation, or obstruction to passing urine.
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma next to the spine may present with weakness of the legs, loss of ability to walk, or loss of control over bowel movements or urination.
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the lymph nodes or skin may present as a slowly growing lump at the site of the tumor, such as in the neck, armpit, groin, or anywhere in the skin, including the scalp.

    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms may resemble those of other more common medical problems. It is important to have your child evaluated by a qualified medical professional for an accurate diagnosis.

    How is non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed and staged?

    The first step in treating NHL is making an accurate diagnosis. When the symptoms and findings on physical examination raise the possibility of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, laboratory tests and radiology tests will usually be done to help guide how best to determine the diagnosis. To make a definite non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, a sample of the tumor needs to be obtained for evaluation by the pathologist. This usually is done by having a surgeon or interventional radiology doctor remove a piece of tumor (biopsy). Sometimes the diagnosis may be made by evaluating fluid removed for the chest or abdomen or by removing a small piece of bone marrow to be examined under the microscope.

    The second step in treating NHL is to determine how much the disease has spread within the body. The extent of disease is called the “stage” of the lymphoma. Knowing the stage helps to determine the strength of the treatment that is needed to cure the lymphoma. The process of finding all of the sites of disease in the body is called “staging.” Staging involves doing radiology tests, such as PET, CT, and MRI scans; sampling the bone marrow with a needle into the hip bones; and obtaining spinal fluid with a needle into the space between the bones of the lower spine (lumbar puncture).

    The information learned from the scans and from the bone marrow and spinal fluid evaluations is used to assign a “stage” that describes how extensive the lymphoma is. More than one staging system is used for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Whereas in adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a system called the Ann Arbor Staging System is commonly used, in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the most common system of staging is the St. Jude/Murphy Staging System. This system is summarized below:

    • Stage I – The tumor is at one site only, except not in the chest, abdomen, or next to the spine or brain.
    • Stage II – The tumor is at two or more sites, all either in the upper half or the lower half of the body, but not in the chest, next to the spine or brain, or in the abdomen (unless completely surgically removed). The division between the upper and lower body is at the breathing muscle called the diaphragm that separates the chest from the abdomen.
    • Stage III – The tumor is at two or more sites in both the upper and lower halves of the body or any tumor in the chest, any tumor in the abdomen that is not removed by surgery, and any tumor next to the spinal cord or brain but does not involve the bone marrow or the central nervous system (the brain or spinal fluid).
    • Stage IV – The tumor is at any location and also is in the bone marrow and/or central nervous system. Stage IV is also subdivided depending on the amount of cancer cells present in the bone marrow. More than 25% lymphoma cells in the bone marrow is generally considered to be leukemia rather than lymphoma.

    Because the common childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas often are located in the chest, abdomen, or next to the spine or brain, many children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have stage III or IV disease when they are diagnosed.

    What are the treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

    The major factor in deciding the treatment strategy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the specific type of lymphoma. The other important consideration is whether the cancer is localized to a specific part of the body (low stage; stage I or II) or has spread to different parts of the body (advanced stage; stage III or IV). Generally, stronger treatment is needed for successful treatment of advanced stage lymphoma.

    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment may include:

    • Chemotherapy: By far the most common treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is drug treatment that works by interfering with the cancer cells’ ability to grow or reproduce. Several different chemotherapy drugs are combined to provide the most effective treatment for the lymphoma. Commonly used drugs in the treatment of lymphoma are cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and methotrexate, among others. Different chemotherapy drugs work in different ways. Chemotherapy may be given by mouth, by injection into the muscle or directly into the vein (IV), or as a direct injection into the spinal fluid through a needle (lumbar puncture). Chemotherapy into the spinal fluid is commonly used as part of the treatment of NHL in children.
    • Targeted therapy: Antibodies, immune cell therapies, and drugs that target lymphoma cells directly or help the body’s own immune system to attack the cancer have become important tools in fighting lymphoma. Rituximab is an antibody that targets CD20 on mature B-cell lymphomas. Brentuximab is an antibody-chemotherapy combination that targets lymphomas with CD30 expression, such as Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Other types of immunotherapy are currently being investigated in the treatment of lymphoma.
    • CAR T-cell therapy: Pediatric B-cell lymphomas, such as Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, are usually cured with chemotherapy. However, for patients with lymphoma that does not respond to chemotherapy or that comes back after initial treatment, a cure can be difficult to achieve. CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T-cell therapy is a promising new treatment for these challenging cases of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It works by modifying the patient's own T-cells, a normal part of the body’s immune system, to make cells that hunt and destroy the abnormal cancer cells.
    • Stem cell transplant: When a lymphoma is completely resistant to initial treatment or recurs despite initial treatment, high dose chemotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant may be a good treatment option. In a stem cell transplant for NHL, the transplanted bone marrow is usually the patient's own (autologous), rather than someone else’s (allogeneic).
    • Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays (radiation) from a specialized machine to damage or kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. This type of therapy is not commonly used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children.
    • Surgery may be needed to biopsy the tumor to make an accurate diagnosis or to confirm that the tumor has responded well to treatment but usually does not have a role in the treatment of pediatric NHL.

    The lymphoma specialists at Dana Farber/Boston Children’s determine the best treatment approach for each child's unique situation based on the type of lymphoma, the extent of the disease, the patient’s medical condition, the patient and family’s preferences, and the most up-to-date medical knowledge about lymphoma therapies.

    What is the latest research on non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

    Clinical Trials

    What is the long-term outlook for children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

    The long-term outlook for children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma is excellent. More than 80 percent of children are cured and can resume a normal life, returning to school, social activities, and athletics, typically within a year after diagnosis.

    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivorship care

    All kids who have been treated for cancer require ongoing, specialized care. Through the David B. Perini Jr. Quality of Life Clinic, our cancer survivorship clinic, childhood cancer survivors receive regular, comprehensive follow-up evaluations from their cancer care team. In addition to meeting with your pediatric oncologists, your child may see one of our endocrinologists, cardiologists, neurologists, neuro-psychologists, or alternative/complementary therapy specialists. We also offer patient and family education, psychosocial assessment, genetic counseling, reproductive counseling, and opportunities to speak with other childhood cancer survivors.

  • Hematologic Malignancy Clinical Trials

    Search our wide range of clinical trials for hematologic malignancies, including lymphoma, leukemia, and histiocytosis.callout bg
  • Video: Stem Cell Transplant


Slots_mypics is a 5 reel X 25 Payline videoslot with FreeSpin Feature and a 'Your Choice" theme. You are able to insert your own graphics ( 6 of them ) of anything you like, family pics, stamp collection,pets etc.NOTE :- There are full instructions given on how to insert your own graphics and the operation is quite simple but there will be ABSOLUTELY NO help given with this operation. The only function disabled in the "Shareware" version is the ability to insert your own pictures. Wild cards substitute for all other symbols including scatters. A combination of 3 or more scatters will trigger the feature where you can win up to 20 free games. During the free games any wild card involved in a pay will multiply the pay by the amount shown.


Lasik Eye Surgery Cost

You will find that Lasik eye surgery cost are different from one surgeon to another and can vary based upon the geographical location of the potential candidate. The only sure standard for Lasik is that it is not a cheap corrective eye procedure. The prices of refractive surgery are often quoted for on eye and therefore, the total cost to get Lasik done will have to be considered when you are getting costs estimates.

Ever so often, a person may go in to get eye laser treatment based upon the financial terms agreed upon between the Lasik MD and the patient. However, there are other incidental costs that can arise that may drive up the total cost of the surgery. The technologies that are used to perform the procedure is very expensive and a if for instance you elect to get the operation done using wavefront Lasik, which is more precise, or bladeless Intralase, the cost will be different that the standard costs of getting the surgery done with bladed instruments.

Typical Lasik Costs

When we are looking at the average costs for Lasik, there can be a wide difference in what typical laser eye centers promote in many advertisements. As an example, if you see a promotional piece advertising Lasik eye correction for $420 for each eye, there’s a very good chance that you will end up paying far more.  The main reason for variance is that most people never fully qualify for such steep discounts without the need for additional corrective measures.

One may be surprised to know that the average costs associated with Lasik surgery has not increased that much during that past three years, even though new technologies such as precision wavefront-guided Lasik procedures have greatly enhanced the success of laser eye treatments. While the average cost in 2009 was approximately $2,300 the price actually dropped a little in 2010 by as much as $200.

Currently the national average costs are as follows:

– $2,160 – for Lasik-guided wavefront where a laser is employed to create the corneal flap.
– $2,140 – the standard price for all laser-based medical procedures where lasers are used to correct vision.
– $1,490 – for all Lasik procedures where bladed instruments are used to perform the surgery.

These figures are only national estimates and do not take into account that you may be charged a higher price to get the process done. There are others factors that come into the mix that a person generally does not think of.  These factors can include an assortment of things such as the costs associated with anesthesia, the prices for surgical garments, post Lasik care, any prescriptions that may be needed during the curing process as well as the need to treat any complications should they arise.

Comparing Lasik Eye Surgery Costs

When you are shopping around for a surgeon, there is no need to be confused.  There are a number of factors to compare before you make your final decision. These factors do influence what a patient will ultimately pay and also helps to ensure that you receive a quality experience at an affordable price.

Seven things you need to keep in mind when you are prospecting for quotes are:

First, when you are looking to compare prices, ask if the laser surgery will be done with using precision wavefront guided equipment?

Secondly, will you get a laser created flap or will the procedure be perform using a bladed instrument?

Third, when you are getting quotes, if the price for Lasik is somewhat higher than the community average, can the surgeon justify the higher price when compared to other doctors in your area?

Fourth, if the quote to have the surgery done is significantly lower that the area average, does this mean that you are receiving an incredible discount or does it mean that the surgeon lacks professional credentials, experience and laser training?

Fifth, how much will it cost you for any pot medications that you may have to take and how many time will you have to refill the prescription?

Sixth, how many follow-up visits will you have to make and what will each subsequent visit cost you?

Seven, what types of complications can arise and what are the costs to deal with those complications?

Those four questions will help guide you when you are looking for a Lasik eye surgeon.  The most important thing is to ask questions and take plenty of notes as you interview each doctor. Listen carefully to what the prospective surgeon is saying to you when it comes to the Lasik price, the process they are going to use and what to expect as the final outcome.

Finally, ask each eye laser surgeon to provide his or her credentials so you know you are in care of a surgeon that is properly licensed to perform Lasik surgery.  You may be tempted to choose a surgeon based on the cheapest price. Selecting discount Lasik over qualifications and experience is not wise when you are dealing with your vision. It is always best to find the most qualified doctor to perform vision correction.  Savings do not equal quality and can cost you in the long run if you choose unwisely.

When you are looking for a surgeon, seek the most experienced and then look for creative ways to finance the surgery. Most insurance companies do not honor Lasik surgery since they list it as an elective alteration. However, there are several financial lenders that specialize in financing the costs the get various surgeries for the eyes. Should you qualify, you may be eligible for a fixed-rate loan with extended repayments. If you are an employee, you may qualify for subsidized vision plans that may help defray Lasik costs. See your human resources personal to inquire about the benefits.

Additional Information on Lasik:


Caroline Dream2018-09-17T23:40:23+00:00
Caroline Dream
I absolutely adore laughter. I love feeling it, sharing it, hearing it and provoking it. It’s my passion, which is why I’ve spent so much time with clowns, clowning, teaching others to clown and writing about my art. I know that there’s so much more to this ancient and heart-warming art, but it’s still the joy of laughter that motivates and inspires me.

____ short bio ____


Compliance and Integrity

In the earliest stages, organizational ethics centered on the narrow perspective of ethics—the notion of compliance. Are we following the laws? Are we at risk from litigation? If so, how do we minimize that risk?

Ethics programs matured and ethics officers, most of whom are selected from the managerial ranks with little, if any, special preparation, developed increased sophistication regarding the challenges facing their organizations. Both the ethics officers and their organizations began to embrace personal and corporate values in decision making (value-based decision making) as the logical expansion of the definition of what it means to be ethical. What has emerged is what many ethics officers today characterize as the “best practices” model of the ethics office and of a values-based corporation.

But change continues. What is emerging today is a more holistic definition of what it means to be a “good” corporation. This new, global view will again help to reshape the responsibilities and focus of the ethics officer.

The shift to a global perspective means another broadening of the definition of ethics. “Global Integrity” is the latest descriptor, and it embraces both compliance and ethics. It also adds concern for rule of law, human rights, good governance, labor/child labor concerns, anti-corruption/anti-bribery, concern for the environment, safety, social responsibility, good corporate citizenship, and respect for the whole diverse array of local cultures to the definition. This increases the organization’s obligation to reach beyond traditional company boundaries to consider how decisions would affect the surrounding community. One consequence of this new global definition of the organizational ethics is increased scrutiny by stakeholders, especially advocacy groups and the media.

Corporate ethics officers, especially those in multinational corporations and/or corporations with global suppliers/markets, are being challenged with fundamental questions in this expanded integrity area. Perhaps the most common, and most challenging, is how the corporation will balance the desire for global standards (consistency) against the need for local application of standards.

Goodbye Industrial Economy, Hello Global Knowledge Economy

A Socially Responsive Company

Executive leaders of largest corporations have been confronted with an unprecedented increase in the social issues impinging upon their business policies and practices. Not only have a variety of social regulations have been developed that apply universally to all industries, but each industry has also experienced to varying degrees a proliferation of industry-specific challenges for the corporate social environment.

In response to the pressures, businesses have increased their efforts to manage for corporate social environment. The social environment encompasses business activities influenced by various community and government groups. Many chief executives spend more time on the external affairs of the business than any other activity. Most executives allocate significant personnel, time, and budget to the creation of elaborate staff groups to help them understand and manage this environment and its challenges.

Some firms may be more vulnerable to social group pressure and social regulation than others. A number of factors have been identified as contributing to this vulnerability. A firm may be more vulnerable to social forces if the firm is:

  • A large-sized or well-known company thus presenting a big target.
  • Located in an urban area and under increased scrutiny by the media and social groups.
  • Producing a consumer-oriented product viewed as a necessity by the public.
  • Providing a product or service that may cause harm or injury to the user.
  • Part of a heavily regulated industry that is expected to meet high public expectations.

Attitude and Customer Liaison

Customer Retention Program

To develop an effective customer retention (CR) program, organization can follow this five-step process:

  1. Determine your current CR rate. It is surprising how few companies know the percentage of customers that leave (the defection rate) or the percentage of customers that they are able to retain annually (the retention rate). There are many ways to measure customer retention. Choosing an appropriate measure provides a starting point for assessing a firm’s success in keeping customers.
  2. Analyze the defection problem. This is a three-pronged attack. First, we must identify disloyal customers. Second we need to understand why they left. There are six types of defectors. Customers go elsewhere because of lower price, superior products, better service, alternative technologies, market changes (they move or go bankrupt), and “political” considerations; (switching motives) can also provide insight here. Third, strategies must be developed to overcome the non-loyal purchasing behavior.
  3. Establish a new CR objective. Let’s assume that your company is currently retaining 75% of its customers. A realistic goal may be to improve client retention annually by at least 5%, to 80%, and to keep 90% of your clients within 5 years. Customer-retention objectives should be based on organizational cabalities (strengths, weaknesses, resources, etc.), customer and competitive analyses, and benchmarking with the industry or sector, comparable firms, and high performing units in your company.
  4. Invest in targeted CR plan to enhance customer loyalty. The cost (potential lifetime value) of a single lost customer can be substantial. This is magnified exponentially when we realize the overall annual cost of lost business.
  5. Evaluate the success of the CR program. As an iterative process, the final phase in designing a solid customer retention plan is to ensure that it is working. Careful scrutiny is required to assess the program’s impact on keeping existing customers. Upgrading current customer relationships may be a secondary business objective. At this point, we gather new information to learn to what extent our CR rate improved. We may need to revisit our benchmarks and further probe isolated causes of defection. CR strategies and tactics will be closely analyzed to determine which methods worked best and those that had little or no impact on keeping customers.

Compelling Business Principles


Canine Disc Sports

 Canine Disc (also known as Disc Dog, Frisbee Dog) is a dog sport.

In  Canine Disc competitions, dogs and their human flying disc throwers  compete in events such as distance catching and choreographed freestyle  catching. The sport celebrates the bond between handler and dog, by  allowing them to work together.

About Canine Disc

The definitive moment came on August 5,  1974 when Alex Stein, a 19-year-old college student from Ohio, and his  dog, Ashley Whippet, jumped the fence at a nationally broadcast baseball  game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds. Stein had  with him a couple of flying discs, which he threw for the dog. Ashley  astonished the crowd with his disc-catching, as he ran up to 35 miles  per hour (56 km/h) and leaped 9 feet (2.7 m) in the air to snag the  disc. The stunt was so novel that the game was stopped and Joe Garagiola  continued to announce the flying disc action on the field. Finally,  after eight minutes, Stein was escorted off the field and arrested. The  nationally televised exhibition of Ashley's skill did much to fuel  interest in the sport. Stein worked with Irv Lander and Eldon McIntire to create the Frisbee  Dog World Championship for people and their dogs. Even today, Stein and  McIntire continue to contribute to the sport.

It is estimated that over one million dogs play flying disc in the  United States alone, though only a small percentage participate in  organised competitions. Canine Disc Clubs can be found all over the  United States, Europe, Asia, Canada and Australia.

Canine Disc Clubs

 Canine Disc clubs organise and promote the sport on a local level, and  work with the national organisation – Canine Disc Australia LTD to run  events.

Disc dog  clubs can be found throughout Australia. The first club was the  Brisbane & Region K9 Disc Club, founded in 2003 by Damian &  Karen Noud.

Canine Disc Training

 Not all dogs immediately understand the concept of the game.

A dog may  not instinctively know to turn and chase after a disc that is thrown  over its head. To begin, the disc should be rolled along the ground on  its vertical edge and the dog encouraged chasing it for a short  distance.

Not all dogs know how to catch a Disc, to start the disc  should be thrown straight to the dog at a short distance.  Once he knows  how to catch, it can learn the additional concept of running to catch  the disc.

 Teams of one person and one dog compete in the standard distance "Throw  & Catch" event. Points are awarded to the team for catches at  varying distances. Competitions also often feature the dynamic  “Freestyle event”, which consists of short routines choreographed to  music with multiple discs in play.  Divisions in canine disc events are usually based on the skill and  experience of the handler. Men and women generally compete in the same  divisions for all disciplines.

Throw & Catch

 Is a distance event, distance events go by many names, including Toss  and Fetch, Bonus Chase, and Distance/Accuracy. The concept is generally  the same. In Canine Disc Australia sanctioned Throw & Catch events  contestants have 90 seconds to make as many throws as possible on a  field marked with 10 yard increasingly longer distances out to 40 yards.  Dogs are awarded points for catches based on the distance of the throw,  with mid-air catches rating an extra ½ point. Only one disc is used for  these events.

 Freestyle is a subjectively judged event, similar to Freestyle events  like skateboard and snowboard half-pipe, or Freestyle Footbag (Hacky  sack). The team consists of one person (handler) and his or her dog.  Depending on the event, the length of a routine will be either 90seconds  or two minutes. Up to 10 discs are used for Freestyle Events. Teams are  judged in categories that include Canine, Team, Player, and Execution.  Incredible flips, hyperfast multiple catches, and spectacular vaults  make freestyle a popular event with spectators, and it is regarded as  the highest level of competitive accomplishment.

 Games are a competition enjoyed by Canine Frisbee teams of all skill and  experience levels, including beginners, because the rules are very  simple.  All Games are 60 seconds, Teams can earn a Games title, which  is based upon a team's ability to achieve a versatile array of objective  standards without considering teams' relative competitiveness against  other teams. Success in games depends in part upon a handler's ability  to strategically approach the games round with a focused awareness of  the skills to be demonstrated during that games' competition round.


Biological Garden

Salvador Dali ( Spanish, 1904 - 1989 )

more object details

General Description

"This garden would float triumphantly in space. It would be similar to a balloon but not spherical. More flat, like an inflatable filet of sole. It would be covered with a biological surface, so the garden would receive, and be nourished by the sun's rays, the same way as the plants and flowers within it. The garden would be capable of various tensions so that it could be navigated in space, steered remotely by radiation or radio waves." Salvador Dalí. Dalí's miniature red consumers frolic happily in a weightless and transportable playground. Crutches, one of Dalí's recurrent objects, support the lines of communication in this garden.